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5033762062265490538	Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)	Boom Boom ( John Lee Hooker song ) - wikipedia Boom Boom ( John Lee Hooker song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Boom Boom '' Single by John Lee Hooker from the album Burnin ' B - side `` Drug Store Woman '' Released May 1962 ( 1962 - 05 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded Chicago , late 1961 Genre Blues Length 2 : 29 Label Vee - Jay Songwriter ( s ) John Lee Hooker `` Boom Boom '' is a song written by American blues singer / guitarist John Lee Hooker and recorded in 1961 . Although a blues song , music critic Charles Shaar Murray calls it `` the greatest pop song he ever wrote '' . `` Boom Boom '' was both an American R&B and pop chart success in 1962 as well as placing in the UK Singles Chart in 1992 . The song is one of Hooker 's most identifiable and enduring and `` among the tunes that every band on the ( early 1960s UK ) R&B circuit simply had to play '' . It has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists , including a 1965 North American hit by the Animals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and composition 2 Releases and charts 3 The Animals version 4 Recognition and legacy 5 References Recording and composition ( edit ) Prior to recording for Vee - Jay Records , John Lee Hooker was primarily a solo performer or accompanied by a second guitarist , such as early collaborators Eddie Burns or Eddie Kirkland . However , with Vee - Jay , he usually recorded with a small backing band , as heard on the singles `` Dimples '' , `` I Love You Honey '' , and `` No Shoes '' . Detroit pianist Joe Hunter , who had previously worked with Hooker , was again enlisted for the recording session . Hunter brought with him `` the cream of the Motown label 's session men , later known as the Funk Brothers '' : bassist James Jamerson , drummer Benny Benjamin , plus guitarist Larry Veeder , tenor saxophonist Hank Cosby , and baritone saxophonist Andrew `` Mike '' Terry . They have been described as `` just the right band '' for `` Boom Boom '' . Hooker had a unique sense of timing , which demanded `` big - eared sidemen '' . The original `` Boom Boom '' is an uptempo ( 168 beats per minute ) blues song , which has been notated in time in the key of F. It has been described as `` about the tightest musical structure of any Hooker composition : its verses sedulously adhere to the twelve - bar format over which Hooker generally rides so roughshod '' . The song uses `` a stop - time hook that opens up for one of the genre 's most memorable guitar riffs '' and incorporates a middle instrumental section Hooker - style boogie . According to Hooker , he wrote the song during an extended engagement at the Apex Bar in Detroit . I would never be on time ( for the gig ) ; I always would be late comin ' in . And she ( the bartender Willa ) kept saying , ' Boom boom -- you late again ' . Every night : ' Boom , boom -- you late again ' . I said ' Hmm , that 's a song ! ' ... I got it together , the lyrics , rehearsed it , and I played it at the place , and the people went wild `` . Hooker 's lyrics include Boom , boom , boom , boom I 'm gon na shoot you right down Right off your feet Take you home with me Put you in my house Boom , boom , boom , boom Also included are several wordless phrases , `` how - how - how - how '' and `` hmm - hmm - hmm - hmm '' . `` Boom Boom '' became the Hooker song that is `` the most memorable , the most instantly appealing , and the one which has proved the most adaptable to the needs of other performers '' . Releases and Charts ( edit ) When `` Boom Boom '' was released as a single in May 1962 , the song became a hit . It entered the Billboard R&B chart on June 16 , 1962 , where it spent eight weeks and reached number 16 . The song also entered the Billboard Hot 100 , where it reached number 60 , making it one of only two Hooker singles to enter the pop chart . It was included on the 1962 Vee - Jay album Burnin ' ( SR 1043 ) as well as many Hooker compilations , including John Lee Hooker : The Ultimate Collection . Thirty years later in the UK , after being featured in a Lee Jeans commercial in 1992 , the song reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart . Hooker recorded several later versions . Following the success of the Animals ' version , Hooker re-recorded the song in 1968 for Stateside Records as the B - side of `` Cry Before I Go '' under the longer title `` Boom Boom Boom '' . He reworked the song as `` Bang Bang Bang Bang '' for his Live at Soledad Prison album , as a South Side Chicago street musician in the film The Blues Brothers ( but the song itself is not included in the film soundtrack ) , and as the title track for his 1992 album Boom Boom with Jimmie Vaughan . The Animals version ( edit ) `` Boom Boom '' Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Blue Feeling '' Released November 1964 ( 1964 - 11 ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded January 1964 Genre Blues rock Length 2 : 57 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) John Lee Hooker Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Boom Boom '' ( 1964 ) `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' ( 1965 ) English rock band the Animals recorded `` Boom Boom '' for their 1964 UK debut album The Animals . Their blues - rock rendition generally follows John Lee Hooker 's original , although they add `` shake it baby '' as a response to the `` come on and shake '' refrain in the middle section , taken from Hooker 's `` Shake It Baby '' ( recorded during the 1962 American Folk Blues Festival tour in Europe , where it became a hit in 1963 ) . The Animals ' version was released as a single in North America in November 1964 . It reached number 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 14 on the RPM Top 40&5 singles chart . The song was also released in Australia and India and is included on the Animals ' second American album The Animals on Tour as well as various compilation albums ( sometimes with the twelve - bar guitar solo edited out ) . Over the years , several versions of `` Boom Boom '' have been recorded by various Animals reunion lineups as well as by former members Eric Burdon and Alan Price . In 2012 , the original 1964 version was used in the film Skyfall . Recognition and legacy ( edit ) In 1995 , John Lee Hooker 's `` Boom Boom '' was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . It was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 2009 in the `` Classics of Blues Recording '' category . A Detroit Free Press poll in 2016 ranked the song at number 37 in `` Detroit 's 100 Greatest Songs '' . A variety of artists have recorded the song , including : Rufus Thomas , Mae West , Shadows of Knight , CCS , Dr. Feelgood , Tony Joe White , Disco Tex and the Sex - O - Lettes , Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , Big Head Todd and the Monsters ( whose version was chosen in 2014 as the theme song for NCIS : New Orleans , and is played at Carolina Panthers home games when a touchdown is scored ) and the Oak Ridge Boys . `` Boom Boom '' was the first studio recording by Eric Clapton , who recorded it as a demo with the Yardbirds in 1963 , and which was released as a single in the Netherlands and Germany in 1966 . ZZ Top later used similar lines ( `` how - how - how - how '' ) to those found in `` Boom Boom '' , on `` La Grange '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Murray , Charles Shaar ( 2002 ) . Boogie Man : The Adventures of John Lee Hooker in the American Twentieth Century . New York City : St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 237 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27006 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Lee Hooker interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Koda , Cub ; Russo , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Ultimate ! ( Boxed set booklet ) . The Yardbirds . Los Angeles : Rhino Records . OCLC 781357622 . R2 79825 . ^ Jump up to : Blues Foundation ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` 2009 Hall of Fame Inductees : Boom Boom -- John Lee Hooker ( Vee - Jay , 1961 ) '' . The Blues Foundation . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Bill ( 1996 ) . Erlewine , Michael , ed . John Lee Hooker . All Music Guide to the Blues . San Francisco : Miller Freeman Books . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Boom , Boom '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Janovitz , Bill . `` John Lee Hooker : Boom Boom -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Obrecht , Jas ( 2000 ) . Rollin ' and Tumblin ' : The Postwar Blues Guitarists . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . p. 426 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 613 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Very Best of John Lee Hooker ( CD compilation notes ) . John Lee Hooker . Los Angeles : Rhino Records . 1995 . R2 71915 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 258 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Later re-recordings are often in different keys ; a 1992 version featuring Jimmie Vaughan is in the key of E . Jump up ^ Nick Talevski ( 1998 ) . The Unofficial Encyclopedia of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Greenwood Press . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30032 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hal Leonard ( 1995 ) . `` Boom Boom '' . The Blues . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Hal Leonard . pp. 36 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 5259 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Willie ; Snowden , Don ( 1989 ) . I Am the Blues . Da Capo Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80415 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Animals '' . The Singles+ ( CD liner notes ) . The Animals . the Netherlands : BR Music . 1999 . p. 2 . BS 8112 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals : Charts & Awards -- Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Magazine : Top Singles - Volume 2 , No. 21 , January 18 1965 '' ( PHP ) . Library and Archives Canada . March 31 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 1995 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Brian . `` Detroit 's 100 Greatest Songs '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disco - Tex and the Sex - O - Lettes , A Piece of the Rock Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . John Lee Hooker Studio albums 1960 That 's My Story 1966 It Serves You Right to Suffer 1971 Hooker ' n Heat 1971 Endless Boogie 1972 Never Get Out of These Blues Alive The Healer 1991 Mr. Lucky 1995 Chill Out 1997 Do n't Look Back Compilations 1964 Original Folk Blues 1991 The Ultimate Collection 2005 Blues Is the Healer Soundtracks The Hot Spot Films Come See About Me Singles 1948 `` Boogie Chillen ' '' `` Crawling King Snake '' 1949 `` Jack o ' Diamonds '' `` Trouble in Mind '' 1951 `` Catfish '' 1952 `` Sugar Mama '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Key to the Highway '' 1956 `` I 'm Ready '' `` Dimples '' 1960 `` I Need Some Money '' 1961 `` Boom Boom '' `` Drifting Blues '' 1964 `` Do n't Look Back '' Songs 1960 `` How Long Blues '' `` Good Mornin ' , Lil ' School Girl '' `` Smokestack Lightnin ' '' 1966 `` One Bourbon , One Scotch , One Beer '' `` Bottle Up & Go '' `` I Ca n't Quit You Baby '' 1971 `` Meet Me in the Bottom '' `` Roll and Tumble '' `` Will the Circle Be Unbroken ? '' `` Terraplane Blues '' 1991 `` I Cover the Waterfront '' 1997 `` The Healing Game '' `` Red House '' Related articles Talking blues Boogie Detroit blues Eddie Kirkland Eddie `` Guitar '' Burns Canned Heat The Blues Brothers The Iron Man : The Musical by Pete Townshend The Yardbirds Original members ( 1963 -- 68 ) : Keith Relf Paul Samwell - Smith Chris Dreja Jim McCarty Top Topham Eric Clapton Jeff Beck Jimmy Page Later members ( since 1992 ) : John Idan Gypie Mayo Alan Glen Jerry Donahue Ben King Johnny A . Kenny Aaronson Myke Scavone Albums For Your Love Having a Rave Up Roger the Engineer Little Games Birdland Live albums Five Live Yardbirds Sonny Boy Williamson and the Yardbirds Live Yardbirds ! Featuring Jimmy Page BBC Sessions Reunion Jam Live ! Blueswailing July ' 64 Live at B.B. King Blues Club Making Tracks Compilations The Yardbirds Greatest Hits Shapes of Things Cumular Limit Ultimate ! Yardbirds ' 68 Bootlegs Golden Eggs More Golden Eggs Singles `` I Wish You Would '' `` Good Morning Little Schoolgirl '' `` For Your Love '' `` Heart Full of Soul '' `` Evil Hearted You '' `` I 'm a Man '' `` Shapes of Things '' `` You 're a Better Man Than I `` Boom Boom '' `` Over Under Sideways Down '' `` Happenings Ten Years Time Ago '' `` Ten Little Indians '' Other songs `` Let It Rock '' `` Who Do You Love '' `` You Ca n't Judge a Book by Looking at the Cover '' `` Too Much Monkey Business '' `` Smokestack Lightning '' `` Five Long Years '' `` The Sky Is Crying '' `` My Girl Sloopy '' `` The Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` Spoonful '' `` The Stumble '' `` Dust My Blues '' `` White Summer '' `` Stealing Stealing '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' `` Dazed and Confused '' `` Knowing That I 'm Losing You '' `` I 'm Waiting for the Man '' Related Discography Members Giorgio Gomelsky Simon Napier - Bell Mickie Most Peter Grant Cream Jeff Beck Group Led Zeppelin Renaissance Box of Frogs The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Big Head Todd and the Monsters Todd Park Mohr Brian Nevin Rob Squires Jeremy Lawton Corey Mauser Studio albums Another Mayberry Midnight Radio Sister Sweetly Strategem Beautiful World Riviera Crimes of Passion All the Love You Need Rocksteady 100 Years of Robert Johnson Black Beehive EPs Big Head Todd and the Monsters Live Live albums Live Monsters Live at the Fillmore Singles `` Bittersweet '' `` Broken Hearted Savior '' `` Circle '' `` It 's Alright '' `` In the Morning '' `` Kensington Line '' `` Tangerine '' `` Resignation Superman '' `` Boom Boom '' `` Julianna '' `` Imaginary Ships '' `` Come On '' `` Blue Sky '' `` Beautiful '' NCIS franchise NCIS Characters Leroy Jethro Gibbs Caitlin `` Kate '' Todd Anthony `` Tony '' DiNozzo Abigail `` Abby '' Sciuto Timothy `` Tim '' McGee Ziva David Cast list Episodes Introductory `` Ice Queen '' Season 1 `` Yankee White '' Season 2 `` Twilight '' Season 3 `` Kill Ari ( Parts I & II ) '' `` Under Covers '' `` Hiatus ( Parts I & II ) '' Season 4 `` Grace Period '' `` Angel of Death '' Season 5 `` Requiem '' Season 6 `` Last Man Standing '' `` Aliyah '' Season 7 `` Truth or Consequences '' `` Good Cop , Bad Cop '' Season 8 `` Enemies Foreign '' `` Freedom '' `` A Man Walks Into a Bar ... '' `` One Last Score '' `` Baltimore '' Season 9 `` Nature of the Beast '' `` Enemy on the Hill '' `` Devil 's Triangle '' `` Newborn King '' `` Housekeeping '' `` A Desperate Man '' `` Life Before His Eyes '' `` Secrets '' `` Psych Out '' `` Need to Know '' `` The Tell '' `` The Good Son '' `` The Missionary Position '' `` Rekindled '' `` Playing with Fire '' `` Up in Smoke '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Season 10 `` Extreme Prejudice '' `` Recovery '' `` Phoenix '' `` Lost at Sea '' `` The Namesake '' `` Shell Shock ( Part I ) '' `` Shell Shock ( Part II ) '' `` Gone '' `` Devil 's Trifecta '' `` You Better Watch Out '' `` Shabbat Shalom '' `` Shiva '' `` Hit and Run '' `` Canary '' `` Hereafter '' `` Detour '' `` Prime Suspect '' `` Seek '' `` Squall '' `` Chasing Ghosts '' `` Berlin '' `` Revenge '' `` Double Blind '' `` Damned If You Do '' Season 11 `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' `` Past , Present , and Future '' `` Under the Radar '' `` Anonymous Was a Woman '' `` Once a Crook '' `` Oil & Water '' `` Better Angels '' `` Alibi '' `` Gut Check '' `` Devil 's Triad '' Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Related Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva David captivity storyline Other media Home video releases Soundtrack NCIS : Los Angeles Characters G. Callen Kensi Blye Sam Hanna Episodes Introductory Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 Notable episodes `` Identity '' `` Blye , K. , Part 2 '' Other media Home video releases NCIS : New Orleans Characters Episodes Season 1 `` Boom Boom '' ( theme song ) Related JAG Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boom_Boom_(John_Lee_Hooker_song)&oldid=839169458 '' Categories : 1961 songs 1962 singles 1965 singles Songs written by John Lee Hooker John Lee Hooker songs The Yardbirds songs The Animals songs Eric Burdon songs Alan Price songs Disco - Tex and the Sex - O - Lettes songs Big Head Todd and the Monsters songs Television theme songs NCIS : New Orleans Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Vee - Jay Records singles Songs written for films Blues songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the theme tune to ncis new orleans	[ "A variety of artists have recorded the song, including: Rufus Thomas, Mae West, Shadows of Knight, CCS, Dr. Feelgood, Tony Joe White, Disco Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes,[21] Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Big Head Todd and the Monsters (whose version was chosen in 2014 as the theme song for NCIS: New Orleans, and is played at Carolina Panthers home games when a touchdown is scored) and the Oak Ridge Boys. \"Boom Boom\" was the first studio recording by Eric Clapton, who recorded it as a demo with the Yardbirds in 1963, and which was released as a single in the Netherlands and Germany in 1966. ZZ Top later used similar lines (\"how-how-how-how\") to those found in \"Boom Boom\", on \"La Grange\".[7]" ]	[ "Big Head Todd and the Monsters" ]
6275013793814399747	Taxonomy (biology)	Taxonomy ( biology ) - wikipedia Taxonomy ( biology ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 4 July 2018 . The science of identifying , describing , defining and naming groups of biological organisms For other uses , see Taxonomy ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the field of biology . For the practice of stuffing and mounting animals , see Taxidermy . `` Scientific classification '' redirects here . For other uses , see Scientific classification ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Key topics ( show ) Introduction to evolution Evidence of evolution Common descent Processes and outcomes ( show ) Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history ( show ) Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory ( show ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo - devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications ( show ) Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications ( show ) Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation -- evolution controversy Objections to evolution Level of support Evolutionary biology portal Book Related topics Taxonomy ( from Ancient Greek τάξις ( taxis ) , meaning ' arrangement ' , and - νομία ( - nomia ) , meaning ' method ' ) is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics . Organisms are grouped together into taxa ( singular : taxon ) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank ; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank , thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy . The principal ranks in modern use are domain , kingdom , phylum ( division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum ) , class , order , family , genus and species . The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy , as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms . With the advent of such fields of study as phylogenetics , cladistics , and systematics , the Linnaean system has progressed to a system of modern biological classification based on the evolutionary relationships between organisms , both living and extinct . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Alpha and beta taxonomy 1.2 Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy 2 History 2.1 Pre-Linnaean 2.1. 1 Early taxonomists 2.1. 2 Ancient times 2.1. 3 Medieval 2.1. 4 Renaissance and Early Modern 2.2 The Linnaean era 3 Modern system of classification 3.1 Kingdoms and domains 3.2 Recent comprehensive classifications 4 Application 4.1 Classifying organisms 4.2 Taxonomic descriptions 4.3 Author citation 5 Phenetics 6 Databases 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Definition ( edit ) The exact definition of taxonomy varies from source to source , but the core of the discipline remains : the conception , naming , and classification of groups of organisms . As points of reference , recent definitions of taxonomy are presented below : Theory and practice of grouping individuals into species , arranging species into larger groups , and giving those groups names , thus producing a classification . A field of science ( and major component of systematics ) that encompasses description , identification , nomenclature , and classification The science of classification , in biology the arrangement of organisms into a classification `` The science of classification as applied to living organisms , including study of means of formation of species , etc . '' `` The analysis of an organism 's characteristics for the purpose of classification '' `` Systematics studies phylogeny to provide a pattern that can be translated into the classification and names of the more inclusive field of taxonomy '' ( listed as a desirable but unusual definition ) The varied definitions either place taxonomy as a sub-area of systematics ( definition 2 ) , invert that relationship ( definition 6 ) , or appear to consider the two terms synonymous . There is some disagreement as to whether biological nomenclature is considered a part of taxonomy ( definitions 1 and 2 ) , or a part of systematics outside taxonomy . For example , definition 6 is paired with the following definition of systematics that places nomenclature outside taxonomy : Systematics : `` The study of the identification , taxonomy , and nomenclature of organisms , including the classification of living things with regard to their natural relationships and the study of variation and the evolution of taxa '' . A whole set of terms including taxonomy , systematic biology , systematics , biosystematics , scientific classification , biological classification , and phylogenetics have at times had overlapping meanings -- sometimes the same , sometimes slightly different , but always related and intersecting . The broadest meaning of `` taxonomy '' is used here . The term itself was introduced in 1813 by de Candolle , in his Théorie élémentaire de la botanique . Alpha and beta taxonomy ( edit ) Not to be confused with Alpha diversity . The term `` alpha taxonomy '' is primarily used today to refer to the discipline of finding , describing , and naming taxa , particularly species . In earlier literature , the term had a different meaning , referring to morphological taxonomy , and the products of research through the end of the 19th century . William Bertram Turrill introduced the term `` alpha taxonomy '' in a series of papers published in 1935 and 1937 in which he discussed the philosophy and possible future directions of the discipline of taxonomy . ... there is an increasing desire amongst taxonomists to consider their problems from wider viewpoints , to investigate the possibilities of closer co-operation with their cytological , ecological and genetical colleagues and to acknowledge that some revision or expansion , perhaps of a drastic nature , of their aims and methods , may be desirable ... Turrill ( 1935 ) has suggested that while accepting the older invaluable taxonomy , based on structure , and conveniently designated `` alpha '' , it is possible to glimpse a far - distant taxonomy built upon as wide a basis of morphological and physiological facts as possible , and one in which `` place is found for all observational and experimental data relating , even if indirectly , to the constitution , subdivision , origin , and behaviour of species and other taxonomic groups '' . Ideals can , it may be said , never be completely realized . They have , however , a great value of acting as permanent stimulants , and if we have some , even vague , ideal of an `` omega '' taxonomy we may progress a little way down the Greek alphabet . Some of us please ourselves by thinking we are now groping in a `` beta '' taxonomy . Turrill thus explicitly excludes from alpha taxonomy various areas of study that he includes within taxonomy as a whole , such as ecology , physiology , genetics , and cytology . He further excludes phylogenetic reconstruction from alpha taxonomy ( pp. 365 -- 366 ) . Later authors have used the term in a different sense , to mean the delimitation of species ( not subspecies or taxa of other ranks ) , using whatever investigative techniques are available , and including sophisticated computational or laboratory techniques . Thus , Ernst Mayr in 1968 defined beta taxonomy as the classification of ranks higher than species . An understanding of the biological meaning of variation and of the evolutionary origin of groups of related species is even more important for the second stage of taxonomic activity , the sorting of species into groups of relatives ( `` taxa '' ) and their arrangement in a hierarchy of higher categories . This activity is what the term classification denotes ; it is also referred to as beta taxonomy . Microtaxonomy and macrotaxonomy ( edit ) Main article : Species problem How species should be defined in a particular group of organisms gives rise to practical and theoretical problems that are referred to as the species problem . The scientific work of deciding how to define species has been called microtaxonomy . By extension , macrotaxonomy is the study of groups at higher taxonomic ranks , from subgenus and above only , than species . History ( edit ) While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations , a truly scientific attempt to classify organisms did not occur until the 18th century . Earlier works were primarily descriptive and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine . There are a number of stages in this scientific thinking . Early taxonomy was based on arbitrary criteria , the so - called `` artificial systems '' , including Linnaeus 's system of sexual classification . Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa , referred to as `` natural systems '' , such as those of de Jussieu ( 1789 ) , de Candolle ( 1813 ) and Bentham and Hooker ( 1862 -- 1863 ) . These were pre-evolutionary in thinking . The publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) led to new ways of thinking about classification based on evolutionary relationships . This was the concept of phyletic systems , from 1883 onwards . This approach was typified by those of Eichler ( 1883 ) and Engler ( 1886 -- 1892 ) . The advent of molecular genetics and statistical methodology allowed the creation of the modern era of `` phylogenetic systems '' based on cladistics , rather than morphology alone . Pre-Linnaean ( edit ) Early taxonomists ( edit ) Naming and classifying our surroundings has probably been taking place as long as mankind has been able to communicate . It would always have been important to know the names of poisonous and edible plants and animals in order to communicate this information to other members of the family or group . Medicinal plant illustrations show up in Egyptian wall paintings from c. 1500 BC , indicating that the uses of different species were understood and that a basic taxonomy was in place . Ancient times ( edit ) Further information : Aristotle 's biology § Classification Organisms were first classified by Aristotle ( Greece , 384 -- 322 BC ) during his stay on the Island of Lesbos . He classified beings by their parts , or in modern terms attributes , such as having live birth , having four legs , laying eggs , having blood , or being warm - bodied . He divided all living things into two groups : plants and animals . Some of his groups of animals , such as Anhaima ( animals without blood , translated as invertebrates ) and Enhaima ( animals with blood , roughly the vertebrates ) , as well as groups like the sharks and cetaceans , are still commonly used today . His student Theophrastus ( Greece , 370 -- 285 BC ) carried on this tradition , mentioning some 500 plants and their uses in his Historia Plantarum . Again , several plant groups currently still recognized can be traced back to Theophrastus , such as Cornus , Crocus , and Narcissus . Medieval ( edit ) Taxonomy in the Middle Ages was largely based on the Aristotelian system , with additions concerning the philosophical and existential order of creatures . This included concepts such as the Great chain of being in the Western scholastic tradition , again deriving ultimately from Aristotle . Aristotelian system did not classify plants or fungi , due to the lack of microscope at the time , as his ideas were based on arranging the complete world in a single continuum , as per the scala naturae ( the Natural Ladder ) . This , as well , was taken into consideration in the Great chain of being . Advances were made by scholars such as Procopius , Timotheos of Gaza , Demetrios Pepagomenos , and Thomas Aquinas . Medieval thinkers used abstract philosophical and logical categorizations more suited to abstract philosophy than to pragmatic taxonomy . Renaissance and early modern ( edit ) During the Renaissance , the Age of Reason , and the Enlightenment , categorizing organisms became more prevalent , and taxonomic works became ambitious enough to replace the ancient texts . This is sometimes credited to the development of sophisticated optical lenses , which allowed the morphology of organisms to be studied in much greater detail . One of the earliest authors to take advantage of this leap in technology was the Italian physician Andrea Cesalpino ( 1519 -- 1603 ) , who has been called `` the first taxonomist '' . His magnum opus De Plantis came out in 1583 , and described more than 1500 plant species . Two large plant families that he first recognized are still in use today : the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae . Then in the 17th century John Ray ( England , 1627 -- 1705 ) wrote many important taxonomic works . Arguably his greatest accomplishment was Methodus Plantarum Nova ( 1682 ) , in which he published details of over 18,000 plant species . At the time , his classifications were perhaps the most complex yet produced by any taxonomist , as he based his taxa on many combined characters . The next major taxonomic works were produced by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( France , 1656 -- 1708 ) . His work from 1700 , Institutiones Rei Herbariae , included more than 9000 species in 698 genera , which directly influenced Linnaeus , as it was the text he used as a young student . The Linnaean era ( edit ) Main article : Linnaean taxonomy Title page of Systema Naturae , Leiden , 1735 The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 -- 1778 ) ushered in a new era of taxonomy . With his major works Systema Naturae 1st Edition in 1735 , Species Plantarum in 1753 , and Systema Naturae 10th Edition , he revolutionized modern taxonomy . His works implemented a standardized binomial naming system for animal and plant species , which proved to be an elegant solution to a chaotic and disorganized taxonomic literature . He not only introduced the standard of class , order , genus , and species , but also made it possible to identify plants and animals from his book , by using the smaller parts of the flower . Thus the Linnaean system was born , and is still used in essentially the same way today as it was in the 18th century . Currently , plant and animal taxonomists regard Linnaeus ' work as the `` starting point '' for valid names ( at 1753 and 1758 respectively ) . Names published before these dates are referred to as `` pre-Linnaean '' , and not considered valid ( with the exception of spiders published in Svenska Spindlar ) . Even taxonomic names published by Linnaeus himself before these dates are considered pre-Linnaean . Modern system of classification ( edit ) Main articles : Evolutionary taxonomy and Phylogenetic nomenclature Evolution of the vertebrates at class level , width of spindles indicating number of families . Spindle diagrams are typical for Evolutionary taxonomy The same relationship , expressed as a cladogram typical for cladistics Whereas Linnaeus aimed simply to create readily identifiable taxa , the idea of the Linnaean taxonomy as translating into a sort of dendrogram of the animal and plant kingdoms was formulated toward the end of the 18th century , well before On the Origin of Species was published . Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species were Erasmus Darwin 's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck 's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809 . The idea was popularized in the Anglophone world by the speculative but widely read Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844 . With Darwin 's theory , a general acceptance quickly appeared that a classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent . Tree of life representations became popular in scientific works , with known fossil groups incorporated . One of the first modern groups tied to fossil ancestors was birds . Using the then newly discovered fossils of Archaeopteryx and Hesperornis , Thomas Henry Huxley pronounced that they had evolved from dinosaurs , a group formally named by Richard Owen in 1842 . The resulting description , that of dinosaurs `` giving rise to '' or being `` the ancestors of '' birds , is the essential hallmark of evolutionary taxonomic thinking . As more and more fossil groups were found and recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , palaeontologists worked to understand the history of animals through the ages by linking together known groups . With the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s , an essentially modern understanding of the evolution of the major groups was in place . As evolutionary taxonomy is based on Linnaean taxonomic ranks , the two terms are largely interchangeable in modern use . The cladistic method has emerged since the 1960s . In 1958 , Julian Huxley used the term clade . Later , in 1960 , Cain and Harrison introduced the term cladistic . The salient feature is arranging taxa in a hierarchical evolutionary tree , ignoring ranks . A taxon is called monophyletic , if it includes all the descendants of an ancestral form . Groups that have descendant groups removed from them ( e.g. dinosaurs , with birds as offspring group ) are termed paraphyletic , while groups representing more than one branch from the tree of life are called polyphyletic . The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature or PhyloCode is intended to regulate the formal naming of clades . Linnaean ranks will be optional under the PhyloCode , which is intended to coexist with the current , rank - based codes . Kingdoms and domains ( edit ) The basic scheme of modern classification . Many other levels can be used ; domain , the highest level within life , is both new and disputed . Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) Well before Linnaeus , plants and animals were considered separate Kingdoms . Linnaeus used this as the top rank , dividing the physical world into the plant , animal and mineral kingdoms . As advances in microscopy made classification of microorganisms possible , the number of kingdoms increased , five and six - kingdom systems being the most common . Domains are a relatively new grouping . First proposed in 1977 , Carl Woese 's three - domain system was not generally accepted until later . One main characteristic of the three - domain method is the separation of Archaea and Bacteria , previously grouped into the single kingdom Bacteria ( a kingdom also sometimes called Monera ) , with the Eukaryota for all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus . A small number of scientists include a sixth kingdom , Archaea , but do not accept the domain method . Thomas Cavalier - Smith , who has published extensively on the classification of protists , has recently proposed that the Neomura , the clade that groups together the Archaea and Eucarya , would have evolved from Bacteria , more precisely from Actinobacteria . His 2004 classification treated the archaeobacteria as part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria , i.e. he rejected the three - domain system entirely . Stefan Luketa in 2012 proposed a five `` dominion '' system , adding Prionobiota ( acellular and without nucleic acid ) and Virusobiota ( acellular but with nucleic acid ) to the traditional three domains . Linnaeus 1735 Haeckel 1866 Chatton 1925 Copeland 1938 Whittaker 1969 Woese et al . Cavalier - Smith 1998 Cavalier - Smith 2015 2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 2 empires , 6 kingdoms 2 empires , 7 kingdoms ( not treated ) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Archaea Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa Protozoa Chromista Chromista Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Fungi Fungi Fungi Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Main article : Kingdom ( biology ) § Summary Recent comprehensive classifications ( edit ) Partial classifications exist for many individual groups of organisms and are revised and replaced as new information becomes available , however comprehensive treatments of most or all life are rarer ; two recent examples are that of Adl et al. , 2012 , which covers eukaryotes only with an emphasis on protists , and Ruggiero et al. , 2015 , covering both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the rank of Order , although both exclude fossil representatives . Application ( edit ) Biological taxonomy is a sub-discipline of biology , and is generally practiced by biologists known as `` taxonomists '' , though enthusiastic naturalists are also frequently involved in the publication of new taxa . Because taxonomy aims to describe and organize life , the work conducted by taxonomists is essential for the study of biodiversity and the resulting field of conservation biology . Classifying organisms ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic rank Biological classification is a critical component of the taxonomic process . As a result , it informs the user as to what the relatives of the taxon are hypothesized to be . Biological classification uses taxonomic ranks , including among others ( in order from most inclusive to least inclusive ) : Domain , Kingdom , Phylum , Class , Order , Family , Genus , and Species . Taxonomic descriptions ( edit ) See also : Species description Type specimen for Nepenthes smilesii , a tropical pitcher plant . The `` definition '' of a taxon is encapsulated by its description or its diagnosis or by both combined . There are no set rules governing the definition of taxa , but the naming and publication of new taxa is governed by sets of rules . In zoology , the nomenclature for the more commonly used ranks ( superfamily to subspecies ) , is regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN Code ) . In the fields of botany , phycology , and mycology , the naming of taxa is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) . The initial description of a taxon involves five main requirements : The taxon must be given a name based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet ( a binomial for new species , or uninomial for other ranks ) . The name must be unique ( i.e. not a homonym ) . The description must be based on at least one name - bearing type specimen . It should include statements about appropriate attributes either to describe ( define ) the taxon or to differentiate it from other taxa ( the diagnosis , ICZN Code , Article 13.1. 1 , ICN , Article 38 ) . Both codes deliberately separate defining the content of a taxon ( its circumscription ) from defining its name . These first four requirements must be published in a work that is obtainable in numerous identical copies , as a permanent scientific record . However , often much more information is included , like the geographic range of the taxon , ecological notes , chemistry , behavior , etc . How researchers arrive at their taxa varies : depending on the available data , and resources , methods vary from simple quantitative or qualitative comparisons of striking features , to elaborate computer analyses of large amounts of DNA sequence data . Author citation ( edit ) Main articles : Author citation ( botany ) and Author citation ( zoology ) An `` authority '' may be placed after a scientific name . The authority is the name of the scientist or scientists who first validly published the name . For example , in 1758 Linnaeus gave the Asian elephant the scientific name Elephas maximus , so the name is sometimes written as `` Elephas maximus Linnaeus , 1758 '' . The names of authors are frequently abbreviated : the abbreviation L. , for Linnaeus , is commonly used . In botany , there is , in fact , a regulated list of standard abbreviations ( see list of botanists by author abbreviation ) . The system for assigning authorities differs slightly between botany and zoology . However , it is standard that if a species ' name or placement has been changed since the original description , the original authority 's name is placed in parentheses . Phenetics ( edit ) Main article : Phenetics In phenetics , also known as taximetrics , or numerical taxonomy , organisms are classified based on overall similarity , regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relationships . It results in a measure of evolutionary `` distance '' between taxa . Phenetic methods have become relatively rare in modern times , largely superseded by cladistic analyses , as phenetic methods do not distinguish plesiomorphic from apomorphic traits . However , certain phenetic methods , such as neighbor joining , have found their way into cladistics , as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods ( such as Bayesian inference ) are too computationally expensive . Databases ( edit ) Main article : Taxonomic database Modern taxonomy uses database technologies to search and catalogue classifications and their documentation . While there is no commonly used database , there are comprehensive databases such as the Catalogue of Life , which attempts to list every documented species . The catalogue listed 1.64 million species for all kingdoms as of April 2016 , claiming coverage of more than three quarters of the estimated species known to modern science . See also ( edit ) Automated species identification Consortium for the Barcode of Life Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Genetypes Glossary of scientific naming Identification ( biology ) Incertae sedis , or `` of uncertain placement '' , a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined Taxonomy ( general ) Type ( biology ) Virus classification Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This ranking system can be remembered by the mnemonic `` Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Glass Sets ? '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilkins , J.S. ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` What is systematics and what is taxonomy ? '' . 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Study.com . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biocyclopedia.com . `` Biological Classification '' . www.biocyclopedia.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zoological nomenclature : a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors '' . Annelida.net . Archived from the original on 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classification '' . North Carolina State University . Archived from the original on 14 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Molecular Marker Glossary '' . University of Wyoming . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Wood , Dylan ; King , Margaret ; Landis , Drew ; Courtney , William ; Wang , Runtang ; Kelly , Ross ; Turner , Jessica A. ; Calhoun , Vince D. ( 26 August 2014 ) . `` Harnessing modern web application technology to create intuitive and efficient data visualization and sharing tools '' . Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 8 : 71 . doi : 10.3389 / fninf. 2014.00071 . ISSN 1662 - 5196 . PMC 4144441 . PMID 25206330 . Jump up ^ `` About -- The Plant List '' . www.theplantlist.org . Jump up ^ `` About the Catalogue of Life : 2016 Annual Checklist '' . Catalogue of Life . Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stace , Clive A. ( 1989 ) ( 1980 ) . Plant taxonomy and biosystematics ( 2nd . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521427852 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Datta , Subhash Chandra ( 1988 ) . Systematic Botany ( 4 ed . ) . New Delhi : New Age International . ISBN 8122400132 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Stuessy , Tod F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14712 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Look up taxonomy in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taxonomy ( biology ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taxonomy ( biology ) . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Taxonomy What is taxonomy ? at the Natural History Museum London Taxonomy at NCBI the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy at UniProt the Universal Protein Resource ITIS the Integrated Taxonomic Information System CETaF the Consortium of European Taxonomic Facilities Wikispecies free species directory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_(biology)&oldid=848848240 '' Categories : Taxonomy ( biology ) Biological nomenclature Biological classification Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2016 Good articles Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Català Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русиньскый Scots Sicilianu سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو West - Vlams Winaray 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who developed the first classification system for living things	[ "Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis), meaning 'arrangement', and -νομία (-nomia), meaning 'method') is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the father of taxonomy, as he developed a system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorization of organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms.\n" ]	[ "Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus" ]
4836588671058660673	Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)	Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2017 live - action soundtrack see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) . Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released October 29 , 1991 ( 1991 Original release ) December 18 , 2001 ( 2001 Special Edition reissue ) September 14 , 2010 ( 2010 re-release ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 Legacy Collection re-release ) Recorded 1990 -- 1991 Genre Soundtrack , film score Length 50 : 12 ( 1991 Original Release ) 1 : 04 : 43 ( 2001 Special Edition Reissue ) 53 : 26 ( 2010 Re-release ) Label Walt Disney Producer Howard Ashman Alan Menken Walter Afanasieff Robert Buchanan Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) 2001 Special Edition Front jacket 2001 Special Edition . Front of the booklet of the 2001 Special Edition . Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : November 25 , 1991 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the official soundtrack album to the 1991 Disney animated feature film , Beauty and the Beast . Originally released on October 29 , 1991 , by Walt Disney Records , the album 's first half -- tracks 2 to 9 -- generally contains the film 's musical number s , all of which were written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Howard Ashman , while its latter half -- tracks 10 to 14 -- features its musical score , composed solely by Menken . While the majority of the album 's content remains within the musical theatre genre , its songs have also been influenced by French , classical , pop and Broadway music . Credited to Various Artists , Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack features performances by the film 's main cast -- Paige O'Hara , Richard White , Jesse Corti , Jerry Orbach , Angela Lansbury and Robby Benson -- in order of appearance . Additionally , the album features recording artists Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson , who perform a pop rendition of the film 's title and theme song , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , which simultaneously serves as the soundtrack 's only single . Following a difficult period during where Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release successful animated feature films , the studio , inspired by their most recent animated success The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , decided to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' into an animated musical film after a non-musical adaptation had been attempted that failed to impress Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg . Katzenberg ordered that production on the film be started over from scratch , hiring songwriting team Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had just recently completed scoring The Little Mermaid , to write the film 's songs . Dion and Bryson were hired to record a pop version of -- and draw media attention to -- the film 's title song . Ashman , who was initially hesitant to join the project , died of AIDS before the film 's completion and the album 's release . Much like Beauty and the Beast , the soundtrack was a massive critical success , receiving universal praise and recognition from both film and music critics . The music featured on the album won several awards , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television . Its title track and only single , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , achieved similar success , winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , Academy Award for Best Original Song and Grammy Awards for both Best Song Written for Visual Media and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . The soundtrack was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of the Year . In 2001 , the soundtrack was re-released as a Special Edition to coincide with the IMAX re-issue of the film and the two - disc Platinum Edition . The new release featured the film version of `` Transformation '' , which had been replaced with an early unused version in some early pressings , the newly animated song `` Human Again '' , the original instrumental intended for the `` Transformation '' scene , ( titled `` Death of the Beast ( Early Version ) '' here ) and demos for `` Be Our Guest '' and the title track . In October 2010 , the soundtrack was re-released again as a Diamond Edition soundtrack , to coincide with the successful Blu - ray and DVD Diamond Edition release of the film , the 1991 version of the soundtrack was released and included Jordin Sparks ' cover of `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a bonus track . The soundtrack was reissued as the fourteenth entry in The Legacy Collection on February 9 , 2018 and includes previously unreleased. score . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ashman 's health 2 Content and composition 2.1 Recording 2.2 Single 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Track listing 4.1 Notes 5 Unreleased songs and score 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) During the 1970s and 1980s , Walt Disney Feature Animation struggled to release animated feature films that achieved the levels of success of some of the studio 's earlier productions did . In 1989 , Walt Disney Pictures released The Little Mermaid . An animated musical that features songs written by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , The Little Mermaid was both a tremendous critical and commercial success . Hoping to release a film that achieved similar success , the studio decided to adapt the fairy tale `` Beauty and the Beast '' by Jeanne - Marie Le Prince de Beaumont into an animated film . Prior to getting professionally involved with Disney , Ashman and Menken had collaborated on a musical adaptation of Little Shop of Horrors and its subsequent musical film adaptation . Following the studio 's attempt to adapt the fairy tale into a non-musical animated film under the direction of Richard Purdum , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg , dissatisfied by the direction in which the film was headed , ordered that it be scrapped and restarted from scratch , this time in the form of a musical . In addition to hiring a screenwriter , Katzenberg recruited Ashman and Menken to write the film 's songs . Ashman 's health ( edit ) Ashman was initially reluctant to agree to work on Beauty and the Beast because he had just recently been diagnosed with AIDS . Additionally , he had already begun writing songs for Aladdin ( 1992 ) . Ashman 's health began deteriorating soon after he completed The Little Mermaid . However , he wanted his illness to remain secret and decided to tell few about it . Too weak to travel , Ashman requested that he be allowed to work on the film 's songs from his home , causing Menken and the filmmakers to frequently travel from the film 's studio in Burbank , California to his home in New York in order to collaborate with him . Ashman wrote the majority of the song 's lyrics from his deathbed . It was later revealed that he viewed the Beast 's curse as an allegory for AIDS , and that the mob song ' Kill The Beast ' was inspired by public sentiment at the time against AIDS and the gay community . Content and composition ( edit ) Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken intended for the songs in Beauty and the Beast to serve as plot devices and assist in the telling of its story . According to Menken , the film 's songs grew out of the fact that the film was written to `` almost ... exist as a stage musical . '' Stylistically , Ashman and Menken drew creative influence from several musical styles and genres , including French , classical and Broadway music , using them as reference and inspiration when composing the film 's songs . Menken also revealed that the film 's songs and score tend to convey a wide variety of emotions , ranging from poignancy to humor and joy . While composing the orchestral score that accompanies the film 's prologue , Menken was inspired by the French suite The Carnival of the Animals by Camille Saint - Saëns , referring to it as his own version of Saint - Saëns ' composition . Menken believes that all properly structured musicals should feature an `` I Want '' song because they are essentially `` about a character having a big dream , then ( there 's ) some obstacle to that quest . '' `` Belle '' , the film 's opening number , is an `` orchestra - driven '' , `` snare - tapping '' song . Accompanied by a full orchestra , it is considered Beauty and the Beast 's `` I Want '' song . Musically , Menken based `` Belle '' on the narrative style of a traditional operetta , describing it as `` something to portray Belle in a world that is so protected and safe . '' Menken described the film 's following musical number , `` Gaston '' , as a hilarious `` drinking song sung by basically a group of Neanderthal level guys in praise of a complete lug - head '' , referring to Ashman 's choice of song lyrics as humorous and `` tongue in cheek '' . When it came time to write the film 's large - scale `` scintillating '' musical number `` Be Our Guest '' , Menken originally composed and provided Ashman with a simple melody that was initially intended for temporary use only , simply for the purpose of allowing his co-writer to start developing the song 's lyrics . He labeled the rough composition `` the dummy '' . However , Menken eventually gave up on his attempt to improve upon the song 's simple melody , and it ultimately became the version to which Ashman wrote his lyrics . Menken described `` Be Our Guest '' as a song that is both `` simple and tuneful '' that `` let ( s ) the lyric shine . '' Originally , Ashman and Menken had written a rather lengthy , large - scale musical number for the film called `` Human Again '' . However , when it was deemed `` too ambitious '' , they swiftly wrote and replaced it with a smaller - scale musical number entitled `` Something There '' . According to Menken , the film 's theme and title song , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , was `` a very hard song to come by '' despite its relative simplicity . He revealed that the writing process for `` Beauty and the Beast '' was the longest period of time that he had ever devoted to one particular song . Written to resemble a lullaby , Ashman and Menken conceived `` Beauty and the Beast '' as `` a song that could have a life outside the movie . '' The film 's final musical number , `` The Mob Song '' , was written as what Menken described as `` a macho adventure underscore '' . Recording ( edit ) Single ( edit ) When the film was released , it garnered three separate Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song for `` Belle '' , `` Be Our Guest '' and `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Producer Don Hahn expressed concern that this would cause confusion among audiences and voters , and potentially result in an unfavorable tie . In order to prevent this from happening , the studio fought in favor of the film 's title song and decided to release a pop rendition of `` Beauty and the Beast '' as a commercial single in an attempt to persuade voters to vote for it . When `` Beauty and the Beast '' was written , it was composed with the potential of having `` half a life outside the movie . '' Menken revealed that this was the first time one of his compositions had been rearranged and `` turned into ear candy '' . Menken recruited musician Robbie Buchanan to arrange `` Beauty and the Beast '' into the form of a pop duet while Walter Afanasieff was responsible for producing the track . Afanasieff also assisted Buchanan in the arranging of the song . Menken was ultimately pleased with Afanasieff 's production , explaining , `` Walter Afanasieff ... took it and really molded it into something very different than I ever intended and I grew to love it . In a way , Walter made it his own , and I love that . '' Because Disney could not afford to hire a `` big singer '' , they drafted Canadian singer Celine Dion , who was relatively new to the music industry at the time , to record `` Beauty and the Beast '' . However , the studio feared that she would not draw much media attention because of her relative obscurity in the United States , so they hired American singer Peabo Bryson , who was a more well - known recording artist at the time , to perform alongside her . The newly arranged song was released as the album 's lead single on November 25 , 1991 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Filmtracks Sputnikmusic 4.5 / 5 Similar to the overwhelmingly positive critical response that the film received , Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was met with universal acclaim from both music and film critics , garnering nearly unanimous praise for both its songs and score . Tavia Hobart of AllMusic awarded the soundtrack a nearly perfect overall score of 4.5 / 5 stars , describing Ashman and Menken 's compositions as `` positively delightful . '' However , she felt that the album 's orchestral score was not as good as The Little Mermaid . Filmtracks was very enthusiastic about the album , praising each of its songs and labeling them `` remarkably upbeat '' . The reviewer also praised Ashman and Menken for avoiding `` stupid comedic performances to appeal to children . '' Unlike AllMusic 's opinion , the reviewer felt that the score was `` a vast improvement '' over The Little Mermaid 's . Sputnikmusik 's Irving Tan awarded the album a `` superb '' overall rating of 4.5 / 5 . Praising the film 's entire collection of songs in a detailed review , Tan accredited the overall appeal of the soundtrack with much the film 's success . When Beauty and the Beast was released in November 1991 , several film and entertainment critics awarded specific praise to its music , both songs and score . Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote , `` The songs unleash a chemical reaction of happiness . '' Just as the film made history by becoming the first animated film to receive a Best Picture Oscar nomination , so too the soundtrack made history by becoming the first animated film soundtrack to receive an Album of the Year Grammy nomination ( to date , no other animated film soundtrack has been nominated in this category ) . The pop version of the title track `` Beauty and the Beast '' also received Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year . In total , the soundtrack won 3 Grammys for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance ( Celine Dion & Peabo Bryson , Best Pop Instrumental Performance ( Richard Kauffman ) , and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture ( Alan Menken ) . Track listing ( edit ) In the movie track eight comes after track nine . All music composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman . All scores composed and produced by Menken . All songs produced by Menken and Ashman except track 15 produced by Walter Afanasieff . No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prologue '' ( Score ) David Ogden Stiers ( speaking ) 2 : 26 2 . `` Belle '' ( ) Jesse Corti , Paige O'Hara , Richard White , Chorus 5 : 09 3 . `` Belle '' ( Reprise ) O'Hara 1 : 05 4 . `` Gaston '' Corti , White , Chorus 3 : 40 5 . `` Gaston '' ( Reprise ) Corti , White , Chorus 2 : 04 6 . `` Be Our Guest '' ( ) Angela Lansbury , Jerry Orbach , Chorus 3 : 44 7 . `` Something There '' Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Robby Benson 2 : 19 8 . `` The Mob Song '' Lansbury ( speaking ) Stiers ( speaking ) Orbach ( speaking ) Kimmy Robertson ( speaking ) O'Hara ( speaking ) Rex Everhart ( speaking ) White Benson ( speaking ) Chorus 3 : 30 9 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( ) Lansbury 2 : 46 10 . `` To the Fair '' ( Score ) 1 : 58 11 . `` West Wing '' ( Score ) 3 : 42 12 . `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Score ) 2 : 22 13 . `` Battle on the Tower '' ( Score ) 5 : 29 14 . `` Transformation '' ( Score ) 5 : 47 15 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Duet ) ( ) Céline Dion & Peabo Bryson 5 : 33 Total length : 50 : 12 ( show ) 2010 Bonus Track No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( ) Jordin Sparks 3 : 14 Total length : 53 : 26 ( show ) 2001 Special Edition No . Title Recording artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Prologue '' ( Score ) 2 : 26 2 . `` Belle '' Corti , O'Hara , White , Chorus 5 : 09 3 . `` Belle '' ( Reprise ) O'Hara 1 : 05 4 . `` Gaston '' Corti , White , Chorus 3 : 40 5 . `` Gaston '' ( Reprise ) Corti , White , Chorus 2 : 04 6 . `` Be Our Guest '' Lansbury , Orbach , Chorus 3 : 44 7 . `` Something There '' Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Benson 2 : 19 8 . `` Human Again '' ( Previously Unreleased ) ( ) Lansbury , Stiers , Orbach , O'Hara , Benson , Jo Anne Worley , Chorus 4 : 54 9 . `` The Mob Song '' Lansbury ( speaking ) Stiers ( speaking ) Orbach ( speaking ) Robertson ( speaking ) O'Hara ( speaking ) Everhart ( speaking ) White Benson ( speaking ) Chorus 3 : 30 10 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lansbury 2 : 46 11 . `` To the Fair '' ( Score ) 1 : 58 12 . `` West Wing '' ( Score ) 3 : 42 13 . `` The Beast Lets Belle Go '' ( Score ) 2 : 22 14 . `` Battle on the Tower '' ( Score ) 5 : 29 15 . `` Transformation '' ( Score ) 5 : 47 16 . `` Be Our Guest '' ( Demo ) ( Previously Unreleased ) Ashman 3 : 29 17 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( Work Tape & Demo ) ( Previously Unreleased ) Menken & Ashman 3 : 58 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Dion & Bryson 5 : 33 19 . `` Death of the Beast '' ( Score ) ( Early Version ) ( ) 1 : 29 Total length : 1 : 04 : 43 Notes ( edit ) A ^ Nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song . B ^ Won an Academy Award for Best Original Song . C ^ Produced by Robert Buchanan . D ^ New song integrated into the film for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release . E ^ Integrated into the film 's end credits for the 2001 Special Edition IMAX re-issue and 2001 DVD release . On initial pressings of the original release of the soundtrack , this cue replaced the version used in the film up until the moment when the transformation begins . Eventually the album was re-pressed with the film version of the cue and has been presented in its proper film version on the 2001 and 2010 reissues . Unreleased songs and score ( edit ) Prologue ( without narration ) ( This cue was included on the `` Music Behind the Magic '' CD set , but was n't included on any of the commercial albums ) ( 2 : 32 ) Belle ( Instrumental ) ( 5 : 04 ) Gaston Stops Belle ( 0 : 56 ) The Spooky Forest / Wolf Attack ( This cue was partially released on the `` Music Behind the Magic '' CD set , but was n't included on any of the commercial albums ) ( 2 : 38 ) A Guest in the Castle ( 3 : 04 ) Gaston Proposes to Belle ( 1 : 33 ) Belle Reprise ( Instrumental ) ( 1 : 00 ) Belle Goes in Search of Maurice / Take Me Instead ( 3 : 50 ) Belle 's New Home ( This cue was partially released on the tape cassette and original CD releases , but does n't appear on the Special Edition album ) ( 1 : 49 ) Gaston ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 36 ) Gaston Reprise ( Instrumental ) ( 1 : 52 ) Belle Meets the Servants ( 1 : 23 ) An Invitation to Dinner / Nothing But a Monster ( 3 : 03 ) The Wandering Guest ( 0 : 41 ) Music ? ! / Be Our Guest ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 43 ) Tour of the Castle ( 2 : 14 ) Helping the Beast ( 0 : 25 ) Belle Tends to the Beast 's Wounds / Gaston 's Plot / Maurice Goes For Belle ( 2 : 00 ) Something Special for Belle ( 2 : 03 ) Breakfast with the Beast / `` There 's Something There '' ( Instrumental ) ( 2 : 40 ) Cleaning the Castle ( 0 : 35 ) `` Human Again '' ( Instrumental ) ( 4 : 40 ) Grooming the Beast ( 1 : 00 ) Beauty and the Beast ( Instrumental ) ( 2 : 42 ) Belle Leaves / Finding Maurice / A Stow - a-way ( 1 : 39 ) Gaston 's Plan ( 1 : 45 ) `` The Mob Song '' ( Instrumental ) ( 3 : 26 ) Battle on the Tower ( Full Version ) ( 5 : 27 ) Transformation ( Film Version ) ( 5 : 46 ) Transformation ( Sans Disney Chorus ) ( 5 : 46 ) Total time of unreleased score material excluding song instrumentals : Approx. 33 minutes Total time of unreleased score material including song instrumentals : Approx. 1 hour See also ( edit ) The Music Behind the Magic Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sunderland , Mitchell . `` Beauty and the Plague '' . Vice . Vice . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Rebecca . `` Exclusive Interview with Alan Menken on ' Tangled ' '' . About.com . About.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger , Robert ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Alan Menken Revisits ' beauty & The Beast ' '' . Comic Mix . Comic Mix . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Beauty and the Beast Composer Alan Menken '' . Static Multimedia . Static Multimedia . October 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Blauvelt , Christian ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Alan Menken discusses ' Tangled ' and the past , present , and future of the animated musical '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Irving ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Soundtracks - Beauty and the Beast '' . Sputnikmusic . IndieClick Music Network . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Celine Dion . Sony Music Entertainment Canada Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kois , Dan ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Tangled Looks and Feels Great , So Why Is Disney Selling It Short ? '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice , LLC . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickey , Timothy . `` Alan Menken Beauty and the Beast , film score '' . AllMusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rees , Jasper ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` theartsdesk Q&A : Composer Alan Menken '' . The Arts Desk . The Arts Desk Ltd . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Oscars 1992 : Producer Don Hahn on how ' Beauty and the Beast ' changed animation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lammers , Tim ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Menken Still Enchanted By Beauty Of ' Beast ' '' . Internet Broadcasting . Internet Broadcasting . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Menken , Howard Ashman -- Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Special Edition ) '' . Discogs . Discogs . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Buchanan '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Schwartz and Alan Menken Interview -- ENCHANTED '' . Collider . Collider.com . November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Ed . `` Walter Afanasieff '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Afanasieff '' . Pop Tower . Pop Tower . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Motion Pictures '' . Walter Afanasieff . Walter Afanasieff . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hobart , Tavia . `` Beauty and the Beast - Disney , Alan Menken '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 3D ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_soundtrack)&oldid=836458202 '' Categories : 1991 soundtracks Albums with cover art by Drew Struzan Disney animation soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 22 : 58 . 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About Wikipedia	who sings the original beauty and the beast	[ "\n\nNo.\nTitle\nRecording artist(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Prologue\" (Score)\nDavid Ogden Stiers (speaking)\n2:26\n\n\n2.\n\"Belle\" ([A])\nJesse Corti, Paige O'Hara, Richard White, Chorus\n5:09\n\n\n3.\n\"Belle\" (Reprise)\nO'Hara\n1:05\n\n\n4.\n\"Gaston\"\nCorti, White, Chorus\n3:40\n\n\n5.\n\"Gaston\" (Reprise)\nCorti, White, Chorus\n2:04\n\n\n6.\n\"Be Our Guest\" ([A])\nAngela Lansbury, Jerry Orbach, Chorus\n3:44\n\n\n7.\n\"Something There\"\nLansbury, Stiers, Orbach, O'Hara, Robby Benson\n2:19\n\n\n8.\n\"The Mob Song\"\nLansbury (speaking)\nStiers (speaking)\nOrbach (speaking)\nKimmy Robertson (speaking)\nO'Hara (speaking)\nRex Everhart (speaking)\nWhite\nBenson (speaking)\nChorus\n3:30\n\n\n9.\n\"Beauty and the Beast\" ([B])\nLansbury\n2:46\n\n\n10.\n\"To the Fair\" (Score)\n \n1:58\n\n\n11.\n\"West Wing\" (Score)\n \n3:42\n\n\n12.\n\"The Beast Lets Belle Go\" (Score)\n \n2:22\n\n\n13.\n\"Battle on the Tower\" (Score)\n \n5:29\n\n\n14.\n\"Transformation\" (Score)\n \n5:47\n\n\n15.\n\"Beauty and the Beast\" (Duet) ([B])\nCéline Dion & Peabo Bryson\n5:33\n\n\nTotal length:\n50:12\n\n" ]	[ "Angela Lansbury" ]
-3324607709067039901	The Cat in the Hat (film)	The Cat in the Hat ( film ) - Wikipedia The Cat in the Hat ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Cat in the Hat Theatrical release poster Directed by Bo Welch Produced by Brian Grazer Screenplay by Alec Berg David Mandel Jeff Schaffer Based on The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss Starring Mike Myers Alec Baldwin Kelly Preston Dakota Fanning Spencer Breslin Amy Hill Sean Hayes Narrated by Victor Brandt Music by David Newman ( Score ) Marc Shaiman ( Songs ) Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures ( United States ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date November 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $109 million Box office $134 million This article is about the 2003 American family movie . For other uses , see The Cat in the Hat ( disambiguation ) . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch . It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name . The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat , and Dakota Fanning as Sally . Sally 's brother ( who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special ) , Conrad , is portrayed by Spencer Breslin . The film is the second feature - length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas . The idea was originally conceived in 2001 , with Tim Allen initially cast as the Cat , but he dropped his role due to work on The Santa Clause 2 , and the role was later given to Myers . Filming took place in California for three months . While the basic plot parallels that of the book , the film filled out its 82 minutes by adding new subplots and characters significantly different from the original story , similar to the feature film adaptation of How the Grinch Stole Christmas . Released on November 21 , 2003 , in the United States , the film grossed $134 million worldwide . After the film 's release , Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , decided not to allow any further live - action adaptations of Seuss ' works to be produced , and as a result , a planned sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was cancelled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Makeup and visual effects 3.4 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Cancelled sequel 8 Animated version 9 Video game 9.1 Video game reviews 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother , Joan . Joan works for neat - freak Hank Humberfloob , and is hosting an office party at her house . One day , she is called back to the office , leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan , a tired babysitter , and forbidding them to enter the living room , which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party . Joan is also dating their next - door neighbor , Larry Quinn , much to Conrad 's dismay . Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to , as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school , as Conrad has earned the reputation of `` hot - headed trouble - maker '' , while his sister is characterized as `` perfect and well - behaved '' . Once their mother leaves , Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid , oversized talking cat in a hat in their house . The Cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun , but the children 's pet fish does n't want the Cat around when Joan is away . The Cat then leaves a trail of destruction across the house , including dancing on a fake stage . In the process , he releases two trouble - making things , Thing 1 and Thing 2 , from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world . The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule : never open the crate , then allows the Things to have fun , but they make a mess out of the house . Despite the Cat 's warning , Conrad picks the lock on the crate . When the crate 's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog , Nevins , Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock . They drive a super-powered car in search of Nevins and use Cat 's magic hat . Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told , and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan . Meanwhile , Larry is revealed to be an overweight , unemployed slob with dentures , and is in financial debt , though claiming that he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying to Joan for her money . Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her , but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road , posing as police officers . Larry goes back to the house , telling Joan to meet him there . By the time the kids and the Cat ( and Larry ) return to the house with the lock , a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house , seemingly killing Larry in the process . They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up . The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart . The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day , including making not opening the crate his one rule , as he knew Conrad could not resist . The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house . Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home , but Sally says she will share the blame . The Cat , having overheard this , happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption . Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving . Larry returns , revealing he did n't get killed when all is restored , thinking he has busted the kids , but when Joan sees the clean house ( and a messy Larry ) , she does not believe Larry and dumps him . After the successful party , Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating . The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation . Cast ( edit ) Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat , a tall , anthropomorphic , wise - cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities . Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden , Joan 's destructive and misbehaved son . Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden , Joan 's dull , well - behaved , and rule - obeying daughter . Kelly Preston as Joan Walden , Conrad and Sally 's mother , and a workaholic real - estate agent . Alec Baldwin as Larry Quinn , the Waldens ' pompous , lazy , unemployed next - door neighbor . He is revealed to be allergic to cats , steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it , and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior . Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan , an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids , though she sleeps through her job . Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag . Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob , Joan 's boss . Hayes is also the voice of the family fish . Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing One , and Brittany Oaks and Talia - Lynn Prairie as Thing Two ; two gibbering trouble - making creatures that the Cat brings in with him . Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things . Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer Paris Hilton as a female club - goer Bugsy as Nevins , the Waldens ' pet dog . Frank Welker provided his voice . Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate . Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer Paige Hurd as Denise , who does n't speak to Sally anymore , not long after she talked back to her . She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore . Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat Victor Brandt as the Narrator , who tells the story ; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice - changer at the end . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) DreamWorks acquired rights to the original book in 1997 . However , production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas / comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas , based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name , became a commercial success . Brian Grazer , who was the producer of The Grinch , stated , `` Because we grew up with these books , and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child -- the aggregation of all those feelings -- it leaves an indelible , positive memory . And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then , The Cat in the Hat , into movies , I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen . '' Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film , and he accepted . When production began , songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior . Newman 's cousin , David Newman , composed the score for the film . Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it , several people said Myers had considerable input into the film 's direction , telling some of the cast ( co-stars Baldwin and Preston ) how to perform their scenes . Casting ( edit ) Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat . The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen , who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss ' `` mischievous feline '' babysitter . Allen stated , `` My dream is to give it the edge that scared me . '' However , producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001 , when Alec Berg , Jeff Schaffer , and Dave Mandel ( who were also writers on Seinfeld ) were hired to write the script ( replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before ) , so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline . Allen was also committed to shooting Disney 's The Santa Clause 2 , which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite . Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2 , he dropped out his role . In March 2002 , the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers , even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter . Myers stated in an interview that he was a long - time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book , and that it was the first book he ever read . Makeup and visual effects ( edit ) Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson . The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system . To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots , a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots . The tail and ears were battery operated . The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues ( responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , and Scooby - Doo ) , in that the character had no shoulders , hips or legs , so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes , head and fin motion . Sean Hayes , who provided the voice for the Fish , found the role significantly different from his usual on - camera jobs ; he did not know how the final animation would look , and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth . Filming ( edit ) Prior to filming , giant props for the film were stolen from the set . Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona , California . The props were covered with graffiti . No arrests had been made , and filming was to start the next week . Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003 . The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley , where 24 houses ( each 26 - feet square and 52 - feet tall ) were constructed . The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located . The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended , so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film . Because of so much smog in the area , the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon - like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed . Music ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Film score / Soundtrack album by David Newman Released November 18 , 2003 Recorded 2002 Genre Orchestra Length 51 : 55 Label BMG Soundtracks The soundtrack was released on November 18 , 2003 . It includes David Newman 's score , plus a song by Smash Mouth ( `` Getting Better '' ) and ( `` Hang On '' ) that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in an film starring Mike Myers , after Shrek ( 2001 ) and Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) . The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers ( the role of the Cat ) . Newman 's score won a BMI Film Music Award . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Newman , except as noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title ; The Kids '' 8 : 07 2 . `` Getting Better '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Lennon -- McCartney 2 : 24 3 . `` The Cat '' 3 : 50 4 . `` Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea ... '' 5 : 16 5 . `` Military Academy Seduction '' 3 : 02 6 . Untitled 2 : 12 7 . `` Surfer Cat - the Phunometer '' 2 : 23 8 . `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Marc Shaiman , Scott Wittman 2 : 38 9 . `` The Contract '' 1 : 53 10 . `` Oven Explodes - `` Clean Up This Mess ! '' '' 1 : 36 11 . `` Things Wreck the House '' 2 : 52 12 . `` Larry the Slob '' 3 : 10 13 . `` Birthday Party '' 2 : 11 14 . `` S.L.O.W. Drive '' 2 : 32 15 . `` Rescuing Nevins '' 4 : 27 16 . `` Clean Up '' ( Performed by Mike Myers ) Shaiman , Whitman 0 : 23 17 . `` Hang On '' ( Performed by Smash Mouth ) Scott Wittman 3 : 00 Total length : 47 : 25 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat was released on VHS and DVD on March 16 , 2004 . It features 16 deleted scenes , 20 outtake scenes , almost a dozen featurettes , and a `` Dance with the Cat '' tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance . On February 7 , 2012 , the film was released on Blu - ray . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21 , 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend , ranking first in the North American box office . The film ended its theatrical run on March 18 , 2004 , having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10 % approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics . The website 's consensus reads : `` Filled with double entendres and potty humor , this Cat falls flat . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 19 / 100 based on 37 reviews , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star , stating , `` Cat , another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss , has a draw on Mike Myers , who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars . Although he praised the production design , he considered the film to be `` all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics , with no room for lightness and joy '' . Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film `` Two Thumbs Down '' . Roeper said of Myers ' performance that `` Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live - action version of The Cat in the Hat just was n't a great idea . '' Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas , in that `` If there is one thing I 've learned from these two movies is that we do n't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch , and we do n't want to see Mike Myers as a cat . These are talented comedians , let 's see them do their stuff , do n't bury them under a ton of technology . '' Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics , stating that it should have instead been rated PG - 13 in relation to its high amount of adult content . Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the `` Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for , injecting potty humor and adult ( wink - wink ) jokes into a mixture of heavy - handed slapstick and silliness . '' Maltin also claimed that the film 's official title which included Dr Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat was `` an official insult '' . However , Jeffrey Lyons from NBC - TV , enjoyed the film and considered it `` enormously funny '' . Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material . He expressed a belief that a film is `` an idea about something '' and that because Dr. Seuss ' work is so unique , making a feature - length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Subject Nominee Result BMI Film Awards Best Music David Newman Won DFWFCA Awards Worst Film Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Mike Myers Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor of the Decade Nominated Worst Actor Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Kelly Preston Nominated Worst Picture Nominated Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Nominated Worst Screen Couple Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two Nominated Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie ( All Concept / No Content ) Won Worst `` Comedy '' of Our First 25 Years Nominated Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Picture Won Worst Director Bo Welch Nominated Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide Alec Berg , David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer , based on the book by Dr. Seuss Won Worst Actor Mike Myers Nominated Worst Fake Accent - Male Nominated Worst Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy Nominated Worst Song `` Fun , Fun , Fun '' ; music by Marc Shaiman , lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman Nominated Most Annoying Non-Human Character Cat in the Hat Won Thing One and Thing Two ( voices by Dan Castellaneta ) Nominated The Spencer Breslin Award ( Worst Performance by a Child Actor ) Spencer Breslin Won Dakota Fanning Nominated The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards . Cancelled sequel ( edit ) On the day of the film 's release , Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel where the kids meet the Cat again , since there was a sequel to the book . A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development , a little more than a month before the film 's release . In February 2004 , Dr. Seuss ' widow , Audrey Geisel , said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband 's works , and the sequel was eventually cancelled . Animated version ( edit ) On March 15 , 2012 , a computer animated Cat in the Hat adaptation was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , following the success of The Lorax . On January 24 , 2018 , Warner Animation Group announced that they have picked up the rights for the animated Cat in the Hat reboot movie , along with many of Seuss ' works . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Cat in the Hat ( film ) '' dated February 20 , 2011 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Video game ( edit ) The Cat in the Hat Developer ( s ) Magenta Software ( PS2 , Xbox ) Digital Eclipse ( Microsoft Windows , Game Boy Advance ) Publisher ( s ) Vivendi Universal Games ( Branded under the Coktel Studios name in PAL Regions ) Platform ( s ) PlayStation 2 Microsoft Windows Xbox Game Boy Advance Release NA : November 5 , 2003 ( PS2 , Xbox , GBA ) NA : November 9 , 2003 ( PC ) EU : March 19 , 2004 JP : March 25 , 2004 ( Xbox ) Genre ( s ) Platform Action The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse . It is based on the film of the same name . The game was released for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Game Boy Advance on November 5 , 2003 , and PC on November 9 , 2003 , shortly before the film 's theatrical release . A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be released , but it was later cancelled . Video game reviews ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( Xbox ) 52.67 % ( PS2 ) 50 % ( GBA ) 46.50 % ( PC ) 19.50 % Metacritic ( Xbox ) 56 / 100 ( PS2 ) 56 / 100 ( GBA ) 40 / 100 ( PC ) 40 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Famitsu 27 / 40 GameSpot 3.8 / 10 GameZone ( PC ) 8 / 10 ( PS2 ) 7.2 / 10 ( GBA ) 5 / 10 IGN 6 / 10 ( GBA ) 4 / 10 Nintendo Power 2.3 / 5 OPM ( US ) OXM ( US ) 5.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 9 % PC Zone 30 % X-Play The Cat in the Hat game received mixed reviews ( except for the PC version , which received negative reviews ) . See also ( edit ) United States portal Children 's literature portal Film portal List of films based on Dr. Seuss books References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . March 18 , 2004 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Grazer Talks Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo. ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ Horn , John ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` A ' Cat ' with some bite '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 24 , 2000 ) . `` Scary ' Cat ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stax ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` New Cats Hired for Live - Action Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary ( April 26 , 2001 ) . `` The strike : a film - goer 's guide '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 8 , 2002 ) . `` ' The Cat ' Came Back '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meow Nix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . November 16 , 2001 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myers to play The Cat in the Hat '' . The Guardian . March 7 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 15 , 2002 ) . `` Hello Kitty '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Dr. Seuss Fan Mike Myers Talks About `` The Cat in the Hat '' `` . About.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welch , Bo ( November 21 , 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat , retrieved April 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 3 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stolen ' Cat in the Hat ' Props Found '' . WENN . IMDb . October 16 , 2002 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CAT IN THE HAT - Production Notes '' . p. 5 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - David Newman Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat In The Hat ( Widescreen Edition ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Telsch , Rafe . `` The Cat in the Hat DVD Review '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( Blu - ray ) ( 2003 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 21 - 23 , 2003 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . November 24 , 2003 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dr. Seuss - The Cat in the Hat - Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ The Cat in the Hat - Metacritic Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in The Hat '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss 's The Cat in the Hat review at Haro Online '' . Haro Online . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2013 ) Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide Plume Jump up ^ Baldwin , Alec . ( 2004 ) . Commentary for The Cat in the Hat ( DVD ) . Universal Pictures . Jump up ^ `` 2003 26th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinker Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.cinemasight.com/Oscars/Precursors/HMHG.html Jump up ^ Kirschillng , Gregory ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` The Deal Report '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seussentenial : 100 years of Dr. Seuss , MSNBC . February 26 , 2004 . Accessed September 2010. : `` Geisel says she will never again allow Hollywood to portray Seuss characters in live action . '' Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat In The Hat ' Get Another Life At Chris Meledandri 's Illumination '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in the Hat ' coming to the big screen again '' . Hit Fix . March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elsenberg , Eric ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Cat In The Hat To Get A Second Go At The Big Screen '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arruda , Cameron ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' ' The Cat in The Hat ' Will Be Remade As Animated Film '' . Durance Magazine . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Mike ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Reboots THE CAT IN THE HAT Into 3D CGI Animated Feature '' . Cinema Blend . Fushed Film . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Cat In The Hat ' Movie : Universal Hopes To Follow ' The Lorax ' With Another Dr. Seuss Box Office Win '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean Schmitz , Greg ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Ketchup : The Cat in the Hat Gets A CGI Remake '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Cat in the Hat ' Movie in Works From Warner Bros. , Dr. Seuss Enterprises '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Xbox Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PlayStation 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for Game Boy Advance Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat '' . Famitsu. 798 . April 2 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Provo , Frank ( December 15 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat Review ( GBA ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 10 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PC - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tha Wiz ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - PS2 - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Anise ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat - GBA - Review '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hwang , Kaiser ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Cat in the Hat '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Adam ( December 1 , 2003 ) . `` Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( GBA ) '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Nintendo Power . 176 : 160 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine : 133 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . Official Xbox Magazine : 73 . January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Gamer UK . June 2004 . Jump up ^ PC Zone Staff ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Review : The Cat in the Hat '' . PC Zone . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Skyler ( March 10 , 2004 ) . `` ' The Cat in the Hat ' ( PS2 ) Review '' . X-Play . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` amazon '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Cat in the Hat ( film ) Official website The Cat in the Hat on IMDb The Cat in the Hat at Box Office Mojo The Cat in the Hat at Rotten Tomatoes The Cat in the Hat at Metacritic Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat at MobyGames Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Dr. Seuss ' The Cat in the Hat ( 1957 ) Live - action film The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Television The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) episodes Books The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Daisy - Head Mayzie Stage Seussical Related Dr. Seuss Memorial I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays conrad in cat in the hat	[ "Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 American family comedy film directed by Bo Welch. It is based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss book of the same name. The film stars Mike Myers in the title role of the Cat in the Hat, and Dakota Fanning as Sally. Sally's brother (who is unnamed in the book and the 1971 TV special), Conrad, is portrayed by Spencer Breslin. The film is the second feature-length Dr. Seuss adaptation after the 2000 holiday film How the Grinch Stole Christmas." ]	[ "Spencer Breslin" ]
2920540123009417962	Steely Dan	Steely Dan - wikipedia Steely Dan Jump to : navigation , search Steely Dan Steely Dan performing in 2007 . Walter Becker ( l ) playing electric guitar , Donald Fagen ( r ) playing melodica . Background information Origin Annandale - on - Hudson , New York , U.S. Genres Jazz rock rock soft rock Years active 1972 -- 1981 , 1993 -- present Labels ABC MCA Giant Reprise Warner Bros . Associated acts New York Rock and Soul Revue Dukes of September Rhythm Revue Jay and the Americans Doobie Brothers Toto Larry Carlton Lee Ritenour Cornelius Bumpus Website steelydan.com Members Donald Fagen Past members Walter Becker Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter Denny Dias Jim Hodder David Palmer Royce Jones Michael McDonald Jeff Porcaro Steely Dan is an American jazz rock band founded by core members Walter Becker ( guitars , backing vocals ) and Donald Fagen ( keyboards , lead vocals ) in 1972 . Blending elements of jazz , R&B , traditional pop , and sophisticated studio production with ironic and cryptic lyrics , the band enjoyed critical and commercial success starting from the early 1970s until breaking up in 1981 . Rolling Stone has called them `` the perfect musical antiheroes for the Seventies '' . Steely Dan reunited in 1993 and has toured steadily ever since . Becker died on September 3 , 2017 , leaving Fagen as the only official member . Recorded with a revolving cast of session musicians , Steely Dan 's music is characterized by complex jazz - influenced structures and harmonies . Becker and Fagen are whimsical , often sarcastic lyricists , having written `` cerebral , wry and eccentric '' songs about recreational drugs , love affairs , gambling , and crime . The pair is also known for their near - obsessive perfectionism in the recording studio : Over the year they took to record Gaucho ( 1980 ) , an album of just seven songs , Becker and Fagen hired at least 42 studio musicians and 11 engineers . Steely Dan toured from 1972 to 1974 before retiring from live performances , becoming a studio - only band . After the group disbanded in 1981 , Becker and Fagen were less active throughout most of the next decade , though a cult following remained devoted to the group . Since reuniting in 1993 Steely Dan has released two albums of new material , the first of which , Two Against Nature , earned a Grammy Award for Album of the Year . They have sold more than 40 million albums worldwide and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2001 . VH1 listed Steely Dan as one of the 100 greatest musical artists of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formative and early years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) 1.2 Ca n't Buy a Thrill and Countdown to Ecstasy ( 1972 -- 1973 ) 1.3 Pretzel Logic and Katy Lied ( 1974 -- 1976 ) 1.4 The Royal Scam and Aja ( 1976 -- 1978 ) 1.5 Gaucho and breakup ( 1978 -- 1981 ) 1.6 Time off ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 1.7 Reunion , Alive in America ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 1.8 Two Against Nature and Everything Must Go ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 1.9 Touring , solo activity ( 2003 -- 2017 ) 1.10 After Becker 's death ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Musical and lyrical style 2.1 Music 2.1. 1 Overall sound 2.1. 2 Backing vocals 2.1. 3 Horns 2.1. 4 Composition and chord use 2.2 Lyrics 3 Members 3.1 Timeline 4 Discography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formative and early years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) Becker and Fagen met in 1967 at Bard College , in Annandale - on - Hudson , New York . As Fagen passed by a café , The Red Balloon , he heard Becker practicing the electric guitar . In an interview , Fagen recounted the experience : `` I hear this guy practicing , and it sounded very professional and contemporary . It sounded like , you know , like a black person , really . '' He introduced himself to Becker and asked , `` Do you want to be in a band ? '' Discovering that they enjoyed similar music , the two began writing songs together . Becker and Fagen began playing in local groups . One such group , known as the Don Fagen Jazz Trio , the Bad Rock Group and later the Leather Canary , included future comedy star Chevy Chase on drums . They played covers of songs by the Rolling Stones ( `` Dandelion '' ) , Moby Grape ( `` Hey Grandma '' ) , and Willie Dixon ( `` Spoonful '' ) , as well as some original compositions . Terence Boylan , another Bard musician , remembered that Fagen took readily to the beatnik life while attending college : `` They never came out of their room , they stayed up all night . They looked like ghosts -- black turtlenecks and skin so white that it looked like yogurt . Absolutely no activity , chain - smoking Lucky Strikes and dope . '' Fagen himself would later remember it as `` probably the only time in my life that I actually had friends . '' After Fagen graduated in 1969 , the two moved to Brooklyn and tried to peddle their tunes in the Brill Building in midtown Manhattan . Kenny Vance ( of Jay and the Americans ) , who had a production office in the building , took an interest in their music , which led to work on the soundtrack of the low - budget Richard Pryor film You 've Got to Walk It Like You Talk It or You 'll Lose That Beat . Becker later said bluntly , `` We did it for the money . '' A series of demos from 1968 to 1971 are available in bootleg form . This collection features approximately 25 tracks and is notable for its sparse arrangements ( Fagen plays solo piano on many songs ) and lo - fi production , a contrast with Steely Dan 's later work . Although some of these songs ( `` Caves of Altamira '' , `` Brooklyn '' , `` Barrytown '' ) were re-recorded for Steely Dan albums , most were never officially released . Becker and Fagen joined the touring band of Jay and the Americans for about a year and a half . They were at first paid $100 per show , but partway through their tenure the band 's tour manager cut their salaries in half . The group 's lead singer , Jay Black , dubbed Becker and Fagen `` the Manson and Starkweather of rock ' n ' roll '' , referring to cult leader Charles Manson and spree killer Charles Starkweather . They had little success after moving to Brooklyn , although Barbra Streisand recorded their song `` I Mean To Shine '' on her 1971 Barbra Joan Streisand album . Their fortunes changed when one of Vance 's associates , Gary Katz , moved to Los Angeles to become a staff producer for ABC Records . He hired Becker and Fagen as staff songwriters ; they flew to California . Katz would produce all their 1970s albums in collaboration with engineer Roger Nichols , and Nichols would win six Grammy Awards for his work with the band from the 1970s to 2001 . After realizing that their songs were too complex for other ABC artists , at Katz 's suggestion Becker and Fagen formed their own band with guitarists Denny Dias and Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter , drummer Jim Hodder and singer David Palmer , and Katz signed them to ABC as recording artists . Fans of Beat Generation literature , Fagen and Becker named the band after `` Steely Dan III from Yokohama '' , an oversized , steam - powered strap - on dildo mentioned in the William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch . Palmer joined as a second lead vocalist because of Fagen 's occasional stage fright , his reluctance to sing in front of an audience , and because the label believed that his voice was not `` commercial '' enough . In 1972 , ABC issued Steely Dan 's first single , `` Dallas '' , backed with `` Sail the Waterway '' . Distribution of `` stock '' copies available to the general public was apparently extremely limited ; the single sold so poorly that promotional copies are much more readily available than stock copies in today 's collectors market . As of 2015 , `` Dallas '' and `` Sail the Waterway '' are the only officially released Steely Dan tracks that have not been reissued on cassette or compact disc . In an interview ( 1995 ) , Becker and Fagen called the songs `` stinko . '' `` Dallas '' was later covered by Poco on their Head Over Heels album . Ca n't Buy a Thrill and Countdown to Ecstasy ( 1972 -- 1973 ) ( edit ) Ca n't Buy a Thrill , Steely Dan 's debut album , was released in 1972 . Its hit singles `` Do It Again '' and `` Reelin ' In the Years '' reached No. 6 and No. 11 respectively on the Billboard singles chart . Along with `` Dirty Work '' ( sung by David Palmer ) , the songs became staples on classic rock radio . Because of Fagen 's reluctance to sing live , Palmer handled most of the vocal duties on stage . During the first tour , however , Katz and Becker decided that they preferred Fagen 's interpretations of the band 's songs , persuading him to take over . Palmer quietly left the group while it recorded its second album . He wrote the No. 2 hit `` Jazzman '' ( 1974 ) with Carole King . Released in 1973 , Countdown to Ecstasy was not as commercially successful as Steely Dan 's first album . Becker and Fagen were unhappy with some of the performances on the record and believed that it sold poorly because it had been recorded hastily on tour . The album 's singles were `` Show Biz Kids '' and `` My Old School '' , both of which stayed in the lower half of the Billboard charts ( though `` My Old School '' and -- to a lesser extent -- `` Bodhisattva '' became minor FM Rock staples in time ) . Pretzel Logic and Katy Lied ( 1974 -- 1976 ) ( edit ) Guitarist Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter left Steely Dan in 1974 when they ceased performing live and began working in the studio exclusively . Pretzel Logic was released in early 1974 . A diverse set , it includes the group 's most successful single `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' ( No. 4 ) and a note - for - note rendition of Duke Ellington and James `` Bubber '' Miley 's `` East St. Louis Toodle - Oo '' . During the previous album 's tour , the band had added vocalist - percussionist Royce Jones , vocalist - keyboardist Michael McDonald , and session drummer Jeff Porcaro ( of Sonny & Cher ) . Porcaro contributed significantly to Pretzel Logic ( as he would on future Steely Dan recordings ) , reflecting Steely Dan 's increasing reliance on session musicians ( including Dean Parks and Rick Derringer ) . Drummer Jeff Porcaro and Katy Lied pianist David Paich would go on to form Toto . Striving for perfection , Becker and Fagen sometimes asked musicians to record as many as forty takes of each track . Pretzel Logic was the first Steely Dan album to feature Walter Becker on guitar . `` Once I met ( session musician ) Chuck Rainey '' , he explained , `` I felt there really was no need for me to be bringing my bass guitar to the studio anymore '' . A rift began growing between Becker - Fagen and Steely Dan 's other members ( particularly Baxter and Hodder ) , who wanted to tour . Becker and Fagen disliked constant touring and wanted to concentrate solely on writing and recording . The other members gradually left the band , discouraged by this and by their diminishing roles in the studio . However , Dias remained with the group until 1980 's Gaucho and Michael McDonald contributed vocals until the group 's twenty - year hiatus after Gaucho . Baxter and McDonald went on to join The Doobie Brothers . Steely Dan 's last tour performance was on July 5 , 1974 , a concert at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in California . A recording of the show 's opening track , `` Bodhisattva '' , was released as a B - side , and later appeared on the compilation album Gold . Becker and Fagen recruited a diverse group of session players for Katy Lied ( 1975 ) , including Porcaro , Paich , and McDonald , as well as guitarist Elliott Randall , jazz saxophonist Phil Woods , saxophonist / bass - guitarist Wilton Felder , percussionist / vibraphonist / keyboardist Victor Feldman , keyboardist ( and later producer ) Michael Omartian , and guitarist Larry Carlton -- Dias , Becker , and Fagen being Steely Dan 's only original members . The album went gold on the strength of `` Black Friday '' and `` Bad Sneakers '' , but Becker and Fagen were so dissatisfied with the album 's sound ( compromised by a faulty DBX noise reduction system ) that they publicly apologized for it ( on the album 's back cover ) and for years refused to listen to it in its final form . Katy Lied also included `` Doctor Wu '' and `` Chain Lightning '' . The Royal Scam and Aja ( 1976 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) The Royal Scam was released in May 1976 . Partly because of Carlton 's prominent contributions , it is the band 's most guitar - oriented album . It also features performances by session drummer Bernard Purdie . The album sold well in the U.S.A. though without the strength of a hit single . `` Haitian Divorce '' ( Top 20 ) drove sales in the UK , becoming Steely Dan 's first major hit in that country . Steely Dan 's sixth album , the jazz - influenced Aja , was released in September 1977 . Aja reached the Top Five in the U.S. charts within three weeks , winning the Grammy award for `` Engineer -- Best Engineered Recording -- Non-Classical . '' It was also one of the first American LPs to be certified ' platinum ' for sales of over 1 million albums . Featuring Michael McDonald 's backing vocals , `` Peg '' ( No. 11 ) was the album 's first single , followed by `` Josie '' ( No. 26 ) and `` Deacon Blues '' ( No. 19 ) . Aja solidified Becker 's and Fagen 's reputations as songwriters and studio perfectionists . It features such jazz and fusion luminaries as guitarists Larry Carlton and Lee Ritenour ; bassist Chuck Rainey ; saxophonists Wayne Shorter , Pete Christlieb , and Tom Scott ; drummers Steve Gadd , Rick Marotta and Bernard Purdie ; pianist Joe Sample and ex-Miles Davis pianist / vibraphonist Victor Feldman and Grammy award - winning producer / arranger Michael Omartian ( piano ) . Roger ( Nichols ) made those records sound like they did . He was extraordinary in his willingness and desire to make records sound better . The records we did could not have been done without Roger . He was just maniacal about making the sound of the records be what we liked ... He always thought there was a better way to do it , and he would find a way to do what we needed to in ways that other people had n't done yet . ~ Steely Dan producer Gary Katz regarding Roger Nichols ' role in the band 's recording legacy . Planning to tour in support of Aja , Steely Dan assembled a live band . Rehearsal ended and the tour was canceled when backing musicians began comparing pay . The album 's history was documented in an episode of the TV and DVD series Classic Albums . After Aja 's success , Becker and Fagen were asked to write the title track for the movie FM . The movie was a box - office disaster , but the song was a hit , earning Steely Dan another engineering Grammy award . It was a minor hit in the UK and barely missed the Top 20 in the U.S.A. Gaucho and breakup ( 1978 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) Becker and Fagen took a break from songwriting for most of 1978 before starting work on Gaucho . The project would not go smoothly : technical , legal , and personal setbacks delayed the album 's release and subsequently led Becker and Fagen to suspend their partnership for over a decade . Misfortune struck early when an assistant engineer accidentally deleted `` The Second Arrangement '' , a favorite track of Katz and Nichols , which was never recovered . More trouble -- this time legal -- followed . In March 1979 , MCA Records bought ABC , and for much of the next two years Steely Dan could not release an album . Becker and Fagen had planned on leaving ABC for Warner Bros. Records , but MCA claimed ownership of their music , preventing them from changing labels . Turmoil in Becker 's personal life also interfered . His girlfriend died of a drug overdose in their Upper West Side apartment , and he was sued for $17 million . Becker settled out of court , but he was shocked by the accusations and by the tabloid press coverage that followed . Soon after , Becker was struck by a taxi while crossing a Manhattan street , shattering his right leg in several places and forcing him to use crutches . Still more legal trouble was to come . Jazz composer Keith Jarrett sued Steely Dan for copyright infringement , claiming that they had based Gaucho 's title track on one of his compositions , `` Long As You Know You 're Living Yours '' . ( Fagen later admitted that he 'd loved the song and that it had been a strong influence . ) Gaucho was finally released in November 1980 . Despite its tortured history , it was another major success . The album 's first single , `` Hey Nineteen '' , reached No. 10 on the pop chart in early 1981 , and `` Time Out of Mind '' ( featuring guitarist Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits ) was a moderate hit in the spring . `` My Rival '' was featured in John Huston 's 1980 film Phobia . Roger Nichols won a third engineering Grammy award for his work on the album . Time off ( 1981 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Steely Dan disbanded in June 1981 . Becker and his family moved to Maui , where he became an `` avocado rancher and self - styled critic of the contemporary scene . '' He stopped using drugs , which he had used for most of his career . Meanwhile , Fagen released a solo album , The Nightfly ( 1982 ) , which went platinum in both the U.S. and the U.K. and yielded the Top Twenty hit `` I.G.Y. ( What a Beautiful World ) . '' In 1988 Fagen wrote the score of Bright Lights , Big City and a song for its soundtrack , but otherwise recorded little . He occasionally did production work for other artists , as did Becker . The most prominent of these were two albums Becker produced for the British sophisti - pop group China Crisis , who were strongly influenced by Steely Dan . Becker is listed as an official member of China Crisis on the first of these albums , 1985 's Flaunt the Imperfection , and played keyboards on the band 's Top 20 UK hit `` Black Man Ray '' . For the second of the two albums , 1989 's Diary of a Hollow Horse , Becker is only listed as a producer and not as a band member . In 1986 Becker and Fagen performed on Zazu , an album by former model Rosie Vela produced by Gary Katz . The two rekindled their friendship and held songwriting sessions between 1986 and 1987 , leaving the results unfinished . On October 25 , 1991 , Becker attended a concert by New York Rock and Soul Revue , co-founded by Fagen and producer / singer Libby Titus ( who was for many years the partner of Levon Helm of The Band and would later become Fagen 's wife ) , and spontaneously performed with the group . Becker produced Fagen 's second solo album , Kamakiriad , in 1993 . Fagen conceived the album as a sequel to The Nightfly . He called it the most satisfying recording experience of his career . Reunion , Alive in America ( 1993 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) Steely Dan , shown here in 2007 , toured frequently after reforming in 1993 . Becker and Fagen reunited for an American tour to support Kamakiriad , which sold poorly despite a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year . With Becker playing lead and rhythm guitar , the pair assembled a band that included a second keyboard player , a second lead guitarist , a bassist , three female backing singers , and a four - piece saxophone section . During this tour , Fagen introduced himself as `` Rick Strauss '' and Becker as `` Frank Poulenc '' . The next year , MCA released Citizen Steely Dan , a boxed set featuring their entire catalog ( except their debut single `` Dallas '' / `` Sail The Waterway '' ) on four CDs , plus four extra tracks : `` Here at the Western World '' ( originally released on 1978 's `` Greatest Hits '' ) , `` FM '' ( 1978 single ) , a 1971 demo of `` Everyone 's Gone to the Movies '' and `` Bodhisattva ( live ) '' , the latter recorded on a cassette in 1974 and released as a B - side in 1980 . That year Becker released his debut solo album , 11 Tracks of Whack , which Fagen co-produced . Steely Dan toured again in support of the boxed set and Tracks . In 1995 they released a live CD , Alive in America , compiled from recordings of several 1993 and 1994 concerts . The Art Crimes Tour followed , including dates in the United States , Japan , and their first European shows in 22 years . After this activity , Becker and Fagen returned to the studio to begin work on a new album . Two Against Nature and Everything Must Go ( 2000 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) In 2000 Steely Dan released their first studio album in 20 years : Two Against Nature . It won four Grammy Awards : Best Engineered Album -- Non-Classical , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Pop Performance by Duo or Group with Vocal ( `` Cousin Dupree '' ) , and Album of the Year ( despite competition in this category from Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP and Radiohead 's Kid A ) . In the summer of 2000 , they began another American tour , followed by an international tour later that year . They released the Plush TV Jazz - Rock Party DVD , documenting a live - in - the - studio concert performance of popular songs from throughout Steely Dan 's career . In March 2001 , Steely Dan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2003 Steely Dan released Everything Must Go and began a new tour . In contrast to their earlier work , they had tried to write music that captured a live feel . Becker sang lead vocals on a Steely Dan studio album for the first time ( `` Slang of Ages '' -- he had sung lead on his own `` Book of Liars '' on Alive in America ) . Fewer session musicians played on Everything Must Go than had become typical of Steely Dan albums : Becker played bass on every track and lead guitar on five tracks ; Fagen added piano , electric piano , organ , synthesizers , and percussion on top of his vocals . Touring , solo activity ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) After Everything Must Go , Becker and Fagen toured frequently as Steely Dan and released occasional solo albums . To complete his Nightfly trilogy , Fagen issued Morph the Cat in 2006 . The band 's Steelyard `` Sugartooth '' McDan and The Fab-Originees.com Tour followed later that year , in which Michael McDonald played with the group during encores . The 2007 Heavy Rollers Tour included dates in North America , Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , making it their most expansive tour . The smaller Think Fast Tour followed in 2008 , and Steely Dan performed at the Montreal Jazz Festival in July . That year Becker released a second album , Circus Money , produced by Larry Klein and inspired by Jamaican music . In 2009 Steely Dan toured Europe and America extensively in their Left Bank Holiday and Rent Party Tour , alternating between standard one - date concerts at large venues and multi-night theater shows that featured performances of The Royal Scam , Aja , or Gaucho in their entirety on certain nights . The following year , Fagen formed the touring supergroup Dukes of September Rhythm Revue with McDonald , Boz Scaggs , and members of Steely Dan 's live band , whose repertoire included songs by all three songwriters . Longtime studio engineer Roger Nichols died of pancreatic cancer on April 10 , 2011 . Steely Dan 's Shuffle Diplomacy Tour that year included an expanded set list and dates in Australia and New Zealand . Fagen released his fourth album , Sunken Condos , in 2012 . It was his first solo release unrelated to the Nightfly trilogy . The Mood Swings : 8 Miles to Pancake Day Tour began in July 2013 and featured an eight - night run at the Beacon Theater in New York City . Jamalot Ever After , their 2014 United States tour , ran from July 2 in Portland , Oregon to September 20 in Port Chester , New York . Their Rockabye Gollie Angel Tour the following year included opening act Elvis Costello and the Imposters and dates at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival . The Dan Who Knew Too Much tour followed in 2016 , with Steve Winwood opening . Steely Dan also performed at The Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles with an accompanying orchestra . The band played its final shows with Becker in 2017 . In April , they played the 12 - date Reelin ' In the Chips residency in Las Vegas and Southern California . Becker 's final performance came on May 27 at the Greenwich Town Party in Greenwich , Connecticut . Due to an undisclosed illness , Becker did not play Steely Dan 's two Classics East and West concerts at Dodger Stadium and Citi Field in July . After Becker 's death ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Walter Becker died on September 3 , 2017 . In a note released to the media , Donald Fagen remembered his longtime friend and band mate , and promised to `` keep the music we created together alive as long as I can with the Steely Dan band . '' A week after Becker 's death , Steely Dan announced a short American tour for October 2017 and three concert dates in the United Kingdom on a double bill with The Doobie Brothers . The band is scheduled to play their first concert following Becker 's death in Thackerville , Oklahoma on October 13 . Musical and lyrical style ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Overall sound ( edit ) Special attention is given to the individual sound of each instrument . Recording is done with the utmost fidelity and attention to sonic detail , and mixed so that all the instruments are heard and none are given undue priority ( a deft and accomplished use of the multi-tracking process ) . For example , in the song `` Parker 's Band '' , two drum kits are used , which gives the song an unexpected drive , without overpowering the sound ; it is not even immediately apparent that there are two drum kits on the track . Their albums are also notable for the characteristically ' warm ' and ' dry ' production sound , and the sparing use of echo and reverberation . Long known as perfectionists , they often recorded take after take before selecting the player or performance that made the final cut on their albums . Backing vocals ( edit ) Becker and Fagen favored a distinctly soul - influenced style of backing vocals , which after the first few albums were almost always performed by a female chorus ( although Michael McDonald features prominently on several tracks , including the 1975 song `` Black Friday '' and the 1977 song `` Peg '' ) . Venetta Fields , Sherlie Matthews and Clydie King were the preferred trio for backing vocals on the group 's late 1970s albums . Other backing vocalists include Tawatha Agee , Brenda White - King , Carolyn Leonhart , Janice Pendarvis , Catherine Russell , Cynthia Calhoun , Victoria Cave , Cindy Mizelle , and Jeff Young . The band also featured singers like Patti Austin and Valerie Simpson on later projects such as Gaucho . Horns ( edit ) Horn arrangements have been used on songs from all Steely Dan albums . They are usually jazz - oriented , and typically feature instruments such as trumpets , trombones and saxophones , although they have also used other instruments such as flutes and clarinets . The horn parts occasionally integrate simple synth lines to alter the tone quality of individual horn lines ; for example in `` Deacon Blues '' this was done to `` thicken '' one of the saxophone lines . On their earlier albums Steely Dan featured guest arrangers and on their later albums the arrangement work is credited to Fagen . Composition and chord use ( edit ) Steely Dan are famous for their use of chord sequences and harmonies that explore the area of musical tension between traditional pop sounds and jazz . In particular , they are known for their use of the add 2 chord , a type of added tone chord , which they nicknamed the mu major . Other common chords used by Steely Dan include slash chords for example B / C or E-7 / A . This notation shows a chord ( shown to the left of the slash ) with a note other than the tonic ( shown to the right of the slash ) as the lowest pitched note . Lyrics ( edit ) Steely Dan 's lyrical subjects are diverse , but in their basic approach they often create fictional personae that participate in a narrative or situation . The duo have said that in retrospect , most of their albums have a ' feel ' of either Los Angeles or New York City , the two main cities where Becker and Fagen lived and worked . Characters appear in their songs that evoke these cities . Steely Dan 's lyrics are often puzzling to the listener , with the true meaning of the song `` uncoded '' through repeated listening , and a richer understanding of the references within the lyrics . For example , in the song `` Everyone 's Gone to the Movies , '' the line `` I know you 're used to 16 or more , sorry we only have eight '' refers not to the count of some article , but to eight - millimeter film , which was lower quality than 16 mm or larger formats , underscoring the illicitness of Mr. Lapage 's ( assumedly pornographic ) movie parties . Thematically , Steely Dan creates a universe peopled by losers , creeps and failed dreamers -- often victims of their own obsessions and delusions -- and frequently suggests the moral reckoning that is due them . These motifs are introduced in the Dan 's first hit song , `` Do It Again '' -- where we hear of a murderous cowboy who beats the gallows , a man taken advantage of by a cheating girlfriend , and an obsessive gambler , all of whom are unable to command their own destinies ; similar themes of being trapped in a death spiral of one 's own making appear throughout the corpus of their catalog . Other themes are also present , such as prejudice , aging , poverty and middle - class ennui , and are typically seen from an ironic and detached perspective . The moral point of view expressed in Steely Dan songs reinforces traditional values , that substance abuse and sexual promiscuity lead to ruin . Many would argue that Steely Dan never wrote a genuine love song , instead dealing with personal passion in the guise of a destructive obsession . Many of their songs concern love , but none can be classed as straightforward love songs ; typical of Steely Dan songs is an ironic or disturbing twist in the lyrics that reveal a darker reality . For example , upon deeper analysis the listener realizes that the `` love '' expressed is actually about prostitution ( `` Pearl of the Quarter '' ) , incest ( `` Cousin Dupree '' ) , pedophilia ( `` Everyone 's Gone to the Movies '' ) , pornography ( `` Peg '' ) or some other socially unacceptable subject . However , some of their demo - era recordings show Fagen and Becker expressing romance , including `` This Seat 's Been Taken '' , `` Oh , Wow , It 's You '' and `` Come Back Baby '' . Steely Dan 's lyrics contain subtle and encoded references , unusual ( and sometimes original ) slang expressions , a wide variety of `` word games '' and intriguing lyrical choices and constructions of considerable depth . The obscure and sometimes teasing lyrics have given rise to considerable efforts by fans to explain the `` inner meaning '' of certain songs . Jazz is a recurring theme , with references abounding in their songs , and there are numerous other film , television and literary references and allusions , such as `` Home at Last '' ( from Aja ) , which was inspired by Homer 's Odyssey . Some of their lyrics are notable for their unusual meter patterns ; a prime example of this is their 1972 hit `` Reelin ' In the Years '' , which crams an unusually large number of words into each line , giving it a highly syncopated quality . `` Name dropping '' is another Steely Dan lyrical device ; references to real places and people abound in their songs . The song `` My Old School '' is a major example , referring to Annandale ( Annandale - on - Hudson , New York , is home to Bard College , which both attended and where they met ) , and the Two Against Nature album ( 2000 ) contains numerous references to the duo 's original region , the New York metro area , including the district of Gramercy Park , the Strand Bookstore , and the upscale food store Dean & DeLuca . In the song `` Glamour Profession '' the conclusion of a drug deal is celebrated with dumplings at Mr. Chow , a Chinese restaurant in Beverly Hills . The band even employed self - reference ; in the song `` Show Biz Kids , '' the titular subjects are sardonically portrayed as owning `` the Steely Dan T - shirt . '' The band also often name - checks drinks , typically alcoholic , in their songs : rum and cokes ( `` Daddy Do n't Live in That New York City No More '' ) , piña coladas ( `` Bad Sneakers '' ) , zombies ( `` Haitian Divorce '' ) , black cows ( `` Black Cow '' ) , Scotch whisky ( `` Deacon Blues '' ) , retsina ( `` Home at Last '' ) , grapefruit wine ( `` FM '' ) , cherry wine ( `` Time Out of Mind '' ) , Cuervo Gold ( `` Hey Nineteen '' ) , kirschwasser ( `` Babylon Sisters '' ) , Tanqueray ( `` Lunch with Gina '' ) and Cuban breeze ( Fagen 's solo track `` The Goodbye Look '' ) are all mentioned in Steely Dan lyrics . Members ( edit ) Current members Donald Fagen -- lead vocals , keyboards ( 1972 -- 1981 , 1993 -- present ) Former members Walter Becker -- guitar , bass ( 1972 -- 1981 , 1993 -- 2017 ; died 2017 ) Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter -- guitar , backing vocals ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Denny Dias -- guitar ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Jim Hodder -- drums , backing and lead vocals ( 1972 -- 1974 ; died 1990 ) David Palmer -- backing and lead vocals ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Royce Jones -- backing and lead vocals , percussion ( 1973 , 1974 ) Michael McDonald -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1974 ) Jeff Porcaro -- drums ( 1974 ; died 1992 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Steely Dan discography Studio albums Ca n't Buy a Thrill ( 1972 ) Countdown to Ecstasy ( 1973 ) Pretzel Logic ( 1974 ) Katy Lied ( 1975 ) The Royal Scam ( 1976 ) Aja ( 1977 ) Gaucho ( 1980 ) Two Against Nature ( 2000 ) Everything Must Go ( 2003 ) See also ( edit ) List of songwriter tandems References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STEELY DAN biography '' . Great Rock Bible . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : AllMusic Steely Dan : Biography . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official Steely Dan biography . Jump up ^ Allmusic song review : Hey Nineteen . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ AllMusic song review : Kid Charlemagne Jump up ^ AllMusic song review : Do n't Take Me Alive ^ Jump up to : Stylus Magazine : Top Ten Obscure Steely Dan Lyrics . Jump up ^ Canada.com : Steely Dan still feeling the groove . Jump up ^ MSN Inside Music -- Re : Masters : Steely Dan Think Fast and Tour . Jump up ^ AllMusic album credits : Gaucho . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2006 . Retrieved December 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Infamy '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Modesto Bee : Reelin ' in the years with Steely Dan 's Walker Becker '' . Modbee.com . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Official Steely Dan Tour Dates 2013 MOOD SWINGS ' 13 RESOURCES '' . Steelydan.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 215 -- 100 Greatest Artists of All Time ( Hour 2 ) -- The Greatest -- Episode Summary , Highlights , and Recaps -- VH1.com '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brunner , Rob ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Back to Annadale : The origins of Steely Dan '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ EW.com article : Back to Annadale : The origins of Steely Dan ( page 3 ) . Jump up ^ Metal Leg Issue # 2 . Jump up ^ Walter Becker , For a Change , SteelyDan.com , January 19 , 2000 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Metal Leg : Issue # 1 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Nichols '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Return of Steely Dan '' . Mojo Magazine . October 1995 . Retrieved December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Official Steely Dan FAQ '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat -- Steely Dan -- Dallas / Sail The Waterway -- ABC -- USA -- ABC - 11323 '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan interview with CompuServe members '' . Granatino.com . October 20 , 1995 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Bio Official Steely Dan '' . Steelydan.com . October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Q Magazine , No 103 April 1995 . `` Has n't he grown '' , written by Andy Gill , pages 41 -- 3 published by EMAP Metro Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan official FAQ : The Later Steely Dan Years '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denny Dias , `` Katy and The Gremlin '' , SteelyDan.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Steely Dan UK chart history , The Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . 145 . Aja , Steely Dan Jump up ^ `` Grammy Award Winners '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( April 17 , 2011 ) . `` Roger Nichols , 66 , Artist Among Sound Engineers '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Roger Nichols dies at 66 ; engineer gave Steely Dan its distinctive sound '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ YouTube video : `` Steely Dan - Robert Klein Interview 12 / 15 / 1980 - Part 2 '' Jump up ^ Steely Dan : Reelin in the Years by Brian Sweet -- page 137 Jump up ^ Breskin , David ( c. 1980 ) . `` Steely Dan ( Interview ) '' . Musician Magazine . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` When Jimmy Page Debuted With the Yardbirds and Steely Dan Broke Up '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steely Dan 's official website Timeline Bio : 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Salon.com : Sophisticated skank '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LA Times Interview with Steely Dan : Return of the Nightfly '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stylus Magazine review : Steely Dan -- Gaucho -- On Second Thought '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` China Crisis Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie Vela : Facing The Music '' . Metal Leg -- The Steely Dan Magazine . May 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Sakamoto ( February 29 , 2000 ) . `` The Steely Dan Q & A '' . Jam ! . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan Announce Summer U.S. Tour with Michael McDonald '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Official Steely Dan Heavy Rollers Tour 2007 '' . Steelydan.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Morris , Christopher ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` Roger Nichols , music engineer , dies '' . Variety . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Steely Dan Tour Dates 2013 Mood Swings ' 13 '' . Steelydan.com. 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan announces North American tour '' . USA Today . April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan Stays Consistent , Complex , Cool in Las Vegas Residency '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Steely Dan 's Final Concert With Walter Becker '' . Rolling Stone . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan at Classic East - Minus Walter Becker '' . Best Classic Bands . July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 2017 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Walter Becker , Steely Dan Co-Founder , Dead at 67 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Pat ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` Steely Dan 's Donald Fagen on Walter Becker : ' Hysterically Funny , a Great Songwriter ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kreps , Daniel . `` Steely Dan Announce Tour Following Walter Becker 's Death '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Steely Dan Session Players , Under the Banyan Trees with Steely Dan ( archives ) . Retrieved January 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Intro to the Steely Dan Song Book '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Explanation of the Steely Dan Mu Major Chord '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan Chords '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Slash Chords - Music Theory - Beginner Guitar Lesson 8 - Slash Chord Theory '' . About.com Guitar . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bobby ( October 8 , 2003 ) . `` Steely Dan goes back in time to 1979 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rolls , Chris ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Interview with Donald Fagen '' . MP3.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Steely Dan Dictionary '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome page '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breithaupt , Don ( May 17 , 2007 ) . Steely Dan 's Aja. 33 1 / 3 . 46 ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Continuum Books . p. 130pp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2783 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Steely Dan Official website Steely Dan Walter Becker Donald Fagen Jeff `` Skunk '' Baxter Denny Dias Jim Hodder David Palmer Royce Jones Michael McDonald Jeff Porcaro Studio albums Ca n't Buy a Thrill ( 1972 ) Countdown to Ecstasy ( 1973 ) Pretzel Logic ( 1974 ) Katy Lied ( 1975 ) The Royal Scam ( 1976 ) Aja ( 1977 ) Gaucho ( 1980 ) Two Against Nature ( 2000 ) Everything Must Go ( 2003 ) Live albums Alive in America ( 1995 ) Plush TV Jazz - Rock Party ( 2000 ) Singles `` Dallas '' `` Do It Again '' `` Reelin ' In the Years '' `` Show Biz Kids '' `` My Old School '' `` Rikki Do n't Lose That Number '' `` Pretzel Logic '' `` Black Friday '' `` Bad Sneakers '' `` Kid Charlemagne '' `` The Fez '' `` Haitian Divorce '' `` Peg '' `` Deacon Blues '' `` FM ( No Static at All ) '' `` Josie '' `` Hey Nineteen '' `` Babylon Sisters '' `` Cousin Dupree '' `` Janie Runaway '' Album tracks `` Aja '' `` Any Major Dude Will Tell You '' `` Dirty Work '' Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1978 ) Steely Dan ( 1978 ) Gold ( 1982 / 91 ) A Decade of Steely Dan ( 1985 ) Reelin ' In the Years ( 1987 ) Do It Again ( 1987 ) Citizen Steely Dan ( 1993 ) Then and Now ( 1993 ) Showbiz Kids ( 2000 ) The Definitive Collection ( 2006 ) Related articles Discography Gary Katz Marian McPartland 's Piano Jazz with Steely Dan Roger Nichols Book Donald Fagen Studio albums The Nightfly ( 1982 ) Kamakiriad ( 1993 ) Morph the Cat ( 2006 ) Sunken Condos ( 2012 ) Singles `` I.G.Y. ( What a Beautiful World ) '' `` New Frontier '' `` Ruby Baby '' `` Snowbound '' Related articles Steely Dan The New York Rock and Soul Revue Live at the Beacon Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2001 Performers Aerosmith ( Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , Brad Whitford ) Solomon Burke The Flamingos ( Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , Paul Wilson ) Michael Jackson Queen ( John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , Roger Taylor ) Paul Simon Steely Dan ( Walter Becker , Donald Fagen ) Ritchie Valens Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Chris Blackwell Sidemen James Burton Johnnie Johnson VIAF : 149068659 LCCN : n92007880 ISNI : 0000 0001 2348 3250 GND : 5505683 - 0 SUDOC : 161776914 BNF : cb13906734t ( data ) MusicBrainz : e01c3376 - 15fa - 40d7 - b747 - 5f219bdefdd7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steely_Dan&oldid=804604880 '' Categories : Steely Dan 1972 establishments in New York ( state ) American rhythm and blues musical groups Rock music groups from New York ( state ) American soft rock music groups Bard College alumni Crossover ( music ) Giant Records ( Warner ) artists Grammy Award winners Jazz fusion ensembles MCA Records artists Musical groups established in 1972 Musical groups disestablished in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1993 Reprise Records artists Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Rock music duos Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Limburgs Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the band steely dan get their name	[ "After realizing that their songs were too complex for other ABC artists, at Katz's suggestion Becker and Fagen formed their own band with guitarists Denny Dias and Jeff \"Skunk\" Baxter, drummer Jim Hodder and singer David Palmer, and Katz signed them to ABC as recording artists. Fans of Beat Generation literature, Fagen and Becker named the band after \"Steely Dan III from Yokohama\", an oversized, steam-powered strap-on dildo mentioned in the William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch.[22][23] Palmer joined as a second lead vocalist because of Fagen's occasional stage fright, his reluctance to sing in front of an audience, and because the label believed that his voice was not \"commercial\" enough." ]	[ "Fagen and Becker named the band after \"Steely Dan III from Yokohama\", an oversized, steam-powered strap-on dildo mentioned in the William S. Burroughs novel Naked Lunch" ]
7482427714049023730	Major League Baseball All-Star Game records	Major League Baseball All - Star Game records - wikipedia Major League Baseball All - Star Game records This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents 1 All - Star Game appearance record 2 All - Star Game MVP Award record 3 Single All - Star Game hitting records 4 Single All - Star Game pitching records 5 Career All - Star Game hitting records 6 Career All - Star Game pitching records 7 References All - Star Game appearance record ( edit ) Most number of games on the roster originally or as a replacement . Two All - Star Games were held each season from 1959 through 1962 . Hank Aaron 25 Willie Mays 24 Stan Musial 24 All - Star Game MVP Award record ( edit ) Willie Mays , Steve Garvey , Gary Carter , Cal Ripken , Jr. , and Mike Trout 2 Single All - Star Game hitting records ( edit ) Runs batted in : Al Rosen , Ted Williams 5 Runs : Ted Williams 4 Hits : Joe Medwick , Ted Williams , Carl Yastrzemski 4 Home runs : Gary Carter , Willie McCovey , Al Rosen , Arky Vaughan , Ted Williams 2 Inside - the - park home runs : Ichiro Suzuki 1 Grand slams : Fred Lynn 1 Doubles : Ernie Banks , Barry Bonds , Ted Kluszewski , Paul Konerko , Joe Medwick , Damian Miller , Albert Pujols , Al Simmons 2 Triples : Rod Carew 2 Walks : Phil Cavarretta , Charlie Gehringer 3 Total bases : Ted Williams 10 Single All - Star Game pitching records ( edit ) Runs : Atlee Hammaker 7 Earned runs : Atlee Hammaker 7 Hits : Tom Glavine 9 Home runs : Jim Palmer 3 Innings pitched : Lefty Gomez 6 Strikeouts : Carl Hubbell , Larry Jansen , Ferguson Jenkins , Johnny Vander Meer 6 Consecutive Strikeouts : Carl Hubbell , Fernando Valenzuela 5 Career All - Star Game hitting records ( edit ) At bats : Willie Mays 75 Batting average : Charlie Gehringer . 500 Runs batted in : Ted Williams 12 Runs : Willie Mays 20 Hits : Willie Mays 23 Extra base hits : Willie Mays , Stan Musial 8 Home runs : Stan Musial 6 Inside - the - park home runs : Ichiro Suzuki 1 Grand slams : Fred Lynn 1 Doubles : Dave Winfield 7 Triples : Willie Mays , Brooks Robinson 3 Walks : Ted Williams 11 Total bases : Willie Mays , Stan Musial 40 Pinch hits : Stan Musial 3 Career All - Star Game pitching records ( edit ) Wins : Lefty Gomez 3 Losses : Mort Cooper , Whitey Ford , Dwight Gooden , Catfish Hunter , Claude Passeau , John Smoltz , Luis Tiant 2 Earned runs : Whitey Ford 11 Hits : Whitey Ford 19 Innings pitched : Don Drysdale 191⁄3 Batters faced : Don Drysdale 69 Balks : Dwight Gooden 2 Walks : Jim Palmer 7 Strikeouts : Don Drysdale 19 Games pitched : Roger Clemens 9 Games started : Don Drysdale , Lefty Gomez , Robin Roberts 5 Games finished : Rich Gossage 6 Saves : Mariano Rivera 4 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baseball Reference Major League Baseball All - Star Game Games 1930s -- 1940s 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1959 2 1960 1960 2 1961 1961 2 1962 1962 2 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Players American League All - Stars National League All - Stars Events Futures Game ( All - time roster ) Home Run Derby Legends and Celebrity Softball Game Results and Awards Results MVPs Records See also Managers Broadcasters Final Vote Venues Arch Ward 2 -- Two All - Star Games were played these seasons . Italics indicate future games . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game_records&oldid=832687010 '' Categories : Major League Baseball All - Star Game Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 12 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	most home runs in mlb all star game	[ "Home runs: Gary Carter, Willie McCovey, Al Rosen, Arky Vaughan, Ted Williams 2" ]	[ "2" ]
-7885243604907558582	Second Amendment to the United States Constitution	Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defence , but `` Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... '' . It is `` ... not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' `` Nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . '' while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because `` besides the advantage of being armed , which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation , the existence of subordinate governments , to which the people are attached , and by which the militia officers are appointed , forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government '' and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual 's right to keep a gun at home for self - defense . This was the first time in American history The Court had ruled the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . Due to these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Pre-Constitution background 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution 3 State Constitutional Precursors to the 2 Amendment 3.1 Virginia , June 12 , 1776 3.2 Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 3.3 Maryland , November 11 , 1776 3.4 North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 3.5 New York , April 20 , 1777 3.6 Vermont , July 8 , 1777 3.7 Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 4 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution 5 Ratification debates 5.1 Argument for state power 5.2 Government tyranny 5.3 Preserving slave patrols 6 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights 7 Militia in the decades following ratification 8 Scholarly commentary 8.1 Early commentary 8.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee 8.1. 2 George Mason 8.1. 3 Tench Coxe 8.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone 8.1. 5 William Rawle 8.1. 6 Joseph Story 8.1. 7 Lysander Spooner 8.1. 8 Timothy Farrar 8.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley 8.2 Late 20th century commentary 8.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' 8.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' 8.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' 9 Supreme Court cases 9.1 United States v. Cruikshank 9.2 Presser v. Illinois 9.3 Miller v. Texas 9.4 Robertson v. Baldwin 9.5 United States v. Miller 9.6 District of Columbia v. Heller 9.6. 1 Judgment 9.6. 2 Notes and analysis 9.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago 9.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts 10 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller 10.1 Before Heller 10.2 After Heller 11 Calls for repeal 12 See also 13 Notes and citations 14 References 14.1 Books 14.2 Periodicals 14.3 Other publications 15 Further reading 16 External links Text ( edit ) There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Pre-constitution background ( edit ) Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) The right to bear arms in English history is regarded in English law as a subordinate auxiliary right of the primary rights to personal security , personal liberty , and private property . According to Sir William Blackstone , `` The ... last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their ( defense ) , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is ... declared by ... statute , and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . '' The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a subordinate auxiliary right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : enabling the people to organize a militia system ; participating in law enforcement ; safeguarding against tyrannical government ; repelling invasion ; suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; facilitating a natural right of self - defense . Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . State constitutional precursors to the 2 Amendment ( edit ) Related Articles & Sections within the first State Constitutions Adopted after May 10 , 1776 . Note : On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . Virginia , June 12 , 1776 ( edit ) Virginia 's Constitution lists the reasons for dissolving its ties with the King in the formation of its own independent state government . Including the following : Keeping among us , in times of peace , standing armies and ships of war . Effecting to render the military independent of , and superior to , the civil power . * These same reasons would later be outlined within the Declaration of Independence . A Declaration of Rights . Section 13 . That a well - regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , trained to arms , is the proper , natural , and safe defence of a free State ; that standing armies , in time of peace , should be avoided , as dangerous to liberty ; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 ( edit ) Article 13 . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state ; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . IMPORTANT NOTE : This is the first instance in relationship to U.S. Constitutional Law of the phrase `` right to bear arms . '' It is of relevance that Pennsylvania was a Quaker Colony traditionally opposed to bearing arms . `` In settling Pennsylvania , William Penn had a great experiment in view , a ' holy experiment , ' as he term ( ed ) it . This was no less than to test , on a scale of considerable magnitude , the practicability of founding and governing a State on the sure principles of the Christian religion ; where the executive should be sustained without arms ; where justice should be administered without oaths ; and where real religion might flourish without the incubus of a hierarchical system . '' The Non-Quaker residents , many from the Western Counties , complained often and loudly of being denied the right to a common defense . By the time of the American Revolution , through what could be described as a revolution within a revolution , the pro-militia factions had gained ascendancy in the state 's government . And by a manipulation through the use of oaths , disqualifying Quaker members , they made up a vast majority of the convention forming the new state constitution ; it was only natural that they would assert their efforts to form a compulsory State Militia in the context of a `` right '' to defend themselves and the state . Maryland , November 11 , 1776 ( edit ) Articles XXV - XXVII. 25 . That a well - regulated militia is the proper and natural defence of a free government . 26 . That standing armies are dangerous to liberty , and ought not to be raised or kept up , without consent of the Legislature. 27 . That in all cases , and at all times , the military ought to be under strict subordination to and control of the civil power . North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Article XVII . That the people have a right to bear arms , for the defence of the State ; and , as standing armies , in time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . New York , April 20 , 1777 ( edit ) Article XL . And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence ; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it ; this convention therefore , in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State , doth ordain , determine , and declare that the militia of this State , at all times hereafter , as well in peace as in war , shall be armed and disciplined , and in readiness for service . That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as , from scruples of conscience , may be averse to the bearing of arms , be therefrom excused by the legislature ; and do pay to the State such sums of money , in lieu of their personal service , as the same ; may , in the judgment of the legislature , be worth . And that a proper magazine of warlike stores , proportionate to the number of inhabitants , be , forever hereafter , at the expense of this State , and by acts of the legislature , established , maintained , and continued in every county in this State . Vermont , July 8 , 1777 ( edit ) Chapter 1 . Section XVIII . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of the themselves and the State ; and as standing armies , in the time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Chapter 1 . Article XVII . The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence . And as , in time of peace , armies are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it . Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; a national militia to repel foreign invaders . It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; provide and maintain a navy ; make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Ratification Debates ( edit ) The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . Argument for state power ( edit ) There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Government tyranny ( edit ) A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 - 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . A motion passed to replace the words `` the best , '' and insert in lieu there of `` necessary to the '' . The Senate then slightly modified the language to read as the fourth article and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version by the Senate was amended to read as : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate . The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25 , 1789 , on permanent display in the Rotunda , reads as : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia - which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 . The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . Scholarly commentary ( edit ) Early commentary ( edit ) William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . George Mason ( edit ) In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . Tench Coxe ( edit ) In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' William Rawle ( edit ) Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' Joseph Story ( edit ) Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . Lysander Spooner ( edit ) Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . Timothy Farrar ( edit ) In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people , '' : It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . But this enables the government to have a well - regulated militia ; for to bear arms implies something more than the mere keeping ; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use ; in other words , it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms , observing in doing so the laws of public order . Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) Assortment of 20th century handguns In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . Warren E. Burger , a conservative Republican appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Richard Nixon , wrote in 1990 following his retirement : `` The Constitution of the United States , in its Second Amendment , guarantees a ' right of the people to keep and bear arms . ' However , the meaning of this clause can not be understood except by looking to the purpose , the setting and the objectives of the draftsmen ... People of that day were apprehensive about the new `` monster '' national government presented to them , and this helps explain the language and purpose of the Second Amendment ... We see that the need for a state militia was the predicate of the ' right ' guaranteed ; in short , it was declared ' necessary ' in order to have a state military force to protect the security of the state . '' And in 1991 Burger stated : `` If I were writing the Bill of Rights now , there would n't be any such thing as the Second Amendment ... that a well regulated militia being necessary for the defense of the state , the peoples ' rights to bear arms . This has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud -- I repeat the word ' fraud ' -- on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime . '' In a 1992 opinion piece , six former American attorneys general wrote : `` For more than 200 years , the federal courts have unanimously determined that the Second Amendment concerns only the arming of the people in service to an organized state militia ; it does not guarantee immediate access to guns for private purposes . The nation can no longer afford to let the gun lobby 's distortion of the Constitution cripple every reasonable attempt to implement an effective national policy toward guns and crime . '' Research by Robert Spitzer found that every law journal article discussing the Second Amendment through 1959 `` reflected the Second Amendment affects citizens only in connection with citizen service in a government organized and regulated militia . '' Only beginning in 1960 did law journal articles begin to advocate an `` individualist '' view of gun ownership rights . Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . Justice Stevens in dissent : When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . A May 2018 analysis by Dennis Baron contradicted the majority opinion : A search of Brigham Young University 's new online Corpus of Founding Era American English , with more than 95,000 texts and 138 million words , yields 281 instances of the phrase `` bear arms . '' BYU 's Corpus of Early Modern English , with 40,000 texts and close to 1.3 billion words , shows 1,572 instances of the phrase . Subtracting about 350 duplicate matches , that leaves about 1,500 separate occurrences of `` bear arms '' in the 17th and 18th centuries , and only a handful do n't refer to war , soldiering or organized , armed action . These databases confirm that the natural meaning of `` bear arms '' in the framers ' day was military . Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Cruikshank In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Presser v. Illinois In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' Miller v. Texas ( edit ) In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Notes and analysis ( edit ) Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . Stevens went on to say the following : The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) Before Heller ( edit ) Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . After Heller ( edit ) Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : D.C. Circuit Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . First Circuit United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' Second Circuit Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' Fourth Circuit United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . Fifth Circuit United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . Sixth Circuit Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . Seventh Circuit United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 - 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . Ninth Circuit Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) - On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' Calls for repeal ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) On June 27 , 2008 , a day after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Chicago Tribune wrote in an editorial that the Second Amendment should be repealed so local governments could ban firearms in an effort to protect their residents . On October 5 , 2017 , political commentator Bret Stephens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment , arguing that repeal is the only effective way to regulate firearms . On March 27 , 2018 , former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens said the Second Amendment should be repealed . Stevens said that Heller went against the settled understanding of the Second Amendment as being militia - based and that overruling that decision by repealing the Second Amendment would be `` simple . '' President Trump responded the next day to Stevens 's call for repeal by saying that it would never happen . Elizabeth Wydra , president of the Constitutional Accountability Center , says that Stevens 's comments were `` staggeringly misplaced '' and could set back demands for gun control . She also said an attempt at repeal would be `` a daunting task '' likely to fail . See also ( edit ) 2nd Amendment Day Gun culture in the United States Gun law in the US -- 2nd Amendment Gun politics in the United States List of amendments to the United States Constitution Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms ' Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . Notes and citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Law Review : The Fourteenth Amendment and Incorporation '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 - 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment - Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Vicini , James . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 - 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . Jump up ^ `` Second Continental Congress History '' . Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania - September 28 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Bowden , James ( 1854 ) . The History of the Society of Friends in America . London : W. & F.G. Cash . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul Leicester ( September 1895 ) . `` The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . Political Science Quarterly . Vol. 10 , No. 3 : 426 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Maryland - November 11 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of North Carolina : December 18 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of New York : April 20 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Vermont - July 8 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 '' . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 ^ Jump up to : Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Winchell , Donna Haisty ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Elements of Argument : A Text and Reader '' . Macmillan . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Frank Staheli ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Warren Burger `` 2nd Amendment Fraud '' - 1991 PBS News Hour `` . PBS . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` IT 'S TIME TO PASS THE BRADY BILL '' . The Washington Post . 3 October 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3294&context=cklawreview Jump up ^ `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment - Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baron , Dennis ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Opinion - Antonin Scalia was wrong about the meaning of ' bear arms ' '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller Archived 2008 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ( A ) dramatic upheaval in the law , Justice Stevens said in a dissent Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg Part II : Gender , the Second Amendment , Immigration & More '' . wnyc.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of the Recent McDonald v. Chicago Gun Case '' . Office of Legal Research -- Connecticut General Assembly . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duignan , Brian . The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law , pp. 31 -- 32 ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Second Amendment expands , but maybe not by much '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ; United States v. Toner , 728 F. 2d 115 ( 2nd Cir. 1984 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 ( 3rd Cir. 1997 ) ; Love v. Peppersack , 47 F. 3d 120 ( 4th Cir. 1995 ) ; United States v. Johnson , 441 F. 2d 1134 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) ; United States v. Warin , 530 F. 2d 103 ( 6th Cir. 1976 ) ; Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove , 695 F. 2d 261 ( 7th Cir. 1983 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 ( 8th Cir. 1993 ) ; Hickman v. Block , 81 F. 3d 98 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 ( 10th Cir. 1978 ) ; and United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 14 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heller v. District of Columbia 2010 '' . Leagle . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some D.C. Gun Laws Unconstitutional '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Major Win for 2nd Amendment Advocates , Federal Court Blocks D.C. from Enforcing Conceal - Carry Restriction '' . Reason . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rene E. , at 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ N.Y. 's Concealed Gun Licensing Scheme Is Upheld by Circuit -- New York Law Journal ^ Jump up to : Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals , Fourth Circuit '' . FindLaw . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Part III of the decision . Jump up ^ Santiago , Matthew ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Fourth Circuit requires application of strict scrutiny in challenge to Maryland gun law '' . JURIST . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Order granting rehearing en banc Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weisselberg , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Text of decision in Dorosan Archived 2012 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 , 317 -- 19 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) ( internal quotations omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Circuit Court Holds That Involuntary Mental Commitment Cannot Prevent A Person From Asserting His ' Fundamental Right ' Of Gun Ownership '' . Gielow , Groom , Terpstra & McEvoy . January 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriff 's Dep 't , 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 6638 ( 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Skoien and the many challenges of Second Amendment jurisprudence '' . Sentencing Law and Policy . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. v. Skoien No. 08 - 3770 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Laws , Life , and Legal Matters -- Court Cases and Legal Information at Leagle.com -- All Federal and State Appeals Court Cases in One Search '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The right to regain the right to own a gun '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis A. Henigan : New Court Ruling Throws Cold Water on `` Gun Rights '' Celebration `` . Huffington Post . July 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) '' . United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . suntimes.com . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Broader gun right declared '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court Gun Ruling Does n't Block Proposed Controls '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Moore v. Madigan , key points '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rehearing En Banc Denied in Case Invalidating Illinois ' Ban on Carrying Loaded Guns in Public '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd D. Steenson , Phillip M. Schreiber and Adam R. Young ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` Illinois Firearm Concealed Carry Act Will Require Employers to Take Action '' . Holland & Koch . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . 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Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530424 - 4 . Rabban , David ( 1999 ) . Free Speech in its Forgotten Years . Cambridge University Press . Rawle , William ( 1829 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America ( 2 ed . ) . P.H. Nicklin . Spooner , Lysander ( 1852 ) . An Essay on the Trial by Jury . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( 2 Volume Set ) . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment : Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . Wills , Garry ( 2000 ) . Saul , Cornell , ed . Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect ? . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . Periodicals ( edit ) Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . Other publications ( edit ) Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . Further reading ( edit ) Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource District of Columbia v. Heller National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment The short film Big Picture : To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions as provided by Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4489472 - 7 LCCN : n97009276 VIAF : 175899205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=843668359 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Militia in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the second amendment and when was it ratified	[ "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights.[1][2][3][4] The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defence, but “Like most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited…”. It is “…not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” “Nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.”[5][6] while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices.[7] State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.[8]", "The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights.[1][2][3][4] The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defence, but “Like most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited…”. It is “…not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” “Nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.”[5][6] while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices.[7] State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right, per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.[8]" ]	[ "protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms", "December 15, 1791" ]
6073032558876925661	Mona Lisa	Mona Lisa - wikipedia Mona Lisa This article is about the painting . For other uses , see Mona Lisa ( disambiguation ) . Mona Lisa Italian : La Gioconda , French : La Joconde Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year c. 1503 -- 06 , perhaps continuing until c. 1517 Medium Oil on poplar panel Subject Lisa Gherardini 77 cm × 53 cm ( 30 in × 21 in ) Location Musée du Louvre , Paris The Mona Lisa ( / ˌmoʊnə ˈliːsə / ; Italian : Monna Lisa ( ˈmɔnna ˈliːza ) or La Gioconda ( la dʒoˈkonda ) , French : La Joconde ( la ʒɔkɔ̃d ) ) is a half - length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as `` the best known , the most visited , the most written about , the most sung about , the most parodied work of art in the world '' . The Mona Lisa is also one of the most valuable paintings in the world . It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at $100 million in 1962 , which is worth nearly $800 million in 2017 . The painting is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini , the wife of Francesco del Giocondo , and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel . It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506 ; however , Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517 . Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513 . It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic , on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797 . The subject 's expression , which is frequently described as enigmatic , the monumentality of the composition , the subtle modelling of forms , and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work . Contents 1 Title and subject 2 History 2.1 Theft and vandalism 3 Aesthetics 4 Conservation 4.1 Poplar panel 4.2 Frame 4.3 Cleaning and touch - up 4.4 Display 5 Fame 5.1 Financial worth 6 Legacy 7 Early versions and copies 7.1 Prado Museum La Gioconda 7.2 Isleworth Mona Lisa 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Title and subject Main article : Lisa del Giocondo The title of the painting , which is known in English as Mona Lisa , comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari , who wrote `` Leonardo undertook to paint , for Francesco del Giocondo , the portrait of Mona Lisa , his wife . '' Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as `` ma donna '' -- similar to `` Ma'am '' , `` Madam '' , or `` my lady '' in English . This became `` madonna '' , and its contraction `` mona '' . The title of the painting , though traditionally spelled `` Mona '' ( as used by Vasari ) , is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ( `` mona '' being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects ) but this is rare in English . Vasari 's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550 , 31 years after the artist 's death . It has long been the best - known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter . Leonardo 's assistant Salaì , at his death in 1524 , owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda , a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo . That Leonardo painted such a work , and its date , were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero . Dated October 1503 , the note was written by Leonardo 's contemporary Agostino Vespucci . This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles , who is mentioned in the text , and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo . In response to the announcement of the discovery of this document , Vincent Delieuvin , the Louvre representative , stated `` Leonardo da Vinci was painting , in 1503 , the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo . About this we are now certain . Unfortunately , we can not be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre . '' A margin note by Agostino Vespucci ( visible at right ) discovered in a book at Heidelberg University . Dated 1503 , it states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo . The model , Lisa del Giocondo , was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany , and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo . The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home , and to celebrate the birth of their second son , Andrea . The Italian name for the painting , La Gioconda , means `` jocund '' ( `` happy '' or `` jovial '' ) or , literally , `` the jocund one '' , a pun on the feminine form of Lisa 's married name , `` Giocondo '' . In French , the title La Joconde has the same meaning . Before that discovery , scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting . Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait , identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari . Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting . Isabella of Aragon , Cecilia Gallerani , Costanza d'Avalos , Duchess of Francavilla , Isabella d'Este , Pacifica Brandano or Brandino , Isabela Gualanda , Caterina Sforza -- even Salaì and Leonardo himself -- are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting . The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long - held traditional opinion , that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo . History Main article : Leonardo da Vinci Presumed self - portrait by Leonardo da Vinci , executed in red chalk sometime between 1512 and 1515 Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence , Italy . Although the Louvre states that it was `` doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506 '' , the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty . In addition , many Leonardo experts , such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi , are of the opinion that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo 's style in the final years of his life , post-1513 . Other academics argue that , given the historical documentation , Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513 . According to Leonardo 's contemporary , Giorgio Vasari , `` after he had lingered over it four years , ( he ) left it unfinished '' . Leonardo , later in his life , is said to have regretted `` never having completed a single work '' . Raphael 's drawing , based on the portrait of Mona Lisa Circa 1504 , Raphael executed a pen and ink sketch , today in the Louvre museum , in which the subject is flanked by large columns , . Experts universally agree it is based on Leonardo 's portrait of Mona Lisa . Other later copies of the Mona Lisa , such as those in the National Museum of Art , Architecture and Design in Oslo and The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore , also display large flanking columns . As a result , it was originally thought that the Mona Lisa in the Louvre had side columns and had been cut . However , as early as 1993 , Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed . This was confirmed through a series of tests conducted in 2004 . In view of this , Vincent Delieuvin , curator of 16th - century Italian painting at the Louvre museum states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version , while Frank Zöllner states that the sketch brings up the possibility that Leonardo executed another work on the subject of Mona Lisa . It is unclear as to who commissioned the painting . Vasari states that the work was painted for Francesco del Giocondo , the husband of Lisa del Giocondo . However , Antonio de Beatis , following a visit with Leonardo in 1517 , records that the painting was executed at the instance of Giuliano di Lorenzo de ' Medici . In 1516 , Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king 's castle in Amboise . It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France . Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517 . The fate of the painting around Leonardo 's death and just after it has divided academic opinion . Some , such as Kemp , believe that upon Leonardo 's death , the painting was inherited with other works by his pupil and assistant Salaì and was still in the latter 's possession in 1525 . Others believe that the painting was sold to Francis I by Salaì , together with The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and the St. John the Baptist in 1518 . The Louvre Museum lists the painting as having entered the Royal collection in 1518 . Given the issue surrounding the dating of the painting , the presence of the flanking columns in the Raphael sketch , the uncertainty concerning the person who commissioned it and its fate around the time of Leonardo 's death , a number of experts have argued that Leonardo painted two versions of the Mona Lisa . The first would have been commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo circa 1503 , had flanking columns , have been left unfinished and have been in Salai 's possession in 1525 . The second , commissioned by Giuliano de Medici circa 1513 , without the flanking columns , would have been sold by Salai to Francis I in 1518 and be the one in the Louvre today . The painting was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau , where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles . After the French Revolution , it was moved to the Louvre , but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace . During the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) it was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal . During World War II , Mona Lisa was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely , first to Château d'Amboise , then to the Loc - Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord , then finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban . In December 2015 , it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology . The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side . Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004 , Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting . According to Cotte , the underlying image is Leonardo 's original Mona Lisa . However , this portrait does not fit with the description of the painting in the historical records : Both Vasari and Gian Paolo Lomazzo describe the subject as smiling ; the subject in Cotte 's portrait displays no smile . In addition , the portrait lacks the flanking columns drawn by Raphael in his c. 1504 sketch of Mona Lisa . Moreover , Cotte admits that his reconstitution had been carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not be considered a real painting ; he stresses that the images never existed . Kemp is also adamant that Cotte 's images in no way establish the existence of a separate underlying portrait . Theft and vandalism `` La Joconde est Retrouvée '' ( `` Mona Lisa is Found '' ) , Le Petit Parisien , 13 December 1913 Vacant wall in the Salon Carré , Louvre after the painting was stolen in 1911 On 21 August 1911 , the painting was stolen from the Louvre . The theft was not discovered until the next day , when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years , only to find four iron pegs on the wall . Béroud contacted the head of the guards , who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes . A few hours later , Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers . The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation . The Mona Lisa on display in the Uffizi Gallery , in Florence , 1913 . Museum director Giovanni Poggi ( right ) inspects the painting . Excelsior , La Joconde est Revenue ( The Mona Lisa has returned ) , 1 January 1914 French poet Guillaume Apollinaire came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned . Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso , who was brought in for questioning . Both were later exonerated . Two years later the thief revealed himself . Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours , hiding in a broom closet , and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed . Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo 's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum . Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting 's theft . A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear . However , the original painting remained in Europe . After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years , Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence . It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914 . Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy . Before its theft , the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world . It was not until the 1860s that some critics , a thin slice of the French intelligentsia , began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting . In 1956 , part of the painting was damaged when a vandal threw acid at it . On 30 December of that year , a rock was thrown at the painting , dislodging a speck of pigment near the left elbow , later restored . The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks . In April 1974 , while the painting was on display at the Tokyo National Museum , a woman sprayed it with red paint as a protest against that museum 's failure to provide access for disabled people . On 2 August 2009 , a Russian woman , distraught over being denied French citizenship , threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre ; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure . In both cases , the painting was undamaged . Aesthetics Detail of the background ( right side ) The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary , who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood . The depiction of the sitter in three - quarter profile is similar to late 15th - century works by Lorenzo di Credi and Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere . Zöllner notes that the sitter 's general position can be traced back to Flemish models and that `` in particular the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in Flemish portraiture . '' Woods - Marsden cites Hans Memling 's portrait of Benededetto Portinari ( 1487 ) or Italian imitations such as Sebastiano Mainardi 's pendant portraits for the use of a loggia , which has the effect of mediating between the sitter and the distant landscape , a feature missing from Leonardo 's earlier portrait of Ginevra de ' Benci . The woman sits markedly upright in a `` pozzetto '' armchair with her arms folded , a sign of her reserved posture . Her gaze is fixed on the observer . The woman appears alive to an unusual extent , which Leonardo achieved by his method of not drawing outlines ( sfumato ) . The soft blending creates an ambiguous mood `` mainly in two features : the corners of the mouth , and the corners of the eyes '' . Detail of Lisa 's hands , her right hand resting on her left . Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife . The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape , and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective . The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side . Behind her , a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains . Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence . Leonardo has chosen to place the horizon line not at the neck , as he did with Ginevra de ' Benci , but on a level with the eyes , thus linking the figure with the landscape and emphasizing the mysterious nature of the painting . Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes . Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs , as they were considered unsightly . In 2007 , French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows , but that these had gradually disappeared over time , perhaps as a result of overcleaning . Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times , with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa 's face and the direction of her gaze . He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted . There has been much speculation regarding the painting 's model and landscape . For example , Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best , `` even when measured by late quattrocento ( 15th century ) or even twenty - first century standards . '' Some art historians in Eastern art , such as Yukio Yashiro , argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings , but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence . Research in 2003 by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University said that Mona Lisa 's smile disappears when observed with direct vision , known as foveal . Because of the way the human eye processes visual information , it is less suited to pick up shadows directly ; however , peripheral vision can pick up shadows well . Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist - photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisa 's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro , Urbino and Rimini . Conservation The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years , and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that `` the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation . '' This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone . A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had `` acted with a great deal of restraint . '' Nevertheless , applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century , and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer , resulting in a washed - out appearance to the face of the figure . Despite the treatments , the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history , and although the panel 's warping caused the curators `` some worry '' , the 2004 -- 05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work . Poplar panel At some point , the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame . The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity , and as a result , a crack developed near the top of the panel , extending down to the hairline of the figure . In the mid-18th century to early 19th century , two butterfly - shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about one third the thickness of the panel . This intervention was skilfully executed , and successfully stabilized the crack . Sometime between 1888 and 1905 , or perhaps during the picture 's theft , the upper brace fell out . A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth . The picture is kept under strict , climate - controlled conditions in its bulletproof glass case . The humidity is maintained at 50 % ± 10 % , and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 ° C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity , the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55 % relative humidity . Frame Because the Mona Lisa 's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity , the picture has experienced some warping . In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II , and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honour the anniversary of Leonardo 's 500th birthday , the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces . This flexible frame , which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below , exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further . In 1970 , the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects . In 2004 -- 05 , a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones , and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel 's warp . The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history , owing to changes in taste over the centuries . In 1909 , the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame , a Renaissance - era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa . The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames , but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed . Cleaning and touch - up The first and most extensive recorded cleaning , revarnishing , and touch - up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean - Marie Hooghstoel , who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon . The work involved cleaning with spirits , touch - up of colour , and revarnishing the painting . In 1906 , Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel . Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish , to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame . In 1913 , when the painting was recovered after its theft , Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa . Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent , and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour . In 1952 , the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out . After the second 1956 attack , restorer Jean - Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa 's left elbow with watercolour . In 1977 , a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping . This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride , and later with an ethylene oxide treatment . In 1985 , the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure . Display Mona Lisa behind bulletproof glass at the Louvre Museum On 6 April 2005 -- following a period of curatorial maintenance , recording , and analysis -- the painting was moved to a new location within the museum 's Salle des États . It is displayed in a purpose - built , climate - controlled enclosure behind bulletproof glass . Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated by an LED lamp , and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED lamp was installed , specially designed for this painting . The lamp has a colour rendering index up to 98 , and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting . The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television . About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year . Fame 2014 : Mona Lisa is among the greatest attractions in the Louvre . Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world , but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks . Once part of King Francis I of France 's collection , the Mona Lisa was among the first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre , which became a national museum after the French Revolution . From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting 's popularity grew from the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that it was mysterious and a representation of the femme fatale . The Baedeker guide in 1878 called it `` the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre '' , but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public . US President John F. Kennedy , Madeleine Malraux , André Malraux , Jacqueline Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson at the unveiling of the Mona Lisa at the National Gallery of Art during its visit to Washington D.C. , 8 January 1963 The 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa and its subsequent return was reported worldwide , leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting . During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction , merchandising , lampooning and speculation , and was claimed to have been reproduced in `` 300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements '' . It has been said that the Mona Lisa was regarded as `` just another Leonardo until early last century , when the scandal of the painting 's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a spotlight on it over several years . '' From December 1962 to March 1963 , the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington , D.C. It was shipped on the new liner SS France . In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued `` in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so . '' While exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the painting was almost drenched in water because of a faulty sprinkler , but the bullet - proof glass case which encased the painting protected it . In 1974 , the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow . In 2014 , 9.3 million people visited the Louvre . Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that `` 80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa . '' Financial worth Before the 1962 -- 63 tour , the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million . The insurance was not bought . Instead , more was spent on security . Adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index , $100 million in 1962 is around $782 million in 2015 making it , in practice , by far the most valued painting in the world . In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt , although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law , which states that `` Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and can not be otherwise . '' Raphael 's Young Woman with Unicorn , ( c. 1506 ) Raphael 's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) Le rire ( The Laugh ) by Eugène Bataille , or Sapeck ( 1883 ) L.H.O.O.Q. by Marcel Duchamp ( 1919 ) Legacy See also : Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting . Raphael , who had been to Leonardo 's workshop several times , promptly used elements of the portrait 's composition and format in several of his works , such as Young Woman with Unicorn ( c. 1506 ) , and Portrait of Maddalena Doni ( c. 1506 ) . Celebrated later paintings by Raphael , La velata ( 1515 -- 16 ) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) , continued to borrow from Leonardo 's painting . Zollner states that `` None of Leonardo 's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa . It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person , but also as the embodiment of an ideal . '' Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism , but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance . In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a `` sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously '' and that `` Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague , infinite , inexpressible . One is moved , troubled ... repressed desires , hopes that drive one to despair , stir painfully . '' Walter Pater 's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as `` older than the rocks among which she sits ; like the vampire , she has been dead many times , and learned the secrets of the grave ; and has been a diver in the deep seas , and keeps their fallen day about her . '' By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories , and upon the painting 's theft in 1911 , Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had `` simply become an incubus , and I was glad to be rid of her . '' The avant - garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa 's popularity . Because of the painting 's overwhelming stature , Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures . Already in 1883 , Le rire , an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe , by Sapeck ( Eugène Bataille ) , was shown at the `` Incoherents '' show in Paris . In 1919 , Marcel Duchamp , one of the most influential modern artists , created L.H.O.O.Q. , a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee . Duchamp added an inscription , which when read out loud in French sounds like `` Elle a chaud au cul '' meaning : `` she has a hot ass '' , implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke . According to Rhonda R. Shearer , the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp 's own face . Salvador Dalí , famous for his surrealist work , painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954 . In 1963 following the painting 's visit to the United States , Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One , like his works of Marilyn Monroe ( Twenty - five Coloured Marilyns , 1962 ) , Elvis Presley ( 1964 ) and Campbell 's soup ( 1961 -- 62 ) . The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists . A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using a mosaic style . A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube . A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles . Early versions and copies Perspective Mona Lisa to the Prado museum Perspective Mona Lisa to the Louvre museum Prado Museum La Gioconda Main article : Mona Lisa ( Prado 's version ) A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ( `` Leonardo da Vinci 's handy - woman '' ) held in Madrid 's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo . However , since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to have been executed by one of Leonardo 's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted . Their conclusion , based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration , that the painting is probably by Salaì ( 1480 -- 1524 ) or by Melzi ( 1493 -- 1572 ) . This has been called into question by others . The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa , leading to the speculation that it is part of the world 's first stereoscopic pair . However , a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth . Isleworth Mona Lisa Main article : Isleworth Mona Lisa A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker , an art connoisseur . The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation . It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa . The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century . Other experts , including Zöllner and Kemp , deny the attribution . Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì The Prado Museum La Gioconda The Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th - century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist See also Visual arts portal List of most expensive paintings List of stolen paintings References Notes Jump up ^ Lichfield , John ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` The Moving of the Mona Lisa '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Highest insurance valuation for a painting '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Calculator '' . www.dollartimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pedretti , Carlo ( 1982 ) . Leonardo , a study in chronology and style . Johnson Reprint Corporation . ISBN 0384452809 . ^ Jump up to : Vezzosi , Alessandro ( 2007 ) . `` The Gioconda mystery -- Leonardo and the `` common vice of painters '' `` . In Vezzosi ; Schwarz ; Manetti . Mona Lisa : Leonardo 's hidden face . Polistampa . ISBN 9788859602583 . ^ Jump up to : Lorusso , Salvatore ; Natali , Andrea ( 2015 ) . `` Mona Lisa : A comparative evaluation of the different versions and copies '' . Conservation Science . 15 : 57 -- 84 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Asmus , John F. ; Parfenov , Vadim ; Elford , Jessie ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Seeing double : Leonardo 's Mona Lisa twin '' . Optical and Quantum Electronics . 48 : 555 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrier , David ( 2006 ) . Museum Skepticism : A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries . Duke University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0822387573 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Philip ( 23 June 2004 ) . `` Noisy secret of Mona Lisa 's '' . New Scientist . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . 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Jump up ^ `` La Gioconda , Leonardo 's atelier '' . Museo Nacional del Prado . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Prado Mona Lisa ' -- The Mona Lisa Foundation '' . The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , C.C. ; Hesslinger , V.M. ( August 2013 ) . `` Da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Entering the Next Dimension '' . Perception. 42 ( 8 ) : 887 -- 893 . doi : 10.1068 / p7524 . PMID 24303752 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , Claus - Christian ; Hesslinger , Vera M. `` Restoring Depth to Leonardo 's Mona Lisa '' . American Scientist. 103 ( 6 ) : 404 -- 409 . doi : 10.1511 / 2015.117. 1 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tweened animated gif of Mona Lisa and Prado version Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . by Carbon and Hesslinger Jump up ^ Brooks , K.R. ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Depth Perception and the History of Three - Dimensional Art : Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images ? '' . i - Perception. 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 2041669516680114 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Kunal ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Early Mona Lisa ' : Unveiling the one - in - a-million identical twin to Leonardo da Vinci painting '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Eyre , John ( 1926 ) . The two Mona Lisas : Which was Giocondo 's picture ? Ten direct , distinct , and decisive data in favour of the Isleworth version and some recent Italian experts ' opinions on it . London : J.M. Ouseley & Son . Jump up ^ Chappelow , AC ( July 1 , 1956 ) . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa '' . Apollo Magazine . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pulitzer , Henry E. ( 1960 ) . Where is the Mona Lisa ? . London : The Pulitzer Press . ASIN B0027MR0A2 . Jump up ^ Asmus , John F. ( 1 July 1989 ) . `` Computer Studies of the Isleworth and Louvre Mona Lisas '' . Optical Engineering . 28 ( 7 ) : 800 -- 804 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.7977036 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New proof said found for `` original '' Mona Lisa -- `` . Reuters.com. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Soares , Atila ( 2013 ) . A Jovem Mona Lisa . Rio de Janeiro , Brasil : Multifoco . ISBN 9788582733882 . Jump up ^ Sauteur , Albert ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Albert Sauteur réinvente la perspective '' . Migros Magazine . Vol. 17 . pp. 14 -- 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alastair Sooke . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa : A second Leonardo masterpiece ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Bibliography Bartz , Gabriele ( 2001 ) . Art and architecture , Louvre . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 2577 - 1 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Farago , Claire J. ( 1999 ) . Leonardo 's projects , c. 1500 -- 1519 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2935 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Kemp , Martin ( 2006 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : the marvellous works of nature and man . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280725 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Littlefield , Walter ( 1914 ) . `` The Two `` Mona Lisas '' `` . The Century : a popular quarterly . Scribner & Co. 87 . Turudich , Daniela ( 2003 ) . Plucked , Shaved & Braided : Medieval and Renaissance Beauty and Grooming Practices 1000 -- 1600 . Streamline Press . ISBN 1 - 930064 - 08 - X . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1879 ) ( 1550 ) . `` Le vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori ed architettori '' ( vol 4 ed . ) . Florence : G.C. Sansoni . Wilson , Colin ( 2000 ) . The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved . Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0793 - 3 . Woods - Marsden , Joanna ( 2001 ) , `` Portrait of the Lady , 1430 -- 1520 '' , in Brown , David Alan , Virtue & Beauty , London : Priceton University Press , pp. 64 -- 87 , ISBN 0691090572 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mona Lisa . Sassoon , Donald , Prof. ( 21 January 2014 ) . # 26 : Why is the Mona Lisa Famous ? . La Trobe University podcast blog . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) of the podcast audio . Kobbé , Gustav `` The Smile of the Mona Lisa '' The Lotus Magazine Vol. 8 , No. 2 ( Nov. 1916 ) , pp. 67 -- 74 `` Mona Lisa , Leonardo 's Earlier Version '' . Zürich , Switzerland : The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . `` True Colors of the Mona Lisa Revealed '' ( Press release ) . Paris : Lumiere Technology . 19 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Scientific analyses conducted by the Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France ( C2RMF ) Compare layers of the painting as revealed by x-radiography , infrared reflectographya and ultraviolet fluorescence `` Stealing Mona Lisa '' . Dorothy & Thomas Hoobler . May 2009 . excerpt of book . Vanity Fair Discussion by Janina Ramirez and Martin Kemp : Art Detective Podcast , 18 Jan 2017 Leonardo 's Mona Lisa , Smarthistory ( video ) Secrets of the Mona Lisa , Discovery Channel documentary on YouTube Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 1516 ) L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase ( 1992 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' BNF : cb11944800v ( data ) GND : 4074156 - 4 Joconde : 000PE025604 LCCN : n98092274 NLA : 35300571 SUDOC : 027396797 VIAF : 180757281 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa&oldid=856332757 '' Categories : Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa 16th - century portraits Italian paintings 1500s paintings Paintings of the Louvre by Italian artists Portraits of women Portrait paintings of the Louvre Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages using infobox artwork with the material parameter Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with Joconde identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Bahasa Hulontalo 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the mona lisa exhibited in the united states for the first time	[ "From December 1962 to March 1963, the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington, D.C.[87][88] It was shipped on the new liner SS France.[89] In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued \"in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so.\"[85] While exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the painting was almost drenched in water because of a faulty sprinkler, but the bullet-proof glass case which encased the painting protected it.[90]\n" ]	[ "From December 1962 to March 1963" ]
-2695840903814518313	Almost Famous	Almost Famous - Wikipedia Almost Famous Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Almost Famous ( disambiguation ) . Almost Famous Theatrical release poster Directed by Cameron Crowe Produced by Cameron Crowe Ian Bryce Written by Cameron Crowe Starring Billy Crudup Frances McDormand Kate Hudson Jason Lee Patrick Fugit Anna Paquin Fairuza Balk Noah Taylor Philip Seymour Hoffman Music by Nancy Wilson Cinematography John Toll Edited by Joe Hutshing Saar Klein Production company Vinyl Films Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date September 13 , 2000 Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $47.4 million Almost Famous is a 2000 American comedy - drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe , and starring Billy Crudup , Kate Hudson and Patrick Fugit . It tells the fictional story of a teenage journalist writing for Rolling Stone magazine in the early 1970s while covering the fictitious rock band Stillwater , and his efforts to get his first cover story published . The film is semi-autobiographical , as Crowe himself was a teenage writer for Rolling Stone . The film is based on Crowe 's experiences touring with rock bands Poco , The Allman Brothers Band , Led Zeppelin , Eagles , and Lynyrd Skynyrd . Crowe has discussed how during this period he lost his virginity , fell in love , and met his heroes -- experiences that are shared by William Miller ( Patrick Fugit ) , the boyish main character of the film . Although a box office bomb , the film received widespread acclaim from critics , and received four Oscar nominations , one of which led to an award to Crowe for his screenplay . It was also awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Roger Ebert hailed it the best film of the year , and also the 9th best film of the 2000s . It also won two Golden Globes , for Best Picture and Kate Hudson won Best Supporting Actress . In a 2016 international poll conducted by BBC , Almost Famous was ranked the 79th greatest film since 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Personnel 4.1. 1 `` Stillwater '' 4.1. 2 Other personnel 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1969 , child prodigy William Miller struggles to fit in with the world . His widowed mother Elaine has led him to believe he is 13 years old , until William 's older sister , Anita , tells their mother to tell the truth . His age is actually 11 ; his mother had him start first grade at 5 years old and then he skipped fifth grade . Their mother strictly controls and protects him and Anita , forbidding rock music and other unwelcome influences , driving Anita to leave home and become a flight attendant . In 1973 , 15 - year - old William , influenced by the rock albums left by his sister , aspires to be a rock journalist , writing freelance articles for underground papers in San Diego . Rock journalist Lester Bangs , impressed with his writing , gives him a $35 assignment to review a Black Sabbath concert . He ca n't get backstage , but opening band Stillwater arrives , and after he flatters them with critical praise they bring him along . Lead guitarist Russell Hammond takes a liking to him , partly because of William 's new friendship with veteran groupie Penny Lane , though she prefers the term Band - Aid . Feigning retirement from her glory days , she takes William under her wing . William is contacted by Ben Fong - Torres , editor of Rolling Stone , who believes him to be older and hires him to write a story . He convinces Ben to let him write about Stillwater , and he is instructed to go on the road with them . Tensions between Russell and lead singer Jeff Bebe are evident . William begins to interview the members of the band , but Russell repeatedly puts it off . Penny watches the interaction and sympathizes with William , whom they jokingly call `` the enemy '' because he 's a journalist , but he quickly becomes part of their inner circle as he loses his objectivity . The band experiences problems with promoters and venues on the tour , and hires Dennis , a professional manager . Penny is told she must leave them before New York , where Russell 's ex-wife - girlfriend Leslie will join them . Stillwater `` loses '' Penny and her three protégé groupies to another band in a poker game ; Penny acts nonchalant but is devastated . Also , Dennis has chartered a small plane to allow them to play more gigs than their tour bus does , and there is no room on it for Penny , who is left behind . However , Penny goes to New York on her own , and shows up at the restaurant where the band is celebrating the news that they will be featured on the cover of Rolling Stone . Leslie notices her apparent attempts to get Russell 's attention , and Penny is asked to leave . William chases her back to her hotel , where he saves her from overdosing on quaaludes . The next day , the band flies to another gig , and the plane encounters severe weather . Believing they are about to die , members of the group confess their secrets to one another , bringing the conflicts between Jeff and Russell into the open . Jeff insults Penny , but William defends her and confesses that he loves her . The plane lands safely in Tupelo , leaving everyone to ponder the changed atmosphere . William leaves the group , to finish the article at the Rolling Stone office in San Francisco , writing the whole truth about what he has observed . Fearful the story will damage the band 's image , Russell tells the magazine 's fact - checker that the boy 's story is untrue , killing the article and crushing William emotionally . William 's sister happens to encounter him sitting dejected in the airport , and offers to take him anywhere in the world ; he chooses to go home to San Diego , where their mother is overcome to have both of them back . One of the groupies chastises Russell for what he did to William . Russell calls Penny and asks to meet with her , but she tricks him , giving him William 's home address instead . He is forced to face William and apologizes ; William finally gets his interview , and Russell reverses himself and confirms William 's article to Rolling Stone , which runs it as a cover feature . Meanwhile , Penny purchases a ticket to Morocco , fulfilling her long - standing fantasy . Cast ( edit ) Patrick Fugit as William Miller Michael Angarano as Young William Billy Crudup as Russell Hammond Frances McDormand as Elaine Miller Kate Hudson as Penny Lane Jason Lee as Jeff Bebe Zooey Deschanel as Anita Miller Anna Paquin as Polexia Aphrodisia Fairuza Balk as Sapphire Bijou Phillips as Estrella Starr Noah Taylor as Dick Roswell Philip Seymour Hoffman as Lester Bangs Terry Chen as Ben Fong - Torres Jay Baruchel as Vic Munoz Jimmy Fallon as Dennis Hope Rainn Wilson as David Felton Mark Kozelek as Larry Fellows Liz Stauber as Leslie Hammond Zack Ward as The Legendary Red Dog John Fedevich as Ed Vallencourt Eric Stonestreet as Sheldon the Desk Clerk Production ( edit ) Crowe used a composite of the bands he had known to come up with Stillwater , the emerging act that welcomes the young journalist into its sphere , then becomes wary of his intentions . Seventies rocker Peter Frampton served as a technical consultant on the film . Crowe and his then - wife , musician Nancy Wilson of Heart , co-wrote three of the five Stillwater songs in the film , and Frampton wrote the other two , with Mike McCready of Pearl Jam playing lead guitar on all of the Stillwater songs . Crowe based the character of Penny Lane on the real - life Pennie Lane Trumbull and her group of female promoters who called themselves the Flying Garter Girls Group . Though they were not in the Flying Garter Girls group , various other women have been described as Crowe 's inspiration , for instance Pamela Des Barres and Bebe Buell . The character of William Miller 's mother ( played by Frances McDormand ) was based on Crowe 's own mother , who even showed up on the set to keep an eye on him while he worked . Though he asked his mother not to bother McDormand , the two women ended up getting along well . Crowe took a copy of the film to London for a special screening with Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and Robert Plant . After the screening , Led Zeppelin granted Crowe the right to use one of their songs on the soundtrack -- the first time they had ever consented to this since allowing Crowe to use `` Kashmir '' in Fast Times at Ridgemont High -- and also gave him rights to four of their other songs in the movie itself , although they did not grant him the rights to `` Stairway to Heaven '' for an intended scene ( on the special `` Bootleg '' edition DVD , the scene is included as an extra , sans the song , where the viewer is instructed by a watermark to begin playing it ) . In his 2012 memoir My Cross to Bear , Gregg Allman confirms that several aspects of the movie are directly based on Crowe 's time spent with the Allman Brothers Band . The scene in which Russell jumps from the top of the Topeka party house into a pool was based on something Duane Allman did : `` the jumping off the roof into the pool , that was Duane -- from the third floor of a place called the Travelodge in San Francisco . My brother wanted to do it again , but the cat who owned the place came out shaking his fist , yelling at him . We told that story all the time , and I have no doubt that Cameron was around for it . '' He also confirms that he and Dickey Betts played a joke on Crowe by claiming clauses in their contract did not allow his story to be published -- just before he was to deliver it to Rolling Stone . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Almost Famous ( soundtrack ) The Almost Famous soundtrack album was awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Personnel ( edit ) `` Stillwater '' ( edit ) Billy Crudup ( `` Russell Hammond '' ) - lead guitar Jason Lee ( `` Jeff Bebe '' ) - lead singer John Fedevich ( `` Ed Vallencourt '' ) - drums Mark Kozelek ( `` Larry Fellows '' ) - bass guitar Other personnel ( edit ) Peter Frampton Mike McCready Jon Bayless Ben Smith Gordon Kennedy Marti Frederiksen -- vocals Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Almost Famous had its premiere at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival . It was subsequently given a limited release on September 15 , 2000 , in 131 theaters where it grossed $2.3 million on its first weekend . It was given a wider release on September 22 , 2000 , in 1,193 theaters where it grossed $6.9 million on its opening weekend . The film went on to make $32.5 million in North America and $14.8 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $47.4 million against a $60 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) Almost Famous received widespread critical acclaim , and currently holds an 89 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 166 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Almost Famous , with its great ensemble performances and story , is a well - crafted , warm - hearted movie that successfully draws you into its era . '' The film also holds a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic , based on 38 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and described it as `` funny and touching in so many different ways '' . In his review for The New York Times , A.O. Scott wrote , `` The movie 's real pleasures are to be found not in its story but in its profusion of funny , offbeat scenes . It 's the kind of picture that invites you to go back and savor your favorite moments like choice album cuts '' . Time magazine 's Richard Corliss praised the film 's screenplay for `` giving each character his reasons , making everyone in the emotional debate charming and compelling , creating fictional people who breathe in a story with an organic life '' . In her review for the L.A. Weekly , Manohla Dargis wrote that `` the film shimmers with the irresistible pleasures that define Hollywood at its best -- it 's polished like glass , funny , knowing and bright , and filled with characters whose lives are invariably sexier and more purposeful than our own '' . Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` Not since A Hard Day 's Night has a movie caught the thrumming exuberance of going where the music takes you '' . In his review for Newsweek , David Ansen wrote , `` Character - driven , it relies on chemistry , camaraderie , a sharp eye for detail and good casting '' . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade , `` best - of '' list , saying , `` Every Cameron Crowe film is , in one way or another , about romance , rock & roll , and his romance with rock & roll . This power ballad of a movie , from 2000 , also happens to be Crowe 's greatest ( and most personal ) film thanks to the golden gods of Stillwater and their biggest fan , Kate Hudson 's incomparable Penny Lane . '' Entertainment Weekly gave the film an `` A − '' rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Crowe for depicting the 1970s as `` an era that found its purpose in having no purpose . Crowe , staying close to his memories , has gotten it , for perhaps the first time , onto the screen '' . In his review for the Los Angeles Times , Kenneth Turan praised Philip Seymour Hoffman 's portrayal of Lester Bangs : `` Superbly played by Philip Seymour Hoffman , more and more the most gifted and inspired character actor working in film , what could have been the cliched portrait of an older mentor who speaks the straight truth blossoms into a marvelous personality '' . However , in his review for The New York Observer , Andrew Sarris felt that `` none of the non-musical components on the screen matched the excitement of the music . For whatever reason , too much of the dark side has been left out '' . Desson Howe , in his review for the Washington Post , found it `` very hard to see these long - haired kids as products of the 1970s instead of dressed up actors from the Seattle - Starbucks era . I could n't help wondering how many of these performers had to buy a CD copy of the song and study it for the first time '' . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Almost Famous References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Almost Famous ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biography , '' The Uncool : The Official Website for Everything Cameron Crowe . Accessed Dec. 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ammann , Ana ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Will the real Penny Lane please stand up ? '' . Oregon Music News . Jump up ^ Lecaro , Lina ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Zooey Deschanel to Play Original ' 60s Groupie Pamela `` I 'm With the Band '' Des Barres in HBO Series ( NSFW ) `` . LA Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Wild Things : Cameron Crowe and Bebe Buell '' . Talk . March 2001 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick . `` This Time , It 's Personal A ' 70s rock film co-starring ... Mom ? It 's Cameron Crowe 's life story , and he 's tried to tell it for years , '' Los Angeles Times ( August 27 , 2000 ) . Archie on The Uncool.com . Jump up ^ Allman , Gregg ; Light , Alan ( 2012 ) . My Cross to Bear . William Morrow . pp. 242 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 0062112033 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( August 25 , 2000 ) . `` Organic Growth In Toronto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Almost Famous '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 10 , 2000 ) . `` Absolutely Fabulous '' . Time . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( September 21 , 2000 ) . `` Gonna Make You Groove '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( September 18 , 2000 ) . `` He 's With The Band '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ; Jensen , Jeff ; Jordan , Tina ; Lyons , Margaret ; Markovitz , Adam ; Nashawaty , Chris ; Pastorek , Whitney ; Rice , Lynette ; Rottenberg , Josh ; Schwartz , Missy ; Slezak , Michael ; Snierson , Dan ; Stack , Tim ; Stroup , Kate ; Tucker , Ken ; Vary , Adam B. ; Vozick - Levinson , Simon ; Ward , Kate ( December 11 , 2009 ) , `` The 100 Greatest Movies , Tv Shows , Albums , Books , Characters , Scenes , Episodes , Songs , Dresses , Music Videos , And Trends That Entertained Us Over The Past 10 Years '' . Entertainment Weekly . ( 1079 / 1080 ) : 74 - 84 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( September 15 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( September 13 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Famous '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( September 17 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Only Rock ' n ' Roll - Where Are the Sex and Drugs ? '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( September 22 , 2000 ) . `` Almost Poignant '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Almost Famous Official website Almost Famous on IMDb Almost Famous at AllMovie Almost Famous at Rotten Tomatoes Almost Famous at Metacritic Almost Famous at Box Office Mojo Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Cameron Crowe filmography Director Say Anything ... ( 1989 ) Singles ( 1992 ) Jerry Maguire ( 1996 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) Pearl Jam Twenty ( 2011 ) The Union ( 2011 ) We Bought a Zoo ( 2011 ) Aloha ( 2015 ) Writer only Fast Times at Ridgemont High ( 1982 ) The Wild Life ( 1984 ) Television Roadies ( 2016 ) GND : 4622133 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almost_Famous&oldid=801188774 '' Categories : English - language films 2000 films 2000s drama films American comedy - drama films American films American coming - of - age films American musical drama films American rock music films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films about journalists Films about music and musicians Films set in the 1970s Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Films directed by Cameron Crowe Films produced by Cameron Crowe Screenplays by Cameron Crowe 2000s road movies American road movies DreamWorks Pictures films Columbia Pictures films Vinyl Films films Films set in Cleveland Films set in San Diego Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 05 : 52 . 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5011879539693047661	NFC North	NFC North - wikipedia NFC North Jump to : navigation , search NFC North Conference National Football Conference League National Football League Sport American football Founded 1967 ( As NFL Western Conference Central Division ) Country United States Teams No. of teams Championships Most recent NFC North champion ( s ) Minnesota Vikings ( 20 titles ) Most NFC North titles Minnesota Vikings ( 20 titles ) The NFC North is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) , based in the Upper Midwest region of the United States . Nicknamed the `` Black & Blue Division '' for the rough and tough rivalry games between the teams , it currently has four members : the Chicago Bears , Detroit Lions , Green Bay Packers , and Minnesota Vikings . The NFC North was previously known as the NFC Central from 1970 to 2001 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers were previously members , from 1977 , one year after they joined the league as an expansion team , until 2001 when they moved to the NFC South . The division was created in 1967 as the Central Division of the NFL 's Western Conference and existed for three seasons before the AFL -- NFL merger . After the merger , it was renamed the NFC Central and retained that name until the NFL split into eight divisions in 2002 . The four current division teams have been together in the same division or conference since the Vikings joined the league in 1961 . The Bears , Lions and Packers have been in the same division or conference since the NFL began a conference format in 1933 . Largely because the four teams have played each other at least twice a year , with the exception of the strike - shortened 1982 season , for more than half a century ( more than 80 years in the case of the Bears , Lions and Packers ) , the entire division is considered one very large rivalry . Based on the combined ages of its current teams , the NFC North is the oldest division in the NFL , at a combined 336 years old . The Bears are 96 years old ( founded in 1919 in Decatur , Illinois ; moved to Chicago in 1921 ) , the Packers are also 96 years old ( founded in 1919 , but turned professional in 1921 ) , the Lions are 88 years old ( founded 1929 in Portsmouth , Ohio ; moved to Detroit in 1934 ) , and the Vikings are 56 years old ( founded 1961 ) . The division has a total of 11 Super Bowl appearances . The Packers have the most appearances in the Super Bowl with 5 , the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season . The Bears and the Packers have the only Super Bowl wins of this division , a total of 5 ( 4 for the Packers and 1 for the Bears ) . Of the top 10 NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout its franchise history , three of them are in the NFC North ( the Bears , the Packers , and the Vikings ) . The Lions however , have one of the lowest winning percentages in the NFL , including the first winless 16 - game season in NFL history , in 2008 . Entering 2014 the Bears led the division with an overall record of 730 -- 534 -- 42 , victory in Super Bowl XX and eight pre-Super Bowl league titles ; Chicago 's overall playoff record is 17 -- 18 . The Packers hold an overall record of 698 -- 537 -- 36 with an overall playoff record of 30 -- 18 , four Super Bowl titles in five Super Bowl appearances , and nine pre-Super Bowl league titles - bringing the Packers to a total of 13 World Championships , currently the most in the NFL . The Lions hold a record of 517 -- 620 -- 32 , four league championships , and a 7 -- 11 playoff record . As the youngest ( in terms of franchise age ) team in the division , the Vikings hold a record of 431 -- 365 -- 9 , a playoff record of 19 -- 27 , and had won a league title the season before the merger ( although they subsequently lost Super Bowl IV ) . This division earned the moniker `` Black and Blue Division '' due to its intense rivalries and physical style of play , and this nickname is still used regularly today . It is also known as the `` Frostbite Division '' as all teams played home games in late season winter cold until the mid-1970s . The division is also humorously called the `` Frozen North '' , although Detroit has played its home games indoors since 1975 , and Minnesota also did so from 1982 to 2013 and returned to indoor home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 . ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman often refers to this division as the `` NFC Norris '' because of its geographical similarity to the National Hockey League 's former Norris Division . Contents ( hide ) 1 Division lineups 2 Division champions 3 Wild Card qualifiers 4 Total playoff berths 4.1 Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central / North 4.2 Total playoff berths in team history 5 Schedule assignments 6 See also 7 References Division lineups ( edit ) Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team . Years NFL Western Conference Central Division NFC Central Division 1900s 2000s 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC North Division 2000s 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Team not in division Division Won Super Bowl Division Won NFC Championship Division won NFL Championship , Lost Super Bowl The NFL Western Conference was divided into the Coastal and Central divisions . The Packers had won Super Bowl I in 1966 in the NFL Western Conference . Starting the 1970 season , this division became the National Football Conference Central division ( or NFC Central for short ) , due to the AFL -- NFL merger . Tampa Bay moved from the AFC West in 1977 For the 2002 season , the league realigned to have 8 four team divisions . Division renamed the NFC North . Tampa Bay moves to the NFC South . Division champions ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results NFL Central ( pre-merger ) 1967 Green Bay Packers 9 -- 4 -- 1 Won 1967 NFL Championship Game Won Super Bowl II 1968 Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 6 Lost NFL Divisional Playoffs 1969 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Won 1969 NFL Championship Game Lost Super Bowl IV NFC Central ( post merger ) 1970 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1971 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1972 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1973 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost Super Bowl VIII Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 4 Lost Super Bowl IX Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1976 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 2 -- 1 Lost Super Bowl XI 1977 Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 1978 Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 7 -- 1 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1979 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 1980 Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1981 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1982 + Green Bay Packers 5 -- 3 -- 1 Lost NFC Second Round Detroit Lions 9 -- 7 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1984 Chicago Bears 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 1985 Chicago Bears 15 -- 1 Won Super Bowl XX 1986 Chicago Bears 14 -- 2 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs Chicago Bears 11 -- 4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1988 Chicago Bears 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 1989 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1990 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 1991 Detroit Lions 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 1992 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1993 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1994 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 1995 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Won Super Bowl XXXI 1997 Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Lost Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Minnesota Vikings 15 -- 1 Lost NFC Championship Game 1999 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2000 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2001 Chicago Bears 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs NFC North 2002 Green Bay Packers 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2003 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2005 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 2006 Chicago Bears 13 -- 3 Lost Super Bowl XLI 2007 Green Bay Packers 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Championship Game 2008 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2009 Minnesota Vikings 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Championship Game 2011 Green Bay Packers 15 -- 1 Won Super Bowl XLV 2012 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 Green Bay Packers 8 -- 7 -- 1 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Green Bay Packers 12 -- 4 Lost NFC Championship Game 2015 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 Lost NFC Championship Game 2017 Minnesota Vikings 13 -- 3 Lost NFC Championship Game + A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games , so the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Division standings were ignored ; Green Bay had the best record of the division teams . Wild card qualifiers ( edit ) Season Team Record Playoff Results NFC Central 1970 Detroit Lions 10 -- 4 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1977 Chicago Bears 9 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1979 Chicago Bears 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1982 + Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers Detroit Lions 5 -- 4 -- 0 5 -- 4 -- 0 4 -- 5 -- 0 Lost NFC Second Round Lost NFC First Round Lost NFC First Round Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 7 -- 0 Lost NFC Championship Game 1988 Minnesota Vikings 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 1991 Chicago Bears 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1993 Minnesota Vikings Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1994 Detroit Lions Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1995 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Minnesota Vikings 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1997 Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers 9 -- 7 -- 0 9 -- 7 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 1998 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 1999 Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 8 -- 0 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs 2000 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2001 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Green Bay Packers 9 -- 7 -- 0 12 -- 4 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Lost Divisional Playoffs NFC North Minnesota Vikings 8 -- 8 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 2009 Green Bay Packers 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Won Super Bowl XLV 2011 Detroit Lions 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2012 Minnesota Vikings 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Detroit Lions 11 -- 5 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Green Bay Packers 10 -- 6 -- 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs 2016 Detroit Lions 9 -- 7 -- 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs + A players ' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games , so the league used a special 16 - team playoff tournament just for this year . Total playoff berths ( edit ) Total playoff berths as members of the NFC Central / North ( edit ) ( 1966 -- 2016 seasons ) Team Division Championships Playoff Berths NFL League Titles Super Bowl Appearances Super Bowl Wins Minnesota Vikings 20 29 0 Green Bay Packers 15 22 5 Chicago Bears 10 14 0 Detroit Lions 12 0 0 0 To sort table above , click button to right of heading . Total playoff berths in team history ( edit ) ( 1920 -- 2016 seasons ) Team Division Championships Playoff Berths NFL League Titles ( pre-merger ) Conference Wins Super Bowl Wins Total Championships Minnesota Vikings 20 29 0 Green Bay Packers 18 31 11 9 13 Chicago Bears 18 25 8 9 Detroit Lions 18 0 To sort table above , click button to right of heading . From 1966 to 1969 , this means winning both the NFL Championship game AND the Super Bowl . Hence , the Vikings ' NFL Championship victory in 1969 is n't counted . The Packers had 2 NFL titles during this time frame and also won Super Bowl I and II . Schedule assignments ( edit ) Year Opponents Interconf . Intraconf . 2017 AFC North NFC South 2018 AFC East NFC West 2019 AFC West NFC East 2020 AFC South NFC South 2021 AFC North NFC West 2022 AFC East NFC East 2023 AFC West NFC South 2024 AFC South NFC West 2025 AFC North NFC East 2026 AFC East NFC South 2027 AFC West NFC West 2028 AFC South NFC East See also ( edit ) Bears -- Packers rivalry Bears -- Lions rivalry Bears -- Vikings rivalry Lions -- Packers rivalry Lions -- Vikings rivalry Packers -- Vikings rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lions complete 1st 0 - 16 season in league history - NFL - NBC Sports '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com. 2008 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XX Game Recap '' . Nfl.com. 1986 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 08 . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Chicago Bears Founded in 1919 Formerly the Decatur Staleys ( 1919 -- 20 ) and the Chicago Staleys ( 1921 ) Based in Chicago , Illinois Headquartered in Lake Forest , Illinois Franchise History Coaches Seasons Current season Records Records and statistics Franchise records All - time record versus NFL Team awards and honors Players Head coaches Pro Football Hall of Famers First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Stadiums Staley Field Wrigley Field Soldier Field Memorial Stadium Soldier Field II Lore Staley Swindle 1932 Playoff Game First NFL Championship Game `` The Sneakers Game '' 73 -- 0 15 -- 1 46 defense Super Bowl XX Fog Bowl 75th Anniversary League Team NFL All - Time Team Cardiac Kids 2006 game vs. Arizona Cardinals Monsters of the Midway T formation George S. Halas Trophy Brian Piccolo Award Culture Brian 's Song 1971 2001 `` Bear Down , Chicago Bears '' `` The Super Bowl Shuffle '' Bill Swerski 's Superfans Chuck Swirsky Staley Da Bear Logos and uniforms Halas Hall A.E. Staley Jack Brickhouse Papa Bear Da Coach Roosevelt / Wabash 85386 Payton Chicago Honey Bears Jim Cornelison Rivalries Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Retired numbers 5 7 28 34 40 41 42 51 56 61 66 77 89 Key personnel Chairman : George McCaskey President / CEO : Ted Phillips General Manager : Ryan Pace Head Coach : Matt Nagy Division championships ( 18 ) 1933 1934 1937 1940 1941 1942 1943 1946 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 2001 2005 2006 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1956 1963 1985 2006 League championships ( 9 ) 1921 1932 1933 1940 1941 1943 1946 1963 1985 ( XX ) Media Broadcasters Radio : WBBM ( AM ) WCFS - FM ( FM simulcast of WBBM ) Personnel : Jeff Joniak ( play - by - play ) Tom Thayer ( analyst ) Zach Zaidman ( sideline reporter and radio coach 's show host ) Television : WFLD ( pre-season and most regular season games through Fox , official pre-game and post-game ) NBC Sports Chicago ( in - season team programming ) Personnel : Lou Canellis ( gameday television host , pre-season sideline reporter ) Sam Rosen ( pre-season play - by - play ) Jim Miller ( pre-season analyst ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 98 ) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Book : Chicago Bears : Category : Chicago Bears WikiProject Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Founded in 1930 Formerly the Portsmouth Spartans ( 1930 -- 33 ) Based in Detroit , Michigan Headquartered in Allen Park , Michigan Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Players First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Coaches Stadiums Universal Stadium University of Detroit Stadium Tiger Stadium Pontiac Silverdome Ford Field Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day Paper Lion ( film ) `` What 's Going On '' ( Marvin Gaye song ) Beverly Hills Cop Home Improvement Cheerleaders Lore 1932 Playoff Game Curse of Bobby Layne Mike Utley gives a thumbs up Marty Mornhinweg takes the wind `` Fire Millen '' 0 -- 16 `` Calvin Johnson rule '' Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Notable people William Clay & Martha Firestone Ford Barry Sanders Bobby Layne Glenn Presnell Calvin Johnson Wayne Fontes Division championships ( 4 ) 1935 1991 1993 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1952 1953 1954 1957 League championships ( 4 ) 1935 1952 1953 1957 Media Broadcasters Radio : Radio network Dan Miller Jim Brandstatter Tony Ortiz WJR TV : Television network Matt Shepard Chris Spielman Jennifer Hammond WJBK Fox Sports Detroit Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 89 ) 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Minnesota Vikings Founded in 1961 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered in Eden Prairie , Minnesota Franchise Franchise History Expansion draft Players First - round draft picks Quarterbacks Head coaches Seasons Statistics Draft Broadcasters Stadiums Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome TCF Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium Culture Purple People Eaters `` Skol , Vikings '' Herschel Walker trade Love Boat scandal `` Little Minnesota '' ( How I Met Your Mother episode ) Cheerleaders Lore The Wrong Way Run Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Miracle at the Met Gary Anderson 's missed field goal Hail Mary 2010 Metrodome roof collapse Minneapolis Miracle Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Division championships ( 20 ) 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1989 1992 1994 1998 2000 2008 2009 2015 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1969 1973 1976 League championships ( 0 ) does not include 1969 NFL championship Retired numbers 10 53 70 77 80 88 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 57 ) 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFC_North&oldid=823758266 '' Categories : National Football League divisions Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1967 establishments in the United States Sports in the Midwestern United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 06 : 08 . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the detroit lions won a division title	[ "\n\nSeason\nTeam\nRecord\nPlayoff Results\n\n\nNFL Central (pre-merger)\n\n\n1967\nGreen Bay Packers\n9–4–1\nWon 1967 NFL Championship Game\nWon Super Bowl II\n\n\n1968\nMinnesota Vikings\n8–6\nLost NFL Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1969\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nWon 1969 NFL Championship Game\nLost Super Bowl IV\n\n\nNFC Central (post merger)\n\n\n1970\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1971\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–3\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1972\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–4\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1973\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost Super Bowl VIII\n\n\n1974\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–4\nLost Super Bowl IX\n\n\n1975\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1976\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–2–1\nLost Super Bowl XI\n\n\n1977\nMinnesota Vikings\n9–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1978\nMinnesota Vikings\n8–7–1\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1979\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1980\nMinnesota Vikings\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1981\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1982+\nGreen Bay Packers\n5–3–1\nLost NFC Second Round\n\n\n1983\nDetroit Lions\n9–7\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1984\nChicago Bears\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1985\nChicago Bears\n15–1\nWon Super Bowl XX\n\n\n1986\nChicago Bears\n14–2\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1987\nChicago Bears\n11–4\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1988\nChicago Bears\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1989\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1990\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n1991\nDetroit Lions\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1992\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1993\nDetroit Lions\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1994\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n1995\nGreen Bay Packers\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1996\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nWon Super Bowl XXXI\n\n\n1997\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nLost Super Bowl XXXII\n\n\n1998\nMinnesota Vikings\n15–1\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n1999\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2000\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2001\nChicago Bears\n13–3\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\nNFC North\n\n\n2002\nGreen Bay Packers\n12–4\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2003\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2004\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2005\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2006\nChicago Bears\n13–3\nLost Super Bowl XLI\n\n\n2007\nGreen Bay Packers\n13–3\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2008\nMinnesota Vikings\n10–6\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2009\nMinnesota Vikings\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2010\nChicago Bears\n11–5\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2011\nGreen Bay Packers\n15–1\nWon Super Bowl XLV\n\n\n2012\nGreen Bay Packers\n11–5\nLost NFC Divisional Playoffs\n\n\n2013\nGreen Bay Packers\n8–7–1\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2014\nGreen Bay Packers\n12–4\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2015\nMinnesota Vikings\n11–5\nLost NFC Wild Card Playoffs\n\n\n2016\nGreen Bay Packers\n10–6\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n\n2017\nMinnesota Vikings\n13–3\nLost NFC Championship Game\n\n" ]	[ "1993" ]
3018721371189558879	Musical nationalism	Musical Nationalism - wikipedia Musical Nationalism Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on Nationalism Development ( hide ) Anthem Colours Flag Flower Epic God Identity Language Music Myth Sport Symbol Treasure Core values ( show ) Identity Self - determination Solidarity Types ( show ) African Alt - right Banal Blind Bourgeois Business Civic Communist Conservative Constitutional patriotism Corporate Cultural Cyber - Ecological Economic Ethnic Expansionist Homonationalist Integral Left - wing Liberal Mystic National - anarchist National Bolshevik National syndicalist Nazism Neo - New Pan - Plurinationalist Post - Queer Racial Black Korean White Religious Christian Technological Territorial Transnationalism Ultranationalism Organizations ( show ) List of nationalist organizations Related concepts ( show ) Anationalism Anti-nationalism Diaspora politics Historiography and nationalism Internationalism Irredentism Revanchism Politics portal Musical nationalism refers to the use of musical ideas or motifs that are identified with a specific country , region , or ethnicity , such as folk tunes and melodies , rhythms , and harmonies inspired by them . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Poland 2.1 Jan Stefani ( pl ) ( 1746 -- 1829 ) 2.2 Frédéric Chopin ( 1810 -- 1849 ) 2.3 Stanisław Moniuszko ( 1819 -- 1872 ) 2.4 Henryk Wieniawski ( 1835 -- 1880 ) 3 Russia 3.1 Mikhail Glinka ( 1804 -- 1857 ) 3.2 The Mighty Five 4 Czech Republic 4.1 Bedřich Smetana ( 1824 -- 1884 ) 4.2 Antonín Dvořák ( 1841 -- 1904 ) 4.3 Leoš Janáček ( 1854 -- 1928 ) 4.4 Bohuslav Martinů ( 1890 -- 1959 ) 5 Norway 5.1 Edvard Grieg ( 1843 -- 1907 ) 6 Finland 6.1 Jean Sibelius ( 1865 -- 1957 ) 7 Sweden 7.1 Hugo Alfvén ( 1872 -- 1960 ) 8 Romania 8.1 George Enescu ( 1881 -- 1955 ) 9 Hungary 9.1 Béla Bartók ( 1881 -- 1945 ) 9.2 Zoltán Kodály ( 1882 -- 1967 ) 10 Spain 10.1 Isaac Albéniz ( 1860 -- 1909 ) 10.2 Manuel de Falla ( 1876 -- 1946 ) 10.3 Enrique Granados ( 1867 -- 1916 ) 10.4 Joaquín Rodrigo ( 1901 -- 1999 ) 10.5 Joaquín Turina ( 1882 -- 1949 ) 11 Mexico 11.1 Manuel M. Ponce ( 1882 -- 1948 ) 11.2 Carlos Chávez ( 1899 -- 1978 ) 12 Brazil 12.1 Carlos Gomes ( 1836 -- 1896 ) 12.2 Francisco Mignone ( 1897 -- 1986 ) 12.3 Heitor Villa - Lobos ( 1887 -- 1959 ) 13 United Kingdom 13.1 Joseph Parry ( 1841 -- 1903 ) 13.2 Edward Elgar ( 1857 -- 1934 ) 13.3 Charles Villiers Stanford ( 1852 -- 1924 ) 13.4 Alexander Mackenzie ( 1847 -- 1935 ) 13.5 Ralph Vaughan Williams ( 1872 -- 1958 ) 14 United States 14.1 Aaron Copland ( 1900 -- 1990 ) 14.2 Horatio Parker ( 1863 -- 1919 ) 14.3 Edward MacDowell ( 1860 -- 1908 ) 14.4 Charles Ives ( 1874 -- 1954 ) 15 Ukraine 16 References 17 Further reading History ( edit ) As a musical movement , nationalism emerged early in the 19th century in connection with political independence movements , and was characterized by an emphasis on national musical elements such as the use of folk songs , folk dances or rhythms , or on the adoption of nationalist subjects for operas , symphonic poems , or other forms of music ( Kennedy 2006 ) . As new nations were formed in Europe , nationalism in music was a reaction against the dominance of the mainstream European classical tradition as composers started to separate themselves from the standards set by Italian , French , and especially German traditionalists ( Miles n.d. ) . More precise considerations of the point of origin are a matter of some dispute . One view holds that it began with the war of liberation against Napoleon , leading to a receptive atmosphere in Germany for Weber 's opera Der Freischütz ( 1821 ) and , later , Richard Wagner 's epic dramas based on Teutonic legends . At around the same time , Poland 's struggle for freedom from Czarist Russia produced a nationalist spirit in the piano works and orchestral compositions such as the Fantasy_on_Polish_Airs_ ( Chopin ) of Frédéric Chopin , and slightly later Italy 's aspiration to independence from Austria resonated in many of the operas of Giuseppe Verdi ( Machlis 1979 , 125 -- 26 ) . Countries or regions most commonly linked to musical nationalism include Russia , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Romania , Scandinavia , Spain , UK , Latin America and the United States . Poland ( edit ) Jan Stefani ( pl ) ( 1746 -- 1829 ) ( edit ) Jan Stefani composed the Singspiel Cud mniemany , czyli Krakowiacy i górali ( The Supposed Miracle , or the Cracovians and the Highlanders ) , which premiered in 1794 and contains krakowiaks , polonaises , and mazurkas that were adopted as if they were Polish folk music by audiences at the 1816 revival with new music by Karol Kurpiński ( Goldberg 2008 , 231 - 32 ) . The suggestive lyrics of many of the songs could scarcely have been interpreted by the Polish audiences at the verge of the outbreak of the Kościuszko Uprising as anything other than a call for revolution , national unity , and independence ( Milewski 1999 , 129 -- 30 ) . In this sense , despite his obscurity today , Stefani must be regarded as a precursor and founder of nineteenth - century musical nationalism . Frédéric Chopin ( 1810 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) See also : Frédéric Chopin § Nationalism Frédéric Chopin was one of the first composers to incorporate nationalistic elements into his compositions . Joseph Machlis states , `` Poland 's struggle for freedom from tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland ... Examples of musical nationalism abound in the output of the romantic era . The folk idiom is prominent in the Mazurkas of Chopin '' ( Machlis 1963 , 149 -- 50 ) . His mazurkas and polonaises are particularly notable for their use of nationalistic rhythms . Moreover , `` During World War II the Nazis forbade the playing of ... Chopin 's Polonaises in Warsaw because of the powerful symbolism residing in these works '' ( Machlis 1963 , 150 ) . Stanisław Moniuszko ( 1819 -- 1872 ) ( edit ) Stanisław Moniuszko has become associated above all with the concept of a national style in opera . Moniuszko 's opera and music as a whole is representative of 19th - century romanticism , given the extensive use by the composer of arias , recitatives and ensembles that feature strongly in his operas . The source of Moniuszko 's melodies and rhythmic patterns often lies in Polish musical folklore . One of the most visibly `` Polish '' aspects of his music is in the forms he uses , including dances popular among upper classes such as polonaise and mazurka , and folk tunes and dances such as kujawiak and krakowiak . Henryk Wieniawski ( 1835 -- 1880 ) ( edit ) Henryk Wieniawski was another important composer using Polish folk melodies -- he wrote two popular mazurkas for solo violin and piano accompaniment ( the second one , Obertas , in G major ) . Russia ( edit ) Mikhail Glinka ( 1804 -- 1857 ) ( edit ) The Mighty Five ( edit ) Czech republic ( edit ) Bedřich Smetana ( 1824 -- 1884 ) ( edit ) Smetana pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country 's aspirations to independent statehood . He is widely regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music . He is best known for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ( `` My Homeland '' ) , which portrays the history , legends and landscape of the his native land . Antonín Dvořák ( 1841 -- 1904 ) ( edit ) After Smetana , he was the second Czech composer to achieve worldwide recognition . Following Smetana 's nationalist example , Dvořák frequently employed aspects , specifically rhythms , of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia . Dvořák 's own style creates a national idiom by blending elements of the classical symphonic tradition and extraneous popular musical traditions , absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them . Dvořák also wrote nine operas , which , other than his first , have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey Czech national spirit , as were some of his choral works . Leoš Janáček ( 1854 -- 1928 ) ( edit ) Bohuslav martinů ( 1890 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Martinů is compared with Prokofiev and Bartók in his innovative incorporation of Central European ethnomusicology into his music . He continued to use Bohemian and Moravian folk melodies throughout his oeuvre , usually nursery rhymes -- for instance in Otvírání studánek ( `` The Opening of the Wells '' ) . Norway ( edit ) Edvard Grieg ( 1843 -- 1907 ) ( edit ) Edvard Grieg was an important Romantic era composer whose music helped establish a Norwegian national identity ( Grimley 2006 , ) . Finland ( edit ) Jean Sibelius ( 1865 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) Jean Sibelius had strong patriotic feelings for Finland . He composed Finlandia . Sweden ( edit ) Hugo alfvén ( 1872 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) Studied at the music conservatory in his hometown , Stockholm . In addition to being a violinist , conductor , and composer , he was also a painter . He is perhaps best known for his five symphonies and three Swedish Rhapsodies . Romania ( edit ) George Enescu ( 1881 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) George Enescu is considered Romania 's most important composer ( Malcolm and Sandu - Dediu 2015 ) . Amongst his best - known compositions are his two Romanian Rhapsodies and his Violin Sonata No. 3 ( in Romanian Folk Style ) , Op. 25 . Hungary ( edit ) Béla Bartók ( 1881 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Béla Bartók collaborated with fellow Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály to document Hungarian folk music , which they both incorporated in their musical pieces ( Stevens 2016 ) . Zoltán Kodály ( 1882 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) Zoltán Kodály studied at the Academy of Music in Hungary and had an interest Hungarian folk songs and would often take prolonged trips to the Hungarian countryside to study the melodies which were then incorporated into his music compositions ( Anon. 2014 ) . Spain ( edit ) Isaac Albéniz ( 1860 -- 1909 ) ( edit ) Manuel de Falla ( 1876 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Enrique granados ( 1867 -- 1916 ) ( edit ) Granados composed his work Goyescas ( 1911 ) based on the etchings of the Spanish painter , Goya . Also of a national style are his Danzas españolas and his first opera María del Carmen . Joaquín Rodrigo ( 1901 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Joaquín Turina ( 1882 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) México ( edit ) A nationalistic renascence in the arts was produced by the Mexican Revolution of 1910 -- 1920 . Álvaro Obregón 's regime , inaugurated in 1921 , provided a large budget for the Secretariat of Public Education , under the direction of José Vasconcelos , who commissioned paintings for public buildings from artists such as José Clemente Orozco , Diego Rivera , and David Alfaro Siqueiros . As part of this ambitious programme , Vasconcelos also commissioned musical compositions on nationalistic themes . One of the first such works was the Aztec - themed ballet El fuego nuevo ( The New Fire ) by Carlos Chávez , composed in 1921 but not performed until 1928 ( Parker 1983 , 3 -- 4 ) . Manuel M. Ponce ( 1882 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Manuel M. Ponce was a composer , educator and scholar of Mexican music . Among his works are the lullaby La Rancherita ( 1907 ) , Scherzerino Mexicana ( 1909 ) composed in the style of sones and huapangos , Rapsodía Mexicana , No 1 ( 1911 ) based on the jarabe tapatío , and the romantic ballad Estrellita ( 1912 ) . Carlos Chávez ( 1899 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Carlos Chávez was a Mexican composer , conductor , educator , journalist , and founder and director of the Mexican Symphonic Orchestra and the National Institute of Fine Arts ( INBA ) . Some of his music was influenced by indigenous Mexican cultures . A period of nationalistic leanings initiated in 1921 with the Aztec - themed ballet El fuego nuevo ( The New Fire ) , followed by a second ballet , Los cuatro soles ( The Four Suns ) , in 1925 . Brazil ( edit ) Carlos Gomes ( 1836 -- 1896 ) ( edit ) The most representative composer of Brazilian romanticism , Gomes used several references from the country 's folk music and traditional themes , chiefly in his opera Il Guarany ( 1870 ) . Francisco mignone ( 1897 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) Mignone incorporated folk rhythms and instruments into his suites Fantasias Brasileiras nos. 1 -- 4 ( 1929 -- 1936 ) , his 12 Brazilian Waltzes ( 1968 -- 1979 ) , Congada ( 1921 ) and Babaloxá ( 1936 ) , besides composing ballets based on major literary works from Brazilian literature . Heitor Villa - Lobos ( 1887 -- 1959 ) ( edit ) Villa - Lobos traveled extensively throughout Brazil in his youth and recorded folksongs and tunes that he later used in his series Bachianas Brasileiras and all of his Chôros ( amongst them , his Chôros No. 10 , subtitled Rasga o coração after the song with words by Catulo da Paixão Cearense and music by Anacleto de Madeiros , which Villa - Lobos quotes in the second half of this choral - orchestral piece , which employs native percussion ) . United kingdom ( edit ) Joseph parry ( 1841 -- 1903 ) ( edit ) Parry was born in Wales , but moved to the United States as a child . In his adulthood , he traveled between Wales and America , and performed Welsh songs and glees with Welsh texts in recitals . He composed the first Welsh opera , Blodwen , in 1878 ( Rhys 1998 , ) . Edward Elgar ( 1857 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) Best known for the Pomp and Circumstance Marches ( Moore 1984 , ) . Charles villiers stanford ( 1852 -- 1924 ) ( edit ) Stanford wrote five Irish Rhapsodies ( 1901 -- 1914 ) . He published volumes of Irish folk song arrangements , and his third symphony is titled the Irish symphony . In addition to being heavily influenced by Irish culture and folk music , he was particularly influenced by Johannes Brahms ( White n.d. , 205 ) . Alexander MacKenzie ( 1847 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Mackenzie wrote a Highland Ballad for violin and orchestra ( 1893 ) , and the Scottish Concerto for piano and orchestra ( 1897 ) . He also composed the Canadian Rhapsody . In his life , MacKenzie witnessed both the survivals of Jacobite culture , and the Red Clydeside Era . His music is heavily influenced by Jacobite art ( White and Murphy 2001 , 224 -- 25 ) . Ralph Vaughan Williams ( 1872 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) Vaughan Williams collected , published , and arranged many folksongs from across the country , and wrote many pieces , large and small scale , based on folk melodies , such as the Fantasia on Greensleeves and the Five Variants on `` Dives and Lazarus . Vaughan Williams helped define musical nationalism , writing that `` The art of music above all the other arts is the expression of the soul of a nation '' ( Vaughan Williams 1934 , 123 ) . United States ( edit ) Aaron Copland ( 1900 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Ironically , Copland composed `` Mexican '' music such as El Salón México in addition to his American nationalist works ( Piston 1961 , 25 ) . Horatio Parker ( 1863 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) Edward MacDowell ( 1860 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) MacDowell 's Woodland Sketches , op . 51 ( 1896 ) consists of ten short piano pieces bearing titles referring to the American landscape . In this way , they make a claim to MacDowell 's identity as an American composer ( Crawford 1996 , 542 ) . Charles Ives ( 1874 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Ukraine ( edit ) In Ukraine the term `` Music nationalism '' ( Ukrainian : музичний націоналізм ) was coined by Stanyslav Lyudkevych in 1905 ( Hrabovsky 2009 , ) . The article under this title is devoted to Mykola Lysenko who is considered to be the father of Ukrainian classical music . Ludkevych concludes that Lysenko 's nationalism was inspired by those of Glinka in Russian music , though western tradition , particularly German , is still significant in his music , especially instrumental . V. Hrabovsky assumes that Stanyslav Lyudkevych himself could be considered as significant nationalistic composer and musicologist thanks to his numerous composition under Ukraine - devoted titles as well as numerous paper devoted to use of Ukrainian folk songs and poetry in Ukrainian classical music ( Lyudkevych 1905 ) . Inspiration by Ukrainian folklore could be observed even earlier , particularly in compositions by Maksym Berezovsky ( 1745 -- 1777 ) ( Kornii 1998 , 188 ) , Dmytro Bortnyansky ( 1751 -- 1825 ) ( Kornii 1998 , 296 ) , and Artem Vedel ( 1767 -- 1808 ) ( Kornii 1998 , 311 ) . Semen Hulak - Artemovsky ( 1813 -- 1873 ) is considered to be the author of the first Ukrainian opera ( Zaporozhets za Dunayem , premièred in 1863 ) . Lysenko 's traditions were continued by , among others , Kyrylo Stetsenko ( 1882 -- 1922 ) , Mykola Leontovych ( 1877 -- 1921 ) , Yakiv Stepovy ( 1883 -- 1921 ) , Alexander Koshetz ( 1877 -- 1944 ) , and later , Levko Revutsky ( 1889 -- 1977 ) . At the same time the term `` nationalism '' is not used in Ukrainian musicology ( see for example Yutsevych 2009 , where such term is missing ) . Moreover , the article `` Music Nationalism '' by Ludkevych was prohibited in the USSR ( Hrabovsky 2009 , ) and was not widely known until its publication in 1999 ( Lyudkevych 1999 ) . References ( edit ) Anon. 2014 . `` Zoltán Kodály : A Short Biography '' . International Kodály Society website ( accessed 6 June 2016 ) . Crawford , Richard A. 1996 . `` Edward MacDowell : Musical Nationalism and an American Tone Poet '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society 49 , no . 3 ( Fall ) : 528 -- 60 . Goldberg , Halina. 2008 . Music in Chopin 's Warsaw . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Grimley , Daniel M. 2006 . Grieg : Music , Landscape and Norwegian Identity . ( n.p. ) : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 210 - 0 . Kornii , L. 1998 . Історія української музики . Т. 2 . -- К . ; Харків ; Нью - Йорк : М . П . Коць . Hrabovsky , Volodymyr. 2009 . Станіслав Людкевич і націоналізм у музиці '' ( Stanislav Ljudkevych and Nationalism in Music ) . Музикознавчі студії ( Musicological Studies ) : 37 -- 45 . Kennedy , Michael . 2006 . `` Nationalism in Music '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Music , second edition , revised , Joyce Bourne Kennedy , associate editor . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198614593 . Lyudkevych , Stanyslav. 1999 . Націоналізм у музиці / / С . Людкевич . Дослідження , статті , рецензії , виступи ( Nationalism in Music : S. Ljudkevych . Research , Articles , Reviews , Performances ) 2 vols . Vol 1 : C. Людкевич ( S. Lyudkevych ) / Упоряд. , ред. , вступ . ст. , пер . і прим . З . Шту - ндер . -- Л . : Дивосвіт . -- pp. 35 -- 52 . Machlis , Joseph . 1963 . The Enjoyment of Music . New York : W.W. Norton . Malcolm , Noel , and Valentina Sandu - Dediu. 2015 . `` Enescu , George ( Enesco , Georges ) '' . Grove Music Online , edited by Deane Root . Oxford Music Online ( updated 28 May ; accessed 6 June 2016 ) . Miles , John . n.d. `` Nationalism and Its Effect in the Romantic Era ( 1985 ) '' . Self - published on the author 's website on Tripod.com ( accessed 19 March 2015 ) . Milewski , Barbara . 1999 . `` Chopin 's Mazurkas and the Myth of Folk '' . 19th Century Music 23 , no . 2 ( Autumn ) : 113 -- 35 . Moore , Jerrold Northrop . 1984 . Edward Elgar : A Creative Life . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 315447 - 6 . Parker , Robert . 1983 . Carlos Chávez : Mexico 's Modern - Day Orpheus . Twayne 's Music Series , Chris Frign and Camille Roman , consulting editors . Boston : Twayne Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 9455 - 7 . Piston , Walter . 1961 . `` Can Music Be Nationalistic ? '' Music Journal 19 , no . 7 ( October ) : 25 , 86 . Rhys , Dulais. 1998 . Joseph Parry : Bachgen Bach o Ferthyr . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . ISBN 9780708312490 . ( in Welsh ) Stevens , Halsey. 2016 . `` Béla Bartók : Hungarian Composer '' . Encyclopedia Britannica online ( accessed 6 June 2016 ) . * Stokes , Martin . 2001 . `` Ethnomusicology , § IV : Contemporary Theoretical Issues '' . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , second edition , edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell . London : Macmillan Publishers . Vaughan Williams , Ralph . 1934 . National Music . The Mary Flexner Lectures on the Humanities 2 . London and New York : Oxford University Press . White , Murphy . n.d. White , Harry , and Michael Murphy ( eds . ) . 2001 . Musical Constructions of Nationalism : Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture 1800 -- 1945 . Cork : Cork University Press . ISBN 9781859181539 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 9781859183229 ( pbk ) . Yutsevych , Yevgenii. 2009 . Словник - довідник музичних термінів ( Dictionary - Directory of Musical Terms ) . ( Accessed 16 June 2012 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Apel , Willi. 1968 . Harvard Dictionary of Music . Boston : Harvard University Press . Applegate , Celia. 1998 . ' How German Is It ? Nationalism and the Idea of Serious Music in the Early Nineteenth Century ' , 19th - Century Music , 21 , no . 3 ( Spring ) : 274 -- 96 . Castellanos , Pablo. 1969 . El nacionalismo musical en México . México , D.F. : Seminario de Cultura Mexicana . Dibble , Jeremy . 1997 . `` Musical Nationalism in Ireland in the Twentieth Century : Complexities and Contradictions '' . In Music and Nationalism in 20th - century Great Britain and Finland , edited by Tomi Mäkelä , 133 -- 144 . Hamburg : Bockel . ISBN 3 - 928770 - 99 - 3 . Eichner , Barbara . 2012 . History in Mighty Sounds . Musical Constructions of German National Identity , 1848 -- 1914 . Woodbridge : Boydell . ISBN 9781843837541 . Garmendia Paesky , Emma . 2007 . `` El nacionalismo musical de Alberto Williams en sus obras para piano : Milonga , vidalita y huella '' . Inter-American Music Review 17 , nos. 1 -- 2 ( Summer ) : 293 -- 306 . Grout , Donald J. 1960 . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton . Hebert , D.G. & Kertz - Welzel , A. ( Eds . ) . 2012 . Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education . Aldershot : Ashgate Press . Kolt , Robert Paul . 2009 . Robert Ward 's The Crucible : Creating an American Musical Nationalism . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6350 - 2 . Labonville , Marie Elizabeth . 2007 . Juan Bautista Plaza and Musical Nationalism in Venezuela . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34876 - 5 . Leersen , Joep ( ed . ) . 2018 . Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe , 2 vols . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 9789462981188 , online here . Limón , José Eduardo. 2011 . `` ' This Is Our Música , Guy ! ' : Tejanos and Ethno / Regional Musical Nationalism '' . In Transnational Encounters : Music and Performance at the U.S. - Mexico Border , edited by Alejandro L. Madrid , 111 -- 28 . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 973592 - 1 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 973593 - X ( pbk ) . Milin , Melita. 2004 . `` Socialist Realism as an Enforced Renewal of Musical Nationalism '' . In Socialist Realism and Music , edited by Mikuláš Bek , Geoffrey Chew , and Petr Macek , 39 -- 43 . Proceedings of the 36th Brněnské Hudebněvědné Kolokvium ( 2001 ) , Brno . Prague : kpk : Koniasch Latin Press . ISBN 80 - 86791 - 18 - 1 . Poland `` . Murphy , Michael . 2001 . `` Moniuszko and Musical Nationalism '' . In Musical Constructions of Nationalism : Essays on the History and Ideology of European Musical Culture , 1800 -- 1945 , edited by Harry M. White and Michael Murphy , 163 -- 80 . Cork : Cork University Press . ISBN 1 - 85918 - 153 - 8 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 1 - 85918 - 322 - 0 ( pbk ) . Otaola González , Paloma. 2008 . `` Oscar Esplá y el nacionalismo musical '' . Revista de Musicología 31 , no . 2 ( December ) : 453 -- 97 . Porter , Cecelia Hopkins . 1977 . `` The Rheinlieder Critics : A Case of Musical Nationalism '' . The Musical Quarterly 63 , no . 1 ( January ) : 74 -- 98 . ISSN 0027 - 4631 Southern , Eileen . 1997 . The Music of Black Americans , third Edition . New York : Norton and Company . Stolba , K. Marie. 1990 . The Development of Western Music : A History . Dubuque , Iowa : Wm. C. Brown , Inc . Taruskin , Richard . n.d. `` Nationalism '' . Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 8 December 2005 ) . Turino , Thomas R. 2000 . `` Race , Class , and Musical Nationalism in Zimbabwe '' . In Music and the Racial Imagination , edited by Ronald Michael Radano , Houston A. Baker , Jr. , and Philip V. Bohlman , 554 -- 84 . Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70199 - 9 ( cloth ) ; ISBN 0 - 226 - 70200 - 6 ( pbk ) . Villanueva , Carlos . 2008 . `` El nacionalismo musical en la obra de Alejo Carpentier : Variaciones sobre la lira y el bongó '' . Cuadernos de Música Iberoamericana , no . 15 : 119 -- 31 . ( hide ) Romantic music Composers and musicians Adam Alkan Auber Beethoven Bellini Bennett Berlioz Bertin Berwald Brahms Bruckner Cherubini Chopin Czerny Félicien David Ferdinand David Donizetti Fauré Field Franck Franz Glinka Gomis Halévy Joachim Kalkbrenner Liszt Loewe Marschner Masarnau Méhul Fanny Mendelssohn Felix Mendelssohn Méreaux Meyerbeer Moniuszko Moscheles Mussorgsky Niedermeyer Onslow Paganini Prudent Reicha Rimsky - Korsakov Rossini Rubinstein Schubert Clara Schumann Robert Schumann Smetana Sor Spohr Spontini Tchaikovsky Thalberg Verdi Voříšek Wagner Weber Wolf Instrumentation Romantic guitar Romantic orchestra Genres Ballade Character piece Chorale prelude Intermezzo Lied Mazurka Orchestral song Romantic ballet Romantic opera Symphonic poem Symphony Other topics Indianist movement Musical nationalism Neue Zeitschrift für Musik New German School Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle Tchaikovsky and The Five `` War of the Romantics '' Background Baroque music Common practice period Classical period Romantic music 19th - century philosophy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musical_nationalism&oldid=843348070 '' Categories : Romantic music Nationalism Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2016 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2012 Pages with missing ISBNs Articles needing more detailed references Articles with Welsh - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español 한국어 日本語 Polski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did nationalism begin to emerge in music	[ "As a musical movement, nationalism emerged early in the 19th century in connection with political independence movements, and was characterized by an emphasis on national musical elements such as the use of folk songs, folk dances or rhythms, or on the adoption of nationalist subjects for operas, symphonic poems, or other forms of music (Kennedy 2006). As new nations were formed in Europe, nationalism in music was a reaction against the dominance of the mainstream European classical tradition as composers started to separate themselves from the standards set by Italian, French, and especially German traditionalists (Miles n.d.).[unreliable source]" ]	[ "early in the 19th century" ]
7956317959652753727	Doctor Who (series 11)	Doctor Who ( series 11 ) - wikipedia Doctor Who ( series 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 series . For the 1973 -- 74 season , see Doctor Who ( season 11 ) . Doctor Who ( series 11 ) Promotional poster Starring Jodie Whittaker Tosin Cole Mandip Gill Bradley Walsh Country of origin United Kingdom Release Original network BBC One Series chronology ← Previous Series 10 List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) The eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who is set to premiere in October 2018 , and will consist of ten episodes . The series will be the first to be led by Chris Chibnall as head writer and executive producer , alongside executive producers Matt Strevens and Sam Hoyle , after Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin stepped down after the tenth series . This series will be the eleventh to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and will be the thirty - seventh season overall . It also marks the beginning of the third production era of the revived series , following Russell T. Davies ' run from 2005 -- 2010 , and Moffat 's from 2010 -- 2017 . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor , the most recent incarnation of the Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in her TARDIS , which appears to be a British police box on the outside . The series will also introduce Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as the Doctor 's newest companions , Graham , Ryan , and Yasmin , respectively . Filming for the series commenced in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Writing and development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design changes 4 References Episodes See also : List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) AI 277 TBA Jamie Childs TBA October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 ) TBD TBD Casting See also : List of Doctor Who cast members We 'll cast the role in the traditional way : write the script , then go and find the best person for that part in that script . You could n't go out and cast an abstract idea ... The creative possibilities are endless , but I have a very clear sense of what we 're going to do , without even knowing who 's going to play the part . -- Chris Chibnall , executive producer , on the approach to casting the newest incarnation of the lead character . The series will introduce Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor . Her predecessor Peter Capaldi departed from his role as the Twelfth Doctor after the tenth series , having played the role for three series . His final appearance was in the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Moffat stated in February 2017 that Chibnall tried to persuade the actor to continue into the eleventh series , but despite this , Capaldi still decided to depart . The search for the actor to portray the Thirteenth Doctor , led by Chibnall , began later in 2017 , after he completed work on the third series of the ITV series Broadchurch , for which he is also the head writer and executive producer . Chibnall had the final say on the actor , although the decision also involved Charlotte Moore and Piers Wenger , the director of content and head of drama for the BBC respectively . Media reports and bookmakers speculated as to who would replace Capaldi as the Thirteenth Doctor , with Ben Whishaw and Kris Marshall among the most popular predictions . On 16 July 2017 , it was announced after the 2017 Wimbledon Championships men 's finals that Whittaker would portray the thirteenth incarnation of the Doctor . After Michelle Gomez reprised her role of Missy in the tenth series , she stated in May 2017 that it would be her last series in the role , and she would not be returning for the eleventh series or beyond . After the tenth series concluded , it was confirmed that neither companion from that series would be reprising their roles for the eleventh series ; Matt Lucas left his role as Nardole after the finale of the tenth series , and Pearl Mackie stated at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con that she would not return as Bill Potts after the 2017 Christmas special , `` Twice Upon a Time '' . Consequently , series 11 will introduce a new set of companions , including Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , and Mandip Gill as Graham , Ryan , and Yasmin , respectively . Walsh had been a favourite for the role since rumours of his casting began in August 2017 . Actress Sharon D. Clarke is also set to have a recurring role throughout the series , as Graham 's wife . On 8 March 2018 , Alan Cumming announced that he had been cast as King James I in an episode of the series . On 25 March , comedian Lee Mack stated that he would make a brief appearance in one episode . Production Writing and development In April 2015 , Steven Moffat confirmed that Doctor Who would run for at least another five years , extending the show until 2020 . It was announced in January 2016 that the tenth series would be Moffat 's final series as executive producer and head writer , after seven years as showrunner , for which he will be replaced in the role by Chris Chibnall in 2018 . Matt Strevens will serve as executive producer alongside Chibnall , as well as Sam Hoyle . With Moffat 's departure from the role of head writer , he also stated in February 2017 that he was not planning on continuing as an episodic writer for the eleventh series . The series will consist of 10 episodes , a shorter run compared to the 12 and 13 episodes that have comprised the previous ten series of the revived era . Episodes will run for an average of 50 minutes each , with the premiere running for 65 minutes . Jamie Childs is set to direct the first and seventh episode of the series in the opening production block , having directed Whittaker 's introduction as the Thirteenth Doctor . Sallie Aprahamian will direct the third filming block , consisting of two episodes . Murray Gold announced in February 2018 that he would step down as the programme 's composer , having served as the musical director since 2005 , and that he would not be composing the music for the eleventh series . Filming Pre-production for the eleventh series began in late October 2017 . After filming for the series was expected to begin in late 2017 , it officially began in November 2017 , for an expected release in October 2018 . The eleventh series will be shot using Cooke and Angénieux anamorphic lenses for the first time in the series ' history , a creative decision made in order to make the show look more cinematic . Production blocks are arranged as follows : Block Episode Title Director Writer Producer Ref ( s ) Episode 1 Episode 7 Jamie Childs TBA Nikki Wilson TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Sallie Aprahamian TBA Alex Mercer TBA TBA Jennifer Perrott TBA TBA TBA TBA Jamie Childs TBA TBA Design changes New Doctor Who logo and insignia for the eleventh series A new logo was unveiled at the BBC Worldwide showcase on 20 February 2018 . This logo was designed by the creative agency Little Hawk , who also created a stylized insignia of the word `` who '' enclosed in a circle with an intersecting line . References ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings Guide '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Davies 1st Assistant Director '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for upcoming 11th series '' . BBC . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( 19 February 2017 ) . `` Showrunner Reveals Plan to Cast All - New Doctor Who for Season 11 '' . TVWeb . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Jodie Whittaker is to replace Peter Capaldi in the Time Lord regeneration game '' . The Telegraph . 16 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Capaldi announces he will stand down as Doctor Who at the end of the year '' . BBC . 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Moffat : Chris Chibnall tried to persuade Peter Capaldi to stay on Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowell , Ben ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` New Doctor Who boss Chris Chibnall will lead the hunt for Peter Capaldi 's replacement '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 8 February 2017 ) . `` WHO WILL BE WHO ? Who will be the next Doctor Who ? Latest odds on who will replace Peter Capaldi , from Richard Ayoade to Olivia Coleman '' . The Sun . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Gomez confirms she 's leaving Doctor Who with Peter Capaldi : `` It 's the end of an era '' `` . DigitalSpy. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two Doctor Who stars say goodbye to their characters '' . DigitalSpy. 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Mackie confirms that she will not return to Doctor Who beyond the Christmas special '' . Radio Times . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh , Tosin Cole , Mandip Gill and Sharon D Clarke join Jodie Whittaker as regular cast members '' . Radio Times . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Is Bradley Walsh REALLY the new Doctor Who companion ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2018/03/26/sharon-d-clarke-dishes-huge-doctor-spoilers-ahead-new-series-7416576/ Jump up ^ `` Alan Cumming set to play King James I in Doctor Who '' . Radio Times . 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Mack `` harassed '' Doctor Who team for series 11 role `` . Digital Spy. 2018 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who ' to remain on - screen until at least 2020 ' '' . BBC . 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Ben ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat quits to be replaced by Broadchurch creator Chris Chibnall '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything we know so far about ' Doctor Who ' Season 11 '' . CultBox. 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 27 October 2017 ) . `` Doctor Who series 11 lands its first director as work gets under way on Jodie Whittaker 's debut '' . DigitalSpy . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mlot , Stephanie ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Steven Moffat 's Story Arcs End With ' Doctor Who ' Season 10 '' . Geek . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh among new cast members '' . BBC News . 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - how long is the new series ? Extra-long opening episode for Jodie Whittaker 's Doctor '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rochelle Stevens & Co : Sallie Aprahamian '' . Rochelle Stevens & Co . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Associates : Helen Murphy '' . Berlin Associates . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Rory ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Doctor Who : Bradley Walsh WON 'T work with two big stars after they confirm their exits '' . Express . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : First look at Jodie Whittaker in character '' . BBC . 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Will . `` Films at 59 supplies filmic kit for the next Doctor Who '' . Broadcast . Broadcast . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://nrff.co.uk/the-ravens Jump up ^ https://www.independenttalent.com/directors/jamie-childs/ Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` New Doctor Who logo revealed for Jodie Whittaker 's Thirteenth Doctor era '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . ( hide ) Doctor Who episodes 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_(series_11)&oldid=841981036 '' Categories : Doctor Who lists Doctor Who series Upcoming television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use British English from February 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new doctor who series start 2018	[ "The eleventh series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who is set to premiere in October 2018, and will consist of ten episodes. The series will be the first to be led by Chris Chibnall as head writer and executive producer, alongside executive producers Matt Strevens and Sam Hoyle, after Steven Moffat and Brian Minchin stepped down after the tenth series. This series will be the eleventh to air following the programme's revival in 2005, and will be the thirty-seventh season overall. It also marks the beginning of the third production era of the revived series, following Russell T. Davies' run from 2005–2010, and Moffat's from 2010–2017." ]	[ "October" ]
-6742567993987506913	Green Eggs and Ham	Green Eggs and Ham - wikipedia Green Eggs and Ham Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see Green Eggs and Ham ( TV series ) . For the video game , see Dr. Seuss : Green Eggs and Ham ( video game ) . Green Eggs and Ham Author Dr. Seuss Cover artist Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House The Living Books Company Publication date August 12 , 1960 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80016 - 5 OCLC 184476 Preceded by One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Followed by The Sneetches and Other Stories Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam - I - Am and the first - person narrator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam - I - am '' pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham . The unnamed character refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 different words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2001 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC . Although similar there were differences to reflect the new media such as Sam - I - Am sings his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . Punk Wave band Vader Vader adapted Green Eggs And Ham to original music and recorded it as a demo . Unfortunately , they were not able to secure the rights to release it . Pat - Ric Nasty , Vader Vader 's lead singer , did create a music video for the demo and is trying to obtain permission to release it . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿加綠蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=806335907 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American children 's picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 09 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the main character in green eggs and ham	[ "A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"" ]	[ "Sam-I-am" ]
-7695005444208902737	RMS Carpathia	RMS Carpathia - wikipedia RMS Carpathia RMS Carpathia History United Kingdom Name : RMS Carpathia Owner : Cunard Line Port of registry : Liverpool , U.K. Route : Transatlantic : Liverpool -- Queenstown -- Boston Transferred to Liverpool -- Queenstown -- New York summers Trieste -- Fiume -- New York winters Builder : C.S. Swan & Hunter , Newcastle upon Tyne Yard number : 274 Laid down : 10 September 1901 Launched : 6 August 1902 Completed : Feb 1903 Maiden voyage : 5 May 1903 In service : 1903 -- 1918 Identification : Radio call sign `` MPA '' Fate : Torpedoed southeast of Ireland and west of the Isles of Scilly by the Imperial German Navy submarine U-55 , 17 July 1918 General characteristics Type : Cunard Line transatlantic ocean liner Tonnage : 13,555 GRT Length : 558 ft ( 170 m ) Beam : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.66 m ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.54 m ) Propulsion : 2 × Wallsend Slipway Co. quadruple expansion steam engines Twin propellers Speed : 15.5 kn ( 17.8 mph ; 28.7 km / h ) ( planned trial speed ) 14 kn ( 16 mph ; 26 km / h ) ( service ) Capacity : 1,704 passengers ; after 1905 , 2,550 : 1st - class : 100 2nd - class : 200 3rd - class : 2,250 RMS Carpathia was a Cunard Line transatlantic passenger steamship built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson in their shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne , England . Carpathia made her maiden voyage in 1903 from Liverpool to Boston ( Massachusetts ) , and continued on this route before being transferred to Mediterranean service in 1904 . In April 1912 , she became famous for rescuing the survivors of rival White Star Line 's RMS Titanic after the latter struck an iceberg and sank with a loss of 1,517 lives in the North Atlantic Ocean . Carpathia braved dangerous ice fields and diverted all steam power to her engines in her rescue mission . She arrived only two hours after Titanic had sunk and rescued 705 survivors from the ship 's lifeboats . Carpathia herself was sunk on 17 July 1918 after being torpedoed by the German submarine SM U-55 off the southern Irish coast with a loss of five crew members . Contents 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Design and construction 2.2 Early service 2.3 Titanic disaster 2.4 Service in the First World War 2.5 Sinking 3 Discovery and salvage works 4 Profile 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Around 1900 , the Cunard Line faced tight competition from the British White Star Line and the German lines Norddeutscher Lloyd ( North German Lloyd ) and Hamburg America Line ( HAPAG ) . Cunard 's largest liners , as of 1898 RMS Campania and RMS Lucania , had a reputation for size and speed , both being of 12,950 gross register tons ( GRT ) and having held the `` Blue Riband '' for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic Ocean . However , Norddeutscher Lloyd 's new liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse had taken the Blue Riband from them in 1897 , while White Star was planning to place a new 17,000 - GRT liner , RMS Oceanic into service . Cunard also updated its fleet during this time , ordering three new liners , SS Ivernia , RMS Saxonia , and Carpathia . Rather than attempting to fully regain prestige by spending the additional money necessary to order liners that were fast enough to win back the Blue Riband from the German Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse or large enough to rival Oceanic in size , Cunard tried to maximize their profitability in order to remain solvent enough to fend off any takeover attempts by competing shipping conglomerate International Mercantile Marine Co ... The three new ships were not especially fast , as they were designed for the immigrant trade , but provided significant cost savings in fuel economy . The three ships became both instruments and models through which Cunard was able to successfully compete with its larger rivals -- most notably IMM 's lead company , White Star Line . Carpathia was a modified design of the Ivernia - class ships , being approximately 40 feet ( 12 m ) shorter than her `` half - sisters . '' Like her predecessors , her design was based on a long hull , a low , well - balanced superstructure , and four masts fitted with cranes , allowing for effective handling of larger amounts of cargo than was customary on an ocean liner . Carpathia was designed with a single tall smokestack funnel to carry soot and smoke well clear of passenger areas . History ( edit ) Design and construction ( edit ) RMS Carpathia was constructed by C.S. Swan & Hunter at their Newcastle upon Tyne , England shipyard for the Cunard Steamship Company , to operate between Liverpool and Boston alongside Ivernia and Saxonia . She was laid down on 10 September 1901 , and launched on 6 August 1902 , when she was christened by Miss Watson , daughter of the vice-chairman of the Cunard line . She underwent her sea trials on a voyage from the River Tyne to the River Mersey between 22 and 25 April 1903 . At the time of her launch , she was described as being 558 ft ( 170 m ) long , 64 ft 3 in ( 19.58 m ) breadth , with gross register tonnage of 12,900 . As completed her gross register tonnage had increased to more than 13,500 . She was designed with `` four complete steel decks , a steel orlop deck in Nos. 1 and 2 holds , and a bridge deck 290 ft. long for passenger , saloon and cabins '' with a boat deck above this . At the time she was launched , it was said that she was to be fitted for carrying 200 first - class and 600 third - class passengers and large quantities of frozen meat . As completed , her capacity had increased to about 1,700 passengers . Despite being an intermediate liner designed for the second and third - class trade , Carpathia 's interior accommodations were still quite comfortable and set a standard for the day . The dining saloon was described as decorated in `` cream and gold , which combine effectively with the rich upholstery and mahogany of the ... furniture ... and old gold curtains screening the ports , '' and was capped by a stained - glass dome underneath an electrical fan for ventilation . The second - class accommodations also included a walnut - paneled smoking room located in the aft deckhouse and a handsome library at the forward end of the bridge ( A ) deck . After the 1905 renovation , these spaces would be converted to first - class accommodations . Third - class accommodations on Carpathia were extraordinarily generous for the time . The third - class dining saloon extended the full width of the ship and seated 300 passengers , with `` walls paneled in polished oak and teak dado . '' Third - class also included a smoking room and ladies room located immediately forward of the dining saloon on the upper ( C ) deck , adjacent to the enclosed promenade ( or open space ) similar to the design on Ivernia and Saxonia . Officers were berthed in the forward deckhouse on the bridge ( A ) deck , above the second - class dining saloon , while the captain 's quarters was located on the boat deck immediately below the ship 's bridge . Carpathia 's lower decks were well - ventilated by means of deck ventilators , supplemented by electric fans . The ventilation systems were designed to force fresh air over coiled thermotanks , which could be fed with cool water during the summer or steam during the winter , thus heating and cooling the ship as conditions warranted . Although the ship was fully electrified with over 2,000 lamps , the ship still had backup oil lamps in the cabins when she entered service . Carpathia had seven single - ended boilers , fitted with the Howden forced draught system , working at 210 psi ( 1,400 kPa ) , which fed two independent sets of four - cylinder , four - crank , quadruple expansion engines , built by the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Company , Ltd. of Wallsend , England with cylinders of : 26 in ( 0.66 m ) , 37 in ( 0.94 m ) , 53 in ( 1.3 m ) , and 76 in ( 1.9 m ) with a stroke of 54 in ( 1.4 m ) . The engine power available allowed for an intended trial speed of 15.5 kn ( 17.8 mph ; 28.7 km / h ) . Carpathia made her maiden voyage on 5 May 1903 from Liverpool , England , to Boston , Massachusetts in the U.S.A. , and ran services between New York City , and Mediterranean ports at Gibraltar , Algiers , Naples , Trieste , and Fiume . Early service ( edit ) Although lacking the speed and grand luxury of express liners , Carpathia quickly developed a reputation as a comfortable ship , particularly in rough weather , due to her relatively wide breadth to length ratio , the use of bilge keels , and the lack of vibrations typically found in powerful engines . After Cunard partnered with the Hungarian - American Line in 1904 , Carpathia was transferred to Mediterranean duties for most of the season , and became a popular ship with American tourists as a cruise ship . As a result , Carpathia was renovated in 1905 , increasing its capacity from 1,700 passengers to 2,550 passengers while adding first - class accommodations to areas that were previously second - class . The second - class staterooms on the bridge ( A ) deck were converted to first - class , along with the library and the large dining saloon on B - deck . A second - class dining saloon was added at the aft end of B - deck , and the aft deck house on A-deck which housed the second - class smoking room was split into two rooms to accommodate the second - class ladies room . The forward deck house on A-deck , which once held officer 's quarters , was converted into the first - class smoking room , and the officer 's quarters were moved into new deckhouses adjacent to the captain 's quarters on the Boat Deck . In 1912 , her tonnage was 13,600 long tons ( 13,800 t ) , and she had a capacity of 2,450 passengers ( 250 first and second - class combined , and 2,200 third - class . She had a crew in 1912 of about 300 , including 6 officers . She carried 20 lifeboats . Titanic disaster ( edit ) Arthur Henry Rostron , R.D. , R.N.R. , as master of RMS Carpathia Carpathia departed from New York City on 11 April 1912 bound for Fiume , Austria - Hungary ( now Rijeka , Croatia ) . Among its passengers were the American painters Colin Campbell Cooper and his wife Emma , author Philip Mauro , journalists Lewis Palmer Skidmore and Carlos Fayette Hurd , with their wives , Emily Vinton Skidmore and Katherine Cordell Hurd , photographer Dr. Francis H. Blackmarr , and Charles H. Marshall , whose three nieces were travelling aboard Titanic . Also on board were Hope Brown Chapin , honeymooning youngest daughter of former governor of Rhode Island , Russell Brown , Pittsburgh architect Charles M. Hutchison and wife , Sue Eva Rule , sister of Judge Virgil Rule of the St. Louis court of appeals , as well as Louis Mansfield Ogden , Esq. , with his wife , Augusta Davies Ogden , a granddaughter of Alexander H. Rice . On the night of 14 April , Carpathia 's wireless operator , Harold Cottam , had missed previous messages from the Titanic , as he was on the bridge at the time . After his shift ended at midnight , he continued listening to the transmitter before bed , and received messages from Cape Cod , Massachusetts , stating they had private traffic for Titanic . He thought he would be helpful and at 12 : 11 a.m. on 15 April sent a message to Titanic stating that Cape Cod had traffic for them . In reply he received Titanic 's distress signal , stating that they had struck ice and were in need of immediate assistance . Cottam took the message and coordinates to the bridge , where the officers on watch were sceptical about the seriousness of the distress call . Agitated , Cottam rushed down the ladder to the captain 's cabin and awakened Captain Arthur Henry Rostron , who immediately sprang into action and `` gave the order to turn the ship around '' , and then `` asked the operator if he was absolutely sure it was a distress signal from the Titanic '' . The operator said that he had `` received a distress signal from the Titanic , requiring immediate assistance '' , gave Titanic 's position , and said that `` he was absolutely certain of the message '' . Whilst dressing , Rostron set a course for Titanic , and sent for the chief engineer and told `` him to call another watch of stokers and make all possible speed to the Titanic , as she was in trouble . '' Rostron testified that the distance to Titanic was 58 nmi ( 67 mi ; 107 km ) and took Carpathia three and a half hours . At the same time , Rostron had Carpathia 's crew prepare hot drinks and soup for the survivors , prepare the public rooms as dormitories , have doctors ready to treat any wounded survivors , and to have oil ready to pour down the lavatories to calm the water on the sides of the ship should the sea become rough . Rostron ordered the ship 's heating and hot water cut off in order to make as much steam as possible available for the engines , and had extra lookouts on watch to spot ice . Cottam , meanwhile , messaged the Titanic that Carpathia was `` coming as quickly as possible and expect to be there within four hours . '' Cottam refrained from sending more signals after this , trying to keep the air clear for Titanic 's distress signals . Carpathia reached the edge of the ice field by 2 : 45 a.m. , and for the next two hours dodged icebergs as small growlers of ice ground along the hull plates . The Carpathia arrived at the distress position at 4 : 00 a.m. , approximately an hour and a half after the Titanic went down , claiming more than 1,500 lives . For the next four and a half hours , the ship took on the 705 survivors of the disaster from Titanic 's 20 lifeboats . Survivors were given blankets and coffee , and then escorted by stewards to the dining rooms . Others went on deck to survey the ocean for any sign of their loved ones . Throughout the rescue , Carpathia 's own passengers assisted in any way that they could . By 9 : 00 , the last survivor had been picked up , and Rostron gave the order to get underway . Medal awarded to a Carpathia crew member for their part in the rescue of Titanic survivors After considering options for where to disembark the passengers , including the Azores ( the destination with the least cost to the Cunard Line ) and Halifax ( the closest port , although along an ice - laden route ) , Rostron consulted with Bruce Ismay and decided to disembark the survivors in New York . News of the Titanic disaster spread on shore , and the humble Carpathia became the center of an intense media attention as it steamed westward toward New York at 14 knots . Hundreds of wireless messages were being sent from Cape Race and other shore stations addressed to Captain Rostron from relatives of Titanic passengers and journalists demanding details in exchange for money . Rostron ordered that no news stories would be transmitted directly to the press , deferring such responsibilities to the White Star offices as Cottam provided details to Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . On Wednesday , 17 April , the scout cruiser USS Chester began escorting Carpathia to New York . Cottam , by then assisted by Titanic 's junior wireless operator Harold Bride , transmitted the names of third - class survivors to Chester . Slowed by storms and fog since the early morning of Tuesday , 16 April , Carpathia finally arrived in New York on the evening of Thursday , 18 April 1912 . For their rescue work , the crew of Carpathia were awarded medals by the survivors . Crew members were awarded bronze medals , officers silver , and Captain Rostron a silver cup and a gold medal , presented by Margaret Brown . Rostron was knighted by King George V , and was later a guest of President Taft at the White House , where he was presented with a Congressional Gold Medal , the highest honour the United States Congress could confer upon him . Service in the first World War ( edit ) During the First World War , Carpathia was used to transfer Canadian and American Expeditionary Forces to Europe . At least some of her voyages were in convoy , sailing from New York through Halifax to Liverpool and Glasgow . Among her passengers during the war years was Frank Buckles , who went on to become the last surviving American veteran of the war . Sinking ( edit ) Carpathia sinks after being struck by three torpedoes fired by U-55 west off Land 's End On 15 July 1918 , Carpathia departed Liverpool in a convoy bound for Boston carrying 57 passengers ( 36 saloon class and 21 steerage ) and 166 crew . At 9 : 15 a.m. on the morning of 17 July , while sailing in the Southwest Approaches she was torpedoed near the No. 3 hatch on the port side by the Imperial German Navy submarine U-55 , followed by a second which penetrated the engine room , killing three firemen and two trimmers . As Carpathia began to settle by the head and list to port , Captain William Prothero gave the order to abandon ship . All passengers and the surviving crew members boarded the lifeboats as the vessel sank . There were 218 survivors . U-55 surfaced and fired a third torpedo into the ship near the gunner 's rooms , resulting in a large explosion that doomed the ship . U-55 started approaching the lifeboats when the Azalea - class sloop HMS Snowdrop arrived on the scene and drove away the submarine with gunfire before picking up the survivors from Carpathia . Carpathia sank at 11 : 00 AM at a position recorded by Snowdrop as 49 ° 25 ′ N 10 ° 25 ′ W / 49.417 ° N 10.417 ° W / 49.417 ; - 10.417 , approximately 120 mi ( 190 km ) west of Fastnet . At the time of her sinking , Carpathia was the fifth Cunard steamship sunk in as many weeks ; the others being the Ascania , Ausonia , Dwinsk , and Valentia , leaving only five Cunarders afloat from the large pre-war fleet . Discovery and salvage works ( edit ) On 9 September 1999 , the Reuters and AP wire services reported that Argosy International Ltd. , headed by Graham Jessop , son of the undersea explorer Keith Jessop , and sponsored by the National Underwater and Marine Agency ( NUMA ) , had discovered Carpathia 's wreck in 600 ft ( 180 m ) of water , 185 mi ( 298 km ) west of Land 's End . Bad weather forced his ship to abandon the position before Jessop could verify the discovery using underwater cameras . However , when he returned to the location the wreck was the Hamburg - America Line 's Isis , sunk on 8 November 1936 . In 2000 , the American author and diver Clive Cussler announced that his organisation , NUMA , had found the true wreck of Carpathia in the spring of that year , at a depth of 500 ft ( 150 m ) . After the submarine attack Carpathia landed upright on the seabed . NUMA gave the approximate location of the wreck as 120 mi ( 190 km ) west of Fastnet , Ireland . The wreck is owned by Premier Exhibitions Inc. , formerly RMS Titanic Inc. , which plans to recover objects from the wreck . Profile ( edit ) Colour profile view of Carpathia as she appeared from 1903 to 1905 Gallery ( edit ) The grey - painted hull of Carpathia rests on the slipway , awaiting launch . Carpathia docked in New York following the rescue of Titanic 's survivors Margaret Brown ( right ) giving Captain Arthur Henry Rostron an award for his service in the rescue of the Titanic 's survivors Rare on - deck photo of Carpathia passengers ( circa 1914 ) unconnected with the Titanic disaster . Life boat card See also ( edit ) SS Californian , another vessel that was involved with the Titanic and perished in the First World War . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RMS Carpathia ( 1903 ) '' . www.tynebuiltships.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ N.R.P. Bonsor , North Atlantic Seaway , pp. 154 -- 55 , 1873 . Jump up ^ thegreatoceanliners.com Saxonia ( I ) 1900 -- 1925 Jump up ^ J.H. Isherwood , `` Intermediate Ship ' Saxonia ' `` , Sea Breezes 13 ( 1952 ) , p. 411 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cunard S.S. `` Carpathia '' `` , The Syren and Shipping Illustrated , p. 250 - 255 , 6 May 1903 -- via Google Books ^ Jump up to : `` A floating dock and a new Cunarder '' ( PDF ) , The Engineer , p. 136 , 8 August 1902 -- via Grace 's Guide to British Industrial History ^ Jump up to : Tikkanen , Amy ( 2 August 2016 ) , `` Carpathia , ship '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Launches at Newcastle '' . The Times ( 36840 ) . London . 7 August 1902 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Cunard Steamer Carpathia '' . The Times ( 37065 ) . London . 27 April 1903 . col F , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` SS Carpathia '' ( PDF ) , The Engineer , p. 157 , 15 August 1902 -- via Grace 's Guide to British Industrial History ^ Jump up to : `` Steamship Carpathia . '' , Marine Engineering , p. 517 , October 1903 Jump up ^ `` ( advertisement ) '' . The Times ( 37085 ) . London . 20 May 1903 . col B , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` ( advertisement ) '' . The Times ( 37267 ) . London . 18 December 1903 . col B , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Plan of the Twin - Screw Steamship Carpathia '' , 1911 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Senate Inquiry , Day 1 , Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron , cont . '' , `` Titanic '' disaster , report of the Committee on Commerce , United States Senate , pursuant to S. Res. 283 , directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner `` Titanic . '' , 19 April 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Day 15 , Testimony of Harold T. Cottam '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry . Titanic Inquiry Project . 24 May 1912 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Heath , Neil ( 20 October 2013 ) . `` The reluctant hero who took the Titanic 's distress call '' . BBC News . Nottingham . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Senate Inquiry , Day 1 , Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron . '' , `` Titanic '' disaster , report of the Committee on Commerce , United States Senate , pursuant to S. Res. 283 , directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner `` Titanic . '' , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` RMS Carpathia '' Retrieved 8 May 2014 Jump up ^ Cimino , Eric ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Carpathia 's Care for Titanic 's Survivors '' . Voyage , Journal of the Titanic International Society . 101 : 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bisset , James G.P. ( 1959 ) . Tramps and Ladies : My Early Years in Steamers . New York : Criterion Books . p. 297 . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate Inquiry , Day 1 , Testimony of Arthur H. Rostron , cont . '' , `` Titanic '' disaster , report of the Committee on Commerce , United States Senate , pursuant to S. Res. 283 , directing the committee on commerce to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner `` Titanic . '' , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Titanic Inquiry Project '' . Electronic copies of the inquiries into the disaster . Titanic Inquiry Project . 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Cimino . `` Carpathia 's Care '' : 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold Bride '' . Titanic Inquiry Project . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Gold Medal Recipients US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Official war diaries of CEF -- 27 Batt. 15 May 1915 Jump up ^ Simmons , Perez ; H. Davies , Alfred . Twentieth Engineers -- France -- 1917 -- 1918 -- 1919 ( PDF ) . Portland , Oregon : Dimm & Sons Printing Co . Twentieth Engineers Publishing Association . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/01/us/01buckles.html ^ Jump up to : `` Carpathia sunk ; 5 of crew killed ; '' ( PDF ) , The New York Times , p. 4 , 20 July 1918 Jump up ^ `` UK Titanic rescue ship ' found ' '' . BBC News . 8 September 1999 . Jump up ^ Cussler , Clive ; Delgado , James P. ( 2004 ) . Adventures of a Sea Hunter : In Search of Famous Shipwrecks . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 071 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Wreck of the Carpathia , Titanic 's Rescuer , Found '' . National Underwater and Marine Agency . 27 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2004 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 23 September 2000 ) . `` Discovery Of R.M.S. Carpathia '' . Titanic-Titanic.com . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : BBC News . `` Dive to film Titanic rescue ship '' . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Carpathia Rescue '' . National Underwater and Marine Agency . 25 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2004 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Butler , Daniel Allen . ( 2009 ) . The Other Side of the Night : The Carpathia , the Californian , and the Night the Titanic Was Lost . Philadelphia : Casemate . Eaton , John P. and Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Compan. , 2nd ed . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carpathia ( ship , 1903 ) . Carpathia on thegreatoceanliners.com Biography of Captain Rostron RMS Carpathia at sorbie.net RMS Carpathia official page on Facebook BBC News video describing a diving exploration of the ship Ships of the Cunard Line Current fleet 2004 RMS Queen Mary 2 2007 MS Queen Victoria 2010 MS Queen Elizabeth Former ships 1840 -- 1994 1840 RMS Britannia 1856 RMS Persia 1865 SS Java 1862 RMS Scotia 1870 SS Abyssinia 1870 SS Parthia 1878 SS Aleppo 1881 SS Servia 1881 SS Catalonia 1882 RMS Aurania 1884 RMS Etruria 1884 RMS Umbria 1892 RMS Campania 1893 RMS Lucania 1898 SS Ultonia 1899 SS Ivernia 1899 RMS Saxonia 1903 RMS Carpathia 1904 RMS Slavonia 1905 RMS Carmania 1905 RMS Caronia 1907 RMS Lusitania 1907 RMS Mauretania 1910 RMS Franconia 1911 RMS Albania 1912 RMS Laconia 1913 RMS Alaunia 1913 RMS Aquitania 1914 SS Orduna 1918 SS Empire Barracuda 1920 RMS Lancastria 1920 RMS Samaria 1921 RMS Antonia 1921 RMS Ausonia 1921 RMS Andania 1921 RMS Scythia 1922 RMS Andania 1922 RMS Berengaria 1922 RMS Franconia 1922 RMS Laconia 1922 RMS Majestic 1923 RMS Ascania 1924 RMS Aurania 1924 SS Letitia 1925 RMS Carinthia 1927 SS Laurentic 1929 MV Britannic 1934 MV Georgic 1934 RMS Olympic 1936 RMS Queen Mary 1939 RMS Mauretania 1939 SS Pasteur 1939 MV Empire Audacity 1940 RMS Queen Elizabeth 1943 SS Empire Battleaxe 1943 SS Empire Broadsword 1943 SS Valacia 1945 MV Empire Ettrick 1947 RMS Media 1947 RMS Parthia 1949 RMS Caronia 1954 RMS Saxonia 1955 RMS Ivernia 1956 RMS Carinthia 1957 RMS Sylvania 1969 MS Queen Elizabeth 2 1971 MS Cunard Adventurer 1972 MS Cunard Ambassador 1975 MS Cunard Countess 1976 MS Cunard Princess 1980 SS Atlantic Conveyor 1983 MS Sagafjord 1983 MS Caronia 1994 MS Royal Viking Sun Years indicate year of entry into Cunard service . Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in July 1918 Shipwrecks 2 Jul : USS Covington 4 Jul : SM U-20 5 Jul : Columbia 12 Jul : Kawachi 14 Jul : SM UC - 77 , Djemnah , Waitemata 17 Jul : Carpathia 19 Jul : Australien , USS San Diego , SM UB - 110 20 Jul : HMS E34 , Justicia , SM UB - 124 24 Jul : HMS Pincher Unknown date : USS Oosterdijk , SM UB - 65 , SM UB - 108 Other incidents 1 Jul : USS Covington 6 Jul : HMS C25 19 Jul : Justicia 23 Jul : HMT Boorara , USS N - 3 Unknown date : San Jacinto 1917 1918 1919 June 1918 August 1918 RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Roderick Chisholm Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors ( last living ) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay - Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard Coordinates : 49 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 19 ° 46 ′ 00 '' W / 49.4667 ° N 19.7667 ° W / 49.4667 ; - 19.7667 GND : 4651896 - 4 LCCN : n86134026 VIAF : 149010400 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Carpathia&oldid=852573474 '' Categories : Ships of the Cunard Line Steamships of the United Kingdom Passenger ships of the United Kingdom RMS Titanic Ships built on the River Tyne Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean 1902 ships Maritime incidents in 1918 Shipwrecks of Ireland Ships built by Swan Hunter Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the carpathia arrive in new york	[ "After considering options for where to disembark the passengers, including the Azores (the destination with the least cost to the Cunard Line) and Halifax (the closest port, although along an ice-laden route), Rostron consulted with Bruce Ismay and decided to disembark the survivors in New York. News of the Titanic disaster spread on shore, and the humble Carpathia became the center of an intense media attention as it steamed westward toward New York at 14 knots. Hundreds of wireless messages were being sent from Cape Race and other shore stations addressed to Captain Rostron from relatives of Titanic passengers and journalists demanding details in exchange for money.[21] Rostron ordered that no news stories would be transmitted directly to the press, deferring such responsibilities to the White Star offices as Cottam provided details to Titanic's sister ship, Olympic. On Wednesday, 17 April, the scout cruiser USS Chester began escorting Carpathia to New York. Cottam, by then assisted by Titanic's junior wireless operator Harold Bride, transmitted the names of third-class survivors to Chester. Slowed by storms and fog since the early morning of Tuesday, 16 April, Carpathia finally arrived in New York on the evening of Thursday, 18 April 1912.[25]\n" ]	[ "Thursday, 18 April 1912" ]
6713219127550331938	Free will in theology	Free will in theology - wikipedia Free will in theology Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the theological questions of free will . For other uses , see Free will ( disambiguation ) . Free will in theology is an important part of the debate on free will in general . Religions vary greatly in their response to the standard argument against free will and thus might appeal to any number of responses to the paradox of free will , the claim that omniscience and free will are incompatible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Common defenses 3 Christianity 3.1 Free will in the Bible 3.2 Roman Catholicism 3.3 Orthodox Christianity 3.3. 1 Oriental Orthodox 3.3. 2 Eastern Orthodox 3.4 Differences of view between Catholic and Orthodox Churches 3.5 Protestant 3.5. 1 Arminianism 3.5. 2 Lutheranism 3.5. 3 God and creation 3.5. 4 Predestination 3.5. 5 Anabaptism 3.5. 6 Calvinism 3.5. 7 Comparison of Protestants 3.6 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints 3.7 New Church 4 Hinduism 4.1 Different approaches 5 Islam 6 Judaism 6.1 Free will and creation 6.2 The paradox of free will 6.3 Alternate approaches 6.4 Kabbalistic thought 7 See also 8 References and notes 9 External links 9.1 General 9.2 Christian material 9.3 Jewish material Overview ( edit ) Main article : Argument from free will The theological doctrine of divine foreknowledge is often alleged to be in conflict with free will , particularly in Calvinistic circles : if God knows exactly what will happen ( right down to every choice a person makes ) , it would seem that the `` freedom '' of these choices is called into question . This problem is related to the Aristotelian problem of the sea battle : tomorrow either there will or will not be a sea battle . According to the Law of excluded middle , there seems to be two options . If there will be sea battle , then it seems that it was true even yesterday that there would be one . Thus it is necessary that the sea battle will occur . If there will not be one , then , by similar reasoning , it is necessary that it will not occur . That means that the future , whatever it is , is completely fixed by past truths : true propositions about the future ( a deterministic conclusion is reached : things could not have been any other way ) . However , some philosophers follow William of Ockham in holding that necessity and possibility are defined with respect to a given point in time and a given matrix of empirical circumstances , and so something that is merely possible from the perspective of one observer may be necessary from the perspective of an omniscient . Some philosophers follow Philo in holding that free will is a feature of a human 's soul , and thus that non-human animals lack free will . Common defenses ( edit ) Jewish philosophy stresses that free will is a product of the intrinsic human soul , using the word neshama ( from the Hebrew root n. sh. m. or . נ. ש. מ meaning `` breath '' ) , but the ability to make a free choice is through Yechida ( from Hebrew word `` yachid '' , יחיד , singular ) , the part of the soul that is united with God , the only being that is not hindered by or dependent on cause and effect ( thus , freedom of will does not belong to the realm of the physical reality , and inability of natural philosophy to account for it is expected ) . In Islam , the theological issue is not usually how to reconcile free will with God 's foreknowledge but with God 's jabr or divine commanding power . al - Ash'ari developed an `` acquisition '' or `` dual - agency '' form of compatibilism , in which human free will and divine jabr were both asserted , and which became a cornerstone of the dominant Ash'ari position . In Shia Islam , Ash'aris understanding of a higher balance toward predestination is challenged by most theologists . Free will , according to Islamic doctrine is the main factor for man 's accountability in his / her actions throughout life . All actions taken by man 's free will are said to be counted on the Day of Judgement because they are his / her own and not God 's . The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard claimed that divine omnipotence can not be separated from divine goodness . As a truly omnipotent and good being , God could create beings with true freedom over God . Furthermore , God would voluntarily do so because `` the greatest good ... which can be done for a being , greater than anything else that one can do for it , is to be truly free . '' Alvin Plantinga 's `` free will defense '' is a contemporary expansion of this theme , adding how God , free will , and evil are consistent . Christianity ( edit ) Free will in the Bible ( edit ) The biblical ground for free will lies in the '' Fall '' into sin by Adam and Eve that occurred in their `` willfully chosen '' disobedience to God . `` Freedom '' and ' free will '' can be treated as one because the two terms are commonly used as synonyms . However , there are widespread disagreements in definitions of the two terms . Because of these disagreements , Mortimer Adler found that a delineation of three kinds of freedom is necessary for clarity on the subject , as follows : ( 1 ) Circumstantial freedom is `` freedom from coercion or restraint '' that prevents acting as one wills . In the Bible , circumstantial freedom was given to the Israelites ' in The Exodus from slavery in Egypt . ( 2 ) Natural freedom ( a.k.a. volitional freedom ) is freedom to determine one 's own `` decisions or plans . '' Natural freedom is inherent in all people , in all circumstances , and `` without regard to any state of mind or character which they may or may not acquire in the course of their lives . '' The Bible , paralleling Adler , views all humanity as naturally possessing the `` free choice of the will . '' If `` free will '' is taken to mean unconstrained and voluntary choice , the Bible assumes that all people , unregenerate and regenerate , possess it . For examples , `` free will '' is taught in Matthew 23 : 37 and Revelation 22 : 17 . ( 3 ) Acquired freedom is freedom `` to live as ( one ) ought to live , '' a freedom that requires a transformation whereby a person acquires a righteous , holy , healthy , etc. `` state of mind or character . '' The Bible testifies to the need for acquired freedom because no one `` is free for obedience and faith till he is freed from sin 's dominion . '' People possess natural freedom but their `` voluntary choices '' serve sin until they acquire freedom from `` sin 's dominion . '' The New Bible Dictionary denotes this acquired freedom for `` obedience and faith '' as `` free will '' in a theological sense . Therefore , in biblical thinking , an acquired freedom from being `` enslaved to sin '' is needed `` to live up to Jesus ' commandments to love God and love neighbor . '' Jesus told his hearers that they needed to be made `` free indeed '' ( John 8 : 36 ) . `` Free indeed ( ontós ) '' means `` truly free '' or `` really free , '' as it is in some translations . Being made `` free indeed '' means freedom from `` bondage to sin . '' This acquired freedom is `` freedom to serve the Lord . '' Being `` free indeed '' ( i.e. , true freedom ) comes by `` God 's changing our nature '' to free us from being `` slaves to sin . '' and endowing us with `` the freedom to choose to be righteous . '' Mark R. Talbot , a `` classical Christian theist , '' views this acquired `` compatibilist freedom '' as the freedom that `` Scripture portrays as worth having . '' Open theism denies that classical theism 's compatibilist `` freedom to choose to be righteous without the possibility of choosing otherwise . '' qualifies as true freedom . For open theism , true libertarian freedom is incompatibilist freedom . Regardless of factors , a person has the freedom to choose opposite alternatives . In open theist William Hasker 's words , regarding any action it is always `` within the agent 's power to perform the action and also in the agent 's power to refrain from the action . '' Although open theism generally contradicts classical theism 's `` freedom to choose to be righteous without the possibility of choosing otherwise , '' Hasker allows that Jesus possessed and humans in heaven will possess such a freedom . Regarding Jesus , Hasker views Jesus as `` a free agent , '' but he also thinks that `` it was not really possible '' that Jesus would `` abort the mission . '' Regarding heaven , Hasker foresees that as the result of our choice we will be `` unable to sin '' because all sinful impulses will be gone . Roman Catholicism ( edit ) Theologians of the Roman Catholic Church universally embrace the idea of free will , but generally do not view free will as existing apart from or in contradiction to grace . St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas wrote extensively on free will , with Augustine focusing on the importance of free will in his responses to the Manichaeans , and also on the limitations of a concept of unlimited free will as denial of grace , in his refutations of Pelagius . The Catechism of the Catholic Church asserts that `` Freedom is the power , rooted in reason and will '' . It goes on to say that `` God created man a rational being , conferring on him the dignity of a person who can initiate and control his own actions . God willed that man should be ' left in the hand of his own counsel , ' so that he might of his own accord seek his Creator and freely attain his full and blessed perfection by cleaving to him . '' '' The section concludes with the role that grace plays , `` By the working of grace the Holy Spirit educates us in spiritual freedom in order to make us free collaborators in his work in the Church and in the world . '' Latin Christianity 's views on free will and grace are often contrasted with predestination in Reformed Protestant Christianity , especially after the Counter-Reformation , but in understanding differing conceptions of free will it is just as important to understand the differing conceptions of the nature of God , focusing on the idea that God can be all - powerful and all - knowing even while people continue to exercise free will , because God transcends time . The papal encyclical on human freedom , Libertas Praestantissimum by Pope Leo XIII ( 1888 ) , seems to leave the question unresolved as to the relation between free will and determinism : whether the correct notion is the compatibilist one or the libertarian one . The quotations supporting compatibilism include the one from St. Thomas ( footnote 4 ) near the end of paragraph 6 , regarding the cause of evil ( `` Whereas , when he sins , he acts in opposition to reason , is moved by another , and is the victim of foreign misapprehensions '' ) , and a similar passus suggesting a natural , cause - and - effect function of human will ( `` harmony with his natural inclinations '' , `` Creator of will '' , `` by whom all things are moved in conformity with their nature '' ) near the end of paragraph 8 ( when considering the problem of how grace can have effects on free will ) . On the other hand , metaphysical libertarianism -- at least as a sort of possibility of reversing the direction of one 's acting -- is suggested by the reference to the well - known philosophical term metaphysical freedom at the beginning of paragraph 3 and , to an extent , a contrasting comparison of animals , which always act `` of necessity '' , with human liberty , by means of which one can `` either act or not act , do this or do that '' . Critique that seems more or less to support popular incompatibilistic views can be found in some papal documents especially in the 20th century , no explicit condemnation , however , of causal determinism in its most generic form can be found there . More often these documents focus on condemnation of physicalism / materialism and the stressing of significance of belief in soul , as a non-physical indivisible substance equipped with intellect and will , which decides human proceeding in a ( perhaps imprecise ) way . Orthodox Christianity ( edit ) Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) The concept of free will is also of vital importance in the Oriental ( or non-Chalcedonian ) Churches , those in communion with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . As in Judaism , free will is regarded as axiomatic . Everyone is regarded as having a free choice as to in what measure he or she will follow his or her conscience or arrogance , these two having been appointed for each individual . The more one follows one 's conscience , the more it brings one good results , and the more one follows one 's arrogance , the more it brings one bad results . Following only one 's arrogance is sometimes likened to the dangers of falling into a pit while walking in pitch darkness , without the light of conscience to illuminate the path . Very similar doctrines have also found written expression in the Dead Sea Scrolls `` Manual of Discipline '' , and in some religious texts possessed by the Beta Israel Jews of Ethiopia . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern ( or Chalcedonian ) Orthodox Church espouses a belief different from the Lutheran , Calvinist , and Arminian Protestant views . The difference is in the interpretation of original sin , alternatively known as `` ancestral sin , '' where the Orthodox do not believe in total depravity . The Orthodox reject the Pelagian view that the original sin did not damage human nature ; they accept that the human nature is depraved , but despite man 's fallenness the divine image he bears has not been destroyed . The Orthodox Church holds to the teaching of synergy ( συνεργός , meaning working together ) , which says that man has the freedom to , and must if he wants to be saved , choose to accept and work with the grace of God . St. John Cassian , a 4th - century Church Father and pupil of St. John Chrysostom , articulated this view and all the Eastern Fathers embraced it . He taught that `` Divine grace is necessary to enable a sinner to return unto God and live , yet man must first , of himself , desire and attempt to choose and obey God '' , and that `` Divine grace is indispensable for salvation , but it does not necessarily need to precede a free human choice , because , despite the weakness of human volition , the will can take the initiative toward God . '' . Some Orthodox Christians use the parable of a drowning man to plainly illustrate the teaching of synergy : God from the ship throws a rope to a drowning man , pulls him up , saving him , and the man , if he wants to be saved , must hold on tightly to the rope ; explaining both that salvation is a gift from God and man can not save himself , and that man must co-work ( syn - ergo ) with God in the process of salvation . Fyodor Dostoevsky , the Russian Orthodox Christian novelist , suggested many arguments for and against free will . Famous arguments are found in `` The Grand Inquisitor '' chapter in The Brothers Karamazov , and in his work Notes from Underground . He also developed an argument that suicide , if irrational , is actually a validation of free will ( see Kirilov in the Demons ) novel . As for the argument presented in The Brothers Karamazov 's section `` The Rebellion '' that the suffering of innocents was not worth the price of free will , Dostoevsky appears to propose the idea of apocatastasis ( or universal reconciliation ) as one possible rational solution . Roman Catholic teaching Illustrating as it does that the human part in salvation ( represented by holding on to the rope ) must be preceded and accompanied by grace ( represented by the casting and drawing of the rope ) , the image of the drowning man holding on to the rope cast and drawn by his rescuer corresponds closely to Catholic teaching , which holds that God , who `` destined us in love to be his sons '' and `` to be conformed to the image of his Son '' , includes in his eternal plan of `` predestination '' each person 's free response to his grace . The Roman Catholic Church holds to the teaching that `` by free will , ( the human person ) is capable of directing himself toward his true good ... man is endowed with freedom , an outstanding manifestation of the divine image ' . '' Man has free will either to accept or reject the grace of God , so that for salvation `` there is a kind of interplay , or synergy , between human freedom and divine grace '' . `` Justification establishes cooperation between God 's grace and man 's freedom . On man 's part it is expressed by the assent of faith to the Word of God , which invites him to conversion , and in the cooperation of charity with the prompting of the Holy Spirit who precedes and preserves his assent : ' When God touches man 's heart through the illumination of the Holy Spirit , man himself is not inactive while receiving that inspiration , since he could reject it ; and yet , without God 's grace , he can not by his own free will move himself toward justice in God 's sight ' ( Council of Trent ) . '' God has freely chosen to associate man with the work of his grace . the fatherly action of God is first on his own initiative , and then follows man 's free acting through his collaboration . For Catholics , therefore , human cooperation with grace is essential . When God establishes his eternal plan of ' predestination ' , he includes in it each person 's free response to his grace , whether it is positive or negative : `` In this city , in fact , both Herod and Pontius Pilate , with the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel , gathered together against your holy servant Jesus , whom you anointed , to do whatever your hand and your plan had predestined to take place '' ( Acts 4 : 27 - 28 ) . The initiative comes from God , but it demands a free response from man : `` God has freely chosen to associate man with the work of his grace . the fatherly action of God is first on his own initiative , and then follows man 's free acting through his collaboration '' . `` Since the initiative belongs to God in the order of grace , no one can merit the initial grace of forgiveness and justification , at the beginning of conversion . Moved by the Holy Spirit and by charity , we can then merit for ourselves and for others the graces needed for our sanctification , for the increase of grace and charity , and for the attainment of eternal life . '' Orthodox criticism of Roman Catholic theology Orthodox theologian Vladimir Lossky has stated that the teaching of John Cassian , who in the East is considered a witness to Tradition , but who `` was unable to make himself correctly understood '' , `` was interpreted , on the rational plane , as a semi-pelagianism , and was condemned in the West '' . Where the Catholic Church defends the concept of faith and free will these are questioned in the East by the conclusions of the Second Council of Orange . This council is not accepted by the Eastern churches and the Catholic Church 's use of describing their position and St Cassian as Semi-Pelagian is also rejected . Although the Roman Catholic Church explicitly teaches that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' , some Eastern Orthodox nevertheless claim that Roman Catholicism professes the teaching , which they attribute to Saint Augustine , that everyone bears not only the consequence , but also the guilt of Adam 's sin . Differences of view between Catholic and Orthodox churches ( edit ) Various Roman Catholic theologians identify Cassian as a teacher of the semipelagian heresy which was condemned by the Council of Orange . While the Orthodox do not apply the term semipelagian to their theology , they criticize the Catholics for rejecting Cassian whom they accept as fully orthodox , and for holding that human consent to God 's justifying action is itself an effect of grace , a position shared by Eastern Orthodox theologian Georges Florovsky , who says that the Eastern Orthodox Church `` always understood that God initiates , accompanies , and completes everything in the process of salvation '' , rejecting instead the Calvinist idea of irresistible grace . Recently , some Catholic theologians have argued that Cassian 's writings should not be considered semipelagian . And scholars of other denominations too have concluded that Cassian 's thought `` is not Semi-Pelagian '' , and that he instead taught that `` salvation is , from beginning to end , the effect of God 's grace '' and held that `` God 's grace , not human free will , is responsible for ' everything which pertains to salvation ' - even faith . '' The Orthodox Church holds to the teaching of synergy ( συνεργός , meaning working together ) , which says that man has the freedom to , and must if he wants to be saved , choose to accept and work with the grace of God . Once baptised the experience of his salvation and relationship with God is called theosis . Mankind has free will to accept or reject the grace of God . Rejection of the gifts of God is called blasphemy of the Holy Spirit ( gifts of grace , faith , life ) . The first who defined this teaching was John Cassian , 4th - century Church Father , and a pupil of John Chrysostom , and all Eastern Fathers accept it . He taught that `` Divine grace is necessary to enable a sinner to return unto God and live , yet man must first , of himself , desire and attempt to choose and obey God '' , and that `` Divine grace is indispensable for salvation , but it does not necessarily need to precede a free human choice , because , despite the weakness of human volition , the will can take the initiative toward God . '' . Some Orthodox use the parable of a drowning man to plainly illustrate the teaching of synergy : God from the ship throws a rope to a drowning man , pulls him up , saving him , and the man . If he wants to be saved , man must hold on tightly to the rope . Explaining both that salvation is a gift from God and man can not save himself . That man must co-work ( syn - ergo ) with God in the process of salvation . As God does not predestine persons to eternal life , rather because he is God , he can see who will ultimately choose or not choose to follow him . Protestant ( edit ) Arminianism ( edit ) Main article : History of Calvinist -- Arminian debate Christians who were influenced by the teachings of Jacobus Arminius ( such as Methodists ) believe that while God is all - knowing and always knows what choices each person will make , and he still gives them the ability to choose or not choose everything , regardless of whether there are any internal or external factors contributing to that choice . Like John Calvin , Arminius affirmed total depravity , but Arminius believed that only prevenient grace allowed people to choose salvation : Concerning grace and free will , this is what I teach according to the Scriptures and orthodox consent : Free will is unable to begin or to perfect any true and spiritual good , without grace ... This grace ( prœvenit ) goes before , accompanies , and follows ; it excites , assists , operates that we will , and co operates lest we will in vain . Prevenient grace is divine grace which precedes human decision . It exists prior to and without reference to anything humans may have done . As humans are corrupted by the effects of sin , prevenient grace allows persons to engage their God - given free will to choose the salvation offered by God in Jesus Christ or to reject that salvific offer . Thomas Jay Oord offers perhaps the most cogent free will theology presupposing prevenient grace . What he calls `` essential kenosis '' says God acts preveniently to give freedom / agency to all creatures . This gift comes from God 's eternal essence , and is therefore necessary . God remains free in choosing how to love , but the fact that God loves and therefore gives freedom / agency to others is a necessary part of what it means to be divine . This view is backed in the Bible with verses such as Luke 13 : 34 , NKJV O Jerusalem , Jerusalem , the one who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her ! How often I wanted to gather your children together , as a hen gathers her brood under her wings , but you were not willing ! '' Here we see Jesus lamenting that He is unable to save Jerusalem as they are not willing . We see that whilst Jesus wants to save Jerusalem He respects their choice to continue on in sin despite His will that they be saved . Lutheranism ( edit ) Main article : Lutheranism Lutherans believe that although humans have free will concerning civil righteousness , they can not work spiritual righteousness without the Holy Spirit , since righteousness in the heart can not be wrought in the absence of the Holy Spirit . In other words , humanity is free to choose and act in every regard except for the choice of salvation . Lutherans also teach that sinners , while capable of doing works that are outwardly `` good , '' are not capable of doing works that satisfy God 's justice . Every human thought and deed is infected with sin and sinful motives . For Luther himself , in his Bondage of the Will , people are by nature endowed with free - will / free choice in regard to `` goods and possessions '' with which a person `` has the right of using , acting , and omitting according to his Free - will . '' However , in `` God - ward '' things pertaining to `` salvation or damnation '' people are in bondage `` either to the will of God , or to the will of Satan . '' As found in Paul Althaus ' study of Luther 's theology , sin 's infection of every human thought and deed began with Adam 's fall into sin , the Original Sin . Adam 's fall was a `` terrible example '' of what `` free will '' will do unless God constantly motivates it to virtuous behavior . Humanity inherits Adam 's sin . Thus , in our `` natural condition , '' we have an inborn desire to sin because that is the person we are by birth . As Luther noted , `` Adam sinned willingly and freely and from him a will to sin has been born into us so that we can not sin innocently but only voluntarily . '' The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated `` free - will '' by Henry Cole and `` free will '' remains in general use . However , the Rupp / Watson study of Luther and Erasmus chose `` free choice '' as the translation and provided a rationale . Luther used `` free choice '' ( or `` free - will '' ) to denote the fact that humans act `` spontaneously '' and with `` a desirous willingness . '' He also allowed `` Free - will '' as that `` power '' by which humans `` can be caught by the Spirit '' of God . However , he deplored the use of the term `` Free - will '' because it is too `` grand , copious , and full . '' Therefore , Luther held that the inborn faculty of `` willingness '' should be `` called by some other term . '' Although our wills are a function of and are in bondage to our inherited sinful desires , Luther insisted that we sin `` voluntarily . '' Voluntarily means that we sin of our own free will . We will to do what we desire . As long as we desire sin , our wills are only free for sin . This is Luther 's `` bondage of the will '' to sin . The sinner 's `` will is bound , but it is and remains his will . He repeatedly and voluntarily acts according to it . '' So it is , to be set free from sin and for righteousness requires a `` rebirth through faith . '' A rebirth of faith gives `` true freedom from sin , '' which is , wrote Luther , `` a liberty ( freedom ) to do good . '' To use a biblical word important to Luther , to be set free from sin and for righteousness requires a metanoia . Luther used Jesus ' image of the good and bad trees to depict the necessity of changing the person to change what a person wills and does . In Jesus ' image , `` a good tree can not bear bad fruit , and a bad tree can not bear good fruit '' ( Matthew 7 : 18 ) . Like the bad tree that can only produce bad fruit , before a rebirth through faith , people are in bondage to the sinful desires of their hearts . They can only will to do sin , albeit `` spontaneously and with a desirous willingness . '' Given his view of the human condition , Luther concluded that , without a rebirth , the `` free choice '' that all humans possess is `` not free at all '' because it can not of itself free itself from its inherent bondage to sin . Thus , Luther distinguished between different kinds of freedom : ( a ) by nature , a freedom to act as we will and ( b ) by rebirth through faith , a freedom to act righteously . God and creation ( edit ) Orthodox Lutheran theology holds that God made the world , including humanity , perfect , holy and sinless . However , Adam and Eve chose to disobey God , trusting in their own strength , knowledge , and wisdom . Consequently , people are saddled with original sin , born sinful and unable to avoid committing sinful acts . For Lutherans , original sin is the `` chief sin , a root and fountainhead of all actual sins . '' According to Lutherans , God preserves his creation , in doing so cooperates with everything that happens , and guides the universe . While God cooperates with both good and evil deeds , with evil deeds he does so only inasmuch as they are deeds , but not with the evil in them . God concurs with an act 's effect , but he does not cooperate in the corruption of an act or the evil of its effect . Lutherans believe everything exists for the sake of the Christian Church , and that God guides everything for its welfare and growth . Predestination ( edit ) Lutherans believe that the elect are predestined to salvation . Lutherans believe Christians should be assured that they are among the predestined . Lutherans believe that all who trust in Jesus alone can be certain of their salvation , for it is in Christ 's work and his promises in which their certainty lies . According to Lutheranism , the central final hope of the Christian is `` the resurrection of the body and the life everlasting '' as confessed in the Apostles ' Creed rather than predestination . Conversion or regeneration in the strict sense of the term is the work of divine grace and power by which man , born of the flesh , and void of all power to think , to will , or to do any good thing , and dead in sin is , through the gospel and holy baptism , taken from a state of sin and spiritual death under God 's wrath into a state of spiritual life of faith and grace , rendered able to will and to do what is spiritually good and , especially , led to accept the benefits of the redemption which is in Christ Jesus . Lutherans disagree with those that make predestination the source of salvation rather than Christ 's suffering , death , and resurrection . Lutherans reject the Calvinist doctrine of the perseverance of the saints . Like both Calvinist camps , Lutherans view the work of salvation as monergistic in that `` the natural ( that is , corrupted and divinely unrenewed ) powers of man can not do anything or help towards salvation '' ( Formula of Concord : Solid Declaration , art . ii , par . 71 ) , and Lutherans go further along the same lines as the Free Grace advocates to say that the recipient of saving grace need not cooperate with it . Hence , Lutherans believe that a true Christian ( that is , a genuine recipient of saving grace ) can lose his or her salvation , `` ( b ) ut the cause is not as though God were unwilling to grant grace for perseverance to those in whom He has begun the good work ... ( but that these persons ) wilfully turn away ... '' ( Formula of Concord : Solid Declaration , art . xi , par . 42 ) . Unlike Calvinists , Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation . Instead , Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever 's sins , rejection of the forgiveness of sins , and unbelief . Anabaptism ( edit ) The Anabaptist movement was characterized by the fundamental belief in the free will of man . Many earlier movements such as Waldensians and others likewise held this viewpoint . Denominations today representing this view include Old Order Mennonites , Amish , and Conservative Mennonites . Calvinism ( edit ) Main article : Calvinism John Calvin ascribed `` free will '' to all people in the sense that they act `` voluntarily , and not by compulsion . '' He elaborated his position by allowing `` that man has choice and that it is self - determined '' and that his actions stem from `` his own voluntary choosing . '' The free will that Calvin ascribed to all people is what Mortimer Adler calls the `` natural freedom '' of the will . This freedom to will what one desires is inherent in all people . Calvin held this kind of inherent / natural free will in disesteem because unless people acquire the freedom to live as they ought by being transformed , they will desire and voluntarily choose to sin . `` Man is said to have free will , '' wrote Calvin , `` because he acts voluntarily , and not by compulsion . This is perfectly true : but why should so small a matter have been dignified with so proud a title ? '' The glitch in this inherent / natural freedom of the will is that although all people have the `` faculty of willing , '' by nature they are unavoidably ( and yet voluntarily without compulsion ) under `` the bondage of sin . '' The kind of free will that Calvin esteems is what Adler calls `` acquired freedom '' of the will , the freedom / ability `` to live as ( one ) ought . '' To possess acquired free will requires a change by which a person acquires a desire to live a life marked by virtuous qualities . As Calvin describes the change required for acquired freedom , the will `` must be wholly transformed and renovated . '' Calvin depicts this transformation as `` a new heart and a new spirit ( Ezek. 18 : 31 ) . '' It sets one free from `` bondage to sin '' and enables `` piety towards God , and love towards men , general holiness and purity of life . '' Calvinist Protestants embrace the idea of predestination , namely , that God chose who would be saved and who would be not saved prior to the creation . They quote Ephesians 1 : 4 `` For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight '' and also 2 : 8 `` For it is by grace you are saved , through faith , and this not of yourselves , it is the gift of God . '' One of the strongest defenders of this theological point of view was the American Puritan preacher and theologian Jonathan Edwards . Edwards believed that indeterminism was incompatible with individual dependence on God and hence with his sovereignty . He reasoned that if individuals ' responses to God 's grace are contra - causally free , then their salvation depends partly on them and therefore God 's sovereignty is not `` absolute and universal . '' Edwards ' book Freedom of the Will defends theological determinism . In this book , Edwards attempts to show that libertarianism is incoherent . For example , he argues that by ' self - determination ' the libertarian must mean either that one 's actions including one 's acts of willing are preceded by an act of free will or that one 's acts of will lack sufficient causes . The first leads to an infinite regress while the second implies that acts of will happen accidentally and hence ca n't make someone `` better or worse , any more than a tree is better than other trees because it oftener happens to be lit upon by a swan or nightingale ; or a rock more vicious than other rocks , because rattlesnakes have happened oftener to crawl over it . '' It should not be thought that this view completely denies freedom of choice , however . It claims that man is free to act on his strongest moral impulse and volition , which is externally determined , but is not free to act contrary to them , or to alter them . Proponents , such as John L. Girardeau , have indicated their belief that moral neutrality is impossible ; that even if it were possible , and one were equally inclined to contrary options , one could make no choice at all ; that if one is inclined , however slightly , toward one option , then that person will necessarily choose that one over any others . Some non-Calvinist Christians attempt a reconciliation of the dual concepts of predestination and free will by pointing to the situation of God as Christ . In taking the form of a man , a necessary element of this process was that Jesus Christ lived the existence of a mortal . When Jesus was born he was not born with the omniscient power of God the Creator , but with the mind of a human child - yet he was still God in essence . The precedent this creates is that God is able to will the abandonment of His knowledge , or ignore knowledge , while remaining fully God . Thus it is not inconceivable that although omniscience demands that God knows what the future holds for individuals , it is within his power to deny this knowledge in order to preserve individual free will . Other theologians argue that the Calvinist - Edwardsean view suggests that if all human volitions are predetermined by God , then all actions dictated by fallen will of man necessarily satisfy His sovereign decree . Hence , it is impossible to act outside of God 's perfect will , a conclusion some non-Calvinists claim poses a serious problem for ethics and moral theology . An early proposal toward such a reconciliation states that God is , in fact , not aware of future events , but rather , being eternal , He is outside time , and sees the past , present , and future as one whole creation . Consequently , it is not as though God would know `` in advance '' that Jeffrey Dahmer would become guilty of homicide years prior to the event as an example , but that He was aware of it from all eternity , viewing all time as a single present . This was the view offered by Boethius in Book V of The Consolation of Philosophy . Calvinist theologian Loraine Boettner argued that the doctrine of divine foreknowledge does not escape the alleged problems of divine foreordination . He wrote that `` what God foreknows must , in the very nature of the case , be as fixed and certain as what is foreordained ; and if one is inconsistent with the free agency of man , the other is also . Foreordination renders the events certain , while foreknowledge presupposes that they are certain . '' ( 6 ) Some Christian theologians , feeling the bite of this argument , have opted to limit the doctrine of foreknowledge if not do away with it altogether , thus forming a new school of thought , similar to Socinianism and process theology , called open theism . Comparison of Protestants ( edit ) This table summarizes three classical Protestant beliefs about free will . John Calvin Martin Luther Jacob Arminius For Calvin , humanity possesses `` free will , '' but it is in bondage to sin , unless it is `` transformed . '' For Luther , humanity possesses free - will / free choice in regard to `` goods and possessions , '' but regarding `` salvation or damnation '' people are in bondage either to God or Satan . '' For Arminius , humanity possesses freedom from necessity , but not `` freedom from sin '' unless enabled by `` prevenient grace . '' Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day saints ( edit ) Main article : Agency ( LDS Church ) Mormons or Latter - day Saints , believe that God has given all humans the gift of moral agency . Moral agency includes free will and agency . Proper exercise of unfettered choice leads to the ultimate goal of returning to God 's presence . Having the choice to do right or wrong was important , because God wants a society of a certain type -- those that comply with eternal laws . Before this Earth was created , this dispute over agency rose to the level that there was a `` war in heaven . '' Lucifer ( who favored no agency ) and his followers were cast out of heaven for rebelling against God 's will . Many Mormon leaders have also taught that the battle in Heaven over agency is now being carried out on earth , where dictators , influenced by Satan , fight against freedom ( or free agency ) in governments contrary to the will of God . Mormons also believe in a limited form of foreordination -- not in deterministic , unalterable decrees , but rather in callings from God for individuals to perform specific missions in mortality . Those who are foreordained can reject the foreordination , either outright or by transgressing the laws of God and becoming unworthy to fulfill the call . New Church ( edit ) The New Church , or Swedenborgianism , teaches that every person has complete freedom to choose heaven or hell . Emanuel Swedenborg , upon whose writings the New Church is founded , argued that if God is love itself , people must have free will . If God is love itself , then He desires no harm to come to anyone : and so it is impossible that he would predestine anyone to hell . On the other hand , if God is love itself , then He must love things outside of Himself ; and if people do not have the freedom to choose evil , they are simply extensions of God , and He can not love them as something outside of Himself . In addition , Swedenborg argues that if a person does not have free will to choose goodness and faith , then all of the commandments in the Bible to love God and the neighbor are worthless , since no one can choose to do them - and it is impossible that a God who is love itself and wisdom itself would give impossible commandments . Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Free will § In Hindu philosophy As Hinduism is primarily a conglomerate of different religious traditions , there is no one accepted view on the concept of free will . Within the predominant schools of Hindu philosophy there are two main opinions . The Advaita ( monistic ) schools generally believe in a fate - based approach , and the Dvaita ( dualistic ) schools are proponents for the theory of free will . The different schools ' understandings are based upon their conceptions of the nature of the supreme Being ( see Brahman , Paramatma and Ishvara ) and how the individual soul ( atma or jiva ) dictates , or is dictated by karma within the illusory existence of maya . In both Dvaita and Advaita schools , and also in the many other traditions within Hinduism , there is a strong belief in destiny and that both the past and future are known , or viewable , by certain saints or mystics as well as by the supreme being ( Ishvara ) in traditions where Ishvara is worshipped as an all - knowing being . In the Bhagavad Gita , the Avatar , Krishna says to Arjuna : I know everything that has happened in the past , all that is happening in the present , and all things that are yet to come . However , this belief in destiny is not necessarily believed to rule out the existence of free will , as in some cases both free will and destiny are believed to exist simultaneously . The Bhagavad Gita also states : Nor does the Supreme Lord assume anyone 's sinful or pious activities ( Bhagavad Gita 5.15 ) From wherever the mind wanders due to its flickering and unsteady nature , one must certainly withdraw it and bring it back under the control of the self ( Bhagavad Gita 6.26 ) , indicating that God does not control anyone 's will , and that it is possible to control the mind . Different approaches ( edit ) The six orthodox ( astika ) schools of thought in Hindu philosophy give differing opinions : In the Samkhya , for instance , matter is without any freedom , and soul lacks any ability to control the unfolding of matter . The only real freedom ( kaivalya ) consists in realizing the ultimate separateness of matter and self . For the Yoga school , only Ishvara is truly free , and its freedom is also distinct from all feelings , thoughts , actions , or wills , and is thus not at all a freedom of will . The metaphysics of the Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools strongly suggest a belief in determinism , but do not seem to make explicit claims about determinism or free will . A quotation from Swami Vivekananda , a Vedantist , offers a good example of the worry about free will in the Hindu tradition . Therefore , we see at once that there can not be any such thing as free - will ; the very words are a contradiction , because will is what we know , and everything that we know is within our universe , and everything within our universe is moulded by conditions of time , space and causality ... To acquire freedom we have to get beyond the limitations of this universe ; it can not be found here . However , Vivekananda 's above quote ca n't be taken as a literal refutation of all free will , as Vivekanda 's teacher , Ramakrishna Paramahansa used to teach that man is like a goat tied to a stake - the karmic debts and human nature bind him and the amount of free will he has is analogous to the amount of freedom the rope allows ; as one progresses spiritually , the rope becomes longer . On the other hand , Mimamsa , Vedanta , and the more theistic versions of Hinduism such as Shaivism and Vaishnavism have often emphasized the importance of free will . For example , in the Bhagavad Gita the living beings ( jivas ) are described as being of a higher nature who have the freedom to exploit the inferior material nature ( prakrti ) : Besides these , O mighty - armed Arjuna , there is another , superior energy of Mine , which comprises the living entities who are exploiting the resources of this material , inferior nature . The doctrine of Karma in Hinduism requires both that we pay for our actions in the past , and that our actions in the present be free enough to allow us to deserve the future reward or punishment that we will receive for our present actions . The Advaitin philosopher Chandrashekhara Bharati Swaminah puts it this way : Fate is past karma , free - will is present karma . Both are really one , that is , karma , though they may differ in the matter of time . There can be no conflict when they are really one . Fate , as I told you , is the resultant of the past exercise of your free - will . By exercising your free - will in the past , you brought on the resultant fate . By exercising your free - will in the present , I want you to wipe out your past record if it hurts you , or to add to it if you find it enjoyable . In any case , whether for acquiring more happiness or for reducing misery , you have to exercise your free - will in the present . Islam ( edit ) See also : Predestination in Islam Disputes about free will in Islam began with the Mu'tazili vs Hanbali disputes , with the Mu'tazili arguing that humans had qadar , the capacity to do right or wrong , and thus deserved the reward or punishment they received , whereas Hanbali insisted on God 's jabr , or total power and initiative in managing all events . Schools that developed around earlier thinkers such as Abu Hanifa and al - Ash'ari searched for ways to explain how both human qadar and divine jabr could be asserted at the same time . Ash'ari develops a `` dual agency '' or `` acquisition '' account of free will in which every human action has two distinct agents . God creates the possibility of a human action with his divine jabr , but then the human follows through and `` acquires '' the act , making it theirs and taking responsibility for it using their human qadar . Judaism ( edit ) The belief in free will ( Hebrew : bechirah chofshit בחירה חפשית , bechirah בחירה ) is axiomatic in Jewish thought , and is closely linked with the concept of reward and punishment , based on the Torah itself : `` I ( God ) have set before you life and death , blessing and curse : therefore choose life '' ( Deuteronomy 30 : 19 ) . Free will is therefore discussed at length in Jewish philosophy , firstly as regards God 's purpose in creation , and secondly as regards the closely related , resultant , paradox . The topic is also often discussed in connection with Negative theology , Divine simplicity and Divine Providence , as well as Jewish principles of faith in general . Free will and creation ( edit ) The traditional teaching regarding the purpose of creation , particularly as influenced by Jewish mysticism , is that `` This world is like a corridor to the World to Come '' . `` Man was created for the sole purpose of rejoicing in God , and deriving pleasure from the splendor of His Presence ... The place where this joy may truly be derived is the World to Come , which was expressly created to provide for it ; but the path to the object of our desires is this world ... '' Free will is thus required by God 's justice , `` otherwise , Man would not be given or denied good for actions over which he had no control '' . It is further understood that in order for Man to have true free choice , he must not only have inner free will , but also an environment in which a choice between obedience and disobedience exists . God thus created the world such that both good and evil can operate freely , this is the meaning of the rabbinic maxim , `` All is in the hands of Heaven except the fear of Heaven '' . According to Maimonides , Free will is granted to every man . If he desires to incline towards the good way and be righteous , he has the power to do so ; and if he desires to incline towards the unrighteous way and be a wicked man , he also has the power to do so . Give no place in your minds to that which is asserted by many of the ignorant : namely that the Holy One , blessed be He , decrees that a man from his birth should be either righteous or wicked . Since the power of doing good or evil is in our own hands , and since all the wicked deeds which we have committed have been committed with our full consciousness , it befits us to turn in penitence and to forsake our evil deed . The paradox of free will ( edit ) In rabbinic literature , there is much discussion as to the apparent contradiction between God 's omniscience and free will . The representative view is that `` Everything is foreseen ; yet free will is given '' . Based on this understanding , the problem is formally described as a paradox , beyond our understanding . The Holy One , Blessed Be He , knows everything that will happen before it has happened . So does He know whether a particular person will be righteous or wicked , or not ? If He does know , then it will be impossible for that person not to be righteous . If He knows that he will be righteous but that it is possible for him to be wicked , then He does not know everything that He has created ... ( T ) he Holy One , Blessed Be He , does not have any temperaments and is outside such realms , unlike people , whose selves and temperaments are two separate things . God and His temperaments are one , and God 's existence is beyond the comprehension of Man ... ( Thus ) we do not have the capabilities to comprehend how the Holy One , Blessed Be He , knows all creations and events . ( Nevertheless ) know without doubt that people do what they want without the Holy One , Blessed Be He , forcing or decreeing upon them to do so ... It has been said because of this that a man is judged according to all his actions . -- Maimonides , Mishneh Torah The paradox is explained , but not resolved , by observing that God exists outside of time , and therefore , his knowledge of the future is exactly the same as his knowledge of the past and present . Just as his knowledge of the past does not interfere with man 's free will , neither does his knowledge of the future . This distinction , between foreknowledge and predestination , is in fact discussed by Maimonides ' critic Abraham ibn Daud . One analogy here is that of time travel . The time traveller , having returned from the future , knows in advance what x will do , but while he knows what x will do , that knowledge does not cause x to do so : x had free will , even while the time traveller had foreknowledge . One objection raised against this analogy -- and ibn Daud 's distinction -- is that if x truly has free will , he may choose to act otherwise when the event in question comes to pass , and therefore the time traveller ( or God ) merely has knowledge of a possible event : even having seen the event , there is no way to know with certainty what x will do ; see the view of Gersonides below . Further , the presence of the time traveller , may have had some chaotic effect on x 's circumstances and choice , absent when the event comes to pass in the present . ) Alternate approaches ( edit ) Although the above discussion of the paradox represents the majority Rabbinic view , there are several major thinkers who resolve the issue by explicitly excluding human action from divine foreknowledge . Both Saadia Gaon and Judah ha - Levi hold that `` the decisions of man precede God 's knowledge '' . Gersonides holds that God knows , beforehand , the choices open to each individual , but does not know which choice the individual , in his freedom , will make . Isaiah Horowitz takes the view that God can not know which moral choices people will make , but that , nevertheless , this does not impair his perfection . In line with this thinking , the teaching from Pirkei Avoth above , is then to be read as : `` Everything is observed ( while - and no matter where - it happens ) , and ( since the actor is unaware of being observed ) free will is given `` . Kabbalistic thought ( edit ) The existence of free will , and the paradox above ( as addressed by either approach ) , is closely linked to the concept of Tzimtzum . Tzimtzum entails the idea that God `` constricted '' his infinite essence , to allow for the existence of a `` conceptual space '' in which a finite , independent world could exist . This `` constriction '' made free will possible , and hence the potential to earn the World to Come . Further , according to the first approach , it is understood that the Free - will Omniscience paradox provides a temporal parallel to the paradox inherent within Tzimtzum . In granting free will , God has somehow `` constricted '' his foreknowledge , to allow for Man 's independent action ; He thus has foreknowledge and yet free will exists . In the case of Tzimtzum , God has `` constricted '' his essence to allow for Man 's independent existence ; He is thus immanent and yet transcendent . See also ( edit ) De libero arbitrio -- early treatise about the freedom of will of Augustine of Hippo Theodicy and the Bible # Bible and free will theodicy Karma References and Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alston , William P. 1985 . `` Divine Foreknowledge and Alternative Conceptions of Human Freedom . '' International Journal for Philosophy of Religion 18 : 1 , 19 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . `` De Interpretatione '' in The Complete Works of Aristotle , vol . I , ed . Jonathan Barnes . Princeton University Press , Princeton , New Jersey , 1984 . Jump up ^ Ockham , William . Predestination , God 's Knowledge , and Future Contingents , early 14th century , trans . Marilyn McCord Adams and Norman Kretzmann 1982 , Hackett , esp p. 46 -- 7 Jump up ^ H.A. Wolfson , Philo , 1947 Harvard University Press ; Religious Philosophy , 1961 Harvard University Press ; and `` St. Augustine and the Pelagian Controversy '' in Religious Philosophy Jump up ^ Watt , Montgomery . Free - Will and Predestination in Early Islam . Luzac & Co. : London 1948 ; Wolfson , Harry . The Philosophy of Kalam , Harvard University Press 1976 Jump up ^ Man and His Destiny Jump up ^ Jackson , Timothy P. ( 1998 ) `` Arminian edification : Kierkegaard on grace and free will '' in Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1998 . Jump up ^ Kierkegaard , Søren. ( 1848 ) Journals and Papers , vol . III . Reprinted in Indiana University Press , Bloomington , 1967 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Mackie , J.L. ( 1955 ) `` Evil and Omnipotence , '' Mind , new series , vol. 64 , pp. 200 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology , s.v. `` Fall , the . '' Jump up ^ Ted Honderich , `` Determinism and Freedom Philosophy -- Its Terminology , '' http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/dfwTerminology.html ( accessed November 7 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Kane , ed. , The Oxford Handbook of Free Will , ( Oxford , 2005 ) , 10 and Fischer , J. , Kane , R. , Pereboom , D. , & Vargas , M. , Four Views on Free Will ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , 128 and R. Eric Barnes , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . ( accessed October 19 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Mortimer J. Adler , The Idea of Freedom : A Dialectical Examination of the Idea of Freedom , Vol 1 ( Doubleday , 1958 ) , 127 . Jump up ^ Walter A. Elwell , Philip Wesley Comfort , eds , Tyndale Bible Dictionary ( Tyndale House , 2001 ) , s.v. `` Exodus , '' 456 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer J. Adler , The Idea of Freedom : A Dialectical Examination of the Idea of Freedom , Vol 1 ( Doubleday , 1958 ) , 149 . Jump up ^ Donald K. McKim , Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms ( Westminster John Knox Press , 1996 ) . s.v. `` free will . '' ^ Jump up to : J.D. Douglas , ed. , The New Bible Dictionary ( Eerdmans , 1962 ) , s.v. `` Liberty , Section III . FREE WILL . '' Jump up ^ Joseph P. Free , revised and expanded by Howard Frederic Vos , Archaeology and Bible History ( Zondervan , 1992 . ) , 83 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer J. Adler , The Idea of Freedom : A Dialectical Examination of the Idea of Freedom , Vol 1 ( Doubleday , 1958 ) , 135 . Jump up ^ Ted Peters , Sin : Radical Evil in Soul and Society ( Eerdmans , 1994 ) , 8 . Jump up ^ Strong 's Greek Dictionary translates ontós as `` really '' or `` truly . '' Versions using these translations include The Darby Translation , The Bible in Basic English , New Century Version , Young 's Literal Translation , and Good News Translation . Jump up ^ Gary M. Burge , `` Gospel of John , '' in The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary : John 's Gospel , Hebrews - Revelation , ed . Craig A. Evans , ( David C. Cook , 2005 ) , 88 . Jump up ^ Baker 's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology , s.v. `` Freedom . '' Jump up ^ http://www.wheaton.edu/Academics/Faculty/T/Mark-Talbot Jump up ^ Mark R. Talbot , `` Does God Reveal Who He Actually Is ? '' in God Under Fire , ed . Douglas S. Huffman , Eric L. Johnson ( Zondervan , 2002 ) , 69 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Talbot , `` True Freedom : The Liberty That Scripture Portrays as Worth Having '' in Beyond the Bounds , ed . John Piper and others , 105 - 109 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Talbot , `` True Freedom : The Liberty That Scripture Portrays as Worth Having '' in Beyond the Bounds , ed . John Piper and others , ( Crossway , 2003 ) , 107,109 . Jump up ^ William Hasker , `` A Philosophical Perspective , '' in The Openness of God ( InterVarsity , 1994 ) , 136 - 137 , Hasker 's italics . Jump up ^ William Hasker , answer to `` Did Jesus have free will ? '' at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . ( accessed September 27 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ William Hasker , answer to `` So , will there be free will in heaven ? '' at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . ( accessed Oct 14 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` 1731 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1730 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1742 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Leo XIII , Libertas Praestantissimum , 1888 Jump up ^ Likewise in paragraph 5 that the good or the choice of the good comes from the judgement of reason ( in Catholic doctrine it is not identical with free will ) , which is usually considered causal in philosophy . Jump up ^ See especially e.g. an address of Pius XII to the Fifth International Congress on Psychotherapy and Clinical Psychology Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 257 Archived March 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 600 Jump up ^ CCC 1704 - 1705 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , Reader 's Guide to Themes ( Burns & Oates 1999 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 366 - 9 ) , p. 766 Jump up ^ CCC 1993 Archived June 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : CCC 2008 Jump up ^ James Patrick , Renaissance and Reformation ( Marshall Cavendish 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7651 - 1 ) , vol. 1 , p. 186 Jump up ^ CCC 600 ) Jump up ^ We receive the grace of Christ in the Holy Spirit , and without the Holy Spirit no one can have faith in Christ ( 1 Cor. 12 : 3 ) , and as Saint Cyril of Alexandria said : `` It is unworkable for the soul of man to achieve any of the goods , namely , to control its own passions and to escape the mightiness of the sharp trap of the devil , unless he is fortified by the grace of the Holy Spirit and on this count he has Christ himself in his soul '' ( Against Julian , 3 ) Jump up ^ CCC 2010 Jump up ^ It is not , in the circumstances , surprising that a representative of the Eastern tradition - St. John Cassian - who took part in this debate and was opposed both to the Pelagians and to St Augustine , was not able to make himself correctly understood . His position of seeming to stand ' above ' the conflict , was interpreted , on the rational plane , as a semi-pelagianism , and was condemned in the West . The Eastern Church , on the other hand , has always considered him as a witness to tradition . The mystical theology of the Eastern Church By Vladimir Lossky Publisher : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press ; Edition Not Stated edition Language : English ISBN 978 - 0 - 913836 - 31 - 6 Jump up ^ Council of Orange local Council , never accepted in the East , 529 AD Convened regarding Pelagianism . Condemned various beliefs of Pelagianism : that humans are unaffected by Adam 's sin , that a person 's move towards God can begin without grace , that an increase of faith can be attained apart from grace , that salvation can be attained apart from the Holy Spirit , that man 's free will can be restored from its destruction apart from baptism , that ' merit ' may precede grace , that man can do good and attain salvation without God 's help , Statement we must , under the blessing of God , preach and believe as follows . The sin of the first man has so impaired and weakened free will that no one thereafter can either love God as he ought or believe in God or do good for God 's sake , unless the grace of divine mercy has preceded him ... According to the catholic faith we also believe that after grace has been received through baptism , all baptized persons have the ability and responsibility , if they desire to labor faithfully , to perform with the aid and cooperation of Christ what is of essential importance in regard to the salvation of their soul . We not only do not believe that any are foreordained to evil by the power of God , but even state with utter abhorrence that if there are those who want to believe so evil a thing , they are anathema . We also believe and confess to our benefit that in every good work it is not we who take the initiative and are then assisted through the mercy of God , but God himself first inspires in us both faith in him and love for him without any previous good works of our own that deserve reward , so that we may both faithfully seek the sacrament of baptism , and after baptism be able by his help to do what is pleasing to him . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ In no sense is this a Pelagian or Semi-Pelagian position . The balanced synergistic doctrine of the early and Eastern Church , a doctrine misunderstood and undermined by Latin Christianity in general from St. Augustine on -- although there was always opposition to this in the Latin Church -- always understood that God initiates , accompanies , and completes everything in the process of salvation . The Ascetic Ideal and the New Testament : Reflections on the Critique of the Theology of the Reformation Georges Florovsky ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 Archived September 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ So far Roman Catholicism agrees with the Church ; it differs with Orthodoxy on the nature of man 's fall and the human condition . Following Augustine of Hippo , the Latins teach that Adam and Eve sinned against God . The guilt of their sin has been inherited by every man , woman and child after them . All humanity is liable for their `` original sin . '' WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND ROMAN CATHOLICISM ? by Father Michael Azkoul ( 3 ) Jump up ^ The Orthodox , I discovered , objected to the Roman Catholic understanding of original sin as the stain of inherited guilt passed down from Adam , as a result of his sin , to the rest of the human race . The Orthodox saw this notion of original sin as skewed , drawing almost exclusively on the thought of Saint Augustine . He had virtually ignored the teachings of the Eastern Fathers , who tended to see original sin not as inherited guilt but rather as `` the ancestral curse '' by which human beings were alienated from the divine life and thus became subject to corruption and death . As I read further , I discovered that Saint Augustine 's and consequently , the Roman Catholic Church 's view was the result of the faulty Latin translation of Romans 5 : 12 , the New Testament passage on which the teaching of original sin is based . When the original Greek is properly translated it reads , `` Therefore , as sin came into the world through one man and death through sin , and death spread to all in that ( eph ho ) all sinned ... '' The Latin which Augustine used rendered the eph ho ( `` in that '' ) as in > quo ( `` in whom '' ) , meaning `` in Adam . '' Thus the passage was misconstrued as saying that all sinned in Adam , that all shared in the guilt of his original disobedience . It is understandable how the Catholic doctrine of original sin followed from this misinterpretation . It is also easy to see why the Orthodox rejected the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception . Because they understood original sin in terms of the ancestral curse of human mortality , they saw Pius IX 's dogma as amounting to no less than an assertion of Mary 's immortality ! That is , by saying that Mary was free from original sin , the Roman Church in effect was saying that Mary was not mortal ! She was therefore not like the rest of the human race . This was something no Orthodox Christian could accept . In fact , Orthodoxy calls Mary `` the first of the redeemed '' , the first human to receive the great blessing of salvation now available to all mankind . Orthodoxy and Catholicism - What are the differences - Father Theodore Pulcini ISBN 978 - 1 - 888212 - 23 - 5 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ OSV 's encyclopedia of Catholic history By Matthew Bunson 's Jump up ^ An Introduction to the Early History of Christian Doctrine : To the Time of ... - James Franklin Bethune - Baker - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yet Cassian did not himself escape the suspicion of erroneous teaching ; he is in fact regarded as the originator of what , since the Middle Ages , has been known as Semipelagianism . The New Advent the Catholic Encyclopedia online ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Catholic encyclopedia : an international work of reference on the ... - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Humanity and Divinity in Renaissance and Reformation : Essays In Honor of ... - John W. O'Malley , Thomas M. Izbicki , Gerald Christianson - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ pg 198 Jump up ^ Dissent from the Creed : Heresies Past and Present - Richard M. Hogan - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gratia Et Certamen : The Relationship Between Grace and Free Will in the ... - Donato Ogliari - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Studies in church history - Reuben Parsons - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church ( St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1976 ISBN 0 - 913836 - 31 - 1 ) p. 198 Jump up ^ `` When Catholics say that persons cooperate in preparing for an accepting justification by consenting to God 's justifying action , they see such personal consent as itself an effect of grace , not as an action arising from innate human abilities '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ The existential and ontological meaning of man 's created existence is precisely that God did not have to create , that it was a free act of Divine freedom . But -- and here is the great difficulty created by an unbalanced Christianity on the doctrine of grace and freedom -- in freely creating man God willed to give man an inner spiritual freedom . In no sense is this a Pelagian or Semi-Pelagian position . The balanced synergistic doctrine of the early and Eastern Church , a doctrine misunderstood and undermined by Latin Christianity in general from St. Augustine on -- although there was always opposition to this in the Latin Church -- always understood that God initiates , accompanies , and completes everything in the process of salvation . What it always rejected -- both spontaneously and intellectually -- is the idea of irresistible grace , the idea that man has no participating role in his salvation . The Ascetic Ideal and the New Testament : Reflections on the Critique of the Theology of the Reformation Georges Florovsky ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : Lauren Pristas , The Theological Anthropology of John Cassian Jump up ^ Augustine Casiday , Tradition and Theology in St John Cassian ( Oxford University Press 2007 ISBN 0 - 19 - 929718 - 5 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ We receive the grace of Christ in the Holy Spirit , and without the Holy Spirit no one can have faith in Christ ( I Cor. 12 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Cyril of Alexandria : `` For it is unworkable for the soul of man to achieve any of the goods , namely , to control its own passions and to escape the mightiness of the sharp trap of the devil , unless he is fortified by the grace of the Holy Spirit and on this count he has Christ himself in his soul . '' ( Against Julian , 3 ) Jump up ^ Jacobus Arminius , The Works of James Arminius , D.D. , Formerly Professor of Divinity in the University of Leyden ( Auburn , NY : Derby and Miller , 1853 ) , 4 : 472 . Jump up ^ 1 Cor. 2 : 14 , 12 : 3 , Rom. 8 : 7 , Martin Chemnitz , Examination of the Council of Trent : Vol . I. Trans . Fred Kramer , St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1971 , pp. 409 - 53 , `` Seventh Topic , Concerning Free Will : From the Decree of the Sixth Session of the Council of Trent '' . Jump up ^ Augsburg Confession , Article 18 , Of Free Will . Jump up ^ Rom. 7 : 18 , 8 : 7 1 Cor. 2 : 14 , Martin Chemnitz , Examination of the Council of Trent : Vol . I. Trans . Fred Kramer , St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1971 , pp. 639 - 52 , `` The Third Question : Whether the Good Works of the Regenerate in This Life Are So Perfect that They Fully , Abundantly , and Perfectly Satisfy the Divine Law '' . Jump up ^ Gen. 6 : 5 , 8 : 21 , Mat. 7 : 17 , Krauth , C.P. , The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology : As Represented in the Augsburg Confession , and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott. 1875 . pp. 388 - 90 , Part IX The Specific Doctrines Of The Conservative Reformation : Original Sin , Thesis VII The Results , Section ii Positive . Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Paul Althaus , The Theology of Martin Luther ( Fortress , 1966 ) , § § `` The Bondage of the Will '' and `` Original Sin , '' 156 - 170 , 247 . Jump up ^ Paul Althaus , The Theology of Martin Luther ( Fortress , 1966 ) , 156 . Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) Jump up ^ Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson , Luther and Erasmus : Free Will and Salvation ( Westminister , 1969 ) , 29 . Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) , 60 Jump up ^ 63BOWCole Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) , 64 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntarily '' means `` of one 's own free will . '' http://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/voluntarily Jump up ^ Paul Althaus , The Theology of Martin Luther ( Fortress , 1966 ) , 156 - 157 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther , Commentary on Romans , J. Theodore Mueller , translator ( Kregel Classics , 1976 ) , xxii . Jump up ^ Treadwell Walden , The Great Meaning of the Word Metanoia : Lost in the Old Version , Unrecovered in the New ( Thomas Whittaker , 1896 ) , 26 , footnote # 1 . Available online in Google Books . Jump up ^ Steven D. Paulson , Luther for the Armchair Theologians ( Westminster John Knox , 2004 ) , 9 . Jump up ^ Erwin Lutzer , The Doctrines That Divide : A Fresh Look at the Historic Doctrines That Separate Christians ( Kregel , 1998 ) , 172 - 173 . Jump up ^ Luther and Erasmus : Free Will and Salvation , edited by Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson ( Westminister , 1969 ) , 141 . Jump up ^ Martin Luther , `` On the Bondage of the Will '' ( 1525 ) , in Luther and Erasmus : Free Will and Salvation , edited by Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson ( Westminister , 1969 , reissued by Westminster John Knox , 2006 ) , 27 , 141 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Sponheim , `` The Origin of Sin , '' in Christian Dogmatics , Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson , eds . ( Philadelphia : Fortress Press , 1984 ) , 385 -- 407 . Jump up ^ Francis Pieper , `` Definition of Original Sin , '' in Christian Dogmatics ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1953 ) , 1 : 538 . Jump up ^ Krauth , C.P. , The Conservative Reformation and Its Theology : As Represented in the Augsburg Confession , and in the History and Literature of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott. 1875 . pp. 335 - 455 , Part IX The Specific Doctrines Of The Conservative Reformation : Original Sin . Jump up ^ Formula of Concord , Original Sin . Jump up ^ Mueller , J.T. , Christian Dogmatics . Concordia Publishing House . 1934 . pp. 189 - 195 and Fuerbringer , L. , Concordia Cyclopedia Concordia Publishing House . 1927 . p. 635 and Christian Cyclopedia article on Divine Providence . For further reading , see The Proof Texts of the Catechism with a Practical Commentary , section Divine Providence , p. 212 , Wessel , Louis , published in Theological Quarterly , Vol. 11 , 1909 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Steven P. , Called to Believe , Teach , and Confess . Wipf and Stock . 2005 . pp. 122 - 123 . Jump up ^ Mueller , J.T. , Christian Dogmatics . Concordia Publishing House : 1934 . pp. 190 and Edward . W.A. , A Short Explanation of Dr. Martin Luther 's Small Catechism . Concordia Publishing House . 1946 . p. 165 . and Divine Providence and Human Adversity Archived 2010 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . by Markus O. Koepsell Jump up ^ Acts 13 : 48 , Eph. 1 : 4 -- 11 , Epitome of the Formula of Concord , Article 11 , Election , Mueller , J.T. , Christian Dogmatics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 585 - 9 , section `` The Doctrine of Eternal Election : 1 . The Definition of the Term '' , and Engelder , T.E.W. , Popular Symbolics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 124 - 8 , Part XXXI . `` The Election of Grace '' , paragraph 176 . Jump up ^ 2 Thess. 2 : 13 , Mueller , J.T. , Christian Dogmatics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 589 - 593 , section `` The Doctrine of Eternal Election : 2 . How Believers are to Consider Their Election , and Engelder , T.E.W. , Popular Symbolics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 127 - 8 , Part XXXI . `` The Election of Grace '' , paragraph 180 . Jump up ^ Rom. 8 : 33 , Engelder , T.E.W. , Popular Symbolics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 127 - 8 , Part XXXI . `` The Election of Grace '' , paragraph 179. , Engelder , T.E.W. , The Certainty of Final Salvation . The Lutheran Witness 2 ( 6 ) . English Evangelical Missouri Synod : Baltimore . 1891 , pp. 41ff . Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 , 2 Timothy 1 : 9 , Ephesians 2 : 7 , Titus 3 : 5 Jump up ^ Ephesians 1 : 19 , Colossians 2 : 12 , John 1 : 13 , John 6 : 26 , 2 Corinthians 5 : 17 Jump up ^ John 3 : 6 Jump up ^ 2 Corinthians 3 : 5 , 1 Corinthians 2 : 14 , Ephesians 4 : 18 , Ephesians 5 : 8 Jump up ^ Genesis 6 : 5 , Genesis 8 : 2 , Romans 8 : 7 Jump up ^ Philippians 1 : 6 , Philippians 2 : 13 , John 15 : 45 , Romans 7 : 14 Jump up ^ Colossians 2 : 13 , Ephesians 2 : 5 Jump up ^ James 1 : 18 , 1 Peter 1 : 23 , John 3 : 5 , Titus 3 : 5 , 1 Corinthians 4 : 15 , Galatians 4 : 19 Jump up ^ Colossians 1 : 12 - 13 , 1 Peter 2 : 25 , Jeremiah 31 : 18 Jump up ^ Romans 3 : 9 - 23 , Romans 6 : 17 , Job 15 : 14 , Psalm 14 : 3 , Ephesians 2 : 3 , 1 Peter 2 : 10 , 1 Peter 2 : 25 , Acts 26 : 18 Jump up ^ Ephesians 2 : 5 , Colossians 2 : 13 , John 3 : 5 , Titus 3 : 5 , Acts 20 : 21 , Acts 26 : 18 Jump up ^ Philippians 2 : 13 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 , Galatians 3 : 26 , Galatians 4 : 5 , 1 Peter 2 : 10 , Acts 26 : 18 , Augustus Lawrence Graebner , Lutheran Cyclopedia p. 136 , `` Conversion '' Jump up ^ 1 Tim . 2 : 4 , 2 Pet. 3 : 9 , Epitome of the Formula of Concord , Article 11 , Election , and Engelder 's Popular Symbolics , Part XXXI . The Election of Grace , pp. 124 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hos. 13 : 9 , Mueller , J.T. , Christian Dogmatics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . p. 637 , section `` The Doctrine of the Last Things ( Eschatology ) , part 7 . `` Eternal Damnation '' , and Engelder , T.E.W. , Popular Symbolics . St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1934 . pp. 135 - 6 , Part XXXIX . `` Eternal Death '' , paragraph 196 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 23.2 . Available online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.toc.html CCEL.org . Jump up ^ John Calvin from Bondage and Liberation of the Will , edited by A.N.S. Lane , translated by G.I. Davies ( Baker Academic , 2002 ) 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Inherent and natural are synonyms . http://thesaurus.com/browse/inherent . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , II. 2.7 . ^ Jump up to : John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , II. 3.5 . Jump up ^ Freedom and ability are synonyms . http://thesaurus.com/browse/freedom . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , II. 3.6 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 3.6 , 16 . Jump up ^ Freedom of the Will , 1754 ; Edwards 1957 - , vol. 1 , pp. 327 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 23.2 . Jump up ^ John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , trans . Henry Beveridge , III. 3.6 . Jump up ^ Henry Cole , trans , Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will ( London , T. Bensley , 1823 ) , 66 . The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated `` free - will '' by Cole . However Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson , Luther and Erasmus : Free Will and Salvation ( Westminister , 1969 ) chose `` free choice '' as their translation . Jump up ^ Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall , Jacob Arminius : Theologian of Grace ( Oxford University , 2012 ) , 157 - 158 . Jump up ^ Cambridge University HCS `` Since Hinduism is itself a conglomerate of religions , an attitude of tolerance and acceptance of the validity of other belief systems has long been a part of Hindu thought . '' Jump up ^ Predictive Astrology - Understanding Karma , Fate , & Free Will Archived 2006 - 12 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . `` `` Dvaita '' or dualism and is generally a proponent of a free will orientation . The path of surrender or non-action , represents `` Advaita '' or non-dualism and is generally a proponent of fate orientation . '' Jump up ^ Himalayan Academy `` Hindus believe in karma , the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts , words and deeds '' Jump up ^ Bhagavad Gita 7.26 Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bhagavad - Gita 3.27 Archived 2012 - 07 - 07 at Archive.is `` The spirit soul bewildered by the influence of false ego thinks himself the doer of activities that are in actuality carried out by the three modes of material nature '' Jump up ^ B - Gita 15.7 purport `` As fragmental parts and parcels of the Supreme Lord , the living entities also have fragmental portions of His qualities , of which independence is one . Every living entity , as an individual soul , has his personal individuality and a minute form of independence . By misuse of that independence one becomes a conditioned soul , and by proper use of independence he is always liberated '' Jump up ^ Koller , J. ( 2007 ) Asian Philosophies . 5th ed . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 092385 - 0 Jump up ^ Swami Vivekananda ( 1907 ) `` Freedom '' from The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda . vol. 1 . ( ( online ) ) Jump up ^ Bhagavad Gita 7.5 Archived 2007 - 03 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chandrashekhara Bharati in Dialogues with the Guru by R. Krishnaswami Aiyar , Chetana Limited , Bombay , 1957 Jump up ^ Goldschmit , Arthur ( 2010 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East . Westview Press . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4388 - 4 . Jump up ^ Denny , Frederick . An Introduction to Islam , 1985 Macmillan Jump up ^ Watt , Montgomery . Free - Will and Predestination in Early Islam . Luzac & Co. : London 1948. ; Wolfson , Harry . The Philosophy of Kalam , 1976 Harvard University Press and `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pirkei Avoth `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 17 . 4 : 16 ) Jump up ^ ( Moshe Chaim Luzzatto , Mesillat Yesharim , Ch. 1 Archived 2006 - 09 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/The_Essence_of_Mankind.asp Jump up ^ ( Talmud , Berachot 33b ) Jump up ^ Moses Maimonides Jump up ^ ( Rabbi Akiva , Pirkei Avoth 3 : 15 Archived 2006 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Teshuva 5 : 5 Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=363&letter=F Jump up ^ Chagigah 5b : `` Rab said : Even the superfluous conversation between a man and his wife is declared to a person in the hour of his death . '' Jump up ^ See for example , the commentary of `` The Bartenura '' , Obadiah ben Abraham , ad loc External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Foreknowledge and Free Will , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Christian material ( edit ) `` Free will '' article at Catholic Encyclopedia Calvinism and Free Will Jewish material ( edit ) `` Free will '' article at Jewish Encyclopedia Fate and Destiny , Aryeh Kaplan On Repentance and Predestination The Paradox of Free Choice : Six Questions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_will_in_theology&oldid=806017779 '' Categories : Free will Theology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with numeric Bible version references Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the early theologian who developed the church’s understanding of free will	[ "“Freedom” and ‘free will” can be treated as one because the two terms are commonly used as synonyms.[11] However, there are widespread disagreements in definitions of the two terms.[12] Because of these disagreements, Mortimer Adler found that a delineation of three kinds of freedom is necessary for clarity on the subject, as follows:" ]	[ "Mortimer Adler" ]
9111660460177478610	The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air	The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - wikipedia The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Created by Andy Borowitz Susan Borowitz Starring Will Smith James Avery Janet Hubert - Whitten Alfonso Ribeiro Karyn Parsons Tatyana M. Ali Joseph Marcell Daphne Maxwell Reid Ross Bagley Theme music composer The Fresh Prince in association with A Touch of Jazz , Inc . Opening theme `` Yo Home to Bel Air '' , performed by The Fresh Prince Composer ( s ) Quincy Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 148 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Andy Borowitz Susan Borowitz Kevin Wendle ( Season 1 ) Winifred Hervey ( Seasons 2 -- 3 ) Gary H. Miller ( Season 4 -- 5 ) Cheryl Gard ( Mid-Late Season 5 ) Jeff Pollack Will Smith ( Season 6 ) Benny Medina Producer ( s ) Werner Walian Lisa Rosenthal Joel Madison Leilani Downer Joanne Curley - Kerner Joel Markowitz Location ( s ) Hollywood Center Studios Hollywood , California ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Sunset Gower Studios Hollywood , California ( 1991 -- 1993 ) NBC Studios Burbank , California ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) The Stuffed Dog Company Quincy Jones Productions ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Quincy Jones / David Salzman Entertainment ( Seasons 4 -- 6 ) NBC Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1994 -- present ) Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Original release September 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 10 ) -- May 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 20 ) External links Website www.warnerbros.co.uk/television/freshprince/index2.html The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10 , 1990 , to May 20 , 1996 . The show stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself , a street - smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight on a local basketball court . In the series , his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air . The series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Plot 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Major supporting characters 4 Episodes 5 Crossovers and other appearances 6 Syndication 7 Ratings 8 DVD releases 9 Awards and nominations 10 Possible reboot 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) The characters of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . From top left : Hilary Banks , Geoffrey , Vivian Banks , Carlton Banks . From bottom left : Ashley Banks , Philip Banks , Will Smith . In December 1989 , NBC approached Will Smith , a popular rapper during the late 1980s . The pilot episode began taping on May 1 , 1990 . Season 1 first aired in September 1990 , and ended in May 1991 . The series finale was taped on Thursday , March 21 , 1996 . The theme song `` Yo Home to Bel Air '' was written and performed by Smith under his stage name , The Fresh Prince . The music was composed by Quincy Jones , who is credited with Smith at the end of each episode . The music often used to bridge scenes together during the show is based on a similar chord structure . In the second season , the kitchen and living room sets were rebuilt much larger with a more contemporary style ( as opposed to the much more formal style of the first season ) and were connected directly by an archway , allowing scenes to be shot continuously between the sets . Plot ( edit ) The theme song and opening sequence set the premise of the show . Will Smith is a street smart teenager , born and raised in West Philadelphia . While playing basketball , Will misses a shot and the ball hits a group of people , causing a confrontation that frightens his mother , who sends him to live with his aunt and uncle in the opulent neighborhood of Bel Air , Los Angeles . Will 's working - class background ends up clashing in various humorous ways with the upper class world of the Banks family -- Will 's uncle Phil and aunt Vivian and their children , Will 's cousins : Hilary , Carlton , and Ashley . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air characters Will Smith as Will Smith James Avery as Philip Banks Janet Hubert - Whitten ( Season 1 -- 3 ) and Daphne Maxwell Reid ( Season 4 -- 6 ) as Vivian Banks Alfonso Ribeiro as Carlton Banks Karyn Parsons as Hilary Banks Tatyana M. Ali as Ashley Banks Joseph Marcell as Geoffrey Butler Ross Bagley as Nicholas `` Nicky '' Banks ( Seasons 5 & 6 ) Major supporting characters ( edit ) DJ Jazzy Jeff as Jazz Vernee Watson - Johnson as Viola `` Vy '' Smith Jenifer Lewis as Helen Smith ( recurring ) Nia Long as Lisa Wilkes ( Season 5 ) Tyra Banks as Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Ames ( Season 4 ) John Amos as Fred Wilkes ( Lisa 's father ) ( Season 5 ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air episodes Crossovers and other appearances ( edit ) During the fall 1991 -- 1992 season , NBC gained two hit television shows to anchor their Monday night lineup ( Blossom aired immediately after The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ) . To gain popularity between the two shows , Will Smith appeared in the Blossom episode `` I 'm with the Band '' as himself under his rap stage name , The Fresh Prince . That same season , Karyn Parsons appeared in the Blossom episode `` Wake Up Little Suzy '' as Hilary Banks . Parsons also appeared in the Patti LaBelle sitcom , Out All Night as Hilary . In the House and Fresh Prince were both executive produced by Winifred Hervey , David Salzman and Quincy Jones . During the second season 's first episode , Alfonso Ribeiro and Tatyana Ali appeared as their Fresh Prince characters ( Carlton and Ashley Banks ) in the crossover episode `` Dog Catchers '' . Later that season , James Avery ( Phillip Banks ) appeared as a mediator in the episode `` Love on a One - Way Street '' . In the Season 4 episode `` My Pest Friend 's Wedding '' , James Avery and Daphne Maxwell Reid ( Vivian Banks ) guest starred as Dr. Maxwell Stanton 's parents ( Stanton was played by Ribeiro ) . Both Avery and Reid portrayed the parents of Ribeiro 's Fresh Prince character . Joseph Marcell , who played the wisecracking Geoffrey Butler on Fresh Prince , also appeared as an officiating minister in the same episode . Syndication ( edit ) The series was produced by NBC Productions in association with The Stuffed Dog Company and Quincy Jones Entertainment ( later Quincy Jones - David Salzman Entertainment in 1993 ) . After the show was released to syndication in 1994 , the series has been distributed by Warner Bros. Television , which continues to distribute the show worldwide ( although NBCUniversal does own the series ' copyright ) . WGN America was the first cable channel to acquire the series in 1997 , TBS acquired the series a year later in 1998 ; both channels carried the series until the fall of 2003 , though TBS reacquired the series in 2007 . The theme song was shown in the original TBS run , but after TBS re-acquired Fresh Prince in 2007 , the opening credits were truncated and the theme song removed and replaced with the instrumental version used as the show 's closing theme ; these versions also re added portions of scenes cut from the original syndicated prints for some episodes , particularly those from Seasons 3 to 6 . TBS continues to air the series today , early in the morning . Reruns also aired on WPIX - TV back to back weeknights at 6 pm & 6 : 30 pm EST from 1994 until 2000 , and as a weekday basis at 5 pm from 2000 to 2005 , sometimes on weekends until 2007 . But , the series was still rerunning on The WB 's affiliation WPIX - TV until 2006 . While moving The WB to Nick at Nite , it was airing to 2006 - 2009 and moved to Disney XD . In July 2009 , Disney XD acquired the rights to the series , though it was quickly moved from prime time to late night airings , and only episodes from Seasons 1 to 3 are aired , mainly because those episodes are more appropriate for young viewers and does not contain as many mature themes , sexual content and strong language as later episodes . But in August 2010 , Disney XD stopped airing the show . ABC Family ( now called Freeform ) acquired the series in September 2008 , though airing all 148 episodes ; originally airing exclusively on Saturday nights , the series was added to ABC Family 's weekday line up in late 2009 . On September 29 , 2014 , Disney / ABC rights to the show expired . Viacom Media Networks got the series back . In October 2014 , Viacom Media Networks also gave the series to BET , it also will air on Centric . It was previously aired on MTV 's retro block . Also , the series reruns on VH1 . On November 2 , 2015 , the series started airing on the Family Channel in Canada . On January 1 , 2017 , the series was added to Netflix in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In 2014 , Fresh Prince Of Bel Air started airing again in Nickelodeon ` s block night channel , Nick at Nite . Ratings ( edit ) Season U.S. ratings Network Rank 1990 -- 91 13.1 million NBC # 39 1991 -- 92 14.3 million NBC # 22 1992 -- 93 14.6 million NBC # 18 1993 -- 94 13.7 million NBC # 21 5 1994 -- 95 10.4 million NBC # 49 6 1995 -- 96 9.6 million NBC # 55 DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released the complete series , seasons 1 to 6 on DVD in Region 1 . Seasons 1 to 4 have been released in Regions 2 and 4 . Seasons 5 to 6 have been released in Region 2 in Germany , and in the complete series boxset in the United Kingdom . The episodes and DVD menus are in English ; only the DVD packaging is in German . DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 25 February 8 , 2005 February 21 , 2005 April 13 , 2005 The Complete Second Season 24 October 11 , 2005 November 21 , 2005 March 1 , 2006 The Complete Third Season 24 February 14 , 2006 June 26 , 2006 August 9 , 2006 The Complete Fourth Season 26 August 8 , 2006 January 22 , 2007 December 6 , 2006 The Complete Fifth Season 25 May 11 , 2010 June 18 , 2010 TBA The Complete Sixth Season 24 April 19 , 2011 May 6 , 2011 TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards Outcome Recipient ( s ) Year ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : Top TV Series Won Quincy Jones Will Smith DJ Jazzy Jeff 1994 Emmy Awards : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Lighting Direction for a Comedy Series Nominated Art Busch Golden Globe Awards : Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Will Smith 1994 Best Performance by an Actor in a TV - Series -- Comedy / Musical Nominated Will Smith 1993 Image Award : Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 1997 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Won Alfonso Ribeiro Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Will Smith 1997 Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Won Tatyana M. Ali 1997 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Janet Hubert - Whitten 1991 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Nia Long Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Daphne Maxwell Reid Kids ' Choice Awards : Favorite Television Actor Nominated Will Smith Favorite Television Show Nominated Favorite TV Actress Won Tatyana M. Ali NCLR Bravo Awards : Outstanding Television Series Actor in a Crossover Role Nominated Alfonso Ribeiro TP de Oro : Best Foreign Series ( Mejor Serie Extranjera ) Nominated Best Foreign Series ( Mejor Serie Extranjera ) Won 1994 TV Land Awards : Best Broadcast Butler Nominated Joseph Marcell Favorite `` Fish Out of Water '' Nominated Will Smith Young Artist Awards : Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten -- Television Won Ross Bagley Best Performance by an Actor Under Ten in a TV Series Won Ross Bagley 1995 Best Youth Comedienne Nominated Tatyana M. Ali 1994 Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Nominated Larenz Tate 1993 Best Young Actor Guest Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Nominated Tevin Campbell Best New Family Television Comedy Series Won 1991 YoungStar Award : Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series Won Tatyana M. Ali 1997 Possible reboot ( edit ) On August 13 , 2015 , it was reported that a reboot of the show was in development by Overbrook Entertainment , with Will Smith serving as a producer . While the original aired on NBC , a network for the reboot has yet to be determined . In August 2016 , during a promotional interview with the E ! television network , for his then upcoming film Suicide Squad , Smith had denied that a reboot was in development , saying that it would happen `` ... pretty close to when Hell freezes over . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( May 20 , 1996 ) . `` Good Night , ' Prince ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` ' Fresh Prince of Bel Air ' Puts Rap in Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( February 11 , 1991 ) . `` ' Fresh Prince ' makes Marcell changed man '' . Kentucky New Era . Associated Press . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel . `` Rap 's Prince Soon to Be TV Royalty ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Minute '' . CNN . Cable News Network Inc . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air DVD news : Announcement for The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air - The Complete 6th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . May 25 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete First Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . February 8 , 2005 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Janet Hubert - Whitten , Alfonso Ribeiro , Karyn Parsons , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 1st Season ( 5 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au. April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Second Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete Second Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Janet Hubert - Whitten , Alfonso Ribeiro , Karyn Parsons , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell , DJ Jazzy Jeff , Ellen Falcon : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Third Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . February 14 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - The Complete Third Season DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith , James Avery , Karyn Parsons , Alfonso Ribeiro , Tatyana M. Ali , Joseph Marcell : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 3rd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Fourth Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air - Series 4 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Will Smith : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The - The Complete 4th Season ( 4 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air , The : The Complete Fifth Season DVD @ DVD Empire '' . Dvdempire.com . November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' . Imdb.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith Producing A Fresh Prince Of Bel Air Reboot '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' Reboot in the Works - thenewbenjamin `` . thenewbenjamin . Jump up ^ `` Will Smith Reboots Fresh Prince of Bel Air '' . PopCultureFan.com . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Will Smith says Fresh Prince of Bel - Air reboot will happen when ' hell freezes over ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) African American portal Television in the United States portal Comedy portal Los Angeles portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air at epguides.com The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air on IMDb The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air at TV.com ( hide ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Will Smith Spinoffs Out All Night Theme song Yo Home to Bel - Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air&oldid=802534654 '' Categories : The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air 1990s American comedy television series 1990 American television series debuts 1996 American television series endings American television sitcoms Black sitcoms Television series set in universities and colleges English - language television programs American high school television series Metafictional television series NBC network shows Teen sitcoms Television series by Warner Bros. 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what channel did fresh prince of bel air air on	[ "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American sitcom that originally aired on NBC from September 10, 1990, to May 20, 1996. The show stars Will Smith as a fictionalized version of himself, a street-smart teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in with his wealthy aunt and uncle in their Bel Air mansion after getting into a fight on a local basketball court. In the series, his lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in Bel Air. The series ran for six seasons and aired 148 episodes.[1][2]" ]	[ "NBC" ]
2422976173368763780	Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era	Tennis Players with most Titles in the Open era - wikipedia Tennis Players with most Titles in the Open era Jump to : navigation , search Martina Navratilova won the most singles and doubles titles in the era . This page lists all tennis players who have won at least 30 top - level professional tournament titles since the Open Era began in 1968 . Titles can be any combination of singles and doubles , so the combined total is the default sorting of the lists . The current top - level events are on the WTA Tour for women and the ATP World Tour for men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Women 3 Men 4 See also 5 References Key ( edit ) Player Name and nationality Span Years ( any gaps omitted ) Sing . Singles titles Doub . Same - gender doubles titles Mix . Mixed doubles titles Total Combined number of titles † Tennis Hall of Fame member * Player is currently active Women ( edit ) Player Span Sing . Doub . Mix . Total Ref . / Martina Navratilova 1975 -- 06 167 177 10 354 Billie Jean King 1968 -- 83 67 101 7 175 Chris Evert 1972 -- 89 157 18 0 175 Margaret Court 1968 -- 77 92 48 7 147 Pam Shriver 1979 -- 97 21 106 128 Rosemary Casals 1968 -- 91 11 112 126 Steffi Graf 1982 -- 99 107 11 0 118 Martina Hingis 1994 -- 17 43 64 7 114 Jana Novotná 1987 -- 99 24 76 104 A. Sánchez Vicario 1985 -- 02 29 69 102 Serena Williams 1995 -- 72 23 97 Lindsay Davenport 1993 -- 08 55 38 0 93 Lisa Raymond 1993 -- 15 79 5 88 / Natasha Zvereva 1988 -- 02 80 86 Helena Suková 1981 -- 98 10 69 5 84 E. Goolagong Cawley 1968 -- 83 68 11 80 Venus Williams 1994 -- 49 22 73 Gigi Fernández 1983 -- 97 69 0 71 / Larisa Neiland 1982 -- 99 65 71 Wendy Turnbull 1970 -- 89 9 55 5 69 Cara Black 1998 -- 60 5 66 Rennae Stubbs 1986 -- 11 0 60 62 / / Monica Seles 1989 -- 08 53 6 0 59 Virginia Wade 1968 -- 86 55 0 0 55 / Liezel Huber 1993 -- 0 53 55 Kim Clijsters 1999 -- 12 41 11 0 52 Paola Suárez 1991 -- 12 44 0 48 V. Ruano Pascual 1992 -- 10 43 47 / Hana Mandlíková 1978 -- 90 27 19 0 46 Conchita Martínez 1988 -- 06 33 13 0 46 Katarina Srebotnik 1995 -- 37 5 46 Ai Sugiyama 1992 -- 09 6 38 45 Justine Henin 1999 -- 11 43 0 45 Sania Mirza 2003 -- 41 45 Lori McNeil 1983 -- 02 10 33 44 Gabriela Sabatini 1985 -- 96 27 14 0 41 A. Medina Garrigues 1997 -- 11 28 0 39 Maria Sharapova 2001 -- 36 0 39 Elizabeth Smylie 1982 -- 97 32 37 Nadia Petrova 1999 -- 17 13 24 0 37 Samantha Stosur 1999 -- 9 24 36 Tracy Austin 1978 -- 94 30 35 Roberta Vinci 1999 -- 10 25 0 35 Sara Errani 2002 -- 9 26 0 35 Claudia Kohde - Kilsch 1980 -- 94 8 25 0 33 Zina Garrison 1982 -- 97 11 19 33 Nathalie Tauziat 1984 -- 03 8 25 0 33 Svetlana Kuznetsova 2000 -- 17 16 0 33 Men ( edit ) Player Span Sing . Doub . Mix . Total Ref . John McEnroe 1978 -- 06 77 78 156 Jimmy Connors 1972 -- 96 109 15 0 124 Bob Bryan 1998 -- 0 114 7 121 Mike Bryan 1998 -- 0 116 120 Rod Laver 1968 -- 76 74 37 0 111 Ilie Năstase 1968 -- 89 58 51 111 Stan Smith 1968 -- 86 38 61 0 109 Tom Okker 1968 -- 82 31 78 0 109 Roger Federer 1998 -- 95 8 0 103 / Ivan Lendl 1978 -- 94 94 6 0 100 Daniel Nestor 1991 -- 0 91 95 Todd Woodbridge 1988 -- 05 83 6 91 Rafael Nadal 2001 -- 75 11 0 86 Raúl Ramírez 1973 -- 83 19 62 0 81 Frew McMillan 1968 -- 83 74 80 Brian Gottfried 1972 -- 85 25 54 0 79 Guillermo Vilas 1968 -- 92 62 16 0 78 Mark Woodforde 1984 -- 00 67 5 76 Bob Hewitt 1968 -- 83 65 5 74 Marty Riessen 1968 -- 81 6 60 7 73 Peter Fleming 1973 -- 88 66 0 69 Novak Djokovic 2003 -- 68 0 69 Björn Borg 1973 -- 83 64 0 68 Wojtek Fibak 1973 -- 89 15 52 0 67 Anders Järryd 1980 -- 96 8 59 0 67 Pete Sampras 1988 -- 02 64 0 66 Leander Paes 1991 -- 55 10 66 John Newcombe 1968 -- 83 32 33 0 65 Emilio Sánchez 1984 -- 97 15 50 0 65 Tomáš Šmíd 1976 -- 92 9 55 0 64 Boris Becker 1984 -- 99 49 15 0 64 Andre Agassi 1986 -- 06 60 0 61 Jonas Björkman 1991 -- 08 6 54 0 60 Mahesh Bhupathi 1995 -- 16 0 52 8 60 Stefan Edberg 1983 -- 96 41 18 0 59 / Nenad Zimonjić 1995 -- 0 54 5 59 Ken Rosewall 1968 -- 80 43 14 0 57 Mark Knowles 1992 -- 12 0 55 56 Manuel Orantes 1968 -- 83 33 22 0 55 Paul Haarhuis 1989 -- 03 54 0 55 Max Mirnyi 1996 -- 49 5 55 Sherwood Stewart 1968 -- 85 51 54 Andrés Gómez 1979 -- 95 21 33 0 54 Yevgeny Kafelnikov 1992 -- 03 26 27 0 53 Robert Lutz 1968 -- 85 9 43 0 52 Rick Leach 1987 -- 06 0 46 50 Sergio Casal 1981 -- 95 47 49 Jacco Eltingh 1988 -- 98 44 0 48 Arthur Ashe 1968 -- 79 33 14 0 47 Andy Murray 2005 -- 45 0 47 Thomas Muster 1985 -- 99 44 0 45 Mark Edmondson 1975 -- 88 6 34 0 40 Mats Wilander 1981 -- 96 33 7 0 40 Martin Damm 1990 -- 11 0 40 0 40 Balázs Taróczy 1972 -- 90 13 26 0 39 Yannick Noah 1977 -- 96 23 16 0 39 Guy Forget 1982 -- 00 11 28 0 39 John Fitzgerald 1980 -- 95 6 30 38 Ken Flach 1983 -- 96 0 34 36 Patrick Galbraith 1987 -- 00 0 36 0 36 Cyril Suk 1988 -- 06 0 32 36 Andy Roddick 2000 -- 12 32 0 36 Vitas Gerulaitis 1972 -- 86 26 9 0 35 Pavel Složil 1973 -- 92 32 35 Kevin Ullyett 1990 -- 10 0 34 35 Sandy Mayer 1970 -- 85 10 24 0 34 Kevin Curren 1979 -- 93 5 26 34 Michael Chang 1988 -- 03 34 0 0 34 Horia Tecău 1998 -- 0 33 34 Lleyton Hewitt 1998 -- 16 30 0 33 František Čermák 1998 -- 0 31 32 / Goran Ivanišević 1988 -- 04 22 9 0 31 Fabrice Santoro 1989 -- 10 6 24 31 Michaël Llodra 1999 -- 14 5 26 0 31 David Rikl 1989 -- 05 0 30 0 30 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles Open Era tennis records -- women 's singles List of Open Era tennis records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martina Navratilova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Billie Jean King WTA profile . Jump up ^ Chris Evert WTA profile . Jump up ^ Margaret Court WTA profile Jump up ^ Pam Shriver WTA profile . Jump up ^ Rosemary Casals Encyclopedia.com Jump up ^ Joel Drucker ( March 3 , 2009 ) . `` Casals far more than King 's sidekick '' . sports.espn.go.com . ESPN . Jump up ^ Steffi Graf WTA profile Jump up ^ Martina Hingis WTA profile . Jump up ^ Jana Novotná WTA profile Jump up ^ Arantxa Sánchez Vicario WTA profile Jump up ^ Serena Williams WTA profile . Jump up ^ Lindsay Davenport WTA profile Jump up ^ Lisa Raymond WTA profile . Jump up ^ Natasha Zvereva WTA profile Jump up ^ Helena Suková WTA profile . Jump up ^ Evonne Goolagong Cawley WTA profile . Jump up ^ Venus Williams WTA profile . Jump up ^ Gigi Fernandez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Larisa Savchenko Neiland WTA profile . Jump up ^ Wendy Turnbull WTA profile . Jump up ^ Cara Black WTA profile . Jump up ^ Rannae Stubbs WTA profile . Jump up ^ Monica Seles WTA profile . Jump up ^ Virginia Wade WTA profile . Jump up ^ Liezel Huber WTA profile . Jump up ^ Kim Clijsters WTA profile . Jump up ^ Paola Suárez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Virginia Ruano Pascual WTA profile . Jump up ^ Hana Mandlíková WTA profile . Jump up ^ Conchita Martínez WTA profile . Jump up ^ Katarina Srebotnik WTA profile . Jump up ^ Ai Sugiyama WTA profile . Jump up ^ Justine Henin WTA profile . Jump up ^ Sania Mirza WTA profile . Jump up ^ Lori McNeil WTA profile . Jump up ^ Gabriela Sabatini WTA profile . Jump up ^ Anabel Medina Garrigues WTA profile . Jump up ^ Maria Sharapova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Smylie WTA profile . Jump up ^ Nadia Petrova WTA profile . Jump up ^ Samantha Stosur WTA profile . Jump up ^ Tracy Austin WTA profile . Jump up ^ Roberta Vinci WTA profile . Jump up ^ Sara Errani WTA profile . Jump up ^ Claudia Kohde - Kilsch WTA profile . Jump up ^ Zina Garrison WTA profile . Jump up ^ Nathalie Tauziat WTA profile . Jump up ^ Svetlana Kuznetsova WTA profile . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 ATP Media Guide - Statistical Information ( Page 11 ) '' ( PDF ) . ATPWorldTour.com . Jump up ^ `` Bob Bryan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Bryan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ listed at Rod Laver career statistics Jump up ^ `` Ilie Nastase -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Smith -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Lendl -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Nestor -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Woodbridge -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raúl Ramírez -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frew McMillan -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Gottfried -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Vilas -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Woodforde -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bjorn Borg -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wojtek Fibak -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Sampras -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Sanchez -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boris Becker -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stefan Edberg -- Titles / Finals '' . ATPWorldTour.com -- Tennis Players . ATP World Tour . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ listed at Ken Rosewall career statistics ( hide ) Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_players_with_most_titles_in_the_Open_Era&oldid=810592332 '' Categories : Tennis records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 06 : 21 . About Wikipedia	who has won the most doubles titles in tennis	[ "\n\nPlayer\nSpan\nSing.\nDoub.\nMix.\nTotal\nRef.\n\n\n/ Martina Navratilova†\n1975–06\n167\n177\n10\n354\n[1]\n\n\n Billie Jean King†\n1968–83\n67\n101\n7\n175\n[2]\n\n\n Chris Evert†\n1972–89\n157\n18\n0\n175\n[3]\n\n\n Margaret Court†\n1968–77\n92\n48\n7\n147\n[4]\n\n\n Pam Shriver†\n1979–97\n21\n106\n1\n128\n[5]\n\n\n Rosemary Casals†\n1968–91\n11\n112\n3\n126\n[6][7]\n\n\n Steffi Graf†\n1982–99\n107\n11\n0\n118\n[8]\n\n\n Martina Hingis†\n1994–17\n43\n64\n7\n114\n[9]\n\n\n Jana Novotná†\n1987–99\n24\n76\n4\n104\n[10]\n\n\n A. Sánchez Vicario†\n1985–02\n29\n69\n4\n102\n[11]\n\n\n Serena Williams\n1995–\n72\n23\n2\n97\n[12]\n\n\n Lindsay Davenport†\n1993–08\n55\n38\n0\n93\n[13]\n\n\n Lisa Raymond\n1993–15\n4\n79\n5\n88\n[14]\n\n\n/ Natasha Zvereva†\n1988–02\n4\n80\n2\n86\n[15]\n\n\n Helena Suková\n1981–98\n10\n69\n5\n84\n[16]\n\n\n E. Goolagong Cawley†\n1968–83\n68\n11\n1\n80\n[17]\n\n\n Venus Williams\n1994–\n49\n22\n2\n73\n[18]\n\n\n Gigi Fernández†\n1983–97\n2\n69\n0\n71\n[19]\n\n\n/ Larisa Neiland\n1982–99\n2\n65\n4\n71\n[20]\n\n\n Wendy Turnbull\n1970–89\n9\n55\n5\n69\n[21]\n\n\n Cara Black\n1998–\n1\n60\n5\n66\n[22]\n\n\n Rennae Stubbs\n1986–11\n0\n60\n2\n62\n[23]\n\n\n// Monica Seles†\n1989–08\n53\n6\n0\n59\n[24]\n\n\n Virginia Wade†\n1968–86\n55\n0\n0\n55\n[25]\n\n\n/ Liezel Huber\n1993–\n0\n53\n2\n55\n[26]\n\n\n Kim Clijsters†\n1999–12\n41\n11\n0\n52\n[27]\n\n\n Paola Suárez\n1991–12\n4\n44\n0\n48\n[28]\n\n\n V. Ruano Pascual\n1992–10\n3\n43\n1\n47\n[29]\n\n\n/ Hana Mandlíková†\n1978–90\n27\n19\n0\n46\n[30]\n\n\n Conchita Martínez\n1988–06\n33\n13\n0\n46\n[31]\n\n\n Katarina Srebotnik\n1995–\n4\n37\n5\n46\n[32]\n\n\n Ai Sugiyama\n1992–09\n6\n38\n1\n45\n[33]\n\n\n Justine Henin†\n1999–11\n43\n2\n0\n45\n[34]\n\n\n Sania Mirza\n2003–\n1\n41\n3\n45\n[35]\n\n\n Lori McNeil\n1983–02\n10\n33\n1\n44\n[36]\n\n\n Gabriela Sabatini†\n1985–96\n27\n14\n0\n41\n[37]\n\n\n A. Medina Garrigues\n1997–\n11\n28\n0\n39\n[38]\n\n\n Maria Sharapova\n2001–\n36\n3\n0\n39\n[39]\n\n\n Elizabeth Smylie\n1982–97\n2\n32\n3\n37\n[40]\n\n\n Nadia Petrova\n1999–17\n13\n24\n0\n37\n[41]\n\n\n Samantha Stosur\n1999–\n9\n24\n3\n36\n[42]\n\n\n Tracy Austin†\n1978–94\n30\n4\n1\n35\n[43]\n\n\n Roberta Vinci\n1999–\n10\n25\n0\n35\n[44]\n\n\n Sara Errani\n2002–\n9\n26\n0\n35\n[45]\n\n\n Claudia Kohde-Kilsch\n1980–94\n8\n25\n0\n33\n[46]\n\n\n Zina Garrison\n1982–97\n11\n19\n3\n33\n[47]\n\n\n Nathalie Tauziat\n1984–03\n8\n25\n0\n33\n[48]\n\n\n Svetlana Kuznetsova\n2000–\n17\n16\n0\n33\n[49]\n\n" ]	[ "Martina Navratilova" ]
162449891275026708	Running of the Bulls	Running of the bulls - wikipedia Running of the bulls Jump to : navigation , search Running of the Bulls ( encierro ) The bull run in Pamplona Dates 6 -- 14 July Location ( s ) Pamplona and other Monument in Pamplona Runners surround the bulls on Estafeta Street The Running of the Bulls ( in Spanish : encierro , from the verb encerrar , `` to corral , to enclose '' ) is a practice that involves running in front of a small group of cattle , typically six , of the toro bravo breed that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned - off subset of a town 's streets . The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine - day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona , although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , in some cities in Mexico , and southern France during the summer . The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city , where they were bred , to the bullring , where they would be killed in the evening . During this ' run ' , youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado . In Pamplona and other places , the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day . Spanish tradition says the true origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century . While transporting cattle in order to sell them at the market , men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement . After years of this practice , the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition , as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken . When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities , a tradition was created and stands to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pamplona bull run 1.1 Fence 1.2 Preliminaries 1.3 The running 1.4 Injuries , fatalities and medical attention 1.5 Dress code 1.6 Media 2 Other examples 2.1 Bous al carrer 2.2 Occitan area of France 2.3 Stamford Bull Run 2.4 Mock bull runs 3 Opposition 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pamplona bull run ( edit ) Saint Fermin , honored in Pamplona Pamplona , 7 July 2005 . People climb to the fences as the bulls run by and cross the Town Hall Plaza . The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE , the public Spanish national television channel , for over 30 years . It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival , which is held every year from 6 -- 14 July . The first bull running is on 7 July , followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival , beginning every day at 8 am . Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old , run in the same direction as the bulls , not incite the bulls , and not be under the influence of alcohol . Fence ( edit ) In Pamplona a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets . A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space , while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers . The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through , but narrow enough to block a bull . The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood . Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta , while others are placed and removed each morning . Spectators can only stand behind the second fence , whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event . Preliminaries ( edit ) Police barrier at the beginning of the running stops people until the first rocket is fired . The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction . It is sung three times , each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque . The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin , patron of the festival and the city , to ask the saint 's protection and can be translated into English as `` We ask Saint Fermin , as our Patron , to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing '' . The singers finish by shouting `` Viva San Fermín ! , Gora San Fermin ! '' ( `` Long live Saint Fermin '' , in Spanish and Basque ) . Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ( `` faja '' ) and neckerchief ( `` pañuelo '' ) . Also some of them hold the day 's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls ' attention from them if necessary . The running ( edit ) Pamplona , 2007 . Bulls following some runners enter the bull ring from the callejón , where the event ends . The bulls can be seen in the foreground and background of the picture . A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open . A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released . The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively , marking the end of the event . The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes , 30 seconds . The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon , six steers that run in herd with the bulls , and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route . The function of the steers , who run the route daily , is to guide the bulls to the bullring . The average speed of the herd is 24 km / h ( 15 mph ) . The length of the run is 875 meters ( 957 yards ) . It goes through four streets of the old part of the city ( Santo Domingo , Ayuntamiento , Mercaderes and Estafeta ) via the Town Hall Square and the short section `` Telefónica '' ( named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta ) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón ( tunnel ) . The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square , but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down . One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ( `` la curva '' ) , resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing , and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers . This has resulted in a quicker run . Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro , which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster . Injuries , fatalities and medical attention ( edit ) Two injured runners are treated by medical services . Every year , between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run . Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital : in 2013 , 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona 's hospital , with this number nearly doubling that of 2012 . Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening . In 2013 , for example , six participants were gored along the festival , in 2012 , only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011 , nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009 ; with one of the latter killed . As most of the runners are male , only 5 women have been gored since 1974 . Before that date , running was prohibited for women . Another major risk is runners falling and piling up ( a `` montón '' ) at the entrance of the bullring , which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street . In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile . This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run , the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878 . A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977 . Overall , since record - keeping began in 1910 , 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona , most of them due to being gored . To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention . They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts ( every 50 metres on average ) , each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel . Most of these 200 people are volunteers , mainly from the Red Cross . In addition to the medical posts , there are around 20 ambulances . This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes . 15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona Year Name Age Origin Location Cause of death 1924 Esteban Domeño 22 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring 1927 Santiago Zufía 34 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1935 Gonzalo Bustinduy 29 San Luis Potosí , Mexico Bullring Goring 1947 Casimiro Heredia 37 Navarre , Spain Estafeta Goring 1947 Julián Zabalza 23 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1961 Vicente Urrizola 32 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring 1969 Hilario Pardo 45 Navarre , Spain Santo Domingo Goring Juan Ignacio Eraso 18 Navarre , Spain Telefónica Goring Gregorio Gorriz 41 Navarre , Spain Bullring Goring 1977 José Joaquín Esparza 17 Navarre , Spain Bullring Suffocated in a pile - up . 1980 José Antonio Sánchez 26 Navarre , Spain Town Hall Square Goring 1980 Vicente Risco 29 Badajoz , Spain Bullring hit 1995 Matthew Peter Tassio 22 Glen Ellyn , Illinois , USA Town Hall Square Goring 2003 Fermín Etxeberria 62 Navarre , Spain Mercaderes Hit by a horn 2009 Daniel Jimeno Romero 27 Alcalá de Henares , Spain Telefónica Goring Dress code ( edit ) Runners at the Pamplona bull run in typical attire Though there is no formal dress code , the very common and traditional attire is white pants , white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck . Another common dress practice , seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner . Many runners that want to be perceived as daring wear colors other than white , a common alternate color choice is blue . Blue is thought by some to draw the bulls ' attention . Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls . In the age of social media explosion , this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo . Media ( edit ) Hemingway drank in the Café Iruña , established 1888 in Pamplona / Iruña The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature , television or advertising , but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon . The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899 . The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener 's 1971 novel The Drifters . The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers , where the character `` Mitch '' ( Crystal ) is gored ( non-fatally ) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters . The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara , directed by Zoya Akhtar , as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear ; death . At first , the trio run part of the route . They stop at the square , but then recover their nerve , and continue to the end . The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy . Running with Bulls , a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel , depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition . Since 2014 , the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US , with both live commentary and then a recorded ' round up ' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers , including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid - born runner David Ubeda , former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey , the historic New York - born runner Joe Distler and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske - Harrison . In 2014 , the eBook guide , Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication . ( See Further Reading section below . ) Other examples ( edit ) Fire bull and children running from it ( Tudela , Navarre ) Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín , they are held in towns and villages across Spain , Portugal , and in some cities in southern France during the summer . Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes , near Madrid , at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona , the bull run of Cuéllar , considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215 , the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal , Portugal , with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval ' Forcåo ' , or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night . Other encierros have also caused fatalities . Bous al carrer ( edit ) Bous al carrer at Albocàsser Bous al carrer , correbou or correbous ( meaning in Catalan , bulls in the street ) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region , Terres de l'Ebre , Catalonia and Fornalutx , Mallorca . Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques , where cows are used instead of bulls . Even though they can take place all along the year , they are most usual during local festivals ( normally in August ) . Compared to encierros , animals are not directed to any bullring . These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village , as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull . Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood . Occitan area of France ( edit ) An abrivado at Calvisson . The guardians are demonstrating their skill in turn a group of at least four bulls through a 360 degree turn A bandido at Calvisson . Contact has been made with the bull : but it has not yet been stopped . Numerous bull running events happen in France in the region around Sommières , in accordance with the Camargues tradition , in which no bull gets hurt . For instance in Calvisson , the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days . There are four events : the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve ' gardians ' mounted on white Camargues horses , an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen , the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets , and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark . Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses , stop them , and physically turn them away from the horses . Stamford bull run ( edit ) Main article : Stamford Bull Run The English town of Stamford , Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837 . According to local tradition , the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne , 5th Earl of Surrey , saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath . Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town , causing a great uproar . The earl , mounting his horse , rode after the animal , and enjoyed the sport so much , that he gave the meadow in which the fight began , to the butchers of Stamford , on condition that they should provide a bull , to be run in the town every 13 November , for ever after . As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial , festival - style community event . Mock bull runs ( edit ) A variation is the nightly `` fire bull '' where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns . Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers , usually children , run to avoid the sparks . In 2008 , Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a ' bull running ' event in Pamplona , Spain , with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route . `` Running of the Bulls '' in the French Quarter of New Orleans The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans , Louisiana since 2007 . The team , dressed as bulls , skates after runners through the French Quarter . In 2012 , there were 14,000 runners and over 400 `` bulls '' from all over the country , with huge before - and after - parties . In Ballyjamesduff , Ireland , an annual `` Pig Run '' is held with small pigs . It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls . In Dewey Beach , Delaware , the Starboard bar sponsors an annual Running of the Bull ( sic ) , in which hundreds of red and white - clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single `` bull '' ( two people in a costume ) . In Rangiora , New Zealand , an annual `` Running of the Sheep '' is held , in which 1000 -- 2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town . The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London 's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls . In 2014 , Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June , the San Fermin Marathon , of a full marathon ( 42.195 km ) , half marathon ( 21.097 km ) , or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route , runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring . Opposition ( edit ) Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators , and some of animals may also die because of the stress , especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns ( bou embolat version ) . Despite all this , the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages Many animal rights activists oppose the event . PETA activists created the `` running of the nudes '' , a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona . By marching naked , they protested the festival and the following bullfight , arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment . The city of San Miguel de Allende , Mexico , cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006 , citing public disorder associated with the event . After the event was cancelled in San Miguel , the city of Salvatierra , also in the state of Guanajuato , picked up the event . It is now called La Marquesada and the three - day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October . Further Reading ( edit ) Alexander Fiske - Harrison , ed. ( 2016 ) . Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona ( 3 ed . ) . Mephisto Press . Bill Hillmann ( 2015 ) . Mozos : A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain . Chicago , Illinois : Curbside Splendor Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9404 - 3053 - 9 . See also ( edit ) Bou embolat -- version with bulls bringing flares in their horns Bullfighting Bull - leaping Correbous Jallikattu -- a similar tradition in Tamil Nadu , India Spanish - style bullfighting References ( edit ) Some links may contain graphic content where marked . Jump up ^ Fiske - Harrison , Alexander ( Editor ) Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona , Mephisto Press , 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Sanfermin guide . Running of the bulls '' . Kukuxumusu. 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bull - run hits liquor - fueled town '' , 2 February 2009 . `` The tradition , enacted in a handful of Mexican towns , traces its roots back to the centuries - old Pamplona bull - run in Mexico 's former colonial power . '' Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Jump up ^ According to the Mayor of Pamplona in his foreword to the book Fiesta : How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona Jump up ^ Running of the Bulls 2011 Live Stream ( Event Information ) Jump up ^ `` 27 añllj ghjzest in a penises en TVE '' . RTVE. 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bull Run '' . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona ( Council of Pamplona ) . Archived from the original on 29 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sección quinta '' . Bando San Fermin 2014 . Ayuntamiento de Pamplona . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encierro bullrun San Fermin festival Sanfermines tourist information on Navarre '' . Government of Navarre . Retrieved 8 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorka Alonso ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Los encierros se saldan con 50 heridos trasladados y 6 corneados '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias de Navarra . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los encierros de 2012 dejan cuatro heridos por asta , los mismos que en 2011 '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Noticias. 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ E.F.E Pamplona ( 14 July 2013 ) . `` Quinta mujer corneada en los encierros de San Fermín '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Javier Doria ( 13 July 2013 ) . `` Montón en el encierro de Sanfermines , un peligro con historia '' ( in Spanish ) . El País . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Especialistas destacan que el dispositivo sanitario de los encierros `` no se puede mejorar '' porque es `` espectacular '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Diario de Navarra. 18 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Terra Noticias . `` La muerte de hoy es la número quince en la historia del encierro '' ( in Spanish ) . Noticias.terra.es . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The last person killed at Pamplona '' . BBC . 14 July 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 ... Matthew Tassio ... 22 years old and came from Chicago ... The ... bull ... hit him in the abdomen , severed a main artery , sliced through his kidney and punctured his liver Jump up ^ `` Muere el pamplonés Fermín Etxeberria , de 63 años , herido en el encierro del 8 de julio '' ( in Spanish ) . DiarioDeNavarra.es. 25 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bull gores man to death in Spain '' . BBC . 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . The 27 - year - old was gored in the neck on Friday , during the fourth bull run of the week - long San Fermin festival . Daniel Jimeno Romero , from Madrid , had emergency surgery in hospital but died of his injuries . Earlier reports had described the dead man as British ... a veteran Spanish bull - runner died after a fall in 2003 Jump up ^ `` One dead in the running of the bull 's in Pamplona '' . EncierroSanFermin.com. 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . A runner died in today 's running of the bulls in the northern spanish city of Pamplona , the bull running held during the famous San Fermin festivities . The man died after being gored in the neck and lung by a bull of the Jandilla ranch , named `` Capuchino ''. The runner , Daniel Jimeno Romero from Alcalá de Henares ( Madrid ) was at the end of the street run Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishfestivals/qt/pamplonasurvive.htm Jump up ^ Encierro de toros in the Spanish - language Auñamendi Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Running with Bulls on IMDb Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls ' , Esquire TV Jump up ^ Vadillo , Jose Luis . ' Así son los corredores de elite en San Fermín ' , El Mundo. 6 July 2015 Jump up ^ Editorial Staff . ' Pamplona , bull running , bull gorings , Esquire TV and poetry from New York ' , The Pamplona Post . 10 July 2015 Jump up ^ Joe Distler website Jump up ^ ' Running Of The Bulls 2015 : A Democratic Sport , Esquire TV Jump up ^ ' San Fermín So Far -- 2014 ' Archived 15 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . The Pamplona Post , 12 July 2014 Jump up ^ Mari Carmen López del Burgo , aged 48 , from Madrid , Spain . `` Muere una mujer embestida por un toro en los encierros de Arganda del Rey '' ( in Spanish ) . elpais.com. 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Touristic leaflet . Festes de la Costa Blanca , Diputació Provincial d'Alacant , 2006 , Alacant . Jump up ^ `` Taurine traditions '' . ot-sommieres.com . Office de Tourisme du Pays de Sommières . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers Book of Days ( 1864 ) , . W. & R. Chambers ltd. 1832 . 13 November entry Jump up ^ `` Red Bull to visit Pamplona for Bull running '' . GPUpdate.net . GPUpdate. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith I. Marszalek , NOLA.com ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` Big Easy Rollergirls to reinact ( sic ) famed bull run '' . Blog.nola.com . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Fermín in Nueva Orleans , The Running of the Roller Girls '' . Laughingsquid.com. 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Coviello , Will . `` Running of the Bulls 2012 '' . Gambit Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dewey Beach , DE '' . The Starboard . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . Jump up ^ San Fermin marathon Jump up ^ Article sobre la crueltat dels bous al carrer. ( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Article sobre la popularitat dels bous al carrer a les terres de l'Ebre. ( in Catalan ) Jump up ^ Running of the Nudes . PETA official site . Jump up ^ `` No More Bull ( Running , That Is ) in San Miguel de Allende , '' Austin American - Statesman , 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running of the Bulls . A blog about Pamplona 's annual bull - running festival How to attend or view the Pamplona festival Student Travel and Party at Running of the Bulls Google Maps Route Map ( hide ) Bullfighting Types , styles , and events Bull - leaping Corraleja Course landaise Don Tancredo Feria ( festival ) Feria d'Arles Jallikattu Portuguese - style bullfighting Running of the Bulls Spanish - style bullfighting Tōgyū Toro de fuego Toro embolado Tourada à corda Vaquejada Sites Bullrings by country Colombia Ecuador France Mexico Peru Portugal Spain Uruguay Venezuela Other venues Route of the Bull Animals Bulls Got Islero Miura bull Murciélago Spanish Fighting Bull Ratón Horses Andalusian horse Lusitano People Roles Alguacilillo Bullfighter Forcado Picador Rejoneador Rodeo clown Individual bullfighters By name List of bullfighters List of female bullfighters Ordóñez family Romero family By country American British Colombian French Mexican Peruvian Portuguese Puerto Rican Romanian Spanish Equipment Estoc Montera Muleta Traje de luces Organizations Institutions California Academy of Tauromaquia Museo Municipal Taurino Francisco Montes Anti-bullfighting Animal Welfare Board of India AnimaNaturalis Anti-Bullfighting City CAS International Equanimal PETA The Bull and the Ban Media Films Books L'Écho taurin Mexican Hayride ( musical ) Ferdinand the Bull ( film ) Ferdinand ( film ) Related Bovine sports Bous al carrer Bull wrestling Camel wrestling Combat de Reines Rodeo Commons Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_of_the_Bulls&oldid=814889413 '' Categories : Bull runners Animal festival or ritual Spanish culture Bull sports Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Catalan - language external links Use dmy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what city is the running of the bulls	[ "The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer.", "The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer.", "The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer.", "The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also traditionally held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer." ]	[ "Pamplona", "towns and villages across Spain, Portugal", "in some cities in Mexico", "southern France" ]
-4492320636098641717	Disney's Art of Animation Resort	Disney 's Art of Animation resort - wikipedia Disney 's Art of Animation resort Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Location ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area Resort type Value resort Opened May 31 , 2012 Theme Walt Disney characters Areas Cars Finding Nemo The Lion King The Little Mermaid Rooms 984 Suites 1,120 Green lodge yes Disney 's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney 's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks . The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value - priced category , along with Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort , the All - Star Music Resort , the All - Star Movies Resort , and Disney 's Pop Century Resort . Family suites opened on May 31 , 2012 , and standard rooms opened on September 15 , 2012 . Overview ( edit ) An incomplete Pop Century Legendary Years building can be seen across the Hourglass Lake . The Generation Gap Bridge would have connected both halves of the resort . Originally , the land the Art of Animation Resort occupies was planned to be part of Disney 's Pop Century Resort as part of the `` Legendary Years '' section . Several buildings were constructed for these plans , some even to the point of adding decorative details . While one - half of Pop Century ( the `` Classic Years '' ) opened in 2003 , the other half was left abandoned following the tourism halt after the September 11 attacks on the United States . Disney started to prepare the land for the resort in January 2010 , and construction began in the summer of that year . At the time of this announcement on May 12 , 2010 , Disney did not say how much construction is expecting to cost , but it was mentioned that approximately 800 jobs would be produced . When the `` Legendary Years '' buildings were first being made , a bridge named the Generation Gap Bridge was constructed to connect both parts of Pop Century and made them accessible to each other . The bridge connects Pop Century to the Finding Nemo section of the Art of Animation Resort . Theming ( edit ) The resort is designed `` with families in mind . '' It features four of Disney 's popular character themes : Cars , Finding Nemo , The Lion King , and The Little Mermaid . Much like the other Disney Value Resorts , giant versions of various items are built around the hotel on each of the ten wings , such as a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) model of King Triton . In total , there are 1,984 rooms. of which 1,120 are family suites capable of housing up to six people , featuring living rooms and bedrooms . The remaining 864 sport the standard value layout . The resort has a total of ten buildings , as well as three themed pools . Finding Nemo : The Finding Nemo section of the resort is themed with the ocean setting featured in the film , with underwater plant and animal decorations throughout the buildings . This is the first area of the resort , which opened on May 31 , 2012 . Cars : The Cars section of the resort is themed like the Cozy Cone Motel that has featured in the film . Resort buildings are themed with the movie 's characters , including Lightning McQueen , Sally , Mater , and Luigi and Guido . The second section of the resort opened on June 18 , 2012 . The Lion King : The Lion King section of the resort features a `` natural '' setting , such as that found in the wild . The third section of the resort opened its doors on August 10 , 2012 . The Little Mermaid : The Little Mermaid section of the resort is themed with 600 cutout objects on resort balconies. `` Under the Sea '' decorations are incorporated throughout the section . This section of the resort has exterior walkways , where the other sections have enclosed interior walkways between the rooms . ( This section uses a couple of buildings that were originally built for Pop Century 's `` Legendary Years '' section before construction halted , which left them unfinished for years . ) It opened on September 15 , 2012 , as the fourth and final section of the resort . Dining and shopping ( edit ) Landscape of Flavors - a food court selling American cuisine and deli style market items . The Landscape of Flavors Food Court serves omelets , pancakes , French toast , pizza , pasta , sandwiches , salads , burgers , burritos , ice cream and bakery items . The food court seats 606 people . Pizza Delivery - pizza , sandwiches , salad , dessert and beverages are available in the evening for delivery to guest rooms . Ink & Paint Shop - gift shop that offers a range of items from Disney souvenirs to Disney 's Art of Animation themed clothing . The store also has grocery section that sells items including snacks , liquor , drinks , and sundries . Gallery ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney 's Art of Animation Resort . Sign at the entrance to the Art of Animation Resort Exterior of Animation Hall , central hall of the resort Swimming pool within the Finding Nemo section of the resort Incidents ( edit ) On July 14 , 2015 , a three - year - old boy was found at the bottom of a resort pool after becoming separated from his parents . Officials with the Orange County Sheriff 's Office reported the child was later pronounced dead at an area hospital . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . ^ Jump up to : `` New Disney hotel : Disney to build 2,000 - room hotel dubbed Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDailyDisney.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` More details on Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDisneyBlog.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Unveiled `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First look at new Art of Animation Resort concept art and rooms shown at Destination D: Walt Disney World '' . Inside the Magic . External links ( edit ) Official website Art of Animation Photo Gallery at HanBan Photos Walt Disney World Resorts Location Deluxe Moderate Value Deluxe Villa / Disney Vacation Club Magic Kingdom Resort Area Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort Disney 's Wilderness Lodge None None Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge Copper Creek Villas & Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge Epcot Resort Area Disney 's Beach Club Resort Disney 's BoardWalk Inn Disney 's Yacht Club Resort Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort None Disney 's Beach Club Villas Disney 's BoardWalk Villas Disney Riviera Resort Animal Kingdom Resort Area Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort Disney 's All - Star Music Resort Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas Disney Springs Resort Area None Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - Riverside None Disney 's Old Key West Resort Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area None None Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Disney 's Pop Century Resort None Campsites and cabins Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Residental Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Non-Disney resorts B Resort & Spa Best Western Buena Vista Palace Doubletree Four Seasons Hilton Holiday Inn Shades of Green Walt Disney World Dolphin Walt Disney World Swan Wyndham Coordinates : 28 ° 21 ′ 0.98 '' N 81 ° 32 ′ 54.59 '' W / 28.3502722 ° N 81.5484972 ° W / 28.3502722 ; - 81.5484972 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney%27s_Art_of_Animation_Resort&oldid=851331223 '' Categories : Walt Disney World Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort Hotel buildings completed in 2012 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 15 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the art of animation resort located	[ "Disney's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks.\n" ]	[ "Lake Buena Vista, Florida" ]
-3014439715701017818	End of World War II in Europe	End of World war II in Europe - wikipedia End of World war II in Europe Jump to : navigation , search The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims , 7 May 1945 West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Allies took place in late April and early May 1945 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of surrenders and deaths 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 4.1 Citations 4.2 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External links Timeline of surrenders and deaths ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners : The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000. April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy . In the three to four months up to the end of April , over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front . In early April , the first Allied - governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel . Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces , not POWs ( prisoners of war ) . The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants . By October , thousands had died in the camps from starvation , exposure and disease . The Dachau death train consisted of nearly forty railcars containing the bodies of between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners who were evacuated from Buchenwald on 7 April 1945 . Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps and refugees : Allied forces began to discover the scale of the Holocaust . The advance into Germany uncovered numerous Nazi concentration camps and forced labor facilities . Up to 60,000 prisoners were at Bergen - Belsen when it was liberated on 15 April 1945 , by the British 11th Armoured Division . Four days later troops from the American 42nd Infantry Division found Dachau . Allied troops forced the remaining SS guards to gather up the corpses and place them in mass graves . Due to the prisoners ' poor physical condition , thousands continued to die after liberation . Captured SS guards were subsequently tried at Allied war crimes tribunals where many were sentenced to death . However , up to 10,000 Nazi war criminals eventually fled Europe using ratlines such as ODESSA . German forces leave Finland : On 25 April 1945 , the last German formations withdrew from Finnish Lapland into occupied Norway . On 27 April 1945 , the Raising the Flag on the Three - Country Cairn photograph was taken . Mussolini 's death : On 25 April 1945 , Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin . On 27 April 1945 , as Allied forces closed in on Milan , Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans . It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland ( through the Splügen Pass ) , and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion . On 28 April , Mussolini was executed in Giulino ( a civil parish of Mezzegra ) ; the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there . The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city . On 29 April , Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta . This included Army Group Liguria . Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini 's Italian Social Republic . The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender . Final positions of the Allied armies , May 1945 Axis - held territory at the end of the war in Europe shown in blue Keitel signs surrender terms , 8 May 1945 in Berlin Hitler 's death : On 30 April , as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ended with American and British occupation , in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city , along with his escape route cut off by the Americans , realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini 's fate , German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun , his long - term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide . In his will , Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , his second - in - command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich . Hitler appointed his successors as follows ; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ( `` President of Germany '' ) and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler ( Chancellor of Germany ) . However , Goebbels committed suicide the following day , leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany . German forces in Italy surrender : On 29 April , the day before Hitler died , Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner , plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , signed a surrender document at Caserta after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies , which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace . In the document , the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May . Accordingly , after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May , nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May . German forces in Berlin surrender : The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May . On that date , General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling , the commander of the Berlin Defense Area , unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army . On the same day the officers commanding the two armies of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin , ( General Kurt von Tippelskirch , commander of the German 21st Army and General Hasso von Manteuffel , commander of Third Panzer Army ) , surrendered to the Western Allies. 2 May is also believed to have been the day when Hitler 's deputy Martin Bormann died , from the account of Artur Axmann who saw Bormann 's corpse in Berlin near the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station after encountering a Soviet Red Army patrol . Lehrter Bahnhof is close to where the remains of Bormann , confirmed as his by a DNA test in 1998 , were unearthed on 7 December 1972 . German forces in North West Germany , Denmark , and the Netherlands surrender : On 4 May 1945 , the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans - Georg von Friedeburg , and General Eberhard Kinzel , of all German forces `` in Holland ( sic ) , in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands , in Schleswig - Holstein , and in Denmark ... includ ( ing ) all naval ships in these areas '' , at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath ; an area between the cities of Hamburg , Hanover and Bremen . The number of German land , sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men . On 5 May , Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases . At 16 : 00 , General Johannes Blaskowitz , the German commander - in - chief in the Netherlands , surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard ( acting as commander - in - chief of the Dutch Interior Forces ) . German forces in Bavaria surrender : At 14 : 30 on 4 May 1945 , General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the American 6th Army Group . Central Europe : On 5 May 1945 , the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising . The following day , the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive . In Dresden , Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large - scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched . Within two days , Mutschmann abandoned the city , but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape . Hermann Göring 's surrender : On 6 May , Reichsmarshall and Hitler 's second - in - command , Hermann Göring , surrendered to General Carl Spaatz , who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe , along with his wife and daughter at the Germany - Austria border . He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive . German forces in Breslau surrender : At 18 : 00 on 6 May , General Hermann Niehoff , the commandant of Breslau , a ' fortress ' city surrounded and besieged for months , surrendered to the Soviets . Jodl and Keitel surrender all German armed forces unconditionally : Thirty minutes after the fall of `` Festung Breslau '' ( Fortress Breslau ) , General Alfred Jodl arrived in Reims and , following Dönitz 's instructions , offered to surrender all forces fighting the Western Allies . This was exactly the same negotiating position that von Friedeburg had initially made to Montgomery , and like Montgomery the Supreme Allied Commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , threatened to break off all negotiations unless the Germans agreed to a complete unconditional surrender to all the Allies on all fronts . Eisenhower explicitly told Jodl that he would order western lines closed to German soldiers , thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets . Jodl sent a signal to Dönitz , who was in Flensburg , informing him of Eisenhower 's declaration . Shortly after midnight , Dönitz , accepting the inevitable , sent a signal to Jodl authorizing the complete and total surrender of all German forces . At 02 : 41 on the morning of 7 May , at SHAEF headquarters in Reims , France , the Chief - of - Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command , General Alfred Jodl , signed an unconditional surrender document for all German forces to the Allies , committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin . General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May . It included the phrase `` All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8 , 1945 . '' The next day , Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin , and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender , explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF . The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst ; it now houses the German - Russian Museum Berlin - Karlshorst . German forces on the Channel Islands surrender : At 10 : 00 on 8 May , the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15 : 00 during which he announced : `` Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight , but in the interests of saving lives the ' Cease fire ' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front , and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today . '' VE - Day : News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May , and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire . In the US , Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day . As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective , which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May . German units cease fire : Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the ( Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) -- the German Armed Forces High Command ) , not all commanders did so . The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander - in - Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler 's last will and testament . On 8 May , Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria ; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive , forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May . The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal : The Second Army , under the command of General von Saucken , on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads , on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May , as did the forces on the Greek islands ; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France , in Saint - Nazaire , La Rochelle ( after the Allied siege ) , and Lorient . Battle of Slivice , the last battle in Czechoslovakia , on 12 May On 13 May , the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe . Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date . People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill 's victory speech , 8 May 1945 The garrison on Alderney , one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans , surrendered on 16 May , one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May . The Georgian Uprising of Texel ( 5 April -- 20 May ) was Europe 's last battlefield in World War II . It was fought between Georgian Nazi - collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island . Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia ( today 's Slovenia ) , on 14 and 15 May , known as the Battle of Poljana . Last battle in Europe , Battle of Odžak between Yugoslav partisans and NDH forces , concludes on 25 of May . The remaining NDH soldiers escape to the forest . A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945 ; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , two days after the Surrender of Japan . Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower : Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state , but his Flensburg government ( so - called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town ) , was not recognized by the Allies . On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria . The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested . On 23 May , acting on SHAEF 's orders and with the approval of the Soviets , American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest , and that their government was dissolved . The Allies had a problem , because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally , SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the `` European Advisory Commission '' ( EAC ) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government . This was considered a very important issue , because just as the civilian , but not military , surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the `` stab in the back '' argument , the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel . Order JCS 1067 was signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945 . This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength . This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr . In 1947 , JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a `` stable and productive Germany '' ; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan . Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June . It included the following : The Governments of the United States of America , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic , hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government , the High Command and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . The assumption , for the purposes stated above , of the said authority and powers does not effect the annexation of Germany . -- US Department of State , Treaties and Other International Acts Series , No. 1520 . The Oder - Neisse Line It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation -- the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state . The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 12 August 1945 . In connection with this , the leaders of the United States , Britain and the Soviet Union planned the new postwar German government , resettled war territory boundaries , de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder - Neisse line , and mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east . They also ordered German demilitarization , denazification , industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations . But , as France ( at American insistence ) had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference , so the French representatives on the Allied Control Council subsequently refused to recognise any obligation to implement the Potsdam Agreement ; with the consequence that much of the programme envisaged at Potsdam , for the establishment of a German government and state adequate for accepting a peace settlement , remained a dead letter . The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany , highlighting the Soviet zone ( red ) , the inner German border ( heavy black line ) and the zone from which British and US troops withdrew in July 1945 ( purple ) . The provincial boundaries are those of pre-Nazi Weimar Germany , before the present Länder were established . Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany , specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany . On 30 August , the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation , which informed the German people of the Council 's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders - in - Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council . Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman . Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers ( Italy , Romania , Hungary , Bulgaria , and Finland ; although Italy by some was considered a major power ) . The Federal Republic of Germany , that had been founded on 23 May 1949 ( when its Basic Law was promulgated ) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October . End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950 . In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949 , it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war , but the request could not be granted . The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons , and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since `` the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany '' . At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France , the UK , and the US in New York from 12 September -- 19 December 1950 , it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany 's position in the Cold War that the western allies would `` end by legislation the state of war with Germany '' . In 1951 , many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany : Australia ( 9 July ) , Canada , Italy , New Zealand , the Netherlands ( 26 July ) , South Africa , the United Kingdom ( 9 July ) , and the United States ( 19 October ) . The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955 . `` The full authority of a sovereign state '' was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn -- Paris conventions . The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory , but the three occupying powers retained some special rights , e.g. vis - à - vis West Berlin . Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany : Under the terms of this peace treaty , the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany , including Berlin . As a result , Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 . Under the terms of the Treaty , the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 ( articles 4 and 5 ) . In accordance with the Treaty , occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline . US soldiers view the corpses of prisoners which lie strewn along the road in the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp See also ( edit ) World War II portal War portal History portal End of World War II in Asia Aftermath of World War II Allied Commissions Council of Foreign Ministers Effects of World War II German Instrument of Surrender Line of contact Surrender of Japan Western betrayal German prisoners of war in northwest Europe Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original text , the transcription used in the Avalon source for the paragraph is erroneous . In this case , `` effect '' is correct . The implication is that annexation of Germany did not occur with the assumption of all the powers of the German state by the four Allied powers . However the next paragraph explicitly stated that the `` ( four Allied powers ) will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory '' . Jump up ^ Although the Allied powers considered this a debellatio ( The human rights dimensions of population , UNHCR web site , p. 2 § 138 ) other authorities have argued that the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory ; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist ( Junker , Detlef ( 2004 ) , Junker , Detlef ; Gassert , Philipp ; Mausbach , Wilfried ; et al. , eds. , The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War , 1945 -- 1990 : A Handbook , 2 , Cambridge University Press , co-published with German Historical Institute , Washington D.C. , p. 104 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 79112 - X . ) References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Story of the War , ( January 1st to October 7th 1945 ) page 153 ^ Jump up to : the Times , 1 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ ( Biddiscombe 1998 , p. 253 ) Jump up ^ Davidson , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Death and Life of Germany . University of Missouri Press . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1249 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The 11th Armoured Division ( Great Britain ) '' , United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Jump up ^ `` Station 11 : Crematorium -- Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site '' . Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 2002 ) . After the Darkness : Reflections on the Holocaust . New York , NY : Schocken Books . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Knoch , Habbo ( 2010 ) . Bergen - Belsen : Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940 -- 1945 , Concentration Camp 1943 -- 1945 , Displaced Persons Camp 1945 -- 1950 . Catalogue of the permanent exhibition . Wallstein . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8353 - 0794 - 0 . Jump up ^ Greene , Joshua ( 2003 ) . Justice At Dachau : The Trials Of An American Prosecutor . New York : Broadway . p. 400 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 0879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wiesenthal , Simon ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 6 : Odessa '' . Justice not Vengeance . George Weidenfeld & Nicolson . Jump up ^ Kulju , Mika ( 2017 ) . `` Chpt. 4 '' . Käsivarren sota -- lasten ristiretki 1944 -- 1945 ( The war in the Arm -- children 's crusade 1944 -- 1945 ) ( e-book ) ( in Finnish ) . Gummerus . ISBN 978 - 951 - 24 - 0770 - 5 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Ernest F. Fisher Jr : United States Army in WWII , The Mediterranean - Cassino to the Alps . Page 524 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Story of the War fifth volume page 153 Jump up ^ Dollinger , Hans . The Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 . p. 239 Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Viking - Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Karacs , Imre ( 4 May 1998 ) . `` DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The German Surrender Documents -- WWII Jump up ^ `` Monty Speech & German Surrender 1945 '' . British Pathé . Retrieved December 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ the Times , 5 May 1945 , page 4 Jump up ^ World War II Timeline : western Europe : 1945 Archived 22 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ron Goldstein Field Marshal Keitel 's surrender BBC additional comment by Peter -- WW2 Site Helper Jump up ^ ( Page 228 , `` The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan '' , Hans Dollinger ( de ) , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67 - 27047 ) ^ Jump up to : Ziemke 1969 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : During the summers of World War II , Britain was on British Double Summer Time which meant that the country was ahead of CET time by one hour . This means that the surrender time in the UK was `` effective from 0001 hours on May 9 ''. RAF Site Diary 7 / 8 May Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990 , p. 258 last paragraph . Jump up ^ The Churchill Centre : The End of the War in Europe Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry ( 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany ( The original memorandum from 1944 , signed by Morgenthau ) ( text and facsimile ) '' . Box 31 , Folder Germany : Jan. - Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum ( published 27 May 2004 ) . Archived from the original on 31 May 2013 . Demilitarization of Germany : It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R ( 2003 ) . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . Simon & Schuster . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 0743244540 . ^ Jump up to : Plenipotentiaries 1945 , p. 1 ( 3 PDF ) . Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , Retrieved 14 September 2008 Jump up ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission ( 1997 ) , Law reports of trials of war criminals : United Nations War Crimes Commission , Wm . S. Hein , p. 13 , ISBN 1 - 57588 - 403 - 8 Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission ( PDF ) , II Part Two , 1993 , p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Werner v. United States ( 188 F. 2d 266 ) Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit , 4 April 1951 . Website of Public.Resource.Org Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Step Forward Time Magazine Monday , 28 November 1949 Jump up ^ Staff . Full text of `` Britannica Book Of The Year 1951 '' Open - Access Text Archive . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ War 's End Time Magazine , 16 July 1951 Jump up ^ Elihu Lauterpacht , C.J. Greenwood . International law reports . Volume 52 , Cambridge University Press , 1979 ISBN 0 - 521 - 46397 - 1 . p. 505 Jump up ^ James H. Marsh . World War II : Making the Peace , The Canadian Encyclopedia , Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ 1951 in History BrainyMedia.com . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ H. Lauterpacht ( editor ) , International law reports Volume 23 . Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 - 949009 - 37 - 7 . p. 773 Jump up ^ US Code -- Title 50 Appendix -- War and National Defense Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Government Printing Office Archived 29 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Spreading Hesitation Time Magazine Monday , 7 February 1955 Sources ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2002 ) , Berlin : The Downfall 1945 , Viking - Penguin Books , p. 342 Plenipotentiaries ( 5 June 1945 ) , `` Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with respect to Germany by the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the provisional government of the French Republic ( facsimile ) '' , Germany No . i ( 1945 ) : Unconditional Surrender of Germany Declaration and other Documents issued by the Governments of the United Kingdom , the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , and the Provisional Government of the French Republic ( PDF ) , pp. 1 -- 6 ( 3 -- 7 PDF ) , retrieved December 2013 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1969 ) , Battle for Berlin : End of the Third Reich , London : Macdomald & Co , p. 128 Ziemke , Earl F. ( 1990 ) , `` Chapter XV : The Victory Sealed : Surrender at Reims '' , The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944 -- 1946 , Center of Military History , United States Army , Washington , D.C. , Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75 - 619027 Further reading ( edit ) Deutsche Welle special coverage of the end of World War II -- features a global perspective . On this Day 7 May 1945 : Germany signs unconditional surrender Account of German surrender , BBC Charles Kiley ( Stars and Stripes Staff Writer ). Details of the Surrender Negotiations This Is How Germany Gave Up London ' 45 Victory Parade , photos and the exclusion of the Polish ally Multimedia map of the war ( 1024x768 & Macromedia Flash Plugin 7. x ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : German Instrument of Surrender , 1945 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Winston Churchill announces the Surrender of Germany The short film A DEFEATED PEOPLE ( 1946 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive End of World War II in Europe is available for free download at the Internet Archive World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - 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-8280302653293298830	Silver Spoons	Silver Spoons - wikipedia Silver Spoons Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Silver Spoons Silver Spoons title screen Genre Sitcom Created by Martin Cohan Howard Leeds Ben Starr Developed by David W. Duclon Ron Leavitt Michael G. Moye Directed by Art Dielhenn Bob Lally Jack Shea Tony Singletary John Sgueglia Starring Ricky Schroder Erin Gray Leonard Lightfoot Joel Higgins Franklyn Seales Alfonso Ribeiro Theme music composer Rik Howard Bob Wirth Opening theme `` Together '' Ending theme `` Together '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Ray Colcord Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 116 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David W. Duclon ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Robert Illes James Stein ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Steve Pritzker ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Jack Humphrey ( 1986 ) George Burditt ( 1987 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 min Production company ( s ) Lightkeeper Productions ( 1982 - 1985 ) Embassy Television ( 1982 - 1986 ) Embassy Communications ( 1986 - 1987 ) Distributor Embassy Communications ( 1986 - 1988 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1988 - 1996 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1996 - 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 - present ) Release Original network NBC ( 1982 - 1986 ) Syndication ( 1986 - 1987 ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Monaural ( 1982 - 1985 ) Stereo ( 1985 - 1987 ) Original release September 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 25 ) -- March 4 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 04 ) Silver Spoons is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 25 , 1982 , to May 11 , 1986 , and in first - run syndication from September 15 , 1986 , to March 4 , 1987 . The series was produced by Embassy Television for the first four seasons , until Embassy Communications moved the series to syndication . Silver Spoons was created by Martin Cohan , Howard Leeds and Ben Starr . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Broadcast history 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 6 Production notes 6.1 Theme song 6.2 The Stratton mansion 7 Reruns and syndication 8 DVD release 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) In the pilot episode , Ricky Stratton ( Ricky Schroder ) arrives at the mansion of the father he has never met to introduce himself , move in , and get to know him better . Edward Stratton III ( Joel Higgins ) epitomizes the phrase `` overgrown child '' ; he has never taken responsibility for anything in his life , including his toy business , Eddie 's Toys . Ricky recognizes that his father needs to grow up ; Edward thinks his son is too uptight and needs to have more fun while he 's still young . Edward 's father is played by John Houseman as the thoughtful , well - to - do patriarch and industrialist whose demeanor starkly contrasts with Edward 's and seems more similar to Ricky 's ( at first ) . Throughout the series , the comic tension arises between Grandfather Stratton 's belief that people with money are obligated to make more money and Edward 's belief that money should be used to make people happy . Ricky is often caught between the two , wishing only for peace and harmony within the family . Ricky 's mother is Evelyn Bluedhorn ( Christine Belford ) . Edward and Evelyn 's romantic relationship led to a week - long marriage . Now Evelyn has remarried and placed Ricky in a military boarding school . When Ricky arrives at the Stratton residence , Edward is stunned to discover that his long - ago brief marriage produced a son ( when he expressed incredulousness because he `` was n't married that long , '' Ricky pointed out , `` It does n't take that long '' ) . At first he sends Ricky right back to the boarding school ; later he dresses up as a swamp monster to take Ricky out of the school and back to the mansion to live with him . The mansion is stocked with arcade games and a scale - model freight train runs through it . Edward exhibits his childishness and playfulness in many ways , such as performing a little dance while the Pac - Man plays its theme song . Stratton 's personal assistant , Kate Summers ( Erin Gray ) , is often the voice of reason . Kate 's role adds tension to the show and provides incentive for Edward to act more maturely ( at least sometimes ) . Edward and Kate 's will - they - or - wo n't - they relationship gives way to a third - season wedding . During the series ' early years , Ricky befriends `` bad boy '' Derek Taylor ( Jason Bateman , seasons 1 -- 2 ) , smooth - talking `` cowboy '' J.T. Martin ( Bobby Fite , seasons 1 -- 2 ) , and `` nerdy '' Freddy Lippincottleman ( Corky Pigeon , seasons 1 -- 4 ) . They get into a lot of trouble and learn many childhood lessons along the way . Edward 's original attorney was Leonard Rollins ( Leonard Lightfoot ) , who departed after the first season , and was replaced by the aptly named business manager Dexter Stuffins ( Franklyn Seales ) , who was somewhat stuffier and more erudite than Leonard had been . Dexter remained through the rest of the series and was joined in fall 1984 by his hip , break dancing nephew Alfonso Spears ( Alfonso Ribeiro , seasons 3 -- 5 ) , who became Ricky 's new best friend . Once Ricky , Freddy and Alfonso were in high school in season four , their circle was completed by Brad ( Billy Jacoby , seasons 4 -- 5 ) , a reintroduction of the type of `` bad boy '' - character similar to that of Derek during the show 's early years . That year , as Kate and Edward adjusted to married life , Kate 's doddering uncle , Harry Summers ( Ray Walston ) , moved into the Stratton mansion . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Silver Spoons , season 4 Main cast ( edit ) Ricky Schroder as Richard Bluedhorn `` Rick '' or `` Ricky '' Stratton Joel Higgins as Edward Stratton III Erin Gray as Katherine `` Kate '' Summers Stratton Leonard Lightfoot as Leonard Rollins ( Season 1 ) Franklyn Seales as Dexter Roosevelt Stuffins ( Seasons 2 -- 5 ) Alfonso Ribeiro as Alfonso Spears ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Jason Bateman as Derek Taylor ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Bobby Fite as J.T. Martin ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Corky Pigeon as Fredrick March `` Freddy '' Lippincottleman ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Billy Jacoby as Brad Langford ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) John Houseman as Grandfather Edward Stratton II ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Christine Belford as Evelyn Bluedhorn Stratton ( Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Ray Walston as Uncle Harry Summers ( Season 4 ) Broadcast history ( edit ) Season Time Saturday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 on NBC Sunday at 7 : 00 - 7 : 30 on NBC Sunday at 7 : 30 - 8 : 00 on NBC ( September 15 , 1985 - March 16 , 1986 ) Sunday at 7 : 00 - 7 : 30 on NBC ( May 4 -- 11 , 1986 ) 5 In first - run syndication Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Silver Spoons episodes Ratings ( edit ) 1982 - ' 83 : N / A 1983 - ' 84 : # 53 1984 - ' 85 : # 62 1985 - ' 86 : # 78 1986 - ' 87 : N / A Production notes ( edit ) Theme song ( edit ) The show 's theme song titled `` Together '' was written by Rik Howard and Bob Wirth . The original version was accompanied mostly by guitar . Two other versions of the theme were used during the show 's run . A synthesized version was used in 1985 . The third version of the theme , a rock version , was introduced in 1986 when the show moved to first - run syndication , with vocals by Ron Dante . The Stratton mansion ( edit ) The brick Tudor period mansion shown in the opening credits is actually a private residence located in Warwickshire , England . The elaborate home , named Compton Wynyates , was built in 1481 . Before Silver Spoons , it was used in the 1977 Disney film Candleshoe , starring Helen Hayes , Jodie Foster and David Niven . Reruns and syndication ( edit ) Reruns of Silver Spoons aired on NBC 's daytime schedule from April to September 1985 . Reruns of the NBC run ( seasons 1 - 4 ) aired with the first - run syndicated episodes ( season five ) every weekday on local stations , starting in 1986 ; many stations ( such as KTLA in Los Angeles ) elected to air the first - run episodes either Monday or Friday , with episodes from the NBC run filling - out the remaining four weekdays . Webster , another 1980s family sitcom , used that same format when it left ABC for first - run syndication after its fourth season ( 1986 -- 87 ) ; that series ran an additional two seasons ( 1987 -- 89 ) in first - run syndication . The show was also reran on WWOR EMI Service from December 28 , 1992 to September 3 , 1993 . Select episodes were also aired on Nick at Nite in 2001 and 2005 . The show is also available on Comcast digital cable 's On Demand service as of September 19 , 2006 . Chicago 's WWME ( `` Me TV '' ) currently airs two episodes back to back on Saturday afternoons . The first season is also available for purchase by episode or season on iTunes . In 2008 , video on demand sites Hulu and Crackle began airing the syndicated version of the first season of Silver Spoons . FamilyNet ( now The Cowboy Channel ) aired reruns of the series nightly with back - to - back episodes at 9pm Eastern ( and noon ET Mondays - Saturdays ) , until June 30 , 2017 , when the network underwent a programming format change the following day . Antenna TV began airing reruns of the series starting in January 2018 . DVD release ( edit ) On June 19 , 2007 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of Silver Spoons on DVD in Region 1 . As of 2015 , this release has been discontinued and is out of print . It is unknown if the remaining 4 seasons will be released . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 22 June 19 , 2007 See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Diff'rent Strokes ( 1978 ) You Again ? ( 1986 ) The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( 1990 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Silver Spoons , retrieved July 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Dore , Shalini ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sitcom scribe Martin Cohan dies : Creator of ' Silver Spoons , ' ' Who 's the Boss ? '' was 77 `` . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-04-20/features/8601280825_1_nbc-sunday-night-movie-prime-time-nielsen-ratings-nfl-monday-night-football Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 1993 ) . Television Character and Story Facts : Over 110,000 Details from 1,008 Shows , 1945 - 1992 . McFarland & Company . p. 419 . ISBN 0 - 899 - 50891 - X . Jump up ^ Higgins , Shriley ; Higgins , Jim ( March 26 , 1978 ) . `` Hunting treasure in new Disney film '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . p . C11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV Adding Nine New Shows to the Mix '' Jump up ^ `` Silver Spoons - Here We Are : Sony Sez Silver Spoons in June ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . External links ( edit ) Silver Spoons on IMDb Silver Spoons at TV.com Silver Spoons at Retro Junk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Spoons&oldid=831828419 '' Categories : 1982 American television series debuts 1987 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms American television sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with a promotional tone from February 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 11 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the theme song for silver spoons	[ "The show's theme song titled \"Together\" was written by Rik Howard and Bob Wirth.[4] The original version was accompanied mostly by guitar. Two other versions of the theme were used during the show's run. A synthesized version was used in 1985. The third version of the theme, a rock version, was introduced in 1986 when the show moved to first-run syndication, with vocals by Ron Dante." ]	[ "Ron Dante" ]
-1623431862494363228	Derek Shepherd	Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` You 're My Home ( Grey 's Anatomy ) '' ( 11.25 ) May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board ( former ) Chief of Surgery ( former ) Head of Neurosurgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) ( with Meredith ) certifications M.D. F.A.C.S Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance during `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27 , 2005 . Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years , before their divorce in 2006 . Before his death in 2015 , Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . The couple are often referred to as `` MerDer '' and they have three children together . Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting . For his portrayal of Shepherd , Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role , and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery , which he eventually turned down . He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes '' and `` impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down . As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards . He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents ( or at least threaten them ) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being . Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar , and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace . They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work , particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship . Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career . He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him . While most of his family members accepted Meredith , his sister , Nancy , particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern '' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law . His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white . Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York . In the season one finale , his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber . Shortly thereafter , his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery . Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile . Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms , with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three . In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place . He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband . Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin - off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If / Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate , earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd '' and `` McDreary '' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time , he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff . During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior , not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons . Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery . With mixed feelings , Derek offers him an ultimatum : go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after , or quit completely . In seasons three and four , Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people . Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five . In the season finale , they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie . Due to their tight schedule , they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises '' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola , a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial , jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation . Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately . In later seasons , Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey , Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith . The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola . As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie , Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function . He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive . When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , head of orthopedic surgery , tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong , he agrees , accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel . Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work , but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate . Derek , Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand . Meredith , newly pregnant with their second child , goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him . Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ) , Derek 's younger sister , agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success . Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative . He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending . Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington , D.C. , but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family . His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan . Meanwhile , he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move . After a bad argument , he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington . While there , he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage . He tells her that just being with her , raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world '' . In season 11 , Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington . He is able to hear and process auditory input , but unable to speak . He is recognized by Winnie , one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier , who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well . The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night . Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times , he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead . Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek , where she consents to removing him from life support . At the time of his death , Meredith was pregnant with their third child . She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother . Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death . In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm . Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to . At the end of the season , prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away , him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd , he was afraid that he was not going to get the part . Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was : `` The very first time I met him , I was absolutely sure that he was my guy . Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd , Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for . And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo . '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first , particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning . I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings . When I found out , I completely understood his hesitation . Now that we all know , if he is struggling with a word , the other actors are quick to step up and help him out . Everyone is very respectful . '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it , he said his reaction was like `` I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules . '' Washington was , however , later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down . Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta , Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients . In January 2014 , Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy ( then in its tenth season ) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons . However , in April 2015 , Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet . Dempsey explained : `` it just sort of evolved . It 's just kind of happened . It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded , and it just naturally came to be . Which was pretty good . I like the way it has all played out . '' In August 2015 , Rhimes commented : `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options ? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith , and leave her high and dry , and what was that going to mean ? That was going to suggest that the love was not true , the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy was n't McDreamy . For me , that was untenable . Meredith and Derek 's love had to remain Meredith and Derek 's love . As painful as it was for me as a storyteller , because I had never really thought that was going to happen , it preserved what felt true to me , was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest . Because I really could n't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story . To me , it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek 's magic remain true and forever frozen in time . '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick , Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt '' the character as an alumnus . Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles ( 29 km ) away from Brunswick , and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013 . Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything , who lives in his `` own '' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming , devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of , and a man that often makes the wrong decisions , and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker . Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning , because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed . USA Today writer Robert Bianco said : `` Derek could , at times , seem like two people , warm and funny one minute , cold and self - involved the next . Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person , while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole . '' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey 's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception . With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity '' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad . Dude , whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try . You 're the dick who cheated on her , you 're the one who knew that she found the panties , and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did ? Wow . I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith , but congratulations , big guy . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season , saying : `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me . Yes , we get it . He 's tormented by his love for Meredith , but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying . If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to , then he refuses to cooperate . How immature can this man possibly be ? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy , desperate one in the relationship . '' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4 , Episode 13 : `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' McDreamy ' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge , Tips Cap to Bowdoin '' . Bowdoin College . October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 1 . Episode 2 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Poker Face '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 6 . October 20 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 19 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 7 . October 29 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 19 . April 12 , 2012 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Go It Alone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 10 . Episode 20 . April 17 , 2014 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 16 , 2008 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 6 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2007 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 3 . Episode 6 . November 2 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 9 . Episode 8 . December 6 , 2012 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 2 . Episode 18 . February 19 , 2006 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 5 , 2011 . ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Lowe knows political roles '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real - Life McDreamy : The Doctor Behind ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Patrick Dempsey , Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two - Year Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight 's shocking twist -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight '' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' accidental death '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` The cure for bromidic TV : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : You 're kidding , right ? '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` How ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Got its Groove Back '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Paging Dr. Feelgood : 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television '' . BuzzFeed . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures , Grey 's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery : The Best TV Couples of All Time '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=826981601 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what season and episode does derek die in greys anatomy	[ "\n\nDerek Shepherd\n\n\nGrey's Anatomy character\n\n\n\nPatrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"A Hard Day's Night\" (1.01)\nMarch 27, 2005\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy)\" (11.25)\nMay 14, 2015\n\n\nCreated by\nShonda Rhimes\n\n\nPortrayed by\nPatrick Dempsey\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nFull name\nDerek Christopher Shepherd\n\n\nNickname(s)\nMcDreamy\n\n\nOccupation\nAttending neurosurgeon\nMember of the Board (former)\nChief of Surgery (former)\nHead of Neurosurgery (former)\n\n\nTitle\nM.D.\nF.A.C.S.\n\n\nFamily\nMr. Shepherd\n(father, deceased)\nCarolyn Maloney Shepherd\n(mother)\nNancy Shepherd\n(sister)\nKathleen \"Kate\" Shepherd\n(sister)\nElizabeth \"Lizzie\" Shepherd\n(sister)\nAmelia Shepherd\n(sister)\n9 unnamed nieces\n6 unnamed nephews (one deceased)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nAddison Montgomery (m. 1994; div. 2006)\nMeredith Grey (m. 2009–2015)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nRose\n\n\nChildren\nZola Shepherd (daughter)\nDerek Bailey Shepherd (son)\nEllis Shepherd (daughter)\n(with Meredith)\n\n\ncertifications\nM.D.\nF.A.C.S\n\n" ]	[ "11.25" ]
9176030192912388851	Joël Robuchon	Joel Robuchon - wikipedia Joel Robuchon Jump to : navigation , search Joël Robuchon Joël Robuchon , September 2010 ( 1945 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1945 ( age 72 ) Poitiers , France Website www.joel-robuchon.net Culinary career Rating ( s ) ( show ) Michelin stars AAA Motor Club Mobil Current restaurant ( s ) ( show ) Joël Robuchon ( Las Vegas ) L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( Bangkok , Hong Kong , Las Vegas , London , Macau , Monaco , Paris , Taipei , Tokyo , Singapore , and New York City ) La Table de Joël Robuchon & Le Chateau de Joël Robuchon ( Paris , Tokyo ) Previous restaurant ( s ) ( show ) Jamin Television show ( s ) ( show ) Cuisinez comme un grand chef ( TF1 , 1996 - 1999 ) Bon appetit , bien sûr ( France 3 , 2000 ) Award ( s ) won ( show ) Officier de la Legion d'honneur Joël Robuchon ( French pronunciation : ( ʒɔɛl ʁobyʃɔ̃ ) , born 7 April 1945 ) is a French chef and restaurateur . He was titled `` Chef of the Century '' by the guide Gault Millau in 1989 , and also awarded the Meilleur Ouvrier de France ( France 's Best Craftsman ) in cuisine in 1976 . He has published several cookbooks in French , two of which have been translated into English , has chaired the committee for the current edition of the Larousse Gastronomique , and has hosted culinary television shows in France . He operates a dozen restaurants in Bangkok , Bordeaux , Hong Kong , Las Vegas , London , Macau , Monaco , Paris , Singapore , Taipei , Tokyo , and New York City , with a total of 32 Michelin Guide stars among them -- the most of any chef in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Restaurants 3 Awards 4 Cookbooks 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Robuchon was born in Poitiers , France as one of four children . He worked as a cook in the Mauléon - sur - Sèvre seminary in the Deux - Sèvres . At the age of 15 ( 1960 / 61 ) , he became an apprentice chef at the Relais of Poitiers hotel , starting off as a pastry chef . In 1966 , Robuchon joined the apprenticeship `` Compagnon du Tour de France , '' enabling him to travel throughout the country , learning a variety of diverse regional techniques . At 28 ( 1973 / 74 ) , he was appointed as head chef at the hotel Concorde - Lafayette . At 31 ( 1976 / 77 ) , he won the Meilleur Ouvrier de France for his craftsmanship in Culinary Arts . In 1989 , he was awarded `` Chef of the Century '' by Gault Millau . He later started his own restaurant in Paris called Jamin . He has mentored Gordon Ramsay , Eric Ripert and Michael Caines . Seeing many of his peers die of stress and heart attacks , Robuchon retired at the age of 50 in 1995 . He subsequently staged a comeback , opening several restaurants bearing his name around the world . He hosted Cuisinez comme un grand chef on TF1 from 1996 to 1999 ; in 2000 , he hosted Bon appétit bien sûr on France 3 . Through his various restaurants , including the newly awarded 3 - star rating for his restaurant in Singapore , he has now accumulated a total of 28 Michelin Guide stars -- the most of any chef in the world . Robuchon was the most influential French chef of the post-nouvelle cuisine era . Since the mid-1980s , he has been called the primus inter pares of Paris ' three star chefs for his work both at Jamin and at his eponymous restaurant . He was known for the relentless perfectionism of his cuisine ; he says there is no such thing as the perfect meal -- one can always do better . He was instrumental in leading French cuisine away from the excesses -- and excessive reductionism -- of nouvelle cuisine . In particular , his cuisine was seen as harking back to a more authentic , even bourgeois French cuisine -- the `` cuisine actuelle '' of Patricia Wells ' book ( re-published as `` Simply French '' ) , which focused on making each ingredient taste of itself . Drawing his inspiration firstly from the simplicity of cuisine , he led the way in creating a more delicate style respectful of natural food ingredients . Like many famous chefs in France , he is an avowed Freemason , namely the Grande Loge Nationale Française . Restaurants ( edit ) Robuchon 's restaurants in Tokyo are located in the Château of the Yebisu Garden Place . Bangkok - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 1 Michelin star ) Bordeaux - La Grande Maison de Joël Robuchon Hong Kong - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 3 Michelin stars ) , Salon de Thé de Joël Robuchon Las Vegas - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 1 Michelin star ) , Joël Robuchon ( 3 Michelin stars ) London - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 1 Michelin star ) , La Cuisine de Joël Robuchon ( 1 Michelin star ) , Macau - Robuchon au Dôme ( 3 Michelin stars ) Monaco - Restaurant de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , Yoshi ( 1 Michelin star ) New York City - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon , Le Bar de Joël Robuchon Paris - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , La Table de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) Shanghai - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , Salon de Thé de Joël Robuchon Singapore - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , Restaurant de Joël Robuchon ( 3 Michelin stars ) Taipei - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon , Salon de Thé de Joël Robuchon Tokyo - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , La Table de Joël Robuchon ( 2 Michelin stars ) , Le Chateau de Joël Robuchon ( 3 Michelin stars ) Montreal - L'Atelier de Joël Robuchon Awards ( edit ) Best French Restaurant , Best Chef in Las Vegas , Las Vegas Life International Epicurean Awards Rated `` 3 Stars '' Las Vegas Michelin Guide `` Hot Tables '' CondeNast Traveller Five - Star Award , 2006 - 2011 Forbes Travel Guide Best French Restaurant in Las Vegas , 2006 -- 2010 , Hotel Concierge Association . The Laurent Perrier 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award at The S. Pellegrino World 's 50 Best Restaurants 2009 Cookbooks ( edit ) Simply French ( with Patricia Wells ) Tout Robuchon ( published as The Complete Robuchon in English ) French Cheeses Joël Robuchon Cooking Through the Seasons La Cuisine de Joël Robuchon L'Atelier of Joël Robuchon : The Artistry of a Master Chef and His Protégés Le Grand Larousse Gastronomique Food and Life , Joël Robuchon and Dr. Nadia Volf See also ( edit ) List of Michelin starred restaurants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leuzzi , Jennifer ( 9 August 2006 ) . `` A Top Chef Arrives in New York ( Finally ) '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chefs Around the World '' ( PDF ) . Travel International . Spring 2005 . p. 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` L'Atelier of Joel Robuchon : The Artistry of a Master Chef and His Proteges '' . Wiley & Sons . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ng Kai Ling ( 20 October 2010 ) . `` Local flavour , world - class food '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Masterchef : The Professionals 2010 ( Episode 16 ) Jump up ^ `` Liste des lauréats du concours de Meilleur Ouvrier de France , Classe Cuisine '' ( in French ) . Meilleur Ouvrier de France - Cuisine official website . Archived from the original on 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Piano ma non solo , Jean - Pierre Thiollet , Anagramme Ed. , 2012 , p. 111 Jump up ^ CNN showcases london fashion week , Business Ghana 7 October 2010 Jump up ^ MacDonogh , Giles ( 8 May 1995 ) . `` Star performance - Giles MacDonogh takes a fresh look at the culinary capital of the world and assesses the city 's top eight restaurants '' . Financial Times Guide to Eating Out In Paris . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Interview to L'Express Jump up ^ Institut Civitas , excerpt from Lectures Françaises n . 560 - 561 , quoting Le Figaro 's 21 June 2003 article from Maurice Beaudoin : `` Joël Robuchon : franc - maçon et fier de l'être '' Jump up ^ https://www.viamichelin.co.uk/web/Restaurant/Strand_and_Covent_Garden-WC2H_9NE-L_Atelier_de_Joel_Robuchon-170844-41102 Jump up ^ YourSingapore.com - L'Atelier de Joël Jump up ^ Stevens , Muriel ( 2007 ) . `` Dining , Joël Robuchon '' . VEGAS.com . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kühn , Kerstin ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Joël Robuchon 's Las Vegas restaurant debuts with three Michelin stars '' . caterer search . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ MGM Grand awards http://www.mgmgrand.com/press_room/press_room_awards.aspx External links ( edit ) Joël Robuchon 's website ( in French ) Official website of Joël Robuchon 's TV show VIAF : 106996736 LCCN : n87832845 ISNI : 0000 0001 1032 0399 GND : 121001997 SUDOC : 028745973 BNF : cb12051896s ( data ) NDL : 00473912 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Joël_Robuchon&oldid = 828215007 '' Categories : 1945 births Living people People from Poitiers French Roman Catholics French Freemasons French chefs Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants French restaurateurs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with French - language external links Use dmy dates from September 2010 Use British English from September 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Français עברית Nederlands 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 06 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the chef with the most michelin stars	[ "Joël Robuchon (French pronunciation: [ʒɔɛl ʁobyʃɔ̃], born 7 April 1945) is a French chef and restaurateur. He was titled \"Chef of the Century\" by the guide Gault Millau in 1989,[1] and also awarded the Meilleur Ouvrier de France (France's Best Craftsman) in cuisine in 1976. He has published several cookbooks in French, two of which have been translated into English, has chaired the committee for the current edition of the Larousse Gastronomique, and has hosted culinary television shows in France.[2][3] He operates a dozen restaurants in Bangkok, Bordeaux, Hong Kong, Las Vegas, London, Macau, Monaco, Paris, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo, and New York City, with a total of 32 Michelin Guide stars among them – the most of any chef in the world.[4][5]" ]	[ "Joël Robuchon" ]
9181219999931624605	Twenty20	Twenty20 - wikipedia Twenty20 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport of cricket ; `` Twenty20 '' , the professional version of the game . For details on amateur twenty over cricket , see Short form cricket . For the Malayalam film , see Twenty : 20 ( film ) . For other uses , see 2020 ( disambiguation ) . A Twenty20 match between England and Sri Lanka at the Hampshire Rose Bowl on 15 June 2006 Twenty20 cricket , sometimes written Twenty - 20 , and often abbreviated to T20 , is a short form of cricket . At the professional level , it was originally introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board ( ECB ) in 2003 for the inter-county competition in England and Wales . In a Twenty20 game the two teams have a single innings each , which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs . Together with first - class and List A cricket , Twenty20 is one of the three current forms of cricket recognised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as being at the highest international or domestic level . A typical Twenty20 game is completed in about three hours , with each innings lasting around 75 -- 90 minutes and a 10 -- 20 - minute interval . This is much shorter than previously - existing forms of the game , and is closer to the timespan of other popular team sports . It was introduced to create a fast - paced form of the game which would be attractive to spectators at the ground and viewers on television . Since its inception the game has been very successful resulting in its spread around the cricket world . On most international tours there is at least one Twenty20 match and all Test - playing nations have a domestic cup competition . The inaugural ICC World Twenty20 was played in South Africa in 2007 with India winning by five runs against Pakistan in the final . Pakistan won the second tournament in 2009 , and England won the title in the West Indies 2010 . West Indies won in 2012 , with Sri Lanka winning the 2014 tournament . West Indies are the reigning champions , winning the 2016 competition , and in doing so , became the first nation to win the tournament twice . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Spread worldwide 1.3 Twenty20 Internationals 1.4 Impact on the game 2 Match format and rules 2.1 Format 2.2 General rules 2.3 Tie deciders 3 International 3.1 T20 International rankings 4 Domestic 5 Records 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Former England batsman Andrew Strauss batting for Middlesex against Surrey When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002 , the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place . Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game 's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship . It was intended to deliver fast paced , exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game . Stuart Robertson , the marketing manager of the ECB , proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11 -- 7 in favour of adopting the new format . The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success , with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title . The first Twenty20 match held at Lord 's , on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey , attracted a crowd of 27,509 , the highest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground -- other than a one - day final -- since 1953 . Spread worldwide ( edit ) Thirteen teams from different parts of the country participated in Pakistan 's inaugural competition in 2004 , with Faisalabad Wolves the first winners . On 12 January 2005 Australia 's first Twenty20 game was played at the WACA Ground between the Western Warriors and the Victorian Bushrangers . It drew a sell - out crowd of 20,000 , which was the first time in nearly 25 years the ground had been completely sold out . Starting 11 July 2006 19 West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20 / 20 tournament . The event was financially backed by billionaire Allen Stanford , who gave at least US $28,000,000 funding money . It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event . Guyana won the inaugural event , defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets , securing US $1,000,000 in prize money . On 5 January 2007 Queensland Bulls played the New South Wales Blues at The Gabba , Brisbane . A crowd of 11,000 was expected based on pre-match ticket sales . However , an unexpected 16,000 turned up on the day to buy tickets , causing disruption and confusion for surprised Gabba staff as they were forced to throw open gates and grant many fans free entry . Attendance reached 27,653 . For 1 February 2008 Twenty20 match between Australia and India , 85,824 people attended the match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground involving the Twenty20 World Champions against the ODI World Champions . The Stanford Super Series was held in October 2008 between Middlesex and Trinidad and Tobago , the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions , and a Stanford Superstars team formed from West Indies domestic players ; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition , securing US $280,000 prize money . On 1 November , the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US $20,000,000 in each match . The Stanford Superstars won the first match , however no further fixtures were held as Allen Stanford was charged with fraud in 2009 . Twenty20 Internationals ( edit ) Main articles : Twenty20 International and Women 's Twenty20 International The first Twenty20 International match was held on 5 August 2004 between the England and New Zealand women 's teams with New Zealand winning by nine runs On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men 's full international Twenty20 match , played at Eden Park in Auckland . The game was played in a light - hearted manner -- both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s , the New Zealand team 's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade . Some of the players also sported moustaches / beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look , at the request of the Beige Brigade . Australia won the game comprehensively , and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings , the players and umpires took things less seriously -- Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides , and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card ( red cards are not normally used in cricket ) in response . The first Twenty20 international in England was played between England and Australia at the Rose Bowl in Hampshire on 13 June 2005 , which England won by a margin of 100 runs , a record victory which lasted until 2007 . On 9 January 2006 Australia and South Africa met in the first international Twenty20 game in Australia . In a first , each player 's nickname appeared on the back of his uniform , rather than his surname . The international match drew a crowd of 38,894 people at The Gabba . Australia convincingly won the match with man of the match Damien Martyn scoring 96 runs . On 16 February 2006 New Zealand defeated West Indies in a tie - breaking bowl - out 3 -- 0 ; 126 runs were scored apiece in the game proper . The game was the last international match played by Chris Cairns -- NZC handed out life - size cardboard masks of his face to patrons as they entered the ground . Every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place , except in the event of an ICC Cricket World Cup being scheduled in the same year , in which case it will be held the year before . The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final . Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament , selected through the 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One , a 50 - over competition . In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20 - over format to better prepare the teams . With six participants , two would qualify for the 2009 World Twenty20 and would each receive $250,000 in prize money . The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009 . The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010 , where England defeated Australia by 7 wickets . The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was won by the West - Indies , by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals . It was the first time in Cricket history when a T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country . The 2014 ICC World Twenty20 was won by Sri Lanka , by defeating India at the finals , where the tournament was held in Bangladesh . The 2016 ICC World Twenty20 was won by West - Indies , by defeating England at the finals , where the tournament was held in India . Impact on the game ( edit ) Twenty20 matches can have some exciting displays such as when the batsmen run out to the pitch Twenty20 cricket is claimed to have resulted in a more athletic and explosive form of cricket . Indian fitness coach Ramji Srinivasan declared in an interview with the Indian fitness website Takath.com , that Twenty20 had `` raised the bar '' in terms of fitness levels for all players , demanding higher levels of strength , speed , agility and reaction time from all players regardless of role in the team . Matthew Hayden credited retirement from international cricket with aiding his performance in general and fitness in particular in the Indian Premier League . In June 2009 , speaking at the annual Cowdrey Lecture at Lord 's , former Australian wicketkeeper Adam Gilchrist pushed for Twenty20 to be made an Olympic sport . `` It would , '' he said , `` be difficult to see a better , quicker or cheaper way of spreading the game throughout the world . '' Match format and Rules ( edit ) Format ( edit ) Twenty20 match format is a form of limited overs cricket in that it involves two teams , each with a single innings , the key feature being that each team bats for a maximum of 20 overs . In terms of visual format , the batting team members do not arrive from and depart to traditional dressing rooms , but come and go from a bench ( typically a row of chairs ) visible in the playing arena , analogous to association football 's technical area or a baseball dugout . Middlesex playing against Surrey at Lord 's , in front of a 28,000 - strong crowd General Rules ( edit ) The Laws of cricket apply to Twenty20 , with some exceptions : Each bowler may bowl a maximum of only one - fifth of the total overs per innings . For a full , uninterrupted match , this is 4 overs . If a bowler delivers a no ball by overstepping the popping crease , it costs 1 run and his next delivery is designated a `` free - hit '' . In this circumstance the batsman can only be dismissed through a run out , hitting the ball twice , obstructing the field or handling the ball . The following fielding restrictions apply : No more than five fielders can be on the leg side at any time . During the first six overs , a maximum of two fielders can be outside the 30 - yard circle ( this is known as the powerplay ) . After the first six overs , a maximum of five fielders can be outside the fielding circle . If the fielding team does not start to bowl their 20th over within 75 minutes , the batting side is credited an extra six runs for every whole over bowled after the 75 - minute mark ; the umpire may add more time to this if he believes the batting team is wasting time . Tie deciders ( edit ) Main article : Super Over Currently , if the match ends with the scores tied and there must be a winner , the tie is broken with a one over per side Eliminator or Super Over : Each team nominates three batsmen and one bowler to play a one - over per side `` mini-match '' . The team which bats second in the match bats first in the Super Over . In turn , each side bats one over bowled by the one nominated opposition bowler , with their innings over if they lose two wickets before the over is completed . The side with the higher score from their Super Over wins . If the super over also ends up in a tie , the team that has scored the most boundaries ( 4s + 6s ) in the 20 overs wins . In the Australian domestic competition the Big Bash League the Super Over is played slightly differently , with no 2 - wicket limit , and if the super over is also tied then a `` countback '' is used , with scores after the fifth ball for each team being used to determine the result . If it is still tied , then the countback goes to 4 balls and so on . The latest Super Over to decide a match was between the Sydney Sixers winning against the Brisbane Heat on the 25th January 2017 , in the Big Bash League at the Brisbane Cricket Ground , with the Sixers winning 0 / 22 to 0 / 15 in the Super Over after tying on 164 . Tied Twenty20 matches were previously decided by a bowl - out . International ( edit ) Main articles : Twenty20 International and Women 's Twenty20 International Women 's and men 's Twenty20 Internationals have been played since 2004 and 2005 respectively . To date , 20 nations have played the format , including all test playing nations . This considers only matches between teams with Twenty20 International status , which is limited by the International Cricket Council to a small number of top teams . Nation Date of men 's T20I debut Date of women 's T20I debut Australia 17 February 2005 2 September 2005 New Zealand 17 February 2005 5 August 2004 England 13 June 2005 5 August 2004 South Africa 21 October 2005 10 August 2007 West Indies 16 February 2006 27 June 2008 Sri Lanka 15 June 2006 12 June 2009 Pakistan 28 August 2006 25 May 2009 Bangladesh 28 November 2006 27 August 2012 Zimbabwe 28 November 2006 India 1 December 2006 5 August 2006 Kenya 1 September 2007 Scotland 12 September 2007 Netherlands 2 August 2008 27 June 2008 Ireland 2 August 2008 27 June 2008 Canada 2 August 2008 Bermuda 3 August 2008 Afghanistan 2 February 2010 Nepal 16 March 2014 Hong Kong 16 March 2014 United Arab Emirates 17 March 2014 Oman 25 July 2015 T20 international rankings ( edit ) Main article : ICC World Twenty20 rankings In November 2011 , the ICC released the first Twenty20 International rankings for the men 's game , based on the same system as the Test and ODI rankings . The rankings cover a 2 to 3 - year period , with matches since the most recent 1 August weighted fully , matches in the preceding 12 months weighted two - thirds , and matches in the 12 months preceding that weighted one - third . To qualify for the rankings , teams must have played at least eight Twenty20 Internationals in the ranking period . ICC T20I Championship Rank Team Matches Points Rating New Zealand 13 1625 125 England 16 1962 123 Pakistan 20 2417 121 West Indies 19 2222 117 5 India 19 2183 115 6 South Africa 18 110 7 Australia 13 1431 110 8 Sri Lanka 20 1896 95 9 Afghanistan 25 2157 86 10 Bangladesh 15 1168 78 11 Scotland 11 737 67 12 Zimbabwe 13 842 65 13 United Arab Emirates 16 827 52 14 Netherlands 9 441 49 15 Hong Kong 13 599 46 16 Papua New Guinea 6 235 39 17 Oman 9 235 39 18 Ireland 15 534 36 Reference : ICC rankings for Tests , ODIs , Twenty20 & Women , 9 July 2017 `` Matches '' is the number of matches played in the 12 - 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . The ICC do not maintain a separate Twenty20 ranking for the women 's game , instead aggregating performance over all three forms of the game into one overall women 's teams ranking . Domestic ( edit ) An Indian Premier League match commencing at the Chepauk Stadium between Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders Perth Scorchers taking on Hobart Hurricanes at the WACA during BBL 01 ( 2011 ) Main article : List of domestic Twenty20 cricket competitions This is a list of the current Twenty20 domestic competitions in several of the leading cricket countries . Country Domestic Competition Number of Teams I - Afghanistan Shpageeza Cricket League 6 Australia Big Bash League 8 Bangladesh Bangladesh Premier League 8 England NatWest t20 Blast 18 Hong Kong Hong Kong T20 Blitz 5 India Indian Premier League 8 Ireland Inter-Provincial Trophy Netherlands Dutch Twenty20 Cup 16 Nepal Everest Premier League , Dhangadhi Premier League 6 , 6 New Zealand Super Smash 6 Pakistan Pakistan Super League 5 Scotland Regional Pro Series South Africa Ram Slam T20 Challenge , T20 Global League 6 , 8 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Premier League 7 West Indies Caribbean Premier League 6 Zimbabwe Stanbic Bank 20 Series Records ( edit ) Main article : List of Twenty20 cricket records See also : List of Twenty20 International records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The first official T20 in 2003 '' . Jump up ^ `` India hold their nerve to win thriller '' . ESPNcricinfo. 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Afridi fifty seals title for Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo. 21 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ; Meet the man who invented Twenty20 cricket -- the man missing out on millions ; Daily Mail ; 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ Matches played 13 June 2003 ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Twenty20 Cup , 2003 , Final -- Surrey v Warwickshire ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sellout at WACA for Twenty20 match '' . ESPNcricinfo. 12 January 2005 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana crowned Stanford 20 / 20 champions '' . ESPNcricinfo. 14 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced '' . The Jamaica Observer. 9 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gabba fans let in for free '' . Cricket20.com . Jump up ^ `` India crash to nine - wicket defeat '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford '' . ESPNcricinfo. 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` Ramdin leads T&T to big - money glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Gayle leads Superstars to millions '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US tycoon charged over $8 bn fraud '' . BBC News . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andrew ( 6 August 2004 ) . `` Revolution at the seaside '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Largest margin of victory ( by runs ) '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Ramji Srinivasan '' . Takath.com. 19 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hayden heroics shining light of IPL '' . The Canberra Times . 13 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Booth , Lawrence . `` Myths ; And stereotypes . '' The Spin , 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back fences could help even up the contest between bat and ball , and ensure that all sixes are genuine '' . Jump up ^ `` Twenty20 Rules '' . CricketWorld4U . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One - over eliminator could replace bowl - out '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 27 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Windies edge NZ in Twenty20 thriller '' . abc.net.au Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Benn stars in thrilling tie '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vettori opposes Super Over '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com. 26 December 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ The Explainer ( 13 January 2009 ) . `` One1 '' . cricinfo.com cricinfo.com . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` KFC T20 Big Bash League : Rules '' . KFC T20 Big Bash League . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recap : Big Bash second Semi Final : Sydney Sixers v Brisbane Heat '' . news.com.au. 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Over to replace bowl out '' . ESPN CricInfo. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ICC Team Rankings Archived 16 January 2012 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kendix , David . ICC rankings for Tests , ODIs , Twenty20 & Women . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media Ltd . Jump up ^ `` ICC Women 's Team Rankings launched '' . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty20 cricket . Cricinfo -- Twenty20 records ICC World Twenty20 Tournaments South Africa 2007 England 2009 West Indies 2010 Sri Lanka 2012 Bangladesh 2014 India 2016 TBA 2018 Australia 2020 Qualifying 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Finals 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Squads 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Statistics 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Teams Officials Trophy Forms of cricket International Test cricket One Day International Twenty20 International Domestic First - class cricket Limited overs cricket List A cricket Twenty20 Club cricket Indoor Indoor cricket Indoor cricket ( UK variant ) Others Single Wicket Double Wicket French cricket Backyard or street cricket Kwik cricket Blind cricket Deaf cricket Kilikiti Trobriand cricket Short form cricket Tape ball cricket Tennis ball cricket Beach cricket Ice cricket Windball cricket Twenty20 cricket leagues Current International Cricket All - Stars Asia Shpageeza Cricket League ( Afghanistan ) Bangladesh Premier League ( Bangladesh ) Hong Kong T20 Blitz ( Hong Kong ) Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy ( India ) Indian Premier League ( India ) Celebrity Cricket League ( India ) Everest Premier League ( Nepal ) National Twenty20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Pakistan Super League ( Pakistan ) Super T20 Provincial Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Oceania Big Bash League ( Australia ) Women 's Big Bash League ( Australia ) Super Smash ( New Zealand ) Europe NatWest t20 Blast ( England & Wales ) Women 's Cricket Super League ( England ) Interprovincial Twenty20 Cup ( Ireland ) Dutch Twenty20 Cup ( Netherlands ) Murgitroyd Twenty20 ( Scotland ) Regional Pro Series ( Scotland ) Africa Africa T20 Cup ( South Africa ) Ram Slam T20 Challenge ( South Africa ) CSA Provincial Twenty20 ( South Africa ) Stanbic Bank 20 Series ( Zimbabwe ) T20 Global League ( South Africa ) Americas Caribbean Premier League ( West Indies ) American Twenty20 Championship ( USA ) Defunct Faysal Bank Super Eight T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) International 20 : 20 Club Championship ( International ) Inter-State T20 Championship ( India ) East Africa Premier League ( Kenya & Uganda ) Indian Cricket League ( India ) Twenty20 Tournament ( Sri Lanka ) Pro Cricket ( United States ) Caribbean Twenty20 ( West Indies ) Stanford 20 / 20 ( West Indies ) Stanford Super Series ( West Indies / England ) Twenty20 Cup ( England ) North Sea Pro20 ( Scotland / Netherlands ) American Premier League ( United States ) KFC Twenty20 Big Bash ( Australia ) Australian Women 's Twenty20 Cup ( Australia ) National Cricket League ( Bangladesh ) National Elite League Twenty20 ( Kenya ) Sri Lanka Premier League ( Sri Lanka ) CIBC National Cricket League ( Canada ) Etisalat Sixes T20 Tournament ( Afghanistan ) Champions League Twenty20 ( International ) Ramadan T20 Cup ( Pakistan ) Masters Champions League ( United Arab Emirates ) Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football Amputee Beach Freestyle Futsal Indoor Jorkyball Paralympic Powerchair Roller Street Walking Australian rules football Lightning football Metro footy Nine - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first t20 cricket match played	[ "The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup.[5] The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success, with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title.[6] The first Twenty20 match held at Lord's, on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey, attracted a crowd of 27,509, the highest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground – other than a one-day final – since 1953.[7]" ]	[ "13 June 2003" ]
3049646401961236550	Kannauj	Kannauj - Wikipedia Kannauj This article is about the municipality in Uttar Pradesh , India . For its namesake district , see Kannauj district . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) city in Uttar Pradesh , India Kannauj city Nickname ( s ) : Perfume Capital of India ; Grasse of the East Kannauj Kannauj Show map of India Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show all Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ N 79 ° 55 ′ E / 27.07 ° N 79.92 ° E / 27.07 ; 79.92 Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ N 79 ° 55 ′ E / 27.07 ° N 79.92 ° E / 27.07 ; 79.92 Country India State Uttar Pradesh District Kannauj Elevation 139 m ( 456 ft ) Population ( 2001 ) Total 1,656,616 Languages Official Hindi / Urdu Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Vehicle registration UP - 74 Website www.kannauj.nic.in Kannauj also spelt Kanauj , is a city , administrative headquarters and a municipal board or Nagar Palika Parishad in Kannauj district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . The city 's name is a modern form of the classical name Kanyakubja ( The city of the hunchbacked maidens ) . It was also known as Mahodaya during the time of Mihira Bhoja . Kannauj is an ancient city , in earlier times the capital of the Empire of Harsha under Emperor Harsha . It is said that Kanyakubja Brahmins of whom Shandilya ( of whom Rishi Bharadwaj was one of the disciples ) is held to have constituted one of the three prominent families originally from Kannauj . Kannauj famous for distilling of scents is known as India 's perfume capital and is famous for its traditional Kannauj Perfume , a government protected entity Kannauj itself has more than 200 perfume distilleries and is a market center for tobacco , Ittar ( perfume ) , and rose water . It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the Hindi and Urdu language known as Kanauji , which has two different codes or registers . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 The Kannauj Triangle 1.3 Medieval times 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Colleges 4.1 Medical College 4.2 Engineering College 5 Transportation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Archaeological discoveries show that Kannauj was inhabited by the Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware cultures , ca . 1200 - 600 BCE and ca . 700 - 200 BCE , respectively . Under the name of Kanyakubja , it is mentioned as a well - known town in the Hindu Epics , the Mahabharata and the Ramayana , and by the grammarian Patanjali ( ca . 150 BCE ) . The early Buddhist literature mentions Kannauj as Kannakujja , and refers to its location on the trade route from Mathura to Varanasi and Rajgir . Kannauj may have been known to the Greco - Roman civilization under the name of Kanagora or Kanogiza , which appears in Geography by Ptolemy ( ca . 140 CE ) , but this identification is not confirmed . It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travelers Faxian and Xuanzang in the fifth and seventh centuries CE , respectively . Kannauj formed part of the Gupta Empire . During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century , the Maukhari Dynasty of Kannauj - who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority , broke away and established control over large areas of northern India . Under the Maukharis , Kannauj continued to grow in importance and prosperity . It became the greatest city of Northern India under Emperor Harsha ( r . 606 to 647 CE ) , who conquered it and made it his capital . Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India during the reign of Harsha , and described Kannauj as a large , prosperous city with many Buddhist monasteries . Harsha died with no heir , resulting in a power vacuum until Yashovarman seized power as the ruler of Kannauj . The Kannauj Triangle ( edit ) Kannauj remained a focal point for the three powerful dynasties , namely the Gurjara Pratiharas , Palas and Rashtrakutas , between the 8th and 10th centuries . The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the Tripartite struggle by many historians . The Kanauj Triangle was the focal point of three empires : the Rashtrakutas of Deccan , the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa , and the Palas of Bengal . Coin of the Maukharis of Kanauj . King Isanavarman . Circa 535 - 553 CE . There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjara Pratiharas succeeded in retaining the city . The Gurjara - Pratiharas ruled Avanti ( based at Ujjain ) , which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire , and the Pala dynasty to the East . The Tripartite Struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjara - Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja . The Pala ruler Dharampala was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj , giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharampala . Dharampala was however defeated . Taking advantage of the chaos , the Rastrakuta ruler Dhruva surged northwards , defeated Vatsaraja , and took Kannauj for himself , completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler . When the Rashtrakuta ruler advanced back to south , Dharampala was left in control of Kannauj for some time . The struggle between the two northern dynasties continued : the Pala Chakrayudh was defeated by the Pratihara Nagabhata II , and Kannauj was again occupied by the Gurjara Pratiharas . Dharampala tried to take control of Kannauj but was defeated badly at Moongher by the Gurjara Pratiharas . However , Nagabhata II was in turn soon defeated by the Rashtrakuta Govinda III , who had initiated a second northern surge . An inscription states that Chakrayudh and Dharampala invited Govinda III to war against the Gurjara Pratiharas , but Dharampala and Chakrayudh both submitted to the Govinda III , in order to win his sympathy . After this defeat Pratihara power degenerated for some time . After the death of Dharampala , Nagabhata II regained hold over Kannuaj and made it the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire . During this period the Rashtrakutas were facing some internal conflicts , and so they , as well as the Palas , did not contest this . Thus Gurjara Pratiharas became the greatest power in Northern India after occupying Kannauj . Medieval times ( edit ) Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi captured Kanauj in 1018 . Chandradeva founded the Gahadvala dynasty with its capital at Kanauj around 1090 . His grandson Govindachandra `` raised Kanauj to unprecedented glory . '' Muhammad Ghori advanced against the city , and in the Battle of Chandwar of 1193 , killed Jayachandra . Alberuni has referred to `` Kanoj '' as the key geographical point to explain marching distances to other Indian cities ( Indica , Vol 1 , from p 199 onwards , Translated by Dr Edward C. Sachau , London 1910 ) . The `` glory of Imperial Kanauj '' ended with Iltutmish 's conquest . Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540 . During early English rule in India , the city was spelled Cannodge by them . Geography ( edit ) Kannauj is located at 27 ° 04 ′ N 79 ° 55 ′ E / 27.07 ° N 79.92 ° E / 27.07 ; 79.92 . It has an average elevation of 139 metres ( 456 feet ) . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India Census , Kannauj had a population of 71,530 . Males constitute 53 % of the population and females 47 % . Kannauj has an average literacy rate of 58 % , lower than the national average of 59.5 % : male literacy is 64 % , and female literacy is 52 % . In Kannauj , 15 % of the population is under 6 years of age . Colleges ( edit ) Medical college ( edit ) Government Medical College , Kannauj is a government medical college located in Tirwa of Kannauj , Uttar Pradesh , India . It is affiliated to King George 's Medical University , Lucknow . In 2012 , the institute become recognized for 100 M.B.B.S. seats by Medical Council of India ( MCI ) . Engineering college ( edit ) Government Engineering College , Kannauj is a government engineering college located at tirwa of Kannauj . It is a constituent college of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University ( formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University ) in Lucknow , and has its temporary campus at Harcourt Butler Technical University in Kanpur . Government paramedical college located at tirwa of kannauj district Transportation ( edit ) The city is served by two major railway station Kannauj railway station and Kannauj City railway station . 22443 / Kanpur - Mumbai Bandra ( T . ) ( Weekly ) SF Express passes through Kannauj railway station on the way from Kanpur Central railway station to Farrukhabad Junction railway station at evening 7 : 30 PM every Wednesday . Return train reaches at 5 : 52 AM . See also ( edit ) Thakkar Pheru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rama Shankar Tripathi ( 1989 ) . History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0404 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , History of Kanauj , p. 192 Jump up ^ Upinder Singh ( 2008 ) . A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India . Pearson Education India . p. 575 . ISBN 9788131711200 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life : India 's perfume capital threatened by scent of modernity '' . The Taipei Times . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Kanauj '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 648 . Jump up ^ Dilip K. Chakrabarti ( 2007 ) , Archaeological geography of the Ganga plain : the upper Ganga ( Oudh , Rohilkhand , and the Doab ) , p. 47 Jump up ^ Rama S. Tripathi , History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest ( Motilal Banarsidass , 1964 ) , pp. 2 , 15 - 16 Jump up ^ Moti Chandra ( 1977 ) , Trade Routes in Ancient India pp. 16 - 18 Jump up ^ Tripathi , History of Kanauj , pp. 17 - 19 Jump up ^ Tripathi , History of Kanauj , pp. 22 - 24 Jump up ^ Tripathi , History of Kanauj , p. 147 Jump up ^ James Heitzman , The City in South Asia ( Routledge , 2008 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ Heizman , The City in South Asia , pp. 36 - 37 Jump up ^ Tripathi , History of Kanauj , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Pratiyogita Darpan . Upkar Prakashan . p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : R.C. Majumdar ( 1994 ) . Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 282 -- 285 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0436 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0436 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumar Sundram ( 2007 ) . Compendium General Knowledge . Upkar Prakashan . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7482 - 181 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7482 - 181 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan . Upkar Prakashan . Jump up ^ Sen , S.N. , 2013 , A Textbook of Medieval Indian History , Delhi : Primus Books , ISBN 9789380607344 Jump up ^ Falling Rain Genomics , Inc -- Kannauj Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121231082513/http://www.jnvkannauj.org/history.php Further reading ( edit ) Majumdar , R.C. , In Pusalker , A.D. , In Majumdar , A.K. , & Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ,. ( 1993 ) . The age of imperial Kanauj . External links ( edit ) District Kannauj Website . ( 1 ) History of Kanauj : To the Moslem Conquest By Rama Shankar Tripathi PincodeDirectory.net Cities and towns in Kannauj district Kannauj Chhibramau Gursahaiganj Kannauj Samdhan Saurikh Sikanderpur Talgram Tirwa Other districts Agra Aligarh Allahabad Ambedkar Nagar Amethi Amroha Auraiya Azamgarh Badaun Bagpat Bahraich Ballia Balrampur Banda Barabanki Bareilly Basti Bhimnagar Bijnor Bulandshahr Chandauli Chitrakoot Deoria Etah Etawah Faizabad Farrukhabad Fatehpur Firozabad Gautam Buddha Nagar Ghaziabad Ghazipur Gonda Gorakhpur Hamirpur Hardoi Hathras Jalaun Jaunpur Jhansi Kanpur Nagar Kanshi Ram Nagar Kaushambi Kushinagar Lakhimpur Kheri Lalitpur Lucknow Maharajganj Mahoba Mainpuri Mathura Mau Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Muzaffarnagar Panchsheel Nagar Pilibhit Prabuddhanagar Pratapgarh Raebareli Ramabai Nagar Rampur Saharanpur Sant Kabir Nagar Sant Ravidas Nagar Shahjahanpur Shravasti Siddharthnagar Sitapur Sonbhadra Sultanpur Unnao Varanasi Historical places of Rashtrakuta dynasty Achalpur Baroda Bhadgaon Elephanta Caves Ellora Caves Jura near Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh Kailasa temple , Ellora Kamthana Kannauj Kuknur Latur Malwa Mandore Manpur , Indore Manyakheta Mayuragiri Naregal Pataleshwar , Pune Pattadakal Rajputana Satara Saundatti Tardavadi province in modern Bijapur district Kanpur division topics General Doab Dainik Jagran National Chambal Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Etawah Safari Park Mythology , history Panchala Panchala Kingdom Siege of Cawnpore Second Battle of Cawnpore Districts Auraiya Etawah Farrukhabad Kannauj Kanpur Negar Kanpur Dehat Tehsils Saifai Rivers , dams , lakes Chambal Ganges Kali Ramganga Sindh Yamuna Ganges Barrage Moti Jheel Languages , people Awadhi Braj Bhasha Hindustani Kannauji Khariboli Standard Hindi Urdu Transport NH 2 Grand Trunk Road NH 26 NH 86 NH 96 SMSKBT Kanpur over-bridge Kanpur Airport IIT Kanpur Airport Kanpur Civil Airport Kanpur Central railway station Kanpur Anwarganj railway station Govind Nagar Panki Chandari Junction railway station Chakeri Shuklaganj Rawatpur Kalianpur Mandhana Bithoor Chobepur Maharajpur Saifai Airport Sarsaul Bhaupur Gangaghat Magarwara Howrah -- Delhi main line Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Kanpur Monorail Kanpur Metro Kanpur Metropolitan Bus Service Industries Panki Thermal Power Station Lohia Machinery Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India British India Corporation Rupani Footwear Institutes of higher learning Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute University Institute of Engineering and Technology , Kanpur Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences Lok Sabha constituencies in Megapolitan Region Kanpur Akbarpur Ghatampur Bilhaur Unnao Auraiya Fatehpur Sikandra See also Cities and towns in Auraiya district Cities and towns in Etawah district Cities and towns in Farrukhabad district Cities and towns in Kannauj district Cities and towns in Kanpur district Cities and towns in Ramabai Nagar district Villages in Auraiya district Villages in Etawah district Villages in Farrukhabad district Villages in Kannauj district Villages in Kanpur district Villages in Ramabai Nagar district People from Etawah People from Farrukhabad People from Kanpur People from Ramabai Nagar district Kanpur topics Other divisions Agra Aligarh Allahabad Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&oldid=854660099 '' Categories : History of Uttar Pradesh Former capital cities in India Kannauj Rashtrakuta dynasty Pratihara empire Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use Indian English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Български Català Cebuano Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Kapampangan ქართული Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский संस्कृतम् Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 23 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which uttar pradesh city is know as the 'grasse of the east'	[ "Kannauj\ncity\nNickname(s): Perfume Capital of India; Grasse of the East\nKannaujKannaujShow map of IndiaShow map of Uttar PradeshShow all\nCoordinates: 27°04′N 79°55′E / 27.07°N 79.92°E / 27.07; 79.92Coordinates: 27°04′N 79°55′E / 27.07°N 79.92°E / 27.07; 79.92Country\n IndiaState\nUttar PradeshDistrict\nKannaujElevation\n139 m (456 ft)Population (2001) • Total\n1,656,616Languages • Official\nHindi/UrduTime zone\nIST (UTC+5:30)Vehicle registration\nUP-74Website\nwww.kannauj.nic.in" ]	[ "Kannauj" ]
-3050406147740463169	Sansa Stark	Sansa Stark - wikipedia Sansa Stark Jump to : navigation , search Sansa Stark A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Sophie Turner ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases Little Bird Alayne Stone Jonquil Gender Female Title Lady of Winterfell ( TV series ) Princess Family House Stark House Lannister House Bolton ( TV series ) Spouse ( s ) Tyrion Lannister ( unconsummated ) Ramsay Bolton ( TV series ) Relatives Ned Stark ( father ) Catelyn Tully ( mother ) Robb Stark ( brother ) Arya Stark ( sister ) Bran Stark ( brother ) Rickon Stark ( brother ) Jon Snow ( half - brother ; books ) ( cousin / foster brother ; TV series ) Brandon Stark ( uncle ) Benjen Stark ( uncle ) Lyanna Stark ( aunt ) Lysa Tully ( aunt ) Edmure Tully ( uncle ) Robert / Robin Arryn ( cousin ) Kingdom The North The Crownlands Sansa Stark is a fictional character created by American author George R.R. Martin . She is a prominent character in Martin 's award - winning A Song of Ice and Fire series . Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Sansa is the eldest daughter and second child of Lord Eddard Stark and his wife Lady Catelyn Stark . She subsequently appeared in the following three novels , A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) . While absent from the fifth novel A Dance with Dragons as the books are separated geographically , Sansa is confirmed to return in the forthcoming next book in the series , The Winds of Winter . In HBO 's adaptation of the series , Game of Thrones , Sansa Stark is played by Sophie Turner . The character has received critical acclaim , being praised as the 4th greatest character in the series by Rolling Stone . She and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character and appearances 2 Storylines 2.1 A Game of Thrones 2.2 A Clash of Kings 2.3 A Storm of Swords 2.4 A Feast for Crows 2.5 Family tree of House Stark 3 TV adaptation 3.1 Storylines 3.1. 1 First season 3.1. 2 Second season 3.1. 3 Third season 3.1. 4 Fourth season 3.1. 5 Fifth season 3.1. 6 Sixth season 3.1. 7 Seventh season 3.2 Reception 3.2. 1 Controversy 3.3 Recognition and awards 4 References 4.1 Inline citations 4.2 General references Character and appearances ( edit ) Sansa Stark is the second child and elder daughter of Eddard Stark and Catelyn Stark . She was born and raised in Winterfell , until leaving with her father and sister at the beginning of the series . She has a younger sister Arya Stark , two younger brothers Rickon Stark and Bran Stark , as well as an older brother Robb Stark , and an older illegitimate half - brother , Jon Snow who later turned out to be her paternal cousin . Raised as a lady , Sansa is traditionally feminine . Sansa 's interests are music , poetry , and singing . She strives to become like the heroines of romantic tales by attempting to find a prince , knight , or gentleman to fall in love with . For a companion animal , she owned a direwolf named Lady . However , Lady was killed in place of Arya 's direwolf , Nymeria , in the first installment . Sansa has been described as tall , slim , womanly , and beautiful , destined to be a lady or a queen . She has blue eyes and thick auburn hair that she inherits from her mother . She has her hair dyed dark brown later on while in the Vale , disguising as Alayne Stone - the bastard daughter of Petyr Baelish . Sansa is 11 years old in A Game of Thrones and nearly 14 in A Feast for Crows . Arguably the most naive of the Stark children at the start of the series , Sansa often finds herself used as a pawn in the machinations of the other characters . However , as the story progresses , she matures and becomes more of a player of the game rather than a pawn for other characters . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Stark A Game of Thrones ( edit ) Sansa Stark begins the novel by being betrothed to Crown Prince Joffrey Baratheon , believing Joffrey to be a gallant prince . While Joffrey and Sansa are walking through the woods , Joffrey notices Arya sparring with the butchers boy , Mycah . A fight breaks out and Joffrey is attacked by Nymeria ( Arya 's Direwolf ) after Joffrey threatens to hurt Arya . Sansa lies to King Robert about the circumstances of the fight in order to protect both Joffrey and her sister Arya . Since Arya ran off with her wolf to save it , Sansa 's wolf is killed instead , estranging the Stark daughters . During the Tourney of the Hand to honour her father Lord Eddard Stark , Sansa Stark is enchanted by the knights performing in the event . At the request of mother , Queen Cersei Lannister , Joffrey spends a portion of the tourney with Sansa , but near the end he commands his guard Sandor Clegane , better known as The Hound , to take her back to her quarters . The Hound tells Sansa the little known story of his burned face and why he dislikes knights , in turn she comforts him . After Eddard discovers the truth of Joffrey 's paternity , he tells Sansa that they will be heading back to Winterfell . Sansa is devastated and wishes to stay in King 's Landing , so she runs off to inform Queen Cersei of her father 's plans , unwittingly providing Cersei with the information needed to arrest her father . After Robert dies , Sansa begs Joffrey to show mercy on her father and he agrees to allow Ned to live if Ned will swear an oath of loyalty . After promising Sansa that he will be merciful , Joffrey betrays his word and has her father executed in front of her . Sansa is now effectively a hostage in King 's Landing and finally sees Joffrey 's true nature after he forces her to look at the tarred head of her now deceased father . A Clash of Kings ( edit ) Sansa is a hostage in King 's Landing , and has learned to be outwardly loyal to King Joffrey to avoid severe physical abuse . At the celebration for Joffrey 's name day , she saves the life of Ser Dontos Hollard after he shows up late and heavily inebriated . She begs Joffrey to spare his life and in turn wins Dontos ' apparent loyalty . Later Ser Dontos reveals a plan to her to help her escape from King 's Landing . Sansa is routinely beaten by Joffrey 's guards . After her brother has won a battle against Joffrey 's maternal family , she is publicly beaten and has her clothes torn . Tyrion Lannister intervenes on the abuse on her behalf , and Sandor Clegane , also called the Hound , gives her his cloak to cover herself . Later , Sandor Clegane saves Sansa from a riot in King 's Landing . During the Battle of Blackwater Bay , all of the highborn ladies in King 's Landing stay in the Red Keep with Queen Cersei who drunkenly mocks and berates Sansa . After Cersei learns that they are losing the battle , she flees and Sansa comforts the remaining women before going to her quarters . Once there she finds Sandor Clegane there who offers to take her away with him during the Battle of the Blackwater , although Sansa refuses . Before he vanishes from King 's Landing , she gives him a song , and he gives her his cloak a second time . When Sansa awakens , the battle is over . House Lannister has won the battle , her betrothal to Joffrey is called off so he can marry Margaery Tyrell instead . Joffrey informs Sansa that he can still use her when he is married and to expect a nightly visitor for a long while . A Storm of Swords ( edit ) In the third book , Sansa is invited by Margaery to dine with her and her grandmother Olenna Redwyne . The two women seek to learn the true nature of Joffrey Baratheon after he and Margaery have become betrothed . In turn , Olenna suggests that Sansa should marry Willas Tyrell , brother to Margaery and grandson to Olenna . Sansa reveals the marriage plan to Ser Dontos who warns her of the Tyrells , however Sansa develops a close friendship with Margaery and is excited about becoming a part of her family when she marries Willas . However , when Tywin learns of the marriage plot he schemes to have Sansa 's brother Robb Stark killed , knowing that would leave Sansa to inherit Winterfell and the North . He then commands his son Tyrion Lannister to marry Sansa . Tyrion is initially opposed to the marriage , but is eventually enticed by the prospect of becoming Lord of Winterfell , and so agrees to marry her . Sansa is shocked one morning when she is being fitted for a gown that she is to marry Tyrion that day . Joffrey taunts Sansa and acts on behalf of her father to give her away during the ceremony to add further insult . Sansa ignores Tyrion and refuses to bend as he attempts to put his cloak around her , an important marriage custom in Westeros . In turn , Joffrey commands Ser Dontos to act as a stool so that Tyrion can cloak his bride in spite of his short stature . Later Sansa dances with many lords who attempt to offer words of comfort , however when it is her turn to dance with Joffrey , he threatens to rape her after her marriage . Tyrion intervenes and states his desire to castrate Joffrey . After the wedding ceremony , Tyrion chooses not to consummate the marriage due to Sansa 's lack of desire in him . It is not long before many in King 's Landing come to know that the marriage was never consummated . It is not long after Sansa 's marriage that Joffrey and Margaery are wed and afterwards there is a grand feast . At Joffrey 's wedding , Joffrey is poisoned , and Cersei orders both Tyrion and Sansa to be arrested . As Joffrey begins to choke to death , Sansa manages to flee during the chaos . Once in her room , she gathers her belongings and notices that one of the amethysts from her hairnet , a gift from Ser Dontos , is missing . Sansa immediately realizes that the prince had been poisoned and starts to doubt Ser Dontos ' rescue plan . Understanding that she will be implicated in the murder of Joffrey , she chooses to flee King 's Landing with the knight anyway . Ser Dontos is later killed by Petyr Baelish , who reveals that he is the mastermind behind nearly all of the intrigues in the capital . He reveals that he was the one who sent Dontos to her and that Olenna took the amethyst from her hairnet . Baelish smuggles Sansa to safety in the Vale of Arryn , where she poses as his bastard daughter Alayne Stone . She is taken to her Aunt Lysa Arryn , now married to Baelish . Lysa declares that Sansa must marry her sickly boy Robert , heir to the Vale . Petyr Baelish and Lysa are wed , however Lysa becomes jealous when she witnesses Littlefinger kissing her niece . Lysa later attempts to murder Sansa , but she is saved once again by Baelish , who kills Lysa . A Feast for Crows ( edit ) After Lysa 's death , Sansa becomes mistress of the Eyrie and continues to pretend to be Baelish 's illegitimate daughter , Alayne Stone . Baelish successfully pacifies the lords of the Vale , who suspected Baelish 's hand in Lysa 's death . Afterwards , Baelish reveals to Sansa his plans to eventually marry her to the heir to the Vale , Harrold Hardyng , and his long range plans to reveal her true identity and reclaim the North . Sansa acts as a mother figure to Robert Arryn , caring for him after the death of his mother Lysa , and is shown to have grown in intelligence since the start of the series - she is able to figure out some of Baelish 's plans , and does not trust him as she once did with Joffrey . Family tree of House Stark ( edit ) ( hide ) Descendants of Rickard Stark Rickard Lyarra Brandon Catelyn Tully Eddard Lyanna Benjen Robb Jeyne Westerling Sansa Tyrion Lannister Arya Brandon Rickon Jon Snow Notes : ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Eddard '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 36 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . `` Appendix : Stark Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Stark '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 785 -- 786 . ^ Jump up to : In the TV series Game of Thrones , Jon is the son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 14 : Catelyn '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 192 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . TV adaptation ( edit ) Storylines ( edit ) First season ( edit ) Sansa is first seen with Arya at Winterfell during their embroidery lesson with Septa Mordane . Following the arrival of Robert Baratheon and his escort at Winterfell , he insists to Ned that Joffrey and Sansa should be married in order to join their houses . Sansa , who is desperate to leave Winterfell begs Catelyn to make Ned agree to the engagement . Following Sansa , Ned , and Arya 's departure from Winterfell , Joffrey is injured by Arya 's direwolf Nymeria , after he attacks the butcher 's boy ( Arya 's friend ) , and Arya . Sansa , who was a witness to this claims to Robert and Cersei that she did not know what happened . As retribution for Joffrey 's injury , Cersei convinces Robert to have Sansa 's direwolf , Lady , slaughtered in place of the missing Nymeria . After arriving at Kings Landing , Sansa attends the Hands Tourney where Petyr ' Littlefinger ' Baelish tells Sansa and Arya the story behind how Sandor ' The Hound ' Clegane 's face was burned . As time passes , Sansa begins to wear her hair like a southerner , and becomes rude towards Mordane , while also expressing fears that she will fail to give Joffrey a male heir . Following Ned 's initial resignation as hand of the king , Sansa is devastated to hear she has to return to Winterfell , in which she likens Joffrey to a lion , and that he was nothing like Robert Baratheon . This statement from Sansa inspires Ned to investigate the Baratheon family line , prompting him to realise that Cersei 's children were bastards fathered by Jaime Lannister , not Robert Baratheon . Following Robert 's death , and Ned 's arrest for declaring Joffrey was not the true king , The entire Stark household in Kings Landing , with the exception of Sansa and Arya , are executed . Cersei persuades Sansa to write to Robb and Catelyn Stark imploring them to swear fealty to Joffrey . At court , Sansa pleads to Joffrey to show Ned mercy , in which he agrees on the condition Ned swears loyalty to Joffrey . Sansa is present at the Great Sept of Baelor , where she is initially confident Ned will be saved . However , Sansa is horrified when Joffrey orders Ned 's execution , and begs someone to intervene , before fainting as Ned is beheaded . Sansa , grieving the death of her father , is forced by Joffrey to look upon the spiked heads of both Ned and Septa Mordane . Sansa begs Joffrey to let her return home , but he informs Sansa that they are still to be married , and that she will stay and obey . Joffrey also tells Sansa that he will give her Robb 's head once he is defeated , in which she retorts that Robb will give her Joffrey 's head instead . While on the boardwalk , Sansa moves to push Joffrey to his death , but is stopped by Sandor Clegane , who warns her she will continue to be abused . Second season ( edit ) As the war of the five kings progresses , Sansa 's position in Kings Landing becomes more perilous . On Joffrey 's name day celebration , Sansa saves an inebriated Ser Dontos Hollard from execution , convincing Joffrey to instead make Dontos his fool . While at the celebration , Tyrion offers his condolences for Ned 's death , in which Sansa insists her family are all traitors and that she is loyal to Joffrey . Later on , when her eldest brother Robb wins a battle against the Lannisters , Sansa is publicly beaten and humiliated in front of the court by Joffrey and Ser Meryn ( on Joffrey 's orders ) , as payment for her brother 's crimes . Tyrion Lannister enters the court and rescues Sansa . Despite being a dwarf , Tyrion takes pity on Sansa 's situation , and offers to have the engagement called off . Sansa maintains her facade that she is loyal to Joffrey , which impresses Tyrion to the point of believing Sansa might just survive Kings Landing . Tyrion has his lover , Shae , positioned as Sansa 's handmaiden . Sansa and Shae form a friendship , in which Sansa is able to vent about her hatred of the Lannisters without fear of being revealed . Sansa is present when the royal family bids farewell to Joffrey 's sister , Myrcella , on her departure to Dorne to form an alliance between the Lannisters and the Martells . While returning to the Red Keep , a riot breaks out in the streets of Kings Landing , amidst which Sansa finds herself caught in the fray . Three peasant men chase Sansa and attempt to rape her , before she is rescued and returned to the castle by Sandor Clegane . The following morning , Sansa has a nightmare of the incident , and wakes up in a bloodstained bed . Sansa had flowered , which meant she could bear Joffrey children . Sansa and Shae attempt to conceal this , which involved Shae threatening to kill a witness handmaiden if she told anyone . However , Sandor Clegane sees the blood , and both Cersei and Joffrey are informed . Cersei invites Sansa to her chambers to share some of her wisdom and experience as a wife and a mother . Cersei reminisces that her husband Robert was not interested in her giving childbirth . Cersei explains to Sansa that while Sansa may never love Joffrey ( and vice versa ) , she will love his children . Cersei warns Sansa that the more people she loves , the weaker she will be . Therefore , Sansa should only love her children , as it is the only love she has no choice in . Before the battle of the Blackwater , Joffrey forces Sansa to kiss the blade of his sword , while bragging he will kill Stannis himself . Sansa implicitly taunts Joffrey by remarking he must be battling in the vanguard ( which of course he would not be ) . Joffrey responds to this by insisting Sansa will kiss the blade again with Stannis ' blood on it . During the battle , Sansa takes refuge with Cersei , Shae and the other women and children of Kings Landing . A drunk Cersei openly torments Sansa and the women . She does this by explaining that if the city falls , they will all be raped and have bastards in their bellies come morning . Cersei continues her taunting by also telling Sansa that tears are not the only weapons women have ; the greatest weapon they own are between their legs . Following Cersei 's departure from the refuge with Tommen , Sansa leaves to hide in her bedchamber , where she finds Sandor Clegane . Sandor , about to leave Kings Landing , offers to take Sansa home . Sansa declines , insisting Stannis would not harm her . After the battle is won by the Lannister - Tyrell forces , Loras Tyrell asks Joffrey to take his sister , Margaery , as his bride . Joffrey accepts the proposal , which annuls his marriage with Sansa . Sansa , while pretending to be devastated , is secretly delighted she no longer has to marry Joffrey . However Petyr Baelish warns that while Sansa is no longer engaged , Joffrey would have greater reign to abuse Sansa , especially now she is a woman . Petyr assures Sansa he will help get her home , in which Sansa once again displays a facade , asserting Kings Landing is her home . Petyr advises Sansa that everyone in Kings Landing is a liar , and that they are much more cunning at it than her . Third season ( edit ) With her engagement to Joffrey annulled , Sansa does not have to worry about spending the rest of her life with him , but is with lesser protection from tormentors . Petyr Baelish , an old friend of her mother 's with a reputation for being sadistic and cunning , tells her that he can smuggle her out of the city , but she is reluctant . Sansa finds a friend in Loras Tyrell , who is kind to her and whom she hopes will ask for her hand . His sister , Joffrey 's new fiance , Margaery , is also kind to her and takes her to dine with her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , who asks her for her opinion of Joffrey . Sansa reveals Joffrey 's true , cruel personality , but Margaery and Lady Olenna merely pass it by as a trivial matter , saying there is nothing to be done to change a man 's character , especially a king 's . Sansa 's affection for Loras grows , unaware that Loras is gay and , while he likes her and enjoys spending time with her , can never love her . Margaery proposes the idea that Loras will marry Sansa , meaning Sansa can leave King 's Landing , which she is overjoyed at . But when this is reported to the Lannisters , they fear that the Tyrells will pose an even greater threat with a member of House Stark as one of their allies , and quickly end the idea of the engagement , betrothing Loras to Cersei and engaging Sansa to Tyrion , which both Sansa and Shae are against . However , the day of the wedding , Tyrion promises not to harm her and , as she prepares to consummate the marriage , Tyrion realizes how unhappy she is and tells her that she does n't have to consummate it unless she wants to . When Sansa asks Tyrion what would happen if she never wants him in her bed he quips `` And so my watch begins . '' She and Tyrion do form somewhat of a friendly relationship , as he is kind to her and treats her well , and she soon realizes there are worse Lannisters to be wed to . However , their cordial relationship suffers a crushing blow when Sansa receives news of Robb and Catelyn 's death at the Red Wedding , an event orchestrated by Tywin Lannister , Tyrion 's father . Fourth season ( edit ) Sansa , still distraught over the death of Robb and Catelyn , is approached by Dontos Hollard , a former knight whom Sansa had convinced Joffrey to make his fool instead of executing him . Dontos gives her a necklace , claiming it was his mother 's . However , the necklace turns out to be a fake ; one of the gems contains poison , which Lady Olenna Tyrell uses to poison Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery Tyrell . In the commotion , Sansa is taken by Dontos , to Baelish 's boat in Blackwater Bay . Baelish smuggles Sansa from King 's Landing after both revealing the nature of the necklace and having Dontos killed by crossbow . Lord Baelish , with Sansa posing as his Bastard daughter Alayne Stone , pass through the Blood Gates to the Eyrie and to the keep of Lysa Arryn . Lysa initially invites them with open arms , revealing she knows exactly who her niece is , and they are welcome to be housed . It is soon revealed however , Lysa mistrusts the relationship between Sansa and Baelish accusing Baelish of violating Sansa and accusing him of never loving her . Later in the keep , Sansa strikes Lysa 's son Robin and Baelish appears . Baelish then proclaims his undying love for her deceased mother , Catelyn and he shares a kiss with a stunned Sansa , with Lysa watching from above . Sansa is immediately summoned to Lysa 's throne room , where she believes she had been summoned for striking her son . Lysa reveals she had observed the kiss , and though defending herself and Baelish 's actions against her , Lysa holds her to the Moon Door , a trap door that leads hundreds of feet down into the mountains below . Baelish intervenes before she gets the chance to execute Sansa and pushes Lysa to her death instead as he proclaimed his love for her sister . Then Baelish later claimed to the lords of the Vale that she committed suicide . Sansa is called to give testimony , and although she reveals her true identity , she supports Baelish 's story . She then joins Baelish and her cousin Robin Arryn on a tour of the Vale . Fifth season ( edit ) Baelish brokers a marriage between Sansa and Ramsay Bolton , now the heir to the North after the death of Robb Stark . Though reluctant to marry Ramsay , as his father Roose had personally murdered Robb , Baelish persuades her by claiming that the marriage will give her the opportunity to avenge her family . On the way to Winterfell , they encounter Brienne of Tarth , who had sworn to Catelyn Stark to take Sansa to safety and tries to convince Sansa to come with her ; Baelish has her chased off by his men , but Brienne follows Sansa to Winterfell regardless . Though initially charming , Ramsay 's sadistic nature becomes apparent when Sansa discovers that he has captured and enslaved Ned 's former ward Theon Greyjoy , who had supposedly killed Sansa 's brothers Bran and Rickon , and forced him to assume the identity of his serving man , Reek . After Ramsay rapes Sansa on their wedding night , Sansa asks Reek to signal to Brienne for help . Reek , wishing to spare Sansa Bolton 's wrath , instead tells Ramsay , and he proceeds to flay the maid who had told Sansa of the signal and forces Sansa to look at her corpse . Furious , Sansa confronts Reek , who admits that he had failed to capture Bran and Rickon and killed two farm boys in their place . While the Boltons prepare to battle Stannis Baratheon 's advancing forces , Sansa signals to Brienne , unaware that she has left to kill Stannis . When help does not come , Sansa attempts to return to her room but is caught by Ramsay 's paramour Myranda , who threatens to mutilate Sansa . Finally snapping , Theon throws Myranda to her death , just as the Bolton forces return . Fearful of Ramsay 's reaction , the two jump from Winterfell 's battlements into the snow . Sixth season ( edit ) Sansa and Theon are captured by Bolton soldiers in the forest outside Winterfell , but Brienne and her squire Podrick Payne arrive in time to rescue them and kill the Bolton soldiers . This time , Sansa accepts Brienne 's loyalty . While Theon returns to the Iron Islands , Sansa , Brienne , and Podrick journey on to Castle Black , where her half - brother Jon Snow has just resigned as Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Sansa tries to persuade Jon to help her drive the Boltons out of Winterfell ; although Jon initially refuses , he changes his mind after Ramsay sends a letter to Jon in which he gloats that he holds Rickon Stark captive and threatens to kill the Starks and the Wildlings Jon has let through the Wall if Sansa is not returned . Before Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black , Baelish arranges a meeting with Sansa in Mole 's Town . He insists that he was unaware of Ramsay 's nature and offers the support of the Knights of the Vale , also mentioning that her great - uncle Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully has captured Riverrun from House Frey . Sansa sends Baelish away , declaring that she never wants to see him again , but sends Brienne to the Riverlands to convince the Blackfish to aid the Starks . Although Jon and Sansa are only able to win over a handful of Northern lords , Jon insists that they must march on Winterfell , despite Sansa 's objections . Sansa sends a letter to Baelish asking for his aid , and the Vale forces arrive at Winterfell in time to defeat the Boltons . Ramsay is captured and imprisoned with his hounds , and Sansa watches with satisfaction as they devour him alive . In the aftermath of the battle , she and Jon share a moment where Sansa apologizes for not telling Jon about Baelish and the Knights of the Vale . Jon forgives her but asks that they trust each other completely from now on . Sansa and Jon then share a happy smile when Sansa tells him that Winter is finally here . While in the godswood Baelish confesses his ambition to rule Westeros with Sansa at his side , but Sansa rebuffs his advances . Sansa also ignores Baelish 's attempts to drive a wedge between her and Jon , but is surprised when the Northmen and Valemen declare Jon the new King in the North . Despite this she smiles at him happy that he has been praised . But she stops smiling when she notices Littlefinger glaring sinisterly at her and Jon . Seventh season ( edit ) Jon travels to Dragonstone to negotiate with Daenerys Targaryen for her support against the White Walkers , leaving Sansa as regent in his absence . Soon after , Bran and Arya return to Winterfell . Littlefinger seeks to drive a wedge between Sansa and Arya by letting Arya find Sansa 's letter to Robb asking him to bend the knee to Joffrey , causing Arya to angrily confront Sansa . Sansa later sneaks into Arya ' quarters and comes across the `` faces '' Arya has taken from the various people she has killed on her travels ; Arya catches Sansa and tells Sansa of her ability to assume people 's identities with the faces while menacing Sansa with a dagger , before abruptly handing Sansa the dagger and leaving . Sansa later receives an invitation to King 's Landing , where Jon intends to present Cersei ( now Queen of the Seven Kingdoms ) with proof of the White Walkers ' existence . Refusing to return to King 's Landing , she sends Brienne as her representative . Sansa later shows Littlefinger the letter she received from Jon following the meeting in King 's Landing , in which Jon states that he had pledged his support to Daenerys Targaryen . Littlefinger continues his manipulation of Sansa by claiming that Jon had betrayed the North and Sansa should seize power from Jon , as well as seemingly convincing her that Arya intends to murder her and take her role as Lady of Winterfell . Sansa summons Arya to the great hall and begins an accusation of treason and murder . but surprisingly directs the accusation towards Littlefinger . With help from their brother Bran ( now known as Three - Eyed Raven ) , Sansa and Arya reveal that they are aware of Baelish 's lies and treason and reveal his numerous crimes , including his murder of Lysa Arryn , his orchestrating the murders of both Jon Arryn and Eddard Stark , and his manipulating the Starks and Lannisters to war . Finding himself without support , Baelish tries to plea for his life , but Sansa refuses and allows Arya to slit Baelish 's throat with his own Valyrian dagger , ending his manipulation and treachery for good . The Stark sisters later resolve their differences , and acknowledge that the Starks must stand together to survive the winter . Reception ( edit ) Sophie Turner plays the role of Sansa Stark in the television series As her storyline has progressed , Sansa has received critical acclaim for the development of her character and her emergence from a naive young girl to a strong young woman . Rolling Stone ranked Sansa as No. 4 on a list of the `` Top 40 Game of Thrones Characters '' , saying that Sansa is `` often overlooked in favor of her killer kid sister '' , but that her `` quiet , innate political shrewedness and emotional strength have enabled her to survive '' , and calling her `` the show 's best - kept secret '' . In a ranking of the 48 best Game of Thrones characters listed in the main credits in the first five seasons on the website The Wrap , Sansa was ranked at No. 4 , ahead of the more popular Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Tyrion Lannister , saying that `` Sansa has been kind of great in Season 6 , turning into the sort of badass we always hoped but never thought she actually could become '' . In an article published on Mic.com , Julianne Ross says that `` the elder Stark daughter is often cited as one of the most reviled characters on Game of Thrones '' , while also saying that `` not coincidentally , Sansa Stark is also one of the most classically feminine characters on the show . '' Ross criticized the heavy hatred for Sansa , particularly in contrast to `` her universally ( and rightly ) adored tomboy little sister Arya '' , stating that Sansa `` arguably gets a disproportionate amount of fan hate because she does n't fit the narrow ' strong female character ' mold we 're used to rooting for . '' Blogger Rhiannon Thomas of Feminist Fiction wrote in 2012 that `` the focus on this sort of female character - the oft - cited ' strong female character ' - seems to suggest that femininity is still bad , and that women can only be strong by adopting stereotypically male roles and attitudes '' . Thomas went on to say that `` in an abusive situation that would break so many people , Sansa survives '' and that she has a `` woman 's courage '' that `` keeps her alive and in the game where characters like Arya would not last five minutes '' . In an article published on MTV.com by Crystal Bell titled `` Sansa Stark is the Only Game of Thrones Hero Worth Rooting For '' , Bell writes : `` Sansa is the most relatable character in George R.R. Martin 's canon . She 's often despised for having no agency , but the way I see it , Sansa is hated for being a woman . Unlike Brienne , Arya , Cersei , and Margaery -- models of the `` strong female character '' archetype -- Sansa 's passivity denotes weakness . She does n't have cool swordplay skills like her sister Arya ; she is n't a smart seductress like Margaery Tyrell or a fierce queen like Cersei . She is the epitome of femininity on Game of Thrones , and therefore , she is dismissed . '' Bell went on to say : `` However , Sansa 's greatest strength as a character has been her unwavering resilience . She was tortured and humiliated for seasons by the unhinged man - boys around her . She 's been the subject of everyday sexism and misogyny since day one . And yet , she survives , even as armor - clad heroes fall before her . She is the show 's survivor . She continuously endures the pain and humiliation of being a woman in Westeros . Just because Sansa does n't wield a sword as fiercely as Arya and Brienne , or command a horde of dragons like Daenerys Targaryen , does n't make her any less of a hero . '' Sansa received particular acclaim in Season 6 of the show , during which she began her quest to retake her family home and exact revenge on those who wronged her . In an interview with The New York Times , actress Sophie Turner said that `` she 's ( Sansa ) no longer a pawn in anyone 's game ; she 's no longer a prisoner ... she 's the one taking charge and doing her own thing , which is very exciting '' . Megan Garber of The Atlantic praised the show 's decision to have Sansa be the one orchestrating Ramsay 's death in Battle of the Bastards , saying that `` In the end , it was Sansa and her abuser , alone again in a darkened chamber ; in the end though , it was Sansa making the decisions about who would be the victim . '' On the scene , Turner said : `` It 's amazing . It 's Sansa 's first kill and it 's such a strong moment for her because all her life she 's been affected by these men who have just done such terrible things to her ... '' Following the penultimate Season 6 episode , Bennett Madison of Vanity Fair wrote `` When Sansa icily reminds her dopey brother that ' No one can protect you ' , it 's because she 's always been on her own . As far back as King 's Landing , Sansa 's between quietly protecting herself , working on her stitchery while taking cool measure of everything going on around her , learning how to game the system , and slithering through situations that would have gotten the best of the show 's more flashy or impulsive characters . In ' Battle of the Bastards ' , she got to show a little flash of her own ; by being defiantly , gloriously correct in her convictions , by saving the day with her foresight and savvy , and by feeding Ramsay to the dogs . '' Turner later told Time magazine about how gratifying it was to watch Sansa 's development during Season 6 and defended the show on its cruel treatment of women : `` In my opinion , Game of Thrones is not sexist , and its accurate to medieval time . The show puts social boundaries on the women , and they break out of these boundaries . '' Controversy ( edit ) In the episode `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' , Sansa 's rape was the main subject of controversy for the season 's deviations from the books . The majority of professional criticism concerned the decision to have Ramsay rape Sansa on their wedding night , with most critics describing the scene as gratuitous and artistically unnecessary . `` This grim scene was difficult for the show to justify , '' said Charlotte Runcie of The Daily Telegraph . Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair added , `` this rape scene undercuts all the agency that 's been growing in Sansa since the end of last season . ( ... ) I 'd never advocate that Game of Thrones ( or any work of fiction ) shy away from edgy plots out of fear of pushback or controversy . But edgy plots should always accomplish something above pure titillation or shock value and what , exactly , was accomplished here ? '' Christopher Orr wrote in The Atlantic , `` I continue to be astonished that showrunners Benioff and Weiss still apparently believe that their tendency to ramp up the sex , violence , and -- especially -- sexual violence of George R.R. Martin 's source material is a strength rather than the defining weakness of their adaptation . '' Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club wrote , `` The issue with the show returning to rape as a trope is not simply because there have been thinkpieces speaking out against it , and is not solely driven by the rational concerns lying at the heart of those thinkpieces . It 's also that the show has lost my faith as a viewer . '' Writers from Vanity Fair , The Mary Sue and The Daily Beast all disapproved of the decision to use Sansa 's victimization as a motivating agent for Theon , saying that the scene undermined Sansa 's character development : `` Was it really important to make that scene about Theon 's pain ? '' wrote Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair . Other critics responded positively to the scene . Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone wrote : `` ( B ) y involving a multidimensional main character instead of one introduced primarily to suffer , the series has a chance to grant this story the gravity and seriousness it deserves . Sarah Hughes of The Guardian wrote : `` I have repeatedly made clear that I 'm not a fan of rape as a plot device -- but the story of Ramsay and Sansa 's wedding was more than that . ( ... ) The writers are walking a very fine line here . They handled it well tonight , telling a gothic tale of innocence sacrificed '' . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote that the scene `` managed to maintain a fine balance , employing a dignity and care for the experiences of victims that Game of Thrones has not always demonstrated . '' Some critics questioned why this scene in particular should generate outrage when similar scenes have not . Sara Stewart of the New York Post pointed out that the rape and sexual abuse of both female and male characters is typical for Game of Thrones : `` Why are we suddenly so outraged about the rape of Sansa Stark , when this show has served up a steady diet of sexual assault and violence against women since its first season began ? '' Cathy Young of Reason magazine , writing in Time noted what she calls a lack of complaint in response to the sexual mistreatment of male characters in earlier seasons , specifically the literal emasculation of Theon Greyjoy and the sexual assault of Gendry . Criticism of the scene has not extended to the quality of the acting . Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair wrote , `` And if we can say one positive thing about that scene it 's that Allen nailed his performance . Theon 's horror mirrored our own and the camera -- focusing on his reaction -- let our minds fill in the blanks . '' Sophie Turner defended the scene as an artistic challenge for herself as an actor , saying , `` When I read that scene , I kinda loved it . I love the way Ramsay had Theon watching . It was all so messed up . It 's also so daunting for me to do it . ( ... ) I think it 's going to be the most challenging season for me so far , just because it 's so emotional for her . It 's not just crying all the time , like seasons 2 or 3 , it 's super messed up . '' Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) agreed , referring to Turner 's performances this season as `` absolutely amazing . '' Some viewers , including U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill , announced that they would stop watching the show because of this scene . According to Business Insider , this scene and increased use of streaming services are likely reasons why ratings dropped from 6.2 million viewers for this episode to 5.4 million for the next episode , `` The Gift . '' Recognition and Awards ( edit ) Sophie Turner has received several award nominations for her portrayal of Sansa . For her performance in the series she earned the Glamour Award for Best UK TV Actress in 2016 and 2017 , and an EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2016 . Other nominations include the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series by a Supporting Young Actress in 2012 , and the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015 . References ( edit ) Inline citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin '' . georgerrmartin.com . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast & Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Top 40 Game of Thrones Characters , Ranked '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Leigh ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` A Read of Ice and Fire : A Game of Thrones , Part 4 '' . Tor . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sansa Stark - Untold Story - `` The Lady of Winterfell '' - GOT Untold Stories - The Spoon Boy `` . www.thespoonboy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 ' Game of Thrones ' Characters , Ranked '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 48 ' Game of Thrones ' Main Characters , Ranked Worst to Best '' . 2016 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mic . `` Why Sansa Stark Is the Strongest Character on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rhiannon ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) . `` In Defense of Sansa Stark '' . Feminist Fiction . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Sansa Stark Is The Only Game Of Thrones Hero Worth Rooting For '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Sophie Turner on ' Game of Thrones , ' Sansa 's Evolution and Learning From Controversy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Garber , Megan . `` Justice for Sansa Stark '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Sophie Turner Revels in Sansa Stark 's Amazing First Kill '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Madison , Bennett . `` Game of Thrones Episode 609 Recap : It 's Finally Sansa 's Turn to Be the Best Stark '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana . `` Sophie Turner Grows Into Her Powers in ' Game of Thrones ' and ' X-Men ' '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Runcie , Charlotte ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken , season 5 episode 6 , review : ' raw emotion ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Absolutely Did Not Need to Go There with Sansa Stark '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ; Orr , Christopher ; Sullivan , Amy ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Pointless Horror and a Ridiculous Fight '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ( experts ) : `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` . AV Club . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Rape of Sansa Stark : ' Game of Thrones ' Goes Off - book and Enrages Its Female Fans '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pantozzi , Jill ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` We Will No Longer Be Promoting HBO 's Game of Thrones '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Recap : Stark Reality '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recap : season five , episode six -- Unbent , Unbowed , Unbroken '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 6 review : `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` It 's a Stark reality : Outrage over Sansa rape scene misses the point '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem with the Backlash to the Game of Thrones Rape Scene '' . Time . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Sophie Turner says she ' loved ' that horrifying scene '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gratuitous and disgusting ' : Senator leads boycott of Game of Thrones over shocking rape scene of Sansa Stark but actress playing her says she ' kinda loved it ' '' . The Daily Mail . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tani , Maxwell ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` A US senator says she 's going to stop watching ' Game of Thrones ' over ' gratuitous ' rape scene '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Acuna , Kirsten ; Renfro , Kim ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' ratings are falling : Here are two possible reasons why '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's who won what at the GLAMOUR Awards '' . glamourmagazine . glamourmagazine. 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EWwy Awards 2015 : Meet Your Winners '' . ew.com. 11 August 2015 . General references ( edit ) Martin , George R.R. ( September 1996 ) . A Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire ( US hardcover ed . ) . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 10354 - 0 . Martin , George R.R. ( March 1999 ) . A Clash of Kings . A Song of Ice and Fire ( US hardcover ed . ) . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 10803 - 3 . Martin , George R.R. ( November 2000 ) . A Storm of Swords . A Song of Ice and Fire ( US hardcover ed . ) . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 10663 - 3 . Martin , George R.R. ( November 2005 ) . A Feast for Crows . A Song of Ice and Fire ( US hardcover ed . ) . Bantam Spectra . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80150 - 7 . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sansa_Stark&oldid=805755141 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional princesses Fictional orphans Fictional lords and ladies Fictional sexual assault victims Fictional victims of child abuse Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 12 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does sansa stark marry in the book	[ "Sansa is shocked one morning when she is being fitted for a gown that she is to marry Tyrion that day. Joffrey taunts Sansa and acts on behalf of her father to give her away during the ceremony to add further insult. Sansa ignores Tyrion and refuses to bend as he attempts to put his cloak around her, an important marriage custom in Westeros. In turn, Joffrey commands Ser Dontos to act as a stool so that Tyrion can cloak his bride in spite of his short stature. Later Sansa dances with many lords who attempt to offer words of comfort, however when it is her turn to dance with Joffrey, he threatens to rape her after her marriage. Tyrion intervenes and states his desire to castrate Joffrey. After the wedding ceremony, Tyrion chooses not to consummate the marriage due to Sansa's lack of desire in him. It is not long before many in King's Landing come to know that the marriage was never consummated." ]	[ "Tyrion" ]
-8030211858098342069	Hudson River	Hudson River - wikipedia Hudson River Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the river in New York and New Jersey . For other uses , see Hudson River ( disambiguation ) . Hudson River The Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain Country United States States New York , New Jersey Tributaries - left Boreas River , Schroon River , Batten Kill , Hoosic River , Kinderhook Creek , Roeliff Jansen Kill , Wappinger Creek , Croton River - right Cedar River , Indian River , Sacandaga River , Mohawk River , Normans Kill , Catskill Creek , Esopus Creek , Rondout Creek / Wallkill River City See Populated places on the Hudson River Source Lake Tear of the Clouds ( See Sources ) - location Adirondack Mountains , New York , United States - elevation 1,770 ft ( 539 m ) - coordinates 44 ° 05 ′ 28 '' N 74 ° 03 ′ 21 '' W / 44.09111 ° N 74.05583 ° W / 44.09111 ; - 74.05583 Mouth Upper New York Bay - location Jersey City , New Jersey and Lower Manhattan , New York , United States - elevation 0 ft ( 0 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 48 '' N 74 ° 01 ′ 42 '' W / 40.69667 ° N 74.02833 ° W / 40.69667 ; - 74.02833 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 48 '' N 74 ° 01 ′ 42 '' W / 40.69667 ° N 74.02833 ° W / 40.69667 ; - 74.02833 Length 315 mi ( 507 km ) Depth 61.6 m ( 202 ft ) Basin 14,000 sq mi ( 36,260 km ) Discharge for Lower New York Bay , max and min at Green Island - average 21,900 cu ft / s ( 620 m / s ) - max 215,000 cu ft / s ( 6,088 m / s ) - min 882 cu ft / s ( 25 m / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Green Island 17,400 cu ft / s ( 493 m / s ) The Hudson River Watershed , including the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers The Hudson River is a 315 - mile ( 507 km ) river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States . The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York , flows through the Hudson Valley , and eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean , between New York City and Jersey City . The river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York , and further north between New York counties . The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary , deeper than the body of water into which it flows , occupying the Hudson Fjord , an inlet which formed during the most recent period of North American glaciation , estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago . Tidal waters influence the Hudson 's flow from as far north as Troy . The river is named after Henry Hudson , an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company , who explored it in 1609 , and after whom Canada 's Hudson Bay is also named . It had previously been observed by Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailing for King Francis I of France in 1524 , as he became the first European known to have entered the Upper New York Bay , but he considered the river to be an estuary . The Dutch called the river the North River -- with the Delaware River called the South River -- and it formed the spine of the Dutch colony of New Netherland . Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson , and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony . During the eighteenth century , the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving , the first internationally acclaimed American author . In the nineteenth century , the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting , an American pastoral style , as well as the concepts of environmentalism and wilderness . The Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal , which , when completed in 1825 , became an important transportation artery for the early - 19th - century United States . Counties Hamilton Essex Warren Washington Saratoga Albany Rensselaer Greene Columbia Ulster Dutchess Putnam Orange Rockland Westchester Bronx Bergen , NJ Hudson , NJ New York Source : Mouth of the Hudson ( yellow ) , located in New York City Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Sources 1.2 Upper Hudson River 1.3 Lower Hudson River 2 Geography and watershed 2.1 Salinity 3 Geology 4 Names 5 History 5.1 Pre-Columbian era 5.2 Exploration and colonization 5.3 Revolution 5.4 Hudson River School 5.5 19th century 5.6 20th and 21st centuries 6 Landmarks 7 Landmark status and protection 8 Transportation and crossings 9 Pollution 10 Flora and fauna 10.1 Plankton 10.2 Invertebrates 10.3 Fish 10.4 Marine and invasive species 10.5 Habitats 11 Activities 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Course ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet ( 1,317 m ) . However , the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream . The river is named Feldspar Brook until its confluence with Calamity Brook , and then is named Calamity Brook until the river reaches Indian Pass Brook , flowing south from the outlet of Henderson Lake . From that point on , the stream is cartographically known as the Hudson River . The U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) uses this cartographical definition . The Hudson River flowing out of Henderson Lake in Tahawus The longest source of the Hudson River as shown on the most detailed USGS maps is the `` Opalescent River '' on the west slopes of Little Marcy Mountain , originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds , several miles , past the Flowed Lands , to the Hudson River . and a mile longer than `` Feldspar Brook '' , which flows out of that lake in the Adirondack Mountains . Popular culture and convention , however , more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source . Upper Hudson River ( edit ) Using river names as seen on maps , Indian Pass Brook flows into Henderson Lake , and the outlet from Henderson Lake flows east and meets the southwest flowing Calamity Brook . The confluence of the two rivers is where maps begin to use the Hudson River name . South of the outlet of Sanford Lake , the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson . The Hudson then flows south , taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris . After its confluence with the Indian River , the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties . In the hamlet of North River , the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River . Further south , the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties . The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake . Shortly thereafter , the river leaves the Adirondack Park , flows under Interstate 87 , and through Glens Falls , just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake . It next goes through Hudson Falls . At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties . Here the river has an altitude of 200 feet . Just south in Fort Edward , the river reaches its confluence with the Champlain Canal , which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and Montreal and the rest of Eastern Canada via the Hudson , Lake Champlain and the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville . The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties . The river then enters the heart of the Capital District . It takes in water from the Hoosic River , which extends into Massachusetts . Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River , the largest tributary of the Hudson River , in Waterford . The river then reaches the Federal Dam in Troy , marking an impoundment of the river . At an elevation of 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) , the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River . Lower Hudson River ( edit ) The river from Poughkeepsie , looking north . South of the Federal Dam , the Hudson River begins to widen considerably . The river enters the Hudson Valley , flowing along the west bank of Albany and the east bank of Rensselaer . Interstate 90 crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river . The Hudson then leaves the Capital District , forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties . It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek , widening considerably at this point . After flowing by Hudson , the river forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties , passing Germantown and Kingston . The Delaware and Hudson Canal meets the river at this point . The river then flows by Hyde Park , former residence of Franklin D. Roosevelt , and alongside the city of Poughkeepsie , flowing under the Walkway over the Hudson and the Mid-Hudson Bridge . Afterwards , the Hudson passes Wappingers Falls and takes in Wappinger Creek . The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties . It flows between Newburgh and Beacon and under the Newburgh Beacon Bridge , taking in the Fishkill Creek . In this area , between Gee 's Point at the US Military Academy and Constitution Island , an area known as `` World 's End '' marks the deepest part of the Hudson , at 202 feet ( 62 m ) . Shortly thereafter , the river enters the Hudson Highlands between Putnam and Orange Counties , flowing between mountains such as Storm King Mountain , Breakneck Ridge , and Bear Mountain . The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the Bear Mountain Bridge , which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties . The river between Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey ( left ) and Manhattan ( right ) Afterward , leaving the Hudson Highlands , the river enters Haverstraw Bay , the widest point of the river at 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) wide . Shortly thereafter , the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge , which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively . At the state line with New Jersey the west bank of the Hudson enters Bergen County . The Palisades are large , rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river ; also known as Bergen Hill at their lower end in Hudson County . Further south the east bank of the river becomes Yonkers and then the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City . South of the confluence of the Hudson and Spuyten Duyvil Creek , the east bank of the river becomes Manhattan . The river is sometimes still called the North River at this point . The George Washington Bridge crosses the river between Fort Lee and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan . The Lincoln Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey . South of the Battery , the river proper ends , meeting the East River to form Upper New York Bay , also known as New York Harbor . Its outflow continues through the Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island , under the Verrazano Bridge , and into Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean . Geography and Watershed ( edit ) See also : Rivers of the Hudson River Basin The bulk carrier Nord Angel breaking ice on the Hudson The lower Hudson is actually a tidal estuary , with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam in Troy . There are about two high tides and two low tides per day . As the tide rises , the tidal current moves northward , taking enough time that part of the river can be at high tide while another part can be at the bottom of its low tide . Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate . During the winter , ice floes may drift south or north , depending upon the tides . The Mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature : muh - he - kun - ne - tuk means `` the river that flows both ways . '' Due to tidal influence from the ocean extending to Troy , NY , freshwater discharge is only about 17,400 cubic feet ( 490 m ) per second on average . The mean fresh water discharge at the river 's mouth in New York is approximately 21,900 cubic feet ( 620 m ) per second . The Hudson River is 315 miles ( 507 km ) long , with depths of 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) for the stretch south of the Federal Dam , dredged to maintain the river as a shipping route . Some sections there are around 160 feet deep , and the deepest part of the Hudson , known as `` World 's End '' ( between the US Military Academy and Constitution Island ) has a depth of 202 feet ( 62 m ) . The Hudson and its tributaries , notably the Mohawk River , drain an area of 13,000 square miles ( 34,000 km ) , the Hudson River Watershed . It covers much of New York , as well as parts of Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Jersey , and Vermont . Parts of the Hudson River form coves , such as Weehawken Cove in the towns of Hoboken and Weehawken in New Jersey . Salinity ( edit ) New York Harbor , between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge , has a mix of fresh and ocean water , mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river 's top to its bottom . This varies with season , weather , variation of water circulation , and other factors ; snowmelt at winter 's end increases the freshwater flow downstream . The salt line of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City , though it usually lies near Newburgh . Geology ( edit ) The Hudson is sometimes called , in geological terms , a drowned river . The rising sea levels after the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciation , the most recent ice age , have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river . The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline , Hudson Canyon , is a rich fishing area . The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean , extending to the edge of the continental shelf . As a result of the glaciation and the rising sea levels , the lower half of the river is now a tidal estuary that occupies the Hudson Fjord . The fjord is estimated to have formed between 26,000 to 13,300 years ago . Along the river , the Palisades are of metamorphic basalt , or diabases , the Highlands are primarily granite and gneiss with intrusions , and from Beacon to Albany , shales and limestones , or mainly sedimentary rock . The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age . Previously , Staten Island and Long Island were connected , preventing the Hudson River from terminating via the Narrows . At that time , the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present - day northern New Jersey , along the eastern side of the Watchung Mountains to Bound Brook , New Jersey and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via Raritan Bay . A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form the Narrows as it exists today . This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City . Suspended sediments , mainly consisting of clays eroded from glacial deposits and organic particles , can be found in abundance in the river . The Hudson has a relatively short history of erosion , so it does not have a large depositional plain near its mouth . This lack of significant deposits near the river mouth differs from most other American estuaries . Around New York Harbor , sediment also flows into the estuary from the ocean when the current is flowing north . Names ( edit ) The river was called Ca - ho - ha - ta - te - a ( `` the river '' ) by the Iroquois , and it was known as Muh - he - kun - ne - tuk ( `` river that flows two ways '' ) by the Mohican tribe who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river . The Delaware Tribe of Indians ( Bartlesville , Oklahoma ) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the Lenape people , and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory , naming the river Muhheakantuck ( `` river that flows two ways '' ) . The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain 's employ , Estêvão Gomes , who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525 . Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was Rio de Montaigne . Later , they generally termed it the Noortrivier , or `` North River '' , the Delaware River being known as the Zuidrivier , or `` South River '' . Other occasional names for the Hudson included : Manhattes rieviere `` Manhattan River '' , Groote Rivier `` Great River '' , and de grootte Mouritse reviere , or `` the Great Mouritse River '' ( Mourits is a Dutch surname ) . The translated name North River was used in the New York metropolitan area up until the early 1900s , with limited use continuing into the present day . The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic , especially below the Tappan Zee . The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river 's southern portion , such as the North River piers , North River Tunnels , and the North River Wastewater Treatment Plant . It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham in 1740 . In 1939 , the magazine Life described the river as `` America 's Rhine '' , comparing it to the 40 - mile ( 64 km ) stretch of the Rhine in Central and Western Europe . Various stretches of the river have their own historical names , many created by early Dutch explorers and settlers . The stretches all have similar sailing conditions , and the names were commonly used until the early common use of the steamboat . These names include , from south to north : the Great Chip Reach , Tappan Reach , Haverstroo Reach , Seylmakers ' Reach , Crescent or Cook 's Reach , Hoge 's or High Reach , Martyr 's or Martelaire Reach , Fisher 's Reach , Lange Rack or Long Reach , Vasterack or Vaste Reach , Kleverack or Claverack , Backerack or Baker 's Reach , Jan Playsier 's Reach , and Hart 's or Hunter 's Reach . History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Hudson River Pre-columbian era ( edit ) The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived . The Lenape , Wappinger , and Mahican branches of the Algonquins lived along the river , mostly in peace with the other groups . The Algonquins in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area . One major settlement was called Navish , which was located at Croton Point , overlooking the Hudson River . Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the Hudson Highlands . Many villagers lived in various types of houses , which the Algonquins called wigwams , though large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long . At the associated villages , they grew corn , beans , and squash . They also gathered other types of plant foods , such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers . In addition to agriculture , the Algonquins also fished in the Hudson River , focusing on various species of freshwater fish , as well as various variations of striped bass , American eels , sturgeon , herring , and shad . Oyster beds were also common on the river floor , which provided an extra source of nutrition . Land hunting consisted of turkey , deer , bear , and other animals . The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape , while further north , the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to Poughkeepsie . They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north . The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present - day Kingston to Lake Champlain , with their capital located near present - day Albany . Exploration and colonization ( edit ) John Cabot is credited for the Old World 's discovery of continental North America , with his journey in 1497 along the continent 's coast . In 1524 , Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor , however he left the harbor shortly thereafter , without navigating into the Hudson River . In 1598 , Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in New York Bay . Eleven years later , the Dutch East India Company financed English navigator Henry Hudson in his search for the Northwest Passage . During the search , Hudson decided to sail his ship up the river that would later be named after him . His travel up the ever - widening river led him to Haverstraw Bay , leading him to believe he had successfully reached the Northwest Passage . He landed on the western shore of the bay and claimed the territory for the Netherlands . He then proceeded upstream as far as present - day Troy before concluding that no such strait existed there . The Dutch subsequently began to colonize the region , establishing the colony of New Netherland , including three major fur - trading outposts : New Amsterdam , Wiltwyck , and Fort Orange . New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River , and would later become known as New York City . Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River , and would later become Kingston . Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck , and later became known as Albany . The Dutch West India Company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony . In 1647 , Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took over management of the colony , and surrendered it in 1664 to the British , who had invaded the largely - defenseless New Amsterdam . New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York , after the Duke of York . Under British colonial rule , the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub . Manors were developed on the east side of the river , and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms . In 1754 , the Albany Plan of Union was created at Albany City Hall on the Hudson . The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the Continental Congress . Revolution ( edit ) During the American Revolutionary War , the British realized that the river 's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from Montreal to New York City . British general John Burgoyne planned the Saratoga campaign , to control the river and therefore cut off the patriot hub of New England ( to the river 's east ) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river 's west . The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states . As a result , numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways . These include the Battle of Long Island , in August 1776 and the Battle of Harlem Heights the following month . Later that year , the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County , culminating in the Battle of White Plains . Also in late 1776 , New England militias fortified the river 's choke point known as the Hudson Highlands , which included building Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on either side of the Hudson and a metal chain between the two . In 1777 , Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River , however they instead conquered Philadelphia , and left a smaller force in New York City , with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time . The British attacked on October 5 , 1777 in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery by sailing up the Hudson River , looting the village of Peeksill and capturing the two forts . In 1778 , the Continentals constructed the Great West Point Chain in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson . Hudson River School ( edit ) Main article : Hudson River School Robert Havell , Jr. , View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery , exploration , and settlement in America in the mid-19th century . The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a pastoral setting . The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness , which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity . The school characterizes the artistic body , its New York location , its landscape subject matter , and often its subject , the Hudson River . In general , Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God , though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction . Their reverence for America 's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson . The artist Thomas Cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Hudson River School , his work first being reviewed in 1825 , while painters Frederic Edwin Church and Albert Bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school . 19th century ( edit ) The Erie Canal in Amsterdam , New York At the beginning of the 19th century , transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult . Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time , as trains were still being developed and automobiles were roughly a century away . In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country 's interior , numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s . One of the most significant canals of this era was the Erie Canal . The canal was built to link the Midwest to the Port of New York , a significant seaport during that time , by way of the Great Lakes , the canal , the Mohawk River , and the Hudson River . The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West , allowing settlers to travel west , send goods to markets in frontier cities , and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City . The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation , surpassing the Port of Philadelphia and ports in Massachusetts . After the completion of the Erie Canal , smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system . The Champlain Canal was built to connect the Hudson River near Troy to the southern end of Lake Champlain . This canal allowed boaters to travel from the St. Lawrence Seaway , and then British cities such as Montreal to the Hudson River and New York City . Another major canal was the Oswego Canal , which connected the Erie Canal to Oswego and Lake Ontario , and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls . The Cayuga - Seneca Canal connected the Erie Canal to Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake . Farther south , the Delaware and Hudson Canal was built between the Delaware River at Honesdale , Pennsylvania , and the Hudson River at Kingston , New York . This canal enabled the transportation of coal , and later other goods as well , between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds . The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation . During the Industrial Revolution , the Hudson River became a major location for production , especially around Albany and Troy . The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast . Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson , in towns including Poughkeepise , Newburgh , Kingston , and Hudson . The North Tarrytown Assembly ( later owned by General Motors ) , on the river in Sleepy Hollow , was a large and notable example . The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes , allowing manufacturing in the Midwest , including automobiles in Detroit , to use the river for transport . With industrialization came new technologies for transport , including steamboats for faster transport . In 1807 , the North River Steamboat ( later known as Clermont ) , became the first commercially successful steamboat . It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River . The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads . The Hudson River Railroad was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany . The line was built as an alternative to the New York and Harlem Railroad for travel to Albany , and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river . The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City . Further north , the Livingston Avenue Bridge was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the New York Central Railroad , which goes west to Buffalo . Smaller railroads existed north of this point . On the west side of the Hudson River , the West Shore Railroad opened to run passenger service from Weehawken , New Jersey to Albany , and then Buffalo . In 1889 , the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) The George Washington Bridge Starting in the 20th century , the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met . This was especially important by New York City , as the river is fairly wide at that point . In 1927 , the Holland Tunnel opened between New Jersey and Lower Manhattan . The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time , and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build - up of carbon monoxide . The original upper level of the George Washington Bridge and the Lincoln Tunnel followed in the 1930s . In 1955 , the original Tappan Zee Bridge was built over one of the widest parts of the river , from Tarrytown to Nyack . The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley . In 1993 , IBM closed two of its plants in East Fishkill and Kingston due to IBM losing $16 billion over the previous three years . The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984 , and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort . In 1996 , the North Tarrytown GM Plant closed . In response to the plant closures , towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies . IBM maintained a Poughkeepsie mainframe unit , and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well . Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased . Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant . The Hudson Valley Hot - Air Balloon Festival , 2009 US Airways Flight 1549 after landing on the waters of the Hudson River in January 2009 Around the time of the last factories ' closing , environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed . For example , GE participated in cleanup efforts to remove PCBs from the site of its old factory in Hudson Falls . The cleanup is part of an EPA Superfund site , and consists of dredging a 40 - mile stretch of the river the Troy Dam to Fort Edward in order to remove the probable carcinogen from the ecosystem . Other conservation efforts also occurred , such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up . In conjunction with conservation efforts , the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization , especially in favor of green development . In 2009 , the High Line was opened in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan . This linear park has views of the river throughout its length . Also in 2009 , the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge , since abandoned , was converted into the Walkway Over the Hudson , a pedestrian park over the river . Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region , waterfront parks in cities like Kingston , Poughkeepsie , and Beacon were built , and several festivals are held annually . Landmarks ( edit ) Numerous places have been constructed along the Hudson that have since become landmarks . Following the river from its source to mouth , there is the Hudson River Islands State Park in Greene and Columbia counties , and in Dutchess County , there is Bard College , Staatsburgh , the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's home and presidential library , and the main campus of the Culinary Institute of America , Marist College , the Walkway over the Hudson , Bannerman 's Castle , and Hudson Highlands State Park . South of that in Orange County is the United States Military Academy . In Westchester lies Indian Point Energy Center , Croton Point Park , and Sing Sing Correctional Facility . In New Jersey is Stevens Institute of Technology and Liberty State Park . In Manhattan is Fort Tryon Park with the Cloisters , and the World Trade Center . Ellis Island is located just south of the river 's mouth in New York Harbor . The Statue of Liberty , located on Liberty Island , is located a bit further south of there . Landmark status and Protection ( edit ) The Norrie Point Environmental Center in Staatsburg , headquarters of the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve A 30 - mile ( 48 km ) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the Hudson River Historic District , a National Historic Landmark . The Palisades Interstate Park Commission protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river . The Hudson River was designated as an American Heritage River in 1997 . The Hudson River estuary system is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System as the Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve . Transportation and crossings ( edit ) Main articles : List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River and List of ferries across the Hudson River to New York City The Riparius Bridge and the Tappan Zee Bridge both cross the Hudson River The Hudson River is navigable by large steamers up to Troy , and by ocean - faring vessels to the Port of Albany . The original Erie Canal , opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie , emptied into the Hudson at the Albany Basin , just 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) south of the Federal Dam in Troy ( at mile 134 ) . The canal enabled shipping between cities on the Great Lakes and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean . The New York State Canal System , the successor to the Erie Canal , runs into the Hudson River north of Troy . It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock . Along the east side of the river runs the Metro - North Railroad 's Hudson Line , from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie . The tracks continue north of Poughkeepsie as Amtrak trains run further north to Albany . On the west side of the river , CSX Transportation operates a freight rail line between North Bergen Yard in North Bergen , New Jersey and Selkirk Yard in Selkirk , New York . The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges , tunnels , and ferries . The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross ; the results are today visible in the George Washington Bridge and the 1955 Tappan Zee Bridge ( replaced by the New Tappan Zee Bridge ) as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes . The George Washington Bridge , which carries multiple highways , connects Fort Lee , New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan , and is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . The new Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest in New York , although the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge has a larger main span . The Troy Union Bridge between Waterford and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson ; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909 ; its replacement , the Troy -- Waterford Bridge , was built in 1909 . The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835 , including the Green Island Bridge , the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam . Pollution ( edit ) Debris floating on the river near the World Trade Center , 1973 Main article : Pollution of the Hudson River The Hudson River 's sediments contain a significant array of toxic substances , accumulated over decades from industrial pipe discharge , sewage treatment plants , and general runoff . The overall water quality has improved significantly since the 1990s , however . The most discussed pollution of the Hudson River is General Electric 's contamination of the river with polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) between 1947 and 1977 . This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river or drank the water . In response to this contamination , activists protested in various ways . Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem . Environmental activism led to passage of the federal Clean Water Act as well as federal government designation of the river as a Superfund site . Other kinds of pollution , including mercury contamination and sewage dumping , have also caused problems . In 1966 , in response to the pollution in the Hudson River , a group of fishermen formed a group that would later become Riverkeeper , the first of the groups in the Waterkeeper Alliance . Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of wastewater discharge permits and consequent reduction of wastewater discharges , and sediment removal operations , which have continued into the 21st century . Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Marine life of New York -- New Jersey Harbor Estuary Plankton ( edit ) A juvenile house sparrow by the Hudson River Zooplankton are abundant throughout the fresh and saltwater portions of the river , and provide a crucial food source for larval and juvenile fish . Invertebrates ( edit ) The benthic zone has species capable of living in soft bottom habitats . Within freshwater regions , there are animal species including larvae of chironomid flies , oligochaete worms , predatory fly larvae , and amphipods . In saline regions , there are abundant polychaete annelids , amphipods , and some mollusks such as clams . These species burrow in the sediment and accelerate the breakdown of organic matter . Atlantic blue crabs are among the larger invertebrates , at the northern limit of their range . The entire Hudson was once far more populated with native suspension - feeding bivalves . Freshwater mussels were common in the river 's limnetic zone , but populations have been decreasing for decades , probably from altered habitats and the invasive zebra mussel . Oyster beds were once pervasive in the saltwater portion , but are now reduced through pollution and exploitation . Fish ( edit ) According to the NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program , about 220 species of fish , including 173 native species , currently are found in the Hudson River . Commercial fishing was once prominent in the river , although most were shut down in 1976 due to pollution ; few survive today . American shad are the only finfish harvested for profit , though in limited numbers . Species include striped bass , the most important game fish in the Hudson . Estimates of the striped bass population in the Hudson range to nearly 100 million fish . American eels also live in the river before reaching breeding age ; for much of this stage they are known as glass eels because of the transparency of their bodies . The fish are the only catadromous species in the Hudson 's estuary . The Atlantic tomcod is a unique species that adapted resistance to the toxic effects of the PCBs polluting the river . Scientists identified the genetic mutation that conferred the resistance , and found that the mutated form was present in 99 percent of the tomcods in the river , compared to fewer than 10 percent of the tomcods from other waters . The hogchoker flatfish have been historically abundant in the river , where farmers would use them for inexpensive livestock feed , giving the fish its name . Other unusual fish found in the river include the northern pipefish , the lined seahorse , and the northern puffer . The Atlantic sturgeon , a species about 120 million years old , enter the estuary during their annual migrations . The fish grow to a considerable size , up to 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) and 800 pounds ( 360 kg ) . The fish are the symbol of the Hudson River Estuary . Their smoked flesh was commonly eaten in the river valley since 1779 , and it was sometimes known as `` Albany beef '' . The city of Albany was called `` Sturgeondom '' or `` Sturgeontown '' in the 1850s and 1860s , with its residents known as `` Sturgeonites '' . The `` Sturgeondom '' name lost popularity around 1900 . The fish have been off limits from fishing since 1998 . The river 's population of shortnose sturgeon have quadrupled since the 1970s , and are also off limits to all fishing as they are a federally endangered species . Marine and invasive species ( edit ) Marine life is known to exist in the estuary , with seals , crabs , and some whales reported . On March 29 , 1647 , a white whale swam up the river to the Rensselaerswyck ( near Albany ) . Herman Melville , author of Moby - Dick , lived in and near Albany from 1830 to 1847 , and was known to have ancestry from New Netherland , leading some to believe stories of the whale sighting inspired his novel . Non-native species often originate in New York Harbor , a center of long - distance commerce . Over 100 foreign species reside in the river and its banks . Many of these have had significant effects on the ecosystem and natural habitats . The water chestnut produces a vegetative mat that reduces oxygen content in the water below , enhances sedimentation , impedes small vessel navigation , and is a hazard to swimmers and walkers . The zebra mussel arrived in the Hudson in 1989 and has spread through the river 's freshwater region , reducing photoplankton and river oxygen levels . Positively , the mussel clears suspended particles , allowing for more light to aquatic vegetation . In saltwater areas , the green crab spread in the early 20th century and the Japanese shore crab has become dominant in recent years . Habitats ( edit ) The Hudson has a diverse array of habitat types . Most of the river consists of deep water habitats , though its tidal wetlands of freshwater and salt marshes are among the most ecologically important . There is strong biological diversity , including intertidal vegetation like freshwater cattails and saltwater cordgrasses . Shallow coves and bays are often covered with submarine vegetation ; shallower areas harbor diverse benthic fauna . Abundance of food varies over location and time , stemming from seasonal flows of nutrients . The Hudson 's large volume of suspended sediments reduces light penetration in the area 's water column , which reduces photoplankton photosynthesis and prevents sub-aquatic vegetation from growing beyond shallow depths . The oxygen - producing phytoplankton have also been inhibited by the relatively recent invasion of the zebra mussel species . The Hudson River estuary is the site of wetlands from New York City all the way up to Troy . It has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast . Even though the river can be considered brackish further south , 80 percent of the wetlands are outside the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean . Currently , the river has about 7,000 acres ( 28 km ) acres of wetlands , and rising sea levels due to climate change are expected to lead to an expansion of that area . Wetlands are expected to migrate upland as sea level ( and thus the level of the river ) rises . This is different from the rest of the world , where rising sea levels usually leads to a reduction in wetland areas . The expansion of the wetlands are expected to provide more habitat to the fish and birds of the region . Activities ( edit ) Parkland surrounds much of the Hudson River ; prominent parks include Battery Park and Liberty State Park at the river 's mouth , Riverside Park in Manhattan , Croton Point Park , Bear Mountain State Park , Storm King State Park and the Hudson Highlands , Moreau Lake State Park , and its source in the High Peaks Wilderness Area . Fishing is allowed in the river , although the state Department of Health recommends eating no fish caught from the South Glens Falls Dam to the Federal Dam at Troy . Women under 50 and children under 15 are not advised to eat any fish caught south of the Palmer Falls Dam in Corinth , while others are advised to eat anywhere from one to four meals per month of Hudson River fish , depending on species and location caught . The Department of Health cites mercury , PCBs , dioxin , and cadmium as the chemicals impacting fish in these areas . Common native species recreationally fished include striped bass ( formerly a major commercial species , now only legally taken by anglers ) , channel catfish , white catfish , brown bullhead , yellow perch , and white perch . The nonnative largemouth and smallmouth bass are also popular , and serve as the focus of catch - and - release fishing tournaments . See also ( edit ) Geography of New York -- New Jersey Harbor Estuary Hudson River Region AVA List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City List of Hudson River islands List of New Jersey rivers List of New York rivers Geography portal Hudson Valley portal New York portal New York City portal New Jersey portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Santanoni Peak , NY '' 1 : 25,000 Topographic Quadrangle , 1999 , USGS ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Hudson River ^ Jump up to : `` Estimates of monthly and annual net discharge , in cubic feet per second , of Hudson River at New York , N.Y. '' United States Geological Survey . October 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson River At Green Island NY '' . USGS Surface - Water Annual Statistics for the Nation . USGS . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Feature Detail Report for : Hudson River '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , W.O. `` National Water Quality Assessment Program - The Hudson River Basin '' . ny.water.usgs.gov/ . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Brooks ( April 10 , 1977 ) . `` A Hike to the Source of the Hudson River '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zahavi , Gerald . `` Station 1A : The Source Of The Hudson ~ Lake Tear Of The Clouds '' . www.albany.edu/ . University of Albany . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Town of Newcomb , Essex County : Historic Tahawus Tract '' . www.apa.ny.gov/ . Adirondack Park Agency . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Location of the Site in New York ( Map ) . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Google ( 25 March 2018 ) . `` Lake Tear of the Clouds '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Spencer . `` Finding the Sources of the Hudson near Upper Works '' . Schroon Lake Region . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Phil . `` Paddling the Upper Hudson and Opalescent Rivers '' . Adirondack Almanack . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild , Scenic and Recreational Rivers '' . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Tear of the Clouds - Source of the Hudson River '' . Lake Placid : Adirondacks , USA . Regional Office of Sustainable Tourism . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Mike . `` On Closing the Champlain Canal '' . www.lakechamplaincommittee.org . Lake Champlain Committee . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Aimon , Alan C. ( November 27 , 2009 ) . `` River Guide to the Hudson Highlands '' ( PDF ) . Hudson River Valley Institute . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` George Washington Bridge '' . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hudson River Today '' . The River Project . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . , from Levinton , Jeffrey S. ; Waldman , John R. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Hudson River Estuary . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Rittner , Don ( 2002 ) . Troy , NY : A Collar City History . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2368 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront park / walkway connects Hoboken to Weehawken '' . Fund for a Better Waterfront. April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Arthur G. ( 1996 ) . The Hudson River Guidebook ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1679 - 9 . LCCN 96 - 1894 . ^ Jump up to : Levinton , Jeffrey S. ; Waldman , John R. ( 2006 ) . The Hudson River Estuary ( PDF ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 10 . ISBN 0521207983 . OCLC 60245415 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . The Hudson as Fjord '' . New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ John Waldman ; Heartbeats in the Muck ; ISBN 1 - 55821 - 720 - 7 The Lyons Press ; ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Aboriginal place names of New York '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tribes '' . delawaretribe.org . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennochio , Benjamin ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` The River 's Meaning to Indians , Before and After Hudson '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : History of the County of Hudson , Charles H. Winfield , 1874 , p. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Ingersoll , Ernest ( 1893 ) . Rand McNally & Co. 's Illustrated Guide to the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains . Chicago , Illinois : Rand , McNally & Company . p. 19 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Jaap ( 2005 ) . New Netherland : A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth - Century America . Netherlands : Brill Publishers . p. 11 . ISBN 9004129065 . OCLC 191935005 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Smell of the Forest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanne , Stephen P. ; Panetta , Roger G. ; Forist , Brian E. ( 1996 ) . The Hudson , An Illustrated Guide to the Living River . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813522715 . OCLC 32859161 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Some Credit for Henry Hudson , Found in a 280 - Year - Old Map '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Hudson River : Autumn Peace Broods over America 's Rhine '' . Life . October 2 , 1939 . p. 57 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alfieri , J. ; Berardis , A. ; Smith , E. ; Mackin , J. ; Muller , W. ; Lake , R. ; Lehmkulh , P. ( June 3 , 1999 ) . `` The Lenapes : A study of Hudson Valley Indians '' . Poughkeepsie , New York : Marist College . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Levine , David ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hudson Valley 's Tribal History '' . Hudson Valley Magazine . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giovanni Verrazano '' . timesmachine.nytimes.com . New York Times . September 15 , 1909 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cleveland , Henry R. `` Henry Hudson Explores the Hudson River '' . history-world.org . International World History Project . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Colonies '' . nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rink , Oliver A. ( 1986 ) . Holland on the Hudson : An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . pp. 17 -- 23 , 264 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 0801495854 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` 350 Years Ago , New Amsterdam Became New York . Do n't Expect a Party '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leitner , Jonathan . `` Transitions in the Colonial Hudson Valley : Capitalist , Bulk Goods , and Braudelian '' . Journal of World - Systems Research . 22 ( 1 ) : 214 -- 246 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bielinski , Stefan . `` The Albany Congress '' . The Albany Congress . New York State Museum . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City Hall '' . New York State Museum . New York State Museum . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany Plan of Union , 1754 '' . MILESTONES : 1750 -- 1775 . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albany Congress '' . American History Central . R. Squared Communications LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mansinne , Jr. , Major Andrew . `` The West Point Chain and Hudson River Obstructions in the Revolutionary War '' ( PDF ) . desmondfishlibrary.org . Desmond Fish Library . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carroll , John Martin ; Baxter , Colin F. ( August 2006 ) . The American Military Tradition : From Colonial Times to the Present ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers , Inc . pp. 14 -- 18 . ISBN 9780742544284 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( August 27 , 1993 ) . `` A Crucial Battle In the Revolution '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Joshua ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` '' Cursedly Thrashed `` : The Battle Of Harlem Heights '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borkow , Richard ( July 2013 ) . `` Westchester County , New York and the Revolutionary War : The Battle of White Plains ( 1776 ) '' . Westchester Magazine . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark , Steven Paul ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Too Little , Too Late : Battle Of The Hudson Highlands '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Hugh T. ( September 25 , 2014 ). `` he Great West Point Chain '' . Journal of the American Revolution . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhauser , Elizabeth Mankin ; Ellis , Amy ; Miesmer , Maureen ( 2003 ) . Hudson River School : Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art . Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art . p. vii . ISBN 0300101163 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Panoramic River : the Hudson and the Thames '' . Hudson River Museum . 2013 . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 943651 - 43 - 9 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Avery , Kevin J. ( October 2004 ) . `` The Hudson River School '' . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hudson River School : Nationalism , Romanticism , and the Celebration of the American Landscape '' . Virginia Tech History Department . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Louise ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` East meets West : The Hudson River School at LACMA '' . Apollo . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oelschlaeger , Max . `` The Roots of Preservation : Emerson , Thoreau , and the Hudson River School '' . Nature Transformed . National Humanities Center . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Judith H. ( 2005 ) . Different Views in Hudson River School Painting . Columbia University Press . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alexander . `` Thomas Cole ( 1801 - 1848 ) The Dawn of the Hudson River School '' . Hamilton Auction Galleries . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canal History '' . www.canals.ny.gov . New York State Canal Corporation . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canal Era '' . www.ushistory.org/ . U.S. History . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Erie Canalway '' . www.eriecanalway.org . Erie Canalway . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Roy G . `` The Story of the New York State Canals '' ( PDF ) . www.canals.ny.gov . New York State Canals Corporation . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levine , David ( August 2010 ) . `` How the Delaware & Hudson Canal Fueled the Valley '' . Hudson Valley Magazine . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Daniel E. ( 2004 ) . `` The Hudson River '' . Chelsea House Publishers . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charlottesville , Virginia : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Aggarwala , Rohit T . `` The Hudson River Railroad and the Development of Irvington , New York , 1849 , 1860 '' ( PDF ) . The Hudson Valley Regional Review : 51 -- 80 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Carl . `` The Livingston Avenue Bridge '' . All Over Albany . Uptown / Downtown Media LLC . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Albany Railroad Bridge '' . Catskill Archive . Harper 's Weekly . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freight Rail Service in New York State '' . Department of Transportation . New York State Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opening the West Shore '' , The New York Times , June 5 , 1883 , retrieved June 5 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` History : Timeline '' . Walkway Over the Hudson . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blakinger , Keri ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spanning the decades : A look at the history of New York City 's tunnels and bridges '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History : November 21 '' . History Channel . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bridges and Tunnels History '' . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , C.J. ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Hudson Valley Bridges : Crossings and Spans Over the Hudson River '' . Hudson Valley Magazine . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plotch , Philip Mark ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lessons From the Tappan Zee Bridge '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` A Colossal Bridge Will Rise Across the Hudson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hammonds , Keith H. ( September 11 , 1995 ) . `` The Town IBM Left Behind '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lueck , Thomas J. ( June 27 , 1996 ) . `` Auto Plant Closes and Developers See Opportunity ; North Tarrytown Focuses on its Future Instead of the Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` G.E. Spent Years Cleaning up the Hudson . Was it Enough ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York State Museum - `` Swim for the River '' Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( April 2011 ) . `` New York 's High Line '' . National Geographic . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Applebome , Peter ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Williamsburg on the Hudson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Hudson River Valley Greenway . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hudson River National Historic Landmark District '' . Hudson River Heritage . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clinton , William Jefferson ( July 30 , 1998 ) . `` Designation of American Heritage Rivers '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve '' . Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canal Map ( Map ) . New York State Canal Corporation . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lock Information '' . Canal Corporation . New York State Canal Corporation . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metro - North Railroad ( Map ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Eric ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Amtrak leasing track corridor '' . Times Union . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fries , Amanda . `` Jersey - bound train sideswipes cars in derailment at Selkirk yard '' . Times Union . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Bergen , NJ < < View locations served '' . Channel Partners . CSX Transportation . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Union Bridge Burned '' . The New York Times . July 11 , 1909 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowe II , Kenneth C. `` Crack closes bridge over Hudson River '' . www.timesunion.com . timesunion.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whittemore , Whitemore ( 1909 ) . `` Fullfilment of the Remarkable Prophecies Relating to the Development of Railroad Transportation '' . Catskill Archives . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Megan ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` A lot of history behind this bridge '' . Troy , New York : The Record News . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Google ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Troy Lock to Green Island Bridge '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River PCBs -- Background and Site Information '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River PCBs '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Risk Assessment '' . EPA . Jump up ^ Harrington , Gerry ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Movement afoot to name bridge after Pete Seeger '' . United Press International . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levinton , J.S. ; Ochron , S.T.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river , USA , fish '' . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry . 27 ( 8 ) : 1691 -- 1697 . doi : 10.1897 / 07 - 438.1 . PMID 18266478 . Jump up ^ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ( NYSDEC ) . Albany , NY . ( 2007 ) . `` Hudson River Estuary Program : Cleaning the river : Improving water quality '' ( PDF ) . p. 24 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Waterkeeper Alliance . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How is the Hudson Doing ? '' . Hudson River Estuary Program . NYSDEC . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lake , Tom ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hudson River Watershed Fish Fauna Check List '' ( PDF ) . NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaminsky , Peter ( January 6 , 1991 ) . `` Outdoors ; Striped Bass and the Big City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Antonucci , Claire ; Higgins , Rosemary ; Yuhas , Cathy . `` Atlantic Striped Bass '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium Extension Program . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fish '' . Hudson River Park Trust . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Jennifer ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fish Evolved to Survive GE Toxins in Hudson River '' . LiveScience . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rittner , Don ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome to Sturgeonville '' . Albany Times Union . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ruth ( March 28 , 2002 ) . `` A whale of a tale from old Albany '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Blaine ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` As sea level rises , Hudson River wetlands may expand '' . Cornell Chronicle . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Directions : Directions to Statue Cruises '' . Statue Cruises . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverside Park '' . New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croton Point Park '' . Westchester County . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bear Mountain State Park '' . New York State Office of Parks and Historic Preservation . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Revkin , Andrew C. ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` How a Hudson Highlands Mountain Shaped Tussles Over Energy and the Environment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moreau Lake State Park '' . New York State Office of Parks and Historic Preservation . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shapley , Dan . `` Protecting Hudson River headwaters in the High Peaks '' . Riverkeeper . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River & Tributaries Region Fish Advisories '' . New York State Department of Health . April 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hudson River : Health Advice on Eating Fish You Catch '' ( PDF ) . New York State Department of Health . February 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Hudson River Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Adams , Arthur G. ( 1996 ) . The Hudson River Guidebook ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1679 - 9 . LCCN 96 - 1894 . For a comprehensive guide to aspects of the river . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHudson Riverat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Hudson River Maritime Museum Beczak Environmental Education Center Tocqueville in Newburgh -- a Alexis de Tocqueville Tour segment on Hudson River steamship travel in the 1830s ( hide ) Articles and topics related to Hudson River Capital District , New York Central communities Albany ( history City Hall coat of arms ) Schenectady ( City Hall ) Troy ( history ) List of all incorporated places Largest communities ( over 20,000 in 2010 ) Bethlehem Clifton Park Town of Colonie Glenville Guilderland Halfmoon Niskayuna Queensbury Rotterdam Saratoga Springs Medium - sized communities ( 10,000 to 20,000 in 2000 ) City of Amsterdam Brunswick Cohoes East Greenbush Glens Falls Gloversville Malta North Greenbush Schodack Watervliet Wilton Small communities ( 5,000 to 10,000 in 2000 ) Town of Amsterdam Ballston Spa Cobleskill Village of Colonie Duanesburg City of Johnstown Town of Johnstown Kinderhook Mechanicville New Scotland Rensselaer Sand Lake Scotia Town of Stillwater Waterford Counties Albany Columbia Fulton Greene Montgomery Rensselaer Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Warren Washington History Mohawks Mahicans Fort Orange Rensselaerswyck Beverwyck Albany Plan of Union Timeline of town creation Toponymies of places Tech Valley Geography Hudson River ( Valley ) Mohawk River Erie Canal Lake Albany Lake George Albany Pine Bush ( Rensselaer Lake Woodlawn Preserve ) Adirondack Mountains Catskill Mountains Rensselaer Plateau Religion and culture Culture in New York 's Capital District Sports in New York 's Capital District Episcopal Diocese of Albany Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany Education List of school districts List of colleges and universities Newspapers Albany Times Union Metroland Glens Falls Post-Star The Saratogian Schenectady Gazette Troy Record Television Broadcast television in the Capital District of New York and Berkshire County , Massachusetts , including Albany and Pittsfield Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television Local stations WRGB ( 6.1 CBS , 6.2 TBD , 6.3 Comet ) WTEN ( 10.1 ABC , 10.2 GetTV , 10.3 Justice , 10.4 Escape ) WNYT ( 13.1 NBC , 13.2 MeTV , 13.3 H&I ) WMHT ( 17.1 PBS , 17.2 Create , 17.3 World , 17.4 PBS Kids ) WXXA - TV ( 23.1 Fox , 23.2 Capital OTB TV , 23.3 Laff , 23.4 Bounce TV ) WNGN - LP 35 / WNGX - LD 42 ( FN ) WCWN ( 45.1 The CW , 45.2 Charge ! , 45.3 CBS simulcast ) WNYA ( 51.1 MNTV , 51.2 Light TV , 51.3 Decades ) Outlying area stations WYCX - CD ( 2.1 /. 2 Retro , 2.3 Tuff TV ; Manchester , VT ) W04AJ 4 ( PBS ; Glens Falls , via WMHT ) W04BD 4 ( PBS ; Schoharie , via WMHT ) WNCE - CD ( 8.1 YTA ; Glens Falls ) WYBN - LD ( 14.1 BUZZR , 14.2 ASN , 14.3 Tuff TV , 14.4 France 24 , 14.5 Rev'n , 14.6 LATV , 14.7 This TV ; Cobleskill ) WNYT 18 ( NBC , Troy ) W21CP - D 21 ( NBC , Gloversville , via WNYT ) W28DA - D 28 ( NBC , Pittsfield , MA , via WNYT ) W38DL - D 38 ( NBC , Adams , MA , via WNYT ) WVBG - LP 41 ( Ind ; Greenwich ) WNYT 45 ( NBC , Glens Falls ) W47CM 47 ( silent ; Glens Falls ) WYPX ( 55.1 Ion , 55.2 qubo , 55.3 Life ; Amsterdam ) Cable - only stations MSG Network MSG Plus Spectrum News Capital Region SNY YES Defunct stations TW3 WEDG - TV ( UPN , cable - only ) WCDC - TV 19 ( CBS / ABC , Adams , MA ) WCDB 29 ( CBS , Hagaman ) W52DF 52 ( TBN , Glens Falls ) Radio Radio stations in the Albany -- Schenectady -- Troy market By AM frequency 590 810 900 930 980 1160 1190 1230 1240 1300 1330 1340 1400 1440 1460 1490 1540 1570 By FM frequency 88.3 89.1 89.7 89.9 90.3 90.7 ( Acra ) 90.7 ( Pattersonville ) 90.9 91.1 91.5 92.3 92.9 93.1 93.5 93.7 94.3 94.5 94.9 95.5 96.3 96.7 97.3 97.5 ( Albany ) 97.5 ( Hoosick Falls ) 97.7 97.9 98.3 98.5 98.7 99.1 99.5 99.9 100.5 100.9 101.1 101.3 101.9 102.3 102.7 102.9 103.1 103.5 103.9 104.3 104.5 104.7 104.9 105.7 106.5 107.1 107.3 107.7 NOAA Weather Radio frequency 162.55 Digital radio by frequency & subchannel 810 980 89.1 - 1 89.1 - 2 90.3 - 1 90.3 - 2 98.3 - 1 98.3 - 2 99.5 - 1 99.5 - 2 102.3 - 1 102.3 - 2 103.1 - 1 103.1 - 2 105.7 - 1 105.7 - 2 106.5 - 1 106.5 - 2 107.7 - 1 107.7 - 2 107.7 - 3 By callsign W226AC W232CE W235AY W248AX W256BU W260CH W263CG W266BX W275BS W282BI W284BZ W287AB WABY WAIX WAJZ WAMC WAMC - FM HD2 WBPM WCAA - LP WCDB WCSS WCTW WDCD WDCD - FM WENT WEQX WEXT WFLY WFNY WGDJ WGNA - FM HD2 HD3 WGXC WGY WGY - FM HD2 WHAZ WHAZ - FM WHUC WHVP WINU WIZR WJIV WJKE WKBE WKKF HD2 WKLI - FM WMHT - FM HD2 WMYY WOFX WOPG WOPG - FM WPGL WPTR WPYX HD2 WQBJ WQBK - FM WQSH HD2 WRIP WROW WRPI WRUC WRVE HD2 WSDE WTMM - FM WTRY - FM HD2 WVCR - FM WVTL WXL34 WYAI WYJB WYKV WZCR Defunct WCKL / 560 WGFM / 99.5 WHRL / 103.1 WRSA / 1280 WROW - FM / 95.5 WTRI WXKW = Clear - channel stations with extended nighttime coverage . = Station is silent Capital District Portal American Heritage Rivers Rivers Blackstone & Woonasquatucket Connecticut Cuyahoga Detroit Hanalei Hudson Lower Mississippi Potomac New Rio Grande St. Johns Upper Mississippi Upper Susquehanna & Lackawanna Willamette Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point Dutchess County , New York drainage basins Basins Hudson River Roeliff Jansen Kill Wappinger Creek Fishkill Creek Ten Mile River Croton River GND : 4122589 - 2 LCCN : sh85062785 NARA : 10045427 VIAF : 235959579 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_River&oldid=841237432 '' Categories : Hudson River American Heritage Rivers Rivers of New Jersey Rivers of New York ( state ) Borders of New Jersey Borders of New York ( state ) Superfund sites in New York ( state ) Rivers of Manhattan Rivers of the Bronx Rivers of Essex County , New York Rivers of Hudson County , New Jersey Rivers of Bergen County , New Jersey Rivers of Westchester County , New York Rivers of Rockland County , New York Rivers of Putnam County , New York Rivers of Dutchess County , New York Rivers of Orange County , New York Rivers of Ulster County , New York Rivers of Sullivan County , New York Rivers of Columbia County , New York Rivers of Greene County , New York Rivers of Rensselaer County , New York Rivers of Albany County , New York Rivers of Washington County , New York Rivers of Saratoga County , New York Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 18 : 32 . 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About Wikipedia	what large city in new york is located at the mouth of the hudson river	[ "\n\nHudson River\n\n\n\n\nThe Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from Bear Mountain\n\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nStates\nNew York, New Jersey\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nBoreas River, Schroon River, Batten Kill, Hoosic River, Kinderhook Creek, Roeliff Jansen Kill, Wappinger Creek, Croton River\n\n\n - right\nCedar River, Indian River, Sacandaga River, Mohawk River, Normans Kill, Catskill Creek, Esopus Creek, Rondout Creek/Wallkill River\n\n\nCity\nSee Populated places on the Hudson River\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\nLake Tear of the Clouds\n(See Sources)\n\n\n - location\nAdirondack Mountains, New York, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n1,770[1] ft (539 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n44°05′28″N 74°03′21″W / 44.09111°N 74.05583°W / 44.09111; -74.05583 [2]\n\n\nMouth\nUpper New York Bay\n\n\n - location\nJersey City, New Jersey and Lower Manhattan, New York, United States\n\n\n - elevation\n0 ft (0 m)\n\n\n - coordinates\n40°41′48″N 74°01′42″W / 40.69667°N 74.02833°W / 40.69667; -74.02833Coordinates: 40°41′48″N 74°01′42″W / 40.69667°N 74.02833°W / 40.69667; -74.02833[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n315 mi (507 km)\n\n\nDepth\n61.6 m (202 ft)\n\n\nBasin\n14,000 sq mi (36,260 km2)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Lower New York Bay, max and min at Green Island\n\n\n - average\n21,900 cu ft/s (620 m3/s) [3]\n\n\n - max\n215,000 cu ft/s (6,088 m3/s)\n\n\n - min\n882 cu ft/s (25 m3/s)\n\n\nDischarge elsewhere (average)\n\n\n - Green Island\n17,400 cu ft/s (493 m3/s) [4]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Hudson River Watershed, including the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers\n\n\n" ]	[ "Lower Manhattan, New York, United States" ]
-8555723617543456341	Big Ben	Big Ben - wikipedia Big Ben Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Big Ben ( disambiguation ) . Elizabeth Tower Alternative names Big Ben General information Type Clock tower Architectural style Gothic Revival Location Westminster , London , England , UK Coordinates 51 ° 30 ′ 03 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 28 '' W / 51.5007 ° N 0.1245 ° W / 51.5007 ; - 0.1245 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 03 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 28 '' W / 51.5007 ° N 0.1245 ° W / 51.5007 ; - 0.1245 Completed 31 May 1859 ; 158 years ago ( 31 May 1859 ) Height 96 metres ( 315 ft ) Technical details Floor count 11 Design and construction Architect Augustus Pugin Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London and is usually extended to refer to both the clock and the clock tower . The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower , but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II . The tower was designed by Augustus Pugin in a neo-gothic style . When completed in 1859 , its clock was the largest and most accurate four - faced striking and chiming clock in the world . The tower stands 315 feet ( 96 m ) tall , and the climb from ground level to the belfry is 334 steps . Its base is square , measuring 39 feet ( 12 m ) on each side . Dials of the clock are 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) in diameter . On 31 May 2009 , celebrations were held to mark the tower 's 150th anniversary . Big Ben is the largest of five bells and weighs 13.5 long tons ( 13.7 tonnes ; 15.1 short tons ) . It was the largest bell in the United Kingdom for 23 years . The origin of the bell 's nickname is open to question ; it may be named after Sir Benjamin Hall , who oversaw its installation , or heavyweight boxing champion Benjamin Caunt . Four quarter bells chime at 15 , 30 and 45 minutes past the hour and just before Big Ben tolls on the hour . The clock uses its original Victorian mechanism , but an electric motor can be used as a backup . The tower is a British cultural icon recognised all over the world . It is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and parliamentary democracy , and it is often used in the establishing shot of films set in London . The clock tower has been part of a Grade I listed building since 1970 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987 . On 21 August 2017 , a four - year schedule of renovation works began on the tower , which are to include the addition of a lift . There are also plans to re-glaze and repaint the clock dials . With a few exceptions , such as New Year 's Eve and Remembrance Sunday , the bells are to be silent until the work has been completed in the 2020s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tower 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design 1.3 Name 2 Clock 2.1 Dials 2.2 Movement 2.3 Breakdowns and other incidents 2.3. 1 20th century 2.3. 2 21st century 3 Bells 3.1 Great Bell 3.2 Chimes 4 Nickname 5 Cultural significance 6 2017 renovation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Videos Tower ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Audio description of the tower by Gary O'Donoghue Elizabeth Tower , previously called the Clock Tower but more popularly known as Big Ben , was raised as a part of Charles Barry 's design for a new palace , after the old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on the night of 16 October 1834 . The new parliament was built in a neo-gothic style . Although Barry was the chief architect of the palace , he turned to Augustus Pugin for the design of the clock tower , which resembles earlier Pugin designs , including one for Scarisbrick Hall in Lancashire . The design for the tower was Pugin 's last design before his final descent into madness and death , and Pugin himself wrote , at the time of Barry 's last visit to him to collect the drawings : `` I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful . '' Design ( edit ) The tower is designed in Pugin 's celebrated Gothic Revival style , and is 315 feet ( 96.0 m ) high . The bottom 200 feet ( 61.0 m ) of the tower 's structure consists of brickwork with sand - coloured Anston limestone cladding . The remainder of the tower 's height is a framed spire of cast iron . The tower is founded on a 50 feet ( 15.2 m ) square raft , made of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) thick concrete , at a depth of 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) below ground level . The four clock dials are 180 feet ( 54.9 m ) above ground . The interior volume of the tower is 164,200 cubic feet ( 4,650 cubic metres ) . The Palace of Westminster , Big Ben and Westminster Bridge Despite being one of the world 's most famous tourist attractions , the interior of the tower is not open to overseas visitors , though United Kingdom residents were able to arrange tours ( well in advance ) through their Member of Parliament before the current repair works . However , the tower currently has no lift , though one is being installed , so those escorted had to climb the 334 limestone stairs to the top . Due to changes in ground conditions since construction , the tower leans slightly to the north - west , by roughly 230 millimetres ( 9.1 in ) over 55 m height , giving an inclination of approximately 1 / 240 . This includes a planned maximum of 22 mm increased tilt due to tunnelling for the Jubilee line extension . It leans by about 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) at the finial . Experts believe the tower 's lean will not be a problem for another 4,000 to 10,000 years . Due to thermal effects it oscillates annually by a few millimetres east and west . Name ( edit ) London skyline with Big Ben and environs , including the London Eye , Portcullis House , Parliament Square , and St Margaret 's Church Journalists during Queen Victoria 's reign called it St Stephen 's Tower . As MPs originally sat at St Stephen 's Hall , these journalists referred to anything related to the House of Commons as news from `` St. Stephens '' ( the Palace of Westminster contains a feature called St Stephen 's Tower , a smaller tower over the public entrance ) . The usage persists in Welsh , where the Westminster district , and Parliament by extension , is known as San Steffan . On 2 June 2012 , The Daily Telegraph reported that 331 Members of Parliament , including senior members of all three main parties , supported a proposal to change the name from Clock Tower to Elizabeth Tower in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II in her diamond jubilee year . This was thought to be appropriate because the large west tower now known as Victoria Tower was renamed in tribute to Queen Victoria on her diamond jubilee . On 26 June 2012 , the House of Commons confirmed that the name change could go ahead . The Prime Minister , David Cameron , announced the change of name on 12 September 2012 at the start of Prime Minister 's Questions . The change was marked by a naming ceremony in which the Speaker of the House of Commons , John Bercow , unveiled a name plaque attached to the tower on the adjoining Speaker 's Green . Clock ( edit ) Dials ( edit ) The dial of the Great Clock of Westminster . The hour hand is 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) long and the minute hand is 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) long . The clock and dials were designed by Augustus Pugin . The clock dials are set in an iron frame 23 feet ( 7.0 m ) in diameter , supporting 312 pieces of opal glass , rather like a stained - glass window . Some of the glass pieces may be removed for inspection of the hands . The surround of the dials is gilded . At the base of each clock dial in gilt letters is the Latin inscription : DOMINE SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM Which means O Lord , keep safe our Queen Victoria the First . Unlike most other Roman numeral clock dials , which show the ' 4 ' position as ' IIII ' , the Great Clock faces depict ' 4 ' as ' IV ' . Movement ( edit ) The rear of the clock face The clock 's movement is famous for its reliability . The designers were the lawyer and amateur horologist Edmund Beckett Denison , and George Airy , the Astronomer Royal . Construction was entrusted to clockmaker Edward John Dent ; after his death in 1853 his stepson Frederick Dent completed the work , in 1854 . As the tower was not complete until 1859 , Denison had time to experiment : instead of using the deadbeat escapement and remontoire as originally designed , Denison invented the double three - legged gravity escapement . This escapement provides the best separation between pendulum and clock mechanism . The pendulum is installed within an enclosed windproof box beneath the clockroom . It is 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) long , weighs 660 pounds ( 300 kg ) , suspended on a strip of spring steel 1 / 64 inch in thickness , and beats every two seconds . The clockwork mechanism in a room below weighs five tons . Play media Winding the clock mechanism On top of the pendulum is a small stack of old penny coins ; these are to adjust the time of the clock . Adding a coin has the effect of minutely lifting the position of the pendulum 's centre of mass , reducing the effective length of the pendulum rod and hence increasing the rate at which the pendulum swings . Adding or removing a penny will change the clock 's speed by 0.4 seconds per day . The clock is hand wound ( taking about 1.5 hours ) three times a week . On 10 May 1941 , a German bombing raid damaged two of the clock 's dials and sections of the tower 's stepped roof and destroyed the House of Commons chamber . Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott designed a new five - floor block . Two floors are occupied by the current chamber , which was used for the first time on 26 October 1950 . The clock ran accurately and chimed throughout the Blitz . Breakdowns and other incidents ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) 1916 : For two years during World War I , the bells were silenced and the clock faces were not illuminated at night to avoid guiding attacking German Zeppelins . 1 September 1939 : Although the bells continued to ring , the clock faces were not illuminated at night throughout World War II to avoid guiding bomber pilots during the Blitz . 10 May 1941 : A German bombing raid damaged two of the clock 's dials . 3 -- 4 June 1941 : The clock stopped from 10 : 13 p.m. until 10 : 13 the following morning , after a workman repairing air - raid damage to the clock face dropped a hammer into the works . 1949 : The clock slowed by four and a half minutes after a flock of starlings perched on the minute hand . 13 January 1955 : The clock stopped at 3 : 24 a.m. due to drifts of snow forming on the north and east dials . Small electric heaters were placed just inside these two dials which faced the full fury of the winter 's blast , and this measure has helped to reduce instances of freezing in recent years . New Year 's Eve 1962 : The clock slowed due to heavy snow and ice on the hands , causing the pendulum to detach from the clockwork , as it is designed to do in such circumstances , to avoid serious damage elsewhere in the mechanism -- the pendulum continuing to swing freely . Thus , it chimed - in the 1963 new year nine minutes late . 30 January 1965 : The bells were silenced during the funeral of statesman and former prime minister Winston Churchill . 5 August 1976 : First and only major breakdown . The air brake speed regulator of the chiming mechanism broke from torsional fatigue after more than 100 years of use , causing the fully wound 4 - ton weight to spin the winding drum out of the movement , causing much damage . The Great Clock was shut down for a total of 26 days over nine months -- it was reactivated on 9 May 1977 . This was the longest break in operation since its construction . During this time BBC Radio 4 broadcast the pips instead . Although there were minor stoppages from 1977 to 2002 , when maintenance of the clock was carried out by the old firm of clockmakers Thwaites & Reed , these were often repaired within the permitted two - hour downtime and not recorded as stoppages . Before 1970 , maintenance was carried out by the original firm of Dents ; since 2002 , by parliamentary staff . 30 April 1997 : The clock stopped 24 hours before the general election , and stopped again three weeks later . 21st century ( edit ) The south clock face being cleaned on 11 August 2007 27 May 2005 : The clock stopped at 10 : 07 p.m. , possibly because of hot weather ; temperatures in London had reached an unseasonable 31.8 ° C ( 90 ° F ) . It resumed , but stopped again at 10 : 20 p.m. , and remained still for about 90 minutes before resuming . 29 October 2005 : The mechanism was stopped for about 33 hours to allow maintenance work on the clock and its chimes . It was the lengthiest maintenance shutdown in 22 years . 7 : 00 a.m. 5 June 2006 : The clock tower 's `` Quarter Bells '' were taken out of commission for four weeks as a bearing holding one of the quarter bells was worn and needed to be removed for repairs . During this period , BBC Radio 4 broadcast recordings of British bird song followed by the pips in place of the usual chimes . 11 August 2007 : Start of 6 - week stoppage for maintenance . Bearings in the clock 's chime train and the `` great bell '' striker were replaced , for the first time since installation . During the maintenance the clock was driven by an electric motor . Once again , BBC Radio 4 broadcast the pips during this time . The intention was that the clock should run accurately for a further 200 years before major maintenance is again required ; in fact the repairs sufficed for ten years . 17 April 2013 : The bells were silenced as a mark of `` profound dignity and deep respect '' during the funeral of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . August 2015 : The clock was discovered to be running 7 seconds fast , and coins were removed from its pendulum to correct the error , which caused it to run slow for a time . 21 August 2017 : Start of 4 - year silencing of the chimes during maintenance and repair work to the clock mechanism , and repairs and improvements to the clock tower building . During this time , dials , hands , and lights will be removed for restoration , with at least one dial -- with hands driven by an electric motor -- left intact , functioning , and visible at any given time . Plans also include installing a lift . The bells , however , will still chime for events such as New Year 's Eve and Remembrance Day . Bells ( edit ) Great bell ( edit ) The second `` Big Ben '' ( centre ) and the Quarter Bells from The Illustrated News of the World , 4 December 1858 The main bell , officially known as the Great Bell but better known as Big Ben , is the largest bell in the tower and part of the Great Clock of Westminster . The original bell was a 16 ton ( 16.3 - tonne ) hour bell , cast on 6 August 1856 in Stockton - on - Tees by John Warner & Sons . The bell was possibly named in honour of Sir Benjamin Hall , and his name is inscribed on it . However , another theory for the origin of the name is that the bell may have been named after a contemporary heavyweight boxer Benjamin Caunt . It is thought that the bell was originally to be called Victoria or Royal Victoria in honour of Queen Victoria , but that an MP suggested the nickname during a Parliamentary debate ; the comment is not recorded in Hansard . Since the tower was not yet finished , the bell was mounted in New Palace Yard but , during testing it cracked beyond repair and a replacement had to be made . The bell was recast on 10 April 1858 at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry as a 131⁄2 ton ( 13.76 - tonne ) bell . The second bell was transported from the foundry to the tower on a trolley drawn by sixteen horses , with crowds cheering its progress ; it was then pulled 200 ft ( 61.0 m ) up to the Clock Tower 's belfry , a feat that took 18 hours . It is 7 feet 6 inches ( 2.29 m ) tall and 9 feet ( 2.74 m ) diameter . This new bell first chimed in July 1859 ; in September it too cracked under the hammer . According to the foundry 's manager , George Mears , the horologist Denison had used a hammer more than twice the maximum weight specified . For three years Big Ben was taken out of commission and the hours were struck on the lowest of the quarter bells until it was repaired . To make the repair , a square piece of metal was chipped out from the rim around the crack , and the bell given an eighth of a turn so the new hammer struck in a different place . Big Ben has chimed with a slightly different tone ever since , and is still in use today with the crack unrepaired . Big Ben was the largest bell in the British Isles until `` Great Paul '' , a 163⁄4 ton ( 17 tonne ) bell currently hung in St Paul 's Cathedral , was cast in 1881 . Chimes ( edit ) Big Ben A recording from the BBC World Service radio station of the Westminster Chimes and the twelve strikes of Big Ben , as broadcast at midnight , New Year 's Day 2009 . Along with the Great Bell , the belfry houses four quarter bells which play the Westminster Quarters on the quarter hours . The four quarter bells sound G ♯ , F ♯ , E , and B. They were cast by John Warner & Sons at their Crescent Foundry in 1857 ( G ♯ , F ♯ and B) and 1858 ( E ) . The Foundry was in Jewin Crescent , in what is now known as The Barbican , in the City of London . The bells are sounded by hammers pulled by cables coming from the link room -- a low - ceiling space between the clock room and the belfry -- where mechanisms translate the movement of the quarter train into the sounding of the individual bells . The quarter bells play a once - repeating , 20 - note sequence of rounds and four changes in the key of E major : 1 -- 4 at quarter past , 5 -- 12 at half past , 13 -- 20 and 1 -- 4 at quarter to , and 5 -- 20 on the hour ( which sounds 25 seconds before the main bell tolls the hour ) . Because the low bell ( B ) is struck twice in quick succession , there is not enough time to pull a hammer back , and it is supplied with two wrench hammers on opposite sides of the bell . The tune is that of the Cambridge Chimes , first used for the chimes of Great St Mary 's church , Cambridge , and supposedly a variation , attributed to William Crotch , based on violin phrases from the air `` I know that my Redeemer liveth '' in Handel 's Messiah . The notional words of the chime , again derived from Great St Mary 's and in turn an allusion to Psalm 37 : 23 -- 24 , are : `` All through this hour / Lord be my guide / And by Thy power / No foot shall slide '' . They are written on a plaque on the wall of the clock room . One of the requirements for the clock was that the first stroke of the hour bell should be correct to within one second per day . The tolerance is with reference to Greenwich Mean Time ( BST in summer ) . So , at twelve o'clock , for example , it is the first of the twelve hour - bell strikes that signifies the hour ( the New Year on New Year 's Eve at midnight ) . The time signalled by the last of the `` six pips '' ( UTC ) may be fractionally different . Nickname ( edit ) The origin of the nickname Big Ben is the subject of some debate . The nickname was applied first to the Great Bell ; it may have been named after Sir Benjamin Hall , who oversaw the installation of the Great Bell , or after English heavyweight boxing champion Benjamin Caunt . Now Big Ben is often used , by extension , to refer to the clock , the tower and the bell collectively , although the nickname is not universally accepted as referring to the clock and tower . Some authors of works about the tower , clock and bell sidestep the issue by using the words Big Ben first in the title , then going on to clarify that the subject of the book is the clock and tower as well as the bell . In August 2017 , satirical news site The Rochdale Herald published a spoof article stating that the bell was to be renamed `` Massive Mohammed '' . Many people mistook this for a genuine news story and were widely ridiculed on social media . This even inspired the creation of two online petitions . Cultural significance ( edit ) Double - decker buses frame a busy Whitehall with Big Ben in the background . The clock has become a cultural symbol of the United Kingdom , particularly in the visual media . When a television or film - maker wishes to indicate a generic location in the country , a popular way to do so is to show an image of the tower , often with a red double - decker bus or black cab in the foreground . In 2008 , a survey of 2,000 people found that the tower was the most popular landmark in the United Kingdom . It has also been named as the most iconic film location in London . Big Ben 's dials and belfry are illuminated at night . The sound of the clock chiming has also been used this way in audio media , but as the Westminster Quarters are heard from other clocks and other devices , the sound is by no means unique . Big Ben is a focal point of New Year celebrations in the United Kingdom , with radio and television stations airing its chimes to welcome the start of the New Year . To welcome in 2012 , the clock tower was lit with fireworks that exploded at every toll of Big Ben . Similarly , on Remembrance Day , the chimes of Big Ben are broadcast to mark the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month and the start of the two minutes ' silence . Londoners who live an appropriate distance from the tower and Big Ben can , by means of listening to the chimes both live and on analogue radio , hear the bell strike thirteen times . This is possible because the electronically transmitted chimes arrive virtually instantaneously , while the `` live '' sound is delayed travelling through the air since the speed of sound is relatively slow . ITN 's News at Ten opening sequence formerly featured an image of the tower with the sound of Big Ben 's chimes punctuating the announcement of the news headlines of the day . The Big Ben chimes ( known within ITN as `` The Bongs '' ) continue to be used during the headlines and all ITV News bulletins use a graphic based on the Westminster clock dial . Big Ben can also be heard striking the hour before some news bulletins on BBC Radio 4 ( 6 p.m. and midnight , plus 10 p.m. on Sundays ) and the BBC World Service , a practice that began on 31 December 1923 . The sound of the chimes is sent live from a microphone permanently installed in the tower and connected by line to Broadcasting House . At the close of the polls for the 2010 general election the results of the national exit poll were projected onto the south side of the tower . On 27 July 2012 , starting at 8 : 12 a.m , Big Ben chimed 30 times , to welcome the Games of the 30th Olympiad , which officially began that day , to London . Some Conservative MPs want Big Ben to chime at the moment of Brexit on 29 March 2019 . 2017 renovation ( edit ) Scaffolding was put up in 2017 . The tower is undergoing a major renovation which began in August 2017 and is expected to last four years . Big Ben 's chimes were silenced at noon on 21 August . Essential maintenance will be carried out on the clock , which will be stopped for several months , during which there will be no chimes . Striking and tolling will be maintained for important events such as New Year 's Eve and Remembrance Sunday . Big Ben will resume striking and tolling in 2021 . The aim of the renovation is to repair and conserve the tower , upgrade facilities as necessary , and ensure its integrity for future generations . The last significant renovation work was carried out to the tower in 1983 -- 85 . The most significant addition to the tower will be the installation of a lift . The clock faces are to be repainted and re-gilded , and many broken panes of glass are also being replaced on the dials . Originally , the renovation was estimated to cost between £ 29 million and £ 45 million ; however , in September 2017 , the figure increased to £ 61 million . See also ( edit ) London portal Victoria Tower Big Ben Aden References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Big Ben '' . Whitechapel Bell Foundry . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , H.W. ( 1976 ) . The Concise Oxford dictionary of current English . First edited by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler ( Sixth ed . ) . Clarendon Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861121 - 8 . Big Ben , great bell , clock , and tower , of Houses of Parliament ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ben ' bongs ' to be silenced for £ 29m refurbishment '' . BBC News . BBC . 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Excell , Jon ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` Why is Big Ben falling silent ? '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Join in the anniversary celebrations '' . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret 's Church '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben in films and popular culture '' . The Daily Telegraph . 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions : Big Ben and Elizabeth Tower '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` 1289 - 1834 : Big Ben and Elizabeth Tower '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hill , Rosemary ( 3 March 2009 ) . God 's Architect : Pugin & the Building of Romantic Britain . Yale University Press . p. 482 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bong ! Big Ben rings in its 150th anniversary '' . NBC News . Associated Press . 29 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clock Tower tour '' . UK Parliament . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tunnel Vision '' ( PDF ) . Post Report Summary . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology . January 1997 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clock ticking for leaning Big Ben '' . BBC News . 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hough , Andrew ( 2 June 2012 ) . `` The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee : ' Big Ben to be renamed Elizabeth Tower ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rath , Kayte ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Big Ben 's tower renamed Elizabeth Tower in honour of Queen '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Questions to the Prime Minister '' . House of Commons Hansard Debates for 12 Sept 2012 . Hansard . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ UK Parliament ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` Elizabeth Tower naming ceremony '' . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denison , Dent and delays '' . Building the Great Clock . London : UK Parliament . 13 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Great Clock facts '' . Big Ben . London : UK Parliament . 13 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How Does Big Ben Keep Accurate Time ? '' . Unearthed . YouTube . 30 August 2016 . Science Channel . Jump up ^ `` BigBenFacts '' . www.bigbenfacts.co.uk . Jump up ^ Jardine , Cassandra ( 29 May 2009 ) . `` Let 's hear it again from Big Ben '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben stopped by hammer '' . The Morning Bulletin . Rockhampton. 6 June 1941 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben 's big clean '' . BBC News . 21 August 2001 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Peter ( 13 October 2005 ) . Big Ben : The Bell , the Clock and the Tower . The History Press . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plester , Jeremy ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` Bell tolls for Big Ben : snow , ice and sunflower effect stop the clock '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben to be silent for Baroness Thatcher 's funeral '' . BBC News . 15 April 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Peter G ( 25 January 2005 ) . Big Ben : The Bell , The Clock And The Tower . Stroud , Gloucestershire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9549 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ben chimes stoppage mystery '' . BBC News . 28 May 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In pictures : Big Ben 's big turn off '' . BBC News . 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Robert ( 4 June 2006 ) . `` Big Ben 's Chime Wo n't Sound the Same to Londoners for a While '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rippon , Peter ( 12 June 2006 ) . `` The Editors : Bongs and Birds '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben silenced for repair work '' . BBC News . 11 August 2007 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben 1859 -- 2009 -- Keeping the Great Clock ticking '' . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Brand , Stewart ( 2008 ) . The Clock of the Long Now . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 2292 - 1 . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Margaret Thatcher funeral : Big Ben to be silenced as mark of respect '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Phipps , Claire ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Clockwatchers ticked off as Big Ben 's chimes run seven seconds fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ben 's bongs to fall silent until 2021 for repairs '' . BBC News . London . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MPs are gathering outside Big Ben to watch it bong for the final time '' . The Independent . 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben WILL still bong for New Year 's Eve and Remembrance Day '' . London Evening Standard . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Bell -- Big Ben '' . UK Parliament . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben of Westminster '' . The Times . London ( 22505 ) : 5 . 22 October 1859 . It is proposed to call our king of bells ' Big Ben ' in honour of Sir Benjamin Hall , the President of the Board of Works , during whose tenure of office it was cast ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Bell -- Big Ben '' . Living Heritage . UK Parliament . 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ICONS England . `` Big Ben -- How did Big Ben get its Name ? '' . Icons of England . Archived from the original on 24 January 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ The actual weight quoted by the founders is 13 tons 10 cwts 3 qtrs 15 lbs . Jump up ^ `` The History of Great Paul '' . Bell foundry museum , Leicester . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New Houses of Parliament '' . The Standard . London . 16 November 1855 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ McKay , Chris ( 27 May 2010 ) . Big Ben : the Great Clock and the Bells at the Palace of Westminster . Oxford University Press . 2.47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 019 - 958569 - 4 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Alan ( 1959 ) . The Story of Big Ben . Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Starmer , William Wooding ( 1910 ) . Quarter Chimes and Chime Tunes . London : Novello . pp. 6 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Cahel ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Bong ! A change of tune at Westminster '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Lockyer , Herbert ( 1 January 1993 ) . A Devotional Commentary on Psalms . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Kregel Christian Books . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8254 - 9742 - 1 . Jump up ^ Steve Jaggs , Keeper of the Clock , interviewed on Sky News , 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Big Ben '' . Whitechapel Bell Foundry . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Betts , Jonathan D. ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Big Ben '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 2 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia . Columbia University Press . July 2001 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben '' . Encarta World English Dictionary ( North American Edition ) . Microsoft Corporation . 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lockhart , Ann ( 1997 ) . Big Ben and the Westminster Clock Tower . Stroud , Gloucestershire . ISBN 0853728399 . Jump up ^ Nagesh , Ashitha ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` People actually believed that Big Ben was going to be renamed ' Massive Mohammed ' '' . Metro . London . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Fake Story Claiming Big Ben Will Be Renamed For Muslims Is Making A Lot Of People Mad '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Someone joked that Big Ben would be renamed Massive Mohammed and people were furious '' . Indy100. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` City Light '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben ' UK 's favourite landmark ' '' . BBC News . 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben most iconic London film location '' . Metro . London . 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fireworks going off at the London Eye and Big Ben to welcome 2012 in London '' . BBC One . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance Day across the UK '' . BBC News . 14 November 2004 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to make Big Ben 's clock strike 13 '' . BBC News . 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , James ( 22 October 2009 ) . `` ITV to drop Big Ben from News at Ten titles '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben Microphone '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General election results beamed onto Big Ben '' . UK Parliament . Archived from the original on 11 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben rings in Olympic Morning '' . ITV News . YouTube . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Baynes , Chris ( 19 August 2017 ) . `` Tory MPs want Big Ben to bong us out of the EU at midnight on the day we Brexit '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Reuters Staff ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Britain 's Big Ben falls silent for four years of renovation work '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Leon ; McCann , Kate ; Horton , Helena ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Big Ben : Why has Westminster 's Great Bell been silenced - and for how long ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Tower contract awarded '' . UK Parliament . 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben to be silenced for months by tower and clock repairs '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ben tower repair costs double to £ 61m '' . BBC News . 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutBig Benat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website of Big Ben at UK Parliament The Palace of Westminster at UK Parliament Big Ben at Whitechapel Bell Foundry Big Ben 's Clapper at Houghton - le - Spring Heritage Society Interior photos of the tower at UK Parliament 's Flickr A tale of Two Towers : Big Ben and Pisa transcript of a lecture by Prof. John Burland Videos ( edit ) The Mechanical Genius of Big Ben ( 2017 ) documentary by Discovery Big Ben 's a Hundred ( 1959 ) newsreel by British Pathé Big Ben 's Clean Up ( 1955 ) by British Pathé Big Ben ( 1948 ) by British Pathé Bells Background and terminology Bell Bell - cot Bellfounding Bell - gable Bell tower / Campanile Bell - ringer Belfry Bourdon Campanology Church bell Full circle ringing Peal Ring of bells Strike tone Striking clock Zvonnitsa Types Agogô Altar bell Babendil Bianzhong Bicycle bell Bonshō Carillon Chime Cowbell Crotal bell Dead bell Doorbell Dōtaku Ghanta Glockenspiel Handbell Jingle bell Kane Ship 's bell Standing bell Suzu Tintinnabulum Tubular bells Ringing styles Bell pattern Blagovest Bolognese bell ringing art Change ringing Canpanò Grandsire Method ringing Peal Russian Orthodox bell ringing Veronese bellringing art Notable bells List of heaviest bells Balangiga bells Bell of Good Luck Big Ben Freedom Bell Great Bell of Dhammazedi Great Tom Ivan the Great Bell Tower Japanese Peace Bell Justice Bell Liberty Bell Maria Gloriosa Mingun Bell Olympic Bell Sigismund Bell St. Petersglocke Swan Bells Tsar Bell World Peace Bells Yongle Big Bell Bell founders and foundries Andrey Chokhov Bilbie family Franciscus Illenfeld Geert van Wou Gillett & Johnston Hatch bell foundry John Taylor & Co Juutila Foundry Kashpir Ganusov McShane Bell Foundry Meneely Bell Foundry Pieter and François Hemony Petit & Fritsen Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry Rudhall of Gloucester Whitechapel Bell Foundry Related The Ringing World Dove 's Guide for Church Bell Ringers Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg Liberty Bell Museum Ringing Organisations Freedom Bell , American Legion London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon , Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) London Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres Adelphi Apollo Victoria Coliseum Criterion Dominion Lyceum Old Vic Palladium Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Vaudeville Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - by - the - Tower BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bevis Marks Synagogue Methodist Central Hall Regent 's Park Mosque St Martin - in - the - Fields St Mary - le - Bow St Paul 's Cathedral Southwark Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Cathedral Retailing Shops Fortnum & Mason Hamleys Harrods Liberty Peter Jones Selfridges Shopping centres and markets Borough Market Brent Cross Burlington Arcade Kensington Arcade Leadenhall Market The Mall Wood Green One New Change Petticoat Lane Market Royal Exchange Westfield London Westfield Stratford City Royal buildings Partly occupied by the Royal Family Buckingham Palace Clarence House Kensington Palace St James 's Palace Unoccupied Banqueting House Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace The Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews , Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers Broadgate Tower 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 25 Canada Square 1 Churchill Place 20 Fenchurch Street Heron Tower Leadenhall Building The Shard St George Wharf Tower 30 St Mary Axe Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Big Ben Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch The Monument Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Stratford station Victoria station Waterloo station Victoria Coach Station Emirates Air Line cable car Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library BT Tower Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace Lloyd 's building London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St. James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Carnaby Street Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall GND : 4223680 - 0 VIAF : 143857959 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Ben&oldid=843614564 '' Categories : Bell towers in the United Kingdom Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster Clock towers in the United Kingdom Gothic Revival architecture in London Government buildings completed in 1859 Inclined towers Individual clocks in England National government buildings in London Palace of Westminster Towers completed in 1859 Towers in London Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 69 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who were the architects that designed and built big ben	[ "\n\nElizabeth Tower\n\n\n\n\n\nAlternative names\nBig Ben\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nType\nClock tower\n\n\nArchitectural style\nGothic Revival\n\n\nLocation\nWestminster, London, England, UK\n\n\nCoordinates\n51°30′03″N 0°07′28″W / 51.5007°N 0.1245°W / 51.5007; -0.1245Coordinates: 51°30′03″N 0°07′28″W / 51.5007°N 0.1245°W / 51.5007; -0.1245\n\n\nCompleted\n31 May 1859; 158 years ago (31 May 1859)\n\n\nHeight\n96 metres (315 ft)\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n11\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nAugustus Pugin\n\n" ]	[ "Augustus Pugin" ]
-3422750755704498108	Embassy of the United States, Nairobi	Embassy of the United States , Nairobi - wikipedia Embassy of the United States , Nairobi Jump to : navigation , search Embassy of the United States of America to Kenya Coordinates 1 ° 14 ′ 02 '' S 36 ° 48 ′ 38 '' E / 1.233985 ° S 36.810552 ° E / - 1.233985 ; 36.810552 Coordinates : 1 ° 14 ′ 02 '' S 36 ° 48 ′ 38 '' E / 1.233985 ° S 36.810552 ° E / - 1.233985 ; 36.810552 Location United Nations Avenue , Nairobi , Kenya Ambassador Robert F. Godec Website https://ke.usembassy.gov/embassy/nairobi/ The Embassy of the United States of America to Kenya ( also known as Embassy Nairobi by the State Department ) , located in Nairobi , is home to the diplomatic mission of the United States to the Republic of Kenya . The embassy opened in central Nairobi on 2 March 1964 , when the United States established diplomatic relations with Kenya . In 1998 , the original embassy was the target of a terrorist attack , after which a new embassy building was constructed in Gigiri , a suburb of Nairobi , in 2003 . The US diplomatic mission to Somalia is also based at the Nairobi embassy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Original embassy 1.1. 1 1998 bombing 1.2 New embassy 2 Mission 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Aftermath of the 1998 bombing . Original embassy ( edit ) The United States recognized Kenya upon its independence on 12 December 1963 . The US formally established diplomatic relations with Kenya on 2 March 1964 . The US embassy in Nairobi was established the same day . The original embassy ( 1 ° 17 ′ 20 '' S 36 ° 49 ′ 37 '' E / 1.289017 ° S 36.826880 ° E / - 1.289017 ; 36.826880 ( Original US Embassy , Nairobi ( 1964 - 1998 ) ) ) was located on the western corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue in central Nairobi . 1998 Bombing ( edit ) Main article : 1998 United States embassy bombings On the morning of August 7 , 1998 , a truck loaded with explosives detonated in a parking lot between the embassy and two commercial , high - rise buildings ( both of which contained some offices for US diplomatic staff ) . The attack killed 213 people and injured approximately 4000 . Only 12 of the dead were Americans ; most were Kenyans killed when the Ufundi House -- a seven - storey office building adjacent to the embassy -- collapsed . A simultaneous attack occurred at the US Embassy in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . The attacks were attributed to al - Qaeda . In 1999 , the federal government convened a group of experts to examine the security of US diplomatic posts worldwide . The group later released a report , stating that the security of US diplomatic posts ( collectively , the US 's `` overseas presence '' ) were `` unacceptable '' and that the US overseas presence was `` perilously close to the point of system failure . '' The 1998 embassy bombings and the September 11 terrorist attacks three years later prompted the US State Department to start a multibillion - dollar building and renovation program to make US embassies around the world safer . The original embassy grounds were donated to a charitable trust , which turned the property into the August 7th Memorial Park and maintains the grounds . The August 7th Memorial Park contains a garden , a sculpture made of debris from the attack , a wall engraved with the names of victims , and a visitor 's center ( built on the site of the Ufundi House ) . New embassy ( edit ) In 2003 , the US opened a new embassy in the suburb of Gigiri , across from the Office of the United Nations in Nairobi . The new embassy building was inaugurated on March 3 , 2003 and has 402,100 square feet ( 37,350 m2 ) of floor space . Several threats shortly after its opening caused some closures in mid-2003 and in 2014 , some staff from the embassy were relocated due to a possible security threat . Mission ( edit ) Further information : Kenya -- United States relations and United States Ambassador to Kenya The embassy is home to the US diplomatic mission to Kenya -- diplomats and personnel representing United States interests in the host country , led by the United States Ambassador to Kenya . The US diplomatic mission to Kenya is working with the Kenyan government to prevent the spread of HIV / AIDS , promote and strengthen Kenyan institutes of democracy , and promote business between the US and Kenya ; besides diplomatic activities , the embassy also provides consular services , such as issuing visas , passports ( for US citizens ) , and providing assistance to US citizens in distress . The embassy is also the base for the US diplomatic mission to Somalia , due to the security situation in Somalia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Embassy '' can refer to the diplomatic mission or , in common usage , the building the mission is housed ( especially the chancery ) , while `` diplomatic mission '' is sometimes used interchangeably with `` embassy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the United States ' History of Recognition , Diplomatic , and Consular Relations , by Country , since 1776 : Kenya '' . history.state.gov . Office of the Historian , United States Department of State . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Us - Embassy of the United States '' . United States embassy , Nairobi . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fateful Day of August 1998 Bombing '' . August 7th Memorial Park . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Google ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` August 7th Memorial Park / Former US Embassy ( 1964 -- 1998 ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Embassy Nairobi , Kenya '' . Discover Diplomacy . United States Department of State . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations '' . AllGov.com . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . ince the 1998 bombings of American embassies in east Africa , the federal government has conducted the largest construction effort in US diplomatic history to upgrade diplomatic posts and secure them against terrorist attacks . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Overseas Presence in the 21st Century '' ( PDF ) . Overseas Presence Advisory Panel . November 1999 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` US re-opens Kenyan embassy '' . BBC News . 25 June 2003 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Google ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` United Nations Ave. , Gigiri , Nairobi , Kenya '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hideout may hold terror clues '' . St. Petersburg Times . March 4 , 2003 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Secure but Welcoming Presence in Kenya '' . HOK . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US to cut Kenya embassy staff as threat of ' sophisticated ' attacks grows '' . The Guardian . Nairobi . AFP . 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diplomatic Dictionary '' . Discover Diplomacy . United States Department of State . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to American Citizens Services ( ACS ) Nairobi '' . Embassy of the United States : Nairobi , Kenya . United States Department of State . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visas '' . Embassy of the United States : Nairobi , Kenya . United States Department of State . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is a U.S. Embassy ? '' . Discover Diplomacy . United States Department of State . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Psaki , Jen ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` White House Nomination of United States Ambassador to Somalia '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . President Obama , today , nominated Katherine S. Dhanani to serve as the first United States Ambassador to Somalia since 1991 ... If confirmed , the Ambassador will lead the U.S. Mission to Somalia , currently based at the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi , Kenya . As security conditions permit , we look forward to increasing our diplomatic presence in Somalia and eventually reopening the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to the United States ' History of Recognition , Diplomatic , and Consular Relations , by Country , since 1776 : Somalia '' . history.state.gov . U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Through the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi , Kenya , the United States maintained regular dialogue with transitional governments and other key stakeholders in Somalia , and after January 17 , 2013 , with the newly recognized central government of Somalia . External links ( edit ) Nairobi portal Government of the United States portal International relations portal Official website Media related to Embassy of the United States in Nairobi at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Diplomatic missions of the United States Embassies shown in bold . Consulates - General shown in italics . A full list can be found at List of diplomatic missions of the United States . Africa Dar es Salaam Juba Malabo Nairobi Americas Caracas Curaçao Havana Mexico City Ottawa Asia Abu Dhabi Baghdad Bangkok Beijing Chengdu Chennai Dhaka Dubai Guangzhou Ho Chi Minh City Hong Kong Hyderabad Islamabad Jakarta Jerusalem Kabul Karachi Kolkata Lahore Manama Manila Mumbai New Delhi Peshawar Rangoon ( Yangon ) Seoul Shanghai Shenyang Tel Aviv Tokyo Ulaanbaatar Wuhan Yerevan ‡ Europe Athens Berlin Bern Bremen Chişinău Copenhagen Dublin Frankfurt Hamburg Istanbul ‡ Kyiv London Moscow Munich Oslo Paris Prague Rome Sarajevo Tallinn Tbilisi ‡ The Hague Thessaloniki Tirana Vatican ( Rome ) Vienna Oceania Canberra Wellington Organizations African Union ( Addis Ababa ) American Institute in Taiwan ( Taipei , Kaohsiung - branch office , Washington - headquarters ) European Union ( Brussels ) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ) ( Vienna ) United Nations United States Mission to the United Nations ( New York Rome ) Former Benghazi ( 1950 -- 66 , 2012 ) Havana ( 1977 -- 2015 ) Houston ( 1836 -- 46 ) Liverpool ( 1790 -- 1962 ) London ( 1938 -- 60 ) Mogadishu ( 1960 -- 91 ) Saigon ( 1952 -- 75 ) Tangier ( 1821 -- 1956 ) Tehran ( 1951 -- 79 ) ‡ Missions which are located in countries or cities that may be considered a part of more than one continent . Consulates - General which function as an embassy ( ie . consul reports to State Department , not the respective country 's ambassador ) The American Institute in Taiwan is ostensibly a public , non-profit organization to promote US - Taiwanese relations , but through State Department staffing & assistance , functions as an informal US diplomatic mission . Kenya portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Nairobi&oldid=815971910 '' Categories : Diplomatic missions of the United States Kenya -- United States relations Diplomatic missions in Kenya Government buildings completed in 2013 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the us embassy located in kenya	[ "\n\nEmbassy of the United States of America to Kenya\n\n\n\n\n\nCoordinates\n1°14′02″S 36°48′38″E / 1.233985°S 36.810552°E / -1.233985; 36.810552Coordinates: 1°14′02″S 36°48′38″E / 1.233985°S 36.810552°E / -1.233985; 36.810552\n\n\nLocation\nUnited Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya\n\n\nAmbassador\nRobert F. Godec\n\n\nWebsite\nhttps://ke.usembassy.gov/embassy/nairobi/\n\n" ]	[ "United Nations Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya" ]
2756362470432492673	The Room (film)	The Room ( film ) - wikipedia The Room ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Room ( 2005 film ) or Room ( 2015 film ) . The Room Theatrical release poster Directed by Tommy Wiseau Produced by Tommy Wiseau Written by Tommy Wiseau Starring Tommy Wiseau Juliette Danielle Greg Sestero Philip Haldiman Carolyn Minnott Music by Mladen Milicevic Cinematography Todd Barron Edited by Eric Chase Production company Wiseau - Films Distributed by Chloe Productions TPW Films Release date June 27 , 2003 ( 2003 - 06 - 27 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $1,900 The Room is a 2003 American drama film written , directed , produced by and starring Tommy Wiseau , and co-starring Greg Sestero and Juliette Danielle . The film centers on a melodramatic love triangle between amiable banker Johnny ( Wiseau ) , his deceptive fiancée Lisa ( Danielle ) and his conflicted best friend Mark ( Sestero ) . A significant portion of the film is dedicated to a series of unrelated subplots , most of which involve at least one supporting character and are left unresolved due to the film 's inconsistent narrative structure . According to Wiseau , the title alludes to the potential of a room to be the site of both good and bad events ; the stage play from which the screenplay is derived takes place in a single room . A number of publications have labeled The Room one of the worst films ever made . Ross Morin , an assistant professor of film studies at Connecticut College , described The Room as `` the Citizen Kane of bad movies '' . Originally shown only in a limited number of California theaters , The Room quickly became a cult film due to its bizarre and unconventional storytelling , technical and narrative flaws , and Wiseau 's off - kilter performance . Although Wiseau has retrospectively described the film as a black comedy , audiences have generally viewed it as a poorly - made drama , an opinion shared by some of the cast . The Disaster Artist , Sestero 's memoir of the making of The Room , was co-written with Tom Bissell and published in 2013 . A film of the same name based on the book , directed by and starring James Franco , was released on December 1 , 2017 ; both the book and film received widespread acclaim and numerous award nominations . The Room also inspired an unofficial video game adaptation , The Room Tribute , released on Newgrounds in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Script 3.4 Filming 3.5 Soundtrack 3.6 Directorial credit dispute 4 Analysis 4.1 Influences 4.2 Inconsistencies and narrative flaws 5 Release 5.1 Promotion 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Midnight circuit 5.4 Home media 6 Other media 6.1 Book 6.2 Video game 6.3 Live performances 6.4 Web series 6.5 Musical 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Johnny is a successful banker who lives in a San Francisco townhouse with his fiancée Lisa , who has become dissatisfied with their relationship . She seduces his best friend , Mark , and the two begin an affair . As their wedding approaches and Johnny 's influence at his bank slips , Lisa alternates between glorifying and vilifying Johnny to her family and friends , making false accusations of domestic abuse and defending Johnny against criticisms . Meanwhile , Johnny , having overheard Lisa confess her infidelity to her mother Claudette , attaches a tape recorder to their phone in an attempt to identify her lover . Denny , a neighboring student whom Johnny financially and emotionally supports , has a run - in with an armed drug dealer , Chris - R , whom Johnny and Mark overpower and take into custody . Denny also lusts after Lisa , and confesses this to Johnny , who understands and encourages him to instead pursue one of his classmates . Johnny spirals into a mental haze and calls upon Peter , his and Mark 's psychologist friend , for help . Mark also confides in Peter on the roof , where Mark feels guilty about the affair . Peter questions Mark if the affair is with Lisa , causing Mark -- who is using marijuana to cope with his melancholy -- to briefly try to murder him , but they reconcile a few seconds later . At a surprise birthday party for Johnny , one of his friends catches Lisa kissing Mark while the other guests are outside and confronts them about the affair . Johnny announces that he and Lisa are expecting a child , although Lisa later reveals she lied about it . At the end of the evening , Lisa flaunts her affair in front of Johnny , who attacks Mark . After the party , Johnny locks himself in the bathroom in despair . When he leaves , he retrieves the cassette recorder that he attached to the phone and listens to an intimate call between Lisa and Mark . Outraged , Johnny berates Lisa for betraying him , prompting her to end their relationship and live with Mark . Johnny has an emotional breakdown , destroying his apartment and committing suicide via gunshot . Hearing the commotion , Denny , Mark , and Lisa rush up the stairs to find his body . Mark blames Lisa for Johnny 's death , admonishes her for her deceitful behavior , and tells her to get out of his life . Denny tells Lisa and Mark to leave him with Johnny , and they step back to give him a moment , but ultimately stay and comfort each other as the police arrive . Cast ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau , the director , writer , producer and main star of the film . Greg Sestero , who portrayed Mark in The Room and served as its line producer , wrote The Disaster Artist based on his experiences working on the film . Tommy Wiseau as Johnny , a successful banker who is engaged to Lisa Greg Sestero as Mark , Johnny 's best friend , who is having an affair with Lisa Juliette Danielle as Lisa , Johnny 's future wife , who engages in an affair with Mark Philip Haldiman as Denny , a young neighbor whom Johnny treats as a son Carolyn Minnott as Claudette , Lisa 's mother Robyn Paris as Michelle , Lisa 's best friend Scott Holmes as Mike , Michelle 's boyfriend Dan Janjigian as Chris - R , a drug dealer who threatens Denny Kyle Vogt as Peter , a psychologist and friend of Mark and Johnny Greg Ellery as Steven , a friend of Johnny and Lisa Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau originally wrote The Room as a play in 2001 . He then adapted the play into a 500 - page book , which he was unable to get published . Frustrated , Wiseau decided to adapt the work into a film , producing it himself to maintain creative control . Wiseau has been secretive about how he obtained funding for the project , but told Entertainment Weekly that he made some of the money by importing leather jackets from Korea . According to The Disaster Artist ( Greg Sestero 's book based on the making of The Room ) , Wiseau was already independently wealthy at the time production began . Over several years , he had amassed a fortune through entrepreneurship and real estate development in Los Angeles and San Francisco . Wiseau spent the entire US $ 6,000,000 ( equivalent to about $8,000,000 in 2017 ) budget for The Room on production and marketing . Wiseau stated that the film was relatively expensive because many members of the cast and crew had to be replaced . According to Sestero , Wiseau made numerous poor decisions during filming that unnecessarily inflated the film 's budget -- Wiseau built sets for sequences that could have been filmed on location , purchased unnecessary equipment , and filmed scenes multiple times using different sets . Wiseau also forgot his lines and place on camera , resulting in minutes - long dialogue sequences taking hours or days to shoot . Wiseau 's actions further caused the film 's budget to skyrocket , according to Sestero . According to Sestero and Greg Ellery , Wiseau rented a studio at the Birns and Sawyer film lot and bought a `` complete Beginning Director package '' , which included two film and HD cameras . Wiseau was confused about the differences between 35 mm film and high - definition video . He wanted to be the first director to film an entire movie simultaneously in two formats . He achieved this by using a custom - built apparatus that housed both cameras side - by - side and required two crews to operate . Only the 35 mm footage was used in the final edit . Casting ( edit ) Tommy Wiseau in a promotional image for The Room as Johnny . Wiseau hired actors from thousands of head shots , and most of the cast had never been in a full - length film . Sestero had limited film experience and only agreed to work as part of the production crew because he had known Wiseau for some time before production began . Sestero then agreed to play the Mark character after Wiseau fired the original actor on the first day of filming . He was uncomfortable filming his sex scenes and was allowed to keep his jeans on while shooting them . According to Greg Ellery , Juliette Danielle had `` just gotten off the bus from Texas '' when shooting began , and `` the cast watched in horror '' as Wiseau jumped on Danielle , immediately beginning to film their `` love scene '' . Sestero disputed this , stating that the sex scenes were among the last filmed . Wiseau said that Danielle was originally one of three or four understudies for the Lisa character , and was selected after the original actress left the production . According to Sestero , the original actress was `` Latina '' and came from an unidentified South American country ; per Danielle , the actress was closer to Wiseau 's age with a `` random '' accent . Danielle stated that she had been cast as Michelle , but was given the Lisa role when the original actress was dismissed because her `` personality ... did n't seem to fit '' the character . Danielle corroborates that multiple actors were dismissed from the production prior to filming , including another actress hired to play Michelle . Even though Kyle Vogt ( who played Peter ) told the production team that he only had a limited amount of time for the project , not all of his scenes were filmed by the time his schedule ran out . Despite the fact that Peter was to play a pivotal role in the climax , Vogt left the production ; his lines in the last half of the film were given to Ellery , whose character is never introduced , explained , or addressed by name . Script ( edit ) The original script was significantly longer than the one used and featured a series of lengthy monologues ; it was edited on - set by the cast and script supervisor , who found much of the dialogue incomprehensible . An anonymous cast member told Entertainment Weekly that the script contained `` stuff that was just unsayable . I know it 's hard to imagine there was stuff that was worse . But there was . '' Sestero mentions that Wiseau was adamant characters say their lines as written , but that several cast members slipped in ad libs that made the final cut . Much of the dialogue is repetitive , especially Johnny 's . His speech contains several catchphrases : he begins almost every conversation with `` Oh , hi ! '' . To dismissively end conversations , many characters use the phrase `` Do n't worry about it '' , and almost every male character discusses Lisa 's physical attractiveness ( including an unnamed character whose only line is `` Lisa looks hot tonight '' ) . Lisa often stops discussions about Johnny by saying `` I do n't want to talk about it '' . Despite the significant amount of dialogue regarding Johnny and Lisa 's forthcoming wedding , characters only use the words `` future husband '' or `` future wife '' rather than `` fiancé '' or `` fiancée '' . In The Disaster Artist , Sestero recalls that Wiseau planned a subplot in which Johnny was revealed to be a vampire because of Wiseau 's fascination with the creatures . Sestero recounts how Wiseau tasked the crew with devising a way for Johnny 's Mercedes - Benz to fly across the San Francisco skyline , revealing Johnny 's vampiric nature . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography lasted six months . It was mainly shot on a Los Angeles soundstage , with some second unit shooting in San Francisco , California . The many rooftop sequences were shot on the soundstage , and exteriors of San Francisco greenscreened in . A behind - the - scenes feature shows that some of the roof scenes were shot in August 2002 . The film employed over 400 people , and Wiseau is credited as an actor , writer , producer , director , and executive producer . Other executive producer credits include Chloe Lietzke and Drew Caffrey . Lietzke had no involvement in the film and Caffrey had died years prior to filming , according to Sestero . Wiseau had several problems with his behind - the - camera team , and claims to have replaced the entire crew four times . Some people had multiple jobs on the film : Sestero played the role of Mark , worked as a line producer , helped with casting , and assisted Wiseau . Wiseau frequently forgot his lines or missed cues , and required numerous retakes and direction from the script supervisor ; much of his dialogue had to be dubbed in post production . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Room Soundtrack album by Mladen Milicevic Released 2003 ( 2003 ) Genre Film score , R&B Length 56 : 28 Label TPW The score was written by Mladen Milicevic , a music professor at Loyola Marymount University . Milicevic later provided the score for Wiseau 's 2004 documentary Homeless in America and Room Full of Spoons , the 2016 documentary on The Room . The soundtrack features four R&B slow jams which play during four of the film 's five love scenes ; Michelle and Mike 's oral sex scene uses only instrumental music . The songs are `` I Will '' by Jarah Gibson , `` Crazy '' by Clint Gamboa , `` Baby You and Me '' by Gamboa with Bell Johnson , and `` You 're My Rose '' by Kitra Williams & Reflection . `` You 're My Rose '' is also reprised during the end credits . The soundtrack was released by Wiseau 's TPW Records in 2003 . All music composed by Mladen Milicevic , except where noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Lead vocals Length 1 . `` The Room '' 2 : 14 2 . `` Red Dress '' 1 : 09 3 . `` I Will '' ( Kitra Williams , Jarah Gibson ) Wayman Davis 3 : 28 4 . `` Lisa and Mark '' 1 : 30 5 . `` You 're My Rose '' ( Kitra Williams , Wayman Davis ) Kitra Williams 2 : 22 6 . `` Red Roses '' 3 : 15 7 . `` Street '' 0 : 53 8 . `` Life '' 2 : 43 9 . `` Street Two '' 1 : 05 10 . `` Crazy '' ( Clint Gamboa , Wayman Davis ) Clint Gamboa 2 : 52 11 . `` Chocolate is the symbol of love . '' 1 : 52 12 . `` Chris - R '' 1 : 43 13 . `` Reason '' 0 : 52 14 . `` Johnny Mark and Denny on the Roof '' 1 : 09 15 . `` Lisa , Michelle , and Johnny '' 1 : 55 16 . `` Yes or No '' 1 : 20 17 . `` I 'll record everything . '' 1 : 13 18 . `` XYZ '' 1 : 05 19 . `` Mark and Peter '' 1 : 08 20 . `` Jogging '' 1 : 36 21 . `` Baby You and Me '' ( Kitra Williams , Clint Gamboa , Jarah Gibson ) Clint Gamboa , Bell Johnson 3 : 17 22 . `` Happy birthday , Johnny . '' 1 : 36 23 . `` Lisa and Mark '' 0 : 52 24 . `` Fight During the Party '' 1 : 16 25 . `` Johnny in the Bathroom '' 1 : 42 26 . `` Tape Recorder '' 3 : 56 27 . `` Johnny Becomes Crazy '' 2 : 48 28 . `` Why ? Why Johnny ? '' 2 : 39 29 . `` Reflection ( You 're My Rose ) '' ( Kitra Williams , Wayman Davis ) Kitra Williams 2 : 42 Directorial credit dispute ( edit ) In a February 11 , 2011 Entertainment Weekly article , veteran script supervisor Sandy Schklair announced that he desired credit for directing The Room . Schklair told EW that Wiseau became too engrossed with his acting duties to direct the film properly and asked him to `` tell the actors what to do , and yell ' Action ' and ' Cut ' and tell the cameraman what shots to get . '' The script supervisor also said that Wiseau asked Schklair to `` direct ( his ) movie '' , but refused to give up the `` director '' title . The story is corroborated by one of the film 's actors ( who requested anonymity ) and also Sestero in The Disaster Artist . Sestero describes Schklair taking charge of numerous sequences in which Wiseau found himself unable to remember lines or adequately interact with the rest of the cast , but jokes that claiming directorial credit was like `` claiming to have been the Hindenburg 's principal aeronautics engineer '' . Wiseau has dismissed Schklair 's comments , saying , `` Well , this is so laughable that ... you know what ? I do n't know , probably only in America it can happen , this kind of stuff . '' Analysis ( edit ) Influences ( edit ) The basic premise of The Room draws on specific incidents from Wiseau 's own life , including the details of how Johnny came to San Francisco and met Lisa , and the nature of Johnny and Mark 's friendship . According to Greg Sestero , the character of Lisa is based on a woman to whom Wiseau once proposed with a US $1,500 diamond engagement ring , but who `` betrays him multiple times '' , resulting in the breakup of their relationship . Sestero further postulates that Wiseau based Lisa 's explicit conniving on the character Tom Ripley , after Wiseau had a profound emotional reaction to the film The Talented Mr. Ripley , and matches elements of its three main characters to those in The Room ; Sestero has likewise indicated that the character Mark was named for the Ripley actor Matt Damon , whose first name Wiseau had misheard . Wiseau also drew on the chamber plays of Tennessee Williams , whose highly emotional scenes he enjoyed acting out in drama school -- many advertising materials for The Room make explicit parallels to Williams 's work . In his direction and performance , Wiseau attempted to emulate Orson Welles , Clint Eastwood and James Dean , especially Dean 's performance in the film Giant , and went as far to directly use quotes from their films -- the line `` You are tearing me apart , Lisa ! '' is derived from a similar line performed by Dean in Rebel Without a Cause . Inconsistencies and narrative flaws ( edit ) The script is characterized by numerous inexplicable mood and personality shifts in characters . In analyzing the film 's abrupt tone shifts , Greg Sestero highlighted two scenes in particular . In the first scene , Johnny enters the rooftop in the middle of a tirade about being accused of domestic abuse , only to become abruptly cheerful upon seeing Mark ; a few moments later , he laughs inappropriately upon learning that a friend of Mark 's had been severely beaten . On set , Sestero and script supervisor Sandy Schklair repeatedly tried to convince Wiseau that the line should not be delivered as comical , but Wiseau refused to refrain from laughing . In the second instance , occurring later in the film , Mark attempts to kill Peter by throwing him off a roof after Peter expresses his belief that Mark is having an affair with Lisa ; seconds later however , Mark pulls Peter back from the edge of the roof , apologizes , and the two continue their previous conversation with no acknowledgement of what just occurred . In addition to being rife with continuity errors , the film has several plots , subplots and character details whose inconsistencies have been commented on by critics and audiences . The Portland Mercury has stated that a number of `` plot threads are introduced , then instantly abandoned . '' In an early scene , halfway through a conversation about planning a birthday party for Johnny , Claudette off - handedly tells Lisa : `` I got the results of the test back . I definitely have breast cancer . '' The issue is casually dismissed and never revisited during the rest of the film . Similarly , the audience never learns the details surrounding Denny 's drug - related debt to Chris - R , or what led to their violent confrontation on the roof . Beyond being Johnny 's friend , Mark 's background receives no exposition ; when he is first introduced he claims to be `` very busy '' while sitting in a parked car in the middle of the day , with no explanation ever given as to his occupation or what he was doing . In The Disaster Artist , Sestero states that he created a backstory for the character in which Mark was an undercover vice detective , which Sestero felt united several otherwise disparate aspects of Mark 's character , including the secretive nature of various aspects of his behavior -- including marijuana use -- his mood swings , and his handling of the Chris - R incident . Wiseau dismissed adding any reference to Mark 's past to the script . The makers of The Room video game would later introduce a similar idea as part of a subplot involving Mark 's unexplained backstory , much to Sestero 's amusement . At one point , the principal male characters congregate in an alley behind Johnny 's apartment to play catch with a football while wearing tuxedos . When Mark arrives , he is revealed to have shaved his beard , and the camera slowly zooms in on his face while dramatic music plays on the soundtrack . Nothing that is said or occurs during the scene has any effect on the plot ; the scene ends abruptly when the men decide to return to Johnny 's apartment after Peter trips . Wiseau received enough questions about the scene that he decided to address it on a Q&A segment featured on the DVD release ; rather than explaining the scene , though , Wiseau only states that playing football without the proper protective equipment is fun and challenging . Greg Sestero has been questioned about the significance of Mark 's shaving , though his only response for several years was `` if people only knew . '' Sestero describes in The Disaster Artist that Wiseau insisted he shave his beard on - set just so that Wiseau would have an excuse for Johnny to call Mark `` Babyface , '' Wiseau 's own nickname for Sestero , and that the revealing of beardless Mark would be `` a moment '' . Sestero further detailed how the football - in - tuxedos scene was concocted on set by Wiseau , who never explained the significance of the scene to the cast or crew and insisted that the sequence be filmed at the expense of other , relevant scenes . Release ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) The film was promoted almost exclusively through a single billboard in Hollywood , located on Highland Avenue just north of Fountain , featuring an image Wiseau refers to as `` Evil Man '' : an extreme close - up of his own face with one eye in mid-blink . Although more conventional artwork was created for the film , featuring the main characters ' faces emblazoned over the Golden Gate Bridge , Wiseau chose the `` Evil Man '' for what he regarded as its provocative quality ; around the time of the film 's release , the image led many passers - by to believe that The Room was a horror film . Wiseau also paid for a small television and print campaign in and around Los Angeles , with taglines calling The Room `` a film with the passion of Tennessee Williams '' . Wiseau hired publicist Edward Lozzi in his efforts to promote the film after Paramount Studios rejected distributing it . Despite the film 's failure to enjoy immediate success , Wiseau paid to keep the billboard up for over five years , at the cost of US $5,000 a month . Its bizarre imagery and longevity led to it becoming a minor tourist attraction . When asked how he managed to afford to keep the billboard up for so long in such a prominent location , Wiseau responded : `` Well , we like the location , and we like the billboard . So we feel that people should see The Room . ( ... ) we are selling DVDs , which are selling okay . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Room premiered on June 27 , 2003 at the Laemmle Fairfax and Fallbrook theaters in Los Angeles . Wiseau additionally arranged a screening for the cast and the press at one of the venues , renting a spotlight to sit in front of the theater and arriving in a limousine . Ticket buyers were given a free copy of the film 's soundtrack on CD . Actress Robyn Paris described the audience laughing at the film , and Variety reporter Scott Foundas , who was also in attendance , would later write that the film prompted `` most of its viewers to ask for their money back -- before even 30 minutes ( had ) passed . '' IFC.com described Wiseau 's speaking voice in the film as `` Borat trying to do an impression of Christopher Walken playing a mental patient . '' The Guardian described the film as a mix of `` Tennessee Williams , Ed Wood , R. Kelly 's Trapped in the Closet '' . The Room has received negative reviews for its acting , screenplay , dialogue , production values , score , direction , and cinematography . The film is described as one of the worst films ever made by several publications . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 26 % based on 27 reviews , with an average rating of 2.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A bona - fide classic of midnight cinema , Tommy Wiseau 's misguided masterpiece subverts the rules of filmmaking with a boundless enthusiasm that renders such mundanities as acting , screenwriting , and cinematography utterly irrelevant . You will never see a football the same way again . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 9 out of 100 , based on 5 critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Despite the criticism , the film has received an ironic positive reception from audiences for its perceived shortcomings , with some viewers calling it the `` best worst movie ever '' . In 2013 , The Atlantic 's Adam Rosen wrote an article entitled `` Should Gloriously Terrible Movies Like The Room Be Considered ' Outsider Art ' ? '' where he made the argument `` The label ( of outsider art ) has traditionally applied to painters and sculptors ... but it 's hard to see why it could n't also refer to Wiseau or any other thwarted , un-self - aware filmmaker . '' In a 2017 interview for a Vox video , The Disaster Artist co-writer Tom Bissell explained his views on The Room 's popularity , as well as his personal enjoyment of the film , by noting that : It is like a movie made by an alien who has never seen a movie , but has had movies thoroughly explained to him . There 's not often that a work of film has every creative decision that 's made in it on a moment - by - moment basis seemingly be the wrong one . ( ... ) The Room , to me , shatters the distinction between good and bad . Do I think it 's a good movie ? No . Do I think it 's a strong movie that moves me on the level that art usually moves me ? Absolutely not . But I ca n't say it 's bad because it 's so watchable . It 's so fun . It 's brought me so much joy . How can something that 's bad do those things for me ? Midnight circuit ( edit ) Wiseau and Sestero taking questions from audience members before a showing of The Room . The Room played in the Laemmle Fairfax and Fallbrook for the next two weeks , grossing a total of US $1,800 ( equivalent to $2,395 in 2017 ) before it was pulled from circulation . Toward the end of its run , the Laemmle Fallbrook theatre displayed two signs on the inside of the ticket window in relation to the film : one that read `` NO REFUNDS '' and another citing a blurb from an early review : `` This film is like being stabbed in the head . '' During one showing in the second week of its run , one of the few audience members in attendance was 5 - Second Films ' Michael Rousselet , who found unintentional humor in the film 's poor dialogue and production values . After treating the screening as his `` own private Mystery Science Theater '' , Rousselet began encouraging friends to join him for future showings to mock the film , starting a word - of - mouth campaign that resulted in about 100 attending the film 's final screening . Rousselet and his friends saw the film `` four times in three days , '' and it was in these initial screenings that many of The Room traditions were born , such as the throwing of spoons and footballs during the film . After the film was pulled from theaters , those who had attended the final showing began e-mailing Wiseau telling him how much they had enjoyed the film . Encouraged by the volume of messages he received , Wiseau booked a single midnight screening of The Room in June 2004 , which proved successful enough that Wiseau booked a second showing in July , and a third in August . These screenings proved to be even more successful , and were followed by monthly screenings on the last Saturday of the month , which began selling out and continued up until the theatre was sold in 2012 . Tommy frequently made appearances at these screenings , and often engaged with fans afterwards . On the 5 year anniversary of the film 's premiere , it sold out every screen at the Sunset 5 and both Tommy Wiseau and Greg Sestero did Q&A 's afterwards . The film was featured on the 2008 Range Life tour , and expanded to midnight screenings in several other cities soon after . Celebrity fans of the film included Paul Rudd , David Cross , Will Arnett , Patton Oswalt , Tim Heidecker , Eric Wareheim , Seth Rogen , and James and Dave Franco . Kristen Bell acquired a film reel and hosted private viewing parties ; Veronica Mars creator Rob Thomas would also slip references into episodes of Mars `` as much as possible '' . The film eventually developed a national and international cult status , with Wiseau arranging screenings around the United States and in Canada , Scandinavia , the United Kingdom , Australia and New Zealand . The film had regular showings in many theaters worldwide , with many as a monthly event . Fans interact with the film in a similar fashion to The Rocky Horror Picture Show ; audience members dress up as their favorite characters , throw plastic spoons in reference to an unexplained framed photo of a spoon on a table in Johnny 's living room , toss footballs to each other from short distances , and yell insulting comments about the quality of the film as well as lines from the film itself . Wiseau has claimed that it was his intent for audiences to find humor in the film , although viewers and some of the cast members generally have viewed it as a poorly - made drama . Home Media ( edit ) The Room was released on DVD in December 2005 , and Blu - ray in December 2012 . The DVD 's special features include an interview with Wiseau , who is asked questions by an off - screen Greg Sestero . Wiseau sits directly in front of a fireplace , with a mantel cluttered by various props from the film ; next to him sits a large framed theatrical poster for the film . A few of Wiseau 's answers are dubbed in , although it is evident that the dubbed responses match what he was originally saying . Wiseau fails to answer several of the questions , instead offering non sequiturs . Among the outtakes included on the Blu - ray is an alternate version of the Chris - R scene , set in a back alley ; instead of tossing a football , Denny is playing basketball and attempts to get the drug dealer to `` shoot some H-O-R-S-E '' with him to distract him from the debt . Another bonus feature on the Blu - ray is a more than half - hour long fly - on - the - wall style documentary about the making of The Room . The documentary includes no narration , very little dialogue , and only one interview ( with cast member Carolyn Minnott ) , and consists largely of clips of the crew preparing to shoot . Wiseau announced plans in April 2011 for a 3D version of The Room , scanned from the 35mm negative . Other Media ( edit ) Book ( edit ) Main article : The Disaster Artist In June 2011 , it was announced that Greg Sestero had signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to write a book based on his experiences making the film . The book , titled The Disaster Artist , was published in October 2013 . A film adaptation of The Disaster Artist was announced in February 2014 , produced by Seth Rogen and directed by James Franco . Franco has stated The Disaster Artist was `` a combination of Boogie Nights and The Master '' . The film stars Franco as Wiseau and his brother Dave Franco as Sestero , with the script written by The Fault in Our Stars screenwriters Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber . On October 15 , 2015 , it was announced Seth Rogen would co-star ( playing Sandy Schklair ) , and cinematographer Brandon Trost served as the DP . On October 29 , 2015 , it was announced that Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema would distribute The Disaster Artist . Filming began December 7 , 2015 . A work - in - progress version was screened at South by Southwest in March 2017 , with the wide release beginning on December 8 , 2017 . Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Room ( 2010 video game ) In September 2010 , Newgrounds owner Tom Fulp released a Flash game tribute , in the form of a 16 - bit styled adventure game played entirely from Johnny 's point of view . The game 's artwork was provided by staff member Jeff `` JohnnyUtah '' Bandelin , with music transcribed by animator Chris O'Neill from the Mladen Milicevic score and soundtrack . Live performances ( edit ) On June 10 , 2010 , the AFI Silver Theatre and Cultural Center presented a live play / reading based on the original script for the movie . Wiseau reprised his role of Johnny and was joined by Greg Sestero playing the role of Mark . In 2011 , Wiseau mentioned plans for a Broadway adaptation of the film , in which he would appear only on opening night : `` It will be similar to what you see in the movie , except it will be musical . As well as , you will see ... like , for example , Johnny , we could have maybe 10 Johnnys at the same time singing , or playing football . So , the decision have to be made at the time when we actually doing choreography , ' cause I 'll be doing choreography , as well I 'll be in it only one time , that 's it , as Johnny . '' He mentioned the plans again during a 2016 interview , describing his idea for it to be a `` musical slash comedy . '' Web series ( edit ) On October 21 , 2014 , cast member Robyn Paris launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise the budget for her comedy mockumentary web series , The Room Actors : Where Are They Now ? A Mockumentary . On completion , the campaign had raised US $31,556 ( equivalent to $32,621 in 2017 ) from 385 backers . Although a number of the original cast appeared in the series , Wiseau , Sestero and Holmes are not involved . The series premiered at the 24th Raindance Film Festival on September 30 , 2016 , and debuted on the website Funny or Die on November 30 , 2017 . Musical ( edit ) A satirical fan - made musical called OH HAI ! : The Rise of Chris - R , written by Tony Orozco and Peter Von Sholly , was released on Soundcloud on July 27 , 2017 . The work builds on the backstory of the film , particularly the character of Denny and his relationship with Chris - R . In popular culture ( edit ) The comedy show Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! on Adult Swim featured Wiseau prominently in the fourth season March 9 , 2009 episode titled Tommy . Recruited as a `` guest director '' , Wiseau is interviewed in mockumentary style , along with the show 's leading actors , during the production of a fake film titled The Pig Man . Two scenes from The Room are featured during the episode . Adult Swim broadcast the movie three times from 2009 to 2011 as part of their April Fools ' Day programming . In 2012 , they showed the first 20 seconds of it before switching to Toonami for the remainder of the night . On June 18 , 2009 , a RiffTrax for The Room was released , featuring commentary by Michael J. Nelson , Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy , formerly of Mystery Science Theater 3000 . This was followed up with a live theater show by RiffTrax on May 6 , 2015 , which was shown in 700 theaters across the U.S. and Canada . The show screened once more on January 28 , 2016 as part of the Best of RiffTrax Live series . On his 2009 DVD My Weakness Is Strong , comedian Patton Oswalt parodied The Room with a fake infomercial . The spoof also features a cameo from Jon Hamm . In 2010 , the film was mocked on the Internet comedy series Nostalgia Critic , which highlighted the film 's bad acting and writing , but encouraged viewers to see the movie : `` It truly is one of those films you have to see to believe . '' The episode was taken down following claims of copyright infringement from Wiseau - Films . It was replaced by a short video titled `` The Tommy Wi - Show '' , in which host Doug Walker , dressed as Wiseau , mocked the threatened legal actions . The main review was later reinstated . Both Greg Sestero and Juliette Danielle have praised the review , and Sestero later made a cameo appearance on The Nostalgia Critic episode `` Dawn of the Commercials '' , reprising his role of Mark . Both Wiseau and Sestero appeared in separate episodes on Walker 's talk show , Shut Up and Talk . In Wiseau 's 2014 sitcom pilot The Neighbors , the character Troy watches The Room in a scene . In 2015 , Sestero starred in the 5 - Second Films feature Dude Bro Party Massacre III , directed by Michael Rousselet , the patient zero of The Room cult movement . The Sunday , July 5 , 2015 , installment of Amy Dickinson 's advice column Ask Amy unwittingly featured a hoax letter that derived its situational premise from The Room and , even after being edited for publication , retained phrases from the film 's dialogue ; Dickinson addressed the hoax in the following Saturday 's July 11 edition of the National Public Radio comedy and quiz show Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! , where she appears as a regular panelist , and in her July 20 , 2015 column . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( July 17 , 2003 ) . `` Review : ' The Room ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` How The Room Became the Biggest Cult Film of the Past Decade '' . Vulture . 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Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Steve ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` The Room 's Greg Sestero , Best Friend Extraordinaire '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nate ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Original Script for The Room Was Even Weirder , If You Can Believe It '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klion , David ( May 19 , 2014 ) . `` Full Transcript of `` The Room '' `` . Medium . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Bacher , Danielle ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Remembering ' The Room ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Doug ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Shut Up and Talk : Tommy Wiseau '' . Channel Awesome . YouTube . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Litowitz , Drew ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Meet Mladen Milicevic , the College Professor Who Composed the Music for `` The Room '' `` . Noisey . Vice . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milicevic , Mladen . `` Credits : Mladen Milicevic -- Composer '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Release `` The Room '' by Various Artists `` . MusicBrainz. April 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Franco , James ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` James Franco Interviews the Men Behind the `` The Worst Film Ever Made '' `` . V magazine . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Devon ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Years After The Room , Tommy Wiseau Is Still Hollywood 's Biggest Mystery '' . Wired . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sestero & Bissell 2013 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Matt ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` '' Everyone Betray Me ! `` : A Primer on ' The Room ' '' . IFC . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Is This the Worst Movie Ever Made ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Couch Surfer : ' It May Be Sublimely Rubbish , but The Room Makes Audiences Happy ' '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' The Room ' : Worst movie ever ? Do n't tell that to its suddenly in - demand star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Room ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Room Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cassaras , John ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` A ' Room ' with a cult following '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Adam ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Should Gloriously Terrible Movies Like The Room Be Considered ' Outsider Art ' ? '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RiffTrax Live The Room '' . Fathom Events . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of RiffTrax Live The Room '' . Fathom Events . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Battle Over ' The Room ' '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1142 ) . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Room -- Nostalgia Critic '' . Nostalgia Critic . July 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pissing Off A Movie Critic By Claiming Copyright Over A Video Review ... Probably Not Smart '' . Techdirt . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nostalgia Critic : Dawn of the Commercials '' . Nostalgia Critic . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Doug ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Shut up and Talk : Greg Sestero '' . Channel Awesome . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Neighbors '' . The Neighbors . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 26 , 2014 . Hulu . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Dude Bro Party Massacre III trailer : Patton Oswalt explains why the movie is n't what it seems '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : She has n't been faithful to me '' . Omaha World - Herald . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bluff The Listener '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . July 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : Dysfunctional relationship should not progress to marriage '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Amy ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Amy : Father and sons flee when mom starts to attack '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Sestero , Greg ; Bissell , Tom ( October 2013 ) . The Disaster Artist : My Life Inside The Room , the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made ( First Hardcover ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 6119 - 4 . James MacDowell and James Zborowski , `` The Aesthetics of ' So Bad It 's Good ' : Value , Intention , and The Room '' , Intensities : The Journal of Cult Media , 6 ( Autumn / Winter 2013 ) , pp. 1 -- 30 . Richard McCulloch , `` ' Most People Bring Their Own Spoons ' : The Room 's Participatory Audiences as Comedy Mediators '' , Participations : Journal of Audience & Reception Studies , 8.2 ( November 2011 ) , pp. 189 -- 218 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Room ( film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Room on IMDb The Room at Metacritic The Room at Rotten Tomatoes VIAF : 300052073 LCCN : n2013021379 GND : 1045897744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Room_(film)&oldid=836445361 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s romantic drama films American independent films American romantic drama films American films Directorial debut films Films about infidelity Films adapted into video games Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in San Francisco Internet memes Suicide in films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 粵語中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 21 : 30 . 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About Wikipedia	how much did the movie the room cost to make	[ "\n\nThe Room\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nTommy Wiseau\n\n\nProduced by\nTommy Wiseau\n\n\nWritten by\nTommy Wiseau\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nTommy Wiseau\nJuliette Danielle\nGreg Sestero\nPhilip Haldiman\nCarolyn Minnott\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nMladen Milicevic\n\n\nCinematography\nTodd Barron\n\n\nEdited by\nEric Chase\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nWiseau-Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\n\n\n\nChloe Productions\nTPW Films\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nJune 27, 2003 (2003-06-27)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n99 minutes[1]\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$6 million[2]\n\n\nBox office\n$1,900[3]\n\n" ]	[ "$6 million" ]
7712514340055558672	Kho kho	Kho Kho - wikipedia Kho Kho Jump to : navigation , search Kho kho Boys in a Government School in Haryana First played India Characteristics Contact permitted Team members 12 players per side , 9 in the field and 3 extra Kho kho ( Punjabi : ਖੋ - ਖੋ ) is a popular tag sport from India . It is played by teams of twelve nominated players out of fifteen , of which nine enter the field , who try to avoid being touched by members of the opposing team . It is one of the two most popular traditional tag games of the South Asia , the other being Kabaddi . Apart from South Asia , it is also played by the Indian community in South Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Instructions 4 Specifications 5 Dismissal 6 References 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word kho seems to be derived from the Sanskrit verb root syu - meaning `` get up go '' . History ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article South Asian Games . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1999 , The Asian Kho Kho Federation was established during the 3rd edition of the South Asian Games . Member countries included India , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Nepal and Maldives . The 1st Asian Championship was held at Kolkata in 1996 and the second championship at Dhaka , Bangladesh . India , Sri Lanka , Pakistan , Nepal , Japan , Thailand and Bangladesh were participants of this championship . Instructions ( edit ) Each team consists of twelve players , but only nine players take the field . A match consists of two innings with each inning consisting of chasing and running turns of 9 minutes each . One team sits on their knees in the middle of the court , in a row , with adjacent members facing opposite directions . The runners play in the field , three at a time and the team that takes the shortest time to touch all the opponents in the field , wins . There is a pole on each end and the runner can go between two players who are sitting in zig - zag manner , but the chaser is not allowed to turn back while running and go between the players . However , the chaser can go to the pole and touch it and can go back or towards the other side . Specifications ( edit ) A Kho kho playing field is rectangular . It is 36 by 18 metres ( 118 ft × 59 ft ) in length and width . There are two rectangles at the end . The dimensions of each rectangle is 16 m × 2.75 m ( 52.5 ft × 9.0 ft ) . In the middle of these two rectangles , there are two wooden poles . The central lane 's dimensions are 2,350 cm × 30 cm ( 925 in × 12 in ) . There are eight cross lanes which lie across the central lane , whose dimensions are 1,600 cm × 30 cm ( 630 in × 12 in ) . It makes the small rectangles and each of them are 16 m × 2.3 m ( 52.5 ft × 7.5 ft ) ( the two rectangles of near by the wooden poles are 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) wide ) , at right angles to the central lane and divided equally into two parts of 7.85 m ( 25.8 ft ) each by the central lane . At the end of the central lane , the free zone tangent to the post-line , two smooth wooden posts are fixed , 120 cm ( 47 in ) high from the ground , and their circumference is no less than 30 cm ( 12 in ) and no more than 40 cm ( 16 in ) . The equipment used in Kho kho are poles / post , strings , metallic measuring tape , lime powder , wire nails , two watches , types of rings having inner circumference of 30 cm ( 12 in ) and 40 cm ( 16 in ) , score shots ( like a whistle , for instance ) , and equipment to record the results . Dismissal ( edit ) There are usually two referees standing on the opposite sides of the rectangular field . Both carry a stopwatch and each of them is responsible for giving a decision on their opposite side of the field ( because they can watch the gameplay in front of them more clearly than when it is on their same side ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tripura KHO KHO Association @ Tripura4u '' . Retrieved 28 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter A. Hastie ( 1 July 2010 ) . Student - Designed Games : Strategies for Promoting Creativity , Cooperation , and Skill Development . Human Kinetics . pp. 52 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7360 - 8590 - 8 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ A trip through SA 's indigenous games . sowetanlive.co.za 14 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) http://library.thinkquest.org/11372/data/kho-kho1.htm http://www.khokhoindia.com Kho - Kho Federation of India webpage http://www.olympic.ind.in/images/KhoKho.pdf http://khokho.co.uk ( hide ) Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck , duck , goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide - and - seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues The floor is lava Tinikling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kho_kho&oldid=826973174 '' Categories : Kho - Kho Hidden categories : Articles containing Punjabi - language text Articles contradicting other articles Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी فارسی हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many cross lanes are there in kho kho	[ "A Kho kho playing field is rectangular. It is 36 by 18 metres (118 ft × 59 ft) in length and width. There are two rectangles at the end. The dimensions of each rectangle is 16 m × 2.75 m (52.5 ft × 9.0 ft). In the middle of these two rectangles, there are two wooden poles. The central lane's dimensions are 2,350 cm × 30 cm (925 in × 12 in). There are eight cross lanes which lie across the central lane, whose dimensions are 1,600 cm × 30 cm (630 in × 12 in). It makes the small rectangles and each of them are 16 m × 2.3 m (52.5 ft × 7.5 ft) (the two rectangles of near by the wooden poles are 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) wide), at right angles to the central lane and divided equally into two parts of 7.85 m (25.8 ft) each by the central lane. At the end of the central lane, the free zone tangent to the post-line, two smooth wooden posts are fixed, 120 cm (47 in) high from the ground, and their circumference is no less than 30 cm (12 in) and no more than 40 cm (16 in). The equipment used in Kho kho are poles/post, strings, metallic measuring tape, lime powder, wire nails, two watches, types of rings having inner circumference of 30 cm (12 in) and 40 cm (16 in), score shots (like a whistle, for instance), and equipment to record the results." ]	[ "eight" ]
6436190137244688374	Grey's Anatomy (season 9)	Grey 's Anatomy ( season 9 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 9 ) DVD cover art for the ninth season of Grey 's Anatomy Starring Ellen Pompeo Sandra Oh Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Sara Ramirez Eric Dane Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Patrick Dempsey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 Next → Season 10 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy began airing in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) on September 27 , 2012 , with the season premiere Going , Going , Gone and consists of 24 episodes with the finale Perfect Storm airing on May 16 , 2013 . The season was produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes . The season was officially released on DVD as a six - disc boxset under the title of Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Ninth Season - Everything Changes on August 27 , 2013 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment . The season follows the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and upon rescue Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who dies after sustaining injuries from the crash . Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) ultimately manages to save his hand . The show 's protagonist Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) deals with the loss of her half - sister Lexie and later discovers that she is pregnant . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) who is severely traumatized upon rescue and later decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) another survivor of the plane crash upon return realizes that her leg has to be amputated to save her life , reacts badly to this , becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) . To prevent the doctors ' court case from being thrown out , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decides to divorce Yang , but the two agree to start again . The hospital itself becomes liable for the crash , putting its future in extreme doubt prompting the four crash survivors and Torres to purchase the hospital . Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) marries her partner Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) returns home to Ohio , but is brought back by Hunt to rejoin the hospital and she restarts her relationship with Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) . The season ended with an average of 12.51 million viewers and ranked no . 26 which was higher than the previous two seasons and in the 18 - 49 key demographic ranked at no . 10 . Ellen Pompeo won the Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 39th People 's Choice Awards and the show itself won the Favorite Network TV Drama . It was announced by ABC on May 10 , 2013 that the tenth season of Grey 's Anatomy would begin in the fall of 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Casting 2.4 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical interns , residents and their competent mentors , as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace - Mercy West Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . A major theme of the season is the characters adapting to change , as all of the fifth - year surgical residents have turned into surgical attendings , and are now teaching interns , and operating on their own surgeries . The early episodes of the season depict the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) and upon rescue Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who dies in the first episode . Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but ultimately his sister Liz ( Neve Campbell ) donates a nerve from her leg and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) is able to save his hand . Later , Shepherd receives more good news when his wife Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) discovers that she is pregnant , despite her previously being told that it was unlikely that she could conceive . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) is severely traumatized upon rescue and suffers from brief reactive psychosis and eventually decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota , though soon grows unhappy in her new surroundings and returns to Seattle after the death of her friend and mentor , Doctor Thomas . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) survives the plane crash in spite of her leg injury , but upon return her wound becomes infected and her leg has to be amputated to save her life . Robbins reacts badly to this , becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and refuses to leave her bed or return to work . Derek discovers that prior to the plane crash , the hospital had recently changed airlines to one with a poorer safety record for budgetary reasons , resulting in the four crash survivors ( Grey , Shepherd , Robbins and Yang ) deciding to pursue a lawsuit , and it soon becomes apparent that chief of surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) had given the go - ahead to the change . To prevent the doctors ' court case from being thrown out , Hunt decides to divorce Yang , but the two secretly resume their relationship and agree to start again . Despite contemplating a settlement , the doctors decide to continue with the lawsuit and eventually are awarded fifteen million dollars each , but the insurance company discovers an unexpected loophole and refuse to pay , resulting in the hospital itself becoming liable , putting its future in extreme doubt . Dr. Alana Cahill ( Constance Zimmer ) is appointed to cut costs at the hospital and she eventually decides the best course of action would be to seek out a new buyer and attracts the interest of a company named Pegasus . Later however , Torres and Richard Webber ( James Pickens Jr . ) discover the unpleasant consequences that would fall upon the hospital should they be taken over by Pegasus prompting the four crash survivors ( and Torres on the behalf of Sloan ) to pool their money together in a bid to purchase the hospital themselves and quit their jobs , resulting in Pegasus pulling out . The doctors run into trouble when they fail to secure an extra benefactor , but at the last minute Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) reveals that the Harper Avery Foundation is willing to provide a majority share in the company , on the condition that they have at least one member on the board of directors . The doctors agree and their purchase is complete , only for Catherine to appoint her son Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) to part of the board , effectively putting him in charge of the entire hospital . In other storylines , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) marries her partner Ben Warren ( Jason George ) , despite suffering from last - minute nerves and missing the original wedding ceremony due to Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) being admitted to the hospital . Adele later dies after her surgery , leaving her husband Richard wracked with guilt due to his relationship with Catherine Avery . A new group of interns arrives at Seattle Grace and soon Karev strikes up a close friendship with Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) but the pair fall short of developing a romance , despite other characters commenting on their chemistry . After failing her board exams in season eight , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) returns home to Ohio , but is later brought back by Hunt and resumes her job at the hospital . Upon her return , Kepner restarts her sexual relationship with Jackson , despite being filled with conflict due to her religious beliefs . The pair eventually split up when Kepner refuses to make a commitment , and Avery starts dating intern Stephanie Edwards ( Jerrika Hinton ) , while Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Sandra Oh as Dr. Cristina Yang Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Sara Ramirez as Dr. Callie Torres Eric Dane as Dr. Mark Sloan ( Until Episode 2 ) Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Patrick Dempsey as Dr. Derek Shepherd Recurring cast ( edit ) Loretta Devine as Adele Webber Constance Zimmer as Dr. Alana Cahill William Daniels as Dr. Craig Thomas Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Neve Campbell as Lizzie Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Gaius Charles as Dr. Shane Ross Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards Tina Majorino as Dr. Heather Brooks Tessa Ferrer as Dr. Leah Murphy Hilarie Burton as Dr. Lauren Boswell Charles Michael Davis as Dr. Jason Myers Steven Culp as Dr. Darren Parker Eddie Jemison as Stan Grossberg Nicole Cummins as Paramedic Nicole Casting ( edit ) In May 2012 , it was announced that six original cast mates , Ellen Pompeo , Patrick Dempsey , Sandra Oh , Chandra Wilson , Justin Chambers , and James Pickens , Jr. had renewed their contracts for another two seasons , as Meredith Grey , Derek Shepherd , Cristina Yang , Miranda Bailey , Alex Karev , and Richard Webber respectively . In July 2012 , it was announced that cast member Eric Dane would not be returning to Grey 's Anatomy as a series regular , and would leave after two episodes to give his character a proper ending . In addition , Chyler Leigh requested to be released from her contract to spend more time with her family and her character was killed off in the season eight finale , while Kim Raver also departed from the show following the events of the season eight finale , having declined the offer of a contract extension . Other series regulars , Sara Ramirez , Kevin McKidd , Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew , and Jesse Williams all returned to the series as regulars , though Capshaw would not have a major role in the first few episodes because of her maternity leave . Eric Dane made his final appearance as Mark Sloan in the second episode as he succumbed to his injuries from the crash . In August 2012 , it was announced that Camilla Luddington , Gaius Charles , and Tina Majorino had been cast as Jo Wilson , Shane Ross , and Heather Brooks , respectively ; these characters would be the new interns of Seattle Grace - Mercy West . TVGuide later reported that even with all of the recurring cast being added to Grey 's Anatomy for the new season that True Blood star Camilla Luddington is the only actress with an option to become a series regular . In September 2012 , it was announced that Jerrika Hinton and Tessa Ferrer had been cast as new interns Stephanie Edwards and Leah Murphy , respectively . In August 2012 , it was announced that Debbie Allen would reprise her role as Catherine Avery at sometime in series , and she is set to direct the third episode . In September 2012 , it was announced that Steven Culp would be cast as a new doctor at a new hospital , and would be known as Dr. Parker . In September 2012 , it was announced that William Daniels , former Boy Meets World star , and Jason George would reprise their roles as Dr. Craig Thomas , and Ben Warren respectively . In September 2012 , TVLine reported that Bones 's Andrew Leeds had been cast in a potentially recurring role for the ninth season . In December 2012 , Wetpaint reported that Constance Zimmer had been cast in a recurring role as Dr. Cahill and would appear in at least four episodes . In November 2012 it was announced that Neve Campbell , known for her role in Scream , would be cast as one of Derek 's sisters . It was not until late November that her role was revealed as Liz Shepherd , a therapist . In November 2012 , it was announced that in 2013 , someone would die on Grey 's Anatomy . TVGuide then reported that Loretta Devine , who is known as Adele Webber , would be reprising her role for two episodes , and that she would be the one to die . In November 2012 , TVLine reported that Nip / Tuck alum Roma Maffia was cast in a recurring role as a member of the hospital board . In December 2012 , TVLine and Wetpaint reported that Ringer and Switched at Birth star , Justin Bruening , was cast as a paramedic known as Matt . In January 2013 , it was announced that Gaius Charles , Tina Majorino , Jerrika Hinton and Tessa Ferrer were all given the option to become series regulars if Grey 's Anatomy were to be renewed . Sarah Chalke is set to guest star in an episode in the spring , as TVLine reported in January 2013 . It was announced by E ! Online on March 29 , One Tree Hill alumni Hilarie Burton will be cast in a recurring role as a specialist in an investigation going on in the hospital . Her character is to arrive on the 22nd episode of the season . However , this later turned out to be untrue as Hilarie Burton ended up portraying a specialist doctor named Lauren Boswell . Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed by ABC on May 10 , 2012 . In June 2012 , ABC set the premiere date of Grey 's Anatomy to September 27 , 2012 , and it would remain in the Thursday at 9 : 00pm timeslot that it has had since the third season . In October 2012 it was reported that this season would have the same episode count as season eight , meaning it would have a total of 24 episodes . Shonda Rhimes revealed that the season nine finale would not revolve around a ' disaster ' episode . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy 's ninth season opened up to 11.73 million viewers with a 4.4 / 12 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The viewership for the episode was an 11 percent increase from the previous season premiere , which was viewed by a total of 10.38 million people . The rating was a 7 percent increase from the previous season premiere , which received a 4.1 / 10 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The Nielsen score additionally registered the show as the week 's highest - rated drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic . As of December 2012 `` Going , Going , Gone '' has served as the season 's most viewed episode . `` Run , Baby , Run '' is the season 's least viewed episode , with 8.17 million viewers and a 2.9 / 8 Neilsen rating / share in the 18 - 49 demographic . At the time , the season finale was the series lowest watched season finale with 8.99 million viewers and 3.1 in the 18 - 49 rating demo . Loretta Devine made her final appearance as Adele in the first episode of 2013 and garnered positive reviews . Critical reception ( edit ) The season received mostly positive reviews with critics praising numerous aspects of the long running medical drama including the bonds of the characters with each other and its connection with the audience . Robert Bianco of USA Today noted that after 9 seasons , `` There 's still life left in Grey 's . '' What Culture gave a positive review for the season , `` Grey 's Anatomy has developed into a fine example of how a TV show can mature beyond its initial purpose . '' Toronto Star called it `` a solid return to form '' . TV Fanatic gave a largely positive review to the season , `` Grey 's Anatomy always knows how to bring the drama and they did not fail in the Season 9 . '' Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly also gave a generally positive response stating , `` There 's still one good reason to keep watching : Where else can you find such deep friendships between female co-workers ? Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine wrote that the first part of the season `` has been mostly a downer , thanks in part to a whole bunch of people dying at the beginning of the season and also the shocking lack of interesting romances . '' Examiner.com reviewing the season finale wrote , `` ( Greys ) delivered yet another epic and emotional season finale that pushes our characters in challenging new directions '' . The site added , `` Perfect Storm gets 5 out of 5 stars . This storm brought on all kinds of emotional strife and death that truly tests the seasoned doctors and pushes them to their element . They bond together , guiding each other through the dark and as the dust settles from this mayhem , there are casualties of all kinds . The tragedy that leaves us hanging until next fall is one hell of a thrill ride full to the brim with shocks . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. in series '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 173 `` Going , Going , Gone '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 11.73 Several months after the plane crash , Callie and Derek are heartbroken when they realize that they have to take Mark off of life support . Cristina has moved to Rochester , Minnesota and Meredith encourages her to get on a plane to Seattle . Alex worries that the new pediatric surgeon will destroy Arizona 's program . Frustrated with his past decisions , Owen visits April and offers her her job back . Meanwhile , Meredith 's ruthlessness towards her interns earns her the nickname `` Medusa '' . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Arizona did survive , but had to have her leg amputated by Callie , whom she resents because of it . 174 `` Remember the Time '' Tony Phelan William Harper October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 10.84 A flashback to the aftermath of the plane crash recounts how the doctors dealt with the disaster . Meredith accepts what has happened , and wants to move on with her life , while Derek , afraid he wo n't regain full use of his hand , turns to teaching . Cristina is catatonic , but slowly recovers under Owen 's care . Arizona is afraid of losing her leg , but after the infection takes a turn for the worse , Callie is forced to make the decision to amputate . Mark is in critical condition , but takes a turn for the better before falling into a coma . 175 `` Love the One You 're With '' Debbie Allen Zoanne Clack October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 9.69 Meredith , Derek , Cristina , Callie and Arizona are offered a large amount of money as a settlement deal from the plane 's manufacturer , but the decision has to be unanimous . Jackson and April are put in a stressful situation when they 're obligated to work together on a case . Cristina warms up to Dr. Thomas . Callie has to convince a young girl ( Skyler Day ) with a nearly severed foot to postpone her solo sailing trip in order to save her foot . After visiting the hangar where the crashed plane now sits , Derek decides not to accept the settlement and convinces the others as well . Arizona is bitter towards Callie for making the call to cut off her leg . 176 `` I Saw Her Standing There '' Kevin McKidd Austin Guzman October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 8.76 Realizing Derek might never perform surgery again , Meredith stops discussing her cases with him in hopes of keeping his spirits up . While Arizona is in the hospital getting a prosthetic leg , Alex and Callie face the consequences of deciding to amputate. Jackson and April continue to have sex together , while Richard asks Catherine Avery to assist him with the surgery of a man whose testicles have grown to great proportions . Cristina starts sleeping with Dr. Parker but stops when she finds out that he has been using her to force Dr. Thomas to retire . 177 5 `` Beautiful Doom '' Stephen Cragg Jeannine Renshaw November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 9.26 Meredith is forced to juggle parenting with work when Derek has a lecture in Boston . On her way to work , she comes across a car accident and rushes to help a woman whose injuries remind her of Lexie . Meredith and Cristina lean on each other and maintain their long - distance friendship . Meredith is adamant about saving her patient 's life , despite complications in surgery . Cristina assists Dr. Thomas with a cardiac case , when he suddenly suffers a heart attack during the operation . Following Dr. Thomas ' death , Cristina returns to Seattle . 178 6 `` Second Opinion '' Chandra Wilson William Harper November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 8.84 Cristina returns to Seattle Grace . The crash victims meet with the legal team to decide their actions with moving forward with the lawsuit . Alex asks Meredith to sell him her mother 's house . Jo works with a patient dubbed `` Santa Claus '' who constantly vomits over her and realizes he 's been misdiagnosed . Callie feels guilty about Derek 's botched hand surgery , while Bailey asks Arizona for help on a case . Jackson admits to April that he has feelings for her . The victims of the plane crash find out that the legal team is actually going after the hospital and Owen for their settlement deal . 179 7 `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' Laura Innes Peter Nowalk November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 8.95 Arizona returns to the hospital and works on a case with Alex and April . Owen feels responsible for the crash after finding out he switched the hospital 's airline prior to the crash due to budget cuts . Bailey begins resenting having a Christmas wedding , while she and Cristina work on a patient who needs a liver transplant . April and Jackson have a pregnancy scare but break up when the test is negative . Callie and Jackson research options to fix Derek 's hand . Cristina realizes she wants Owen back , but just before telling him , he asks for a divorce . Meredith tells Derek that she is three weeks pregnant , but does n't want anyone else to know . 180 8 `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' Mark Jackson Stacy McKee December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 9.10 The first - year interns go on their first 24 - hour shift ; Meredith tasks her intern , Heather , with calling Derek 's family to ask if they would donate a nerve for his hand surgery . Alex and Jo work together on a premature baby whose teen mother abandons her , leading Jo to admit to Alex that she was also abandoned as an infant . Cristina 's interns take their rivalry too far and are reprimanded when their negligence almost leads to the death of a patient . Heather finds out that Meredith is pregnant . Derek 's sister , Liz ( Neve Campbell ) comes to Seattle to donate her nerve to Derek . 181 9 `` Run , Baby , Run '' Rob Corn Debora Cahn December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 8.17 With her wedding fast approaching , Bailey enlists April to take care of her patients and asks Meredith , Callie , and Arizona to be her bridesmaids . Meredith and Derek have their first ultrasound . Cristina finds out Owen wants the divorce to avoid being caught in a conflict of interest during the investigation into the crash ; after confronting him , they decide to save their relationship . April and Jackson decide to go the wedding with a date , deciding on Shane and Stephanie , respectively . Callie and Jackson operate on Liz and Derek , and Meredith tells Liz about the pregnancy . When Jo cuts too deep during a surgery with Alex , she feels she was set up and complains to Arizona . On their way to the wedding , Richard comforts Bailey when she starts having cold feet , but when Richard gets a call that Adele is in the ER , they are forced to return to the hospital . 182 10 `` Things We Said Today '' Ron Underwood Austin Guzman January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 9.34 As Bailey rushes to save Adele 's life , everyone at the wedding wonders where she is . Arizona tells Callie that she wants to try to have sex for the first time since the plane crash . Cristina and Owen debate whether to go through with the divorce , while a motorcycle gang is brought to the hospital after a car accident . Alex and Jo bond over their similar childhoods in foster care . Meredith and Bailey successfully operate on Adele and Bailey returns to her wedding . Richard shows up after the ceremony and when Meredith walks over he tells her that Adele has died from a heart attack . 183 11 `` The End is the Beginning is the End '' Cherie Nowlan Joan Rater January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 8.80 A decision is reached regarding the plane crash case , with the hospital found guilty of negligence , and each of the survivors is awarded $15 million in compensation . Callie decides to throw a celebration dinner . Jackson performs surgery on Sloan 's old patient , and has a disagreement with Arizona over the procedure used . In order to train his hand post-surgery , Derek starts playing ping - pong . Grieving over his wife , Richard has withdrawn , causing the doctors around him to worry . Meredith , Richard and Heather work on a patient who eats her hair as a coping mechanism and to deal with the overbearing mother . At Callie 's dinner , Meredith reveals that she 's pregnant . Meanwhile , at the hospital , Owen finds out that the insurance company wo n't pay the crash compensation due to a loophole in the contract and the hospital paying for it would result in bankruptcy . 184 12 `` Walking on a Dream '' Rob Hardy Tia Napolitano January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 9.01 Dr. Alana Cahill , a financial advisor , is hired to find ways to save the hospital money . Meredith tries to deal with unpredictable pregnancy hormones while trying to save the life of a pregnant woman in dire need of a new liver . Arizona , Alex , and Cristina operate on a little girl from the hospital 's Africa program . Owen helps Arizona deal with phantom leg syndrome as she begins feeling pain in her no longer existing leg . Derek returns to performing surgeries and operates on an old patient with a brain tumor . April is asked out on a date by a paramedic . Meredith faces her fear of flying when she has to fly to Oregon to get a liver for her patient while dealing with her pregnancy hormones . At a staff meeting , Dr. Cahill explains that the only way to help save the hospital from closing its doors is to shut down the ER . 185 13 `` Bad Blood '' Steve Robin Jeannine Renshaw January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 8.93 As a part of streamlining daily operations , Dr. Cahill has new cameras put in the hospital . Derek and April work together to find a way for the hospital to keep the ER open . Meredith , Bailey , and Richard are given a class on a new technique for hernias , only to learn that the new policies put the number of procedures before patients . Dr. Cahill assists Owen with the case of the ER 's final patient . Cristina and Leah work on a young man who is critically injured , but is not given a blood transfusion due to his beliefs as a Jehovah 's Witness ; Leah is reprimanded when she tries to give him blood in an attempt to save his life . Arizona , Callie , and Alex work on a young gymnast who is depressed following her double hip replacement . It is revealed that Dr. Cahill closed the ER because she 's finding a buyer for the hospital . 186 14 `` The Face of Change '' Rob Greenlea Stacy McKee February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 8.91 In order to sell the hospital , Dr. Cahill suggests finding a photogenic doctor to be `` the face of the hospital '' in the advertising campaign to attract prospective buyers . During a date with Matthew , April rides along on a call to help a badly injured boy ; with the nearest ER too far away , they secretly bring him back to Seattle Grace . With Dr. Cahill busy showing the hospital to the prospective buyers , Pegasus , April and the other attendings go behind Chief Hunt 's back to pull off the surgery . Meanwhile , Callie and Richard go `` undercover '' to Portland General , another hospital owned by Pegasus , and learn discouraging things about their management practices , leading to Callie proposing a surprising plan . Alex and Jackson operate on a transgender teenager whose father does n't want him to transition . 187 15 `` Hard Bargain '' Tony Phelan William Harper February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 8.57 The plane - crash victims discuss whether they should buy the hospital , with everyone but Arizona on board . Derek is mortified when he finds that agreeing to be the new face of the hospital is more than he intended . April goes to Jackson for dating advice . Dr. Bailey and Arizona work on the case of a young cancer patient who is in need of a genome mapping procedure , but the procedure is not approved by Owen due to the new budget constraints . The crash victims learn that Pegasus is due to buy the hospital that night and , led by Derek , resort to drastic measures to prevent the sale . 188 16 `` This Is Why We Fight '' Jeannot Szwarc Austin Guzman February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 8.75 Dr. Cahill convinces Pegasus to resubmit their bid ; meanwhile , Meredith , Derek , Cristina , Callie , and Arizona meet up with an investor whose capital is needed to buy the hospital . Heather overhears Dr. Cahill saying that Pegasus is buying the hospital only to liquidate its assets and fire the staff . After being turned down due to lack of management experience , Meredith and Cristina work to get Richard and Owen on board , but a second meeting with the investor also goes poorly . Jackson considers moving to Boston , as the news of liquidation plans spreads . After talking with Richard , Catherine offers the Avery Foundation 's investment in the hospital , but only if Jackson sits on the Board of Directors , effectively running the hospital . 189 17 `` Transplant Wasteland '' Chandra Wilson Zoanne Clack March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 8.20 The transition to new management has the doctors at each other 's throats , with much of the frustration directed at an equally frustrated Jackson , whom many felt should not be on the board due to his youth and lack of management experience . Matters become worse when Owen quits as chief , leaving the OR board in complete disarray when the attendings are all swamped with surgeries . At the board meeting , Jackson proposes that the hospital be renamed `` Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital '' and to reopen the ER . 190 18 `` Idle Hands '' David Greenspan Gabriel Llanas March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 9.39 The ER reopens after extensive remodeling and includes new state - of - the - art technology . Meredith worries that something might be wrong with the baby . Cristina is frustrated when her new administrative duties cut into her medical research time . Callie and Arizona work on improving their sex life . Bailey is pushing for the hospital to sponsor her genome sequencing project . Meredith starts `` catastrophizing '' about potential congentinal defects before she and Derek find out the sex . 191 19 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Mark Jackson Meg Marinis March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 9.02 The hospital is overrun by patients following a gas tanker explosion . Owen bonds with a boy whose parents were both injured in the crash . Meredith takes interest in the case of a boy whose mother believes he is more sick than the tests indicate . Callie prepares for her TED conference speech with help from Arizona . Meredith asks Dr. Bailey to map Zola 's genetic history and her genome to check for Alzheimer 's genetic markers . 192 20 `` She 's Killing Me '' Nicole Rubio Debora Cahn April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 8.58 Meredith and Derek update their wills and healthcare directives when Meredith tests positive for several genetic markers of Alzheimer 's . The attendings train two Syrian doctors in performing lifesaving surgeries in the field without much modern equipment , anesthesia or electricity . Derek recognizes that Heather has potential for neurosurgery and focuses on teaching her , much to Shane 's chagrin . Owen continues to spend time with the boy whose parents are still in critical condition following the gas tanker crash . Bailey finds herself in hot water when several of her patients are found to have a staph infection . 193 21 `` Sleeping Monster '' Bobby Roth Bronwyn Garrity April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 8.24 The CDC comes to the hospital to investigate the post-op infections in Dr. Bailey 's patients . Tensions flare when Jackson does n't side with the rest of the board in supporting Dr. Bailey . Meredith wants Cristina present during her labor . Matthew asks April to give him a second chance . Alex admits to Cristina that he loves Jo . The CDC investigation concludes that the cause of the infection is in the surgical gloves used during Dr. Bailey 's surgeries . 194 22 `` Do You Believe in Magic ? '' Kevin McKidd Dan Bucatinsky May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 8.87 Despite being cleared by the CDC , Dr. Bailey locks herself in her lab , feeling betrayed by her colleagues . Meredith and Richard operate on a magician 's assistant literally sawed in half during a magic trick gone awry. April and Jackson rekindle their friendship . Owen continues to care for Ethan , whose father is still in a coma . Dr. Lauren Boswell , a craniofacial surgeon , works with Arizona and Jackson on a complex case of a baby whose brain is on the outside of his skull . Alex tries to avoid Jo , but she comes to him for help when her boyfriend physically abuses her . 195 23 `` Readiness is All '' Tony Phelan William Harper May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 8.97 A major storm is heading for Seattle and the hospital is preparing for an influx of patients . Alex brings Jo 's boyfriend to the hospital after finding him badly beaten ; after being treated , Alex threatens him not to report Jo to the police . Matthew proposes to April . Ethan 's father wakes up after nine days in a coma , crushing Owen 's dreams of adopting Ethan . Meredith falls down a staircase , but the baby is confirmed to be fine . Dr. Bailey is still hesitant to have contact with patients . Following their surgery , Arizona and Dr. Boswell have a close encounter in an on - call room . As the storm rolls in and the power goes out , Meredith goes into labor . 196 24 `` Perfect Storm '' Rob Corn Stacy McKee May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 8.99 The hospital continues to operate despite the power outage . Meredith requires a C - section , which is performed in the dark ; the baby is born healthy , but her earlier fall causes serious abdominal bleeding . Alex , Jo and Arizona must deal with chaos when oxygen machines in the NICU stop working . Cristina operates on Richard 's patient by listening to his heart in the dark . The ER staff rush to help the passengers of a burning bus . April questions her engagement to Matthew when she believes that Jackson has died in the bus explosion . Alex tells Jo he loves her , she reciprocates , and they begin a relationship . Callie finds out about Arizona 's encounter with Dr. Boswell . Cristina breaks up with Owen . Dr. Bailey returns to the OR when she has to perform emergency surgery on Meredith . While trying to fix the emergency generators and restore the lights , Richard is electrocuted due to the water in the basement . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 173 `` Going , Going , Gone '' September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. 4.4 / 12 11.73 6 16 174 `` Remember the Time '' October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 3.8 / 10 10.84 6 14 175 `` Love the One You 're With '' October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 3.4 / 9 9.69 11 21 176 `` I Saw Her Standing There '' October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 3.0 / 8 8.76 16 N / A 177 5 `` Beautiful Doom '' November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 3.3 / 8 9.26 9 20 178 6 `` Second Opinion '' November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 3.2 / 8 8.84 10 N / A 179 7 `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 3.1 / 8 8.95 15 N / A 180 8 `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 3.0 / 8 9.10 13 22 181 9 `` Run , Baby , Run '' December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 2.9 / 8 8.17 16 23 182 10 `` Things We Said Today '' January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 3.2 / 8 9.34 9 18 183 11 `` The End is the Beginning is the End '' January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 3.0 / 8 8.80 13 24 184 12 `` Walking on a Dream '' January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 3.0 / 8 9.01 12 21 185 13 `` Bad Blood '' January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 2.8 / 7 8.93 12 19 5 186 14 `` The Face of Change '' February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 3.1 / 8 8.91 14 24 187 15 `` Hard Bargain '' February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 2.8 / 7 8.57 11 21 188 16 `` This Is Why We Fight '' February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 3.1 / 8 8.75 13 N / A 189 17 `` Transplant Wasteland '' March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 2.6 / 7 8.20 10 18 190 18 `` Idle Hands '' March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 3.0 / 8 9.39 5 13 191 19 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 2.9 / 8 9.02 8 16 192 20 `` She 's Killing Me '' April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 2.8 / 8 8.58 13 23 193 21 `` Sleeping Monster '' April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 2.7 / 7 8.24 10 22 194 22 `` Do You Believe in Magic ? '' May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 3.0 / 9 8.87 7 22 195 23 `` Readiness is All '' May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 3.1 / 9 8.97 8 21 196 24 `` Perfect Storm '' May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 3.1 / 8 8.99 11 18 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 173 `` Going , Going , Gone '' September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) Thursdays 9 : 00 P.M. 1.5 3.28 5.9 15.01 174 `` Remember the Time '' October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) 1.7 3.49 5.5 14.33 175 `` Love the One You 're With '' October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 1.8 3.70 5.2 13.40 176 `` I Saw Her Standing There '' October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) 1.9 3.96 4.9 12.72 177 5 `` Beautiful Doom '' November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) 1.9 3.94 5.2 13.20 178 6 `` Second Opinion '' November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) 1.6 3.27 4.8 12.10 179 7 `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) 1.6 3.42 4.7 12.37 180 8 `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 1.8 3.75 4.8 12.86 181 9 `` Run , Baby , Run '' December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) 1.6 3.49 4.5 11.70 182 10 `` Things We Said Today '' January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) 1.6 3.46 4.8 12.79 183 11 `` The End is the Beginning is the End '' January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) 1.6 3.24 4.6 12.04 184 12 `` Walking on a Dream '' January 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) 1.8 3.65 4.8 12.66 185 13 `` Bad Blood '' January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) 1.7 3.47 4.5 12.40 186 14 `` The Face of Change '' February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) 1.6 3.41 4.7 12.32 187 15 `` Hard Bargain '' February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) 1.7 3.73 4.5 12.32 188 16 `` This Is Why We Fight '' February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) 1.5 3.20 4.6 11.95 189 17 `` Transplant Wasteland '' March 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 14 ) 1.7 3.64 4.3 11.67 190 18 `` Idle Hands '' March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) 1.5 3.12 4.5 12.50 191 19 `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) 1.5 3.57 4.4 12.59 192 20 `` She 's Killing Me '' April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) 1.5 3.27 4.4 11.87 193 21 `` Sleeping Monster '' April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 1.3 2.92 4.0 11.17 194 22 `` Do You Believe in Magic ? '' May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) 1.5 3.16 4.5 12.02 195 23 `` Readiness is All '' May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) 1.5 3.26 4.6 12.23 196 24 `` Perfect Storm '' May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 1.4 3.05 4.5 12.04 DVD release ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Ninth Season - Everything Changes Set Details Special Features 24 Episodes ( 1 extended ) 6 - Disc Set English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround ) Audio Commentaries Finale Extended Episode Spotlight Cast Piece : Jim Pickens , Jr . Spotlight Character Piece : Arizona Robbins Deleted Scenes In Stitches : Season Nine Outtakes Release Dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 27 , 2013 November 4 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates -- Which Launches Are Being Held for October ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Season 9 to Feature a Wedding -- But Who Is Getting Hitched ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.seriesmonitor.com/greysanatomy/season9.html Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' Renewed '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Stars Ink New Deals '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Michael Web ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Michael Web ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Grey 's Anatomy Alum Kim Raver Joins in NBC 's Revolution '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : True Blood , Veronica Mars Alum Tina Majorino Lands a Grey 's Gig '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Kate Middleton ' Joins Grey 's Anatomy Season 9 '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Exclusive Fringe First Look ! Plus Scoop on Grey 's , Glee , Covert and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Newcomer Tessa Ferrer for Recurring Role '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Debbie Allen Returning to Grey 's Anatomy as Jackson 's Mother '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Desperate Housewives ' Steven Culp to Play Doctor '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanada ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Doctors Must Pick Up The Pieces After a Tragic Plane Crash on The Season 9 Premiere of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Grey 's Anatomy Targets Bones Baddie Andrew Leeds -- Plus , a First Look Clip ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 9 : First Look at Constance Zimmer 's New Character '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abraham , Natalie ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` First Look : Scream 's Neve Campbell Checks Into Grey 's Anatomy '' . TvGuide . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on NCIS , Grey 's , Army Wives , Glee , Revenge , Shameless and More ! '' . TvGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusive : Grey 's Anatomy R.I.P , Adele '' . TvGuide . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Rebecca Mader Gets 30 Rock 'd , Grey 's Anatomy Adds Nip / Tuck Alum and More '' . TvGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrahams , Natalie ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Scoop : Ringer 's Justin Bruening Heads to Seattle Grace '' . TvGuide . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 9 Spoiler : Potential Love Interest Paramedic Cast '' . TvGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Grey 's Anatomy 's New Interns Are Sticking Around -- But for How Long ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Sarah Chalke Scrubs In -- But Who Is She Playing ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Admits Hilarie Burton '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once , ' ' Revenge , ' ' Grey 's ' And Two Comedies Renewed By ABC '' . Huffington Post . Huffington Post TV . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Finale Exclusive : No ( Spoiler ) This Year ! Plus -- Vote For Your Fave Season - Ender '' . TVLine . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's Thursday Dramas Open Impressively with Across the Board Gains '' . The Futon Critic . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 -- 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/life/tv/story/2012/09/27/critics-corner-thursday-big-bang-greys-anatomy-person-of-interest/57846872/1 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/television/tvreviews/2012/09/28/greys_anatomy_elementary_and_last_resort_thursday_night_tv_reviews.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvfanatic.com/2012/09/greys-anatomy-review-everything-changes/ Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20651680,00.html Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' The Office ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 1 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 9 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 2 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 , But ' NCIS ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 4 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Tops Week 5 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 , ' NCIS ' Number 1 With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Again Tops Week 7 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Sunday Night Football Again Tops Week 8 Viewing Among Adults 18 - 49 and is Number 1 With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . 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Jump up ^ Knodolojy , Amanda ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 32 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Smash ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 33 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Again Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - ' The Complete 9th Season ' Press Release Arrives with Extras Listed '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy - Completely Revised Box Art , Possible Earlier Date for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_9)&oldid=828201429 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many episodes of greys anatomy season 9	[ "The ninth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy began airing in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on September 27, 2012,[1] with the season premiere Going, Going, Gone and consists of 24 episodes with the finale Perfect Storm airing on May 16, 2013.[2] The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season was officially released on DVD as a six-disc boxset under the title of Grey's Anatomy: The Complete Ninth Season - Everything Changes on August 27, 2013 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment." ]	[ "24" ]
-8507740231550381350	Invention of radio	Invention of radio - wikipedia Invention of radio Jump to : navigation , search For a broader coverage related to this topic , see History of radio . Many people were involved in the invention of radio as we know it today . Experimental work on the connection between electricity and magnetism began around 1820 with the work of Hans Christian Ørsted , and continued with the work of André - Marie Ampère , Joseph Henry , and Michael Faraday . These investigations culminated in a theory of electromagnetism developed by James Clerk Maxwell , which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves . Maxwell published A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873 , stimulating many people to experiment with wireless communication . Others experimented without the benefit of his theories . Several inventors / experimenters came across the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves before they were proven to exist but it was written off as electromagnetic induction at the time . The first systematic and unequivocal transmission of electromagnetic waves was performed by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in his experimental proof of their existence , described in papers published in 1887 and 1890 . Hertz famously considered these results as being of little practical value . After Hertz 's work many people were involved in further development of the electronic components and methods to improve the transmission and detection of electromagnetic waves . Around the turn of the 20th century , Guglielmo Marconi developed the first apparatus for long distance radio communication . On 23 December 1900 , the Canadian inventor Reginald A. Fessenden became the first person to send audio ( wireless telephony ) by means of electromagnetic waves , successfully transmitting over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers , and six years later on Christmas Eve 1906 he became the first person to make a public radio broadcast . By 1910 these various wireless systems had come to be referred to by the common name `` radio '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wireless communication theories and methods previous to radio 2 Development of electromagnetism 2.1 Maxwell and the theoretical prediction of electromagnetic waves 2.2 Experiments and proposals 2.3 Hertz experimentally verifies Maxwell 's theory 3 Pre-Hertz radio wave detection 4 Development of radio waves 4.1 The Branly detector 4.2 Lodge 's demonstrations 4.3 J.C. Bose 5 Adaptations of radio waves 5.1 Popov 's lightning detector 5.2 Tesla 's boat 6 Radio based wireless telegraphy 6.1 Marconi 6.2 Braun 6.3 Stone Stone 6.4 Naval wireless 6.4. 1 US Navy 6.4. 2 Royal Navy 7 Wireless telephony 7.1 Fessenden 7.2 Fleming 7.3 De Forest 8 Radio invention timeline 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Further reading 12 External links Wireless communication theories and methods previous to radio ( edit ) Further information : Wireless telegraphy Before the discovery of electromagnetic waves and the development of radio communication there were many wireless telegraph systems proposed or tried out . Early researchers may not have understood or disclosed which physical effects were responsible for transmitting signals . These experimenters used the existing theories of the day or novel theories of their own on how wireless signals could be transmitted . In April 1872 William Henry Ward received U.S. Patent 126,356 for a wireless telegraphy system where he theorized that convection currents in the atmosphere could carry signals like a telegraph wire . A few months after Ward received his patent , Mahlon Loomis of West Virginia received U.S. Patent 129,971 for a `` wireless telegraph '' in July 1872 . The patented system claimed to utilize atmospheric electricity to eliminate the overhead wire used by the existing telegraph systems . It did not contain diagrams or specific methods and it did not refer to or incorporate any known scientific theory . It was similar to William Henry Ward 's patent . Thomas Edison 's 1891 patent for a ship - to - shore wireless telegraph that used electrostatic induction In the United States , Thomas Edison , in the mid-1880s , patented an electromagnetic induction system he called `` grasshopper telegraphy '' , which allowed telegraphic signals to jump the short distance between a running train and telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks . In the United Kingdom , William Preece was able to develop an electromagnetic induction telegraph system that , with antenna wires many kilometers long , could transmit across gaps of about 5 kilometres ( 3.1 miles ) . Inventor Nathan Stubblefield , between 1885 and 1892 , also worked on an induction transmission system . Forms of Wireless telephony is recorded in four patents for the photophone , invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter in 1880 . The photophone allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light , and on June 3 , 1880 Bell and Tainter transmitted the world 's first wireless telephone message on their newly invented form of light telecommunication . In the early 1890s Nikola Tesla began his research into high frequency electricity . Tesla was aware of Hertz 's experiments with electromagnetic waves from 1889 on but , ( like many scientists of that time ) thought , even if radio waves existed , they would probably only travel in straight lines making them useless for long range transmission . Tesla 's primary interest in wireless phenomenon was as a power distribution system although he proposed by 1893 that it could also incorporate communication . His laboratory work and later large scale experiments at Colorado Springs led him to the conclusion that he could build a conduction based worldwide wireless system that would use the Earth itself ( via injecting very large amounts of electric current into the ground ) as the means to conduct the signal to overcome this limitation . He went on to try to implement his ideas of power transmission and wireless telecommunication in his very large but unsuccessful Wardenclyffe Tower project . Development of electromagnetism ( edit ) Main article : History of electromagnetism Experiments and Theory Joseph Henry Michael Faraday Hans Christian Ørsted Various scientists proposed that electricity and magnetism were linked . Around 1800 Alessandro Volta developed the first means of producing an electric current . In 1802 Gian Domenico Romagnosi may have suggested a relationship between electricity and magnetism but his reports went unnoticed . In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted performed a simple and today widely known experiment on electric current and magnetism . He demonstrated that a wire carrying a current could deflect a magnetized compass needle . Ørsted 's work influenced André - Marie Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism . Several scientists speculated that light might be connected with electricity or magnetism . In 1831 , Michael Faraday began a series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction . The relation was mathematically modelled by Faraday 's law , which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell equations . Faraday proposed that electromagnetic forces extended into the empty space around the conductor , but did not complete his work involving that proposal . In 1846 Michael Faraday speculated that light was a wave disturbance in a force field `` . Expanding upon a series of experiments by Felix Savary , between 1842 and 1850 Joseph Henry performed experiments detecting inductive magnetic effects over a distance of 200 feet ( 61 m ) . He was the first ( 1838 -- 42 ) to produce high frequency AC electrical oscillations , and to point out and experimentally demonstrate that the discharge of a capacitor under certain conditions is oscillatory , or , as he puts it , consists `` of a principal discharge in one direction and then several reflex actions backward and forward , each more feeble than the preceding until equilibrium is attained '' . This view was also later adopted by Helmholtz , the mathematical demonstration of this fact was first given by Lord Kelvin in his paper on `` Transient Electric Currents '' . Maxwell and the theoretical prediction of electromagnetic waves ( edit ) Maxwell and electromagnetic waves James Clerk Maxwell Oliver Heaviside Between 1861 and 1865 , based on the earlier experimental work of Faraday and other scientists and on his own modification to Ampere 's law , James Clerk Maxwell developed his theory of electromagnetism , which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves . In 1873 Maxwell described the theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves in his paper to the Royal Society , `` A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field . '' This theory united all previously unrelated observations , experiments and equations of electricity , magnetism , and optics into a consistent theory . His set of equations -- Maxwell 's equations -- demonstrated that electricity , magnetism , and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon , the electromagnetic field . Subsequently , all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines were special cases of Maxwell 's equations . Maxwell 's work in electromagnetism has been called the `` second great unification in physics '' . Oliver Heaviside , later reformulated Maxwell 's original equations into the set of four vector equations that are generally known today as Maxwell 's equations . Neither Maxwell nor Heaviside transmitted or received radio waves ; however , their equations for electromagnetic fields established principles for radio design , and remain the standard expression of classical electromagnetism . Of Maxwell 's work , Albert Einstein wrote : `` Imagine ( Maxwell 's ) feelings when the differential equations he had formulated proved to him that electromagnetic fields spread in the form of polarised waves , and at the speed of light ! To few men in the world has such an experience been vouchsafed ... it took physicists some decades to grasp the full significance of Maxwell 's discovery , so bold was the leap that his genius forced upon the conceptions of his fellow - workers . '' Other physicists were equally impressed with Maxwell 's work , such as Richard Feynman who commented : `` From a long view of the history of the world -- seen from , say , ten thousand years from now -- there can be little doubt that the most significant event of the 19th century will be judged as Maxwell 's discovery of the laws of electromagnetism . The American Civil War will pale into provincial insignificance in comparison with this important scientific event of the same decade . '' Experiments and proposals ( edit ) Berend Wilhelm Feddersen , a German physicist , in 1859 , as a private scholar in Leipzig , succeeded in experiments with the Leyden jar to prove that electric sparks were composed of damped oscillations . In 1870 the German physicist Wilhelm von Bezold discovered and demonstrated the fact that the advancing and reflected oscillations produced in conductors by a capacitor discharge gave rise to interference phenomena . Professors Elihu Thomson and E.J. Houston in 1876 made a number of experiments and observations on high frequency oscillatory discharges . In 1883 George FitzGerald suggested at a British Association meeting that electromagnetic waves could be generated by the discharge of a capacitor , but the suggestion was not followed up , possibly because no means was known for detecting the waves . Hertz experimentally verifies Maxwell 's theory ( edit ) Heinrich Hertz It had been proposed in 1879 to German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz that he try to prove Maxwell 's theory of electromagnetism but he could not see any way to build an apparatus to experimentally test the theory . His observation , in the autumn of 1886 , of discharging a Leyden jar into a large coil producing a spark in an adjacent coil gave him the idea of how to build a test apparatus . Between 1886 and 1888 Hertz conducted scientific experiments that validated Maxwell 's theory . He designed a method of detecting spark - gap radio waves by observing that another unpowered spark - gap , acting as an antenna , would absorb the radio energy and convert it back into an electric spark . Hertz published his results in a series of papers between 1887 and 1890 , and again in complete book form in 1893 . The first of the papers published , `` On Very Rapid Electric Oscillations '' , gives an account of the chronological course of his investigation , as far as it was carried out up to the end of the year 1886 and the beginning of 1887 . For the first time , electromagnetic radio waves ( `` Hertzian waves '' ) were intentionally and unequivocally proven to have been transmitted through free space by a spark - gap device , and detected over a short distance . 1887 experimental setup of Hertz 's apparatus . Hertz was able to have some control over the frequencies of his radiated waves by altering the inductance and capacitance of his transmitting and receiving antennas . He focused the electromagnetic waves using a corner reflector and a parabolic reflector , to demonstrate that radio behaved the same as light , as Maxwell 's electromagnetic theory had predicted more than 20 years earlier . Hertz did not devise a system for practical utilization of electromagnetic waves , nor did he describe any potential applications of the technology . Hertz was asked by his students at the University of Bonn what use there might be for these waves . He replied , `` It 's of no use whatsoever . This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right , we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we can not see with the naked eye . But they are there . '' Hertz died in 1894 , and the art of radio wave communication was left to others to implement into a practical form . After Hertz 's experiments , Sir William Crookes published an article in February 1892 in The Fortnightly Review on ' Some possibilities of electricity ' with his thoughts on possibility of wireless communication based on the research of Lodge and Hertz , and the American physicist Amos Emerson Dolbear brought similar attention to the idea . Pre-hertz radio wave detection ( edit ) David Edward Hughes Towards the end of 1875 , while experimenting with the telegraph , Thomas Edison noted a phenomenon that he termed `` etheric force '' , announcing it to the press on November 28 . He abandoned this research when Elihu Thomson , among others , ridiculed the idea , claiming it was electromagnetic induction . In 1879 the experimenter and inventor David Edward Hughes working in London discovered that a bad contact in a Bell telephone he was using in his experiments seemed to be sparking when he worked on a nearby induction balance ( an early form of metal detector ) . He developed an improved detector to pick up this unknown `` extra current '' based on his new microphone design ( similar to later detectors known as coherers or crystal detectors ) and developed a way to interrupt his induction balance to produce a series of sparks . By trial and error experiments he eventually found he could pick up these `` aerial waves '' as he carried his telephone device down the street out to a range of 500 yards ( 460 m ) . On February 20 , 1880 , he demonstrated his experiment to representatives of the Royal Society including Thomas Henry Huxley , Sir George Gabriel Stokes , and William Spottiswoode , then president of the Society . Stokes was convinced the phenomenon Hughes was demonstrating was merely electromagnetic induction , not a type of conduction through the air . Hughes was not a physicist and seems to have accepted Stokes observations and did not pursue the experiments any further . His work may have been mentioned in William Crookes ' 1892 Fortnightly Review review of ' Some possibilities of electricity ' article as an unnamed individual whose experiment Crookes participate in . Development of radio waves ( edit ) Early experimenters Édouard Branly Oliver Joseph Lodge Jagadish Chandra Bose The Branly detector ( edit ) In 1890 , Édouard Branly demonstrated what he later called the `` radio - conductor , '' which Lodge in 1893 named the coherer , the first sensitive device for detecting radio waves . Shortly after the experiments of Hertz , Branly discovered that loose metal filings , which in a normal state have a high electrical resistance , lose this resistance in the presence of electric oscillations and become practically conductors of electricity . This Branly showed by placing metal filings in a glass box or tube , and making them part of an ordinary electric circuit . According to the common explanation , when electric waves are set up in the neighborhood of this circuit , electromotive forces are generated in it which appear to bring the filings more closely together , that is , to cohere , and thus their electrical resistance decreases , from which cause this piece of apparatus was termed by Sir Oliver Lodge a coherer . Hence the receiving instrument , which may be a telegraph relay , that normally would not indicate any sign of current from the small battery , can be operated when electric oscillations are set up . Branly further found that when the filings had once cohered they retained their low resistance until shaken apart , for instance , by tapping on the tube . The coherer , however , was not sensitive enough to be used reliably as radio developed . Lodge 's demonstrations ( edit ) One of the first investigators to notice and measure stationary waves on wires produced by direct coupling ( resonance ) with the coatings of a Leyden jar was Sir Oliver Lodge , entitled `` Experiments On The Discharge Of Leyden Jars '' ( 1891 ) . On June 1 , 1894 , Oliver Lodge at the Royal Institution lectures , delivered `` The Work of Hertz and Some of His Successors '' . Lodge performed a transmission on August 14 , 1894 at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Oxford University . Also in 1894 , Lodge would state that Alexander Muirhead clearly foresaw the telegraphic importance of the transmission of transverse Hertzian waves . A convenient method of establishing stationary electric waves on wires is one which generally attribute to Ernst Lecher , and call the Lecher arrangement . In fact , it originated with Lodge and Hertz , whilst Edouard Sarasin and Lucien de la Rive gave it an improved form . On that day in August 1894 , Lodge demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling via radio waves using a `` coherer '' . He later improved Branly 's coherer by adding a `` trembler '' which dislodged clumped filings , thus restoring the device 's sensitivity . In August 1898 he got U.S. Patent 609,154 , `` Electric Telegraphy '' , that made wireless signals using a Ruhmkorff coil for the transmitter and a Branly coherer for the detector . This patent utilized the concept of `` syntonic '' tuning . In 1912 Lodge sold the patent to Marconi . In 1894 Lodge showed that the Branly coherer could be employed to transmit telegraphic signals , and in order that the filings should not remain `` cohered '' after the cessation of the electric oscillations , he devised an electro - mechanical `` tapper '' on the principle of the ordinary `` buzzer , '' or electric door - bell , the hammer of which was caused to tap the glass tube as long as the electric oscillations continued . The filings thus virtually take the place of a key in the ordinary telegraph circuit . In the normal state the key is open ; in the presence of electrical oscillations the key is closed . Thus , by opening and closing the key for a longer or shorter period , signals corresponding to dots and dashes may be produced . In other words , by setting up electric oscillations for periods of time corresponding to dots and dashes , messages may be transmitted from the sending station , and if , at the receiving station , a recording instrument ( controlled by the coherer ) , such as the ordinary Morse register , be provided , a record of the message in dots and dashes may be obtained . Dr. Lodge in fact used a tapper operated continuously by clockwork . In 1894 , with the help of the Branly filings tube , Lodge gave a couple of demonstrations , one in June at the Royal Institution at Oxford and one in August at Oxford , to the British Association , using Hertz oscillators for transmitting signals , using a Morse key in connection with the sending coil , and a Thomson marine galvanometer for receiving them -- sending the signals from one room to another through walls , and so on . Lodge sent them also across the quadrangle of Liverpool College , but he applied very small power and did not try for big distances . At that time Dr. Alexander Muirhead was struck with its applicability to practical telegraphy , and when in 1896 Sir William Preece told the British Association meeting ( as it happened in his laboratory ) at Liverpool that an Italian gentleman ( at that time unknown ) was interesting the Post Office in a secret box , Lodge knew practically what the box must contain , and immediately afterwards ( the same day ) he showed to a few friends a Morse tape instrument , very roughly working on that plan . Mr. Marconi and Sir William Preece together interested the whole world in the subject ; great power was applied to the sender , and the matter became of financial importance . However , the American Patent Office gave Lodge a telegraphic patent based on his work , as published in 1894 , after proof that this book had reached America in or before 1895 . J.C. Bose ( edit ) In November 1894 , the Indian physicist , Jagadish Chandra Bose , demonstrated publicly the use of radio waves in Calcutta , but he was not interested in patenting his work . Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves , confirming that communication signals can be sent without using wires . He sent and received radio waves over distance but did not commercially exploit this achievement . Bose demonstrated the ability of the signal to travel from the lecture room , and through an intervening room and passage , to a third room 75 feet ( 23 m ) distant from the radiator , thus passing through three solid walls on the way , as well as the body of the chairman ( who happened to be the Lieutenant - Governor ) . The receiver at this distance still had energy enough to make a contact which set a bell ringing , discharged a pistol , and exploded a miniature mine . To get this result from his small radiator , Bose set up an apparatus which curiously anticipated the lofty ' antennae ' of modern wireless telegraphy -- a circular metal plate at the top of a pole , 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) high , being put in connection with the radiator and a similar one with the receiving apparatus . The form of ' Coherer ' devised by Professor Bose , and described by him at the end of his paper ' On a new Electro Polariscope ' allowed for the sensibility and range to appear to leave little to be desired at the time . In 1896 , the British , Daily Chronicle reported on his UHF experiments : `` The inventor ( J.C. Bose ) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel . '' After Bose 's Friday Evening Discourses at the Royal Institution , The Electric Engineer expressed ' surprise that no secret was at any time made as to its construction , so that it has been open to all the world to adopt it for practical and possibly money - making purposes . ' Bose was sometimes criticised as unpractical for making no profit from his inventions . In 1899 , Bose announced the development of an `` iron - mercury - iron coherer with telephone detector '' in a paper presented at the Royal Society , London . Later he received U.S. Patent 755,840 , `` Detector for electrical disturbances '' ( 1904 ) , for a specific electromagnetic receiver . Bose would continue with his research and made other contributions to the development of radio . Adaptations of radio waves ( edit ) Popov 's lightning detector ( edit ) Alexander Stepanovich Popov In 1894 - 95 the Russian physicist Alexander Stepanovich Popov conducted experiments developing a radio receiver , an improved version of coherer - based design by Oliver Lodge . His design with coherer auto - tapping mechanism was designed as a lightning detector to help the forest service track lightning strikes that could start fires . His receiver proved to be able to sense lightning strikes at distances of up to 30 km . Popov built a version of the receiver that was capable of automatically recording lightning strikes on paper rolls . Popov presented his radio receiver to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7 , 1895 -- the day has been celebrated in the Russian Federation as `` Radio Day '' promoted in eastern European countries as the inventor of radio . The paper on his findings was published the same year ( December 15 , 1895 ) . Popov had recorded , at the end of 1895 , that he was hoping for distant signaling with radio waves . He did not apply for a patent for this invention . Tesla 's boat ( edit ) In 1898 Nicola Tesla developed a radio / coherer based remote - controlled boat , with a form of secure communication between transmitter and receiver , which he demonstrated in 1898 . Tesla called his invention a `` teleautomaton '' and he hoped to sell it as a guided naval torpedo . Radio based wireless telegraphy ( edit ) Marconi ( edit ) Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marconi studied at the Leghorn Technical School , and acquainted himself with the published writings of Professor Augusto Righi of the University of Bologna . In 1894 , Sir William Preece delivered a paper to the Royal Institution in London on electric signalling without wires . In 1894 at the Royal Institution lectures , Lodge delivered `` The Work of Hertz and Some of His Successors '' . Marconi is said to have read , while on vacation in 1894 , about the experiments that Hertz did in the 1880s . Marconi also read about Tesla 's work . It was at this time that Marconi began to understand that radio waves could be used for wireless communications . Marconi 's early apparatus was a development of Hertz 's laboratory apparatus into a system designed for communications purposes . At first Marconi used a transmitter to ring a bell in a receiver in his attic laboratory . He then moved his experiments out - of - doors on the family estate near Bologna , Italy , to communicate further . He replaced Hertz 's vertical dipole with a vertical wire topped by a metal sheet , with an opposing terminal connected to the ground . On the receiver side , Marconi replaced the spark gap with a metal powder coherer , a detector developed by Edouard Branly and other experimenters . Marconi transmitted radio signals for about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) at the end of 1895 . Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British patent No . 12,039 , Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There - for . The complete specification was filed March 2 , 1897 . This was Marconi 's initial patent for the radio , though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others ( including Popov ) . During this time spark - gap wireless telegraphy was widely researched . In July , 1896 , Marconi got his invention and new method of telegraphy to the attention of Preece , then engineer - in - chief to the British Government Telegraph Service , who had for the previous twelve years interested himself in the development of wireless telegraphy by the inductive - conductive method . On June 4 , 1897 , he delivered `` Signalling through Space without Wires '' . Preece devoted considerable time to exhibiting and explaining the Marconi apparatus at the Royal Institution in London , stating that Marconi invented a new relay which had high sensitiveness and delicacy . Marconi plain aerial , 1896 receiver Muirhead Morse inker The Marconi Company Ltd. was founded by Marconi in 1897 , known as the Wireless Telegraph Trading Signal Company . Also in 1897 , Marconi established the radio station at Niton , Isle of Wight , England . Marconi 's wireless telegraphy was inspected by the Post Office Telegraph authorities ; they made a series of experiments with Marconi 's system of telegraphy without connecting wires , in the Bristol Channel . The October wireless signals of 1897 were sent from Salisbury Plain to Bath , a distance of 34 miles ( 55 km ) . Around 1900 Marconi developed an empirical law that , for simple vertical sending and receiving antennas of equal height , the maximum working telegraphic distance varied as the square of the height of the antenna . This became known as Marconi 's law . Other experimental stations were established at Lavernock Point , near Penarth ; on the Flat Holmes , an island in mid-channel , and at Brean Down , a promontory on the Somerset side . Signals were obtained between the first and last - named points , a distance of , approximately , 8 miles ( 13 km ) . The receiving instrument used was a Morse inkwriter of the Post Office pattern . In 1898 , Marconi opened a radio factory in Hall Street , Chelmsford , England , employing around 50 people . In 1899 , Marconi announced his invention of the `` iron - mercury - iron coherer with telephone detector '' in a paper presented at Royal Society , London . In May , 1898 , communication was established for the Corporation of Lloyds between Ballycastle and the Lighthouse on Rathlin Island in the North of Ireland . In July , 1898 , the Marconi telegraphy was employed to report the results of yacht races at the Kingstown Regatta for the Dublin Express newspaper . A set of instruments were fitted up in a room at Kingstown , and another on board a steamer , the Flying Huntress . The aerial conductor on shore was a strip of wire netting attached to a mast 40 feet ( 12 m ) high , and several hundred messages were sent and correctly received during the progress of the races . At this time His Majesty King Edward VII , then Prince of Wales , had the misfortune to injure his knee , and was confined on board the royal yacht Osltorm in Cowes Bay . Marconi fitted up his apparatus on board the royal yacht by request , and also at Osborne House , Isle of Wight , and kept up wireless communication for three weeks between these stations . The distances covered were small ; but as the yacht moved about , on some occasions high hills were interposed , so that the aerial wires were overtopped by hundreds of feet , yet this was no obstacle to communication . These demonstrations led the Corporation of Trinity House to afford an opportunity for testing the system in practice between the South Foreland Lighthouse , near Dover , and the East Goodwin Lightship , on the Goodwin Sands . This installation was set in operation on December 24 , 1898 , and proved to be of value . It was shown that when once the apparatus was set up it could be worked by ordinary seamen with very little training . At the end of 1898 electric wave telegraphy established by Marconi had demonstrated its utility , especially for communication between ship and ship and ship and shore . The Haven Hotel station and Wireless Telegraph Mast was where much of Marconi 's research work on wireless telegraphy was carried out after 1898 . In 1899 , he transmitted messages across the English Channel . Also in 1899 , Marconi delivered `` Wireless Telegraphy '' to the Institution of Electrical Engineers . In addition , in 1899 , W.H. Preece delivered `` Aetheric Telegraphy '' , stating that the experimental stage in wireless telegraphy had been passed in 1894 and inventors were then entering the commercial stage . Preece , continuing in the lecture , details the work of Marconi and other British inventors . In October , 1899 , the progress of the yachts in the international race between the Columbia and Shamrock was successfully reported by aerial telegraphy , as many as 4,000 words having been ( as is said ) despatched from the two ship stations to the shore stations . Immediately afterward the apparatus was placed by request at the service of the United States Navy Board , and some highly interesting experiments followed under Marconi 's personal supervision . The Marconi Company was renamed Marconi 's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1900 . Marconi watching associates raise kite antenna at St. John 's , December 1901 In 1901 , Marconi claimed to have received daytime transatlantic radio frequency signals at a wavelength of 366 metres ( 820 kHz ) . Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House , Rosslare Strand , Co . Wexford in 1901 to act as a link between Poldhu in Cornwall and Clifden in Co . Galway . His announcement on 12 December 1901 , using a 152.4 - metre ( 500 ft ) kite - supported antenna for reception , stated that the message was received at Signal Hill in St John 's , Newfoundland ( now part of Canada ) via signals transmitted by the company 's new high - power station at Poldhu , Cornwall . The message received had been prearranged and was known to Marconi , consisting of the Morse letter ' S ' - three dots . Bradford has recently contested the reported success , however , based on theoretical work as well as a reenactment of the experiment . It is now well known that long - distance transmission at a wavelength of 366 meters is not possible during the daytime , because the skywave is heavily absorbed by the ionosphere . It is possible that what was heard was only random atmospheric noise , which was mistaken for a signal , or that Marconi may have heard a shortwave harmonic of the signal . The distance between the two points was about 3,500 kilometres ( 2,200 mi ) . The Poldhu to Newfoundland transmission claim has been criticized . There are various science historians , such as Belrose and Bradford , who have cast doubt that the Atlantic was bridged in 1901 , but other science historians have taken the position that this was the first transatlantic radio transmission . Critics have claimed that it is more likely that Marconi received stray atmospheric noise from atmospheric electricity in this experiment . The transmitting station in Poldhu , Cornwall used a spark - gap transmitter that could produce a signal in the medium frequency range and with high power levels . Marconi transmitted from England to Canada and the United States . In this period , a particular electromagnetic receiver , called the Marconi magnetic detector or hysteresis magnetic detector , was developed further by Marconi and was successfully used in his early transatlantic work ( 1902 ) and in many of the smaller stations for a number of years . In 1902 , a Marconi station was established in the village of Crookhaven , County Cork , Ireland to provide marine radio communications to ships arriving from the Americas . A ship 's master could contact shipping line agents ashore to enquire which port was to receive their cargo without the need to come ashore at what was the first port of landfall . Ireland was also , due to its western location , to play a key role in early efforts to send trans - Atlantic messages . Marconi transmitted from his station in Glace Bay , Nova Scotia , Canada across the Atlantic , and on 18 January 1903 a Marconi station sent a message of greetings from Theodore Roosevelt , the President of the United States , to the King of the United Kingdom , marking the first transatlantic radio transmission originating in the United States Cunard Daily Bulletin In 1904 , Marconi inaugurated an ocean daily newspaper , the Cunard Daily Bulletin , on the R.M.S. `` Campania . '' At the start , passing events were printed in a little pamphlet of four pages called the Cunard Bulletin . The title would read Cunard Daily Bulletin , with subheads for `` Marconigrams Direct to the Ship . '' All the passenger ships of the Cunard Company were fitted with Marconi 's system of wireless telegraphy , by means of which constant communication was kept up , either with other ships or with land stations on the eastern or western hemisphere . The RMS Lucania , in October 1903 , with Marconi on board , was the first vessel to hold communications with both sides of the Atlantic . The Cunard Daily Bulletin , a thirty - two page illustrated paper published on board these boats recorded news received by wireless telegraphy , and was the first ocean newspaper . In August 1903 , in agreement was made with the British Government by which the Cunard Co. were to build two steamers , to be , with all other Cunard ships , at the disposal of the British Admiralty for hire or purchase whenever they might be required , the Government lending the company £ 2,600,000 to build the ships and granting them a subsidy of £ 150,000 a year . One was the RMS Lusitania and another was the RMS Mauritania . In June and July 1923 , Marconi 's shortwave transmissions took place at night on 97 meters from Poldhu Wireless Station , Cornwall , to his yacht Elettra in the Cape Verde Islands . In September 1924 , Marconi transmitted during daytime and nighttime on 32 meters from Poldhu to his yacht in Beirut . In July 1924 , Marconi entered into contracts with the British General Post Office ( GPO ) to install telegraphy circuits from London to Australia , India , South Africa and Canada as the main element of the Imperial Wireless Chain . The UK - to - Canada shortwave `` Beam Wireless Service '' went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926 . Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia , South Africa and India went into service in 1927 . Electronic components for the system were built at Marconi 's New Street wireless factory in Chelmsford . Marconi was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun for contributions to radio sciences . Marconi 's demonstrations of the use of radio for wireless communications , equipping ships with life saving wireless communications , establishing the first transatlantic radio service , and building the first stations for the British shortwave service , have marked his place in history . Shortly after the turn of the 20th century , the US Patent Office re-awarded Marconi a patent for radio . The U.S. Patent RE11 , 913 was granted on June 4 , 1901 . Marconi 's U.S. Patent 676,332 was awarded on June 11 , 1901 , also . This system was more advanced than his previous works . The United States Supreme Court , decision of MARCONI WIRELESS T. CO . OF AMERICA v. U.S. , 320 U.S. 1 ( 1943 ) stated that `` Marconi 's reputation as the man who first achieved successful radio transmission ... is not here in question '' this statement is followed by `` Marconi 's patent involved no invention over Lodge , Tesla , and Stone '' . The 1943 decision did n't overturn Marconi 's original patents , or his reputation as the first person to develop practical radiotelegraphic communication . It just said that the adoption of adjustable transformers in the transmitting and receiving circuits , which was an improvement of the initial invention , was anticipated by patents issued to Oliver Lodge and John Stone . ( This decision was n't unanimous ) . Braun ( edit ) Braun 's radiant energy U.S. Patent 750,429 . Ferdinand Braun 's major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter , and its separation from the radiating part ( the antenna ) by means of inductive coupling , and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes . Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg . Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals . In 1899 , he would apply for the patents , Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils and Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces . Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover . Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train . There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased . Braun 's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because the energy encountered less loss swinging between coil and Leyden Jars . Also , by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was matched to the generator . In spring 1899 Braun , accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck , went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea . On February 6 , 1899 , he would apply for the United States Patent , Wireless Electric Transmission of Signals Over Surfaces . Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzing . On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with the island of Heligoland over a distance of 62 km . Lightvessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service . On August 6 , 1901 , he would apply for Means for Tuning and Adjusting Electric Circuits . By 1904 , the closed circuit system of wireless telegraphy , connected with the name of Braun , was well known and generally adopted in principle . The results of Braun 's experiments , published in the Electrician , possess interest , apart from the method employed . Braun showed how the problem could be satisfactorily and economically solved . The closed circuit oscillator has the advantage , as was known , of being able to draw upon the kinetic energy in the oscillator circuit , and thus , because such a circuit can be given a much greater capacity than can be obtained with a radiating aerial alone , much more energy can be stored up and radiated by its employment . The emission is also prolonged , both results tending towards the attainment of the much desired train of undamped waves . The energy available , though greater than with the open system , was still inconsiderable unless very high potentials , with the attendant drawbacks , were used . Braun avoided the use of extremely high potentials for charging the gap and also makes use of a less wasteful gap by sub-dividing it . The chief point in his new arrangement , however , is not the sub-division of the gap merely but their arrangement , by which they are charged in parallel , at low voltages , and discharge in series . The Nobel Prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design . Stone Stone ( edit ) John Stone Stone John Stone Stone labored as an early telephone engineer and was influential in developing wireless communication technology , and holds dozens of key patents in the field of `` space telegraphy '' . Patents of Stone for radio , together with their equivalents in other countries , form a very voluminous contribution to the patent literature of the subject . More than seventy United States patents have been granted to this patentee alone . In many cases these specifications are learned contributions to the literature of the subject , filled with valuable references to other sources of information . Stone has had issued to him a large number of patents embracing a method for impressing oscillations on a radiator system and emitting the energy in the form of waves of predetermined length whatever may be the electrical dimensions of the oscillator . On February 8 , 1900 , he filed for a selective system in U.S. Patent 714,756 . In this system , two simple circuits are associated inductively , each having an independent degree of freedom , and in which the restoration of electric oscillations to zero potential the currents are superimposed , giving rise to compound harmonic currents which permit the resonator system to be syntonized with precision to the oscillator . Stone 's system , as stated in U.S. Patent 714,831 , developed free or unguided simple harmonic electromagnetic signal waves of a definite frequency to the exclusion of the energy of signal waves of other frequencies , and an elevated conductor and means for developing therein forced simple electric vibrations of corresponding frequency . In these patents Stone devised a multiple inductive oscillation circuit with the object of forcing on the antenna circuit a single oscillation of definite frequency . In the system for receiving the energy of free or unguided simple harmonic electromagnetic signal waves of a definite frequency to the exclusion of the energy of signal waves of other frequencies , he claimed an elevated conductor and a resonant circuit associated with said conductor and attuned to the frequency of the waves , the energy of which is to be received . A coherer made on what is called the Stone system was employed in some of the portable wireless outfits of the United States Army . The Stone Coherer has two small steel plugs between which are placed loosely packed carbon granules . This is a self - decohering device ; though not as sensitive as other forms of detectors it is well suited to the rough usage of portable outfits . Naval wireless ( edit ) U.S. Navy ( edit ) In 1899 the United States Navy Board issued a report on the results of investigations of the Marconi system of wireless telegraphy . The report noted that the system was well adapted for use in squadron signalling , under conditions of rain , fog , darkness and motion of speed although dampness affected the performance . They also noted that when two stations were transmitting simultaneously both would be received and that the system had the potential to affect the compass . They reported ranges of from 85 miles for large ships with tall masts ( 43m ) to 7 miles for smaller boats . The board recommended that the system was given a trial by the US navy . Royal Navy ( edit ) The HMS Hector became the first British warship to have wireless telegraphy installed when she conducted the first trials of the new equipment for the Royal Navy . Starting in December 1899 , the HMS Hector and HMS Jaseur were outfitted with wireless equipment . In 1901 , HMS Jaseur received signals from the Marconi transmitter on the Isle of Wight and from the HMS Hector ( 25 January ) . Wireless telephony ( edit ) Main article : History of broadcasting Fessenden ( edit ) In late 1886 , Reginald A. Fessenden began working directly for Thomas Edison at the inventor 's new laboratory in West Orange , New Jersey . Fessenden quickly made major advances , especially in receiver design , as he worked to develop audio reception of signals . The United States Weather Bureau began , early in 1900 , a systematic course of experimentation in wireless telegraphy , employing him as a specialist . Fessenden evolved the heterodyne principle here where two signals combined to produce a third signal . In 1900 , construction began on a large radio transmitting alternator . Fessenden , experimenting with a high - frequency spark transmitter , successfully transmitted speech on December 23 , 1900 , over a distance of about 1.6 kilometres ( 0.99 mi ) , the first audio radio transmission . Early in 1901 the Weather Bureau officially installed Fessenden at Wier 's Point , Roanoke Island , North Carolina , and he made experimental transmissions across water to a station located about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Cape Hatteras , the distance between the two stations being almost exactly 50 miles ( 80 km ) . An alternator of 1 kW output at 10 kilohertz was built in 1902 . The credit for the development of this machine is due to Charles Proteus Steinmetz , Caryl D. Haskins , Ernst Alexanderson , John T.H. Dempster , Henry Geisenhoner , Adam Stein , Jr. , and F.P. Mansbendel . In a paper written by Fessenden in 1902 , it was asserted that important advances had been made , one of which was overcoming largely the loss of energy experienced in other systems . In an interview with a New York Journal correspondent , Fessenden stated that in his early apparatus he did not use an air transformer at the sending end , nor a concentric cylinder for emitters and antennae , and had used capacity , but arranged in a manner entirely different from that in other systems , and that he did not employ a coherer or any form of imperfect contact . Fessenden asserted that he had paid particular attention to selective and multiplex systems , and was well satisfied with the results in that direction . On August 12 , 1902 , 13 patents were issued to Fessenden , covering various methods , devices , and systems for signaling without wires . These patents involved many new principles , the chef - d'oeuvre of which was a method for distributing capacity and inductance instead of localizing these coefficients of the oscillator as in previous systems . Brant Rock radio tower ( 1910 ) By the summer of 1906 , a machine producing 50 kilohertz was installed at the Brant Rock station , and in the fall of 1906 , what was called an electric alternating dynamo was working regularly at 75 kilohertz , with an output of 0.5 kW . Fessenden used this for wireless telephoning to Plymouth , Massachusetts , a distance of approximately 11 miles ( 18 km ) . In the following year machines were constructed having a frequency of 96 kilohertz and outputs of 1 kW and 2 kW . Fessenden believed that the damped wave - coherer system was essentially and fundamentally incapable of development into a practical system . He would employ a two - phase high frequency alternator method and the continuous production of waves with changing constants of sending circuit . Fessenden would also use duplex and multiplex commutator methods . On December 11 , 1906 , operation of the wireless transmission in conjunction with the wire lines took place . In July 1907 the range was considerably extended and speech was successfully transmitted between Brant Rock and Jamaica , on Long Island , a distance of nearly 200 miles ( 320 km ) , in daylight and mostly over land , the mast at Jamaica being approximately 180 feet ( 55 m ) high . Fleming ( edit ) In November 1904 , the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming invented the two - electrode vacuum - tube rectifier , which he called the Fleming oscillation valve . for which he obtained GB patent 24850 and U.S. Patent 803,684 . This `` Fleming Valve '' was sensitive and reliable , and so it replaced the crystal diode used in receivers used for long - distance wireless communication . It had an advantage , that it could not be permanently injured or set out of adjustment by any exceptionally strong stray signal , such as those due to atmospheric electricity . Fleming earned a Hughes Medal in 1910 for his electronic achievements . Marconi used this device as a radio detector . The Supreme Court of the United States would eventually invalidate the US patent because of an improper disclaimer and , additionally , maintained the technology in the patent was known art when filed . This invention was the first vacuum tube . Fleming 's diode was used in radio receivers for many decades afterward , until it was superseded by improved solid state electronic technology more than 50 years later . De Forest ( edit ) Lee De Forest had an interest in wireless telegraphy and he invented the Audion in 1906 . He was president and secretary of the De Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company ( 1913 ) . The De Forest System was adopted by the United States Government , and had been demonstrated to other Governments including those of Great Britain , Denmark , Germany , Russia , and British Indies , all of which purchased De Forest apparatus previous to the Great War . De Forest is one of the fathers of the `` electronic age '' , as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics . De Forest made the Audion tube from a vacuum tube . He also made the `` Oscillion '' , an undamped wave transmitter . He developed the De Forest method of wireless telegraphy and founded the American De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company . De Forest was a distinguished electrical engineer and the foremost American contributor to the development of wireless telegraphy and telephony . The elements of his device takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them . The Audion Detector , Audion Amplifier , and the `` Oscillion '' transmitter had furthered the radio art and the transmission of written or audible speech . In World War I , the De Forest system was a factor in the efficiency of the United States Signal Service , and was also installed by the United States Government in Alaska . Radio invention Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of radio Below is a brief selection of important events and individuals related to the development of radio , from 1860 to 1910 . See also ( edit ) Radio portal People Edwin Howard Armstrong , Greenleaf Whittier Pickard , Ernst Alexanderson , Archie Frederick Collins , Alexander Stepanovich Popov Radio Radio communication system , Timeline of radio , Oldest radio station , Birth of public radio broadcasting , Crystal radio Categories Radio People , Radio Pioneers , Discovery and invention controversies Other List of persons considered father or mother of a field , Radiotelegraph and Spark - Gap Transmitters , The Great Radio Controversy , Induction coil , Ruhmkorff coil , Poldhu , Alexanderson alternator , De Forest tube Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bondyopadhyay , Prebir K. ( 1995 ) `` Guglielmo Marconi - The father of long distance radio communication - An engineer 's tribute '' , 25th European Microwave Conference : Volume 2 , pp. 879 - 885 Jump up ^ `` Milestones : First Wireless Radio Broadcast by Reginald A. Fessenden , 1906 '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ethw.org ) . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Belrose , John ( April 2002 ) . `` Reginald Aubrey Fessenden and the Birth of Wireless Telephony '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine . 44 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 47 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. & O'Dell , Cary ( 2011 ) The Concise Encyclopedia of American Radio , Routledge , page 238 Jump up ^ Sterling & O'Dell ( 2011 ) , page 239 Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Encyclopedia of Radio ( Volume 1 ) Page 831 Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas H. ( 2004 ) The Design of CMOS Radio - Frequency Integrated Circuits Page 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ ( U.S. Patent 465,971 , Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically , US 465971 A , 1891 Jump up ^ `` History of the Radio Industry in the United States to 1940 '' , by Carole E. Scott , State University of West Georgia ( eh.net ) Jump up ^ Carson , Mary Kay ( 2007 ) Alexander Graham Bell : Giving Voice To The World , Sterling Biographies , New York , NY 10016 : Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. , pp. 76 - 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3230 - 0 . OCLC 182527281 Jump up ^ Phillipson , Donald J.C. , Marshall , Tabitha and Neilson , Laura `` Alexander Graham Bell '' , The Canadian Encyclopedia online ( thecanadianencyclopedia.com ) Jump up ^ O'Neill , James ( 1944 ) Prodigal Genius : The Life of Nikola Tesla , page 86 Jump up ^ Seifer , Marc ( 1996 ) Wizard : The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla , page 1721 ^ Jump up to : Regal , Brian ( 2005 ) . Radio : The Life Story of a Technology . p. 22 . Jump up ^ White , Thomas H. ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Nikola Tesla : The Guy Who DIDN 'T ' Invent Radio ' '' . ( earlyradiohistory.us ) . Jump up ^ Regal ( 2005 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Sandro Stringari , Robert R. Wilson ( 2000 ) , `` Romagnosi and the discovery of electromagnetism '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. `` , Rendiconti Lincei : Scienze Fisiche e Naturali , serie 9 , vol. 11 , issue 2 , pp. 115 - 136 . Jump up ^ Roberto de Andrade Martins ( 2001 ) , `` Romagnosi and Volta 's pile : early difficulties in the interpretation of Voltaic electricity '' , in Fabio Bevilacqua , Lucio Fregonese ( eds ) , Nuova Voltiana : Studies on Volta and his Times , Volume 3 , Pavia / Milano : Università degli Studi di Pavia / Ulrico Hoepli , 2001 , pp. 81 - 102 . Jump up ^ Ørsted , Hans Christian ( 1997 ) . Karen Jelved , Andrew D. Jackson , and Ole Knudsen , translators from Danish to English . Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christian Ørsted , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04334 - 5 , pp. 421 - 445 Jump up ^ Baggott , Jim ( 21 September 1991 ) . `` The myth of Michael Faraday : Michael Faraday was not just one of Britain 's greatest experimenters . A closer look at the man and his work reveals that he was also a clever theoretician '' . New Scientist : 43 -- 57 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gluckman , Albert Gerard , `` The Discovery of Oscillatory Electric Current '' , Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences , March 1990 , pages 16 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kevin Roebuck ( 2012 ) . `` SoC System - on - a-chip : High - impact Strategies - What You Need to Know ... '' Google Books . Jump up ^ Princeton University . `` Felix Savary 1827 '' . ( princeton.edu ) . Jump up ^ Blancard , Julian ( October 1941 ) . `` The History Of Electrical Resonance '' . Bell System Technical Journal . pp. 415 -- 433 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , J.A. ( 1908 ) The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy , London : New York and Co. ( cf. , Joseph Henry , in the United States , between 1842 and 1850 , explored many of the puzzling facts connected with this subject , and only obtained a clue to the anomalies when he realized that the discharge of a condenser through a low resistance circuit is oscillatory in nature . Amongst other things , Henry noticed the power of condenser discharges to induce secondary currents which could magnetize steel needles even when a great distance separated the primary and secondary circuits . ) Jump up ^ See The Scientific Writings of Joseph Henry , vol . i . pp. 203 , 20 : - i ; also `` Analysis of the Dynamic Phenomena of the Leyden Jar '' , Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , 1850 , vol . iv . pp. 377 - 378 , Joseph Henry . The effect of the oscillatory discharge on a magnetized needle is summarized in this review . Jump up ^ Ames , J.S. , Henry , J. , & Faraday , M. ( 1900 ) . The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents , New York : American book . ( cf . Page 107 : `` On moving to Princeton , in 1832 , ( Henry ) ( ... ) investigated also the discharge of a Leyden jar , proved that it was oscillatory in character , and showed that its inductive effects could be detected at a distance of two hundred feet , thus clearly establishing the existence of electro - magnetic waves . '' ) Jump up ^ Helmholtz , Hermann ( 1847 ) `` Über die Erhaltung der Kraft '' , Berlin Jump up ^ Thomson , William ( June 1853 ) `` On Transient Electric Currents '' , Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science , Fourth series , volume 5 , pp. 393 - 405 . ^ Jump up to : Fessenden , Reginald ( 1908 ) `` Wireless Telephony '' , Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers ( volume 27 , part 1 ) , June 29 , 1908 , pp. 553 - 630 Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetism '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ethw.org ) . 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nahin , Paul J. ( 1992 ) , `` Maxwell 's Grand Unification '' , IEEE Spectrum 29 ( 3 ) : 45 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bruce J. ( 1991 ) The Maxwellians Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1940 ) . `` Considerations Concerning the Fundaments of Theoretical Physics '' . Science . 91 ( 2369 ) : 487 -- 492 . Bibcode : 1940Sci ... 91 ... 487E . doi : 10.1126 / science. 91.2369. 487 . PMID 17847438 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Crease ( 2008 ) . The Great Equations : Breakthroughs in Science from Pythagoras to Heisenberg . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06204 - X . Jump up ^ `` 476 ) Feddersen , Bernhard Wilhelm , geb. 26 . März 1832 in Schleswig , Sohn des vorhergenannten B. Feddersen , No. 475 , studirte Naturwissenschaften und war eine Zeitlang Assistent im naturwissenschaftlichen Institut unter Prof. Karstens Leitung , wurde 1858 dr . philos. in Kiel ; zur Zeit Privatdocent in Leipzig . '' ( Lexicon der Schleswig - Holstein - Lauenburg und Eutinishcen Schriftsteller von 1829 bis Mitte 1866 by Edward Alberti ( 1867 ) , entry # 476 , p. 207 ) Translation : `` 476 ) Feddersen , Bernhard Wilhelm , born 26 March 1832 in Schleswig , the son of the aforementioned B. Feddersen , no . 475 , studied science and was for a time assistant in a scientific institute under Prof. Karsten 's line was , in 1858 dr . philos in Kiel , at the time university lecturer in Leipzig . '' ( Biographies of Schleswig - Holstein - Lauenburg and Eutinishcen Writers from 1829 to mid-1866 by Edward Alberti ( 1867 ) ) Jump up ^ Von Bezold , Wilhelm ( 1870 ) `` Untersuchgen über die elektrische Entladung . Voräufige Mittheilung . '' , Poggendorff 's Annalen der Physik und Chemie , series 2 , volume 140 , number 8 , pp. 541 - 552 Jump up ^ `` Scientific Serials '' . Nature . 3 ( 63 ) : 216 -- 217 . 12 January 1871 . Bibcode : 1871Natur ... 3 ... 216 ... doi : 10.1038 / 003216a0 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Elihu and Houston , Edwin ( April 1876 ) `` The Alleged Etheric Force . Test Experiments as to its Identity with Induced Electricity '' , Journal of the Franklin Institute , pp. 270 - 274 Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , George ( 1883 ) `` On a method of producing Electromagnetic Disturbances of comparatively short wave - lengths '' , Report of the fifty - third meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , page 405 . Jump up ^ Heinrich Hertz . nndb.com . Retrieved on 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Baird , Davis , Hughes , R.I.G. and Nordmann , Alfred eds. ( 1998 ) . Heinrich Hertz : Classical Physicist , Modern Philosopher . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4653 - X . p. 53 Jump up ^ Huurdeman , Anton A. ( 2003 ) The Worldwide History of Telecommunications . Wiley . ISBN 0471205052 . p. 202 Jump up ^ Massie , W.W. , & Underhill , C.R. ( 1911 ) Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony Popularly Explained . New York : D. Van Nostrand . Jump up ^ `` Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( 1857 - 1894 ) '' . ( sparkmuseum.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hertz , Heinrich ( 1893 ) Electric waves : Being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space , translated by D.E. Jones . Jump up ^ Hertz ( 1893 ) pp. 1 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Hertizian Waves '' , Amateur Work , November 1901 , pages 4 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Hertz wave ( definition ) '' . Tfcbooks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anton Z . Capri ( 2011 ) . Quips , Quotes , and Quanta : An Anecdotal History of Physics . ^ Jump up to : Crookes , William ( February 1 , 1892 ) `` Some Possibilities of Electricity '' , The Fortnightly Review , pp. 173 - 181 Jump up ^ Dolbear , A.E. ( March 1893 ) , `` The Future of Electricity '' , Donahoe 's Magazine , pp. 289 - 295 . ^ Jump up to : Walters , Rob ( 2005 ) Spread Spectrum : Hedy Lamarr and the Mobile Phone , Satin , page 16 Jump up ^ The Electrician , Volume 43 : `` Notes '' ( May 5 , 1899 , p. 35 ) ; `` Prof. D.E. Hughes 's Researches in Wireless Telegraphy '' by J.J. Fahie ( May 5 , 1899 , pp. 40 - 41 ) ; `` The National Telephone Company 's Staff Dinner '' ( Hughes remarks ) , ( May 12 , 1899 , pp. 93 - 94 ) Jump up ^ Drummer , G.W.A. ( 1997 ) Electronic Inventions and Discoveries : Electronics from its earliest beginnings to the present day , Fourth Edition , CRC Press , p. 95 Jump up ^ Garratt , G.R.M. ( 1994 ) . The Early History of Radio . ^ Jump up to : Winston , Brian ( 1998 ) . Media , Technology and Society . Jump up ^ Story , A.T. ( 1904 ) The Story of Wireless Telegraphy , pp. 108 - 117 Jump up ^ `` Variations of Conductivity under Electrical Influences '' by Edouard Branly . Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers ( volume 103 ) by Institution of Civil Engineers ( Great Britain ) . p. 481 ( Contained in Comptes rendus de I'Acade'mie des Sciences , Paris , vol . cii. , 1890 , p. 78 . ) Jump up ^ `` On the Changes in Resistance of Bodies under Different Electrical Conditions '' by E. Branly . Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers ( volume 104 ) by Institution of Civil Engineers ( Great Britain ) . 1891 . p. 416 ( Contained in Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences , Paris , 1891 , vol . exit. , p. 90 . ) Jump up ^ `` Experiments on the Conductivity of Insulating Bodies '' by M. Edouard Branly , M.D. , Philosophical Magazine , Taylor & Francis. , 1892 , p. 530 ( Contained in Comples Rendus de l ' Academic des Sciences , 24 November 1890 and 12 January 1891 , also , Bulletin de la Societi internationals d'electriciens , no . 78 , May 1891 ) Jump up ^ `` Increase of Resistance of Radio - conductors '' by E. Branly . ( Comptes Rendus 130 , pp. 1068 - 1071 , April 17 , 1900 . ) Jump up ^ `` Wireless Telegraphy '' . Modern Engineering Practice . VII . American School of Correspondence. 1903 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Although Dr. Branly used the term radio - conductor . ^ Jump up to : Maver , William Jr. ( 1904 ) Maver 's Wireless Telegraphy : Theory and Practice Jump up ^ United States Naval Institute ( 1902 ) . Proceedings ( volume 28 , part 2 ) p. 443 Jump up ^ Stanley , Rupert ( 1914 ) . `` Detectors '' . Text - book on wireless telegraphy. 1 . Longmans , Green . p. 217 . Jump up ^ `` Experiments on the Discharge of Leyden Jars '' , by Oliver J. Lodge , F.R.S. ( received May 2 , 1891 , read June 4 , 1891 ) , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , ( volume 50 , June 4 , 1891 - February 25 , 1892 ) , pp. 2 - 39 ^ Jump up to : `` The Work of Hertz '' by Oliver Lodge , Proceedings ( volume 14 : 1893 - 1895 ) , Royal Institution of Great Britain , pp. 321 - 349 Jump up ^ Howeth , Captain Linwood S. , USN ( Retired ) ( 1963 ) , History of Communications - Electronics in the United States Navy , `` Chapter II : Birth of Science of Radio and Development of Usable Components '' , pp. 15 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Sir Oliver Lodge Invented Radio - Not Marconi '' ( cfcf.org.uk ) Jump up ^ In 1895 , the Royal Society recognized this scientific breakthrough at a special ceremony at Oxford University . ( Past Years : An Autobiography by Oliver Lodge , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1931 , p. 231 ) Jump up ^ `` Ueber die Messung der Dielectricitätsconstante mittelst Hertz'scher Schwingungen '' by Ernst Lecher , Wiedemann 's Annalen , vol. 42 , ( First booklet , 1891 ) , pp. 142 - 153 Jump up ^ `` Sur la Résonance Multiple des Ondulations Électriques de M. Hertz se Propageant le Long de Fils Conducteurs '' by Ed . Sarasin & L. de la Rive , Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles Geneve , 1890 , t . 23 , pp. 113 - 160 Jump up ^ `` On the Sudden Acquisition of Conducting Power by a Series of Discrete Metallic Particles '' , correspondence submitted by Oliver Lodge , dated November 23 , 1893 , Proceedings of the Physical Society of London , ( volume 12 : October 1892 - January 1894 ) , pp. 461 - 462 . Jump up ^ Peter Rowlands ( ed . ) and J. Patrick Wilson ( ed . ) Oliver Lodge and the Invention of Radio ISBN 1 - 873694 - 02 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Sir Oliver Lodge '' ( April 23 , 1907 examination ) , `` Select Committee on Radiotelegraphic Convention '' , Parliamentary Papers , House of Commons and Command ( Great Britain ) ( volume 8 : February 12 , 1907 - August 28 , 1907 ) , pp. 151 - 164 . Jump up ^ `` Jagadish Chandra Bose '' ( biography ) , Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ethw.org ) Jump up ^ `` Jagadish Chandra Bose ( 1858 - 1937 ) '' ( PDF ) . Pursuit and Promotion of Science : The Indian Experience ( Chapter 2 ) . Indian National Science Academy . 2001 . pp. 22 -- 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Geddes , Sir Patrick ( 1920 ) The life and work of Sir Jagadis C. Bose , Longmans , Green , pp. 61 - 65 . Jump up ^ Bondyopadhyay , Probir K. , `` Sir J.C. Bose 's Diode Detector Received Marconi 's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal Of December 1901 ( The ' Italian Navy Coherer ' Scandal Revisited ) '' , Proceedings of the IEEE , Vol. 86 , No. 1 , January 1988 . Jump up ^ Geddes ( 1920 ) `` The Response of Plants to Wireless Stimulation '' ( chapter 13 ) , pp. 172 - 180 Jump up ^ `` Popov 's Contribution to the Development of Wireless Communication , 1895 '' , Engineering and Technology History Wiki ( ethw.org ) Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Popov : Did he ' invent ' radio ? '' , The First Electronic Church of America ( fecha.org ) Jump up ^ Vonderheid , Erica ( Summer 2005 ) . `` Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Broadcast Technology Society Newsletter . pp. 3 -- 4 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , D.T. ( February 1998 ) `` The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose : 100 years of mm - wave research '' , National Radio Astronomy Observatory ( nrao.edu ) Jump up ^ Tesla , N. , & Anderson , L.I. ( 1998 ) . Nikola Tesla : Guided Weapons & Computer Technology . Tesla presents series , pt. 3 . Breckenridge , Colo : Twenty First Century Books . Jump up ^ Tesla , N. , & Anderson , L.I. ( 2002 ) . Nikola Tesla on his work with alternating currents and their application to wireless telegraphy , telephony , and transmission of power : an extended interview . Tesla presents series , pt. 1 . Breckenridge , Colo : Twenty - First Century Books . Jump up ^ The schematics are illustrated in U.S. Patent 613,809 `` Method of and apparatus for controlling mechanism of moving vessels or vehicles '' and describes `` rotating coherers '' . Jump up ^ Jonnes , Jill . Empires of Light ISBN 0 - 375 - 75884 - 4 . Page 355 , referencing O'Neill , John J. , Prodigal Genius : The Life of Nikola Tesla ( New York : David McKay , 1944 ) , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Miessner , B.F. ( 1916 ) Radiodynamics : The Wireless Control of Torpedoes and Other Mechanisms , New York : D. Van Nostrand Co. , pp. 31 - 32 Jump up ^ `` Electric Signalling Without Wires '' by W.H. Preece , Journal of the Society of Arts ( volume 42 ) , February 23 , 1894 , pp. 274 - 278 Jump up ^ Haydn , Joseph & Vincent , Benjamin ( 1904 ) `` Wireless Telegraphy '' , Haydn 's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages and Nations , G.P. Putnam 's sons , pp. 413 - 414 . Jump up ^ Marconi , Guglielmo ( October 1913 ) `` Wireless as a Commercial Fact : From the Inventor 's Testimony in the United States Court in Brooklyn ( Part III ) '' , The Wireless Age , N.Y. ( New York ) City : Macroni Pub . Corp'n ( Wireless Press ) , p. 75 . ( cf . `` I read parts of a book by ( Thomas Commerford ) Martin , entitled Inventions , Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla , published in 1894 '' . ) Jump up ^ Bradford , Henry M. , `` Marconi 's Three Transatlantic Radio Stations In Cape Breton '' . Read before the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society , January 31 , 1996 . ( Reproduced from the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal , Volume 1 , 1998 . ) Jump up ^ Preece , W.H. ( 1897 ) `` Signalling through Space without Wires '' , delivered June 4 , 1897 , Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain , vol . XV , pp. 467 - 476 . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 1908 ) p. 429 Jump up ^ `` Figure 101 : Marconi 1896 Receiver '' from Elements of Radiotelegraphy by Ellery W. Stone , 1919 , p. 203 Jump up ^ Apparatus similar to that used by Marconi in 1897 . ( `` Figure 94. -- Morse Inker '' , Electrical Installations ( Volume 5 ) by Rankin Kennedy , 1903 , p. 74 . ) Jump up ^ Gibson , Charles Robert ( 1914 ) Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony Without Wires , p. 79 Jump up ^ Fleming ( 1906 ) . Jump up ^ Erskine - Murray , James ( 1907 ) A Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy : Its Theory and Practice , for the use of Electrical Engineers , Students , and Operators , Crosby Lockwood and Son , p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Marconi Telegraphy '' . The Electrical Review . IPC Electrical - Electronic Press ( volume 40 ) : 715 . May 21 , 1897 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` English Notes : Marconi Telegraphy '' . The Electrical World . ( volume 29 ) : 822 . June 19 , 1897 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Earlier , in 1885 , a wired telephonic system was established here also . ( `` Telephonic Communication at the Royal Marriage '' , The Electrical Review ( volume 17 ) , July 25 , 1885 , p. 81 ) ^ Jump up to : A summary of his work on wireless telegraphy up to the beginning of 1899 is given in a paper read by Marconi to the Institution of Electrical Engineers on March 2 , 1899 . ( `` Wireless Telegraphy '' by G. Marconi , Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers , 1899 ( volume 28 ) , pp. 273 - 291 ) Jump up ^ Fleming ( 1908 ) pp. 431 - 432 Jump up ^ `` Aetheric Telegraphy '' by W.H. Preece , Journal of the Society of Arts ( volume 47 ) , Society of Arts ( Great Britain ) , May 5 , 1899 , pp. 519 - 523 Jump up ^ Story ( 1904 ) p. 161 Jump up ^ Sewall , Charles ( 1904 ) Wireless Telegraphy : Its Origins , Development , Inventions , and Apparatus , p. 144 Jump up ^ Bradford , Henry M. , `` Marconi in Newfoundland : The 1901 Transatlantic Radio Experiment '' ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Henry M. , `` Did Marconi Receive Transatlantic Radio Signals in 1901 ? - Part 1 '' , Antique Wireless Asssociation ( antiquewireless.org ) ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Henry M. , `` Did Marconi Receive Transatlantic Radio Signals in 1901 ? Part 2 ( conclusion ) : The Trans - Atlantic Experiments , Antique Wireless Asssociation ( antiquewireless.org ) Jump up ^ Belrose , John S. , `` Fessenden and Marconi ; Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century '' , International Conference on 100 Years of Radio , September 5 -- 7 , 1995 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hong , Sungook , `` Marconi 's Error : The First Transatlantic Wireless Telegraphy in 1901 '' , Social Research , Spring 2005 ( volume 72 , number 1 ) , pp. 107 - 124 ^ Jump up to : In December 1902 , he established wireless telegraphic communication between Cape Breton , Canada and England , the first message inaugurating the system being transmitted from the Governor General of Canada to King Edward VII , and a few weeks later a message inaugurating wireless connection between America ( Cape Cod , Massachusetts ) and Cornwall , England was transmitted from the President of the United States to the King of England . ( `` Wireless telegraphy '' , Encyclopaedia of Ships and Shipping edited by Herbert B. Mason . The Shipping Encyclopaedia , 1908 , pp. 686 - 688 . ) Jump up ^ `` Note on a Magnetic Detector of Electric Waves , which can be employed as a receiver for Space Telegraphy '' by G. Marconi ( communicated by J.A. Fleming , F.E.S. , received June 10 , read June 12 , 1902 . ) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London ( volume 70 ) , pp. 341 - 344 Jump up ^ `` Hertzian Wave Telegraphy : Lecture III '' , delivered by J.A. Fleming on March 16 , 1903 , Society of Arts ( Great Britain ) , Journal of the Society of Arts ( volume 51 ) , August 7 , 1903 , p. 761 Jump up ^ Hayward , Charles B. ( 1918 ) How to Become a Wireless Operator , American technical society , p. 202 Jump up ^ `` New Marconi Wireless Telegraph Apparatus '' , The Electrical World and Engineer ( volume 40 ) , July 19 , 1902 , p. 91 Jump up ^ `` Marconi in Crookhaven '' . Mizen Head Signal Station Visitor Centre ( mizenhead.net ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Floating Cities and Their News Service '' by Nick J. Quick , The Inland Printer ( volume 38 ) , December 1906 , p. 389 Jump up ^ Whitaker , Joseph ( 1907 ) `` The Cunard Steamship Company , Ltd . '' , An Almanack For the Year of Our Lord ( ... ) ( volume 39 ) , p. 739 Jump up ^ `` The Marconi Company Departments 1912 - 1970 '' by Martin Bates , accessed 2010 - 10 - 04 Archived October 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States. , & Smith , W.A. ( 1912 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Disaster '' ( Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce , United States Senate : Sixty - second Congress , second session , pursuant to S. Res. 283 , directing the Committee to investigate the causes leading to the wreck of the White Star liner `` Titanic '' ) , April 19 - May 25 , 1912 , Washington ( D.C. : G.P.O. ) Jump up ^ `` Marconi Wireless T. Co. of America v. United States '' . U.S. Supreme Court . June 23 , 1943 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Braun , Famous German Scientist , Dead '' , The Wireless Age ( volume 5 ) , June 1918 , pp. 709 - 710 Jump up ^ `` Provisional Patents , 1899 '' , The Electrical Engineer ( volume 23 ) February 3 , 1899 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Zenneck , Jonathan ( 1915 ) Wireless Telegraphy , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : `` Increasing the Transmitter Energy '' , The Electrical Magazine edited by Theodore Feilden ( volume 1 ) , May 26 , 1904 , p. 506 Jump up ^ Marconi had adopted this way of increasing the available energy , the potentials attainable by his now familiar arrangement being exceedingly high , but the method is wasteful owing to the length of spark gap used . Jump up ^ This method was described by Braun some time ago . Jump up ^ `` Ferdinand Braun - Biographical '' . Alfred Nobel Memorial Foundation ( nobelprize.org ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fleming ( 1908 ) p. 520 ^ Jump up to : Collins , A. Frederick ( 1905 ) Wireless Telegraphy : Its History , Theory and Practice , p. 164 ^ Jump up to : Maver ( 1904 ) p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Rupert ( 1919 ) Text - book on Wireless Telegraphy , Longmans , Green , p. 300 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the Marconi Wireless Telegraph '' by Lieut . J.B. Blish , U.S.N. , The Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute ( volume 25 ) , December 1899 , pp. 857 - 864 Jump up ^ `` Wireless Telegraphy '' by J.W. Reading , Locomotive Engineers Journal ( volume 44 ) , p. 77 Jump up ^ The ship was sold for scrap in 1905 . Jump up ^ Ballard , G.A. , Admiral ( 1980 ) . The Black Battlefleet . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 924 - 3 . pp. 158 -- 59 Jump up ^ Captain Henry Jackson developed the tuned receiver . ^ Jump up to : Sewall ( 1904 ) pp. 66 -- 71 Jump up ^ Such as were employed by the Marconi Company Jump up ^ Assisted by H.R. Hadfield , J.W. Lee , F.P. Mansbendel , G. Davis , M.L. Wesco , A. Stein , Jr. , H. Sparks , and Guv Hill . Jump up ^ The regular operating frequency would be 81.7 kilohertz Jump up ^ Contained in U.S. Patent 793,649 `` Signaling by electromagnetic waves '' Jump up ^ Contained in U.S. Patent 793,649 `` Signaling by electromagnetic waves , U.S. Patent 706,747 `` Apparatus for signaling by electromagnetic waves '' , U.S. Patent 706,742 `` wireless signaling '' and U.S. Patent 727,747 Jump up ^ Governing by resonance was invented and patented by Kempster B. Miller , U.S. Patent 559,187 , `` Electric governor '' , February 25 , 1896 . Jump up ^ Contained in U.S. Patent 793,652 `` Signaling by electromagnetic waves '' Jump up ^ Fessenden 's account of his research included the following humorous anecdote : `` An amusing instance may be mentioned as illustrating the incredulity with which the wireless telephone was received . Some of the local papers having published an account of the experiments with the schooner above referred to the following appeared under the heading ' Current News and Notes ' in the columns of a prominent technical journal . ( Nov. 10 , 1906 . `` A New Fish Story '' , Electrical World , November 10 , 1906 , p. 909 ) ' A New Fish Story . -- It is stated from Massachusetts that the wireless telephone has successfully entered into the deep sea fishing industry . For the last week experiments have been conducted by the wireless telegraph station at Brant Rock , which is equipped with a wireless telephone , with a small vessel stationed in the fleet of the South Shore fishermen , twelve miles out in Massachusetts Bay . Recently , it is asserted , the fishermen wished to learn the prices ruling in the Boston market . The operator on the wireless fitted boat called up Brant Rock and telephoned the fishermen 's request . The land operator asked Boston by wire and the answer was forwarded back to the fishermen . This is a rather fishy fish story . ' `` The doubt expressed was , however , only natural . I remember the astonishment displayed by one of the company 's new operators some months previously on placing the receiving telephone to his head while the vessel was almost out of sight of land and hearing the operator at the land station call his name and begin to talk to him . '' ( Fessenden ( 1908 ) pp. 579 - 580 ) Jump up ^ `` Long Distance Wireless Telephony '' by Reginald Fessenden , The Electrician , October 4 , 1907 , pp. 985 - 989 . Jump up ^ Van der Bijl , Hendrik Johannes ( 1920 ) The Thermionic Vacuum Tube and its Applications , p. 111 - 112 Jump up ^ Fleming Valve patent U.S. Patent 803,684 `` Instrument for converting alternating electric currents into continuous currents '' . It was also called a thermionic valve , vacuum diode , kenotron , and thermionic tube . Jump up ^ Fleming , John Ambrose ( 1914 ) The Wonders of Wireless Telegraphy : Explained in Simple Terms for the Non-technical Reader . Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , p. 149 Jump up ^ Wunsch , A. David ( November 1998 ) `` Misreading the Supreme Court : A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio '' , Society for the History of Technology ( mercurians.org ) Jump up ^ De Forest , Lee ( 1906 ) `` The Audion : A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy '' , Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers , October 26 , 1906 , pp. 735 - 779 Jump up ^ De Forest , Lee ( 1913 ) `` The Audion -- Detector and Amplifier '' , Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers ( volume 2 ) , pp. 15 - 36 Jump up ^ `` Statement of Dr. Lee de Forest , Radio Telephone Company '' Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on H.J. Resolution 95 : A bill to regulate and control the use of wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony . Washington : Gov. Print . Office , 1910 , pp. 75 - 78 Jump up ^ Industrial plant was located at 1391 Sedgwick Avenue in Bronx Borough , New York City . Jump up ^ Charles Gilbert was the treasurer of the company . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , G. , & Leonard , J.W. ( 1920 ) `` De Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company '' , America 's Maritime Progress , New York : New York marine news Co. , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Hong , Sungook ( 2001 ) Wireless : From Marconi 's Black - box to the Audion , MIT Press , page 9 Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , L.I. , `` Priority in the Invention of Radio : Tesla vs. Marconi '' , Antique Wireless Association Monograph No. 4 , March , 1980 . Anderson , L.I. , `` John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla 's Priority in Radio and Continuous - Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus '' , The AWA Review , Vol. 1 , 1986 , pp. 18 -- 41 . Brand , W.E. , `` Rereading the Supreme Court : Tesla 's Invention of Radio '' , Antenna , Volume 11 No. 2 , May 1998 , Society for the History of Technology Lauer , H. , & Brown , H.L. ( 1919 ) . Radio engineering principles . New York : McGraw - Hill book company ; ( etc. , etc . ) Rockman , H.B. ( 2004 ) . Intellectual property law for engineers and scientists . New York ( u.a. : IEEE Press ) . External links ( edit ) United States Court case `` Marconi Wireless Tel. Co. v. United States , 320 U.S. 1 ( U.S. 1943 ) '' , 320 U.S. 1 , 63 S. Ct. 1393 , 87 L. Ed . 1731 Argued April 9 , 12 , 1943 . Decided June 21 , 1943 . Books and articles listed by date , earliest first Telegraphing across space , Electric wave method . The Electrical engineer . ( 1884 ) . London : Biggs & Co. ( ed. , the article is broke up , it begins on p. 466 and continues on p. 493 . ) Fahie , J.J. ( 1900 ) . A history of wireless telegraphy , 1838 - 1899 : including some bare - wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs . Edinburgh : W. Blackwood and Sons . Thompson , S.P. , Homans , J.E. , & Tesla , N. ( 1903 ) . Polyphase electric currents and alternate - current motors . `` Wireless Telegraphy '' . The library of electrical science , v. 6 . New York : P.F. Collier & Son . Sewall , C.H. ( 1904 ) . Wireless telegraphy : its origins , development , inventions , and apparatus . New York : D. Van Nostrand . Trevert , E. ( 1904 ) . The A.B.C. of wireless telegraphy ; a plain treatise on Hertzian wave signaling ; embracing theory , methods of operation , and how to build various pieces of the apparatus employed . Lynn , Mass : Bubier Pub . Collins , A.F. ( 1905 ) . Wireless telegraphy ; its history , theory and practice . New York : McGraw Pub . Mazzotto , D. , & Bottone , S.R. ( 1906 ) . Wireless telegraphy and telephony . London : Whittaker & Co . Erskine - Murray , J. ( 1907 ) . A handbook of wireless telegraphy : Its theory and practice , for the use of electrical engineers , students , and operators . London : Crosby Lockwood and Son . ( ed. , also available in the Van Nostrand ( 1909 ) version ) . Murray , J.E. ( 1907 ) . A handbook of wireless telegraphy . New York : D. Van Nostrand Co. ; ( etc . ) Simmons , H.H. ( 1908 ) . `` Wireless telegraphy '' , Outlines of electrical engineering . London : Cassell and Co . Fleming , J.A. ( 1908 ) . The principles of electric wave telegraphy . London : New York and Co . Twining , H.L.V. , & Dubilier , W. ( 1909 ) . Wireless telegraphy and high frequency electricity ; a manual containing detailed information for the construction of transformers , wireless telegraph and high frequency apparatus , with chapters on their theory and operation . Los Angeles , Cal : The author . Bottone , S.R. ( 1910 ) . Wireless telegraphy and Hertzian waves . London : Whittaker & Co . Bishop , L.W. ( 1911 ) . The wireless operators ' pocketbook of information and diagrams . Lynn , Mass : Bubier Pub. Co. ; ( etc. , etc . ) . Massie , W.W. , & Underhill , C.R. ( 1911 ) . Wireless telegraphy and telephony popularly explained . New York : D. Van Nostrand . Ashley , C.G. , & Hayward , C.B. ( 1912 ) . Wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony : an understandable presentation of the science of wireless transmission of intelligence . Chicago : American School of Correspondence . Stanley , R. ( 1914 ) . Text book on wireless telegraphy . London : Longmans , Green . Thompson , S.P. ( 1915 ) . Elementary lessons in electricity and magnetism . New York : Macmillan Bucher , E.E. ( 1917 ) . Practical wireless telegraphy : A complete text book for students of radio communication . New York : Wireless Press , Inc . American Institute of Electrical Engineers . ( 1919 ) . Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . New York : American Institute of Electrical Engineers . ( ed. , Contains Radio Telephony -- By E.B. Craft and E.H. Colpitts ( Illustrated ) . Page 305 ) Stanley , R. ( 1919 ) . Text - book on wireless telegraphy . London : Longmans , Green . Encyclopedias Chisholm , H. ( 1910 ) . The encyclopædia britannica : A dictionary of arts , sciences , literature and general information . Cambridge , Eng : At the University press . `` Telegraph '' , `` Part II - Wireless Telegraphy '' . American Technical Society . ( 1914 ) . Cyclopedia of applied electricity : A general reference work on direct - current generators and motors , storage batteries , electrochemistry , welding , electric wiring , meters , electric light transmission , alternating - current machinery , telegraphy , etc . Volume 7 . Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony By C.G. Ashley Page 147 . Chicago : American technical society . Colby , F.M. , Williams , T. , & Wade , H.T. ( 1922 ) . `` Wireless Telegraphy '' , The New international encyclopaedia . New York : Dodd , Mead and Co . `` Wireless telegraphy '' , The Encyclopædia Britannica. ( 1922 ) . London : Encyclopædia Britannica . Gutenberg project The New Physics and Its Evolution . Chapter VII : A Chapter in the History of Science : Wireless telegraphy by Lucien Poincaré , eBook # 15207 , released February 28 , 2005 . Websites Tesla society Early Radio History Howeth , Captain H.S. History of Communications -- Electronics in the United States Navy , published 1963 , GPO , 657 pages . Free online public domain US government published book . Wunsch , A.D. , `` Misreading the Supreme Court , '' Antenna , Volume 11 No. 1 , November 1998 , Society for the History of Technology Katz , Randy H. , `` Look Ma , No Wires '' : Marconi and the Invention of Radio `` . History of Communications Infrastructures * Timeline : First Thirty Years of Radio , 1895 - 1925 . White , Thomas H. ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Nikola Tesla : The Guy Who DIDN 'T ' Invent Radio ' '' . ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invention_of_radio&oldid=833132380 '' Categories : Discovery and invention controversies History of electronic engineering History of inventions History of radio Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2011 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the first radio and what year	[ "Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British patent No. 12,039, Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. The complete specification was filed March 2, 1897. This was Marconi's initial patent for the radio, though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others (including Popov). During this time spark-gap wireless telegraphy was widely researched. In July, 1896, Marconi got his invention and new method of telegraphy to the attention of Preece, then engineer-in-chief to the British Government Telegraph Service, who had for the previous twelve years interested himself in the development of wireless telegraphy by the inductive-conductive method. On June 4, 1897, he delivered \"Signalling through Space without Wires\".[96] Preece devoted considerable time to exhibiting and explaining the Marconi apparatus at the Royal Institution in London, stating that Marconi invented a new relay which had high sensitiveness and delicacy.[97]", "Marconi was awarded a patent for radio with British patent No. 12,039, Improvements in Transmitting Electrical Impulses and Signals and in Apparatus There-for. The complete specification was filed March 2, 1897. This was Marconi's initial patent for the radio, though it used various earlier techniques of various other experimenters and resembled the instrument demonstrated by others (including Popov). During this time spark-gap wireless telegraphy was widely researched. In July, 1896, Marconi got his invention and new method of telegraphy to the attention of Preece, then engineer-in-chief to the British Government Telegraph Service, who had for the previous twelve years interested himself in the development of wireless telegraphy by the inductive-conductive method. On June 4, 1897, he delivered \"Signalling through Space without Wires\".[96] Preece devoted considerable time to exhibiting and explaining the Marconi apparatus at the Royal Institution in London, stating that Marconi invented a new relay which had high sensitiveness and delicacy.[97]" ]	[ "1897", "Marconi" ]
9153440130914209303	(Everything I Do) I Do It for You	( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You - wikipedia ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You Jump to : navigation , search `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' Single by Bryan Adams from the album Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves soundtrack and Waking Up the Neighbours B - side `` She 's Only Happy When She 's Dancing '' ( Live in Belgium 1989 ) Released June 18 , 1991 Format 7 '' CD Recorded March 1991 Genre Soft rock Length 6 : 34 ( album version ) 4 : 06 ( single version ) Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Bryan Adams Michael Kamen Robert `` Mutt '' Lange Producer ( s ) Robert `` Mutt '' Lange Bryan Adams singles chronology `` Only the Strong Survive '' ( 1987 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( 1991 ) `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' ( 1991 ) `` Only the Strong Survive '' ( 1987 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( 1991 ) `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' is a song by Canadian singer - songwriter Bryan Adams . Written by Adams , Michael Kamen and Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange , featured on two albums simultaneously on its release , the soundtrack album from the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves and on Adams ' sixth album Waking Up the Neighbours ( 1991 ) . The song was an enormous chart success internationally , particularly in the United Kingdom , where it spent sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart ( the longest in British chart history ) . It went on to sell more than 15 million copies worldwide , making it Adams ' most successful song and one of the best - selling singles of all time . Subsequently , the song has been covered by hundreds of singers and artists around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music videos 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Decade - end charts 3.4 Sales and certifications 4 Fatima Mansions version 5 Brandy version 5.1 Track listings 5.2 Credits and personnel 5.3 Charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The musicians on the original recording are Adams on lead vocals and guitar , Bill Payne ( piano ) , Mickey Curry ( drums ) , Larry Klein ( bass ) , Keith Scott ( guitar ) and Mutt Lange ( keyboards and background vocals ) . The song was written in London , UK at the studio Adams was working at in 1990 , and he and Lange wrote it in 45 minutes , recording it the following March and releasing it three months later . The song is performed in the key of D ♭ major . Music videos ( edit ) The official music video for the song was directed by Julien Temple . A video was also commissioned for a live version of the song , directed by Andy Morahan . Charts and certifications ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' has the longest unbroken run at number one , spending sixteen consecutive weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart from July to October 1991 . It also spent seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and nine weeks atop the Canadian Singles Chart in Adams 's native Canada . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1991 . Adams , Kamen and Lange won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television , and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards of 1992 . It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song but lost to `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 -- 93 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Dutch Top 40 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position UK Singles Chart 7 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 37 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 508,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,840,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 4,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Fatima Mansions version ( edit ) The Irish band Fatima Mansions released a heavily altered cover of the song as part of an NME tribute album in aid of the charity , the Spastics Society . The single was a double A-side with the Manic Street Preachers ' version of `` Suicide Is Painless '' . The single entered the UK top ten in 1992 , and reached number 12 in the Republic of Ireland . However , The Manic Street Preachers song received most of the UK radio airplay . Brandy version ( edit ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' Single by Brandy from the album Never Say Never Released September 28 , 1999 Format CD digital download Recorded 1998 Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 06 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Bryan Adams Michael Kamen Robert `` Mutt '' Lange Producer ( s ) David Foster Brandy singles chronology `` U Do n't Know Me '' ( 1998 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Say Never '' ( 2000 ) `` U Do n't Know Me '' ( 1998 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Say Never '' ( 2000 ) American singer Brandy rerecorded `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' for the standard version of her second studio album Never Say Never ( 1998 ) . Producer David Foster reworked the arrangement of the original song , with Dean Parks playing the acoustic guitar . In 1999 , her cover version was released as the album 's final single on a double A-side with `` U Do n't Know Me '' on the Oceanic music market , where it reached the top 30 of New Zealand 's RIANZ singles chart . Track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- 4 : 10 `` U Do n't Know Me '' -- 4 : 29 `` Have You Ever ? '' ( Soul Skank Remix ) -- 5 : 40 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are taken from Never Say Never liner notes . Composer -- Bryan Adams , Michael Kamen , R.J. Lange Production -- David Foster Acoustic guitar -- Dean Parks Electric guitar -- Michael Thompson Programming -- Felipe Elgueta Mixing -- Tom Bender Recording -- Al Schmitt Charts ( edit ) Chart Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 28 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs ( 20 - 11 ) '' . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 ... Billboard . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( March 8 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Pop ; Bryan Adams , More Mr. Nice Guy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilde , John ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Adams : Everything I Do was at No 1 for four months ... but I wrote it in 45 minutes '' . Daily Mail . MailOnline . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Adams Songwriting Interview - Writing His Classic Hits '' . Songwriter Universe . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Bryan Adams - `` ( Everything I do ) I do it for you ( version 1 : concept ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Bryan Adams - `` ( Everything I do ) I do it for you ( version 2 : live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Everything I do ) I do it for you in Official Charts '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM , Volume 54 , August 31 , 1991 '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1991 Jump up ^ `` 1992 Grammy Awards '' . metrolyrics.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 64th Academy Awards ( 1991 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscarguy.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` ( Everything I do ) I do it for you in Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( Everything I do ) I do it for you in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nyman , Jake ( 2005 ) . Suomi soi 4 : Suuri suomalainen listakirja ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 951 - 31 - 2503 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Bryan Adams Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : A '' . Hit Parade Italia . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bryan Adams '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Billboard Billboard.com ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/music/bryan-adams/chart-history/hot-mainstream-rock-tracks/song/26938 Jump up ^ 1991 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved February 10 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1991 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1991 '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1991 '' . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Accreditation Awards '' . Australian Fun Countdowns. April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Bryan Adams -- Everything I Do ... '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Bryan Adams in the field Interpret . Enter Everything I Do ... in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BRYAN ADAMS and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or : '' . Infodisc.fr ( in French ) . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Bryan Adams ; ' ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bryan Adams -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` These are the UK 's 20 biggest selling love ballads of all time '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Adams , Bryan -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Sandiford - Waller , Theda ( November 9 , 1996 ) . `` Hot 100 Singles Spotlight '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 108 ( 45 ) : 83 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 196 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts '' . irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 8 September 2014 . Search by Artist : Fatima Mansions Jump up ^ Nick Dale , `` Fatima Mansions '' in Peter Buckley ( ed . ) The Rough Guide To Rock. London ; Rough Guides , 2003 ISBN 1843531054 ( p. 364 ) . Jump up ^ `` Brandy ( 2 ) -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You ( Australian CD Single ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Never Say Never ( Media notes ) . Atlantic Records . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Brandy -- ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 23 May 2011 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic.com article on Waking Up The Neighbours Preceded by `` Any Dream Will Do '' by Jason Donovan Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( first run ) July 4 , 1991 -- September 5 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Hay Wrap '' by The Saw Doctors Preceded by `` Any Dream Will Do '' by Jason Donovan UK number - one single July 7 , 1991 -- October 26 , 1991 Succeeded by `` The Fly '' by U2 Preceded by `` Read My Lips '' by Melissa ARIA Charts number - one single July 22 , 1991 -- October 6 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Love Thy Will Be Done '' by Martika Preceded by `` Unbelievable '' by EMF Billboard Hot 100 number - one single July 27 , 1991 -- September 7 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Promise of a New Day '' by Paula Abdul Preceded by `` Driver 's Seat '' by Sniff ' n ' the Tears Dutch Top 40 number - one single August 10 , 1991 -- October 19 , 1991 Succeeded by `` James Brown Is Dead '' by L.A. Style Preceded by `` Gypsy Woman '' by Crystal Waters Eurochart Hot 100 July 27 , 1991 -- November 23 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Black or White '' by Michael Jackson Preceded by `` Rush Rush '' by Paula Abdul Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single August 3 -- September 21 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Time , Love and Tenderness '' by Michael Bolton Preceded by `` Right Here , Right Now '' by Jesus Jones Cash Box Top 100 Singles August 3 , 1991 -- September 7 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Promise of a New Day '' by Paula Abdul Preceded by `` Rush Rush '' by Paula Abdul RPM number - one single ( Canada ) August 3 , 1991 -- September 28 , 1991 Succeeded by `` The Motown Song '' by Rod Stewart Preceded by `` Everybody Plays the Fool '' by Aaron Neville RIANZ number - one single August 16 , 1991 -- October 4 , 1991 Succeeded by `` All 4 Love by Color Me Badd Preceded by `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by Right Said Fred Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( second run ) October 3 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Always Look on the Bright Side of Life '' by Monty Python Preceded by `` La Zoubida '' by Lagaf ' French SNEP number - one single October 12 , 1991 -- November 30 , 1991 Succeeded by `` Qui a le droit ... '' by Patrick Bruel Bryan Adams Discography Videography Awards and nominations Backing band Studio albums Bryan Adams You Want It You Got It Cuts Like a Knife Reckless Into the Fire Waking Up the Neighbours 18 til I Die On a Day Like Today Room Service 11 Tracks of My Years Get Up ! Live albums Live ! Live ! Live ! MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Bare Bones Live at Sydney Opera House Soundtracks Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Colour Me Kubrick Compilations So Far So Good The Best of Me Anthology Icon Ultimate Singles `` Let Me Take You Dancing '' `` Straight from the Heart '' `` Cuts Like a Knife '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` Run to You '' `` Somebody '' `` Heaven '' `` Summer of ' 69 '' `` One Night Love Affair '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Diana '' `` Christmas Time '' `` Heat of the Night '' `` Hearts on Fire '' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' `` Ca n't Stop This Thing We Started '' `` There Will Never Be Another Tonight '' `` Thought I 'd Died and Gone to Heaven '' `` Do I Have to Say the Words ? '' `` Please Forgive Me '' `` The Only Thing That Looks Good on Me Is You '' `` Let 's Make a Night to Remember '' `` I 'll Always Be Right There '' `` Star '' `` 18 til I Die '' `` Back to You '' `` I 'm Ready '' `` On a Day Like Today '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Cloud Number Nine '' `` The Best of Me '' `` Cloud Number Nine ( Chicane Mix ) '' `` Inside Out '' `` Here I Am '' `` Open Road '' `` Flying '' `` Room Service '' `` This Side of Paradise '' `` Why Do You Have to Be So Hard to Love ? '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` I Thought I 'd Seen Everything '' `` Tonight We Have the Stars '' `` You 've Been a Friend to Me '' `` One World , One Flame '' Collaborations `` All for Love '' `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' `` Rock Steady '' `` I Finally Found Someone '' `` Do n't Give Up '' `` Bang the Drum '' `` Feels Like Home '' Videography MTV Unplugged Live at the Budokan Live in Lisbon Live at Sydney Opera House Musicals Pretty Woman Book Portal Brandy Norwood songs Brandy `` Baby '' `` Best Friend '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` I Wanna Be Down '' Never Say Never `` Almost Does n't Count '' `` Angel in Disguise '' `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' `` Have You Ever ? '' `` Never Say Never '' `` The Boy Is Mine '' `` Top of the World '' `` U Do n't Know Me ( Like U Used To ) '' Full Moon `` Another Day in Paradise '' `` Die Without You '' `` Full Moon '' `` He Is '' `` What About Us ? '' Afrodisiac `` Afrodisiac '' `` Should I Go '' `` Talk About Our Love '' `` Turn It Up '' `` Who Is She 2 U '' Human `` Long Distance '' `` Right Here ( Departed ) '' `` True '' Two Eleven `` Put It Down '' `` Scared of Beautiful '' `` Wildest Dreams '' Other songs `` Beggin & Pleadin '' `` It All Belongs to Me '' `` Magic '' `` Missing You '' `` Optimistic '' `` Rock with You '' `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' `` Stuff Like That '' `` Talk to Me '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Where Are You Now ? '' Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Somewhere Out There '' ( 1988 ) `` Two Hearts '' ( 1989 ) `` Let the River Run '' ( 1990 ) `` Under the Sea '' ( 1991 ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' ( 1992 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' ( 1995 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' ( 1996 ) `` Because You Loved Me '' ( 1997 ) `` I Believe I Can Fly '' ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( 1999 ) `` Beautiful Stranger '' ( 2000 ) `` When She Loved Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Boss of Me '' ( 2002 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' ( 2003 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' ( 2004 ) `` Into the West '' ( 2005 ) `` Believe '' ( 2006 ) `` Our Town '' ( 2007 ) `` Love You I Do '' ( 2008 ) `` Down to Earth '' ( 2009 ) `` Jai Ho '' ( 2010 ) `` The Weary Kind '' ( 2011 ) `` I See the Light '' ( 2012 ) `` Safe & Sound '' ( 2013 ) `` Skyfall '' ( 2014 ) `` Let It Go '' ( 2015 ) `` Glory '' ( 2016 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2017 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2018 ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1980 -- 1999 ) 1980 : `` Call Me '' -- Blondie 1981 : `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Kim Carnes 1982 : `` Physical '' -- Olivia Newton - John 1983 : `` Every Breath You Take '' -- The Police 1984 : `` When Doves Cry '' -- Prince 1985 : `` Careless Whisper '' -- Wham ! featuring George Michael 1986 : `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Dionne & Friends 1987 : `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles 1988 : `` Faith '' -- George Michael 1989 : `` Look Away '' -- Chicago 1990 : `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` End of the Road '' -- Boyz II Men 1993 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1994 : `` The Sign '' -- Ace of Base 1995 : `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' -- Coolio featuring L.V. 1996 : `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río 1997 : `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' -- Elton John 1998 : `` Too Close '' -- Next 1999 : `` Believe '' -- Cher Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Everything_I_Do)_I_Do_It_for_You&oldid=834125452 '' Categories : 1991 singles 1991 songs 1999 singles A&M Records singles Bryan Adams songs Brandy Norwood songs Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Belgium RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Song recordings produced by Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Songs written by Michael Kamen Songs written by Bryan Adams Robin Hood music Rock ballads Canadian soft rock songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Music videos directed by Julien Temple 1990s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from February 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did bryan adams wrote everything i do	[ "\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Written by Adams, Michael Kamen and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, featured on two albums simultaneously on its release, the soundtrack album from the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and on Adams' sixth album Waking Up the Neighbours (1991). The song was an enormous chart success internationally, particularly in the United Kingdom, where it spent sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart (the longest in British chart history). It went on to sell more than 15 million copies worldwide, making it Adams' most successful song and one of the best-selling singles of all time.[2] Subsequently, the song has been covered by hundreds of singers and artists around the world." ]	[ "1991" ]
-1018023184657864502	La Luna Sangre	La Luna Sangre - wikipedia La Luna Sangre La Luna Sangre Genre Fantasy Horror Drama Romance Action Suspense Sci - Fi Supernatural Political thriller Thriller Developed by Malou N. Santos Des M. De Guzman Written by Adam Cornelius Asin Mary Pearl Urtola Directed by Jerry Lopez Sineneng Richard I. Arellano Frasco S. Mortiz Rory B. Quintos Mae Czarina Cruz - Alviar GB Sampedro ( Second Unit ) Lester S. Pimentel ( Action ) Wang Yanbin ( Action ) Cathy Garcia - Molina ( Pilot Week ) Starring Kathryn Bernardo Daniel Padilla Richard Gutierrez Opening theme `` Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin '' by KZ Tandingan Composer ( s ) Louie Ocampo Joey Albert Country of origin Philippines Original language ( s ) Filipino No. of episodes 185 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Fe Catherine DV Ancheta Marissa Kalaw Kristine P. Sioson Editor ( s ) Joshua Ducasen Mark Angos Running time 20 -- 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Star Creatives Release Original network ABS - CBN Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) -- March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) Chronology Preceded by Lobo ( 2008 ) Imortal ( 2010 ) La Luna Sangre ( Lit : The Blood Moon ) is a 2017 Philippine horror - fantasy drama television series . Directed by Richard Arellano , Rory Quintos and Mae Cruz - Alviar , it stars Kathryn Bernardo , Daniel Padilla and Richard Gutierrez . It is the third installment of Lobo and the sequel to Imortal . The series premiered on ABS - CBN 's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on June 19 , 2017 to March 2 , 2018 , replacing My Dear Heart . Contents 1 Plot Summary 1.1 Act One 1.2 Act Two 1.3 The Apocalypse ( Finale ) 2 Cast 2.1 Malia Rodriguez 2.2 Tristan Toralba 2.3 Sandrino Villalobo 2.4 Lia Ortega Rodriguez and Jacintha Magsaysay 3 Production 4 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Television ratings 5.2 Awards 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Plot summary ( edit ) The prophecy of the Blood Moon is the heart of this fictional series . It is foreshadowed from the start that the child of the most powerful vampire and the chosen wolf will end the reign of the vampire with the cursed ink ( `` sumpang tintâ '' ) . The story picks up when Mateo ( John Lloyd Cruz ) , Lia ( Angel Locsin ) and Malia Rodriguez ( Kathryn Bernardo ) are living their lives as powerless mortals in San Isidro , a fictional province of the Philippines . Sandrino ( Richard Gutierrez ) , Magnus ' son , also known as Supremo , orders his forces to hunt the Rodriguez family to prevent the prophecy 's fulfillment and ensure his ascendancy into power . Malia 's bloodline is a threat to Supremo even as a mortal child without powers . Supremo kills Mateo and Lia , unaware that the 7 year old Malia is carried off to safety at a secret LLU base in Tanay , Rizal by the werewolf Baristo ( Joross Gamboa ) . Act one ( edit ) Malia is 21 years old when Supremo locates their camp and massacres everyone . Supremo and his vampires replace LLU 's business and political influence and assimilate into mainstream society in the metropolis . In the 14 years since the massacre , the peaceful cooperation of the three species established by the LLU organization is gone , werewolves are hiding and humans are in peril once again . Many LLU leaders flee the country . A few remnants find each other in Manila , where Malia meets Tristan ( Daniel Padilla ) , a young man seeking to avenge his father 's death by vampires . Tristan joins a secret youth vigilante group called Moonchasers , who track and kill vampires and protect Supremo 's targeted victims . Jethro Kabigting ( Dino Imperial ) , the seer , predicts the young couple are fated to be enemies . They grow closer , nonetheless , and Tristan discovers she is not human . They fall in love . Destroying the Supremo is Malia 's entire life 's work . Expected by everyone to fulfill the prophecy when she matures , she encounters defeat and disappointments time and again when her powers do not manifest . Undaunted , she persists , is killed and resurrects , and moves forward to fulfill the prophecy as the savior of the three species . Four characters precipitate Malia 's evolution from mortal to supernatural . Supremo is a lonely boy raised by an evil vampire who confers on him the enchantment of the cursed ink . Sandrino grows into an adult consumed with anger , but he weakens when he comes face to face with his brother . His desire to experience a real family gets his heart beating again . At the enchanted forest scene , Jacintha chooses not to kill Sandrino , pointing to the cursed ink as the real evil , foreshadowing her true mission . Jacintha Magsaysay , a dead ringer for Lia , is the precursor of Malia , whose mission is to facilitate the path for Malia to defeat the Cursed Ink . The political strategist who Gilbert Imperial hires to run his presidential campaign is a vampire and Hybrid secretly working with Samantha to undermine Supremo while they wait for Malia 's full powers to emerge . Samantha Imperial , ( Maricar Reyes - Poon ) is Magnus ' vampire daughter . Sandrino and Tristan are her half - brothers . She provides powerful cover for the LLU and the Moonchasers during their missions against Supremo . Samantha sacrifices her life to protect Jacintha 's identity . Tristan is the Moonchasers ' strongest fighter , a mortal thrown in the midst of the war between vampires and werewolves . He discovers his origins which changes his perspective of the world . Tristan 's mortal mother , Rica , is a vampire hunter who falls in love and becomes pregnant by the vampire Magnus . When Magnus is killed , Rica takes refuge with Barang and her stepson Sandrino , but a Luna force led by Tonio Toralba finds them , captures Rica and kills Sandrino . While Barang turns Sandrino into a vampire and raises him towards evil and revenge , Tonio brings the pregnant Rica to the safety of his family and raises Tristan on the path of goodness and righteousness . The source of Supremo 's power is the cursed ink in his arm . Barang 's memories lead Jacintha to the enchanted forest where she retrieves the ancient book of spells and learns how to defeat the curse : a beating heart and the First Werewolf 's Fang . In his recent visions , Jethro sees Barang inadvertently imprint the cursed ink on Tristan too while in Rica 's womb . Everyone understands the significance of this detail and are conflicted about protecting or killing him . Sandrino warns Tristan of man 's deep hatred and distrust for their kind . Malia remains determined to change his fate , and her decision to protect Tristan at all cost creates doubt within the LLU . On the night of the Blood Moon , the LLU and Moonchasers overpower Sandrino 's forces . Amidst the fighting , Jacintha urges Malia to keep Tristan away but Tristan stubbornly refuses to be kept in the safe house . Jacintha kills Tristan who is bitten by Supremo . She stabs Supremo with the First Werewolf 's fang and watches him and the cursed ink disintegrate into ashes . She vanishes into thin air leaving Malia holding Tristan 's lifeless body . The mystery of Jacintha remains unexplained . Act two ( edit ) Two years pass since the end of the war . Without the cursed ink 's protection , Supremo is no longer invincibile , but he raises Tristan from his death and turns him into a vampire . Supremo discovers new information about the cursed ink : the first mark granted him protection ; the second mark inside Tristan grants unparalleled strength ; and whoever possesses both marks gains infinite power . Supremo repeatedly attempts to cast the spell of the two marks on himself but fails . Later he learns he needs to kill his brother to get both marks . Angry over the tragic circumstances that turn him into a vampire , memories flood Tristan 's mind : his fallen comrades , the family he lost and all humans caught in the crossfire of the power struggle between the supernaturals . As Supremo plans their return , Tristan has a different agenda - create a war that annihilates vampires and werewolves and yield the world to humans only . He works with Prof T to reactivate the Moonchasers and prepare for a big war where the werewolves and vampires destroy each other . Meanwhile , the new order under the Waya Corp has the werewolves back on top . There is a feeling of unease as the National ID System rolls out under a new President sympathetic towards Tristan and Supremo . The system identifies humans and supernaturals , potentially compromising the identities the werewolves have carefully guarded for decades . Although Malia prefers the supernaturals to not participate , she is overruled by her council members who do not take her concerns about a threat of a new war seriously , dismissing her fears as irrelevant . Two traitors in the council , Geneva and Soraya , successfully unseat her from the head guardian position on the basis of a mental breakdown . But soon after a vicious vampire onslaught , Malia 's powerful wall of protection proves stronger than Supremo 's and Tristan 's , and the vampires retreat . Apologizing to Malia , the council acknowledges their misjudgment and restore her to her position . Soraya decides to secretly ally with Supremo to betray the Wayas and Malia . Malia 's new enemy is Soraya Laurent , leader of the black werewolves , another breed of the werewolves species who rebelled against the Waya Council decades ago under Lyka Ortega 's guardianship in the Lobo series , a generation before Lia and Mateo 's LLU peace agreement was enforced . Certain that Jacintha defeated the cursed ink , the black werewolves plan to take over the predatory might to feed on humans , violating their decades - long vow to protect them . Soraya plots to kill Malia who would never allow this to happen . Meanwhile , the National ID database begins culling werewolves who registered . Colluding with Supremo , President Osmundo 's military forces systematically round up the werewolves and are tortured and killed in undisclosed facilities . Malia 's remarkable ability to analyze and accurately assess situations , saves the captured werewolves from Osmundo 's men . Tristan rushes to the vicinity and tries to prevent a massacre which infuriates Supremo and he begins to doubt Tristan 's loyalty . Supremo 's doubts about Tristan increases when his vampire forces are constantly undermined by LLU presence . At the Heroes Ball , the LLU witnesses Tristan and Malia work from opposite forces , protect the humans from a mass conversion and not a single vampire survives . Soraya confirms Tristan 's duplicity to Supremo . Miriam discovers Soraya 's alliance with Supremo and alerts the LLU . Malia 's astuteness once again brings her to the truth behind Tristan 's real intentions and tries to convince him to join forces with her . The apocalypse ( finale ) ( edit ) Supremo declares war on his brother , but he gauges the moment he can distract Tristan to possess the two cursed inks . But without intel from Soraya , Supremo is unaware that Malia and Tristan are allies once again . Nonetheless , he banks on Soraya to immobilize the LLU from within . Elsewhere , two crucial laboratory experiments reach crossroads . Prof T 's research for an anti-vampire serum is at a dead end , but he stumbles upon an ingredient that humans can use as a weapon of mass destruction against the supernaturals . Meanwhile , Lemuel 's serum for curing vampires using the pulverized ingredients of the First Werewolf 's Fang reaches another dead end . Desperate to change Tristan 's mind , Lemuel pretends his formula heals James , a vampire who becomes mortal once again . Unaware of the ruse , Tristan and Malia have renewed hope , he changes his plan to annihilate the supernaturals . Hope gets Tristan 's heart beating again , which means his powers are weakened and his cursed mark is vulnerable for Supremo to steal . Soraya and her black werewolves escape to join Supremo , adding werewolves to replace the vampire horde he lost . They enter the Moonchasers headquarters and kill the unsuspecting Professor Ellie . The first major encounter does not end well for Tristan , Malia and the LLU , the biggest blow being the loss of all the Moonchasers except for Prof T and Hanno . Amid Tristan 's face off with Supremo , Sandrino hears Tristan 's heart beating . As Lucho said it would , the cursed ink is drawn to the being who is consumed by hatred . Supremo 's hatred wins over Tristan 's righteousness and as the cursed ink consumes him , Malia and the LLU escape with Tristan . Darkness descends on the population as Sandrino and his vampires rule once again , this time alongside Soraya and the Black Lobos . The peace agreement between the three species is destroyed . Humans are systematically harvested for the blood farms or transformed into vampires . Malia 's defeat brings Sandrino and Soraya forward as they reclaim their place in the social hierarchy . Gilbert Imperial is appointed Secretary of National Defense , and Osmundo is killed and replaced by President Cecilio , a vampire ally . With not enough time left to save humanity , Malia contemplates time travel as Jacintha did to kill a weaker Sandrino , but Tristan wo n't allow it , insisting they fight Supremo together in the present . Malia , Tristan and a remnant of their group hide in the safe house to regroup . After convincing him to abandon his revenge to destroy all the supernaturals with his acid red rain , Malia and Tristan bid goodbye to Prof T and erase his memories of their time together . The Super Moon comes without incident but it has an unusual effect on Supremo . Two distinct beings emerge , the second one totally consumed by hatred , more brutal than the first , and he overpowers the older being altogether . His own vampire allies fear him more when he indiscriminately kills his own vampires . The new Supremo escalates his force 's onslaught of death on the population , taxing the strength and resources of the LLU trying to protect them . Malia suffers the loss of her adoptive father , Baristo while the Supremo takes Tristan 's grandparents ' lives for his refusal to kill Malia . Realizing Supremo 's ultimate goal to destroy everyone , mortal and supernaturals , Soraya 's remaining pack return to the LLU , and Greta kills Soraya in a final face off . Amidst the grief and loss suffered , Malia 's full transformation occurs , becoming a red - caped hybrid werewolf with vampiric characteristics and powers simillar to Jacintha . A new and dark prophecy challenges Malia and Tristan when Jethro sees the penultimate moment before the apocalyptic war where everyone is killed . Similarly , Supremo faces an obstacle as he battles to overcome any remaining good that used to be in his heart . Earlier , Lucho explains that the cursed ink can be defeated by a single act of goodness on Supremo 's part , be it compassion or sacrifice . Does this signal a lost cause considering Supremo 's unfettered powers and his all - consuming hatred or is this a foreshadowing of the outcome of the war ? Once again , we are reminded about Jacintha 's refusal to kill the child Sandrino in the forest . In many places all over the metropolis , Supremo 's mass hypnotism of the population begins , as mortals gather at various locations to commit mass suicide . The combined forces of the LLU and Sandrino 's allies who shifted to LLU try their best to stop them . At the communications facility where Supremo waits , Tristan meets his brother , ready to sacrifice his life . He reminds Sandrino of his humanity , of his life before the cursed ink , and this gives the Supremo pause as he battles to overpower the good in him . Unfortunately , the cursed ink seemingly prevails absorbing Sandrino once again . The Supremo seizes Tristan and Malia as both are mortally wounded . But just as Supremo prepares to deliver the final blow , the couple link hands and a surge of energy flows between them just as seen in Jethro 's prophecy . Turns out , together they can successfully defeat Supremo , already weakening by the opposing humanity remaining in Sandrino . Sandrino 's personality once again emerges just as the Supremo 's personality disintegrates into ashes with the cursed ink . Thanking Tristan for saving him from his evil self , Sandrino professes his love for his brother and disintegrates into ashes as well . In the epilogue , Malia notes that hardships will always be part of life even though the threat of the curse ink is now gone as long as there are mortals , werewolves , and vampires that have ill - intentions . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of La Luna Sangre characters Malia Rodriguez ( edit ) Portrayed by Kathryn Bernardo ( adult ) and Erika Clemente ( child ) , the main female character of the series , she is the New Chosen One who defeats the evil vampire marked with the cursed ink , hybrid offspring of Mateo and Lia , and Supremo 's enemy . The series follows her path to fulfilling her destiny as protector of the races . After Supremo kills her parents , Malia lives in Manila assuming two identities : Miyo Alcantara ( male ) and Toni Lumakad ( female ) to penetrate Supremo 's organization . Police assassinate Miyo but she resurrects from the dead with powers stronger than other vampires . She gathers the remnant survivors of the massacre and reorganizes the La Liga Unida . Malia is proclaimed LLU 's Head Guardian . Malia strives to protect the three races from the evil of Supremo and restore the peaceful coexistence of the species that her ancestors fought to establish . She does not give up on Tristan and wins him back to their side , successfully averting a war that would end their kind . She gains her full powers when she transforms into a red caped hybrid combination of werewolf and vampire with powers similar to Jacintha . Tristan Toralba ( edit ) Portrayed by Daniel Padilla ( adult ) and Justin James Quilantang ( child ) . He is the main male character of the series . The story tracks his life journey as he pursues revenge against vampires who destroyed his family . He joins the Moonchasers , a vigilante group that protects humans against vampires . Moonchasers ' headmaster , Prof. T describes him as a warrior and `` special , but difficult to control . '' Tristan is Magnus ' natural child with Rica Sison , a mortal woman . He rejects Sandrino and the evil vampires when he learns of his true nature , and despite Sandrino 's warnings about man 's treacherous nature and their fear and hatred towards vampires , Tristan holds on to the belief that the humans will not betray him . After Jacintha kills Tristan , Sandrino raises him from his death and awakens the cursed ink granting Tristan unparalleled strength . Tristan becomes the Imperator of Supremo 's vampires . Tristan secretly protects humans from increasing vampire attacks and plans to annihilate the supernatural species but is conflicted about Malia 's fate because he loves her . Tristan 's path is foreshadowed early in the series when his stepfather Tonio advises the six year old that his real battle would be waged in his heart . Tristan takes the ultimate risk to face Supremo , hoping to appeal to any remaining piece of humanity Sandrino felt towards his brother , to end the apocalypse . Sandrino Villalobo ( edit ) Portrayed by Richard Gutierrez ( adult ) and Zyren Leigh Luansing ( child ) , he has three aliases : Sandrino , Supremo and Gilbert Imperial . The story records Sandrino Villalobo 's tragic existence after a series of unfortunate incidents sends him on a trajectory towards evil . Sandrino 's father , the vampire Magnus rapes his mother , Maria Villalobo , to sire the chosen one . Despised by his mother , the mortal Sandrino suffers a violent childhood , his mother keeps him imprisoned . Deprived of food , starvation leads him to feed on live chickens and drink animal blood . In a fit of rage , he kills Maria when she attempts to push him off the balcony . He escapes into the forest with Barang , lonely until he meets Rica Sison , a Luna officer who loves and becomes pregnant by his father . She is the only person who shows him kindness and acceptance . When the Lunas capture Rica and kill Sandrino , Barang invokes the spell of the Cursed Ink , conferring upon him a protection from all weapons and transforms him into a vampire . Barang fuels his anger until the curse consumes his soul . He assumes the leadership of his race and becomes the Supremo , the King of evil vampires and architect of a utopian world without werewolves where humans exist solely as their food source . He takes the name Gilbert Imperial , the name Rica meant for Tristan , meaning `` a promise fulfilled . '' Gilbert mingles in the mortal world as CEO of a conglomerate and sets the wheels in motion for a perfect world for vampires . On the night Jacintha stabs him with the first Werewolf 's fang and destroys the curse inside him , Supremo loses the cursed ink 's protection but does not die . Through the Ancient Book of Spells , he discovers the infinite power both marks grant and gets it when he defeats Tristan . Possessing both marks creates two distinct personalities : the Supremo consumed with hatred , consequently overpowering Sandrino who still retained his humanity . The battle between Supremo and Sandrino is significant to the outcome of the story . He was successfully killed by Malia and Tristan and thanked Tristan for saving him from his evil self . Lia Ortega Rodriguez and Jacintha Magsaysay ( edit ) Portrayed by Angel Locsin , she plays two characters in this series . As Lia , the former `` Chosen One '' and Head Guardian in Imortal series , who ends the conflict between werewolves and vampires in the last war against Magnus and the Hybrids . Lia becomes a mortal woman when she and Mateo transfer their special powers and protection onto their infant daughter , Malia , who is stillborn . Her family 's peaceful life in San Isidro is disrupted when Supremo discovers their whereabouts . She is killed by Supremo , along with her husband Mateo . Angel 's second character portrayal is Jacintha Magsaysay . Jacintha 's mission is to facilitate the path for Malia to defeat Supremo . Jacintha surfaces 14 years after the LLU massacre and is Lia 's doppelgänger . Gilbert Imperial hires her as his Political Strategist when he runs for President of the Philippines . On the night of the blood moon , she uses the First Werewolf 's fang to end the cursed ink inside Sandrino , stripping him of his invincibility and weakens him . She reluctantly kills Tristan before he turns into a vampire . In the night of La Luna Sangre , after her mission is done , it was implied that she is the future Malia Rodriguez before disappearing into thin air . Production ( edit ) The writers of the series are Adam Cornelius Asin who wrote for the 2015 iteration of Pangako Sa'Yo and Mary Pearl Urtola who wrote for Dolce Amore . La Luna Sangre marks the return of the KathNiel love team ( consisting of Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla ) to television after last starring in the 2015 series , Pangako Sa ' Yo . The two appeared in three films Crazy Beautiful You ( 2015 ) , Barcelona : A Love Untold ( 2016 ) and Ca n't Help Falling in Love ( 2017 ) before working with La Luna Sangre . The two trained in Pekiti and Wushu martial arts as part of the television series project . The television series also marks Richard Gutierrez 's debut in ABS - CBN media . Maymay Entrata and Edward Barber also made their television series debut through La Luna Sangre . Marketing ( edit ) La Luna Sangre was first revealed during the network 's trade launch on November 2016 . After releasing another teaser trailer on late March 2017 , the soap opera premiered on June 19 , 2017 . Since May 15 , 2017 , ABS - CBN has started uploading all the episodes of Lobo and Imortal on the network 's Youtube channel , as prior to the premiere of La Luna Sangre . In October 4 , 2017 , iWant TV exclusively expands La Luna Sangre universe with `` Youtopia '' web series which centers on a group of friends whose friendships and trust in each other are tested , as they cross paths with the vampires of Sandrino 's army . The Youtopia 's cast are Axel Torres ( played as Ryan Magno ) , Edrei Tan ( played as Charlie Magno ) , Kate Alejandrino ( played as Nica Enriquez ) , Jal Galang ( played as Benj Alvarado ) , Gabby Padilla ( played as Viv Enriquez ) , Mary Joy Apostol ( played as Alex Alvarado ) , and Larissa Alivio ( played as Crystal Reyes ) . Reception ( edit ) Television ratings ( edit ) Kantar Media National TV Ratings ( 8 : 30PM PST ) Pilot Episode Finale Episode Peak Average 33.9 % June 19 , 2017 40.2 % March 2 , 2018 40.2 % March 2 , 2018 TBD Awards ( edit ) 31st PMPC Star Awards for Television `` Best Primetime Drama Series '' AnakTVAwards 2017 `` Household Favorite Program '' 2nd Gawad Bedista Actress of the Year for TV - Kathryn Bernardo 2nd Gawad Bedista Actor of the Year for TV - Daniel Padilla 2nd Gawad Bedista TV Drama of the Year - La Luna Sangre 9th Northwest Samar State University Student Choice Awards for Radio and TV - Best Actress in Primetime Teleserye for La Luna Sangre - Kathryn Bernardo See also ( edit ) List of programs broadcast by ABS - CBN List of drama series of ABS - CBN List of vampire television series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ABS - CBN reports that the Jacintha 's real identity has never been officially confirmed . It was speculated by fans that Malia and Jacintha are the same person . Malia transformed appearance ( wearing a red cape and hood ; similar eye color ) following the realization of her werewolf and vampire abilities , and the events shortly prior to the disappearance of Jacintha has been used to assert the unconfirmed theory . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` La Luna Sangre Trailer : Coming in 2017 on ABS - CBN ! '' . Youtube . ABS - CBN Entertainment . 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Torre , Nestor . `` Charismatic Players make viewers care for the characters they portray '' . entertainment.inquirer.net . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A quick guide to the world of La Luna Sangre '' . kapamilya.com . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Villano , Alexa . `` Meet the cast of La Luna Sangre '' . Rappler.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Luna Sangre Set Visit @ Tanay '' . astig.ph . AkoSiMARS . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Afinidad - Bernardo , Denni Rose . `` Angel Locsin 's vampire transformation tops network ratings '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chua , Rocky . `` What awaits the final episode of Imortal '' . tvseriescraze.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rocky , Runner . `` Angel Locsin as Jacintha is the lady in red in La Luna Sangre '' . tvseriescraze.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La Luna Sangre ' finale recap : Did Sandrino manage to kill Tristan , Malia ? '' . ABS - CBN News . 2 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' La Luna Sangre ' : Malia unleashes vampire powers in ' last reveal ' episode '' . ABS - CBN News . 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Iglesias , Iza ( 9 June 2017 ) . `` The pressure is on for KathNiel to lead ' La Luna Sangre ' '' . Manila Times . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Anarcon , James Patrick ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Maymay Entrata and Edward Barber to make teleserye debut via La Luna Sangre '' . PEP.ph . Philippine Entertainment Portal , Inc . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Torre , Nestor U. ( January 09 , 2017 ) . `` Bright start for new show biz year : . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Get to know the cast of iWant TV 's `` Youtopia '' `` . ABS - CBN . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN 's iWant TV expands La Luna Sangre Universe with `` Youtopia '' web series `` . ABS - CBN . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( JUNE 19 , 2017 -- MONDAY ) '' . ABSCBN PR . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NATIONAL TV RATINGS ( March 2 -- 4 , 2018 : FRIDAY TO SUNDAY ) '' . ABSCBN PR . March 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monde , Jeel . `` 31st PMPC Star Awards For Television List Of Winners '' . philnews.ph . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ABSCBN , Admin . `` Charo , Piolo , Anne and Charo enter Anak TV Hall of Fame '' . abscbnpr.com . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Moonstone Universe Television trilogy series Lobo ( 2008 ) Imortal ( 2010 ) La Luna Sangre ( 2017 ) Other media Moonchasers.ph The Hack Youtopia ABS - CBN drama series 1960s debuts Hiwaga sa Bahay na Bato 1980s debuts Agila Anna Luna 1990s debuts ! Oka Tokat Ang Munting Paraiso Esperanza Familia Zaragoza Labs Ko Si Babe Mara Clara Marinella Mula sa Puso Saan Ka Man Naroroon Valiente 2000s debuts ' Til Death Do Us Part Basta 't Kasama Kita Bituin Bituing Walang Ningning Calla Lily Crazy for You Dahil May Isang Ikaw Darating ang Umaga Dyosa Eva Fonda Gulong ng Palad Hiram I Love Betty La Fea Iisa Pa Lamang Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin It Might Be You Kahit Isang Saglit Kambal sa Uma Pablo S. Gomez 's Kampanerang Kuba Kapalaran Katorse Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay Kokey Krystala Kung Fu Kids Mars Ravelo 's Lastikman Ligaw na Bulaklak Lobo Lovers in Paris Maging Sino Ka Man Maging Sino Ka Man : Ang Pagbabalik Maid in Heaven Mangarap Ka Margarita Maria Flordeluna Marina May Bukas Pa Mga Anghel na Walang Langit My Girl Nagsimula sa Puso Only You Palos Carlo J. Caparas ' Panday Pangako Sa ' Yo Pangarap na Bituin Carlo J. Caparas ' Pieta Precious Hearts Romances Presents Princess Sarah Prinsesa ng Banyera Recuerdo de Amor Rounin Sa Dulo Ng Walang Hanggan Sa Piling Mo Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka Sana Maulit Muli Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas Sarah the Teen Princess Sineserye Presents Spirits Super Inggo Tayong Dalawa Vietnam Rose Walang Kapalit The Wedding Ysabella 2010s debuts 1DOL 100 Days to Heaven A Beautiful Affair A Love to Last Rod Santiago 's Agua Bendita All Of Me And I Love You So Angelito : Ang Bagong Yugto Angelito : Batang Ama Annaliza Apoy Sa Dagat Aryana Bagani Bagito Be Careful With My Heart Be My Lady The Better Half The Blood Sisters Born for You Bridges of Love Budoy Bukas Na Lang Kita Mamahalin Dahil Sa Pag - ibig Doble Kara Dolce Amore Dream Dad Carlo J. Caparas ' Dugong Buhay Mars Ravelo 's Dyesebel E-Boy FlordeLiza Forevermore Jim Fernandez 's Galema : Anak ni Zuma The Good Son Got to Believe The Greatest Love Green Rose Guns and Roses Habang May Buhay Hanggang Saan Hawak Kamay Honesto Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala Ikaw Ay Pag - Ibig Ikaw Lamang Ikaw Lang ang Iibigin Imortal Ina , Kapatid , Anak Pablo S. Gomez 's Inday Bote Juan dela Cruz Pablo S. Gomez 's Juanita Banana Kahit Konting Pagtingin Kahit Puso'y Masugatan Kailangan Ko'y Ikaw Kokey at Ako Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo La Luna Sangre Langit Lupa The Legal Wife Little Champ Lorenzo 's Time Gilda Olvidado 's Magkano Ang Iyong Dangal ? Magkaribal Magpahanggang Wakas Emil Cruz Jr. 's Mara Clara Maria la del Barrio Maria Mercedes May Isang Pangarap Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin Mirabella Elena M. Patron 's Momay Moon of Desire Wenn Deramas ' Mula Sa Puso Muling Buksan Ang Puso Salvador Royales ' Mundo Man ay Magunaw Pablo S. Gomez 's Mutya My Binondo Girl My Dear Heart My Little Juan My Super D Nasaan Ka Elisa ? Ricky Lee 's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita Nathaniel Ningning Noah Oh My G ! Oka2kat On the Wings of Love Pangako Sa ' Yo ( 2015 ) Pasión de amor Princess and I The Promise of Forever Pure Love Pusong Ligaw Reputasyon Rosalka Rubi Sabel Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon Since I Found You The Story of Us Tanging Yaman Till I Met You Tubig at Langis Two Wives Wako Wako Walang Hanggan Walang Iwanan We Will Survive Wildflower You 're My Home Current FPJ 's Ang Probinsyano ( since 2015 ) Araw Gabi ( since 2018 ) Asintado ( since 2018 ) Halik ( since 2018 ) Ngayon at Kailanman ( since 2018 ) Sana Dalawa ang Puso ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Playhouse ( 2018 ) The General 's Daughter ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Luna_Sangre&oldid=852858644 '' Categories : ABS - CBN drama series Philippine horror fiction television series Fantaserye and telefantasya Vampires in television Werewolves in television Philippine drama television series Witchcraft in television Romance television series 2017 Philippine television series debuts 2018 Philippine television series endings Television series by Star Creatives ABS - CBN television drama filmed in high definition Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Tagalog 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 21 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does la luna sangre mean in english	[ "La Luna Sangre (Lit: The Blood Moon) is a 2017 Philippine horror-fantasy drama television series. Directed by Richard Arellano, Rory Quintos and Mae Cruz-Alviar, it stars Kathryn Bernardo, Daniel Padilla and Richard Gutierrez. It is the third installment of Lobo and the sequel to Imortal. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel on June 19, 2017 to March 2, 2018, replacing My Dear Heart.[1]\n" ]	[ "The Blood Moon" ]
4254601720336611837	Suits (season 7)	Suits ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Suits ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Suits ( season 7 ) Starring Gabriel Macht Patrick J. Adams Rick Hoffman Meghan Markle Sarah Rafferty Gina Torres Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network USA Network Original release July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Suits episodes The seventh season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on August 3 , 2016 , and started airing on USA Network in the United States July 12 , 2017 . The season has five series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Specter Litt law firm in Manhattan : Gabriel Macht , Patrick J. Adams , Rick Hoffman , Meghan Markle , and Sarah Rafferty . Gina Torres is credited as the sixth regular only for the episodes that she appears in , following her departure last season . The season featured the 100th episode of the series , which was directed by Patrick J. Adams and aired August 30 , 2017 . To celebrate the series ' milestone , the main cast ( including Gina Torres ) and creator Aaron Korsh came together at ATX Television Festival for a live read - through of the series ' pilot script . They were joined by Abigail Spencer and Nick Wechsler to read for the episode 's guest stars . After Markle 's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27 , 2017 it was confirmed by show producers the next day that she would be leaving the show at the end of the season . On January 30 , 2018 , it was announced that the back half of the season will air from March 28 , 2018 to April 25 , 2018 , concluding the season with a two - hour finale that will see the departure of both Markle and Adams . At the same time , the show was officially renewed for its eighth season with Dulé Hill upgraded to series regular along with recurring star Amanda Schull . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Regular cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Notes 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Suits characters Regular cast ( edit ) Gabriel Macht as Harvey Specter Patrick J. Adams as Mike Ross Rick Hoffman as Louis Litt Meghan Markle as Rachel Zane Sarah Rafferty as Donna Paulsen Gina Torres as Jessica Pearson Recurring cast ( edit ) Christina Cole as Dr. Paula Agard Aloma Wright as Gretchen Bodinski Jordan Johnson - Hinds as Oliver Grady Peter Cambor as Nathan Amanda Schull as Katrina Bennett Dulé Hill as Alex Williams Wendell Pierce as Robert Zane Jake Epstein as Brian Altman Paul Schulze as Frank Gallo Ray Proscia as Dr. Lipschitz Al Sapienza as Thomas Bratton Jay Harrington as Mark Meadows Zoe McLellan as Holly Cromwell Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gina Torres is credited as a regular cast member for the episodes she appears in , following her departure last season . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Suits episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Skin in the Game '' Silver Tree Aaron Korsh July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.40 Following his breakup with Tara , Louis starts terrorizing the associates . His behavior raises red flags with Rachel , Donna , and Gretchen . Donna has figured out that what she wants is a seat at the table as a senior partner . She uses the situation with Louis to prove to Harvey that she deserves it after all these years of being a key person in running the firm without getting credit . Harvey agrees to name her senior partner , but has to tiptoe around telling Louis . As Rachel convinces Louis that he needs closure with Tara , he allows Rachel , now a lawyer in her own right , to step up and take over the associates from him . Meanwhile , Mike and Harvey team up again to prove to one of Jessica 's clients that the firm can handle his case now that Jessica is gone . Harvey has a hard time filling Jessica 's shoes and pursues a romantic relationship with his former therapist , Dr. Paula Agard . Mike gives the legal clinic half a million dollars , but his returning to PSL does n't sit well with his former colleagues , especially Oliver . 94 `` The Statue '' Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 1.36 Harvey and Paula agree to get to know one another better . Drawing inspiration from Jessica herself to mark the change of leadership , Harvey decides to drop her oldest client while eyeing an important client from Alex Williams , a lawyer from his past . However , Alex is only willing to transfer said client if he is made name partner at Pearson Specter Litt , which Louis and Donna oppose . Louis is terrified to lose his fragile friendship with Harvey if Alex comes to the firm , so he tries to poach the client behind Alex 's back . Harvey goes to meet with Jessica to get her on his side , but the meeting results in a fight . Meanwhile , Mike 's pro bono case hits a snag when the opposing lawyer uses Mike 's past to prejudice the judge . Katrina tells Harvey that his promoting Donna to senior partner has changed what it means to be named a partner to those both inside and outside the firm , leading to Harvey undoing Donna 's promotion . He instead names her COO while agreeing that she gets to have a vote inside the firm . Harvey also denies Alex name partner , but offers him senior partner , which Alex accepts . Jessica and Harvey make up and she confirms that he 's ready to take the lead . 95 `` Mudmare '' Maurice Marable Sharyn Rothstein July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 1.41 Louis has a nightmare about going mudding with Harvey in the other tub , only to have Alex join them and claim that he and Harvey go mudding all the time . After a discussion with his therapist , Louis agrees to try and be friends with Alex rather than possibly lose Harvey as a friend . Rachel deals with a fourth - year associate who repeatedly hands off menial procedural work to first - year employees . When Rachel confronts her , Donna steps in , undermining Rachel 's authority in front of all the other associates . After an argument , both Rachel and Donna admit they have a lot to learn about their new positions in the company . Rachel concedes she needs to focus on becoming a great lawyer more than being a supervisor . Mike takes a pro bono case concerning the wrongful death of a prisoner , only to find out there 's a conflict of interest because the parent company that built and runs the prison is one of Alex 's clients . Mike hands the case off to Oliver , who reluctantly takes it after Mike tells him how the incident hits close to home . Elsewhere , Harvey 's relationship with Dr. Agard hits a snag . 96 `` Divide and Conquer '' Anton Cropper Daniel Arkin August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.41 Rachel 's father questions if she and Mike can make time for the wedding and a marriage , as they both are busy with their careers . As Louis finds it difficult to get over Tara , Donna tries to manage the situation . Harvey meets Jessica for help with the fiasco at work and Mike finds it difficult not to help Oliver after signing the agreement to stay away from the prison case . While Louis and Alex get on better terms , Bratton Gould is trying to poach PSL clients , as someone seems to be leaking inside information . As a solution , Harvey tries to convince Zane to agree to a fake merger . Alex proves himself to be loyal to PSL and puts himself at risk to stop Tommy Bratton from coming after PSL clients . Mike and Rachel finally decide to set a date for their wedding , but set it far enough in the future to avoid stress . Harvey learns it was Jessica who leaked the information and he understands that she did so to unite PSL in a time of crisis . Rachel and her father have a heart to heart conversation for the first time in a long while . 97 5 `` Brooklyn Housing '' Roger Kumble Marshall Knight & Rob LaMorgese August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 1.29 While Mike agrees to work for the clinic on the prison case under the cover of a suit against the Brooklyn Housing Projects , Harvey suggests that Paula take Louis as her lawyer for her lawsuit with Jacob , her ex . Paula admits that she violated the terms of her professional agreement with Jacob . Donna feels that Harvey is hiding something from her . Harvey tries to get Mike 's help regarding a case and Mike 's absence makes him distressed . Holly Cromwell demands a job at PSL and Donna disagrees with Harvey 's decision . The return of Frank Gallo stirs things up . When Mike tries to extract information from Gallo about the prison rewarding him for starting fights , he demands that Mike get him early parole . Louis clears things with Dr. Lipschitz and wins Dr. Agard 's case . Elsewhere , Rachel discovers Mike is still working the prison case and warns him about the agreement . At the clinic , Nathan also deduces that Mike is helping Oliver . 98 6 `` Home to Roost '' Valerie Weiss Sandra Silverstein August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 1.47 Mike and Oliver visit Frank Gallo , who tips them off to a prosecutor who was going to bring a similar case involving him , but was forced to drop it . Rachel later has to lie to Harvey to cover for where Mike is that day , making her furious . Harvey finds out anyway when Gallo calls Donna , saying Harvey and Mike had better not try to screw him again . Meanwhile , Louis is hit with a sexual harassment lawsuit from Stephanie , the fourth - year associate whom Donna fired . Katrina tries to help by visiting Stephanie as a former colleague , but it still results in Louis needing to admit guilt . Louis eventually apologizes to Stephanie , telling her about losing his chance to be a father , only to find out his rant from before hit close to home with her . Elsewhere , Harvey tells Donna about dating Paula . Donna tells him she already knew , but later admits to Rachel that she did n't know , making her question herself . A pre-trial motion for the prison case goes sour when Alex shows up in court and calls out Mike , who is sitting in the back to support Oliver , forcing Mike to admit he violated conflict of interest and causing the case to be thrown out . Harvey appears to take Alex 's side in a fight with Mike , but later visits Alex and demands he tell him the truth . 99 7 `` Full Disclosure '' Cherie Nowlan Ethan Drogin August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 1.35 In flashbacks to the Pearson Hardman days , it 's revealed how Alex arranged for himself and Harvey to get junior partner positions at Bratton Gould , following Harvey 's displeasure over Hardman promoting Louis to junior partner ahead of him . Alex assures Tommy Bratton that Harvey 's arrival is a `` done deal , '' but Jessica ultimately convinces Harvey to stay , causing problems for Alex. Harvey apologizes to Alex and promises a favor if he ever needs it . Alex is given mostly grunt work and unwinnable cases for several years and his only way back is to become part of an unholy alliance between Bratton , Masterson Construction , and Reform Corp. -- an alliance that Mike has just discovered in the present day . Mike tries to get Anita Gibbs to take over the Masterson case as a criminal matter , now that the civil case has been dropped , but Gibbs sees too many conflicts . Also in the past , it is revealed that Jessica was the one who insisted that Louis start seeing Dr. Lipschitz for therapy , while Donna is dumped by Mark ( guest star Jay Harrington ) , her boyfriend of six months , when it becomes clear she will follow Harvey wherever he goes . In the present , Alex reveals all to Mike , including how his life could be in danger if Masterson is prosecuted , while Harvey reveals the same to Donna . 100 8 `` 100 '' Patrick J. Adams Rick Muirragui August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 1.51 Harvey asks Robert Zane to take over the prison case , but Zane will only agree if Harvey lets him try the case his own way . Later , Frank Gallo dies in prison , but not before Zane could record a damning video confession from him . Harvey accuses a rep from Reform Corp. of putting a hit on Gallo . While denying involvement , the rep agrees to sign a document revealing the alliance with Tommy Bratton . Harvey uses this to get Bratton to sign a document taking full responsibility and absolving Alex of any wrongdoing . Donna reconnects with her old boyfriend Mark and is taken aback when Mark invites her to his hotel room , even though he is currently married . Elsewhere , Louis wonders why Columbia Law did n't submit any candidates for the firm . He later learns that it 's because Sheila Sasz is now working in their placement department . Sheila reveals she is engaged to another man , but invites Louis to a hotel room for one last fling . While Donna backs away at Mark 's door , Louis enters Sheila 's room . 101 9 `` Shame '' Silver Tree Sharyn Rothstein September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 1.64 Feeling shame and guilt following a night of passion with Sheila , Louis throws himself into a case with his associate Brian while simultaneously avoiding an appointment with Dr. Lipschitz . When Louis finally meets with Lipschitz , he explains his actions by saying that Sheila , not Tara , is his one true love . Mike , meanwhile , suggests that Harvey reestablish his strength by taking on a prosecutor who is making waves by going after corrupt Wall Street brokers and winning every case . After finding a client to defend , Harvey learns that the prosecutor , Andy Malick ( Usman Ally ) , once worked with him in the Manhattan DA 's office . Harvey does not remember Andy , but Andy definitely remembers Harvey as being Cameron Dennis ' pet employee . Donna is drawn into the case as well , being the only other person aware of the shady things that went on under Cameron 's leadership . Elsewhere , Rachel goes after predatory lenders in a pro bono case with her father , later learning that the case is deeply personal for Robert . 102 10 `` Donna '' Michael Smith Genevieve Sparling September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 1.68 Louis finds a way to get Donna off the hook with Malick by citing that everything she and Harvey worked on under Cameron Dennis is work product and therefore privileged information . At the pre-trial hearing , Mike and Harvey successfully prevent Malick from using that information , but Malick surprises them by questioning Donna about the documents she shredded in the Coastal Motors case . Unprepared and under oath , Donna admits to doing so , but says she acted alone and not under Harvey 's direction . Donna later finds that Malick got the Coastal Motors information from Holly , but Holly will not take the stand . Mike and Harvey are able to prove that Malick manufactured evidence , offering to ignore it in exchange for Malick dropping the case against their client . Elsewhere , Rachel and Robert Zane continue their case against the bank executive who abused Robert 's sister . Robert almost ruins the case by letting his emotions take over , but Rachel finds another path they can take to win the case and get the executive fired . Louis helps Alex when the other half of Bratton Gould tries to poach a huge client . Malick returns with a new angle to get back at Harvey : he intends to get Jessica disbarred for knowing about Mike 's fraud and covering it up . Jessica arrives at Harvey 's home and says that she is okay with the consequences . Harvey insists that he will fight for her , but she urges him to let it go and remove her name from the wall . Louis helps Donna realize that she should fight for the one she loves when he relays his own regrets over Sheila . When Harvey comes to talk to Donna , she stuns him with a kiss , apologizing and telling him she just had to know . 103 11 `` Hard Truths '' Christopher Misiano Ethan Drogin March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1.18 Harvey and Louis fight to protect the future of the firm from its past ; Alex worries Mike 's instincts could risk a client relationship ; Donna and Harvey delve into the aftermath of their kiss . 104 12 `` Bad Man '' Roger Kumble Rick Muirragui April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 1.06 Harvey has to call in an old debt for the firm ; Mike goes toe to toe with an unlikely opponent ; Louis comes to terms with his new role . 105 13 `` Inevitable '' TBA TBA April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) TBD 106 14 `` Pulling the Goalie '' TBA TBA April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) TBD 107 15 `` Tiny Violin '' TBA TBA April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) TBD 108 16 `` Good - Bye '' TBA TBA April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Skin in the Game '' July 12 , 2017 0.4 1.40 0.4 1.31 0.8 2.71 `` The Statue '' July 19 , 2017 0.4 1.36 N / A 1.27 N / A 2.63 `` Mudmare '' July 26 , 2017 0.3 1.41 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Divide and Conquer '' August 2 , 2017 0.4 1.41 0.4 1.38 0.8 2.79 5 `` Brooklyn Housing '' August 9 , 2017 0.3 1.29 0.5 1.54 0.8 2.83 6 `` Home to Roost '' August 16 , 2017 0.4 1.47 0.4 1.27 0.8 2.73 7 `` Full Disclosure '' August 23 , 2017 0.4 1.35 0.4 1.52 0.8 2.87 8 `` 100 '' August 30 , 2017 0.4 1.51 0.3 1.34 0.7 2.85 9 `` Shame '' September 6 , 2017 0.4 1.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Donna '' September 13 , 2017 0.5 1.68 0.3 1.30 0.8 2.98 11 `` Hard Truths '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 1.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Bad Man '' April 4 , 2018 0.3 1.06 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed For Season 7 By USA Network -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SHATTUCK , KATHRYN ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Gina Torres on Why She Decided to Leave ' Suits ' '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arop , Nirat ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` USA Network Reveals Summer Programming Premiere Dates '' . Spoilertv.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HELDMAN , BREANNE L. ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Suits celebrates 100 episodes with a royal good time '' . ew.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Meghan Markle is officially leaving Suits after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' Renewed for Season 8 as Patrick J. Adams Officially Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' : Amanda Schull Promoted To Series Regular For Season 8 Of USA Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Suits Boss on Harvey 's Surprising New Romance and Donna 's Career Twist '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - suits on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 7.26. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.2. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.9. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 8.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finales 9.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suits Episode Guide '' . TVGuide . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suits - Episode Guide '' . zap2it.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' scores big in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park ' premiere makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Suits episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Suits Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Other Characters South Korean remake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suits_(season_7)&oldid=835151404 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does suits season 7 part 2 start	[ "After Markle's engagement to Prince Harry was announced on November 27, 2017 it was confirmed by show producers the next day that she would be leaving the show at the end of the season.[5] On January 30, 2018, it was announced that the back half of the season will air from March 28, 2018 to April 25, 2018, concluding the season with a two-hour finale that will see the departure of both Markle and Adams. At the same time, the show was officially renewed for its eighth season with Dulé Hill upgraded to series regular[6] along with recurring star Amanda Schull.[7]" ]	[ "March 28, 2018" ]
4853299007310519878	British Empire	British Empire - wikipedia British Empire Jump to : navigation , search British Empire Flag of the United Kingdom All areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire . Current British Overseas Territories have their names underlined in red . The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 % of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered 35,500,000 km ( 13,700,000 sq mi ) , 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 % of the Earth 's total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase `` the empire on which the sun never sets '' was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories . During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe , and in the process established large overseas empires . Envious of the great wealth these empires generated , England , France , and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia . A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England and then , following union between England and Scotland in 1707 , Great Britain , the dominant colonial power in North America . It then became the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company 's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 . The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies . British attention soon turned towards Asia , Africa , and the Pacific . After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars ( 1792 -- 1815 ) , Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century . Unchallenged at sea , British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ( `` British Peace '' ) , a period of relative peace in Europe and the world ( 1815 -- 1914 ) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman . In the early 19th century , the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain ; so that by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 , the country was described as the `` workshop of the world '' . The British Empire expanded to include most of India , large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world . Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its own colonies , its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions , such as Asia and Latin America . In Britain , political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez - faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise . During the 19th century , Britain 's population increased at a dramatic rate , accompanied by rapid urbanisation , which caused significant social and economic stresses . To seek new markets and sources of raw materials , the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt , South Africa , and elsewhere . Canada , Australia , and New Zealand became self - governing dominions . By the start of the 20th century , Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain 's economic lead . Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War , during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire . The conflict placed enormous strain on the military , financial and manpower resources of Britain . Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I , Britain was no longer the world 's pre-eminent industrial or military power . In the Second World War , Britain 's colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Japan . Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies , the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire . India , Britain 's most valuable and populous possession , achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire . The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire . Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty . After independence , many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations , a free association of independent states . The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms , that share a monarch , Queen Elizabeth II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) 1.1 Plantations of Ireland 2 `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) 2.1 Americas , Africa and the slave trade 2.2 Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia 2.3 Global conflicts with France 2.4 Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies 3 Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) 3.1 Exploration of the Pacific 3.2 War with Napoleonic France 3.3 Abolition of slavery 4 Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) 4.1 East India Company in Asia 4.2 Rivalry with Russia 4.3 Cape to Cairo 4.4 Changing status of the white colonies 5 World wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) 5.1 First World War 5.2 Inter-war period 5.3 Second World War 6 Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) 6.1 Initial disengagement 6.2 Suez and its aftermath 6.3 Wind of change 6.4 End of empire 7 Legacy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origins ( 1497 -- 1583 ) A replica of The Matthew , John Cabot 's ship used for his second voyage to the New World The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms . In 1496 , King Henry VII of England , following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration , commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic . Cabot sailed in 1497 , five years after the European discovery of America , but he made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland , and , mistakenly believing ( like Christopher Columbus ) that he had reached Asia , there was no attempt to found a colony . Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again . No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I , during the last decades of the 16th century . In the meantime , the 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals had declared `` that this realm of England is an Empire '' . The subsequent Protestant Reformation turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562 , the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave - raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic slave trade . This effort was rebuffed and later , as the Anglo - Spanish Wars intensified , Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic , laden with treasure from the New World . At the same time , influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee ( who was the first to use the term `` British Empire '' ) were beginning to press for the establishment of England 's own empire . By this time , Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean , Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China , and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area , later to become New France . Plantations of Ireland Although England trailed behind other European powers in establishing overseas colonies , it had been engaged during the 16th century in the settlement of Ireland with Protestants from England and Scotland , drawing on precedents dating back to the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 . Several people who helped establish the Plantations of Ireland also played a part in the early colonisation of North America , particularly a group known as the West Country men . `` First '' British Empire ( 1583 -- 1783 ) Main article : English overseas possessions In 1578 , Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration . That year , Gilbert sailed for the Caribbean with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America , but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic . In 1583 , he embarked on a second attempt , on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England , although no settlers were left behind . Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England , and was succeeded by his half - brother , Walter Raleigh , who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584 . Later that year , Raleigh founded the Roanoke Colony on the coast of present - day North Carolina , but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail . In 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , ascended ( as James I ) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London , ending hostilities with Spain . Now at peace with its main rival , English attention shifted from preying on other nations ' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies . The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century , with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean , and the establishment of joint - stock companies , most notably the East India Company , to administer colonies and overseas trade . This period , until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century , has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the `` First British Empire '' . Americas , Africa and the slave trade Main articles : British colonisation of the Americas , British America , Thirteen Colonies , and Atlantic slave trade The Caribbean initially provided England 's most important and lucrative colonies , but not before several attempts at colonisation failed . An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years , and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits . Colonies in St Lucia ( 1605 ) and Grenada ( 1609 ) also rapidly folded , but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts ( 1624 ) , Barbados ( 1627 ) and Nevis ( 1628 ) . The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil , which depended on slave labour , and -- at first -- Dutch ships , to sell the slaves and buy the sugar . To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands , Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies . This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces -- a series of Anglo - Dutch Wars -- which would eventually strengthen England 's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch . In 1655 , England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish , and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas . Map of British colonies in continental North America , 1763 -- 1776 England 's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown , led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company . Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company 's flagship , and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company . The Virginia Company 's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown , thereby founding the Colony of Virginia . The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland , but was largely unsuccessful . In 1620 , Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists , later known as the Pilgrims . Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would - be colonists to risk the arduous trans - Atlantic voyage : Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics ( 1634 ) , Rhode Island ( 1636 ) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut ( 1639 ) for Congregationalists . The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663 . With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664 , England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland , renaming it New York . This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo - Dutch War , in exchange for Suriname . In 1681 , the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn . The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean , but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates . African slaves working in 17th - century Virginia , by an unknown artist , 1670 In 1670 , Charles II incorporated by royal charter the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , granting it a monopoly on the fur trade in the area known as Rupert 's Land , which would later form a large proportion of the Dominion of Canada . Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French , who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent New France . Two years later , the Royal African Company was inaugurated , receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean . From the outset , slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies . Until the abolition of its slave trade in 1807 , Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas , a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic . To facilitate this trade , forts were established on the coast of West Africa , such as James Island , Accra and Bunce Island . In the British Caribbean , the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 % in 1650 to around 80 % in 1780 , and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 % to 40 % over the same period ( the majority in the southern colonies ) . For the slave traders , the trade was extremely profitable , and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool , which formed the third corner of the triangular trade with Africa and the Americas . For the transported , harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven . In 1695 , the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland , which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama . Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada , and afflicted by malaria , the colony was abandoned two years later . The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland -- a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise -- and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire . The episode also had major political consequences , persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries , rather than just crowns . This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union , establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain . Rivalry with the Netherlands in Asia Fort St. George was founded at Madras in 1639 . At the end of the 16th century , England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal 's monopoly of trade with Asia , forming private joint - stock companies to finance the voyages -- the English , later British , East India Company and the Dutch East India Company , chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively . The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade , an effort focused mainly on two regions ; the East Indies archipelago , and an important hub in the trade network , India . There , they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other . Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power , in the short term the Netherlands ' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia . Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne , bringing peace between the Netherlands and England . A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England , but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability , and by 1720 , in terms of sales , the British company had overtaken the Dutch . Global conflicts with France Defeat of French fireships at Quebec in 1759 Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years ' War as allies , but the conflict -- waged in Europe and overseas between France , Spain and the Anglo - Dutch alliance -- left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch , who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe . The 18th century saw England ( after 1707 , Britain ) rise to be the world 's dominant colonial power , and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage . The death of Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to Philippe of Anjou , a grandson of the King of France , raised the prospect of the unification of France , Spain and their respective colonies , an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe . In 1701 , England , Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and France in the War of the Spanish Succession , which lasted until 1714 . At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht , Philip renounced his and his descendants ' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe . The British Empire was territorially enlarged : from France , Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia , and from Spain , Gibraltar and Menorca . Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean . Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento ( permission to sell slaves in Spanish America ) to Britain . Robert Clive 's victory at the Battle of Plassey established the East India Company as a military as well as a commercial power . During the middle decades of the 18th century , there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent , the Carnatic Wars , as the English East India Company ( often known simply as `` the Company '' ) and its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) , struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire . The Battle of Plassey in 1757 , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies , left the British East India Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India . France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states , ending French hopes of controlling India . In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control , either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army , the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys . The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) involving France , Britain and the other major European powers . The signing of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire . In North America , France 's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert 's Land , and the ceding of New France to Britain ( leaving a sizeable French - speaking population under British control ) and Louisiana to Spain . Spain ceded Florida to Britain . Along with its victory over France in India , the Seven Years ' War therefore left Britain as the world 's most powerful maritime power . Loss of the Thirteen American colonies Main article : American Revolution During the 1760s and early 1770s , relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained , primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament 's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent . This was summarised at the time by the slogan `` No taxation without representation '' , a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen . The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self - government . In response , Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule , leading to the outbreak of war in 1775 . The following year , in 1776 , the United States declared independence . The entry of France into the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans ' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781 , Britain began negotiating peace terms . American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783 . Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown . The loss of the American colonies marked the end of the `` first British Empire '' . The loss of such a large portion of British America , at the time Britain 's most populous overseas possession , is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the `` first '' and `` second '' empires , in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia , the Pacific and later Africa . Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations , published in 1776 , had argued that colonies were redundant , and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion , dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal . The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith 's view that political control was not necessary for economic success . The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada , where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from the new United States following independence . The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys , then part of Nova Scotia , felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax , so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784 . The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada ( mainly English - speaking ) and Lower Canada ( mainly French - speaking ) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities , and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain , with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution . Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the Napoleonic Wars , as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to impress men into the Royal Navy . The US declared war , the War of 1812 , and invaded Canadian territory . In response Britain invaded the US , but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 Treaty of Ghent , ensuring Canada 's future would be separate from that of the United States . Rise of the `` Second '' British Empire ( 1783 -- 1815 ) Exploration of the Pacific James Cook 's mission was to find the alleged southern continent Terra Australis . Since 1718 , transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain , with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic . Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783 , the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia . The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company , but there was no attempt to colonise it . In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean , claimed the continent for Britain , and named it New South Wales . In 1778 , Joseph Banks , Cook 's botanist on the voyage , presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement , and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail , arriving in 1788 . Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840 . The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold , mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria , making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world and the second largest city ( after London ) in the British Empire . During his voyage , Cook also visited New Zealand , first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 , and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively . Initially , interaction between the indigenous Māori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods . European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century , with numerous trading stations established , especially in the North . In 1839 , the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand . On 6 February 1840 , Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi . This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand 's founding document , but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute . War with Napoleonic France Main article : Napoleonic Wars Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon , in a struggle that , unlike previous wars , represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations . It was not only Britain 's position on the world stage that was at risk : Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself , just as his armies had overrun many countries of continental Europe . The Battle of Waterloo ended in the defeat of Napoleon . The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win . French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy , which won a decisive victory over a Franco - Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805 . Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied , including those of the Netherlands , which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810 . France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815 . Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties : France ceded the Ionian Islands , Malta ( which it had occupied in 1797 and 1798 respectively ) , Mauritius , Saint Lucia , and Tobago ; Spain ceded Trinidad ; the Netherlands Guyana , and the Cape Colony . Britain returned Guadeloupe , Martinique , French Guiana , and Réunion to France , and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands , while gaining control of Ceylon ( 1795 -- 1815 ) . Abolition of slavery With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy . Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular slave rebellions . With support from the British abolitionist movement , Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807 , which abolished the slave trade in the empire . In 1808 , Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate was designated an official British colony for freed slaves . Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the West India Committee decline . The Slavery Abolition Act , passed the following year , abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 , finally bringing the Empire into line with the law in the UK ( with the exception of St. Helena , Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company , though these exclusions were later repealed ) . Under the Act , slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of `` apprenticeship '' . The British government compensated slave - owners . Britain 's imperial century ( 1815 -- 1914 ) See also : Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815 -- 1860 , Industrial Revolution , and Victorian era An elaborate map of the British Empire in 1886 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps Between 1815 and 1914 , a period referred to as Britain 's `` imperial century '' by some historians , around 10,000,000 square miles ( 26,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire . Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in Central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been described by some historians as an `` Informal Empire '' . British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , called the All Red Line . East India Company in Asia See also : British Raj An 1876 political cartoon of Benjamin Disraeli ( 1804 -- 1881 ) making Queen Victoria Empress of India . The caption reads `` New crowns for old ones ! '' The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia . The Company 's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years ' War , and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India : the eviction of the French from Egypt ( 1799 ) , the capture of Java from the Netherlands ( 1811 ) , the acquisition of Penang Island ( 1786 ) , Singapore ( 1819 ) and Malacca ( 1824 ) , and the defeat of Burma ( 1826 ) . From its base in India , the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s . This trade , illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729 , helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea , which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China . In 1839 , the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War , and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island , at that time a minor settlement . During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company . A series of Acts of Parliament were passed , including the Regulating Act of 1773 , Pitt 's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company 's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired . The Company 's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion , a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys , Indian troops under British officers and discipline . The rebellion took six months to suppress , with heavy loss of life on both sides . The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858 , establishing the British Raj , where an appointed governor - general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India . India became the empire 's most valuable possession , `` the Jewel in the Crown '' , and was the most important source of Britain 's strength . A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to widespread famines on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died . The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule . Later , under direct British rule , commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies , which took until the early 1900s to have an effect . Rivalry with Russia Main article : The Great Game British cavalry charging against Russian forces at Balaclava in 1854 During the 19th century , Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire , Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty . This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the `` Great Game '' . As far as Britain was concerned , defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India . In 1839 , Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan , but the First Anglo - Afghan War was a disaster for Britain . When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853 , fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities . The ensuing Crimean War ( 1854 -- 56 ) , which involved new techniques of modern warfare , was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica and was a resounding defeat for Russia . The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades , with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan . For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable , but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente . The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 05 also limited its threat to the British . Cape to Cairo The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies . Britain formally acquired the colony , and its large Afrikaner ( or Boer ) population in 1806 , having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the Flanders Campaign . British immigration began to rise after 1820 , and pushed thousands of Boers , resentful of British rule , northwards to found their own -- mostly short - lived -- independent republics , during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s . In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British , who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities , including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations . Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan : the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic ( 1852 -- 77 ; 1881 -- 1902 ) and the Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) . In 1902 Britain occupied both republics , concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III , linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean . Initially the Canal was opposed by the British ; but once opened , its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the `` jugular vein of the Empire '' . In 1875 , the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha 's 44 % shareholding in the Suez Canal for £ 4 million ( equivalent to £ 350 million in 2016 ) . Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway , it did give Britain leverage . Joint Anglo - French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882 . The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position , but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople , which made the Canal officially neutral territory . With competitive French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims . The scramble continued into the 1890s , and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan . A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed an attempted French invasion at Fashoda in 1898 . Sudan was nominally made an Anglo - Egyptian condominium , but a British colony in reality . British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted Cecil Rhodes , pioneer of British expansion in Southern Africa , to urge a `` Cape to Cairo '' railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral - rich south of the continent . During the 1880s and 1890s , Rhodes , with his privately owned British South Africa Company , occupied and annexed territories subsequently named after him , Rhodesia . Changing status of the white colonies Canada 's major industry in terms of employment and value of the product was the timber trade ( Ontario , 1900 circa ) . The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report , which proposed unification and self - government for Upper and Lower Canada , as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in armed rebellions in 1837 . This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840 , which created the Province of Canada . Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848 , and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies . With the passage of the British North America Act , 1867 by the British Parliament , Upper and Lower Canada , New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada , a confederation enjoying full self - government with the exception of international relations . Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self - government after 1900 , with the Australian colonies federating in 1901 . The term `` dominion status '' was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907 . The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule . Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852 . Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister , William Gladstone , who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada 's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire , but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament . Although the bill , if passed , would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation , many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break - up of the empire . A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons . A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914 , but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising . World Wars ( 1914 -- 1945 ) By the turn of the 20th century , fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war . Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy , Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 , respectively . First World War Main article : History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Soldiers of the Australian 5th Division , waiting to attack during the Battle of Fromelles , 19 July 1916 Britain 's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War . Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany 's overseas colonies in Africa . In the Pacific , Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively . Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire , which had joined the war on Germany 's side , were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement . This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca , who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers , giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state . A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist in the British army The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions , which provided invaluable military , financial and material support . Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions , as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies . The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home , and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right . The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day . Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light . The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy . Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919 , the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles ( 4,700,000 km ) and 13 million new subjects . The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates . Britain gained control of Palestine , Transjordan , Iraq , parts of Cameroon and Togoland , and Tanganyika . The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own : the Union of South Africa gained South West Africa ( modern - day Namibia ) , Australia gained New Guinea , and New Zealand Western Samoa . Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions . Inter-war period British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 The changing world order that the war had brought about , in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers , and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland , caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy . Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan , Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty , where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States . This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression , for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations . The issue of the empire 's security was a serious concern in Britain , as it was vital to the British economy . In 1919 , the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led the MPs of Sinn Féin , a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 1918 British general election , to establish an independent parliament in Dublin , at which Irish independence was declared . The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration . The Anglo - Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty , creating the Irish Free State , a Dominion within the British Empire , with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown . Northern Ireland , consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act , immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom . George V with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the 1926 Imperial Conference A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence . Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war - time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts . This led to tension , particularly in the Punjab region , where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre . In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre , between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy , and those who viewed it with revulsion . The subsequent Non-Co - Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident , and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years . In 1922 , Egypt , which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War , was granted formal independence , though it continued to be a British client state until 1954 . British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty in 1936 , under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone . In return , Egypt was assisted in joining the League of Nations . Iraq , a British mandate since 1920 , also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932 . In Palestine , Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews . The 1917 Balfour Declaration , which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate , stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine , and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power . This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population , who openly revolted in 1936 . As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s , Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland , and shifted to a pro-Arab stance , limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency . The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy , independent of Britain , was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference . Britain 's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa , and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa , the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , declaring the Dominions to be `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' within a `` British Commonwealth of Nations '' . This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster . The parliaments of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control , they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent . Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933 , suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression . The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937 , making it a republic in all but name . Second World War Main article : British Empire in World War II During the Second World War , the Eighth Army was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth ; it fought in North African and Italian campaigns . Britain 's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Newfoundland and South Africa . All soon declared war on Germany , but Ireland chose to remain legally neutral throughout the war . After the Fall of France in June 1940 , Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany , until the German invasion of Greece on 7 April 1941 . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States , but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war . In August 1941 , Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter , which included the statement that `` the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live '' should be respected . This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy , or the peoples colonised by European nations , and would later be interpreted differently by the British , Americans , and nationalist movements . In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Churchill 's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe , but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain 's standing and prestige as an imperial power . Most damaging of all was the Fall of Singapore , which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar . The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand , which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces , into closer ties with the United States . This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia , New Zealand and the United States of America . Decolonisation and decline ( 1945 -- 1997 ) Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War , the effects of the conflict were profound , both at home and abroad . Much of Europe , a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries , was in ruins , and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union , who now held the balance of global power . Britain was left essentially bankrupt , with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $ US 4.33 billion loan from the United States , the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006 . At the same time , anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations . The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union . In principle , both nations were opposed to European colonialism . In practice , however , American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism , and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check . The `` wind of change '' ultimately meant that the British Empire 's days were numbered , and on the whole , Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable , non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to . This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal , which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact . Between 1945 and 1965 , the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million , three million of whom were in Hong Kong . Initial disengagement About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the partition of India in 1947 . The pro-decolonisation Labour government , elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee , moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire : Indian independence . India 's two major political parties -- the Indian National Congress ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) and the Muslim League ( led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah ) -- had been campaigning for independence for decades , but disagreed as to how it should be implemented . Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state , whereas the League , fearing domination by the Hindu majority , desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim - majority regions . Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948 . When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent , the newly appointed ( and last ) Viceroy , Lord Mountbatten , hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947 . The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan . Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa , and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives . Burma , which had been administered as part of the British Raj , and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948 . India , Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth , while Burma chose not to join . The British mandate in Palestine , where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority , presented the British with a similar problem to that of India . The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust , while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state . Frustrated by the intractability of the problem , attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence , Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve . The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state . Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War , anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British , who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony , valuing it as a source of rubber and tin . The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan - Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority , on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled , independence would be granted . The Malayan Emergency , as it was called , began in 1948 and lasted until 1960 , but by 1957 , Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth . In 1963 , the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore , Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia , but in 1965 Chinese - majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations . Brunei , which had been a British protectorate since 1888 , declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984 . Suez and its aftermath Main article : Suez Crisis British Prime Minister Anthony Eden 's decision to invade Egypt during the Suez Crisis ended his political career and revealed Britain 's weakness as an imperial power . In 1951 , the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain , under the leadership of Winston Churchill . Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain 's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire , with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India . However , Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser 's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952 , and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self - determination by 1955 , with independence to follow . Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956 . In July 1956 , Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal . The response of Anthony Eden , who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister , was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal . Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower , by his lack of consultation , and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion . Another of Eisenhower 's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side . Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency . Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives , UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces , and Eden resigned . The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain 's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain 's decline on the world stage , demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence , if not the full support , of the United States . The events at Suez wounded British national pride , leading one MP to describe it as `` Britain 's Waterloo '' and another to suggest that the country had become an `` American satellite '' . Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain 's political leaders as `` Suez syndrome '' where they `` went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing '' , from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982 . While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken , it did not collapse . Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region , intervening in Oman ( 1957 ) , Jordan ( 1958 ) and Kuwait ( 1961 ) , though on these occasions with American approval , as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan 's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States . Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade . On 16 January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez , which included the ones in the Middle East , and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971 , instead of 1975 as earlier planned . By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East , including 30,000 in Singapore . The British withdrew from Aden in 1967 , Bahrain in 1971 , and the Maldives in 1976 . Wind of change Main article : Decolonisation of Africa British Empire by 1959 Macmillan gave a speech in Cape Town , South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of `` the wind of change blowing through this continent '' . Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of colonial war that France was fighting in Algeria , and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly . To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s -- Sudan , the Gold Coast and Malaya -- were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s . Britain 's remaining colonies in Africa , except for self - governing Southern Rhodesia , were all granted independence by 1968 . British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process . Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight - year Mau Mau Uprising . In Rhodesia , the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979 , which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980 , as the new nation of Zimbabwe . British decolonisation in Africa . By the end of the 1960s , all but Rhodesia ( the future Zimbabwe ) and the South African mandate of South West Africa ( Namibia ) had achieved recognised independence . In the Mediterranean , a guerrilla war waged by Greek Cypriots ended in 1960 leading to an independent Cyprus , with the UK retaining the military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia . The Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo were amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of Malta , though the idea had been raised in 1955 of integration with Britain . Most of the UK 's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation , established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government , but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members . Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s , but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence . The British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain , while Guyana achieved independence in 1966 . Britain 's last colony on the American mainland , British Honduras , became a self - governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973 , achieving full independence in 1981 . A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved . British territories in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with Fiji in 1970 and ending with Vanuatu in 1980 . Vanuatu 's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French - speaking communities , as the islands had been jointly administered as a condominium with France . Fiji , Tuvalu , the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea chose to become Commonwealth realms . End of Empire See also : Falklands War and Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong In 1980 , Southern Rhodesia , Britain 's last African colony , became the independent nation of Zimbabwe . The New Hebrides achieved independence ( as Vanuatu ) in 1980 , with Belize following suit in 1981 . The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981 , which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as `` British Dependent Territories '' ( renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002 ) meant that , aside from a scattering of islands and outposts , the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete . In 1982 , Britain 's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands , acting on a long - standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire . Britain 's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain 's status as a world power . The same year , the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain . The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution . Similarly , the Constitution Act 1986 reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain , and the Australia Act 1986 severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states . In 1984 , Brunei , Britain 's last remaining Asian protectorate , gained its independence . In September 1982 the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher , travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government , on the future of Britain 's last major and most populous overseas territory , Hong Kong . Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity , but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories , which had been acquired under a 99 - year lease in 1898 , due to expire in 1997 . Thatcher , seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands , initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty , though this was rejected by China . A deal was reached in 1984 -- under the terms of the Sino - British Joint Declaration , Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People 's Republic of China , maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years . The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many , including Charles , Prince of Wales , who was in attendance , `` the end of Empire '' . Legacy The fourteen British Overseas Territories Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles , which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002 . Three are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel ; the remaining eleven are self - governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence . The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence , where that is an option , and three territories have specifically voted to remain under British sovereignty ( Bermuda in 1995 , Gibraltar in 2002 and the Falkland Islands in 2013 ) . British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours : Gibraltar is claimed by Spain , the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina , and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles . The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile , while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica . Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations , a non-political , voluntary association of equal members , comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people . Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , as their head of state . These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities -- the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Antigua and Barbuda , The Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Grenada , Jamaica , Papua New Guinea , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands and Tuvalu . Parliament House in Canberra , Australia . Britain 's Westminster System of governance has left a legacy of parliamentary democracies in many former colonies . Decades , and in some cases centuries , of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that arose from the British Empire . The empire established the use of English in regions around the world . Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about one and a half billion as a first , second or foreign language . The spread of English from the latter half of the 20th century has been helped in part by the cultural and economic influence of the United States , itself originally formed from British colonies . Except in Africa where nearly all the former colonies have adopted the presidential system , the English parliamentary system has served as the template for the governments for many former colonies , and English common law for legal systems . Cricket being played in India . British sports continue to be supported in various parts of the former empire . The British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council still serves as the highest court of appeal for several former colonies in the Caribbean and Pacific . British missionaries who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread Protestantism ( including Anglicanism ) to all continents . The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years . British colonial architecture , such as in churches , railway stations and government buildings , can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire . Individual and team sports developed in Britain -- particularly golf , football , cricket , rugby , netball , lawn bowls , hockey and lawn tennis -- were also exported . The British choice of system of measurement , the imperial system , continues to be used in some countries in various ways . The convention of driving on the left hand side of the road has been retained in much of the former empire . Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions , contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas . The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples . Millions left the British Isles , with the founding settler populations of the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland . Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities , and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe . Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland . Millions of people moved to and from British colonies , with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire , such as Malaysia and Fiji , and Chinese people to Malaysia , Singapore and the Caribbean . The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies . See also History portal Colonialism portal British Empire portal Book : British colonization in north America ( from the reign of King James ) All - Red Route British Empire Exhibition British Empire in fiction Colonial Office Crown Colonies Demographics of the British Empire Economy of the British Empire Historical flags of the British Empire Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth Historiography of the British Empire History of capitalism History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom Indirect rule List of British Empire - related topics Order of the British Empire Territorial evolution of the British Empire References Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b . Jump up ^ Maddison 2001 , pp. 97 `` The total population of the Empire was 412 million ( in 1913 ) '' , 241 `` ( World population in 1913 ( in thousands ) : ) 1 791 020 '' . 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Jump up ^ McIntyre , pp. 179 -- 183 . Jump up ^ `` British Overseas Territories Act 2002 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ James , pp. 624 -- 25 . Jump up ^ James , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 689 . Jump up ^ Brendon , p. 654 . Jump up ^ Joseph , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Rothermund , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Brendon , pp. 654 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Brendon , p. 656 . ^ Jump up to : House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , pp. 145 -- 47 Jump up ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , pp. 146,153 Jump up ^ Davison , Phil ( 18 August 1995 ) . `` Bermudians vote to stay British '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved 13 December 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report , p. 136 Jump up ^ The Commonwealth -- About Us ; Online September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Hogg , p. 424 chapter 9 English Worldwide by David Crystal : `` approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English '' . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2004b , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Protestant Empire : Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World by Carla Gardina Pestan , p. 185 Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 238 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Torkildsen , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Parsons , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , p. 135 . Further reading Abernethy , David ( 2000 ) . The Dynamics of Global Dominance , European Overseas Empires 1415 -- 1980 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09314 - 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Andrews , Kenneth ( 1984 ) . Trade , Plunder and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27698 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Bandyopādhyāẏa , Śekhara ( 2004 ) . From Plassey to partition : a history of modern India . Orient Longman . ISBN 81 - 250 - 2596 - 0 . Brendon , Piers ( 2007 ) . The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 -- 1997 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06222 - 0 . Brock , W.R. ( n.d. ) . Britain and the Dominions . Cambridge University Press . Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Louis , Roger ( 1986 ) . The British Empire in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1951 : Arab Nationalism , the United States , and Postwar Imperialism . Oxford University Press . p. 820 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822960 - 5 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Buckner , Phillip ( 2008 ) . Canada and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927164 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Burk , Kathleen ( 2008 ) . Old World , New World : Great Britain and America from the Beginning . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 971 - 5 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Clegg , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories '' . In de Jong , Lammert ; Kruijt , Dirk . Extended Statehood in the Caribbean . Rozenberg Publishers . ISBN 90 - 5170 - 686 - 3 . Combs , Jerald A. ( 2008 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy : From 1895 . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2056 - 9 . Dalziel , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101844 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . David , Saul ( 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91137 - 2 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Elkins , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Imperial Reckoning : The Untold Story of Britain 's Gulag in Kenya . New York : Owl Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8001 - 8 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2004a ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 013 - 7 . Ferguson , Niall ( 2004b ) . Empire : The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02329 - 5 . Fieldhouse , David Kenneth ( 1999 ) . The West and the Third World : trade , colonialism , dependence , and development . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 19439 - 8 . Fox , Gregory H. ( 2008 ) . Humanitarian Occupation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85600 - 3 . Games , Alison ( 2002 ) . Armitage , David ; Braddick , Michael J , eds . The British Atlantic world , 1500 -- 1800 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96341 - 5 . Gapes , Mike ( 2008 ) . HC Paper 147 - II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee : Overseas Territories , Volume II ( PDF ) . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 215 - 52150 - 1 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Gilbert , Sir Martin ( 2005 ) . Churchill and America . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9122 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Goldstein , Erik ( 1994 ) . The Washington Conference , 1921 -- 22 : Naval Rivalry , East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4559 - 1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Goodlad , Graham David ( 2000 ) . British foreign and imperial policy , 1865 -- 1919 . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20338 - 4 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . Herbst , Jeffrey Ira ( 2000 ) . States and power in Africa : comparative lessons in authority and control . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01028 - 5 . Hinks , Peter ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33143 - 5 . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Hodge , Carl Cavanagh ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism , 1800 -- 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33404 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Hogg , Richard ( 2008 ) . A History of the English Language . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66227 - 7 . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Hopkirk , Peter ( 2002 ) . The Great Game : The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia . Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 1703 - 0 . Hollowell , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . Britain Since 1945 . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20968 - 9 . Hyam , Ronald ( 2002 ) . Britain 's Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 : A Study of Empire and Expansion . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 3089 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . James , Lawrence ( 2001 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 16985 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Janin , Hunt ( 1999 ) . The India -- China opium trade in the nineteenth century . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0715 - 8 . Joseph , William A. ( 2010 ) . Politics in China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533530 - 9 . Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company . Macmillan Publishing Company . Kelley , Ninette ; Trebilcock , Michael ( 2010 ) . The Making of the Mosaic ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 9536 - 7 . Kenny , Kevin ( 2006 ) . Ireland and the British Empire . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925184 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Knight , Franklin W. ; Palmer , Colin A. ( 1989 ) . The Modern Caribbean . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1825 - 9 . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . War with America . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02584 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Lee , Stephen J. ( 1994 ) . Aspects of British political history , 1815 -- 1914 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09006 - 7 . Lee , Stephen J. ( 1996 ) . Aspects of British political history , 1914 -- 1995 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 13102 - 2 . Levine , Philippa ( 2007 ) . The British Empire : Sunrise to Sunset . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 47281 - 5 . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Lloyd , Trevor Owen ( 1996 ) . The British Empire 1558 -- 1995 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873134 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Louis , Wm . Roger ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 347 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Macaulay , Thomas ( 1848 ) . The History of England from the Accession of James the Second . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 043133 - 0 . Macdonald , Barrie ( 1994 ) . `` Britain '' . In Howe , K.R. ; Kiste , Robert C. ; Lal , Brij V. Tides of history : the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1597 - 1 . McIntyre , W. David ( 1977 ) . The Commonwealth of Nations . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0792 - 3 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . McIntyre , W. David ( 2016 ) . Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Island . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 1925 - 1361 - 3 . Retrieved 12 Feb 2018 . McLean , Iain ( 2001 ) . Rational Choice and British Politics : An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829529 - 4 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18608 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Magee , John ( 1974 ) . Northern Ireland : Crisis and Conflict . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7947 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Magnusson , Magnus ( 2003 ) . Scotland : The Story of a Nation . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3932 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Marshall , PJ ( 1998 ) . The Eighteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924677 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Marshall , PJ ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00254 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Martin , Laura C ( 2007 ) . Tea : the drink that changed the world . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3724 - 4 . Mein Smith , Philippa ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of New Zealand . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54228 - 6 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Mulligan , Martin ; Hill , Stuart ( 2001 ) . Ecological pioneers . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81103 - 1 . Mori , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . Britain in the Age of the French Revolution : 1785 - 1820 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 89189 - 5 . O'Brien , Phillips Payson ( 2004 ) . The Anglo -- Japanese Alliance , 1902 -- 1922 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32611 - 7 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Pagden , Anthony ( 2003 ) . Peoples and Empires : A Short History of European Migration , Exploration , and Conquest , from Greece to the Present . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6761 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Parsons , Timothy H ( 1999 ) . The British Imperial Century , 1815 -- 1914 : A World History Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8825 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Peters , Nonja ( 2006 ) . The Dutch down under , 1606 -- 2006 . University of Western Australia Press . ISBN 1 - 920694 - 75 - 7 . Pham , P.L. ( 2010 ) . Ending ' East of Suez ' : The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore , 1964 -- 1968 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958036 - 1 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Porter , Andrew ( 1998 ) . The Nineteenth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924678 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Reese , Trevor Richard ( 1963 ) . Colonial Georgia : a study in British imperial policy in the eighteenth century . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820335537 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Rhodes , R.A.W. ; Wanna , John ; Weller , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Comparing Westminster . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956349 - 4 . Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2006 ) . The Routledge companion to decolonization . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35632 - 6 . Russo , Jean ( 2012 ) . Planting an Empire : The Early Chesapeake in British North America . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 42 - 140694 - 7 . Royle , Trevor ( 2000 ) . Crimea : The Great Crimean War , 1854 -- 1856 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6416 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Shennan , J.H ( 1995 ) . International relations in Europe , 1689 -- 1789 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07780 - X . Smith , Simon ( 1998 ) . British Imperialism 1750 -- 1970 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 580640 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Springhall , John ( 2001 ) . Decolonization since 1945 : the collapse of European overseas empires . Palgrave . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74600 - 7 . Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies , The Settling of North America . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Thatcher , Margaret ( 1993 ) . The Downing Street Years . Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 017056 - 5 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Thomas , Hugh ( 1997 ) . The Slave Trade : The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade . Picador , Phoenix / Orion . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 2056 - 0 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Tilby , A. Wyatt ( 2009 ) . British India 1600 -- 1828 . BiblioLife . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 14290 - 0 . Torkildsen , George ( 2005 ) . Leisure and recreation management . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30995 - 0 . Turpin , Colin ; Tomkins , Adam ( 2007 ) . British government and the constitution ( 6th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69029 - 4 . Vandervort , Bruce ( 1998 ) . Wars of imperial conquest in Africa , 1830 -- 1914 . University College London Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 486 - 0 . Zolberg , Aristide R ( 2006 ) . A nation by design : immigration policy in the fashioning of America . Russell Sage . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02218 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to British Empire . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` British Empire '' dated 2014 - 03 - 07 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Library resources about British Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` The British Empire 's Legacy '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Catherine Hall and Linda Colley ( In Our Time , Dec. 31 , 1998 ) `` The British Empire '' , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Maria Misra , Peter Cain and Catherine Hall ( In Our Time , Nov. 8 , 2001 ) The British Empire . An Internet Gateway The British Empire The British Empire audio resources at TheEnglishCollection.com British Empire ( historical state , United Kingdom ) at Encyclopædia Britannica Links to related articles History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Black British topics Black British history First Africans in London Atlantic slave trade Abolitionism Empire Windrush Bristol Bus Boycott Race Relations Act 1965 Decline and legacy of the British Empire Race riots Black British culture Music British hip hop Ska Caribbean Grime UK garage Dubstep Jungle Drum and Bass Civic and economic groups Black and Asian Studies Association Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor National Black Police Association Ethnic and national sub-divisions African - Caribbean Antiguan and Barbudan Barbadian Jamaican Guyanese Montserratians Trinidadian and Tobagonian Congolese Ghanaian Ivorian Kenyan Nigerian Sierra Leonean Tanzanian Ugandan Zimbabwean Other black groups Languages British English Multicultural London English Lists Black Britons Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Source texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Empire&oldid=828146365 '' Categories : British Empire Former empires Imperialism Victorian era 1583 establishments in the British Empire States and territories established in 1583 States and territories disestablished in 1997 Overseas empires Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from August 2016 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Featured articles Use dmy dates from December 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 109 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did britain become the most powerful empire	[ "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power.[1] By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 7001230000000000000♠23% of the world population at the time,[2] and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi),[3] 7001240000000000000♠24% of the Earth's total land area.[4] As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories." ]	[ "1913" ]
-6394880504631037818	Blood pressure	Blood pressure - wikipedia Blood pressure Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Blood pressure ( disambiguation ) . Blood pressure Medical diagnostics A sphygmomanometer , a device used for measuring arterial pressure MeSH D001795 ( edit on Wikidata ) Blood pressure ( BP ) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels . When used without further specification , `` blood pressure '' usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation . Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure ( maximum during one heart beat ) over diastolic pressure ( minimum in between two heart beats ) and is measured in millimeters of mercury ( mmHg ) , above the surrounding atmospheric pressure ( considered to be zero for convenience ) . It is one of the vital signs , along with respiratory rate , heart rate , oxygen saturation , and body temperature . Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury ( 16 kPa ) systolic , and 80 millimetres of mercury ( 11 kPa ) diastolic , abbreviated `` 120 / 80 mmHg '' . Traditionally , blood pressure was measured non-invasively using a mercury manometer and this is still generally considered the gold standard . More recently other semi-automated methods have become common , largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity , although cost and ease of use have also influenced this trend . Early alternatives to mercury sphygmomanometers were often inaccurate , but more modern validated devices have similar accuracy to mercury devices . Blood pressure is influenced by cardiac output , total peripheral resistance and arterial stiffness and varies depending on situation , emotional state , activity , and relative health / disease states . In the short term it is regulated by baroreceptors which act via the brain to influence nervous and endocrine systems . Blood pressure that is low due to a disease state is called hypotension , and pressure that is consistently high is hypertension . Both have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration . Long term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases , including heart disease , stroke and kidney failure . Long term hypertension is more common than long term hypotension . Long term hypertension often goes undetected because of infrequent monitoring and the absence of symptoms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 1.1 Systemic arterial pressure 1.2 Mean arterial pressure 1.3 Pulse pressure 1.4 Systemic venous pressure 1.5 Pulmonary pressure 2 Disorders 2.1 High 2.2 Low 2.3 Fluctuating blood pressure 3 Physiology 3.1 Hemodynamics 3.2 Regulation 4 Measurement 5 Fetal blood pressure 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Classification ( edit ) Systemic arterial pressure ( edit ) Classification of blood pressure for adults systolic , mmHg diastolic , mmHg Hypotension < 90 < 60 Desired 90 -- 119 90 -- 129 60 -- 79 60 -- 84 Prehypertension ( high normal ) 120 -- 139 130 -- 139 80 -- 89 85 -- 89 Stage 1 hypertension 140 -- 159 90 -- 99 Stage 2 hypertension 160 -- 179 100 -- 109 Hypertensive urgency ≥ 180 ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 160 < 90 The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115 / 75 mmHg . In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present . Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health . There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood pressure with hypertension , particularly in older people . The table shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older . It assumes the values are a result of averaging resting blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor . In the UK , clinic blood pressures are usually categorized into three groups ; low ( 90 / 60 or lower ) , normal ( between 90 / 60 and 139 / 89 ) , and high ( 140 / 90 or higher ) . Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24 - hour period , with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night . Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night - time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day - time blood pressure . Also , an individual 's blood pressure varies with exercise , emotional reactions , sleep , digestion and time of day ( circadian rhythm ) . Various other factors , such as age and sex , also influence a person 's blood pressure . In children , the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height . Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries , based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries . As adults age , systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic pressure tends to fall . Consequently , in the elderly , systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range , this is thought to be due to increased stiffness of the arteries . Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small . However , occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation , e.g. for obstructive arterial disease . Reference ranges for blood pressure in children Stage Approximate age Systolic Diastolic Infants 1 to 12 months 75 -- 100 50 -- 70 Toddlers and preschoolers 1 to 5 years 80 -- 110 50 -- 80 School age 6 to 12 years 85 -- 120 50 -- 80 Adolescents 13 to 18 years 95 -- 140 60 -- 90 Mean arterial pressure ( edit ) The mean arterial pressure ( MAP ) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output ( CO ) , systemic vascular resistance ( SVR ) , and central venous pressure ( CVP ) : MAP = ( CO ⋅ SVR ) + CVP ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) = ( ( \ text ( CO ) ) \ cdot ( \ text ( SVR ) ) ) + ( \ text ( CVP ) ) ) In practice the contribution of CVP ( which is small ) is generally ignored and so MAP = CO ⋅ SVR ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) = ( \ text ( CO ) ) \ cdot ( \ text ( SVR ) ) ) MAP can be estimated from measurements of the systolic pressure P sys ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) ) and the diastolic pressure P dias ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) ) MAP ≊ P dias + 1 3 ( P sys − P dias ) ( \ displaystyle \ ! ( \ text ( MAP ) ) \ approxeq P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ( P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) - P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) ) ) Pulse pressure ( edit ) Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle . The closing of the aortic valve causes the notch in the curve . The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures , P pulse = P sys − P dias . ( \ displaystyle \ ! P_ ( \ text ( pulse ) ) = P_ ( \ text ( sys ) ) - P_ ( \ text ( dias ) ) . ) The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of the cardiac output , i.e. the heartbeat . Pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of the stroke volume of the heart , the compliance ( ability to expand ) of the arterial system -- largely attributable to the aorta and large elastic arteries -- and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree . By expanding under pressure , the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat . In this way , the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta were not compliant . The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients . Systemic venous pressure ( edit ) Site Normal pressure range ( in mmHg ) Central venous pressure 3 -- 8 Right ventricular pressure systolic 15 -- 30 diastolic 3 -- 8 Pulmonary artery pressure systolic 15 -- 30 diastolic 4 -- 12 Pulmonary vein / Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 2 -- 15 Left ventricular pressure systolic 100 -- 140 diastolic 3 - 12 Blood pressure generally refers to the arterial pressure in the systemic circulation . However , measurement of pressures in the venous system and the pulmonary vessels plays an important role in intensive care medicine but requires invasive measurement of pressure using a catheter . Venous pressure is the vascular pressure in a vein or in the atria of the heart . It is much less than arterial pressure , with common values of 5 mmHg in the right atrium and 8 mmHg in the left atrium . Variants of venous pressure include : Central venous pressure , which is a good approximation of right atrial pressure , which is a major determinant of right ventricular end diastolic volume . ( However , there can be exceptions in some cases . ) The jugular venous pressure ( JVP ) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system . It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease . The portal venous pressure is the blood pressure in the portal vein . It is normally 5 -- 10 mmHg Pulmonary pressure ( edit ) Main article : Pulmonary artery pressure Normally , the pressure in the pulmonary artery is about 15 mmHg at rest . Increased blood pressure in the capillaries of the lung cause pulmonary hypertension , leading to interstitial edema if the pressure increases to above 20 mmHg , and to pulmonary edema at pressures above 25 mmHg . Disorders ( edit ) Disorders of blood pressure control include : high blood pressure , low blood pressure , and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation . High ( edit ) Main article : Hypertension Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure . Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long - term adverse effects . Sometimes it can be an acute problem , for example hypertensive emergency . Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls . Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth ( atheroma ) that develops within the walls of arteries . The higher the pressure , the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken , enlarge and become weaker over time . Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes , heart attacks , heart failure and arterial aneurysms , and is the leading cause of chronic kidney failure . Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy . At severely high pressures , mean arterial pressures 50 % or more above average , a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated . In the past , most attention was paid to diastolic pressure ; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure ( the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures ) are also risk factors . In some cases , it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk , due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures ( see the article on pulse pressure ) . If systolic blood pressure is elevated ( > 140 mmHg ) with a normal diastolic blood pressure ( < 90 mmHg ) , it is called `` isolated systolic hypertension '' and may present a health concern . For those with heart valve regurgitation , a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure . In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements 2 weeks apart for each person , there was an increased severity of aortic and mitral regurgitation when diastolic blood pressure increased , whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased , there was a decreased severity . Low ( edit ) Main article : Hypotension Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension . Hypotension is a medical concern if it causes signs or symptoms , such as dizziness , fainting , or in extreme cases , shock . When arterial pressure and blood flow decrease beyond a certain point , the perfusion of the brain becomes critically decreased ( i.e. , the blood supply is not sufficient ) , causing lightheadedness , dizziness , weakness or fainting . Sometimes the arterial pressure drops significantly when a patient stands up from sitting . This is known as orthostatic hypotension ( postural hypotension ) ; gravity reduces the rate of blood return from the body veins below the heart back to the heart , thus reducing stroke volume and cardiac output . When people are healthy , the veins below their heart quickly constrict and the heart rate increases to minimize and compensate for the gravity effect . This is carried out involuntarily by the autonomic nervous system . The system usually requires a few seconds to fully adjust and if the compensations are too slow or inadequate , the individual will suffer reduced blood flow to the brain , dizziness and potential blackout . Increases in G - loading , such as routinely experienced by aerobatic or combat pilots ' pulling Gs ' , greatly increases this effect . Repositioning the body horizontally largely eliminates the problem . Other causes of low arterial pressure include : Sepsis Hemorrhage -- blood loss Toxins including toxic doses of blood pressure medicine Hormonal abnormalities , such as Addison 's disease Eating disorders , particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia Shock is a complex condition which leads to critically decreased perfusion . The usual mechanisms are loss of blood volume , pooling of blood within the veins reducing adequate return to the heart and / or low effective heart pumping . Low arterial pressure , especially low pulse pressure , is a sign of shock and contributes to and reflects decreased perfusion . If there is a significant difference in the pressure from one arm to the other , that may indicate a narrowing ( for example , due to aortic coarctation , aortic dissection , thrombosis or embolism ) of an artery . Fluctuating blood pressure ( edit ) Normal fluctuation in blood pressure is adaptive and necessary . Fluctuations in pressure that are significantly greater than the norm are associated with greater white matter hyperintensity , a finding consistent with reduced local cerebral blood flow and a heightened risk of cerebrovascular disease . Within both high and low blood pressure groups , a greater degree of fluctuation was found to correlate with an increase in cerebrovascular disease compared to those with less variability , suggesting the consideration of the clinical management of blood pressure fluctuations , even among normotensive older adults . Older individuals and those who had received blood pressure medications were more likely to exhibit larger fluctuations in pressure . Physiology ( edit ) Systole on the left and diastole on the right During each heartbeat , blood pressure varies between a maximum ( systolic ) and a minimum ( diastolic ) pressure . The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart . Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation . The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels . Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy . Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation , although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles . Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces ( e.g. , during standing ) , and valves in veins , breathing , and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins . Hemodynamics ( edit ) Main article : Hemodynamics Most influences on blood pressure can be understood in terms of their effect on cardiac output and resistance ( the determinants of mean arterial pressure ) . Some factors are : Blood volume : the greater the blood volume , the higher the cardiac output . There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume , potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure , though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin -- angiotensin system . Cardiac output : the pumping action of the heart is ultimately responsible for blood pressure . Increases or decreases in cardiac output can result in increases or decreases respectively in blood pressure . Systemic vascular resistance : the higher the resistance to blood flow , the higher the arterial pressure upstream needs to be to maintain flow . In simple terms , resistance is related to vessel radius by the Hagen - Poiseuille 's equation ( resistance ∝ 1 / radius , so the smaller the radius , the very much higher the resistance ) . Other physical factors that affect resistance include : vessel length ( the longer the vessel , the higher the resistance ) , blood viscosity ( the higher the viscosity , the higher the resistance ) and the presence of an arterial stenosis ( a narrow stenosis increases resistance to flow , however this increase in resistance rarely if ever increases systemic blood pressure , it decreases downstream flow ) . Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the calibre of blood vessels , thereby increasing blood pressure . Vasodilators ( such as nitroglycerin ) increase the calibre of blood vessels , thereby decreasing arterial pressure . In practice , each individual 's autonomic nervous system and other systems regulating blood pressure respond to and regulate all these factors so that , although the above issues are important , they rarely act in isolation and the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual can vary widely in the short and long - term . Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Homeostasis The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood , but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well - characterized : Baroreceptor reflex : Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure . These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem , specifically to the rostral ventrolateral medulla ( RVLM ) . The medulla , by way of the autonomic nervous system , adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart 's contractions , as well as the systemic vascular resistance . The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right carotid sinuses and in the aortic arch . Renin - angiotensin system ( RAS ) : This system is generally known for its long - term adjustment of arterial pressure . This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictor known as angiotensin II . Aldosterone release : This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassium levels . Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys . Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis , aldosterone will increase fluid retention , and indirectly , arterial pressure . Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones ( mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins , and in the atria ) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH / Vasopressin ) , renin and aldosterone . The resultant increase in blood volume results in an increased cardiac output by the Frank -- Starling law of the heart , in turn increasing arterial blood pressure . These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other , as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release . When blood pressure falls many physiological cascades commence in order to return the blood pressure to a more appropriate level . The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) . Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na levels by the macula densa . The macula densa cause an increase in Na reabsorption , which causes water to follow in via osmosis and leads to an ultimate increase in plasma volume . Further , the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles . At the same time , the juxtaglomerular cells sense the decrease in blood pressure and release renin . Renin converts angiotensinogen ( inactive form ) to angiotensin I ( active form ) . Angiotensin I flows in the bloodstream until it reaches the capillaries of the lungs where angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) acts on it to convert it into angiotensin II . Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor which will increase bloodflow to the heart and subsequently the preload , ultimately increasing the cardiac output . Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands . Aldosterone further increases the Na and H O reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron . Currently , the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists . The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone , an aldosterone antagonist . The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics ; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume . Generally , the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertension because if blocked , individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting . Measurement ( edit ) Taking another persons blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer Main article : Blood pressure measurement Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer , which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure . The most common automated blood pressure measurement technique is based on the so - called `` oscillometric '' method . Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury ( mmHg ) , though aneroid and electronic devices do not contain mercury . For each heartbeat , blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures . Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries , which occurs near the end of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are contracting . Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries , which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood . An example of normal measured values for a resting , healthy adult human is 120 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic ( written as 120 / 80 mmHg , and spoken as `` one - twenty over eighty '' ) . Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day ( in a circadian rhythm ) . They also change in response to stress , nutritional factors , drugs , disease , exercise , and momentarily from standing up . Sometimes the variations are large . Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high , as opposed to hypotension , when it is abnormally low . Along with body temperature , respiratory rate , and pulse rate , blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers . Measuring pressure invasively , by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement , is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting . Fetal blood pressure ( edit ) Further information : Fetal circulation § Blood pressure In pregnancy , it is the fetal heart and not the mother 's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation . The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation , and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation . The average blood pressure for full - term infants : Systolic 65 -- 95 mmHg Diastolic 30 -- 60 mmHg References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ogedegbe , Gbenga ; Pickering , Thomas ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement '' . Cardiology Clinics . 28 ( 4 ) : 571 -- 586 . ISSN 1558 - 2264 . PMC 3639494 . PMID 20937442 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccl. 2010.07. 006 . Jump up ^ O'brien , Eoin ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Blood pressure measurement is changing ! '' . Heart . 85 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 5 . ISSN 1468 - 201X . PMC 1729570 . 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The Mechanics of The Circulation . Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 263323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , Richard ( 2005 ) . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 93 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 5030 - 1 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Freis ED ( 1976 ) . `` Salt , volume and the prevention of hypertension '' . Circulation. 53 ( 4 ) : 589 -- 95 . PMID 767020 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 53.4. 589 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Caplea A , Seachrist D , Dunphy G , Ely D ( April 2001 ) . `` Sodium - induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade '' . AJP : Heart . 4 . 280 ( 4 ) : H1793 -- 801 . PMID 11247793 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Houston , Mark ( January 1986 ) . `` Sodium and Hypertension : A Review '' . Archives of Intern Medicine . 1 . 146 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 85 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 1986.00360130217028 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Guyton , A.C. ( 1981 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control '' . Circulation. 64 ( 6 ) : 1079 -- 1088 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 6794930 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 64.6. 1079 . Jump up ^ Lee , A.J. ( 1997 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension '' . Journal of Human Hypertension. 11 ( 12 ) : 767 -- 776 . ISSN 0950 - 9240 . PMID 9468002 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. jhh. 1000556 . Jump up ^ Coffman , J.D. ( 1988 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease '' . Herz. 13 ( 6 ) : 343 -- 350 . ISSN 0340 - 9937 . PMID 3061915 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , RE ( 2007 ) . `` Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts -- Arterial Baroreceptors '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Archived version 2009 - 10 - 03 Jump up ^ Booth J ( 1977 ) . `` A short history of blood pressure measurement '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine . 70 ( 11 ) : 793 -- 9 . PMC 1543468 . PMID 341169 . Jump up ^ Forouzanfar , M. ; Dajani , H.R. ; Groza , V.Z. ; Bolic , M. ; Rajan , S. ; Batkin , I. ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation : Past , Present , and Future '' . IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering . 8 : 44 -- 63 . ISSN 1937 - 3333 . doi : 10.1109 / RBME. 2015.2434215 . Jump up ^ `` Vital Signs ( Body Temperature , Pulse Rate , Respiration Rate , Blood Pressure ) '' . OHSU Health Information . Oregon Health & Science University . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Struijk PC , Mathews VJ , Loupas T , Stewart PA , Clark EB , Steegers EA , Wladimiroff JW ( October 2008 ) . `` Blood pressure estimation in the human fetal descending aorta '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 32 ( 5 ) : 673 -- 81 . PMID 18816497 . doi : 10.1002 / uog. 6137 . Jump up ^ Sharon , S.M. & Emily , S.M. ( 2006 ) . Foundations of Maternal - Newborn Nursing . ( 4th ed p. 476 ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier . Further reading ( edit ) Pickering TG , Hall JE , Appel LJ , et al. ( 2005 ) . Subcommittee of Professional Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research . `` Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals : Part 1 : blood pressure measurement in humans : a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research '' . Hypertension. 45 ( 5 ) : 142 -- 61 . PMID 15611362 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000150859.47929. 8e . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blood pressure . Blood Pressure Association ( UK ) About High Blood Pressure , American Heart Association Control of Blood Pressure , Toronto General Hospital Blood Pressure Chart , Vaughn 's Summaries ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell GND : 4007263 - 0 NDL : 00565670 NKC : ph121951 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_pressure&oldid=800070198 '' Categories : Blood pressure Mathematics in medicine Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 10 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the two parts of blood pressure	[ "Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. When used without further specification, \"blood pressure\" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heart beats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure (considered to be zero for convenience).", "Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. When used without further specification, \"blood pressure\" usually refers to the pressure in large arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat) over diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heart beats) and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure (considered to be zero for convenience)." ]	[ "systolic pressure (maximum during one heart beat)", "diastolic pressure (minimum in between two heart beats)" ]
-5961349907568478498	HIV/AIDS	HIV / AIDS - Wikipedia HIV / AIDS This article is about the disease . For the virus , see HIV . Spectrum of conditions caused by HIV infection `` AIDS '' redirects here . For other uses , see AIDS ( disambiguation ) . HIV / AIDS Synonyms HIV disease , HIV infection The red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV - positive people and those living with AIDS . Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Early : flu like illness Later : Large lymph nodes , fever , weight loss Complications Opportunistic infections , tumors Duration Long term Causes Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) Risk factors Exposure to blood , breast milk , sex Diagnostic method Blood tests Prevention Safe sex , needle exchange , male circumcision , pre-exposure prophylaxis Treatment Antiretroviral therapy Prognosis Near normal life expectancy with treatment Frequency 1.8 million new cases ( 2016 ) 36.7 million living with HIV ( 2016 ) Deaths 1.0 million ( 2016 ) Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV / AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Following initial infection , a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza - like illness . Typically , this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms . As the infection progresses , it interferes more with the immune system , increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems . These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss . HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex ( including anal and oral sex ) , contaminated blood transfusions , hypodermic needles , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding . Some bodily fluids , such as saliva and tears , do not transmit HIV . Methods of prevention include safe sex , needle exchange programs , treating those who are infected , and male circumcision . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . There is no cure or vaccine ; however , antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near - normal life expectancy . Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made . Without treatment , the average survival time after infection is 11 years . In 2016 , about 36.7 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1 million deaths . There were 300,000 fewer new HIV cases in 2016 than in 2015 . Most of those infected live in sub-Saharan Africa . From the time AIDS was identified in the early 1980s to 2017 , the disease has caused an estimated 35 million deaths worldwide . HIV / AIDS is considered a pandemic -- a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading . HIV originated in west - central Africa during the late 19th or early 20th century . AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in 1981 and its cause -- HIV infection -- was identified in the early part of the decade . HIV / AIDS has had a great impact on society , both as an illness and as a source of discrimination . The disease also has large economic impacts . There are many misconceptions about HIV / AIDS such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non-sexual contact . The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion including the Catholic Church 's position not to support condom use as prevention . It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large - scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s . Contents 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Acute infection 1.2 Clinical latency 1.3 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 2 Transmission 2.1 Sexual 2.2 Body fluids 2.3 Mother - to - child 3 Virology 4 Pathophysiology 5 Diagnosis 5.1 HIV testing 5.2 Classifications 6 Prevention 6.1 Sexual contact 6.2 Pre-exposure 6.3 Post-exposure 6.4 Mother - to - child 6.5 Vaccination 7 Treatment 7.1 Antiviral therapy 7.2 Opportunistic infections 7.3 Diet 7.4 Alternative medicine 8 Prognosis 9 Epidemiology 10 History 10.1 Discovery 10.2 Origins 11 Society and culture 11.1 Stigma 11.2 Economic impact 11.3 Religion and AIDS 11.4 Media portrayal 11.5 Criminal transmission 11.6 Misconceptions 12 Research 13 References 14 External links Signs and symptoms Main article : Signs and symptoms of HIV / AIDS There are three main stages of HIV infection : acute infection , clinical latency and AIDS . Acute infection Main symptoms of acute HIV infection The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV , primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome . Many individuals develop an influenza - like illness or a mononucleosis - like illness 2 -- 4 weeks after exposure while others have no significant symptoms . Symptoms occur in 40 -- 90 % of cases and most commonly include fever , large tender lymph nodes , throat inflammation , a rash , headache , tiredness , and / or sores of the mouth and genitals . The rash , which occurs in 20 -- 50 % of cases , presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular , classically . Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage . Gastrointestinal symptoms , such as vomiting or diarrhea may occur . Neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain -- Barré syndrome also occurs . The duration of the symptoms varies , but is usually one or two weeks . Due to their nonspecific character , these symptoms are not often recognized as signs of HIV infection . Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms . Thus , it is recommended that HIV be considered in people presenting with an unexplained fever who may have risk factors for the infection . Clinical latency The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency , asymptomatic HIV , or chronic HIV . Without treatment , this second stage of the natural history of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years ( on average , about eight years ) . While typically there are few or no symptoms at first , near the end of this stage many people experience fever , weight loss , gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains . Between 50 and 70 % of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy , characterized by unexplained , non-painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes ( other than in the groin ) for over three to six months . Although most HIV - 1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS , a small proportion ( about 5 % ) retain high levels of CD4 T cells ( T helper cells ) without antiretroviral therapy for more than 5 years . These individuals are classified as `` HIV controllers '' or long - term nonprogressors ( LTNP ) . Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti-retroviral treatment , known as `` elite controllers '' or `` elite suppressors '' . They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons . Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Main symptoms of AIDS . Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) is defined in terms of either a CD4 T cell count below 200 cells per μL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection . In the absence of specific treatment , around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years . The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia ( 40 % ) , cachexia in the form of HIV wasting syndrome ( 20 % ) , and esophageal candidiasis . Other common signs include recurrent respiratory tract infections . Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria , viruses , fungi , and parasites that are normally controlled by the immune system . Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person 's environment . These infections may affect nearly every organ system . People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral - induced cancers , including Kaposi 's sarcoma , Burkitt 's lymphoma , primary central nervous system lymphoma , and cervical cancer . Kaposi 's sarcoma is the most common cancer occurring in 10 to 20 % of people with HIV . The second most common cancer is lymphoma , which is the cause of death of nearly 16 % of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3 to 4 % . Both these cancers are associated with human herpesvirus 8 ( HHV - 8 ) . Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . Conjunctival cancer ( of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye ) is also more common in those with HIV . Additionally , people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers , sweats ( particularly at night ) , swollen lymph nodes , chills , weakness , and unintended weight loss . Diarrhea is another common symptom , present in about 90 % of people with AIDS . They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers . Transmission Average per act risk of getting HIV by exposure route to an infected source Exposure route Chance of infection Blood transfusion 90 % Childbirth ( to child ) 25 % Needle - sharing injection drug use 0.67 % Percutaneous needle stick 0.30 % Receptive anal intercourse 0.04 -- 3.0 % Insertive anal intercourse 0.03 % Receptive penile - vaginal intercourse 0.05 -- 0.30 % Insertive penile - vaginal intercourse 0.01 -- 0.38 % Receptive oral intercourse 0 -- 0.04 % Insertive oral intercourse 0 -- 0.005 % assuming no condom use source refers to oral intercourse performed on a man HIV is transmitted by three main routes : sexual contact , significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding ( known as vertical transmission ) . There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces , nasal secretions , saliva , sputum , sweat , tears , urine , or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood . It is also possible to be co-infected by more than one strain of HIV -- a condition known as HIV superinfection . Sexual The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person . Globally , the most common mode of HIV transmission is via sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex ; however , the pattern of transmission varies among countries . As of 2014 , most HIV transmission in the United States occurred among men who had sex with men ( 83 % of new HIV diagnoses among males aged 13 and older and 67 % of total new diagnoses ) . In the US , gay and bisexual men aged 13 to 24 accounted for an estimated 92 % of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group and 27 % of new diagnoses among all gay and bisexual men . About 15 % of gay and bisexual men have HIV while 28 % of transgender women test positive in the US . With regard to unprotected heterosexual contacts , estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low - income countries than in high - income countries . In low - income countries , the risk of female - to - male transmission is estimated as 0.38 % per act , and of male - to - female transmission as 0.30 % per act ; the equivalent estimates for high - income countries are 0.04 % per act for female - to - male transmission , and 0.08 % per act for male - to - female transmission . The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high , estimated as 1.4 -- 1.7 % per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts . While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low , it is still present . The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as `` nearly nil '' ; however , a few cases have been reported . The per - act risk is estimated at 0 -- 0.04 % for receptive oral intercourse . In settings involving prostitution in low income countries , risk of female - to - male transmission has been estimated as 2.4 % per act and male - to - female transmission as 0.05 % per act . Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many sexually transmitted infections and genital ulcers . Genital ulcers appear to increase the risk approximately fivefold . Other sexually transmitted infections , such as gonorrhea , chlamydia , trichomoniasis , and bacterial vaginosis , are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission . The viral load of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother - to - child transmission . During the first 2.5 months of an HIV infection a person 's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to the high viral load associated with acute HIV . If the person is in the late stages of infection , rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater . An HIV - positive person who has an undetectable viral load as a result of long - term treatment has effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually . Commercial sex workers ( including those in pornography ) have an increased rate of HIV . Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission . Sexual assault is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn , physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely , and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections . Body fluids CDC poster from 1989 highlighting the threat of AIDS associated with drug use The second most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products . Blood - borne transmission can be through needle - sharing during intravenous drug use , needle stick injury , transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product , or medical injections with unsterilized equipment . The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0.63 and 2.4 % per act , with an average of 0.8 % . The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV - infected person is estimated as 0.3 % ( about 1 in 333 ) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09 % ( about 1 in 1000 ) per act . In the United States intravenous drug users made up 12 % of all new cases of HIV in 2009 , and in some areas more than 80 % of people who inject drugs are HIV positive . HIV is transmitted in about 93 % of blood transfusions using infected blood . In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low ( less than one in half a million ) where improved donor selection and HIV screening is performed ; for example , in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1.5 million in 2008 . In low income countries , only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened ( as of 2008 ) , and it is estimated that up to 15 % of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products , representing between 5 % and 10 % of global infections . Although rare because of screening , it is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue transplantation . Unsafe medical injections play a significant role in HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa . In 2007 , between 12 and 17 % of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use . The World Health Organization estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1.2 % . Significant risks are also associated with invasive procedures , assisted delivery , and dental care in this area of the world . People giving or receiving tattoos , piercings , and scarification are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented . It is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects to transmit HIV . Mother - to - child Main articles : HIV and pregnancy and HIV and breastfeeding HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy , during delivery , or through breast milk , resulting in the baby also contracting HIV . This is the third most common way in which HIV is transmitted globally . In the absence of treatment , the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20 % and in those who also breastfeed 35 % . As of 2008 , vertical transmission accounted for about 90 % of cases of HIV in children . With appropriate treatment the risk of mother - to - child infection can be reduced to about 1 % . Preventive treatment involves the mother taking antiretrovirals during pregnancy and delivery , an elective caesarean section , avoiding breastfeeding , and administering antiretroviral drugs to the newborn . Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the infant decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed . However , many of these measures are not available in the developing world . If blood contaminates food during pre-chewing it may pose a risk of transmission . If a woman is untreated , two years of breastfeeding results in an HIV / AIDS risk in her baby of about 17 % . Treatment decreases this risk to 1 to 2 % per year . Due to the increased risk of death without breastfeeding in many areas in the developing world , the World Health Organization recommends either : ( 1 ) the mother and baby being treated with antiretroviral medication while breastfeeding being continued ( 2 ) the provision of safe formula . Infection with HIV during pregnancy is also associated with miscarriage . Virology. Main article : HIV Diagram of a HIV virion structure Scanning electron micrograph of HIV - 1 , colored green , budding from a cultured lymphocyte . HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV / AIDS . HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 T cells , macrophages and dendritic cells . It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 T cells . HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus , part of the family Retroviridae . Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics . Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses , which are characteristically responsible for long - duration illnesses with a long incubation period . Lentiviruses are transmitted as single - stranded , positive - sense , enveloped RNA viruses . Upon entry into the target cell , the viral RNA genome is converted ( reverse transcribed ) into double - stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle . The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co-factors . Once integrated , the virus may become latent , allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system . Alternatively , the virus may be transcribed , producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew . HIV is now known to spread between CD4 T cells by two parallel routes : cell - free spread and cell - to - cell spread , i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms . In the cell - free spread , virus particles bud from an infected T cell , enter the blood / extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter . HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell - to - cell spread . The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus 's ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies . Two types of HIV have been characterized : HIV - 1 and HIV - 2 . HIV - 1 is the virus that was originally discovered ( and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV - III ) . It is more virulent , more infective , and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally . The lower infectivity of HIV - 2 as compared with HIV - 1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV - 2 will be infected per exposure . Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission , HIV - 2 is largely confined to West Africa . Pathophysiology Main article : Pathophysiology of HIV / AIDS Play media HIV / AIDS explained in a simple way HIV replication cycle After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication , leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood . During primary infection , the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood . This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4 T cells . The acute viremia is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8 T cells , which kill HIV - infected cells , and subsequently with antibody production , or seroconversion . The CD8 T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels , which peak and then decline , as the CD4 T cell counts recover . A good CD8 T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis , though it does not eliminate the virus . Ultimately , HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells . This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections . T cells are essential to the immune response and without them , the body can not fight infections or kill cancerous cells . The mechanism of CD4 T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases . During the acute phase , HIV - induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells accounts for CD4 T cell depletion , although apoptosis may also be a factor . During the chronic phase , the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4 T cell numbers . Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected , the bulk of CD4 T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection , especially in the intestinal mucosa , which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body . The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4 T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4 T cells express the CCR5 protein which HIV uses as a co-receptor to gain access to the cells , whereas only a small fraction of CD4 T cells in the bloodstream do so . A specific genetic change that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both chromosomes very effectively prevents HIV - 1 infection . HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4 T cells during acute infection . A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase . CD4 T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected . Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase . Immune activation , which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines , results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication . It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 T cells during the acute phase of disease . Diagnosis Main article : Diagnosis of HIV / AIDS A generalized graph of the relationship between HIV copies ( viral load ) and CD4 T cell counts over the average course of untreated HIV infection . CD4 T Lymphocyte count ( cells / mm3 ) HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma Days after exposure needed for the test to be accurate Blood test Days Antibody test ( rapid test , ELISA 3rd gen ) 23 -- 90 Antibody and p24 antigen test ( ELISA 4th gen ) 18 -- 45 PCR 10 -- 33 HIV / AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms . HIV screening is recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force for all people 15 years to 65 years of age including all pregnant women . Additionally , testing is recommended for those at high risk , which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness . In many areas of the world , a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent . HIV testing Most people infected with HIV develop specific antibodies ( i.e. seroconvert ) within three to twelve weeks after the initial infection . Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV - RNA or p24 antigen . Positive results obtained by antibody or PCR testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR . Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies . Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA , or via testing for the p24 antigen . Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing and many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing . In sub-Saharan Africa as of 2007 -- 2009 , between 30 and 70 % of the population were aware of their HIV status . In 2009 , between 3.6 and 42 % of men and women in Sub-Saharan countries were tested which represented a significant increase compared to previous years . Classifications Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV - related disease for surveillance purposes : the WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease , and the CDC classification system for HIV infection . The CDC 's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries . Since the WHO 's staging system does not require laboratory tests , it is suited to the resource - restricted conditions encountered in developing countries , where it can also be used to help guide clinical management . Despite their differences , the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes . The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986 . Since then , the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times , with the most recent version being published in 2007 . The WHO system uses the following categories : Primary HIV infection : May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome . Stage I : HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4 T cell count ( also known as CD4 count ) greater than 500 per microlitre ( μl or cubic mm ) of blood . May include generalized lymph node enlargement . Stage II : Mild symptoms which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections . A CD4 count of less than 500 / μl . Stage III : Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month , severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung , and a CD4 count of less than 350 / μl . Stage IV or AIDS : severe symptoms which include toxoplasmosis of the brain , candidiasis of the esophagus , trachea , bronchi or lungs and Kaposi 's sarcoma . A CD4 count of less than 200 / μl . The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV , and updated it in 2008 and 2014 . This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms , and describes the infection in five groups . In those greater than six years of age it is : Stage 0 : the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test Stage 1 : CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / μl and no AIDS defining conditions Stage 2 : CD4 count 200 to 500 cells / μl and no AIDS defining conditions Stage 3 : CD4 count ≤ 200 cells / μl or AIDS defining conditions Unknown : if insufficient information is available to make any of the above classifications For surveillance purposes , the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if , after treatment , the CD4 T cell count rises to above 200 per μL of blood or other AIDS - defining illnesses are cured . Prevention Main article : Prevention of HIV / AIDS AIDS Clinic , McLeod Ganj , Himachal Pradesh , India , 2010 Sexual contact Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80 % over the long term . When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected , the rate of HIV infection is less than 1 % per year . There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection . Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir ( a reverse transcriptase inhibitor ) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40 % among African women . By contrast , use of the spermicide nonoxynol - 9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation . Circumcision in Sub-Saharan Africa `` reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38 % and 66 % over 24 months '' . Due to these studies , both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision in 2007 as a method of preventing female - to - male HIV transmission in areas with high rates of HIV . However , whether it protects against male - to - female transmission is disputed , and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined . The International Antiviral Society , however , does recommend it for all sexually active heterosexual males and that it be discussed as an option with men who have sex with men . Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk - taking behavior , thus negating its preventive effects . Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk . Evidence of any benefit from peer education is equally poor . Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior . A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high - risk practices despite knowing about HIV / AIDS , underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV . Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive . It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV . Pre-exposure Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells / μL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner ( a strategy known as treatment as prevention , or TASP ) . TASP is associated with a 10 to 20 fold reduction in transmission risk . Pre-exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir , with or without emtricitabine , is effective in a number of groups including men who have sex with men , couples where one is HIV positive , and young heterosexuals in Africa . It may also be effective in intravenous drug users with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0.7 to 0.4 per 100 person years . Universal precautions within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV . Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor and harm reduction strategies such as needle - exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk . Postexposure A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV - positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) . The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of a HIV infection five-fold following a needle - stick injury . As of 2013 , the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications -- tenofovir , emtricitabine and raltegravir -- as this may reduce the risk further . PEP treatment is recommended after a sexual assault when the perpetrator is known to be HIV positive , but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown . The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects -- where zidovudine is used , about 70 % of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea ( 24 % ) , fatigue ( 22 % ) , emotional distress ( 13 % ) and headaches ( 9 % ) . Mother - to - child Main article : HIV and pregnancy Programs to prevent the vertical transmission of HIV ( from mothers to children ) can reduce rates of transmission by 92 -- 99 % . This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant and potentially includes bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding . If replacement feeding is acceptable , feasible , affordable , sustainable , and safe , mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants ; however exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case . If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out , the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission . In 2015 , Cuba became the first country in the world to eradicate mother - to - child transmission of HIV . Vaccination Main article : HIV vaccine Currently , there is no licensed vaccine for HIV or AIDS . The most effective vaccine trial to date , RV 144 , was published in 2009 and found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30 % , stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine . Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing . Treatment Main article : Management of HIV / AIDS There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine . Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) which slows progression of the disease . As of 2010 more than 6.6 million people were taking them in low and middle income countries . Treatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections . Antiviral therapy Stribild -- a common once - daily ART regime consisting of elvitegravir , emtricitabine , tenofovir and the booster cobicistat Current HAART options are combinations ( or `` cocktails '' ) consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types , or `` classes , '' of antiretroviral agents . Initially treatment is typically a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) plus two nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) . Typical NRTIs include : zidovudine ( AZT ) or tenofovir ( TDF ) and lamivudine ( 3TC ) or emtricitabine ( FTC ) . Combinations of agents which include protease inhibitors ( PI ) are used if the above regimen loses effectiveness . The World Health Organization and United States recommends antiretrovirals in people of all ages including pregnant women as soon as the diagnosis is made regardless of CD4 count . Once treatment is begun it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or `` holidays '' . Many people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun . The desired outcome of treatment is a long term plasma HIV - RNA count below 50 copies / mL . Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies / mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate . Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies / mL . Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95 % of people during the first year . Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death . In the developing world treatment also improves physical and mental health . With treatment there is a 70 % reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis . Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother - to - child transmission . The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance . Reasons for non-adherence include poor access to medical care , inadequate social supports , mental illness and drug abuse . The complexity of treatment regimens ( due to pill numbers and dosing frequency ) and adverse effects may reduce adherence . Even though cost is an important issue with some medications , 47 % of those who needed them were taking them in low and middle income countries as of 2010 and the rate of adherence is similar in low - income and high - income countries . Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken . Some relatively common adverse events include : lipodystrophy syndrome , dyslipidemia , and diabetes mellitus , especially with protease inhibitors . Other common symptoms include diarrhea , and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease . Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects . Certain medications may be associated with birth defects and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children . Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults . The World Health Organization recommends treating all children less than 5 years of age ; children above 5 are treated like adults . The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100,000 copies / mL between one year and five years of age . Opportunistic infections Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV / AIDS . In addition to improving current disease , treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections . Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV ( even on anti-retroviral therapy ) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive isoniazid preventive therapy ( IPT ) , the tuberculin skin test can be used to help decide if IPT is needed . Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected ; however it may also be given after infection . Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age and ceasing breastfeeding in infants born to HIV positive mothers is recommended in resource limited settings . It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person 's CD4 count is below 200 cells / uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP . People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for toxoplasmosis and MAC . Appropriate preventive measures have reduced the rate of these infections by 50 % between 1992 and 1997 . Influenza vaccination and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine are often recommended in people with HIV / AIDS with some evidence of benefit . Diet Main article : Nutrition and HIV / AIDS The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV / AIDS . A generally healthy diet is promoted . Dietary intake of micronutrients at RDA levels by HIV - infected adults is recommended by the WHO ; higher intake of vitamin A , zinc , and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV positive adults , and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency . Dietary supplementation for people who are infected with HIV and who have inadequate nutrition or dietary deficiencies may strengthen their immune systems or help them recover from infections , however evidence indicating an overall benefit in morbidity or reduction in mortality is not consistent . Evidence for supplementation with selenium is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit . For pregnant and lactating women with HIV , multivitamin supplement improves outcomes for both mothers and children . If the pregnant or lactating mother has been advised to take anti-retroviral medication to prevent mother - to - child HIV transmission , multivitamin supplements should not replace these treatments . There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children with an HIV infection reduces mortality and improves growth . Alternative Medicine In the US , approximately 60 % of people with HIV use various forms of complementary or alternative medicine , even though the effectiveness of most of these therapies has not been established . There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines . There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of medical cannabis to try to increase appetite or weight gain . Prognosis Deaths due to HIV / AIDS per million persons in 2012 0 1 -- 4 5 -- 12 13 -- 34 35 -- 61 62 -- 134 135 -- 215 216 -- 458 459 -- 1,402 1,403 -- 5,828 HIV / AIDS has become a chronic rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world . Prognosis varies between people , and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes . Without treatment , average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years , depending on the HIV subtype . After the diagnosis of AIDS , if treatment is not available , survival ranges between 6 and 19 months . HAART and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80 % , and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20 -- 50 years . This is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population . If treatment is started late in the infection , prognosis is not as good : for example , if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS , life expectancy is ~ 10 -- 40 years . Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment . Disability - adjusted life year for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2004 . no data ≤ 10 10 -- 25 25 -- 50 50 -- 100 100 -- 500 500 -- 1000 1,000 -- 2,500 2,500 -- 5,000 5,000 -- 7500 7,500 -- 10,000 10,000 -- 50,000 ≥ 50,000 The primary causes of death from HIV / AIDS are opportunistic infections and cancer , both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system . Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500 / μL . The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person 's susceptibility and immune function ; their access to health care , the presence of co-infections ; and the particular strain ( or strains ) of the virus involved . Tuberculosis co-infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV / AIDS being present in a third of all HIV - infected people and causing 25 % of HIV - related deaths . HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis . Hepatitis C is another very common co-infection where each disease increases the progression of the other . The two most common cancers associated with HIV / AIDS are Kaposi 's sarcoma and AIDS - related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . Other cancers that are more frequent include anal cancer , Burkitt 's lymphoma , primary central nervous system lymphoma , and cervical cancer . Even with anti-retroviral treatment , over the long term HIV - infected people may experience neurocognitive disorders , osteoporosis , neuropathy , cancers , nephropathy , and cardiovascular disease . Some conditions , such as lipodystrophy , may be caused both by HIV and its treatment . Epidemiology Main article : Epidemiology of HIV / AIDS Estimated percentage of HIV among young adults ( 15 -- 49 ) per country as of 2011 . No data < 0.10 0.10 -- 0.5 0.5 -- 1 1 -- 5 5 -- 15 15 -- 50 HIV / AIDS is a global pandemic . As of 2016 , approximately 36.7 million people have HIV worldwide with the number of new infections that year being about 1.8 million . This is down from 3.1 million new infections in 2001 . Slightly over half the infected population are women and 2.1 million are children . It resulted in about 1 million deaths in 2016 , down from a peak of 1.9 million in 2005 . Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected . In 2010 , an estimated 68 % ( 22.9 million ) of all HIV cases and 66 % of all deaths ( 1.2 million ) occurred in this region . This means that about 5 % of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10 % of all deaths in children . Here in contrast to other regions women compose nearly 60 % of cases . South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5.9 million . Life expectancy has fallen in the worst - affected countries due to HIV / AIDS ; for example , in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana . Mother - to - child transmission , as of 2013 , in Botswana and South Africa has decreased to less than 5 % with improvement in many other African nations due to improved access to antiretroviral therapy . South & South East Asia is the second most affected ; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12 % of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250,000 deaths . Approximately 2.4 million of these cases are in India . In 2008 in the United States approximately 1.2 million people were living with HIV , resulting in about 17,500 deaths . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2008 20 % of infected Americans were unaware of their infection . As of 2016 about 675,000 people have died of HIV / AIDS in the USA since the beginning of the HIV epidemic . In the United Kingdom as of 2015 there were approximately 101,200 cases which resulted in 594 deaths . In Canada as of 2008 there were about 65,000 cases causing 53 deaths . Between the first recognition of AIDS in 1981 and 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths . Prevalence is lowest in Middle East and North Africa at 0.1 % or less , East Asia at 0.1 % and Western and Central Europe at 0.2 % . The worst affected European countries , in 2009 and 2012 estimates , are Russia , Ukraine , Latvia , Moldova , Portugal and Belarus , in decreasing order of prevalence . History Main article : History of HIV / AIDS Discovery The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report reported in 1981 on what was later to be called `` AIDS '' . AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States . The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) , a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems . Soon thereafter , an unexpected number of homosexual men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi 's sarcoma ( KS ) . Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged , alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak . In the early days , the CDC did not have an official name for the disease , often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it , for example , lymphadenopathy , the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus . They also used Kaposi 's sarcoma and opportunistic infections , the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981 . At one point , the CDC coined the phrase `` the 4H disease '' , since the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users , homosexuals , hemophiliacs , and Haitians . In the general press , the term `` GRID '' , which stood for gay - related immune deficiency , had been coined . However , after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community , it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982 . By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS . In 1983 , two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS , and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science . Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T - lymphotropic viruses ( HTLVs ) his group had been the first to isolate . Gallo 's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV - III . At the same time , Montagnier 's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness , two characteristic symptoms of AIDS . Contradicting the report from Gallo 's group , Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV - I. Montagnier 's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy - associated virus ( LAV ) . As these two viruses turned out to be the same , in 1986 , LAV and HTLV - III were renamed HIV . Origins Left to right : the African green monkey source of SIV , the sooty mangabey source of HIV - 2 and the chimpanzee source of HIV - 1 Both HIV - 1 and HIV - 2 are believed to have originated in non-human primates in West - central Africa and were transferred to humans in the early 20th century . HIV - 1 appears to have originated in southern Cameroon through the evolution of SIV ( cpz ) , a simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) that infects wild chimpanzees ( HIV - 1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) . The closest relative of HIV - 2 is SIV ( smm ) , a virus of the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys atys ) , an Old World monkey living in coastal West Africa ( from southern Senegal to western Côte d'Ivoire ) . New World monkeys such as the owl monkey are resistant to HIV - 1 infection , possibly because of a genomic fusion of two viral resistance genes . HIV - 1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions , giving rise to the three groups of the virus , M , N , and O . There is evidence that humans who participate in bushmeat activities , either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors , commonly acquire SIV . However , SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection . It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV . Furthermore , due to its relatively low person - to - person transmission rate , SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high - risk transmission channels , which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century . Specific proposed high - risk transmission channels , allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society , depend on the proposed timing of the animal - to - human crossing . Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV - 1 M group dates back to circa 1910 . Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of colonialism and growth of large colonial African cities , leading to social changes , including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity , the spread of prostitution , and the accompanying high frequency of genital ulcer diseases ( such as syphilis ) in nascent colonial cities . While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances , they are increased many fold if one of the partners suffers from a sexually transmitted infection causing genital ulcers . Early 1900s colonial cities were notable due to their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers , to the degree that , as of 1928 , as many as 45 % of female residents of eastern Kinshasa were thought to have been prostitutes , and , as of 1933 , around 15 % of all residents of the same city had syphilis . An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II , such as unsterile reuse of single use syringes during mass vaccination , antibiotic and anti-malaria treatment campaigns , were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread . The earliest well - documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the Congo . The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966 . In July 1960 , in the wake of Congo 's independence , the United Nations recruited Francophone experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by Belgium , who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country . By 1962 , Haitians made up the second largest group of well - educated experts ( out of the 48 national groups recruited ) , that totaled around 4500 in the country . Dr. Jacques Pépin , a Quebecer author of The Origins of AIDS , stipulates that Haiti was one of HIV 's entry points to the United States and that one of them may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s . Although the virus may have been present in the United States as early as 1966 , the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub-Saharan Africa ( including the U.S. ) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and then brought the infection to the United States some time around 1969 . The epidemic then rapidly spread among high - risk groups ( initially , sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men ) . By 1978 , the prevalence of HIV - 1 among homosexual male residents of New York City and San Francisco was estimated at 5 % , suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected . Society and Culture Stigma Main article : Discrimination against people with HIV / AIDS Ryan White became a poster child for HIV after being expelled from school because he was infected . AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways , including ostracism , rejection , discrimination and avoidance of HIV infected people ; compulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentiality ; violence against HIV infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV ; and the quarantine of HIV infected individuals . Stigma - related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing , returning for their results , or securing treatment , possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV . AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories : Instrumental AIDS stigma -- a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness . Symbolic AIDS stigma -- the use of HIV / AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease . Courtesy AIDS stigma -- stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV / AIDS or HIV - positive people . Often , AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas , particularly those associated with homosexuality , bisexuality , promiscuity , prostitution , and intravenous drug use . In many developed countries , there is an association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality , and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice , such as anti-homosexual / bisexual attitudes . There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male - male sexual behavior , including sex between uninfected men . However , the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission . In 2003 , as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation , it became legal for people with AIDS to marry in China . In 2013 the U.S. National Library of Medicine developed a traveling exhibition titled , `` Surviving and Thriving : AIDS , Politics , and Culture '' , covering medical research , U.S. government 's response , and personal stories from people with AIDS , caregivers , and activists . Economic impact Main articles : Economic impact of HIV / AIDS and Cost of HIV treatment Changes in life expectancy in some African countries , 1960 -- 2012 HIV / AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries . The gross domestic product of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of human capital . Without proper nutrition , health care and medicine , large numbers of people die from AIDS - related complications . They will not only be unable to work , but will also require significant medical care . It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million AIDS orphans . Many are cared for by elderly grandparents . Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV / AIDS is difficult , and affected people often work less than the average worker . Unemployment in people with HIV / AIDS also is associated with suicidal ideation , memory problems , and social isolation . Employment increases self - esteem , sense of dignity , confidence , and quality of life for people with HIV / AIDS . Anti-retroviral treatment may help people with HIV / AIDS work more , and may increase the chance that a person with HIV / AIDS will be employed ( low quality evidence ) . By affecting mainly young adults , AIDS reduces the taxable population , in turn reducing the resources available for public expenditures such as education and health services not related to AIDS resulting in increasing pressure for the state 's finances and slower growth of the economy . This causes a slower growth of the tax base , an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick , training ( to replace sick workers ) , sick pay and caring for AIDS orphans . This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility and blame from the family to the government in caring for these orphans . At the household level , AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare . A study in Côte d'Ivoire showed that households having a person with HIV / AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households . This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment . Religion and AIDS Main article : Religion and HIV / AIDS The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial in the past twenty years , primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms . The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis argues that cultural changes are needed including a re-emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it . Some religious organizations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV / AIDS . In 2011 , the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS , and the Hackney - based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication , sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor , leading to a number of deaths . The Synagogue Church Of All Nations advertised an `` anointing water '' to promote God 's healing , although the group denies advising people to stop taking medication . Media portrayal Main article : Media portrayal of HIV / AIDS One of the first high - profile cases of AIDS was the American Rock Hudson , a gay actor who had been married and divorced earlier in life , who died on October 2 , 1985 having announced that he was suffering from the virus on July 25 that year . He had been diagnosed during 1984 . A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was Nicholas Eden , a gay politician and son of the late prime minister Anthony Eden . On November 24 , 1991 , the virus claimed the life of British rock star Freddie Mercury , lead singer of the band Queen , who died from an AIDS - related illness having only revealed the diagnosis on the previous day . However , he had been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987 . One of the first high - profile heterosexual cases of the virus was Arthur Ashe , the American tennis player . He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 31 , 1988 , having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s . Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS , but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992 . He died as a result on February 6 , 1993 at age 49 . Therese Frare 's photograph of gay activist David Kirby , as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family , was taken in April 1990 . LIFE magazine said the photo became the one image `` most powerfully identified with the HIV / AIDS epidemic . '' The photo was displayed in LIFE magazine , was the winner of the World Press Photo , and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a United Colors of Benetton advertising campaign in 1992 . In 1996 , Johnson Aziga , a Ugandan - born Canadian was diagnosed with HIV , but subsequently had unprotected sex with 11 women without disclosing his diagnosis . By 2003 seven had contracted HIV , and two died from complications related to AIDS . Aziga was convicted of first - degree murder and was sentenced for life . Criminal transmission Main article : Criminal transmission of HIV Criminal transmission of HIV is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Some countries or jurisdictions , including some areas of the United States , have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure . Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic . Misconceptions Main articles : Misconceptions about HIV / AIDS and Discredited HIV / AIDS origins theories There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS . Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact , that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS , and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users . In 2014 , some among the British public wrongly thought one could get HIV from kissing ( 16 % ) , sharing a glass ( 5 % ) , spitting ( 16 % ) , a public toilet seat ( 4 % ) , and coughing or sneezing ( 5 % ) . Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection , and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS . A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS , the existence of HIV itself , or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods . These claims , known as AIDS denialism , have been examined and rejected by the scientific community . However , they have had a significant political impact , particularly in South Africa , where the government 's official embrace of AIDS denialism ( 1999 -- 2005 ) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country 's AIDS epidemic , and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections . Several discredited conspiracy theories have held that HIV was created by scientists , either inadvertently or deliberately . Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV / AIDS . Surveys show that a significant number of people believed -- and continue to believe -- in such claims . Research Main article : HIV / AIDS research HIV / AIDS research includes all medical research which attempts to prevent , treat , or cure HIV / AIDS along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV . Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV / AIDS research . This research includes behavioral health interventions such as sex education , and drug development , such as research into microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases , HIV vaccines , and antiretroviral drugs . Other medical research areas include the topics of pre-exposure prophylaxis , post-exposure prophylaxis , and circumcision and HIV . Public health officials , researchers , and programs can gain a more comprehensive picture of the barriers they face , and the efficacy of current approaches to HIV treatment and prevention , by tracking standard HIV indicators . 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Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Watson J ( January 2006 ) . `` Scientists , activists sue South Africa 's AIDS ' denialists ' '' . Nature Medicine . 12 ( 1 ) : 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0106 - 6a . PMID 16397537 . Jump up ^ Baleta A ( March 2003 ) . `` S Africa 's AIDS activists accuse government of murder '' . Lancet . 361 ( 9363 ) : 1105 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 12909 - 1 . PMID 12672319 . Jump up ^ Cohen J ( June 2000 ) . `` South Africa 's new enemy '' . Science . 288 ( 5474 ) : 2168 -- 70 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5474. 2168 . PMID 10896606 . Jump up ^ Boghardt , Thomas ( 2009 ) . `` Operation INFEKTION Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indicators - Program Evaluation - CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Community - Based Indicators for HIV Programs -- MEASURE Evaluation '' . www.measureevaluation.org . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Data and statistics '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . External links Classification D ICD - 10 : B20 -- B24 ICD - 9 - CM : 042 - 044 OMIM : 609423 MeSH : D000163 DiseasesDB : 5938 External resources MedlinePlus : 000594 eMedicine : emerg / 253 Patient UK : HIV / AIDS Wikipedia 's health care articles can be viewed offline with the Medical Wikipedia app . Wikimedia Commons has media related to AIDS . HIV / AIDS at Curlie UNAIDS -- Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS . 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About Wikipedia	what is the full form of aids in english	[ "Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[9][10][11] Following initial infection, a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza-like illness.[5] Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms.[6] As the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems.[5] These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[6] This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss.[6]\n" ]	[ "Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)" ]
-6290318353369318083	Daddy's Home 2	Daddy 's Home 2 - Wikipedia Daddy 's Home 2 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Daddy 's Home 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Sean Anders Produced by Will Ferrell Adam McKay Chris Henchy John Morris Screenplay by Sean Anders John Morris Based on Characters by Brian Burns Starring Will Ferrell Mark Wahlberg Linda Cardellini John Cena John Lithgow Mel Gibson Music by Michael Andrews Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Brad Wilhite Production companies Gary Sanchez Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) ( Regency Village Theater ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $69 million Box office $87.7 million Daddy 's Home 2 is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris . It stars Will Ferrell , Mark Wahlberg , Linda Cardellini , John Cena , John Lithgow , and Mel Gibson . It is a sequel to Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) . Unlike its predecessor , Red Granite Pictures was not involved in the film 's production . The plot follows Brad and Dusty ( Ferrell and Wahlberg ) , now co-parenting Dusty 's kids , who have to deal with their own fathers ( Lithgow and Gibson ) visiting for the holidays . Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 . It was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10 , 2017 , received generally unfavorable reviews and has grossed $73 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( November 2017 ) Following the events of the first film , Brad and Dusty ( Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg ) must deal with their intrusive fathers , Don and Kurt ( John Lithgow and Mel Gibson ) during the holidays , along with Dusty 's conflict with his stepchild 's biological father , Roger ( John Cena ) . Cast ( edit ) Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker , Don 's son , Sara 's husband , Dylan and Megan 's stepfather , and Griffy 's father Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron , Kurt 's son , Sara 's ex-husband , Karen 's husband , Dylan and Megan 's father and Adrianna 's stepfather Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker , Brad 's wife , Dusty 's ex-wife , mother of Dylan , Megan , and Griffy John Cena as Roger , Karen 's ex-husband , and Adrianna 's father John Lithgow as Don Whitaker , Brad 's father , Sara 's father in law , Dylan and Megan 's step grandfather , and Griffy 's grandfather Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron , Dusty 's father , Sara 's ex-father in law , Karen 's father in law , Dylan and Megan 's grandfather , and Adrianna 's stepgrandfather Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron , Dusty and Sara 's daughter , Dylan and Griffy 's sister , Brad 's stepdaughter , and Adrianna 's stepsister Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron , Dusty and Sara 's son , Megan and Griffy 's brother , Brad 's stepson , and Adrianna 's stepbrother Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron , Dusty 's wife , Adrianna 's mother , and Dylan and Megan 's stepmother Didi Costine as Adrianna , Dusty 's stepdaughter , Karen and Roger 's daughter , and Dylan and Megan 's stepsister Chesley Sullenberger as Brad 's stepfather Production ( edit ) In April 2016 , the sequel was announced , with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles , Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script , and Anders directing . In January 2017 , it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters ' fathers in the film . The two were later confirmed to star , along with Linda Cardellini , John Cena , Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez , reprising their roles . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 20 , 2017 . Scenes were filmed in Concord , Massachusetts , Framingham , Massachusetts , and Great Barrington , Massachusetts . Release ( edit ) The film was released on November 10 , 2017 . Box office ( edit ) As of November 26 , 2017 , Daddy 's Home 2 has grossed $72.7 million in the United States and Canada , and $15 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $87.7 million , against a production budget of $69 million . In the United States and Canada , Daddy 's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $10.7 million on its first day , including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters , up from the $1.2 million made by the first film . It went on to debut to $30 million , finishing second at the box office , behind holdover Thor : Ragnarok ( $57 million ) . In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million ( a drop of 51.3 % ) , finishing 4th behind Justice League , Wonder and Thor : Ragnarok . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 18 % based on 67 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic comedy that 's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment , Daddy 's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film holds a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , up from the `` B + '' earned by the first film . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film 's sloppiness and laziness , saying , `` Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force . The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps , and almost none of them land , stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they 're straining to sell . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars , saying : `` After enduring last week 's lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas , I would have bet it would be many a year before we 'd see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny . I sit corrected . '' Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` I found the sequel better than the original -- the writing sharper , the jokes fresher and smarter , the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging . I mentioned this to my incredulous wife , who said , ' So you 're saying it 's the Godfather , Part 2 of the Daddy 's Home series ' . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr. ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell & Mark Wahlberg Set ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel At Paramount '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson , John Lithgow Circling ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mel Gibson and John Lithgow Join ' Daddy 's Home ' Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Cena Back For ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' for November Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks On With $10.8 M Tuesday ; Will Continue To Strike Lightning In Second Weekend With $60 M '' . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Higher Than ' The Orient Express ' In A ' Ragnarok ' - Ruled Weekend -- Early Sunday AM Update '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96 M Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy 's Home 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' Film Review : Mark Wahlberg and Will Ferrell Listlessly Pack This Stocking With Coal '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` In ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' universe , no one acts human and no one is funny '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Daddy 's Home 2 ' '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Daddy 's Home 2 on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Sean Anders Never Been Thawed ( 2005 ) Sex Drive ( 2008 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Horrible Bosses 2 ( 2014 ) Daddy 's Home ( 2015 ) Daddy 's Home 2 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy%27s_Home_2&oldid=812230883 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films American Christmas films American comedy films American films American sequel films Films about dysfunctional families Films directed by Sean Anders Films shot in Massachusetts Gary Sanchez Productions films Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by Adam McKay Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is roger in daddy's home 2	[ "Following the events of the first film, Brad and Dusty (Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg) must deal with their intrusive fathers, Don and Kurt (John Lithgow and Mel Gibson) during the holidays, along with Dusty's conflict with his stepchild's biological father, Roger (John Cena)." ]	[ "John Cena" ]
-547742095063719766	Coming into force	Coming into force - wikipedia Coming into force Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coming into force or entry into force ( also called commencement ) refers to the process by which legislation , regulations , treaties and other legal instruments come to have legal force and effect . The term is closely related to the date of this transition . Contents ( hide ) 1 General requirements 2 Treaties 3 Acts 4 United Kingdom 4.1 Northern Ireland 4.2 Scotland 5 History 6 Sources 7 See also General requirements ( edit ) To come into force , a treaty or Act first needs to receive the required number of votes or ratifications . Sometimes , as with most treaties , this number will be stipulated as part of the treaty itself . Other times , as is usual with laws or regulations , it will be spelt out in a superior law , such as a written constitution or the standing orders of the deliberative assembly in which it originated . Coming into force generally includes publication in an official gazette so that people know the law or treaty exists , which generally releases it into the public domain . Treaties ( edit ) Main article : Treaty After their adoption , treaties as well as their amendments may have to follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations , as applied by the Office of Legal Affairs , including signature , ratification , and entry into force . Acts ( edit ) Main article : Act of Parliament The process of enactment , by which a bill becomes an Act , is separate from commencement . Even if a bill passes through all necessary stages to become an Act , it may not automatically come into force . Moreover , an Act may be repealed having never come into force . A country 's law could determine that on being passed by lawmakers a bill becomes an act without further ado . However , more usually , the process whereby a bill becomes an Act is well prescribed in general constitutional or administrative legislation . This process varies from country to country , and from political system to political system . Typically , the process by which a bill becomes an Act includes signature or some other token of assent by the head of state and publication in an official gazette . In some systems , the head of state or some other official is required to definitely signify his approval , as for example in the granting of royal assent in the Commonwealth realms . In others , a bill automatically becomes an Act unless vetoed , as for example in the United States . But these steps do not , in themselves , make an act legally binding on the population . An act is typically brought into force in one of three ways : By means of an explicit commencement date ( and sometimes time of day ) written into the act itself . It is possible for different sections of an act to come into force at different dates or times . As a result of a commencement order . Usually , an Act or part of an Act may only be brought into force by a commencement order if explicit provision is made . Commencement orders are typically issued by the executive branch of government , though they may also require legislative approval , or at least that the legislature be informed . As with explicit commencement dates , different parts of an act may be brought into force by different commencement orders at different times . Automatically . An Act that does not include explicit commencement dates or provision for commencement orders , or that has dates or provides for commencement orders for only some of its contents , will typically be interpreted as having come into effect at a certain time relative to its enactment . This time is usually specified by an interpretive statute , or , in the absence of such a statute , a legal rule . For example , in the United Kingdom , until late in the 18th century a legal rule interpreted statutes as coming into effect at the start of the legislative session in which they were passed , but Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 stipulated that future laws without explicit commencement provisions would come into effect on the day on which they received royal assent . A similar example is provided by New Zealand , where an Act without commencement provisions comes into force on the day after the day on which it received royal assent . It is possible for an Act to come into effect through any combination of these three methods . United Kingdom ( edit ) Section 4 of the Interpretation Act 1978 provides : An Act or provision of an Act comes into force -- ( a ) where provision is made for it to come into force on a particular day , at the beginning of that day ; ( b ) where no provision is made for its coming into force , at the beginning of the day on which the Act receives the Royal Assent . This replaces the corresponding provision in the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 . Schedule 1 of that Act contains the following definition : `` Commencement '' , in relation to an Act or enactment , means the time when the Act or enactment comes into force . Northern Ireland ( edit ) Sections 14 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of the Interpretation Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 read : ( 1 ) Every enactment which is not expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day shall come into operation immediately on the expiration of the day before the date of the passing thereof , or , where the enactment is a statutory instrument , of the making thereof . ( 2 ) Where an enactment is expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day ( whether such day is before or after the date of the passing of such enactment , or where the enactment is a statutory instrument , of the making thereof , and whether such day is named in the enactment or is to be appointed or fixed or ascertained in any other manner ) the enactment shall be construed as coming into force immediately on the expiration of the day before that particular day . In an enactment the expression `` commencement '' , when used with reference to any statutory provision , means the time at which that provision comes into operation . Scotland ( edit ) Sections 2 and 3 of the Interpretation and Legislative Reform ( Scotland ) Act 2010 , which applies to Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments , provide - 2 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament ( 1 ) Subsection ( 2 ) applies where no provision is made for the coming into force of an Act of the Scottish Parliament . ( 2 ) The Act comes into force at the beginning of the day after the day on which the Bill for the Act receives Royal Assent . 3 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish instruments : time ( 1 ) Subsection ( 2 ) applies where an Act of the Scottish Parliament or a Scottish instrument provides for the Act or instrument to come into force on a particular day . ( 2 ) The Act or instrument comes into force at the beginning of the day . This replaces the temporary provision made by the Scotland Act 1998 ( Transitory and Transitional Provisions ) ( Publication and Interpretation etc. of Acts of the Scottish Parliament ) Order 1999 . History ( edit ) According to the legal sociology of Max Weber , `` revelation ( to a magician or priest ) of law in these forms was the original revolutionary element opposing the stability of tradition and is the mother of all legal ' enactment ' '' . Sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , the Government of Ireland Act 1914 never came into force ; it received royal assent on 18 September 1914 , was suspended by the Suspensory Act 1914 , and repealed by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Jump up ^ Copy of section 4 of the Interpretation Act 1978 from Legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Interpretation Act 1978 Jump up ^ Copy of section 14 Jump up ^ The Interpretation Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1954 , section 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Interpretation and Legislative Reform ( Scotland ) Act 2010 Jump up ^ Max Weber , `` Economy and Society '' , pp 760 - 1 See also ( edit ) Look up enforcement in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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About Wikipedia	what situation a particular act comes into effect	[ "Coming into force or entry into force (also called commencement) refers to the process by which legislation, regulations, treaties and other legal instruments come to have legal force and effect. The term is closely related to the date of this transition." ]	[ "Coming into force or entry into force (also called commencement)" ]
-6977413069944627011	So You Think You Can Dance: The Next Generation (U.S. TV series)	So You Think You Can dance : the next Generation ( US tv series ) - wikipedia So You Think You Can dance : the next Generation ( US tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation Season 13 Broadcast from May 30 -- September 12 , 2016 Judges Nigel Lythgoe Paula Abdul Jason Derulo Maddie Ziegler Host ( s ) Cat Deeley Broadcaster Fox Winner Leon `` Kida '' Burns Genre ( s ) Hip - Hop Runner - up J.T. Church Chronology ◀ 2016 ▶ So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation is the 13th season of So You Think You Can Dance , an American dance competition show . The show premiered on Monday , May 30 , 2016 in a new format featuring dancers between ages 8 to 13 at the time of their auditions . The season was broadcast on Fox in the United States , one show each week on Mondays , as it was the previous season . The top prize remained $250,000 , and Cat Deeley continued as host . Auditions were held in Los Angeles , CA , Chicago , IL and New York City . 100 dancers were selected by the judges for the Dance Academy portion of the season , in which 10 finalists were selected by , and paired with , `` all - stars '' from previous seasons , who mentored and performed with them during the live performance episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges 2 Format 3 Auditions 4 Dance Academy 5 Finals 5.1 Top 10 Finalists 5.1. 1 Elimination chart 5.2 Performances 5.2. 1 Top 10 ( July 11 , 2016 ) 5.2. 2 July 18 , 2016 5.2. 3 July 25 , 2016 ( final 9 ) 5.2. 4 August 1 , 2016 ( final 8 ) 5.2. 5 August 22 , 2016 ( final 6 ) 5.2. 6 August 29 , 2016 ( final 5 ) 5.2. 7 September 5 , 2016 ( final 4 ) : No elimination 5.2. 8 September 12 , 2016 : Finale -- Results 6 Ratings 6.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Judges ( edit ) Series creator and executive producer Nigel Lythgoe , along with new permanent members Paula Abdul and Jason Derulo , returned as members of the permanent judging panel and judge the audition rounds . After this , the fourth judge , 14 - year - old dancer Maddie Ziegler , joined the show . Format ( edit ) Season 13 featured a significant shift in format in that the contestants were all between the ages of 8 and 13 at the time of their auditions . Approximately 100 dancers were selected from the auditions for the next segment of the season , the Dance Academy . From these , the top 50 were chosen , and finally the top 10 were selected as finalists by a So You Think You Can Dance `` all - star '' who provided mentorship during the live shows and participated as a duet partner with his or her contestant in performances . Auditions ( edit ) Open auditions for season 13 were held in three cities beginning in February 2016 . Air Date Audition Venue City Audition Date May 30 , 2016 Orpheum Theatre Los Angeles , CA February 27 , 2016 June 6 , 2016 Lou Conte Dance Studio Chicago , IL March 11 , 2016 June 13 , 2016 Broadway Dance Center New York City March 18 , 2016 During the audition round , the judges interviewed each auditioner , watched a brief audition and gave feedback , while the auditioner 's family sat at the side of the stage and often participated in the interviews . Offstage , Cat Deeley chatted with contestants and judges . Approximately 100 dancers were sent through to the Academy . Dance Academy ( edit ) Dance Academy week was split among two episodes . The June 20 episode covered the first day of the Academy . The first task for the 10 all - stars was to watch solo dances by each of the competitors who were sent through from the auditions . From these , each all - star selected five dancers ( at least three from their own dance style ) , from the large number of auditioners , to join their `` team '' . If a dancer was selected by more than one all - star , he or she could choose which all - star 's team to join . Choreographer Warren Carlyle and the all - stars then taught the 50 remaining competitors a Broadway couples dance routine in 90 minutes , and dancers from each team were paired with dancers from another team . After all of the couples danced , each all - star was required to cut one dancer from his or her team , leaving a total of 40 contestants . Throughout the episode , Maddie Ziegler and Cat Deeley interviewed successful competitors . The June 27 episode covered days two and three of Academy week . On day two , the all - stars each narrowed down their teams to three and then two dancers , based first on a hip - hop routine for pairs choreographed by Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo , and then on a contemporary routine , created by Travis Wall , danced simultaneously by the remaining three members of each team . On the last day , the last two dancers from each team danced a solo just for their own all - star . Each all - star then selected one finalist , making a total of 10 finalists that he or she will mentor through the finals round . The all - stars and their finalists are : Contemporary Kathryn McCormick : season 6 , 3rd place -- Tate Robert Roldan : season 7 , 3rd place -- J.T. Sasha Mallory : season 8 runner - up -- Jordan Ballroom Jenna Johnson : season 10 , top 8 -- Jake Paul Karmiryan , season 10 , top 6 -- Ruby Jonathan Platero , season 5 , top 16 -- Daniela Tap Gaby Diaz , season 12 winner -- Emma Hip - Hop Marko Germar ° , season 8 , top 3 ( replacing Joshua Allen ) -- Sheaden Comfort Fedoke , season 4 , top 8 -- Tahani Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall , season 10 winner -- Kida ° Although Marko competed in season 8 as a contemporary / jazz dancer , he stepped in , before the first live show , to mentor hip - hop dancer Sheaden after Joshua withdrew from the show . Finals ( edit ) Top 10 Finalists ( edit ) Finalist Age Home town Dance style All - star mentor Placement Leon `` Kida '' Burns 14 Sacramento , California Hip Hop Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall First J.T. Church 10 Haymarket , Virginia Jazz Robert Roldan Second Tate McRae 13 Calgary , Alberta , Canada Contemporary / Ballet Kathryn McCormick Third Emma Hellenkamp 11 San Diego , California Tap Gaby Diaz Fourth Tahani Anderson 13 Victorville , California Hip Hop Comfort Fedoke Fifth Ruby Castro 12 Miami , Florida Ballroom Paul Karmiryan Sixth Jake Monreal 12 Miami , Florida Ballroom Jenna Johnson Seventh Jordan Nata'e Wandick 14 Bakersfield , California Contemporary / Jazz Sasha Mallory Sheaden Gabriel 12 Murrieta , California Hip Hop Marko Germar Ninth Daniela Avanzini 11 Atlanta , Georgia Ballroom Jonathan Platero Tenth Elimination chart ( edit ) Legend Female Male Bottom 2 contestants Eliminated Result show date : 7 / 18 7 / 25 8 / 1 8 / 22 8 / 29 9 / 12 Contestant Results Leon `` Kida '' Burns Winner J.T. Church Runner - Up Tate McRae 3rd Place Emma Hellenkamp 4th Place Tahani Anderson Elim Ruby Castro Btm 2 Elim Jake Monreal Elim Jordan Nata'e Wandick Elim Sheaden Gabriel Btm 2 Elim Daniela Avanzini Elim Performances ( edit ) Top 10 ( July 11 , 2016 ) ( edit ) The live shows were all two - hour broadcasts . The first live show , on July 11 , 2016 , opened with a group dance by all ten contestants dancing with their all - stars and all together , futuristically dressed in white . In the middle of the show there was a contemporary group dance by the all - stars , and the show ended with a group hip - hop dance by all of the top - ten contestants . During the show , each contestant performed one solo and one duet with his or her all - star ; both dances were in the contestant 's primary dance style . At the beginning of the show , host Cat Deeley announced that all - star Joshua Allen has been replaced by Marko Germar , to mentor and partner with hip - hop dancer Sheaden Gabriel . Maddie Ziegler observed the contestants ' rehearsals and joined the judging panel , during the broadcast , giving the contestants `` relatable feedback '' and offering encouraging words about their performances . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Top 10 and all - stars Multiple styles `` Prodigy '' -- Nathan Lanier Christopher Scott Leon `` Kida '' Burns Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall Hip - hop `` Winning '' -- Fingazz Christopher Scott Tate McRae Kathryn McCormick Contemporary `` Goldenheart '' -- Dawn Richard Tyce Diorio Jake Monreal Jenna Johnson Cha - cha - cha `` Toca Toca Radio Edit '' -- Fly Project Jean - Marc Généreux Sheaden Gabriel Marko Germar Hip hop `` Why I 'm Here ( Original Mix ) '' -- Statik Link feat . Young Live Christopher `` Pharside '' Jennings Krystal `` Phoenix '' Meraz Jordan Nata'e Wandick Sasha Mallory Contemporary `` The Light That Never Fails '' -- Andra Day Brian Friedman Emma Hellenkamp Gaby Diaz Tap `` Watch Me Do '' -- Meghan Trainor Anthony Morigerato Ruby Castro Paul Karmiryan Cha - cha - cha `` How Deep Is Your Love '' -- Calvin Harris & Disciples Jean - Marc Généreux Tahani Anderson Comfort Fedoke Hip - hop `` Cut It '' -- O.T. Genasis feat . Young Dolph Luther Brown Daniela Avanzini Jonathan Platero Salsa `` Latinos '' -- Proyecto Uno Oksana Platero J.T. Church Robert Roldan Contemporary `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith Mandy Moore All - stars Contemporary `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors Mandy Moore Top 10 Hip - hop `` Move ( If You Wanna ) '' -- MIMS Willdabeast Janelle Ginestra Solos : Dancer Style Music Emma Hellenkamp Tap `` Impossible '' -- Lion Babe Tahani Anderson Hip - hop `` Anyway '' -- Chris Brown feat . Tayla Parx J.T. Church Jazz '' Dance with Me Tonight '' -- Olly Murs Ruby Castro Paso Doble `` Unstoppable '' -- E.S. Posthumus Daniela Avanzini Jive '' Proud Mary '' -- Tina Turner Leon `` Kida '' Burns Hip - hop `` Ants '' -- edIT Jordan Nata'e Wandick Contemporary `` Freedom '' -- Anthony Hamilton & Elayna Boynton Tate McRae Contemporary `` The Beginning '' -- Factor Eight Sheaden Gabriel Hip - hop `` Look at Me Now '' -- Chris Brown feat . Lil Wayne & Busta Rhymes Jake Monreal Cha - cha - cha `` I Like It Like That '' -- Tito Nieves July 18 , 2016 ( edit ) Derulo was unavailable this week , but all - star Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss took his place at the judging table ; Ziegler continued to attend and comment at the contestants ' rehearsals . The show opened with a group Bollywood - style number danced by all of the contestants and all - stars . In the middle of the show , the all - stars performed a piece inspired by Romeo and Juliet . Contestants were paired with each other to dance two routines ; each dancer performed at least one routine outside of his or her primary style . The kids also performed duets with their all - stars . Daniela and her partner Sheaden were ranked in the bottom two , based on the previous week 's voting , and Daniela was eliminated . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Contestants and all - stars Bollywood `` Let 's Nacho '' -- Kapoor & Sons ( Since 1921 ) soundtrack Nakul Dev Mahajan N / A Jordan Nata'e Wandick Ruby Castro African jazz `` Breath Connect Us All '' -- Professor Trance & The Energizers Sean Cheesman Safe J.T. Church Emma Hellenkamp Hip hop `` Dessert ( Remix ) '' -- Dawin featuring Silentó Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Safe Tahani Anderson Jake Monreal Contemporary `` Tell Your Heart to Beat Again '' -- Danny Gokey Bonnie Story Safe Daniela Avanzini Sheaden Gabriel Cha - cha - cha `` I Love It '' -- Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX Umario Diallo Bottom 2 Daniela eliminated Leon `` Kida '' Burns Tate McRae Hip hop `` Manolo '' -- Trip Lee featuring Lecrae Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Safe All - stars Contemporary `` Move Your Body '' -- Sia Nick Florez and RJ Durell N / A J.T. Church Emma Hellenkamp Broadway `` The Jet Song '' -- from West Side Story ; Dave Grusin Spencer Liff Safe Jordan Nata'e Wandick Ruby Castro Contemporary `` My Own '' -- Whitaker Dee Caspary Safe Leon `` Kida '' Burns Tate McRae Jazz `` I Do What I Love '' -- Ellie Goulding Nick Florez and RJ Durell Safe Daniela Avanzini Sheaden Gabriel Broadway `` Rich Man 's Frug '' -- from Sweet Charity Spencer Liff Bottom 2 Daniela eliminated Tahani Anderson Jake Monreal Jive `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- J - Lew and the Crew Emma Slater and Sasha Farber Safe Duets choreographed by all - stars : Dancers Style Music Sheaden and Marko Hip hop `` Treasure ( Bruno Mars song ) '' -- Bruno Mars Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` Do n't Panic '' -- Clairity Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` TRNSTTR ( Lucian Remix ) '' -- Black Coast featuring M. Maggie Ruby and Paul Ballroom `` Muchacho '' -- Jonny Good Jordan and Sasha Contemporary `` Pure4Sure '' -- Sunless ' 97 Emma and Gaby Tap `` Boogie Shoes '' -- KC and the Sunshine Band Jake and Jenna Ballroom `` Ai n't Your Mama '' -- Jennifer Lopez Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` Pep Rally '' -- Missy Elliott Daniela and Jonathan Ballroom `` Marchina ( Remix 14 ) '' -- DJ DLVG J.T. and Robert Contemporary `` Change is Everything '' -- Son Lux July 25 , 2016 ( final 9 ) ( edit ) The show began again with a dance that included all the contestants and all - stars . During the course of the broadcast , there was also a group number for the kids and later one for the all - stars . The remaining nine contestants performed full - length routines with their all - stars in their own primary styles ( or similar styles ) , and each did a short solo in his or her primary style . The kids each gave a campaign speech as if they were running for US President . Tate McRae , who is Canadian , qupped in her speech : `` The only wall that should be shared between Canada and the United States should be Travis Wall . '' Sheaden was eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . The show has been promoting the sixth annual National Dance Day , `` an annual celebration that encourages Americans to embrace dance as a fun and positive way to maintain good health and combat obesity '' , which is scheduled to take place on Saturday , July 30 , 2016 . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Contestants and all - stars Jazz `` Me Too '' -- Meghan Trainor Brian Friedman N / A Jake and Jenna Samba `` Hip Hip Chin Chin '' ( Maxim Illion Mix ) -- Club Des Belugas Dmitry Chaplin and Jenya Shatilova Safe Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` Panda '' -- Desiigner Dave Scott Safe Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` Get Here '' -- Brenda Russell ( Oleta Adams cover ) Brian Friedman Safe Jordan and Sasha Jazz `` Sax '' -- Fleur East Ray Leeper Safe Sheaden and Marko Hip - hop `` Down in the DM '' -- Yo Gotti Luther Brown Eliminated Ruby and Paul Argentine Tango `` Malevo '' -- Electro Dub Tango Miriam Larici and Leonardo Barrionuevo Bottom 2 Tahani and Comfort Dancehall `` Get Busy '' -- Sean Paul Laure Courtellemont Safe J.T. and Robert Contemporary `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat Travis Wall Safe Emma and Gaby Tap `` Salute '' -- Little Mix Chloe Arnold Safe Contestants Contemporary `` Wolf '' -- Tailor Jaci Royal N / A All - stars Contemporary `` Send in the Clowns '' -- from A Little Night Music ( Sarah Vaughan and the Count Basie Orchestra ) Travis Wall N / A Solos : Dancer Style Music Tahani Hip - hop `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' -- Beyoncé Sheaden Hip - hop `` Lean On '' -- Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake Ruby Samba `` The Girl 's Gone Wild '' -- Travis Tritt J.T. Jazz `` Unsteady ( Erich Lee Gravity Remix ) '' -- X Ambassadors Tate Contemporary `` Lorikeet '' -- Ship Shape Emma Tap `` Expensive '' -- Tori Kelly featuring Daye Jack Jordan Contemporary `` Confident '' -- Demi Lovato Jake Cha Cha Cha `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' -- Seal Kida Hip - hop `` Lazarus '' -- Trip Lee featuring Thi'si August 1 , 2016 ( final 8 ) ( edit ) The show began with a group toy - themed hip - hop routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Later , all 10 all - stars danced a contemporary routine based on a snow - globe . Each of the contestants danced a routine in their primary style with their all - star and then paired with another contestant for a routine in a new genre . Jake and Jordan were eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Contestants and all - stars Hip - hop `` Ai n't Playing With Ya '' -- District 78 Pharside Jennings & Phoenix Meraz N / A Emma and Gaby Tap `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles ( The Puppini Sisters cover ) Anthony Morigerato Safe Tahani and Comfort Lyrical hip - hop `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Safe Ruby and Paul Pasodoble `` Echelon '' -- Jack Trammell Jean Marc Genereux Safe Jordan and Sasha Contemporary `` Amazing Grace ( Premier Video Appearance ) '' -- Harlem Gospel Choir Sean Cheesman Eliminated Jake and Jenna Jive `` Land of 1000 Dances '' -- Chris Kenner ( Wilson Pickett cover ) Jean Marc Genereux Eliminated J.T. and Robert Jazz `` Friend Like Me '' -- from Aladdin ( Ne - Yo cover ) Mandy Moore Safe Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` The Buzz '' -- Hermitude featuring Big K.R.I.T. , Mataya & Young Tapz Misha Gabriel Safe Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` She Used to Be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles Travis Wall Safe All - stars Contemporary `` A Star in a Stoneboat '' -- Kevin Keller Trio Tyce Diorio N / A Contestant duets Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Jordan and Jake Hip - hop `` Bad Man '' -- Missy Elliott featuring Vybz Kartel & M.I.A. Pharside Jennings & Phoenix Meraz Tahani and J.T. Cha - cha - cha `` Bom Bom '' ( Radio Edit ) -- Sam and the Womp Emma Slater and Sasha Farber Emma and Tate Broadway `` Act One : Trouble '' -- from Smokey Joe 's Cafe : The Songs of Leiber and Stoller Sean Cheesman Ruby and Kida Contemporary `` Over the Rainbow '' -- from The Wizard of Oz ( Shawn McDonald cover ) Mandy Moore August 22 , 2016 ( final 6 ) ( edit ) The show began with a group contemporary routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Later , four of the female all - stars danced a contemporary routine , and Comfort and the five male all - stars danced a hip - hop number . Each of the contestants danced a routine in their primary style with their all - star , paired with another contestant for a routine in a new genre , and also performed a short solo dance in their own genre . Ruby was eliminated , based on the previous week 's voting . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Contestants and all - stars Contemporary `` What the World Needs Now is Love '' -- Hal David and Burt Bacharach ( Will Young cover ) Travis Wall N / A Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` Blow a Check '' -- Zoey Dollaz Luther Brown Safe Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` Rise Up '' -- Andra Day Mandy Moore Safe Ruby and Paul Jive `` Rip It Up '' -- Little Richard Mark Ballas Eliminated Emma and Gaby Tap `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen Nick Young Safe J.T. and Robert Broadway `` Mr. Bojangles '' -- Jerry Jeff Walker ( Robbie Williams cover ) Al Blackstone Safe Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` BANJI '' -- Sharaya J Jamal Sims Safe Four all - star women Contemporary `` This Is Not the End '' -- Clare Maguire Mandy Moore N / A All - star men and Comfort Hip - hop `` Dangerous '' -- Busta Rhymes Luther Brown N / A Contestant duets Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Emma and J.T. Contemporary `` I Will Not Forget You '' -- Max Richter Travis Wall Kida and Tate Pasodoble `` Diablo Rojo '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Mark Ballas Ruby and Tahani Broadway `` Stand By Me '' -- Ben E. King ( Joseph Leo Bwarie cover ) Al Blackstone Solos : Dancer Style Music Ruby Tango `` Libertango '' -- Astor Piazzolla Tahani Hip - hop `` Bring Em Out '' -- T.I. Tate Contemporary `` Trophy '' -- NAO featuring A.K. Paul J.T. Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- from The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd ( Michael Bublé cover ) Emma Tap `` Foc '' -- Rodrigo y Gabriela Kida Hip - hop `` Boogie Bruthas '' -- Fingazz August 29 , 2016 ( final 5 ) ( edit ) The show began with a group routine for all of the contestants and all - stars . Each of the contestants then danced with his or her all - star in their primary style . Two groups of all - stars danced separately : first a contemporary routine and then a Broadway number . In the second half of the show , the contestants each choreographed a duet with his or her all - star in their own genre , choosing the concept , music , costumes and make - up . Finally , judge Maddie Ziegler performed a dramatic contemporary routine paired with choreographer Travis Wall . Tahani was eliminated based on the previous week 's voting . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Result Contestants and all - stars Contemporary `` I Miss You '' -- Bjork Nick Florez and RJ Durell N / A Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` This Gift '' -- Glen Hansard Stacey Tookey Safe Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop ; Krump `` All the Way Up '' -- Fat Joe and Remy Ma featuring French Montana and Infared Pharside and Phoenix Safe Emma and Gaby Tap `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Jimmy McHugh and Dorothy Fields ( Ella Fitzgerald and Count Basie version ) Savion Glover Safe J.T. and Robert Contemporary `` I 'll Keep You Safe '' -- Sleeping at Last Stacey Tookey Safe Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` WTF ( Where They From ) '' -- Missy Elliott featuring Pharrell Williams Dave Scott Eliminated Five all - stars : Jenna , Sasha , Kathryn , Marko and Paul Contemporary `` Feel Again '' -- OneRepublic Theresa Stone N / A The other five all - stars : Gaby , Comfort , Fik - Shun , Robert and Jonathan Broadway `` The Way You Look Tonight '' -- Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields , from the film Swing Time ( Maroon 5 cover ) Al Blackstone N / A Maddie Ziegler and Travis Wall Contemporary `` Cage of Bones '' -- Son Lux Travis Wall N / A Duets choreographed by the contestants Dancers Style Music Concept Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` Footprints '' -- Jeff Grace Unmasked : Remove your mask to show your imperfections / true self Kida and Fik - shun Hip - hop `` I Can Make Ya '' -- Fingazz Manipulator : Robot Kida teaches robot Fik - shun to loosen up J.T. and Robert Jazz `` Count on Me '' -- Bruno Mars Friendship : Friends can always count on each other Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` No Flex Zone '' -- Rae Sremmurd No Flex Zone : Cool Tahani schools nerdy Comfort Emma and Gaby Tap `` Rather Be '' -- Clean Bandit ( Pentatonix cover ) Here With You : Two friends who would rather be together than anywhere else September 5 , 2016 ( final 4 ) : no Elimination ( edit ) The final four competed on Labor Day . Audience voting after this show was combined with the votes from the August 29 show to determine the results of the season , so there was no elimination this week . The show again opened with a group number for the remaining contestants and the all - stars . The four contestants danced another routine , and later so did the all - stars . Each contestant performed a duet with an all - star who was not his or her mentor , in a new genre , and each also danced a solo in his or her own genre . Finally , the contestants each reprised their favorite routine of the season with their usual all - stars . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Contestants and all - stars `` You Do n't Own Me '' -- Lesley Gore ( Son Lux featuring Hanna Benn cover ) Travis Wall Top 4 contestants Broadway `` Ease on Down the Road '' -- Charlie Smalls ( Diana Ross and Michael Jackson in The Wiz ) Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo Kida and Sasha African Jazz `` Din Daa Daa '' ( Radio Edit ) -- George Kranz ( Kevin Aviance cover ) Sean Cheesman Tate and Jonathan Salsa `` Robi - Rob 's Boriqua Anthem '' -- C + C Music Factory featuring El General Stephanie Stevenson Emma and Jenna Contemporary `` How Long Will I Love You ? '' -- Mike Scott ( Ellie Goulding cover ) Jaci Royal J.T. and Marko Bollywood `` Malhari '' -- Bajirao Mastani soundtrack Nakul Dev Mahajan Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` She Used to Be Mine '' -- Sara Bareilles Travis Wall All - stars , excluding Sasha Jazz `` Feathery '' -- Milky Chance Mandy Korpinen and Elizabeth Petrin Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` Winning '' -- Fingazz Christopher Scott J.T. and Robert Contemporary `` The Mirror '' -- Alexandre Desplat Travis Wall Emma and Gaby Tap `` Walk Like an Egyptian '' -- The Bangles ( The Puppini Sisters cover ) Anthony Morigerato Solos : Dancer Style Music Emma Tap `` Someone Who Can Dance '' -- Icona Pop J.T. Jazz `` Ghost of Sky '' ( Epic Dub ) -- Steed Lord Tate Contemporary `` Easy '' ( Switch Screens ) -- Son Lux featuring Lorde Kida Hip - hop `` Earned It '' ( Marian Hill Remix ) -- The Weeknd September 12 , 2016 : finale -- results ( edit ) The episode began with a group dance for all the contestants and all - stars that began with the Top 4 contestants waking up and getting ready for the big day . There were also new group dances for the hip - hop finalists and their all - stars ; the ballroom finalists and their all - stars ; and the contemporary finalists ( plus Emma ) and their all stars . In addition , there was a new group routine for all the finalists plus Maddie Ziegler , and Cat Deely chose to reprise her favorite all - stars routine . During the course of the broadcast , each of the Top 4 reprised their favorite solo of the season , each judge chose two favorite routines to see again , each of the all - stars chose a favorite duet to reprise , and other duets were reprised as described below . Results were announced during the last hour of the show as follows : Emma placed 4th , Tate was 3rd , J.T. was runner - up , and Kida won the $250,000 top prize and will be featured on the cover of Dance Spirit magazine . Dancers Style Music Choreographer ( s ) Top 4 contestants , joined by Top 10 and all - stars Hip - hop `` Brand New '' -- Ben Rector Christopher Scott and Jamal Sims Kida and Fik - shun Hip - hop `` I Can Make Ya '' -- Fingazz Kida ( Nigel 's pick ) Sheaden and Marko Hip hop `` Treasure ( Bruno Mars song ) '' -- Bruno Mars Tate and Jonathan Salsa `` Robi - Rob 's Boriqua Anthem '' -- C + C Music Factory featuring El General Stephanie Stevenson ( Maddie 's pick ) Jordan and Sasha Contemporary `` The Light That Never Fails '' -- Andra Day Brian Friedman ( Paula 's pick ) Jake and Jenna Ballroom `` Ai n't Your Mama '' -- Jennifer Lopez Emma and Gaby Tap `` Salute '' -- Little Mix Chloe Arnold ( Jason 's pick ) Kida , Fik - Shun , Sheaden , Marko , Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` Ai n't No Time '' -- Future Luther Brown Tate and Kathryn Contemporary `` This Gift '' -- Glen Hansard Stacey Tookey ( Kathryn 's pick ) Top 10 and Maddie Contemporary `` Small '' -- Lamb Mandy Moore J.T. and Robert Broadway `` Mr. Bojangles '' -- Jerry Jeff Walker ( Robbie Williams cover ) Al Blackstone ( Nigel 's pick ) Jake , Jenna , Ruby , Paul , Daniela and Jonathan Ballroom `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' -- Fergie , Q - Tip and GoonRock Dmitry Chaplin and Jenya Shatilova Tahani and Comfort Hip - hop `` Pep Rally '' -- Missy Elliott Special performance by Sergei Polunin Ballet `` Diane et Actéon '' -- Cesare Pugni from La Esmeralda Sergei Polunin Ruby and Paul Argentine Tango `` Malevo '' -- Electro Dub Tango Miriam Larici and Leonardo Barrionuevo ( Paula 's pick ) All - stars , excluding Sasha Jazz `` Feathery '' -- Milky Chance Mandy Korpinen and Elizabeth Petrin ( Cat 's pick ) Kida and Fik - Shun Hip - hop `` The Buzz '' -- Hermitude featuring Big K.R.I.T. , Mataya & Young Tapz Misha Gabriel ( Fik - Shun 's pick ) Tate , Kathryn , Sasha , Jordan , J.T. , Robert , Emma and Gaby Contemporary `` Burgs '' -- Mt . Wolf Travis Wall Daniela and Jonathan Ballroom `` Marchina ( Remix 14 ) '' -- DJ DLVG Ruby and Paul Ballroom `` Muchacho '' -- Jonny Good Tahani and Comfort Lyrical hip - hop `` I 'm Going Down '' -- Rose Royce Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( Jason 's pick ) Emma and Gaby Tap `` We Will Rock You '' -- Queen Nick Young ( Gaby 's pick ) Kida and Tate Hip hop `` Manolo '' -- Trip Lee featuring Lecrae Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo ( Maddie 's pick ) J.T. and Robert Contemporary `` Stand in the Light '' -- Jordan Smith Mandy Moore ( Robert 's pick ) Solos ( contestants ' choice ) : Dancer Style Music J.T. Jazz `` Feeling Good '' -- from The Roar of the Greasepaint -- The Smell of the Crowd ( Michael Bublé cover ) Tate Contemporary `` Trophy '' -- NAO featuring A.K. Paul Emma Tap `` Expensive '' -- Tori Kelly featuring Daye Jack Kida Hip - hop `` Boogie Bruthas '' -- Fingazz Ratings ( edit ) US nielsen ratings ( edit ) Show Episode First Air Date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Rank ( week ) Auditions # 1 May 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) 1.0 3.75 Auditions # 2 June 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) 1.0 4.08 Auditions # 3 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) 0.9 3.52 6 Academy # 1 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.8 3.23 3 ( tie ) 4 ( tie ) 5 Academy # 2 June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 0.9 3.04 3 ( tie ) 4 ( tie ) 6 Top 10 Perform July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.7 2.89 5 ( tie ) 7 Top 10 Perform + Elimination July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.7 2.66 3 ( tie ) 4 ( tie ) 8 Top 9 Perform + Elimination July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.7 2.57 3 ( tie ) 5 ( tie ) 9 Top 8 Perform + Elimination August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.7 2.68 6 ( tie ) 10 Top 6 Perform + Elimination August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.7 2.62 6 11 Top 5 Perform + Elimination August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.7 2.57 6 ( tie ) 12 Final 4 September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 0.5 2.37 8 13 Season Finale September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 0.7 2.27 8 Notes : July 4 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Academy # 2 . August 8 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Top 9 Perform + Elimination . August 15 , 2016 : broadcast was a rerun of Top 8 Perform + Elimination . See also ( edit ) List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : Go behind the scenes of the ' fierce ' new season '' , Entertainment Weekly , May 9 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cutler , Jacqueline . `` ' So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation ' : The auditions , the judges and the dancers take Manhattan '' , New York Daily News , May 18 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` So You Think You Can Dance Kids Edition Confirmed '' , Deadline.com , February 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation : Get your exclusive look at the first promo '' , Entertainment Weekly , April 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation Premieres Monday , May 30 on Fox '' , Fox.com , accessed June 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nicosia , Elena . `` Watch So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 , Episode 2 Online '' , EarnTheNecklace.com , June 6 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` So You Think You Can Dance Changes Auditions & More for a Kid - Friendly Season '' , Bustle.com , May 31 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Academy 1 ' '' , EW , June 20 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Feller , Alison . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Academy '' , Dance Spirit , June 21 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Shana . `` So You Think You Can Dance 2016 Recap : Maddie Ziegler & the All - Stars Meet the Kids '' , GossipandGab.com , June 21 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , Stormy . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap 6 / 27 / 16 : Season 13 Episode 5 ' The Next Generation : Academy # 2 ' '' , CelebDirtyLaundry.com , June 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ Hiembrod , Mimi . `` So You Think You Can Dance : Next Generation Spoilers : Maddie Ziegler Appears on Monday '' , Design & Trend , June 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Academy 2 ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , June 27 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Kida 's birth name is `` Leon Burns '' . Sastry , Keertana . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 10 Perform ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 12 , 2016 . See also `` Sacramento Boy 's Winning Dance Video Goes Viral , Lands Him On Queen Latifah Show '' , CBS , October 17 , 2014 , accessed September 13 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Caitlin . `` So You Think You Can Dance Hip - Hop Dancer Sheaden Lost All - Star Joshua , But Showed He 'll Be Just Fine '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` Kida , Tate So You Think You Can Dance Video : Watch Hip - Hop and Jazz Dances ! '' , Gossip Cop , July 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Self , Jennifer . `` Bakersfield 's tiny dancer gets shot at fame on TV '' , Bakersfield.com , June 15 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 10 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin . `` Maddie Finally Judges So You Think You Can Dance & Offers Relatable Feedback to ' The Next Generation ' '' , Bustle.com , July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Feller , Alison . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Eliminations Begin '' , Dance Spirit , July 19 , 2016 ; Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 10 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 19 , 2016 ; and Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 10 Dance and One is Eliminated '' , BuddyTV.com , July 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 9 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , July 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 9 Perform with Their All - Stars Again '' , BuddyTV.com , July 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation Reveals Eight Finalists '' , BroadwayWorld.com , July 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : Which Two Dancers are Eliminated ? '' , BuddyTV.com , August 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` So You Think You Can Dance Results : Top 5 Revealed After Next Generation Elimination '' , GossipCop.com , August 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Fremont , Maggie . `` So You Think You Can Dance recap : ' The Next Generation : Top 6 Perform + Elimination ' '' , Entertainment Weekly , August 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Tarrant , Rebecca . `` So You Think You Can Dance Live Recap '' , Celebrity Dirty Laundry , August 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 5 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , August 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bowers , Courtney . `` SYTYCD : The Next Generation Season 13 Recap : The Top 5 Perform '' , Dance Spirit , August 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari . `` So You Think You Can Dance Results : Top 4 Revealed After ' Next Generation ' Elimination '' , GossipCop.com , August 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Recap : The Top 4 Perform '' , BuddyTV.com , September 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Petralia , Christine . `` So You Think You Can Dance Season 13 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' , BuddyTV.com , September 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Stanley Cup Finals and ' Memorial Day ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mistresses ' adjusts down , plus final NHL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up , ' Spartan ' and ' Mistresses ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American NInja Warrior ' adjusts up , ' Mistresses ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American NInja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelorette ' and other originals hold , final DNC numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' rerun adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' rerun adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Episode 1 All - star group number , Episode 6 Top 10 group number , Episode 6 Maddie Ziegler and Travis Wall duet , Episode 11 ( hide ) So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Seasons 1 ( 2005 ) 2 ( 2006 ) 3 ( 2007 ) 4 ( 2008 ) 5 ( summer 2009 ) 6 ( fall 2009 ) 7 ( 2010 ) 8 ( 2011 ) 9 ( 2012 ) 10 ( 2013 ) 11 ( 2014 ) 12 ( 2015 ) 13 ( The Next Generation ) ( 2016 ) 14 ( 2017 ) Winners Nick Lazzarini Benji Schwimmer Sabra Johnson Joshua Allen Jeanine Mason Russell Ferguson Lauren Froderman Melanie Moore Eliana Girard & Chehon Wespi - Tschopp Du - Shaunt `` Fik - Shun '' Stegall & Amy Yakima Ricky Ubeda Gaby Diaz Leon `` Kida '' Burns Lex Ishimoto Other finalists Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance:_The_Next_Generation_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=828543040 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons So You Think You Can Dance ( United States ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 05 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won season 13 so you think you can dance	[ "\n\nSo You Think You Can Dance:\nThe Next Generation\n\n\nSeason 13\n\n\nBroadcast from\nMay 30 – September 12, 2016\n\n\nJudges\nNigel Lythgoe\nPaula Abdul\nJason Derulo\nMaddie Ziegler\n\n\nHost(s)\nCat Deeley\n\n\nBroadcaster\nFox\n\n\nWinner\n\n\nLeon \"Kida\" Burns\n\n\nGenre(s)\nHip-Hop\n\n\n\n\n\nRunner-up\n\n\nJ.T. Church\n\n\nChronology\n\n\n\n\n◀\n2016\n▶\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Leon \"Kida\" Burns" ]
-7757053776340615729	Limit of a function	Limit of a function - wikipedia Limit of a function Jump to : navigation , search x sin ⁡ x x ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ sin x ) ( x ) ) ) 0.841471 ... 0.1 0.998334 ... 0.01 0.999983 ... Although the function ( sin x ) / x is not defined at zero , as x becomes closer and closer to zero , ( sin x ) / x becomes arbitrarily close to 1 . In other words , the limit of ( sin x ) / x as x approaches zero equals 1 . Part of a series of articles about Calculus Fundamental theorem Limits of functions Continuity Mean value theorem Rolle 's theorem Differential ( show ) Definitions Derivative ( generalizations ) Differential infinitesimal of a function total Concepts Differentiation notation Second derivative Third derivative Change of variables Implicit differentiation Related rates Taylor 's theorem Rules and identities Sum Product Chain Power Quotient General Leibniz Faà di Bruno 's formula Integral ( show ) Lists of integrals Definitions Antiderivative Integral ( improper ) Riemann integral Lebesgue integration Contour integration Integration by Parts Discs Cylindrical shells Substitution ( trigonometric ) Partial fractions Order Reduction formulae Series ( show ) Geometric ( arithmetico - geometric ) Harmonic Alternating Power Binomial Taylor Convergence tests Summand limit ( term test ) Ratio Root Integral Direct comparison Limit comparison Alternating series Cauchy condensation Dirichlet Abel Vector ( show ) Gradient Divergence Curl Laplacian Directional derivative Identities Theorems Divergence Gradient Green 's Kelvin -- Stokes Multivariable ( show ) Formalisms Matrix Tensor Exterior Geometric Definitions Partial derivative Multiple integral Line integral Surface integral Volume integral Jacobian Hessian matrix Specialized ( show ) Fractional Malliavin Stochastic Variations In mathematics , the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input . Formal definitions , first devised in the early 19th century , are given below . Informally , a function f assigns an output f ( x ) to every input x . We say the function has a limit L at an input p : this means f ( x ) gets closer and closer to L as x moves closer and closer to p . More specifically , when f is applied to any input sufficiently close to p , the output value is forced arbitrarily close to L. On the other hand , if some inputs very close to p are taken to outputs that stay a fixed distance apart , we say the limit does not exist . The notion of a limit has many applications in modern calculus . In particular , the many definitions of continuity employ the limit : roughly , a function is continuous if all of its limits agree with the values of the function . It also appears in the definition of the derivative : in the calculus of one variable , this is the limiting value of the slope of secant lines to the graph of a function . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Motivation 3 Functions of a single variable 3.1 Existence and one - sided limits 3.2 More general subsets 3.3 Deleted versus non-deleted limits 3.4 Examples 3.4. 1 Non-existence of one - sided limit ( s ) 3.4. 2 Non-equality of one - sided limits 3.4. 3 Limits at only one point 3.4. 4 Limits at countably many points 4 Functions on metric spaces 5 Functions on topological spaces 6 Limits involving infinity 6.1 Limits at infinity 6.2 Infinite limits 6.3 Alternative notation 6.4 Limits at infinity for rational functions 7 Functions of more than one variable 8 Sequential limits 9 Other characterizations 9.1 In terms of sequences 9.2 In non-standard calculus 9.3 In terms of nearness 10 Relationship to continuity 11 Properties 11.1 Limits of compositions of functions 11.2 Limits of special interest 11.2. 1 Rational functions 11.2. 2 Trigonometric functions 11.2. 3 Exponential functions 11.2. 4 Logarithmic functions 11.3 L'Hôpital's rule 11.4 Summations and integrals 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References History ( edit ) Although implicit in the development of calculus of the 17th and 18th centuries , the modern idea of the limit of a function goes back to Bolzano who , in 1817 , introduced the basics of the epsilon - delta technique to define continuous functions . However , his work was not known during his lifetime ( Felscher 2000 ) . Cauchy discussed variable quantities , infinitesimals , and limits and defined continuity of y = f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle y = f ( x ) ) by saying that an infinitesimal change in x necessarily produces an infinitesimal change in y in his 1821 book Cours d'analyse , while ( Grabiner 1983 ) claims that he only gave a verbal definition . Weierstrass first introduced the epsilon - delta definition of limit in the form it is usually written today . He also introduced the notations lim and lim ( Burton 1997 ) . The modern notation of placing the arrow below the limit symbol is due to Hardy in his book A Course of Pure Mathematics in 1908 ( Miller 2004 ) . Motivation ( edit ) Imagine a person walking over a landscape represented by the graph of y = f ( x ) . Her horizontal position is measured by the value of x , much like the position given by a map of the land or by a global positioning system . Her altitude is given by the coordinate y . She is walking towards the horizontal position given by x = p . As she gets closer and closer to it , she notices that her altitude approaches L. If asked about the altitude of x = p , she would then answer L . What , then , does it mean to say that her altitude approaches L ? It means that her altitude gets nearer and nearer to L except for a possible small error in accuracy . For example , suppose we set a particular accuracy goal for our traveler : she must get within ten meters of L. She reports back that indeed she can get within ten meters of L , since she notes that when she is within fifty horizontal meters of p , her altitude is always ten meters or less from L . The accuracy goal is then changed : can she get within one vertical meter ? Yes . If she is anywhere within seven horizontal meters of p , then her altitude always remains within one meter from the target L. In summary , to say that the traveler 's altitude approaches L as her horizontal position approaches p means that for every target accuracy goal , however small it may be , there is some neighborhood of p whose altitude fulfills that accuracy goal . The initial informal statement can now be explicated : The limit of a function f ( x ) as x approaches p is a number L with the following property : given any target distance from L , there is a distance from p within which the values of f ( x ) remain within the target distance . This explicit statement is quite close to the formal definition of the limit of a function with values in a topological space . To say that lim x → p f ( x ) = L , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) = L , \ , ) means that ƒ ( x ) can be made as close as desired to L by making x close enough , but not equal , to p . The following definitions ( known as ( ε , δ ) - definitions ) are the generally accepted ones for the limit of a function in various contexts . Functions of a single variable ( edit ) Suppose f : R → R is defined on the real line and p , L ∈ R. It is said the limit of f , as x approaches p , is L and written lim x → p f ( x ) = L , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) = L , \ ) if the following property holds : For every real ε > 0 , there exists a real δ > 0 such that for all real x , 0 < x − p < δ implies f ( x ) − L < ε . The value of the limit does not depend on the value of f ( p ) , nor even that p be in the domain of f . A more general definition applies for functions defined on subsets of the real line . Let ( a , b ) be an open interval in R , and p a point of ( a , b ) . Let f be a real - valued function defined on all of ( a , b ) except possibly at p itself . It is then said that the limit of f , as x approaches p , is L if , for every real ε > 0 , there exists a real δ > 0 such that 0 < x − p < δ and x ∈ ( a , b ) implies f ( x ) − L < ε . Here again the limit does not depend on f ( p ) being well - defined . The letters ε and δ can be understood as `` error '' and `` distance '' , and in fact Cauchy used ε as an abbreviation for `` error '' in some of his work ( Grabiner 1983 ) , though in his definition of continuity he used an infinitesimal α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) rather than either ε or δ ( see Cours d'Analyse ) . In these terms , the error ( ε ) in the measurement of the value at the limit can be made as small as desired by reducing the distance ( δ ) to the limit point . As discussed below this definition also works for functions in a more general context . The idea that δ and ε represent distances helps suggest these generalizations . Existence and one - sided limits ( edit ) Main article : One - sided limit The limit as : x → x ≠ x → x . Therefore , the limit as x → x does not exist . Alternatively x may approach p from above ( right ) or below ( left ) , in which case the limits may be written as lim x → p + f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ^ ( + ) ) f ( x ) = L ) or lim x → p − f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ^ ( - ) ) f ( x ) = L ) respectively . If these limits exist at p and are equal there , then this can be referred to as the limit of f ( x ) at p . If the one - sided limits exist at p , but are unequal , there is no limit at p ( the limit at p does not exist ) . If either one - sided limit does not exist at p , the limit at p does not exist . A formal definition is as follows . The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p from above is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) − L < ε whenever 0 < x − p < δ . The limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p from below is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that f ( x ) − L < ε whenever 0 < p − x < δ . If the limit does not exist then the oscillation of f at p is non-zero . More general subsets ( edit ) Apart from open intervals , limits can be defined for functions on arbitrary subsets of R , as follows . Let f be a real - valued function defined on a subset S of the real line . Let p be a limit point of S -- that is , p is the limit of some sequence of distinct elements of S . The limit of f , as x approaches p from values in S , is L if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that 0 < x − p < δ and x ∈ S implies f ( x ) − L < ε . This limit is often written L = lim x → p x ∈ S f ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ underset ( x \ in S ) ( \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) ) ) f ( x ) . ) The condition that f be defined on S is that S be a subset of the domain of f . This generalization includes as special cases limits on an interval , as well as left - handed limits of real - valued functions ( e.g. , by taking S to be an open interval of the form ( − ∞ , a ) ( \ displaystyle ( - \ infty , a ) ) ) , and right - handed limits ( e.g. , by taking S to be an open interval of the form ( a , ∞ ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , \ infty ) ) ) . Deleted versus non-deleted limits ( edit ) The definition of limit given here does not depend on how ( or whether ) f is defined at p . Bartle ( 1967 ) , refers to this as a deleted limit , because it excludes the value of f at p . The corresponding non-deleted limit does depend on the value of f at p , if p is in the domain of f : A number L is the non-deleted limit of f as x approaches p if , for every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that x − p < δ and x ∈ Dm ( f ) implies f ( x ) − L < ε . The definition is the same , except that the neighborhood x − p < δ now includes the point p , in contrast to the ( deleted ) neighborhood 0 < x − p < δ . This makes the definition of a non-deleted limit less general . One of the advantages of working with non-deleted limits is that they allow to state the theorem about limits of compositions without any constraints on the functions ( other than the existence of their non-deleted limits ) ( Hubbard ( 2015 ) ) . Bartle ( 1967 ) notes that although by `` limit '' some authors do mean this non-deleted limit , deleted limits are the most popular . For example , Apostol ( 1974 ) , Courant ( 1924 ) , Hardy ( 1921 ) , Rudin ( 1964 ) , Whittaker & Watson ( 1902 ) all by `` limit '' mean the deleted version . Examples ( edit ) Non-existence of one - sided limit ( S ) ( edit ) The function without a limit , at an essential discontinuity The function f ( x ) = ( sin ⁡ 5 x − 1 for x < 1 0 for x = 1 0.1 x − 1 for x > 1 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ sin ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( x-1 ) ) & ( \ text ( for ) ) x < 1 \ \ 0& ( \ text ( for ) ) x = 1 \ \ ( \ frac ( 0.1 ) ( x-1 ) ) & ( \ text ( for ) ) x > 1 \ end ( cases ) ) ) has no limit at x 0 = 1 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) = 1 ) ( the left - hand limit does not exist due to the oscillatory nature of the sine function , and the right - hand limit does not exist due to the asymptotic behaviour of the reciprocal function ) , but has a limit at every other x-coordinate . The function f ( x ) = ( 1 x rational 0 x irrational ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1&x ( \ text ( rational ) ) \ \ 0&x ( \ text ( irrational ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) ( the Dirichlet function ) has no limit at any x-coordinate . Non-equality of one - sided limits ( edit ) The function f ( x ) = ( 1 for x < 0 2 for x ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1& ( \ text ( for ) ) x < 0 \ \ 2& ( \ text ( for ) ) x \ geq 0 \ end ( cases ) ) ) has a limit at every non-zero x-coordinate ( the limit equals 1 for negative x and equals 2 for positive x ) . The limit at x = 0 does not exist ( the left - hand limit equals 1 , whereas the right - hand limit equals 2 ) . Limits at only one point ( edit ) The functions f ( x ) = ( x x rational 0 x irrational ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) x&x ( \ text ( rational ) ) \ \ 0&x ( \ text ( irrational ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) and f ( x ) = ( x x rational 0 x irrational ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) x &x ( \ text ( rational ) ) \ \ 0&x ( \ text ( irrational ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) both have a limit at x = 0 and it equals 0 . Limits at countably many points ( edit ) The function f ( x ) = ( sin ⁡ x x irrational 1 x rational ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ sin x&x ( \ text ( irrational ) ) \ \ 1&x ( \ text ( rational ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) has a limit at any x-coordinate of the form π 2 + 2 n π ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) + 2n \ pi ) , where n is any integer . Functions on metric spaces ( edit ) Suppose M and N are subsets of metric spaces A and B , respectively , and f : M → N is defined between M and N , with x ∈ M , p a limit point of M and L ∈ N. It is said that the limit of f as x approaches p is L and write lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if the following property holds : For every ε > 0 , there exists a δ > 0 such that d ( f ( x ) , L ) < ε whenever 0 < d ( x , p ) < δ . Again , note that p need not be in the domain of f , nor does L need to be in the range of f , and even if f ( p ) is defined it need not be equal to L . An alternative definition using the concept of neighbourhood is as follows : lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if , for every neighbourhood V of L in B , there exists a neighbourhood U of p in A such that f ( U ∩ M − ( p ) ) ⊆ V . Functions on topological spaces ( edit ) Suppose X , Y are topological spaces with Y a Hausdorff space . Let p be a limit point of Ω ⊆ X , and L ∈ Y . For a function f : Ω → Y , it is said that the limit of f as x approaches p is L ( i.e. , f ( x ) → L as x → p ) and written lim x → p f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) = L ) if the following property holds : For every open neighborhood V of L , there exists an open neighborhood U of p such that f ( U ∩ Ω − ( p ) ) ⊆ V . This last part of the definition can also be phrased `` there exists an open punctured neighbourhood U of p such that f ( U ∩ Ω ) ⊆ V `` . Note that the domain of f does not need to contain p . If it does , then the value of f at p is irrelevant to the definition of the limit . In particular , if the domain of f is X − ( p ) ( or all of X ) , then the limit of f as x → p exists and is equal to L if , for all subsets Ω of X with limit point p , the limit of the restriction of f to Ω exists and is equal to L. Sometimes this criterion is used to establish the non-existence of the two - sided limit of a function on R by showing that the one - sided limits either fail to exist or do not agree . Such a view is fundamental in the field of general topology , where limits and continuity at a point are defined in terms of special families of subsets , called filters , or generalized sequences known as nets . Alternatively , the requirement that Y be a Hausdorff space can be relaxed to the assumption that Y be a general topological space , but then the limit of a function may not be unique . In particular , one can no longer talk about the limit of a function at a point , but rather a limit or the set of limits at a point . A function is continuous in a limit point p of and in its domain if and only if f ( p ) is the ( or , in the general case , a ) limit of f ( x ) as x tends to p . Limits involving infinity ( edit ) Limits at infinity ( edit ) The limit of this function at infinity exists . For f ( x ) a real function , the limit of f as x approaches infinity is L , denoted lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = L , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) f ( x ) = L , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon > 0 ) , there exists c such that f ( x ) − L < ε ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) - L < \ varepsilon ) whenever x > c . Or , symbolically : ∀ ε > 0 ∃ c ∀ x > c : f ( x ) − L < ε ( \ displaystyle \ forall \ varepsilon > 0 \ ; \ exists c \ ; \ forall x > c : \ ; f ( x ) - L < \ varepsilon ) . Similarly , the limit of f as x approaches negative infinity is L , denoted lim x → − ∞ f ( x ) = L , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to - \ infty ) f ( x ) = L , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon > 0 ) there exists c such that f ( x ) − L < ε ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) - L < \ varepsilon ) whenever x < c . Or , symbolically : ∀ ε > 0 ∃ c ∀ x < c : f ( x ) − L < ε ( \ displaystyle \ forall \ varepsilon > 0 \ ; \ exists c \ ; \ forall x < c : \ ; f ( x ) - L < \ varepsilon ) . For example lim x → − ∞ e x = 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to - \ infty ) e ^ ( x ) = 0. \ , ) Infinite limits ( edit ) Limits can also have infinite values . When infinities are not considered legitimate values , which is standard ( but see below ) , a formalist will insist upon various circumlocutions . For example , rather than say that a limit is infinity , the proper thing is to say that the function `` diverges '' or `` grows without bound '' . In particular , the following informal example of how to pronounce the notation is arguably inappropriate in the classroom ( or any other formal setting ) . In any case , for example the limit of f as x approaches a is infinity , denoted lim x → a f ( x ) = ∞ , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( x ) = \ infty , \ , ) means that for all ε > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon > 0 ) there exists δ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ delta > 0 ) such that f ( x ) > ε ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) > \ varepsilon ) whenever x − a < δ ( \ displaystyle x-a < \ delta ) . These ideas can be combined in a natural way to produce definitions for different combinations , such as lim x → ∞ f ( x ) = ∞ , lim x → a + f ( x ) = − ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) f ( x ) = \ infty , \ lim _ ( x \ to a ^ ( + ) ) f ( x ) = - \ infty . \ , ) For example lim x → 0 + ln ⁡ x = − ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) \ ln x = - \ infty . \ , ) Limits involving infinity are connected with the concept of asymptotes . These notions of a limit attempt to provide a metric space interpretation to limits at infinity . However , note that these notions of a limit are consistent with the topological space definition of limit if a neighborhood of − ∞ is defined to contain an interval ( − ∞ , c ) for some c ∈ R a neighborhood of ∞ is defined to contain an interval ( c , ∞ ) where c ∈ R a neighborhood of a ∈ R is defined in the normal way metric space R In this case , R is a topological space and any function of the form f : X → Y with X , Y ⊆ R is subject to the topological definition of a limit . Note that with this topological definition , it is easy to define infinite limits at finite points , which have not been defined above in the metric sense . Alternative notation ( edit ) Many authors allow for the projectively extended real line to be used as a way to include infinite values as well as extended real line . With this notation , the extended real line is given as R ∪ ( − ∞ , + ∞ ) and the projectively extended real line is R ∪ ( ∞ ) where a neighborhood of ∞ is a set of the form ( x : x > c ) . The advantage is that one only needs three definitions for limits ( left , right , and central ) to cover all the cases . As presented above , for a completely rigorous account , we would need to consider 15 separate cases for each combination of infinities ( five directions : − ∞ , left , central , right , and + ∞ ; three bounds : − ∞ , finite , or + ∞ ) . There are also noteworthy pitfalls . For example , when working with the extended real line , x − 1 ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( - 1 ) ) does not possess a central limit ( which is normal ) : lim x → 0 + 1 x = + ∞ , lim x → 0 − 1 x = − ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) ( 1 \ over x ) = + \ infty , \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( 1 \ over x ) = - \ infty . ) In contrast , when working with the projective real line , infinities ( much like 0 ) are unsigned , so , the central limit does exist in that context : lim x → 0 + 1 x = lim x → 0 − 1 x = lim x → 0 1 x = ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) ( 1 \ over x ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( 1 \ over x ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( 1 \ over x ) = \ infty . ) In fact there are a plethora of conflicting formal systems in use . In certain applications of numerical differentiation and integration , it is , for example , convenient to have signed zeroes . A simple reason has to do with the converse of lim x → 0 − x − 1 = − ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( - ) ) ( x ^ ( - 1 ) ) = - \ infty ) , namely , it is convenient for lim x → − ∞ x − 1 = − 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to - \ infty ) ( x ^ ( - 1 ) ) = - 0 ) to be considered true . Such zeroes can be seen as an approximation to infinitesimals . Limits at infinity for rational functions ( edit ) Horizontal asymptote about y = 4 There are three basic rules for evaluating limits at infinity for a rational function f ( x ) = p ( x ) / q ( x ) : ( where p and q are polynomials ) : If the degree of p is greater than the degree of q , then the limit is positive or negative infinity depending on the signs of the leading coefficients ; If the degree of p and q are equal , the limit is the leading coefficient of p divided by the leading coefficient of q ; If the degree of p is less than the degree of q , the limit is 0 . If the limit at infinity exists , it represents a horizontal asymptote at y = L. Polynomials do not have horizontal asymptotes ; such asymptotes may however occur with rational functions . Functions of more than one variable ( edit ) By noting that x − p represents a distance , the definition of a limit can be extended to functions of more than one variable . In the case of a function f : R → R , lim ( x , y ) → ( p , q ) f ( x , y ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( ( x , y ) \ to ( p , q ) ) f ( x , y ) = L ) if for every ε > 0 there exists a δ > 0 such that for all ( x , y ) with 0 < ( x , y ) − ( p , q ) < δ , then f ( x , y ) − L < ε where ( x , y ) − ( p , q ) represents the Euclidean distance . This can be extended to any number of variables . Sequential limits ( edit ) Let f : X → Y be a mapping from a topological space X into a Hausdorff space Y , p ∈ X and L ∈ Y . The sequential limit of f as x tends to p is L if , for every sequence ( x ) in X − ( p ) that converges to p , the sequence f ( x ) converges to L . If L is the limit ( in the sense above ) of f as x approaches p , then it is a sequential limit as well , however the converse need not hold in general . If in addition X is metrizable , then L is the sequential limit of f as x approaches p if and only if it is the limit ( in the sense above ) of f as x approaches p . Other characterizations ( edit ) In terms of sequences ( edit ) For functions on the real line , one way to define the limit of a function is in terms of the limit of sequences . ( This definition is usually attributed to Eduard Heine . ) In this setting : lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all sequences x n ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) ( with x n ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) not equal to a for all n ) converging to a ( \ displaystyle a ) the sequence f ( x n ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x_ ( n ) ) ) converges to L ( \ displaystyle L ) . It was shown by Sierpiński in 1916 that proving the equivalence of this definition and the definition above , requires and is equivalent to a weak form of the axiom of choice . Note that defining what it means for a sequence x n ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) to converge to a ( \ displaystyle a ) requires the epsilon , delta method . Similarly as it was the case of Weierstrass 's definition , a more general Heine definition applies to functions defined on subsets of the real line . Let f be a real - valued function with the domain Dm ( f ) . Let a be the limit of a sequence of elements of Dm ( f ) . Then the limit ( in this sense ) of f is L as x approaches p if for every sequence x n ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) ∈ Dm ( f ) \ ( a ) ( so that for all n , x n ( \ displaystyle x_ ( n ) ) is not equal to a ) that converges to a , the sequence f ( x n ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x_ ( n ) ) ) converges to L ( \ displaystyle L ) . This is the same as the definition of a sequential limit in the preceding section obtained by regarding the subset Dm ( f ) of R as a metric space with the induced metric . In non-standard calculus ( edit ) In non-standard calculus the limit of a function is defined by : lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all x ∈ R ∗ ( \ displaystyle x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( * ) ) , f ∗ ( x ) − L ( \ displaystyle f ^ ( * ) ( x ) - L ) is infinitesimal whenever x − a ( \ displaystyle x-a ) is infinitesimal . Here R ∗ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( * ) ) are the hyperreal numbers and f ∗ ( \ displaystyle f ^ ( * ) ) is the natural extension of f to the non-standard real numbers . Keisler proved that such a hyperreal definition of limit reduces the quantifier complexity by two quantifiers . On the other hand , Hrbacek writes that for the definitions to be valid for all hyperreal numbers they must implicitly be grounded in the ε - δ method , and claims that , from the pedagogical point of view , the hope that non-standard calculus could be done without ε - δ methods can not be realized in full . Bl·aszczyk et al. detail the usefulness of microcontinuity in developing a transparent definition of uniform continuity , and characterize Hrbacek 's criticism as a `` dubious lament '' . In terms of nearness ( edit ) At the 1908 international congress of mathematics F. Riesz introduced an alternate way defining limits and continuity in concept called `` nearness '' . A point x ( \ displaystyle x ) is defined to be near a set A ⊆ R ( \ displaystyle A \ subseteq \ mathbb ( R ) ) if for every r > 0 ( \ displaystyle r > 0 ) there is a point a ∈ A ( \ displaystyle a \ in A ) so that x − a < r ( \ displaystyle x-a < r ) . In this setting the lim x → a f ( x ) = L ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( x ) = L ) if and only if for all A ⊆ R ( \ displaystyle A \ subseteq \ mathbb ( R ) ) , L ( \ displaystyle L ) is near f ( A ) ( \ displaystyle f ( A ) ) whenever a ( \ displaystyle a ) is near A ( \ displaystyle A ) . Here f ( A ) ( \ displaystyle f ( A ) ) is the set ( f ( x ) x ∈ A ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( f ( x ) x \ in A \ ) ) . This definition can also be extended to metric and topological spaces . Relationship to continuity ( edit ) The notion of the limit of a function is very closely related to the concept of continuity . A function ƒ is said to be continuous at c if it is both defined at c and its value at c equals the limit of f as x approaches c : lim x → c f ( x ) = f ( c ) . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = f ( c ) . ) ( We have here assumed that c is a limit point of the domain of f . ) Properties ( edit ) If a function f is real - valued , then the limit of f at p is L if and only if both the right - handed limit and left - handed limit of f at p exist and are equal to L . The function f is continuous at p if and only if the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p exists and is equal to f ( p ) . If f : M → N is a function between metric spaces M and N , then it is equivalent that f transforms every sequence in M which converges towards p into a sequence in N which converges towards f ( p ) . If N is a normed vector space , then the limit operation is linear in the following sense : if the limit of f ( x ) as x approaches p is L and the limit of g ( x ) as x approaches p is P , then the limit of f ( x ) + g ( x ) as x approaches p is L + P. If a is a scalar from the base field , then the limit of af ( x ) as x approaches p is aL . If f is a real - valued ( or complex - valued ) function , then taking the limit is compatible with the algebraic operations , provided the limits on the right sides of the equations below exist ( the last identity only holds if the denominator is non-zero ) . This fact is often called the algebraic limit theorem . lim x → p ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) + lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) − g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) − lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) ⋅ lim x → p g ( x ) lim x → p ( f ( x ) / g ( x ) ) = lim x → p f ( x ) / lim x → p g ( x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) & ( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) & = & \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) + \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) g ( x ) \ \ \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) & ( f ( x ) - g ( x ) ) & = & \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) - \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) g ( x ) \ \ \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) & ( f ( x ) \ cdot g ( x ) ) & = & \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) \ cdot \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) g ( x ) \ \ \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) & ( f ( x ) / g ( x ) ) & = & ( \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) f ( x ) / \ lim \ limits _ ( x \ to p ) g ( x ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) ) In each case above , when the limits on the right do not exist , or , in the last case , when the limits in both the numerator and the denominator are zero , nonetheless the limit on the left , called an indeterminate form , may still exist -- this depends on the functions f and g . These rules are also valid for one - sided limits , for the case p = ± ∞ , and also for infinite limits using the rules q + ∞ = ∞ for q ≠ − ∞ q × ∞ = ∞ if q > 0 q × ∞ = − ∞ if q < 0 q / ∞ = 0 if q ≠ ± ∞ ( see extended real number line ) . Note that there is no general rule for the case q / 0 ; it all depends on the way 0 is approached . Indeterminate forms -- for instance , 0 / 0 , 0 × ∞ , ∞ − ∞ , and ∞ / ∞ -- are also not covered by these rules , but the corresponding limits can often be determined with L'Hôpital's rule or the Squeeze theorem . Limits of compositions of functions ( edit ) In general , from knowing that lim y → b f ( y ) = c ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( y \ to b ) f ( y ) = c ) and lim x → a g ( x ) = b ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) g ( x ) = b ) , it does not follow that lim x → a f ( g ( x ) ) = c ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( g ( x ) ) = c ) . However , this `` chain rule '' does hold if one of the following additional conditions holds : f ( b ) = c ( that is , f is continuous at b ) , or g does not take the value b near a ( that is , there exists a δ > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ delta > 0 ) such that if 0 < x − a < δ ( \ displaystyle 0 < x-a < \ delta ) then g ( x ) − b > 0 ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) - b > 0 ) ) . As an example of this phenomenon , consider the following functions that violates both additional restrictions : f ( x ) = g ( x ) = ( 0 if x ≠ 0 1 if x = 0 . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = g ( x ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 0& ( \ text ( if ) ) x \ neq 0 \ \ 1& ( \ text ( if ) ) x = 0 \ end ( cases ) ) . ) Since the value at f ( 0 ) is a removable discontinuity , lim x → a f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( x ) = 0 ) for all a ( \ displaystyle a ) . Thus , the naïve chain rule would suggest that the limit of f ( f ( x ) ) is 0 . However , it is the case that f ( f ( x ) ) = ( 1 if x ≠ 0 0 if x = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( f ( x ) ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1& ( \ text ( if ) ) x \ neq 0 \ \ 0& ( \ text ( if ) ) x = 0 \ end ( cases ) ) ) and so lim x → a f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to a ) f ( f ( x ) ) = 1 ) for all a ( \ displaystyle a ) . Limits of special interest ( edit ) Rational functions ( edit ) For n ( \ displaystyle n ) a nonnegative integer and constants a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... , a n ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) , a_ ( 2 ) , a_ ( 3 ) , \ ldots , a_ ( n ) ) and b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ... , b n ( \ displaystyle b_ ( 1 ) , b_ ( 2 ) , b_ ( 3 ) , \ ldots , b_ ( n ) ) , lim x → ∞ a 1 x n + a 2 x n − 1 + a 3 x n − 2 + ... + a n b 1 x n + b 2 x n − 1 + b 3 x n − 2 + ... + b n = a 1 b 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( a_ ( 1 ) ( x ) ^ ( n ) + a_ ( 2 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 1 ) + a_ ( 3 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 2 ) + ... + a_ ( n ) ) ( b_ ( 1 ) ( x ) ^ ( n ) + b_ ( 2 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 1 ) + b_ ( 3 ) ( x ) ^ ( n - 2 ) + ... + b_ ( n ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( a_ ( 1 ) ) ( b_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) This can be proven by dividing both the numerator and denominator by x n ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( n ) ) . If the numerator is a polynomial of higher degree , the limit does not exist . If the denominator is of higher degree , the limit is 0 . Trigonometric functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 sin ⁡ x x = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ sin x ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 1 − cos ⁡ x x = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos x ) ( x ) ) = 0 ) lim x → ∞ x sin ⁡ ( 1 x ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) x \ sin \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ right ) = 1 ) Exponential functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) 1 x = lim r → ∞ ( 1 + 1 r ) r = e ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( 1 + x ) ^ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) = \ lim _ ( r \ to \ infty ) \ left ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) \ right ) ^ ( r ) = e ) lim x → 0 e x − 1 x = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( x ) - 1 ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 e a x − 1 b x = a b ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( ax ) - 1 ) ( bx ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) ) lim x → 0 c a x − 1 b x = a b ln ⁡ c ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( c ^ ( ax ) - 1 ) ( bx ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) \ ln c ) lim x → 0 + x x = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ^ ( + ) ) x ^ ( x ) = 1 ) Logarithmic functions ( edit ) lim x → 0 ln ⁡ ( 1 + x ) x = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ ln ( 1 + x ) ) ( x ) ) = 1 ) lim x → 0 ln ⁡ ( 1 + a x ) b x = a b ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ ln ( 1 + ax ) ) ( bx ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b ) ) ) lim x → 0 log c ⁡ ( 1 + a x ) b x = a b ln ⁡ c ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ log _ ( c ) ( 1 + ax ) ) ( bx ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ) ( b \ ln c ) ) ) L'Hôpital's rule ( edit ) Main article : l'Hôpital's rule This rule uses derivatives to find limits of indeterminate forms 0 / 0 or ± ∞ / ∞ , and only applies to such cases . Other indeterminate forms may be manipulated into this form . Given two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) , defined over an open interval I containing the desired limit point c , then if : lim x → c f ( x ) = lim x → c g ( x ) = 0 , ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = 0 , ) or lim x → c f ( x ) = ± lim x → c g ( x ) = ± ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) f ( x ) = \ pm \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) g ( x ) = \ pm \ infty ) , and f ( \ displaystyle f ) and g ( \ displaystyle g ) are differentiable over I ∖ ( c ) ( \ displaystyle I \ setminus \ ( c \ ) ) , and g ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle g ' ( x ) \ neq 0 ) for all x ∈ I ∖ ( c ) ( \ displaystyle x \ in I \ setminus \ ( c \ ) ) , and lim x → c f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( g ' ( x ) ) ) ) exists , then : lim x → c f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim x → c f ′ ( x ) g ′ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to c ) ( \ frac ( f ' ( x ) ) ( g ' ( x ) ) ) ) Normally , the first condition is the most important one . For example : lim x → 0 sin ⁡ ( 2 x ) sin ⁡ ( 3 x ) = lim x → 0 2 cos ⁡ ( 2 x ) 3 cos ⁡ ( 3 x ) = 2 ⋅ 1 3 ⋅ 1 = 2 3 . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( \ sin ( 2x ) ) ( \ sin ( 3x ) ) ) = \ lim _ ( x \ to 0 ) ( \ frac ( 2 \ cos ( 2x ) ) ( 3 \ cos ( 3x ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ cdot 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 1 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) . ) Summations and integrals ( edit ) Specifying an infinite bound on a summation or integral is a common shorthand for specifying a limit . A short way to write the limit lim n → ∞ ∑ i = s n f ( i ) ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) \ sum _ ( i = s ) ^ ( n ) f ( i ) ) is ∑ i = s ∞ f ( i ) ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i = s ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( i ) ) . An important example of limits of sums such as these are series . A short way to write the limit lim x → ∞ ∫ a x f ( t ) d t ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( x ) f ( t ) \ ; dt ) is ∫ a ∞ f ( t ) d t ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( t ) \ ; dt ) . A short way to write the limit lim x → − ∞ ∫ x b f ( t ) d t ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to - \ infty ) \ int _ ( x ) ^ ( b ) f ( t ) \ ; dt ) is ∫ − ∞ b f ( t ) d t ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( b ) f ( t ) \ ; dt ) . See also ( edit ) List of limits One - sided limit Limit of a sequence Net ( topology ) Big O notation Limit superior and limit inferior l'Hôpital's rule Squeeze theorem Non-standard calculus Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , `` Limit '' at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics Jump up ^ Keisler , H. Jerome ( 2008 ) , `` Quantifiers in limits '' ( PDF ) , Andrzej Mostowski and foundational studies , IOS , Amsterdam , pp. 151 -- 170 Jump up ^ Hrbacek , K. ( 2007 ) , `` Stratified Analysis ? '' , in Van Den Berg , I. ; Neves , V. , The Strength of Nonstandard Analysis , Springer Jump up ^ Bl·aszczyk , Piotr ; Katz , Mikhail ; Sherry , David ( 2012 ) , `` Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking '' , Foundations of Science , 18 ( 1 ) , arXiv : 1202.4153 , doi : 10.1007 / s10699 - 012 - 9285 - 8 References ( edit ) MacTutor History of Weierstrass . MacTutor History of Bolzano Visual Calculus by Lawrence S. Husch , University of Tennessee ( 2001 ) Apostol , Tom M. , Mathematical Analysis , 2nd ed . Addison -- Wesley , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 00288 - 4 . Bartle , Robert ( 1967 ) , The elements of real analysis , Wiley Burton , David M. ( 1997 ) , The History of Mathematics : An introduction ( Third ed . ) , New York : McGraw -- Hill , pp. 558 -- 559 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 009465 - 9 Felscher , Walter ( 2000 ) , `` Bolzano , Cauchy , Epsilon , Delta '' , American Mathematical Monthly , Mathematical Association of America , 107 ( 9 ) : 844 -- 862 , JSTOR 2695743 , doi : 10.2307 / 2695743 . Courant , Richard ( 1924 ) , Vorlesungen über Differential - und Integralrechnung , Springer Verlag Grabiner , Judith V. ( 1983 ) , `` Who Gave You the Epsilon ? Cauchy and the Origins of Rigorous Calculus '' , American Mathematical Monthly , Mathematical Association of America , 90 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 194 , JSTOR 2975545 , doi : 10.2307 / 2975545 , collected in Who Gave You the Epsilon ? ISBN 978 - 0 - 88385 - 569 - 0 pp. 5 -- 13 . Also aviable here : http://www.maa.org/pubs/Calc_articles/ma002.pdf Hardy , G.H. ( 1921 ) , A course in pure mathematics , Cambridge University Press Hubbard , John H. ( 2015 ) , Vector calculus , linear algebra , and differential forms : A unified approach ( Fifth ed . ) , Matrix Editions Miller , Jeff ( 1 December 2004 ) , Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus , retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . Page , Warren ; Hersh , Reuben ; Selden , Annie ; et al. , eds. ( 2002 ) , `` Media Highlights '' , The College Mathematics , Mathematical Association of America , 33 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 154 , JSTOR Journal 2687124 Journal . Sutherland , W.A. , Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces . Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 853161 - 3 . Rudin , Walter ( 1964 ) , Principles of mathematical analysis , McGraw - Hill Whittaker ; Watson ( 1904 ) , A course of modern analysis , Cambridge University Press Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limit_of_a_function&oldid=800322492 '' Categories : Limits ( mathematics ) Functions and mappings Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do we say a limit does not exist	[ "respectively. If these limits exist at p and are equal there, then this can be referred to as the limit of f(x) at p. If the one-sided limits exist at p, but are unequal, there is no limit at p (the limit at p does not exist). If either one-sided limit does not exist at p, the limit at p does not exist." ]	[ "If the one-sided limits exist at p, but are unequal" ]
2493002344632430369	Trampoline	Trampoline - wikipedia Trampoline Jump to : navigation , search For the competitive gymnastic sport , see Trampolining . For other uses , see Trampoline ( disambiguation ) . A youth bouncing on a trampoline A trampoline is a device consisting of a piece of taut , strong fabric stretched between a steel frame using many coiled springs . People bounce on trampolines for recreational and competitive purposes . The fabric that users bounce on ( commonly known as the `` bounce mat '' or `` trampoline bed '' ) is not elastic itself ; the elasticity is provided by the springs that connect it to the frame , which store potential energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early trampoline - like devices 1.2 First modern trampolines 1.2. 1 Use in flight and astronaut training 1.2. 2 Competitive sports 1.2. 3 Cross-training for other sports 2 Construction 2.1 Competitive 2.2 Recreational 2.2. 1 Home trampolines 2.2. 2 Commercial trampoline parks 2.3 Wall running 3 Safety 4 Mini-trampolines 5 Educational use 6 References History ( edit ) Early trampoline - like devices ( edit ) Inuit blanket toss in Wainwright , Alaska ( 1922 - 1923 ) during Amundsen 's Maud Expedition Iñupiat blanket toss during the Nalukataq festival in Barrow , Alaska ( 2006 ) A game similar to trampolining was developed by the Inuit , who would toss blanket dancers into the air on a walrus skin one at a time ( see Nalukataq ) during a spring celebration of whale harvest . There is also some evidence of people in Europe having been tossed into the air by a number of people holding a blanket . Mak in the Wakefield Second Shepherds ' Play and Sancho Panza in Don Quixote are both subjected to blanketing -- however , these are clearly non-voluntary , non-recreational instances of quasi-judicial , mob - administered punishment . The trampoline - like life nets once used by firefighters to catch people jumping out of burning buildings were invented in 1887 . The 19th - century poster for Pablo Fanque 's Circus Royal refers to performance on trampoline . The device is thought to have been more like a springboard than the fabric - and - coiled - springs apparatus presently in use . These may not be the true antecedents of the modern sport of trampolining , but indicate that the concept of bouncing off a fabric surface has been around for some time . In the early years of the 20th century , some acrobats used a `` bouncing bed '' on the stage to amuse audiences . The bouncing bed was , a form of small trampoline covered by bedclothes , on which acrobats performed mostly comedy routines . According to circus folklore , the trampoline was supposedly first developed by an artiste named du Trampolin , who saw the possibility of using the trapeze safety net as a form of propulsion and landing device and experimented with different systems of suspension , eventually reducing the net to a practical size for separate performance . While trampoline - like devices were used for shows and in the circus , the story of du Trampolin is almost certainly apocryphal . No documentary evidence has been found to support it . First modern trampolines ( edit ) The first modern trampoline was built by George Nissen and Larry Griswold in 1936 . Nissen was a gymnastics and diving competitor and Griswold was a tumbler on the gymnastics team , both at the University of Iowa , United States . They had observed trapeze artists using a tight net to add entertainment value to their performance and experimented by stretching a piece of canvas , in which they had inserted grommets along each side , to an angle iron frame by means of coiled springs . It was initially used to train tumblers but soon became popular in its own right . Nissen explained that the name came from the Spanish trampolín , meaning a diving board . Nissen had heard the word on a demonstration tour in Mexico in the late 1930s and decided to use an anglicized form as the trademark for the apparatus . In 1942 , Griswold and Nissen created the Griswold - Nissen Trampoline & Tumbling Company , and began making trampolines commercially in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . The generic term for the trademarked trampoline was a rebound tumbler and the sport began as rebound tumbling . It has since lost its trademark and has become a generic trademark . 1968 demonstration of Spaceball Early in their development Nissen anticipated trampolines being used in a number of recreational areas , including those involving more than one participant on the same trampoline . One such game was Spaceball -- a game of two teams of two on a single trampoline with specially constructed end `` walls '' and a middle `` wall '' through which a ball could be propelled to hit a target on the other side 's end wall . Use in flight and astronaut training ( edit ) During World War II , the United States Navy Flight School developed the use of the trampoline in its training of pilots and navigators , giving them concentrated practice in spatial orientation that had not been possible before . After the war , the development of the space flight programme again brought the trampoline into use to help train both American and Soviet astronauts , giving them experience of variable body positions in flight . Competitive sports ( edit ) Girls competing in synchronised trampoline Main article : Trampolining The first Trampoline World Championships were organised by Ted Blake of Nissen , and held in London in 1964 . The first World Champions were both American , Dan Millman and Judy Wills Cline . Cline went on to dominate and become the most highly decorated trampoline champion of all time . One of the earliest pioneers of trampoline as a competitive sport was Jeff Hennessy , a coach at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette . Hennessy also coached the United States trampoline team , producing more world champions than any other person . Among his world champions was his daughter , Leigh Hennessy . Both Jeff and Leigh Hennessy are in the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame . The competitive gymnastic sport of trampolining has been part of the Olympic Games since 2000 . On a modern competitive trampoline , a skilled athlete can bounce to a height of up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) , performing multiple somersaults and twists . Trampolines also feature in the competitive sport of Slamball , a variant of basketball , and Bossaball , a variant of volleyball . Cross-training for other sports ( edit ) There are a number of other sports that use trampolines to help develop and hone acrobatic skills in training before they are used in the actual sporting venue . Examples can be found in diving , gymnastics , and freestyle skiing . One main advantage of trampolining as a training tool for other acrobatic sports is that it allows repetitive drill practice for acrobatic experience every two seconds or less , compared with many minutes with sports that involve hills , ramps or high platforms . In some situations it can also be safer compared to landings on the ground . Construction ( edit ) There are two generic types of trampoline , competitive and recreational . Competitive ( edit ) The frame of a competitive trampoline is made of steel and can be made to fold up for transportation to competition venues . The trampoline bed is rectangular 4.28 by 2.14 metres ( 14 ft 1 in × 7 ft 0 in ) in size fitted into the 5.05 by 2.91 metres ( 17 ft × 10 ft ) frame with around 110 steel springs ( the actual number may vary by manufacturer ) . The bed is made of a strong fabric , although this is not itself elastic ; the elasticity is provided only by the springs . The fabric can be woven from webbing , which is the most commonly used material . However , in the 2007 World Championships held in Quebec City , a Ross bed ( or two - string bed ) , woven from individual thin strings , was used . This type of bed gives a little extra height to the rebound . Recreational ( edit ) Bounce mat Home trampolines ( edit ) Recreational trampolines for home use are less sturdily constructed than competitive ones and their springs are weaker . They may be of various shapes , though most are circular , octagonal or rectangular . The fabric is usually a waterproof canvas or woven polypropylene material . As with competitive trampolines , recreational trampolines are usually made using coiled steel springs to provide the rebounding force , but spring - free trampolines also exist . Commercial trampoline parks ( edit ) House of Air Trampoline Park in San Francisco In 1959 and 1960 it became very popular to have outdoor commercial `` jump centres '' or `` trampoline parks '' in many places in North America where people could enjoy recreational trampolining . However , these tended to have a high accident rate , and the public 's interest rapidly waned . In the early 21st century , indoor commercial trampoline parks have made a comeback , with a number of franchises operating across the United States and Canada . ABC News has reported that in 2014 there were at least 345 trampoline parks operating in the United States . Similar parks have more recently been opened in other countries . The International Association of Trampoline Parks ( IATP ) estimated that park numbers had grown from 35 - 40 parks in 2011 to around 280 in 2014 . The following year , IATP estimated that 345 parks were open by the end of 2014 , and that another 115 would open by the end of 2015 in North America . IATP also estimated that at the end of 2014 there were 40 parks outside of North America , and that by the end of 2015 there would be at least 100 indoor trampoline parks open internationally . More notable companies include CircusTrix and Sky Zone . These commercial parks are located indoors , and have wall - to wall - trampolines to prevent people falling off the trampolines on to hard surfaces . Padded or spring walls protect people from impact injuries . Despite these precautions , there has been at least one death recorded due to a head - first landing at a trampoline park . In March 2012 , New York Yankees pitcher Joba Chamberlain seriously injured his ankle while jumping at a commercial jump centre in Tampa with his son . In 2018 , a man died in a British Columbia trampoline park , which prompted calls for more safety regulations for these popular activities . Wall running ( edit ) Wall running Wall running is a sport where the participant uses a wall and platforms placed next to the trampoline bed to do tricks . The basic movement is a backdrop on the trampoline and then the feet touching the wall at the top of the bounce . From there , there is no limit to the acrobatic movements that are possible , similar to regular trampolining . The advantage is that twists and turns can be initiated more forcefully from a solid wall and that the vertical speed can be transferred to rotation in addition to forces from the legs or arms . Additionally , energy can be gained both from the bed at the bottom of the bounce , and from the wall at the top of the bounce . Safety ( edit ) With safety nets , the risk of falling off the trampoline is reduced . Using a trampoline can be dangerous . Organized clubs and gyms usually have large safety end - decks with foam pads at each end , and spotters are placed alongside the trampoline to try to break the fall of any athlete who loses control and falls . In 1999 , the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission estimated there were 100,000 hospital emergency room visits for trampoline injuries . Due to the much larger numbers involved and lesser safety standards , the majority of injuries occur on privately owned home trampolines or in commercial trampoline facilities rather than organized gyms . Bouncing off a trampoline can result in a fall of 3 -- 4 metres ( 10 -- 13 ft ) from the peak of a bounce to the ground or a fall into the suspension springs and frame . There has been an increase in the number of home trampolines in recent years and a corresponding increase in the number of injuries reported . Some medical organizations have suggested that the devices be banned from home use . Authorities recommend that only one person should be allowed to jump at a time to avoid collisions and people being catapulted in an unexpected direction or higher than they expect . One of the most common sources of injury is when multiple users are bouncing on the trampoline at one time . More often than not , this situation leads to users bouncing into one another and thus becoming injured ; many suffer broken bones as a result of landing badly after knocking into another user . A recreational trampoline with a safety net enclosure Another of the most common sources of serious injury is an attempt to perform somersaults without proper training . In some cases , people land on their neck or head , which can cause paralysis or even death . In an infamous incident in the 1960s , pole - vaulting champion Brian Sternberg became paralyzed from the neck down in a trampoline accident . Danger can be reduced by burying the trampoline so the bed is closer to the surrounding surface to lessen falling distance , and padding that surrounding area . Pads over the spring and frame reduce the severity of impact injuries . Keeping the springs covered also reduces the risk of a limb falling between the gaps in the springs and the rest of the body falling off the trampoline . Kits are available for home trampolines that provide a retaining net around the trampoline and prevent users from bouncing over the edge . The American Academy of Pediatrics states that there is no epidemiological evidence that these improve safety . The nets do prevent jumpers falling off the trampoline onto the ground , but these falls are not the most common source of injury . Multiple users bouncing in a netted trampoline can still be injured . Safety net enclosures have a larger benefit for safeguarding solo trampolinists , so long as they avoid falling on their head or neck . Having some training in a gym may be beneficial in alerting people to possible hazards and provide techniques to avoid bad falls . Family - oriented commercial areas in North America , such as shopping centres , carnivals , and so on , often include closed inflatable trampolines ( CITs ) as a children 's attraction . These have safety nets on the sides to prevent injuries . Mini-trampolines ( edit ) Mini-trampoline A mini-trampoline ( also known as a rebounder , trampette , jogging trampoline , or exercise trampoline ) is a type of trampoline less than 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in diameter and about 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) off the ground , often kept indoors and used as part of a physical fitness regime . So - called rebounding provides a form of exercise with a low impact on knees and joints . Mini-trampolines do not give a rebound as high as larger recreational or competitive trampolines . Educational use ( edit ) In co-operation with the University of Bremen and the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) , the machtWissen.de Corporation from Bremen , Germany developed the weightlessness demonstrator `` Gravity Jumper '' based on a trampoline . Due to the acceleration during the jump , an acceleration force takes effect in addition to the usual gravitational force . Both forces add up and the person on the trampoline seems to become heavier . As soon as the jumper leaves the trampoline , he is under a free fall condition , which means that the jumper seems weightless and does not feel the acceleration due to gravity . Every person receives a three - axis acceleration sensor , fastened to them with a belt . The sensor transmits the data of the flight path to a monitor ; a monitor shows the course of the acceleration , including the weightless phase . The interplay of acceleration due to the trampoline and weightlessness becomes apparent . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trampoline . Gymnastics portal Jump up ^ `` Sideshow World , Sideshow Performers from around the world '' . www.sideshowworld.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WestView Trampoline Community site - Trampoline History p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week Archive - George Nissen '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology , MIT School of Engineering . March 2004 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` A Sportswriter 's Life : From the Desk of a New York Times Reporter '' . University of Missouri Press . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Trampoline history '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ WestView Trampoline Community site - Trampoline History p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Apparatus Norms '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique. 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ WestView Trampoline Community site - Trampoline History p. 19 Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Big Bounce in Trampoline Parks Puts Safety in Spotlight '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Businessman turning former studios into a trampoline palace '' Archived March 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Herald Tribune , March 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Sarris , Tracy ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Indoor trampoline parks are ' springing ' up everywhere ! '' ( PDF ) . Association of Indoor Trampoline Parks . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Tracy ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jump ! Spin ! Fly ! Indoor trampoline parks continue to be one of the fastest growing indoor entertainment attractions worldwide '' ( PDF ) . International Association of Trampoline Parks . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen Kerley Pushes for Trampoline - Park Regulations Following 2012 Death of Son at Phoenix 's SkyPark '' . Phoenix New Times . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joba 's a pitcher of calm on 911 tape '' Archived March 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York Daily News Jump up ^ `` Death at B.C. trampoline park prompts call for safety regulations '' . ctvnews.ca . January 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trampolines '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission . September 2000 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Doctors warn of trampoline injury risks Archived August 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , CBC News - Health , September 24 , 2012 , retrieved August 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Study Of Trampoline - Related Injuries Calls For Ban On Devices '' . sciencedaily.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fitness , Council on Sports Medicine And ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Trampoline Safety in Childhood and Adolescence '' . Pediatrics. 130 ( 4 ) : 774 -- 779 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2012 - 2082 . PMID 23008455 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 -- via pediatrics.aappublications.org . Jump up ^ Trampoline Safety Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Consumer Affairs ( hide ) Circus skills Acrobatics , balance , and contortion Balance board Rhythmic gymnastics Risley Slacklining Stilts Tightrope Trapeze Unicycle Juggling and object manipulation Bullwhip Contact juggling Diabolo Twirling Baton Hoop Plate Fire performance Toss juggling Vaulting Human cannonball Trampoline Other Clown circus clown Animal trainer lion taming Ringmaster Related Circus school Sideshow flea circus GND : 4191523 - 9 NDL : 00573295 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trampoline&oldid=840954143 '' Categories : Brands that became generic Circus skills Trampolining Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the center of a trampoline called	[ "The fabric that users bounce on (commonly known as the \"bounce mat\" or \"trampoline bed\") is not elastic itself; the elasticity is provided by the springs that connect it to the frame, which store potential energy.", "The fabric that users bounce on (commonly known as the \"bounce mat\" or \"trampoline bed\") is not elastic itself; the elasticity is provided by the springs that connect it to the frame, which store potential energy." ]	[ "\"bounce mat\"", "\"trampoline bed\"" ]
1279219526475662243	National Honor Society	National Honor Society - wikipedia National Honor Society Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National Honor Society Formation 1921 ; 96 years ago ( 1921 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Location United States Website www.nhs.us The National Honor Society ( NHS ) is a nationwide organization for high school students in the United States and outlying territories , which consists of many chapters in high schools . Selection is based on four criteria : scholarship ( academic achievement ) , leadership , service , and character . The National Honor Society requires some sort of service to the community , school , or other organizations . The time spent working on these projects contributes towards the monthly service hour requirement . The National Honor Society was founded in 1921 by the National Association of Secondary School Principals . The Alpha chapter of NHS was founded at Fifth Avenue High School by Principal Edward S. Rynearson in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . National Honor Society groups are commonly active in community service activities both in the community and at the school . Many chapters maintain a requirement for participation in such service activities . In addition , NHS chapters typically elect officers , who , under the supervision of the chapter adviser , coordinate and manage the chapter as a student organization . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership 3 Motto 4 Scholarship 5 Parent and sister organizations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The National Association of Secondary School Principals ( NASSP ) officially established NHS in 1921 . Though many local and regional honor societies existed prior to 1921 , no nationwide organization had been founded . Under the leadership of Dr. Edward Rynearson , principal of the Fifth Avenue High School in Pittsburgh , the organization grew from the original Alpha Chapter at the Fifth Avenue School to more than 1,000 chapters by 1930 . Equipped with a constitution , an emblem and motto , and a group of dedicated principals as coordinators , the new NHS organization quickly developed into one of the country 's leading educational groups . Four main purposes have guided chapters of NHS from the beginning : 1 . to create enthusiasm for scholarship 2 . to stimulate a desire to render service 3 . to promote leadership 4 . to develop character in the students of secondary schools Membership ( edit ) Over one million students are estimated to participate in the National Honor Society . NHS and NJHS chapters are found in all 50 states , the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , many U.S. territories , and Canada . They can also be found in areas of Asia ; Pakistan has three schools maintaining an active chapter . They further can be found in international and American schools throughout the globe . Motto ( edit ) The NHS motto is noblesse oblige . This is French for `` nobility obligates '' . The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française defines it thus : Whoever claims to be noble must conduct himself nobly . ( Figuratively ) One must act in a fashion that conforms to one 's position , and with the reputation that one has earned . Scholarship ( edit ) Since 1946 , the National Honor Society has given out more than $12 million in scholarship grants . Among all the applicants , 300 will receive $1,500 each while 25 will get $3,000 each ( with an additional $1,500 added to the national semifinalist award ) , and one will receive the award of $15,500 plus $12,500 to the national finalist award . Parent and sister organizations ( edit ) National Association of Secondary School Principals National Junior Honor Society National Elementary Honor Society National Association of Student Councils See also ( edit ) Arista -- National Honor Society German National Honor Society French National Honor Society Spanish National Honor Society Mu Alpha Theta National Art Honor Society National Beta Club National Junior Honor Society National Technical Honor Society Quill and Scroll Tri-M References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nhs.us/AboutUs/tabid/2126/Default.aspx Jump up ^ NASSP . `` History of NJHS and NHS '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` National Honor Society '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nhs.us/about-us.aspx External links ( edit ) National Honor Society National Junior Honor Society National Elementary Honor Society National Association of Secondary School Principals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Honor_Society&oldid=794900161 '' Categories : 1921 establishments in the United States Student organizations established in 1921 Organizations based in Virginia School terminology Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with a promotional tone from April 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 18 : 36 . About Wikipedia	percentage of high school students in national honor society	[ "Over one million students are estimated to participate in the National Honor Society. NHS and NJHS chapters are found in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, many U.S. territories, and Canada. They can also be found in areas of Asia; Pakistan has three schools maintaining an active chapter. They further can be found in international and American schools throughout the globe." ]	[ "Over one million students" ]
7281763002727946755	Severus Snape	Severus Snape - wikipedia Severus Snape Severus Snape Harry Potter character Alan Rickman as Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Alan Rickman ( adult ) Alec Hopkins ( teenager ) Benedict Clarke ( child ) Mick Ignis ( young adult ) House Slytherin Severus Snape is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . An exceptionally skilful wizard , his coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions and anguish . A Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , Snape is hostile to the series ' protagonist , Harry , the moment he sets foot in Snape 's classroom ; this hostility is rooted in Harry 's resemblance to Harry 's father James , who bullied and harassed Snape during their time at Hogwarts . Though philosophically attracted to the Dark Arts and Lord Voldemort 's ideology of wizard supremacy , Snape 's love for Muggle - born Lily Evans , Harry 's mother , eventually compels him to defect from the Death Eaters . Snape becomes a double agent on behalf of Albus Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix , and protects Harry throughout the series . A central mystery of the series concerns Snape 's loyalties . For much of the series , Snape 's actions seem to serve Harry 's nemesis , Lord Voldemort , although Harry 's mentor , Dumbledore , insists that he trusts Snape . Snape dies at the hands of Voldemort in the final chapters of the seventh book , at which time his back story is revealed : as a teenager , Snape was a close friend of Harry 's mother Lily , and he turned on Voldemort after the latter sought to kill Lily and her family . Snape 's character , which becomes more layered and enigmatic as the series progresses , was widely acclaimed by readers and critics . Rowling described him as `` a gift of a character '' whose story she had known since the first book , and Elizabeth Hand of The Washington Post opined that Snape 's life `` is the most heartbreaking , surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling 's achievements '' . Actor Alan Rickman portrayed Snape in all eight Harry Potter films , released between 2001 and 2011 . Contents 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.7. 1 Epilogue 3 Appearances in other material 3.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 4 Portrayal in films 5 Characterisation 5.1 Outward appearance 5.2 Personality 5.3 Magical abilities and skills 5.4 Family 5.5 Loyalties 6 Reception 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Character development In an interview , Rowling described Snape 's character as an `` antihero '' . She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape 's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood , and described Snape as a horrible teacher , saying the `` worst , shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students . '' However , she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher . Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she `` deliberately based on a real person '' , Snape was reportedly based , at least in part , on John Nettleship , who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow . For Snape 's surname , Rowling borrowed the name of the village of Snape , Suffolk . In a 1999 interview and again in 2004 , Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write . Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters , because his true loyalties and motivations were not revealed until the final book . However , she hinted numerous times at Snape 's important role , suggesting that people should `` keep their eye on Snape '' . In 1999 , answering a question regarding Snape 's love life and the redemptive pattern to his character , Rowling expressed her surprise at the foresight . Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban , there was one female fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter , making Rowling wonder how she had given herself away . After the completion of the series , Rowling began to speak openly about Snape , discussing the contrast between his character arc and that of Albus Dumbledore . Rowling said `` the series is built around ( the Dumbledore and Snape storylines ) '' , and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series . `` I had to drop clues all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts and you realise ... what Snape 's motivation was . I had to plot that through the books because at the point where you see what was really going on , it would have been an absolute cheat on the reader at that point just to show a bunch of stuff you 've never seen before . '' Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness : `` Snape is a complicated man ... he was a flawed human being , like all of us . Harry forgives him ... Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately ... I wanted there to be redemption . '' Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's stone Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , shortly after Harry arrives at Hogwarts . He is the school 's Potions Master , though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post . Snape himself confirms the rumour in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Snape is a sinister and malicious teacher who makes frequent snide and disparaging remarks at Harry 's expense . He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book , as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher 's stone , and of attempting to kill him . Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell , in league with Lord Voldemort , is the real enemy ; Snape , suspicious of Quirrell , had been looking out for Harry throughout the book . In the final chapter , Dumbledore suggests that because Harry 's father James had saved Snape 's life when they were both students , even though the two detested each other , Snape felt responsible for Harry in return . As the final book reveals , this is not the full story . In any case , even after Quirrell 's true role is revealed , Harry retains feelings of suspicion and resentment towards Snape , and their relationship remains tense . Snape 's behaviour and attitude towards Harry also remain unchanged . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Snape has a minor role in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , where he helps Gilderoy Lockhart oversee Hogwarts ' short - lived Duelling Club , but he has little interaction with the main plot . It is while attending the Duelling Club that Harry learns the Expelliarmus spell , which plays a significant role in later books , by seeing Snape use it . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Snape demonstrates his expertise with potions by brewing the complex Wolfsbane potion for the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Remus Lupin . Throughout the third book , Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Harry 's godfather Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle ; Sirius had been convicted ( wrongly , as it is later revealed ) of murdering Peter Pettigrew and innocent bystanders , and betraying the Potter family 's hiding place to Voldemort . This suspicion stems from Lupin 's friendship with Sirius and Harry 's father , James , while they were all at Hogwarts as students . Near the climax of the book , Snape attempts to apprehend Sirius , but Sirius escapes with Harry 's aid . Snape informs Dumbledore of this circumstance , and when Harry and Lupin are not punished , Snape retaliates by revealing to the entire school that Lupin is a werewolf , forcing the latter to resign his post . Prisoner of Azkaban reveals more details about the connection between Snape and James . While in school together , Sirius once tricked Snape into almost entering the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was there , transformed into a werewolf . James realised the danger and stopped Snape , saving his life ; this is the incident Dumbledore referred to at the end of the first book . Snape , however , believes James ' actions were self - serving , to avoid being expelled . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Snape 's role in the fourth novel , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , is not substantially different from that of the previous three books . He is apoplectic when Harry is unexpectedly entered into the Triwizard Tournament . Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore 's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before . At one point , Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff , but Dumbledore comes to Snape 's defence , claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater , he changed sides before Voldemort 's downfall and turned spy against him . Later , Dumbledore assures Harry that Snape 's reformation is genuine , though he refuses to tell Harry how he knows this , saying the information `` is a matter between Professor Snape and myself '' . At the end of the book , Dumbledore attempts to convince a disbelieving Minister for Magic , Cornelius Fudge , that Voldemort has returned . As proof , Snape willingly shows Fudge the restored Dark Mark on his arm . He is subsequently sent on a secret mission by Dumbledore . This mission , as had been implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was to rejoin the Death Eaters and spy on Voldemort as a re-doubled agent , while pretending to spy on Dumbledore on behalf of Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Teenage Severus Snape ( Alec Hopkins ) in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix In the fifth novel , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Snape returns to a more prominent role . With Voldemort having returned to a fully corporeal body , Snape continues working as a re-doubled agent for Dumbledore . He is seen prior to the start of school at Number 12 , Grimmauld Place giving reports to the Order of the Phoenix . He has a very strained relationship with Sirius , who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding . The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel . Snape taunts Sirius about the latter 's not being able to take an active role in the Order 's missions because of his fugitive status . Harry feels later that this taunting contributed to Sirius ' willingness to take unsafe risks . Back at school , Snape 's allegiance to the Order has no effect on his dislike for Harry . Later in the book , Dumbledore has Snape teach Harry Occlumency , the protection of the mind from outside intrusion or influence . The sessions are made difficult by their mutual hostility and end prematurely when Harry uses Dumbledore 's Pensieve to view one of Snape 's worst childhood memories without the latter 's permission . He sees the memory of Snape being bullied by James and Sirius , and of calling Harry 's mother Lily a Mudblood ( a highly offensive term ) . Only in the final book is it revealed that , prior to this confrontation , Snape and Lily had been close friends . Towards the end of the novel , Dolores Umbridge -- the school 's politically appointed headmistress -- captures Harry and interrogates him about Dumbledore 's whereabouts . She sends for Snape , demanding that he provide the magical truth serum Veritaserum in order to force Harry to reveal any information he may be hiding . Snape claims that his supplies of the serum have been exhausted after Umbridge tries to use the drug previously on Harry . It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt . Snape then carries Harry 's cryptic warning about Sirius ' capture to the other Order members , allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries . Harry still holds Snape partly responsible for Sirius ' death , believing Snape 's goading spurred Sirius into joining the battle . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the second chapter of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy visit Snape at his home in Spinner 's End . Narcissa 's son Draco has been given a difficult task by Voldemort , and Narcissa swears Snape to an Unbreakable Vow that he will protect Draco , help him complete Voldemort 's task , and finish the task himself if Draco fails . When questioned by Bellatrix about his loyalties , Snape says he has been working for Voldemort ever since Voldemort 's return , and explains his actions in the previous books in that light . He points out that gaining Dumbledore 's trust and protection has kept him out of Azkaban and free to operate on Voldemort 's behalf . At the start - of - term feast at Hogwarts , Dumbledore announces Snape as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor . Horace Slughorn , a retired Hogwarts teacher , replaces Snape as Potions Master . With Snape no longer teaching Potions , Harry enrolls in Slughorn 's class and is lent an old textbook until his new one arrives . Harry finds marginalia , including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student , and substantial improvements to the book 's standard potion - making instructions . The text is inscribed as being `` the Property of the Half - Blood Prince '' . The notes greatly bolster Harry 's performance in Potions , so much so that he impresses Slughorn . Snape , who maintains that he `` never had the impression that ( he ) had been able to teach Potter anything at all '' , is suspicious of Harry 's newfound Potions success . Later , during a fight with Draco , Harry casts one of the Prince 's spells marked `` For Enemies , '' and is horrified by the devastating wounds it inflicts to Draco 's face and chest . Snape rushes to the scene and heals Draco , then interrogates Harry regarding the spell , using Legilimency to extract the source of Harry 's knowledge ( the Potions textbook ) from Harry 's mind . When Snape insists that Harry show him his Potions textbook , Harry hides the Prince 's book and gives him Ron Weasley 's book instead . As punishment for the attack and knowing Harry is lying about the textbook , Snape assigns Harry detention during the final Quidditch match of the year . Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux -- part of Voldemort 's soul -- Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort , resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents . Despite this and Harry 's angry questions , Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape . Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort 's Horcrux , Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school 's astronomy tower . Gravely weakened by the horcrux 's protective potion , Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape , but before Harry can leave , Draco suddenly arrives , intending to carry out Voldemort 's order to assassinate Dumbledore , closely followed by other Death Eaters ( followers of Voldemort ) , and Snape . Snape interrupts the planned murder , killing the headmaster himself . Harry , who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection , witnesses the kill , and is released upon Dumbledore 's death . Enraged , he pursues Snape , Draco , and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle . Snape easily blocks Harry 's spells and jeeringly points out Harry 's mistakes , but never strikes back . During the confrontation , Snape reveals himself as the eponymous `` Half - Blood Prince '' ( being the half - blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure - blood Eileen Prince ) . Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book 's end . The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape 's actions remain unknown until the final book . In an interview , Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series , the Harry -- Snape relationship has become `` as personal , if not more so , than Harry -- Voldemort . '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort and his Death Eaters have tightened their grip on the wizarding world . Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts , while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed as Hogwarts staff . The novel focuses largely on Harry and his friends and events outside the school ; therefore Snape plays a limited role at the start . In the course of the book , Harry and his friends find out that a few students attempted to steal the Sword of Godric Gryffindor , and that Snape subsequently sent it to be stored at Gringotts Wizarding Bank ; however , that sword was only a copy . Later on , Harry and Ron are led to find the real sword by a Patronus taking the form of a doe . ( Towards the end of the book , Harry learns that this was Snape 's Patronus , taking the same shape as Harry 's mother Lily 's Patronus , a visible sign of his lifelong love for Harry 's mother , and that Dumbledore had asked Snape to ensure that Harry gained possession of the sword . The novel also reveals that Snape had covertly used his position as Headmaster to protect the students and to contain the Carrows . ) Towards the end of the school year , Professors McGonagall , Flitwick , and Sprout force Snape to flee the school . Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack . Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape 's death will make him the master of the Wand , Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck . The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry , who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot , to take and view them . From these memories , Harry sees Snape 's childhood and learns his true loyalties . In this vision , Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other . Upon their arrival at Hogwarts , the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses , respectively . They remained friends for the next few years until they were driven apart by Snape 's interest in the Dark Arts ; the friendship finally ended following the bullying episode that Harry had briefly seen in the fifth book , in which Snape calls Lily `` Mudblood '' . Despite this separation and Snape 's enduring animosity toward Lily 's eventual husband James Potter , Snape continued to love Lily for the rest of his life . The memories also show that as a Death Eater , Snape had revealed to Voldemort a prophecy made by Sybill Trelawney , causing Voldemort to attempt to prevent it by killing Harry and his parents . Snape , who had not realised until too late that the prophecy was referring to Lily and her family , asked Voldemort to spare Lily . Still in terror for her life , he also approached Dumbledore , admitted his actions , and begged him to protect the Potters . Dumbledore chided him for thinking only of himself and not of Lily 's husband and child , but agreed and ensured that they were placed under the Fidelius Charm . In return , Snape secretly allied himself with Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix as a double agent against Voldemort , using his powers of Occlumency to hide his betrayal from Voldemort . However , Snape demanded of Dumbledore that his love for Lily ( his reason for switching sides ) be kept a secret , especially from Harry , because of the deep animosity he felt towards Harry 's father and his mixed feelings towards Harry ( who reminded him of both his love for Lily Potter and her death , and his animosity towards James Potter ) . Dumbledore agreed and kept the secret throughout his life , although questioning Snape 's request to `` never reveal the best of you '' . Even with his efforts to protect her , Snape felt responsible for Lily 's death at Voldemort 's hands . Snape 's memories then reveal that Dumbledore had impetuously tried to use the Gaunt ring , which had been cursed by Voldemort , and had been suffering from a powerful curse . Snape 's knowledge of the Dark Arts enabled him to slow the spread of the curse from Dumbledore 's hand through his body , but he would have died within a year . Dumbledore , aware that Voldemort had ordered Draco to kill him , had asked Snape to kill him instead as a way of sparing the boy 's soul and of preventing his own otherwise slow , painful death . Although Snape was reluctant , even asking about the impact of such an action on his own soul , Dumbledore implied that this kind of coup de grâce would not damage a human 's soul in the same way murder would . Snape agreed to do as the Headmaster requested . Snape 's memories also provide Harry with the information he needs to ensure Voldemort 's final defeat , in the form of conversations Snape had with Dumbledore . Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring , a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster 's office following his death . She adds , however , that she would like to think Harry made Snape 's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wizarding world , and that he lobbied to ensure that a portrait be installed in the office . In a separate interview , Rowling discussed Snape 's back story , saying she had planned it ever since she wrote the first book because the whole series is built around it and she considers him one of the most important characters of the seventh book . Epilogue In the epilogue to Deathly Hallows , set nineteen years after Harry defeats Voldemort , Harry has named his second - born son Albus Severus , after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape . As Albus is about to enter his first year at Hogwarts , he expresses concern that he will be sorted into Slytherin . Harry tells his son , `` you were named for two headmasters of Hogwarts . One of them ( Snape ) was a Slytherin and he was probably the bravest man I ever knew . '' Appearances in other material Harry Potter and the cursed child When Draco and Astoria Greengrass ' son Scorpius Malfoy finds himself in an alternate timeline in which Voldemort won the Battle of Hogwarts , killed Harry and his allies and instituted a terrible reign of terror , he desperately searches for help in restoring history to its original course . He finds that in this reality Snape is still alive and still teaches at Hogwarts , and asks for his help . At first Snape is suspicious of him , since this timeline 's version of Scorpius is a bully and a Voldemort stalwart . But when Scorpius shows that he knows of Snape having been in love with Lily , Harry 's mother - Snape 's most closely guarded secret - Snape becomes convinced that he does indeed come from a different timeline where Harry and his friends won . Snape then reveals that he , together with the fugitive Ron and Hermione Granger , maintain the last remnants of Dumbledore 's Army - still waging hopeless resistance against the all - powerful Voldemort . In talking with Scorpius , Snape had learned that Harry would name his son `` Albus Severus '' and would regard Snape as `` probably the bravest man I ever knew '' - and is deeply moved . Though having guessed that in the other timeline he would die , Snape nevertheless willingly helps Scorpius recreate this timeline - and being discovered by Dementors , Snape sacrifices himself in order to cover Scorpius ' escape . Portrayal in films Severus Snape appears in all eight Harry Potter films , portrayed by British actor Alan Rickman . Rickman was Rowling 's personal choice to portray the character . He had conversations with Rowling about his character and is one of the few Harry Potter actors that she spoke to prior to the completion of the book series about the future direction of the character . `` He knew very early on that he 'd been in love with Lily , '' said Rowling . `` He needed to understand ( ... ) where this bitterness towards this boy who 's the living example of her preference for another man came from . '' Rickman used this knowledge of Snape 's ultimate loyalties throughout the films to decide how to play certain scenes , deliver specific lines , or use body language to convey specific emotions . When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a specific manner , Rickman would simply reply that he knew something they did n't . Rickman himself refrained from talking about Snape , asking readers to wait and `` see what unfolds '' in the course of the novels ; however , he did say Snape is a complicated person , very rigid and full of himself ; in an interview he went further , saying : `` Snape is n't one who enjoys jokes and I strongly fear that his sense of humour is extremely limited ... But in his defence , I will add that he did n't have an easy adolescence , particularly during his studies at Hogwarts . '' He also said Snape is a fascinating character , and that he takes immense pleasure in playing such an ambiguous person . Rickman 's performance as Snape was widely acclaimed by critics , fans and Rowling herself . Entertainment Weekly listed Rickman as one of the most popular movie stars in 2007 for his performance as Snape , saying : `` As the icy , humourless magic instructor Severus Snape , Rickman may not be on screen long -- but he owns every minute . '' Rickman also noted fans ' reactions ; in an interview , he said he found `` that people in general adore Snape . He is sarcastic , stubborn , etc , etc . But he is also fascinating . I have a lot of fun impersonating him . '' Rickman was nominated for several awards for his portrayal of Snape , and in 2011 , was elected the best character portrayal in all the Harry Potter films series . In 2011 , Empire magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling , ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films and thanking her for telling the story . In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the fifteen - year - old Snape ( portrayed by Alec Hopkins ) makes a brief appearance in a flashback to Snape 's youth . In the final film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the younger Snape , perhaps ten or eleven , is played by Benedict Clarke . In 2016 , a fan film prequel , Severus Snape and the Marauders , was released online and Snape was played by Mick Ignis . Before Alan Rickman was offered the role of Severus Snape , the role was originally offered to Tim Roth , who turned the role down in favour of portraying General Thade in Planet of the Apes . Characterisation Outward appearance Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin , a large , hooked nose , and yellow , uneven teeth . He has shoulder - length , greasy black hair which frames his face , and cold , black eyes . He wears black , flowing robes which give him the appearance of `` an overgrown bat '' . The youthful Snape had a `` stringy , pallid look '' , being `` round - shouldered yet angular '' , having a `` twitchy '' walk `` that recalled a spider '' and `` long oily hair that jumped about his face '' . In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of The Prisoner of Azkaban , The Order of the Phoenix , and The Half - Blood Prince , Snape is depicted with a moustache and goatee , long black hair , and a receding hairline . Personality Snape is generally depicted as being cold , calculating , precise , sarcastic , and bitter . He strongly dislikes Harry and often insults him by insulting his father James . As the series progresses , it is revealed that his treatment of Harry stems from Snape 's bitter rivalry with James when they were in school together . In particular , James and Sirius bullied Snape , which according to Alan Rickman caused the already lonely boy to further `` shut himself in '' . Rowling further described the young Snape as insecure and vulnerable : `` Given his time over again ( Snape ) would not have become a Death Eater , but like many insecure , vulnerable people he craved membership of something big and powerful , something impressive. ( ... ) ( He ) was so blinded by his attraction to the dark side he thought ( Lily ) would find him impressive if he became a real Death Eater . '' The adult Snape , on the other hand , is portrayed as very self - assured and confident of his abilities , to a degree that Rickman described as `` full of himself . '' Director David Yates said Snape is a character with gravitas , authority and power . Snape typically displays a very calm and collected demeanour , rarely at a loss for words or taken off guard . His temper , however , is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius , or when accused of cowardice . His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who can not control their emotions are weak . Like some other prominent members of Slytherin house , Snape is shown to be a clever and cunning wizard . He is intelligent and has a keen , analytical mind . In an interview , Rowling adds that Snape is immensely brave , and when asked if she considers Snape a hero , replied : `` Yes , I do ; though a very flawed hero . An anti-hero , perhaps . He is not a particularly likeable man in many ways . He remains rather cruel , a bully , riddled with bitterness and insecurity -- and yet he loved , and showed loyalty to that love and , ultimately , laid down his life because of it . That 's pretty heroic ! '' Magical abilities and skills All seven novels show Snape to be a very powerful wizard and to have been outstanding while a student . He specialises in potion making and has talent and passion for the Dark Arts . Sirius claimed that Snape knew more hexes and curses as a first - year student at Hogwarts than most seventh - years knew . Particularly gifted in potion making , Snape added major improvements to his Potions textbook while still a student . Also as a student , Snape shows a rare gift for discovering new spells . Lupin describes Sectumsempra as Snape 's `` speciality '' in Deathly Hallows . Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager against Harry 's father James and in the aerial battle in the last novel when he accidentally hits George Weasley ( acting as a Potter decoy ) with it while actually aiming for a Death Eater who was trying to attack Lupin , permanently severing George 's right ear . Despite Sectumsempra 's deadly power , Snape can also heal the wounds it causes . Snape is adept at reversing or containing fatal damage from other dark curses as well , due to his vast knowledge of Dark Arts , as he does when Dumbledore and then Katie Bell are cursed . Skilful in the arts of Legilimency and especially Occlumency , Snape is able to both access the minds of others and protect his own thoughts -- indeed , though Snape does not care for the term himself , Harry forms the uncomfortable impression early in the series that the Potions Master is able to `` read minds . '' Being an Occlumens , Snape is able to keep his betrayal from Voldemort , who is himself described as being `` the greatest Legilimens '' in history . According to Rowling , Snape is the only Death Eater capable of producing a full Patronus , which , like Lily 's , is a doe . Snape is a talented duellist , able to hold off by himself ( if only briefly ) a group of three Hogwarts professors that included former duelling champion Filius Flitwick . Professor McGonagall later implies that Snape learned to fly without the use of a broom , a rare skill previously displayed only by Voldemort . Family Snape 's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels . Snape was born to Eileen Prince , a witch , and Tobias Snape , a Muggle , making him a half - blood ( hence the name , `` Half - Blood Prince '' ) . This is rare for a Death Eater , as remarked in the last book , though Voldemort himself also had a Muggle father . Snape spent his early childhood living with his parents in a small house in Spinner 's End . Snape 's family was a poor one and he is described as wearing ill - fitting clothes `` that were so mis - matched that it looked deliberate '' . As a child , Snape was apparently neglected and his parents often fought with one another . Snape was very eager to leave his home to go to Hogwarts . Towards the end of the last novel , Harry draws parallels between his childhood , Snape 's , and Voldemort 's . Loyalties Snape 's true loyalty was one of the most significant questions in the series up until the end of the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Although the first five novels depict him as unfair and vindictive towards Harry and his friends , he invariably ends up protecting or otherwise helping them when they or their allies are in danger . Several characters express doubts about his loyalty , but Dumbledore 's trust in him is generally taken to be the final word . The sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , departs from that model . In the second chapter , Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort ever since the latter 's return , and only pretending to help Dumbledore . By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel , Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort 's camp . Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel . However , near the climax of the book , Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts ( to be viewed in the Pensieve ) and ultimately reveals to Harry that he had been loyal to Albus Dumbledore throughout the series . Snape 's fierce devotion to and love of his childhood friend Lily , Harry 's mother , is the foundation of that loyalty . After Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Snape 's loyalty was a matter of intense debate among the fans . The issue was given special attention in the marketing campaigns on behalf of the last book , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . `` Is Snape Good or Evil ? '' was one of the questions in Scholastic Inc. 's seven - question series , part of its marketing campaign for the book . As part of the Waldenbooks marketing campaign , two free stickers , one that said `` Trust Snape '' and another that stated `` Snape Is A Very Bad Man '' were available with the book . Borders Group published a separate book on the topic , The Great Snape Debate , containing essays and arguments from both sides of the debate . Reception The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape 's character was broadly admired , with Stephen Fry , the UK audio books narrator , saying in 2003 : `` Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity -- you ca n't quite decide -- something sad about him -- lonely and it 's fascinating when you think he 's going to be the evil one ... , then slowly you get this idea he 's not so bad after all . '' David Yates , who directed the final four films of the series , also expressed his views on the character , saying : `` A character like Snape , where you 're not really sure if he 's a good guy or a bad guy , that gives you a latent tension ... I think the coolest thing you can do with an audience is deny them a little bit of information . '' Despite being less than kind , the character quickly gained popularity within fandom to a level that surprised Rowling herself . Joyce Millman suggests in her essay `` To Sir with Love '' in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter , that Snape is derived from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights ' Heathcliff . Jenny Sawyer from The Christian Science Monitor commented on the character 's development in the series . She claimed that Snape is the only protagonist who genuinely has a choice to make and who struggles to do the right thing , hence the only one to face a `` compelling inner crisis '' . She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series , as it is the hero 's struggle and costly redemption that really matter : `` ( Snape 's ) character ached for resolution . And it is precisely this need for resolution -- our desire to know the real Snape and to understand his choices -- that makes him the most compelling character in the Potter epic . '' The final revelation of Snape 's loyalty in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was viewed positively by fans and critics alike . Daniel Radcliffe , who portrays Harry Potter in the movie series , expressed his delight , saying he was pleased to see that his theory that Snape would end up being a sort of tragic hero came through . Elizabeth Hand from The Washington Post wrote , `` The much - maligned loner Snape does not come onstage until the latter part of `` Deathly Hallows , '' but when he does the book becomes his : Snape 's fate , more than Voldemort 's , perhaps more even than Harry 's , is the most heartbreaking , surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling 's achievements . '' IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character , saying that he makes `` quite an impact in the Harry Potter series '' , and IGN 's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development . Shortly after the release of the final film , MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series , and Snape was voted # 1 . Around the same time , Empire magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series , and Snape once again came in at # 1 . In May 2011 , Snape was again voted as the # 1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list ( beating Harry Potter ; who is ranked # 2 ) while they ranked him # 3 on their `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' list two years later . In popular culture The character of Severus Snape has appeared in various animated parodies of Harry Potter . He is a starring character in Neil Cicierega 's online Potter Puppet Pals parodies , and has a centric episode titled Bothering Snape . Also , the video The Mysterious Ticking Noise with the chorus `` Snape , Snape , Severus Snape '' was the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube ; it currently has over 170 million views . Snape is also parodied as Professor Santory Snapekin in Sluggy Freelance 's webcomic entitled Torg Potter . In the first parody , Torg defeats a plot by Professor Snapekin to achieve ultimate power . In a 2004 sketch on Saturday Night Live in which Lindsay Lohan appears as Hermione Granger , Snape is portrayed by Will Forte . Snape has also been parodied in UK television . Comic Relief released a story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Snape is played by Jeremy Irons . Snape appeared in a Harry Potter parody named `` Louis Potter and the Philosopher 's Scone '' in Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression show , played by Alistair McGowan himself . In the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , Snape appears as Professor Chafe ( portrayed by Jeremy Rowley ) , whose legs were badly chafed , causing him to be unnecessarily mean . Many sketches feature students brewing potions that did silly things , like enlarge students ' behinds , give males large breasts , or change people into bras . In a sketch comedy named `` Cooking With ... '' on Australian TV series The Wedge , Snape catches Harry and Hermione making love . In A Very Potter Musical , Snape is played by actor Joe Moses . References Jump up ^ `` Rowling on Snape '' . half-bloodprince.org . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Hand ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Harry 's Final Fantasy : Last Time 's the Charm '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Chat with J.K. Rowling 30 July 2007 on Bloomsbury.com '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . WBUR Radio . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes and Noble and Yahoo ! chat with J.K. Rowling '' . barnesandnoble.com. 20 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Conversations with JK Rowling , p. 21 , quoted at JKR Quotes about Severus Snape : Accio Quote ! Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling 's ' spell ' on science teacher '' . BBC News . 28 December 2001 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The name 's Snape , Severus Snape '' . This Is Gloucestershire . Northcliffe Media . 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hind , Lia ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` Chepstow inspiration for Harry Potter prof dies '' . South Wales Argus . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling eToys Interview '' . 2000 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Abel , Katy ( 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter Author Works Her Magic '' . Family Education . Pearson . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Book Day Chat '' . 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . I 'm not going to tell you ( what form Professor Snape 's Boggart and Patronus will take ) , but that 's because it would give so much away . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall '' . 26 June 2003 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . It is worth keeping an eye on old Severus definitely ! Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . WBUR Radio . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . I 'm slightly stunned that you 've said that ... and you 'll find out why I 'm so stunned if you read book 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR : Snape and Dumbledore Two of the Most Important Characters in ' Deathly Hallows ' '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 3 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 15 October 2007 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students , Plots Her Next Move '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira , Meredith ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : The Final Chapter '' . Dateline . NBC . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Melissa Anelli and Emerson Spartz ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part One '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ `` Transcript of webchat with J.K. Rowling '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` UPDATED Videos : First Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part II ABC Family preview - SnitchSeeker.com '' . www.snitchseeker.com . Jump up ^ Jess Cagle ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` The First Look At Harry '' . time.com . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling interview in full '' . CBBC. 2 November 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anelli , Melissa , John Noe and Sue Upton . `` PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part two . '' `` . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff . `` ' Harry Potter ' : Alan Rickman looks back on decade of dark magic '' . Hero Complex . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Rickman Interviews Transcripts about Snape '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Rickman -- French Interview Translation '' . Jump up ^ `` The movie stars we 're loving right now '' . EW.com . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Snape voted greatest `` Potter '' character in MTV poll `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` jeffkatz.typepad.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraser Mcalpine ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter Fan Film ' Severus Snape and the Marauders ' '' . BBC America . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` What Would `` Potter '' Have Been Like With Tim Roth As Snape ? `` . MTV . Retrieved 8 December 2007 . Jump up ^ The Nerdist Podcast episode 776 : `` Tim Roth '' . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : `` Director ' denies ' Potter audience ... just a little '' . 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Scholastic asks `` Is Snape Good or Evil ? '' `` . 1 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Severus Snape : Friend or Foe ? '' . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Link includes video . Jump up ^ `` The Great Snape Debate -- Borders Exclusive '' . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall '' . 2003 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Lackey , ed. ( 2006 ) . Mapping the World of Harry Potter . BenBella Books , Inc . pp. 39 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 59 - 4 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Missing from ' Harry Potter ' '' . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly . `` Daniel Radcliffe Talks ' Deathly Hallows ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Joe Utichi ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Jill Serjeant ; Bob Tourtellotte ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Snape voted greatest `` Potter '' character in MTV poll `` . Reuters . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Greatest Harry Potter Characters '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` Snape wins favourite Harry Potter character '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Torg Potter and the Sorcerer 's Nuts '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2003 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Live Transcripts '' . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' . tv.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French and Saunders : Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' ... frenchandsaunders.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One press release '' ( PDF ) . 2001 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ LovecraftComedy ( 2016 - 05 - 28 ) , Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression - Series 03 Episode 02 , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Australian television : The Wedge episode guide '' . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Severus Snape on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Snape Character profile from the Harry Potter Lexicon The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Ginny Weasley Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock The Methods of Rationality Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severus_Snape&oldid=854395576 '' Categories : Fictional English people Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional principals and headteachers Fictional professors Fictional double agents Harry Potter characters Fictional bullies Fictional chemists Fictional victims of bullies Fictional murderers Fictional members of secret societies Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 EngvarB from January 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 01 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the snakes name from harry potter	[ "Towards the end of the school year, Professors McGonagall, Flitwick, and Sprout force Snape to flee the school.[41] Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack. Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape's death will make him the master of the Wand, Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck.[42] The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry, who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot, to take and view them.\n" ]	[ "Nagini" ]
-2824448878036168537	Long Island Sound	Long Island Sound - wikipedia Long Island Sound Long Island Sound is shown highlighted in pink between Connecticut ( to the north ) and Long Island ( to the south ) Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean , lying between the eastern shores of Bronx County , New York City , southern Westchester County , and Connecticut to the north , and the North Shore of Long Island , to the south . From west to east , the sound stretches 110 miles ( 177 km ) from the East River in New York City , along the North Shore of Long Island , to Block Island Sound . A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean , Long Island Sound is 21 miles ( 34 km ) at its widest point and varies in depth from 65 to 230 feet ( 20 to 70 m ) . Long Island Sound at night , as seen from space . Contents 1 Shoreline 2 Climate and geography 2.1 Glacial history 2.2 Rivers 2.3 Watershed demographics 2.3. 1 New York 2.3. 2 Connecticut 2.3. 3 Rhode Island 2.3. 4 Massachusetts 2.3. 5 Vermont 2.3. 6 New Hampshire 3 Fauna and flora 3.1 Flora 3.1. 1 Seaweed 3.1. 2 Plants found in tidal marshes 3.1. 3 Plants found on beaches and dunes 3.1. 4 Upland vegetation 3.2 Fauna 3.2. 1 Fish 3.2. 2 Mollusks 3.2. 3 Crustacea 3.2. 4 Mammals , reptiles , and amphibians 3.2. 5 Birds 3.2. 6 Rare and endangered species 4 History 5 Uses 5.1 Transportation 5.2 Fishing 5.3 Further development 6 Pollution 6.1 Dumping of dredged sediment 7 Legal status 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Sources 10 External links Shoreline ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Topics Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture Regions Brooklyn Queens Nassau County Suffolk County Municipalities North Shore South Shore North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands Several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million people live within its watershed . Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Bridgeport , New London , Stamford , Norwalk , and New Haven . Cities on the New York side of the Sound include Rye , Glen Cove , New Rochelle , and portions of Queens and the Bronx in New York City . Mansions and wealthy neighborhoods characterize a good portion of the coast of the sound from Port Jefferson and east on Long Island ; and from Pelham Manor and New Rochelle ( on the mainland of New York ) to Madison in Connecticut . Property values in Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation , due to the proximity to New York City and their location on `` The Sound '' . Climate and geography ( edit ) Glacial History ( edit ) About 18,000 years ago , Connecticut , Long Island Sound , and much of Long Island were covered by a thick sheet of ice , part of the Late Wisconsin Glacier . About 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) thick in its interior and about 1,300 to 1,600 feet ( 400 to 500 m ) thick along its southern edge , it was the most recent of a series of glaciations that covered the area during the past 10 million years . Sea level at that time was about 330 feet ( 100 m ) lower than today . The continental ice sheet scraped off an average of 65 feet ( 20 m ) of surface material from the New England landscape , then deposited the material ( known as drift ) from the Connecticut coast into the Sound , creating what is now Long Island ( the terminal moraine ) . When the ice sheet stopped advancing 18,000 years ago ( as addition of snow at the origin was in equilibrium with the melting at the southern edge ) , a large amount of drift was deposited , known as the Ronkonkoma Moraine , which stretches along much of southern Long Island . Later , another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island . The next moraines ( recessional moraines ) to the north were created just on and off the Connecticut coast . These moraines , created by much smaller deposits ( probably from equilibrium states that were much shorter in time ) are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south . The Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups : the Norwalk area and the Madison - Old Saybrook area . Sandy plains and beaches resulted from the erosion of moraines and redeposition in these areas , and to the east of each , where the drift cover is thinnest , exposed bedrock creates rocky headlands , often with marshlands behind them . The Captain Islands off Greenwich , Connecticut , along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford , Connecticut are parts of a recessional moraine . Other islands , including the Thimble Islands , are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift , often not continuous . Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of these two extremes . The glacier also created several sandy outwash deltas off the coast , including one off Bridgeport , Connecticut and another off New Haven , Connecticut . Fishers Island , New York appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine . To the east of the Thimble Islands , inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine and the Old Saybrook Moraine . The Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came . It probably had been formed by stream flows . A relatively thick cover of sand and gravel ( termed outwash ) was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams . On the west , a ridge rising to about 65 feet ( 20 m ) below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill . Its lowest point is about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below sea level . Glacial meltwater formed `` Lake Connecticut '' , a freshwater lake in the basin , until about 8,000 years ago , when the sea level rose to about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below today 's level . Seawater then overflowed into the basin , transforming it from a nontidal , freshwater lake to a tidal , saline arm of the sea . Rivers ( edit ) The Watershed of Long Island Sound includes nearly all of Connecticut and western Massachusetts , large swathes of Vermont , New Hampshire and Rhode Island , along with relatively small areas of New York state . ( The map is miscolored in two places : the area called `` 5 '' is part of the watershed , as is the area called `` 9 '' on Long Island ; the line dividing Long Island is the southerly limit of the watershed , which includes only a small fraction of the island , along the northern coast ) Numerous rivers empty into the Sound , including : Connecticut Connecticut River - Old Saybrook Housatonic River - Stratford & Milford Mianus River - Greenwich Mill River ( Quinnipiac River ) - New Haven Mill River ( Fairfield ) - Fairfield Norwalk River - Norwalk Pequonnock River - Bridgeport Quinnipiac River - New Haven Rooster River / Ash Creek - Bridgeport & Fairfield Rippowam River - Stamford Saugatuck River - Westport Thames River ( Connecticut ) - Groton & New London West River ( Connecticut ) - West Haven New York Byram River - Port Chester Hutchinson River - The Bronx Mamaroneck River - Mamaroneck Rhode Island Pawcatuck River Watershed demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1800 567,470 -- 1850 1,000,660 -- 1900 2,442,150 -- 1950 6,021,880 -- 1970 8,037,310 -- 1980 7,799,300 − 3.0 % 2000 8,626,920 -- 8,934,094 3.6 % Long Island Watershed Population ( data taken from US Census 's ) The whole watershed population is about 8.93 million as of the 2010 Census . Due to the large chunk of New England being under the watershed , due to the Connecticut River , many riverside cities / towns are covered in the watershed , here is a list of some of the large towns and cities in the watershed from south to north , west to east : New York ( edit ) Huntington Oyster Bay Smithtown Parts of these New York City boroughs : The Bronx Queens Brooklyn Port Chester Connecticut ( edit ) Stamford Bridgeport New Haven New London Danbury Waterbury Norwich Willimantic Torrington Hartford Rhode Island ( edit ) Westerly Massachusetts ( edit ) Springfield Worcester Pittsfield Vermont ( edit ) Brattleboro White River Jct . New Hampshire ( edit ) Keene West Lebanon Fauna and flora ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Seaweed ( edit ) Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor . Green seaweed populations fluctuate with the seasons . Monostroma , reproduces in the early spring and dies out by late summer . Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later . In the rocky areas of the intertidal zone there are the seaweeds , which are characterized by their brown tone , Fucus and Ascophyllum , some species of which have air bladders that allow them to float and receive direct sunlight even at high tide . Also present are Ectocarpus and red algas Polysiphonia , Neosiphonia , Porphyra and Chondrus ( Irish moss ) . In the marshy areas of the intertidal zone can be found Cladophora ( mermaid 's hair ) , Ulva ( sea lettuce ) and Codium . In the subtidal zone ( below low tide ) are Palmaria palmata a red alga , along with two algae , Laminaria ( kelp ) and Chorda . Kelp can often be found washed up on the beach , and individual specimens are not uncommonly a yard or two long . Deeper in the subtidal zone are red algae such as Spermothamnion , Antithamnion and Callithamnion , which also often float freely . In tidal pools can be found red or pink colored Phymatolithon , which can often encrust rocks and mollusk shells . Also present are green algae , including Ulothrix , Cladophora , and Ulva . Plants found in tidal marshes ( edit ) Tidal marshes are some of the most productive biological systems in the world . Along the sound , they produce three to seven tons per acre per year of vegetation , largely in the form of salt marsh grasses . Much of this , enriched by decomposition , is flushed yearly into the estuary water where it directly contributes to the great finfish and shellfish production of the sound . Salt marsh plants Salt water cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) grows along ditches and on the seaside edges of marshes where high tides daily inundate it . Salt meadow cordgrass ( Spartina patens ) and spikegrass ( Distichlis spicata ) grow in areas less frequently inundated by saltwater , typically closer to dry land . A short form of salt water cordgrass can sometimes be found in the depressions ( pannes ) in the higher areas where salt water collects and evaporates , leaving water even higher in salinity than seawater . Other plants in the pannes are sea lavender , salt marsh aster , seaside gerardia , and some species of glasswort . Plants found near the border of the marsh with the upland include bayberry and groundsel - tree shrubs , switchgrass ( growing where occasional storm tides reach ) , reeds and marsh elder . Cattail marshes In areas where the Sound 's salt water is more diluted with freshwater from rivers ( including along the shores of the larger river estuaries such as the Connecticut River , cattail marshes replace salt marshes . Various types of grasses , including wild rice , and sedges , including bulrushes , are found here . Eelgrass meadows Eelgrass - sometimes known as `` Saltwater Eelgrass '' in order to distinguish it from Freshwater Eelgrass , which is a different species ( Vallisneria americana ) - is typically found in protected bays , coves , and other areas of brackish water , but it also persists along areas of exposed shoreline along Long Island 's north shore near Orient . Eelgrass is one of the few vascular plants found in the marine environment . Despite its name , it is actually not a species of underwater grass ; instead , it is a plant that bears a physical resemblance to grass . It can tolerate a wide range of water salinity . It grows on muddy to sandy sediments ( even among rocks ) , mostly below low tide , often forming large meadows . it grows best in shallow water because it is dependent upon sunlight , and the water of the Long island Sound can be very murky . Eelgrass roots help stabilize muddy sediments and can trap moving sand , helping prevent erosion . The leaves , that can range in size from less than 1 m to 2 m long , slow currents , providing calm environments for many species of mollusks and other invertebrates . Eelgrass is also an important food source for waterfowl , especially brant , a type of goose . During the 1930s , the Long Island Sound was struck by an outbreak of a mold infection known as `` eelgrass wasting disease '' . As a result , most of the eelgrass that grew in the sound was killed off , and as an extension , populations of wildlife in the area that depended upon the eelgrass either as food or as a habitat went into a sharp decline . During the succeeding decades , areas along the Connecticut coast saw a slow gradual recovery of eelgrass populations . Unfortunately , the north shore of Long Island did not see much success , and efforts have been made to re-introduce eelgrass by planting it , especially in the eastern part of the Long Island Sound in the waters of Suffolk County . It is unlikely that the Long Island Sound will experience a complete recovery of its eelgrass population because there are still occasional outbreaks of eelgrass wasting disease within the Sound . Plants found on beaches and dunes ( edit ) Few undisturbed beach and dune systems exist on the Connecticut shore , the ones that do are located along the eastern portion of the coastline ( east of the Connecticut River ) . Sea rocket and dune grass occur here , but not in abundance . Dune grass and plants that thrive on dunes are largely responsible for the creation and growth of the dunes . On the seaward side of dunes can be found Lathyrus japonicus ( beach pea ) , Dusty Miller , and seaside goldenrod . Other beach plants are orache , beach clotbur , seaside spurge , and jimson weed . On the more protected landward side of dunes are beach plum , bayberry and beach rose . Rare species found on the landward side are beach knotweed and sand false heather . Upland vegetation ( edit ) In areas next to the shoreline but hardly ever salty , the sound 's environment can nevertheless be a crucial factor in the presence of certain species . Areas near the Connecticut shore are the northern limit for some species needing the warmer environment provided by proximity to the Sound ( which has a longer growing season than inland Connecticut and winters that are less harsh ) . These include sweetgum ( only found in Connecticut in the extreme southwestern area of the state ) , the American holly , post oak and persimmon , which only exist in Connecticut along the shore . For many species which grow typically in sandy soils , the Connecticut shore is the northern limit . Mature upland vegetation along the Connecticut coast is mostly hardwood forest , with dominant tree species including oaks and hickories , especially white oak , black oak , pignut hickory and mockernut hickory . Other trees include sassafras , black gum , and black cherry . Mature trees tend to be sparse in coastal forests , likely because of their greater exposure to the wind . This results in more sunlight reaching the forest floor , encouraging a jungle - like tangle of vines and shrubs , including the vines catbriar , poison ivy , bramble and bittersweet , and the shrubs blueberry , huckleberry , viburnum and hazelnut . Along with the moderate climate , rare coastline storms can have an important impact on observable vegetation patterns . The greatest storms to hit the Sound in the twentieth century were the 1938 hurricane , the 1955 hurricane , Hurricane Belle in 1976 , Hurricane Gloria in 1985 , and Hurricane Irene in 2011 . After Hurricane Belle , leaves near the coast were badly salt - burned , then turned brown and shriveled . Many trees were downed by the storm , leaving openings in the forest cover , promoting the growth of vines and shrubs . Fauna ( edit ) See also : List of animals of Long Island Sound Fish ( edit ) The Sound is inhabited by both marine fish and anadromous fish ( oceanic or estuarine species that spawn in freshwater streams and rivers , see fish migration ) . The most common marine fish in the Sound include porgy , butterfish , winter flounder , summer flounder , windowpane flounder , fourspot flounder , northern and striped sea robin , little skate , menhaden , Atlantic silversides , black seabass , blackfish ( tautog ) , cunner , bluefish , and smooth dogfish . Frequently Atlantic bonito and false albacore , both members of the tuna family , enter the sound and can be caught by anglers from small boats and shore . Many species have declined rapidly since 1975 due to over fishing . Winter flounder may not be currently present except for rare , small local populations . Tautog and summer flounder are also less numerous . Anadromous fishes include striped bass , white perch , alewives , blueback herring , and American and hickory shad . Although several shark species likely infrequently wander in and out of the Sound , e.g. blue shark , mako shark , hammerhead shark & thresher shark , there are only four species of sharks which are regularly found in the area . These are the sand tiger shark , the sandbar shark , the spiny dogfish and the smooth dogfish . Mollusks ( edit ) Mollusks ( gastropods and bivalves ) that can be found include the rough periwinkle near the high - tide line , the European periwinkle , the northern yellow periwinkle , the blue mussel ( a popular , edible species ) , the eastern oyster , the Atlantic slipper shell or `` common slippershell '' ( Crepidula fornicata ) , the hard clam ( also known as the quahog , little neck clam or cherrystone clam ) , the Atlantic bay scallop , the mud snail ( also known as the eastern mud nassa ) , the salt marsh snail ( or `` coffee bean snail '' ) , the Atlantic oyster drill , the northern moon snail , Atlantic moon snail , the channeled and knobbed whelks . Crustacea ( edit ) Crustaceans include crabs , shrimp and lobsters . In the Sound there are the green crab ( a non-native species first reported in Boston around 1900 , but a common crab found on the shore , where it feeds on eastern oysters and soft - shell clams ) , blue crab , red crab , Jonah crab in deepwater areas , and the Atlantic rock crab , which settles in large numbers along rocky shores , especially around Millstone Point , Niantic Bay and Fishers Island Sound . Other crabs found include the lady crab , spider crabs , and fiddler crabs ; hermit crabs and mole crabs are also found . By the late 1980s , the Japanese shore crab , an invasive species , was the most commonly found crab in the sound . The sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and two species of grass shrimp are plentiful along the shore , especially in late summer and fall . The American lobster is fished commercially . Mammals , reptiles , and amphibians ( edit ) Most animal species on the Connecticut side of the Sound also occur inland , but some are much more abundant along the shore . Animals along the Sound are most concentrated in the salt marshes . Two species of shrews , the masked shrew and the American short - tailed shrew , are common in salt marshes . The least shrew has been thought to exist in small numbers in the salt marshes of western Connecticut . Rodents include the white - footed mouse , the meadow vole ( probably the most abundant coastal mammal ) and the meadow jumping mouse . Muskrats are heavily trapped but remain abundant . Raccoons and red foxes who live in areas near the marshes will hunt in them . The long - tailed weasel and short - tailed weasel are both found near the Sound , occasionally living in the salt marshes . Harbor seals and gray seals can be found among the rocks off Stonington and Groton at the eastern end . Long - finned pilot whales and harbor porpoises can also be infrequently sighted in open water , a few miles off the coast . In 1975 , a finback whale beached itself in Groton . Animals that need moist woodlands are found in the coastal area ( and elsewhere ) , including the diamondback terrapin in salt marshes and brackish waters ( and deposits and hatches its eggs on nearby sandy beaches ) . Terrapin meat became such a popular delicacy in the early 1900s that the price for a dozen adult females reached as high as US $120 . Overhunting made the species uncommon and even rare through most of the Sound and completely eliminated at some places . After its popularity as food declined , the terrapin population started recovering . Sea turtles occasionally travel north on the Gulf Stream and wander into the Sound . The loggerhead turtle , green turtle and leatherback turtle are rarely seen along the Connecticut shore . Other reptiles and amphibians found along the edges of the salt marshes and nearby bodies of water include the green frog , bullfrog , pickerel frog , spotted turtle , painted turtle , northern water snake , and common snapping turtle . On beaches and sandy areas there are Fowler 's toads ( which are also found inland but find sandy areas preferable ) , the American toad , and the hognose snake ( which feeds on Fowler 's toads ) . Birds ( edit ) There are six broad categories of bird habitats near Long Island Sound : ( 1 ) open water areas , including bays , coves , rivers and the Sound itself ; ( 2 ) tidal marshes ; ( 3 ) mudflats ; ( 4 ) sandy beaches ; ( 5 ) offshore islands ; and ( 6 ) mainland uplands , including woodlands and fields . Some birds are summer residents or winter residents , while others are spring and fall transients . Year round residents include herring gull , greater black - backed gull , common tern and double - crested cormorant . Much of the terns habitat and nesting areas have been taken over by the over-abundant cormorant over the last several decades . The terns are now not commonly seen . Coastal migrants ( also called `` transients '' ) include shorebirds such as plovers , turnstones , sandpipers , willet and yellowlegs . Summer residents include the seaside sparrow , sharp - tailed sparrow , Nelson 's sparrow , clapper rail , mallard and black duck , herons and egrets , including the black - crowned night heron and snowy egret as well as the least tern and piping plover . Upland species include the hooded warbler , white - eyed vireo , eastern meadowlark and Carolina wren . Winter residents include large flocks of ducks , geese , and swans winter in the Sound . In West Haven , Connecticut 8,000 scaup ( also called broadbills or bluebills ) were regularly counted in the 1970s . Greater scaup , black ducks , mallards , and Canada geese are the most abundant wintering birds . There are also significant populations of red - breasted mergansers , common goldeneyes , buffleheads , scoters , American wigeons ( also sometimes called baldpate ) , canvasbacks , oldsquaws and mute swans . Others ( less abundant ) include gadwalls , northern pintails , green - winged teal , northern shovelers ( also sometimes called broadbill ) , ruddy ducks , redheads , ring - necked ducks , snow geese , and brant . Rare and endangered species ( edit ) Rare , endangered and extinct species of the Sound include the eastern spadefoot , a rare , toadlike amphibian that has n't been recorded in the area since 1935 . Its overall coloring is beige or off - white with a pattern of green markings . Small orange dots punctuate this pattern . As many as 1,500 shortnose sturgeon , listed as ' endangered ' by the Endangered Species Act , inhabit the Connecticut River ( CDEP 2003 , Savoy 2004 ) . Approximately 900 of those live downstream of Holyoke Dam ( Savoy and Shake 1992 ) . While shortnose sturgeon primarily remain in their natal rivers , they will feed in estuarine waters like Long Island Sound and make extended trips along the Atlantic Coast , tagged individuals sometime being identified in multiple rivers during their lifetimes . History ( edit ) Main articles : Lake Connecticut , Lenape , History of Long Island , and History of Connecticut Long Island Sound was formed when the terminal moraine that dammed the waters of glacial Lake Connecticut failed , and sea water mixed with the lake 's fresh waters . The first European to record the existence of Long Island Sound was the Dutch navigator Adriaen Block , who entered the sound from the East River in 1614 . The sound was known as The Devil 's Belt in colonial times and the reefs that run across the sound were known as Devil 's Stepping Stones , from which Stepping Stones Lighthouse got its name . Uses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Long Island Sound in Branford , Connecticut Transportation ( edit ) Ferries provide service between Long Island and Connecticut , notably the Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Ferry ( between Port Jefferson and Bridgeport ) , and the Cross Sound Ferry ( between Orient Point and New London ) . The ferries that cross Long Island Sound carry automobiles , trucks and buses , as well as foot passengers . Fishing ( edit ) Long Island Sound has historically had rich recreational and commercial fishing , including oysters , lobsters , scallops , blue crabs , tuna flounder , striped bass , and bluefish . However , in recent years the western part of the sound has become increasingly deficient of marine life . The fishing and lobster industries have encouraged efforts to identify the cause of the dead water and rectify the problem . Lobsters have suffered diseases of unknown cause , but recreational fishing improved dramatically in the last 10 years due , in large part , to restoring a key component in the food chain , menhaden ( a.k.a. `` bunker '' ) fish which are a mainstay of striped bass and other pelagic fish . The ban of netting of bunker - which were over-fished in the late 1990s - has significantly improved the quality and volume of the striped bass population in Long Island Sound . Further development ( edit ) Underwater cables transmit electricity under Long Island Sound , most notably a new and controversial Cross Sound Cable that runs from New Haven in western Connecticut , to Shoreham in central Long Island , and an older one from Rye in Westchester County to Oyster Bay on Long Island . Scientists debate whether submarine power cables are safe for underwater lifeforms . Broadwater Energy LLC , a joint venture between the Shell Oil Company and TransCanada Corporation , has proposed building a floating liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) terminal 11 miles ( 18 km ) from the Connecticut shore and 9 miles ( 14 km ) from Long Island . The installation is estimated to save the region in excess of $600 million a year in energy costs . The terminal would regasify LNG offloaded from ships , and this gas would flow through pipelines under the sound to New York and Connecticut . Some politicians from both states , such as New York Senator Chuck Schumer , are fiercely opposed to the terminal , claiming that alternative energy sources and conservation should be pursued instead of adding new distribution lines and supply sources . Local Connecticut politicians have little influence since the terminal would be located entirely within waters that are part of New York State ( although Connecticut senators and representatives may be able to stop the platform at the federal level ) . Certain politicians in the United States Congress have proposed offshore oil drilling in Long Island Sound , which has met staunch opposition by residents of New York and Connecticut , environmentalists , and Democrats . Over the years , bridges over the sound have been proposed , including a bridge between Rye in Westchester County and Oyster Bay on Long Island ; between New Haven , Connecticut and Shoreham on Long Island ; between Bridgeport , Connecticut and Port Jefferson on Long Island ; or between Orient Point , New York and Rhode Island . A tunnel under the sound , as between Rye and Oyster Bay has also been proposed , to carry both freeway lanes and railroads . However , no crossing has been built since the Throgs Neck Bridge in the early 1960s . Pollution ( edit ) Major environmental problems currently affecting the Sound include hypoxia , toxic substance and pathogen contamination , debris and other man - made pollution , and overdevelopment . Industrial pollution includes mercury influx from the hatting industry in Danbury , Connecticut . To address the water quality problems , EPA created the Long Island Sound Study ( LISS ) to support development of a nitrogen TMDL . The TMDL implements innovative strategies , including a nitrogen credit trading program for sewage treatment plants in Connecticut , and bubble permits for sewage treatment plants in New York . Results point to significant nitrogen reductions in Long Island Sound , and significant cost savings . New York City and other municipal sewage systems have long dumped nitrogen , among other nutrient pollutants , into the Sound , which contributes to hypoxic conditions , especially in the western half of the Sound . In addition , the Sound receives ground water run off from a total of six states within the Long Island Sound watershed . By 1994 , a plan to reduce nitrogen outputs of effluent into the Sound was agreed to by the federal government and the states of New York and Connecticut . The goal was to reduce the amount of nitrogen entering the Sound by 58.5 percent as of 2014 . New York City agreed with New York state and Connecticut to reduce nitrogen levels in 1998 , but backed off its commitment and was sued by the state . In early 2006 , the city agreed to lower nitrogen outputs and was given until 2017 to meet its reduction goals . By 2007 , $617 million had been spent in upgrading sewage treatment plants , with 39 out of 104 retrofitted with devices to remove nitrogen . A 2007 report by the Long Island Sound Study , a project of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , said the nitrogen flow is down 20 percent since 1994 . But a study released in June 2007 by the Connecticut Council on Environmental Quality stated that in 2006 the area affected by hypoxia was a bit larger than in 1991 . There have been some improvements over the years , according to officials from the Long Island Sound Study . Levels of nitrogen have decreased in the waters off Stamford , Connecticut and in some areas west of Stamford . Yet some nitrogen pollution has been stored in the sediment at the bottom of the Sound , and warmer weather also keeps down levels of dissolved oxygen , according to the Sound Study officials . Starting in the 1990s , Connecticut and federal Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) officials created no - dumping areas in which commercial or recreational boat users were prohibited from releasing untreated sewage into the Sound near the coastline . In 2007 state and federal officials announced the ban had extended to the entire Connecticut coast and applied to both treated and untreated sewage . New Hampshire and Maine have similar bans , but not Massachusetts , Maine or New York . From the 1990s to 2007 , the number of pumping stations for boat sewage tripled to 90 at marinas up and down the coast . Violators may be charged with a state misdemeanor and face $250 fines , or a federal civil penalty , with fines of up to $2,000 . `` Not a whole lot is going to change until New York City gets on the nitrogen problem , '' said Tom Andersen , author of This Fine Piece of Water : An Environmental History of Long Island Sound , in a newspaper interview in June 2007 . The city Department of Environmental Protection said it is spending millions of dollars to upgrade its four sewage treatment plants , and that the upgrade should significantly cut nitrogen discharges . The western part of the Sound was in the worst condition , according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007 . The report gives a `` fair '' rating to water quality in the sound and poor marks to fish , bottom - feeders and sediment . High levels of PCBs , were found in fish samples , and high concentrations of DDT were found in sediment . Development resulting from population increases , past industrial pollution and stormwater runoff all contribute to the poor quality of the water , according to the report . Over the last several decades , excess nitrogen may have adversely affected diatoms -- microscopic , single - celled algae at the base of the food chain , which make shells ( ' frustules ' ) of opaline silica . When diatoms are less productive , they are replaced by other phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates or blue - green algae , which grow well in waters with high nitrogen levels , but do not need silica . Such a change in the base of the foodchain could have such consequences as an increase in abundance of jellyfish and decline in shellfish and other fish . Gary Wikfors , a fish biologist with the Milford , Connecticut office of the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said he has seen no evidence of fewer plankton in the sound or more blue - green algae . `` I study algae blooms , '' he said in a newspaper report . `` I have to go to the Chesapeake Bay to study them . I ca n't find them in the Sound . '' Dumping of dredged sediment ( edit ) Polluted sediment from harbor , river and waterway dredging has been dumped in four sites in the Sound , although in late 2007 two of them at the eastern end of the Sound were scheduled to be closed at some future date . A dumping site near Stamford , Connecticut and another near New Haven , Connecticut were expected to remain open . In 2007 , the U.S. EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began a five - to seven - year , $16 million study on more environmentally friendly ways to dredge harbors in the Sound . Dumping the sediment in the Sound is considerably less expensive than other options , according to Connecticut harbor officials and state and federal environmental officials . Federal officials have said sediment from Bridgeport Harbor is too contaminated for disposal in the Sound , and in 2007 state Department of Environmental Protection officials required Norwalk , Connecticut to `` cap '' 350,000 cubic yards ( 270,000 m ) of dumped sediment from a planned Norwalk Harbor dredging project with 75,000 cubic yards ( 57,000 m ) of material . Silt and sediment from the harbor contains heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , according to DEP officials . Legal status ( edit ) In 1985 , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Long Island Sound is a juridical bay . The case involved a jurisdictional dispute among New York State , Rhode Island , and The United States . The classification of juridical bay means that the states , and not the federal government , have jurisdiction over the Long Island Sound waters . This also means that the legal coastline of the United States incorporates the southern shore of Long Island , but not the alternative that would have been to consider the coastline to follow additionally the southern shores of Connecticut , and the eastern shores of Westchester County , The Bronx , and Manhattan . See also ( edit ) Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation Geography of New York City Long Island Crossing - various proposed bridges and tunnels between Long Island and Connecticut / Rhode Island Sound ( geography ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound Region at Night : Image of the Day '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection , November 1977 , `` 1 . Glacial History '' section , page 4 Jump up ^ `` Watershed Population `` Long Island Sound Study '' . longislandsoundstudy.net . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound Site - Soundkeeper '' . soundbook.soundkeeper.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 5 . Vegetation '' section , pp 17 - 21 Jump up ^ Turner , J. ( 2011 ) . Exploring the Other Island : A seasonal guide to nature on Long Island . Harbor Electronic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932916 - 34 - 8 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . York&statefips = 36&symbol = LYCO `` PLANTS Profile , County Distribution Lychnis coronaria '' Check url = value ( help ) . The PLANTS Database . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 10 . Fishes '' section , pp 36 - 39 Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 8 . Mollusks '' section , pp 31 - 32 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 7 . Crustacea '' section , pp 26 - 28 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 12 . Mammals , Reptiles and Amphibians '' section , pp 43 - 44 ^ Jump up to : `` Long Island Sound : An Atlas of Natural Resources '' , booklet `` Prepared under the supervision of the Coastal Area Management Program '' of the `` Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection '' , November 1977 , `` 11 . Birds '' section , page 40 Jump up ^ `` History of the United States of America '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Illustrated History of the Moriches Bay Area ( excerpts ) , by Van and Mary Field Jump up ^ The Bridgeport & Port Jefferson Steamboat Company Archived 2009 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cross Sound Ferry , between Orient Point and New London Jump up ^ `` Assemblyman seeks win as Democrat ; rival wants oil drilling in Sound '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Long Island Sound Crossing ( I - 495 , unbuilt ) '' . nycroads.com . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound Study '' . longislandsoundstudy.net . Jump up ^ `` Long Island Sound Study '' . epa.gov . Jump up ^ Varekamp , JC ; Buchholtz ten Brink , MR ; Mecray , EL ; Kreulen , B ( Summer 2000 ) . `` Mercury in Long Island Sound Sediments '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 16 ( 3 ) : 613 -- 626 . JSTOR 4300074 . Jump up ^ `` Total Maximum Daily Load ( TMDLs ) at Work : New York : Restoring the Long Island Sound While Saving Money '' . EPA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watershed Projects `` Long Island Sound Study '' . longislandsoundstudy.net . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Stelloh , Tom , `` 671M later , no clear picture of Sound 's health '' , news article in The Advocate of Stamford , Connecticut , July 15 , 2007 , pp 1 , A4 Jump up ^ Lockhart , Brian , `` State protects coast from boaters ' sewage : EPA declares no - discharge area '' , news article in The Advocate of Stamford , Connecticut , July 27 , 2007 pp 1 , A4 , Norwalk edition Jump up ^ Stelloh , Tom , `` Sound 's fish and sediment rate poorly in EPA report '' article in The Advocate of Stamford , Connecticut , June 25 , 2007 , page 1 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) EPA Web page for navigation of the National Estuary Program Coastal Protection Report for June 2007 ; ( 2 ) Chapter 3 of the report , `` Northeast National Estuary Program Coastal Condition Long Island Sound Study '' , accessed June 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ; ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Two articles by Tim Stelloh in The Advocate of Stamford ( Norwalk edition ) : `` Dredge report : Sound disputes aired at hearing '' , page 1 ; `` Bid to skip dredging cap draws no support '' , page A7 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Supreme Court '' . http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/ . FindLaw . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Sources ( edit ) Working for Nature Series : Shortnose Sturgeon , CDEP ( Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection ) website . 2003 ... Savoy , T. 2004 . Population estimate and utilization of the lower Connecticut River by shortnose sturgeon . Pages 345 - 352 in P.M. Jacobson et al. ( Eds . ) The Connecticut River ecological study ( 1965 -- 1973 ) revisited : ecology of the lower Connecticut River 1973 - 2003 . American Fisheries Society Monograph . Savoy , T. and D. Shake. 1992 . Sturgeon status in Connecticut waters . Final Report to the National Marine Fisheries Service , Gloucester , Massachusetts . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Island Sound . Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Long Island Sound . What Makes Long Island Sound So Special ? - EPA website Soundkeeper - non-profit preservation group Long Island Sound Foundation - non-profit preservation group Cross-Sound Cable - official CSC website Human Nature - New York Times series on Long Island Sound ( 5 ) - Wesleyan University Research on the Eutrophication of Long Island Sound SeagrassLI - LIS eelgrass restoration and monitoring Fraudwater - Information on Shell Oil Broadwater campaign Waterbodies of Connecticut Canals , Coves , Estuaries , Harbors , and Rivers Ash Creek Connecticut River Enfield Falls Canal Farm River Farmington Canal Hammonasset River Housatonic River Kidd Harbor Little Narragansett Bay Long Island Sound Mystic River New Haven Harbor Niantic River Oxoboxo River Oyster River Pawcatuck River Quinnipiac River Smith Cove Still River Thames River Wequetequock Cove Wethersfield Cove Ziegler 's Cove more Lakes and Ponds Ashford Lake Bantam Lake Burr Pond Converse Lake Crystal Lake Deer Lake Great Hollow Lake Highland Lake Lake Chaffee Lake Hayward Lake Pocotopaug Lake Quassapaug Lake Saltonstall Lake Waramaug Lake Whitney Mashapaug Lake Millers Pond Pinewood Lake Round Pond Squantz Pond Tuxis Pond Twin Lakes Wetherell Pond Whalen Pond Reservoirs Aspetuck Reservoir Candlewood Lake Hop Brook Lake Kohanza Reservoir Lake Beseck Lake Gaillard Lake Lillinonah Lake Zoar Mansfield Hollow Lake Quaddick Reservoir Saugatuck Reservoir Shenipsit Lake Success Lake West Hartford Reservoir West Thompson Lake Coordinates : 41 ° 05 ′ 48 '' N 72 ° 52 ′ 52 '' W / 41.09667 ° N 72.88111 ° W / 41.09667 ; - 72.88111 GND : 4566788 - 3 NARA : 10043086 VIAF : 240279110 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Sound&oldid=851900079 '' Categories : Long Island Sound New England Intracoastal Waterway Borders of New York ( state ) Borders of Connecticut Geography of New England Estuaries of Connecticut Estuaries of New York ( state ) Bodies of water of the Bronx Bodies of water of Westchester County , New York Bodies of water of Fairfield County , Connecticut Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 09 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how deep is the water in long island sound	[ "Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, lying between the eastern shores of Bronx County, New York City, southern Westchester County, and Connecticut to the north, and the North Shore of Long Island, to the south. From west to east, the sound stretches 110 miles (177 km) from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles (34 km) at its widest point and varies in depth from 65 to 230 feet (20 to 70 m).\n" ]	[ "from 65 to 230 feet (20 to 70 m)" ]
8327075916614377586	Hotel California	Hotel California - wikipedia Hotel California Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Eagles album of the same name , see Hotel California ( Eagles album ) . For other uses , see Hotel California ( disambiguation ) . `` Hotel California '' Side A of the U.S. single Single by Eagles from the album Hotel California B - side `` Pretty Maids All in a Row '' Released February 22 , 1977 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Soft rock Length 6 : 30 Label Asylum Songwriter ( s ) Don Felder , Don Henley , Glenn Frey Producer ( s ) Bill Szymczyk Eagles singles chronology `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) `` New Kid in Town '' ( 1976 ) `` Hotel California '' ( 1977 ) `` Life in the Fast Lane '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample Eagles -- `` Hotel California '' file help `` Hotel California '' is the title track from the Eagles ' album of the same name and was released as a single in February 1977 . Writing credits for the song are shared by Don Felder ( music ) , Don Henley , and Glenn Frey ( lyrics ) . The Eagles ' original recording of the song features Henley singing the lead vocals and concludes with an extended section of electric guitar interplay between Felder and Joe Walsh . The song is considered the most famous recording by the band , and its long guitar coda has been voted the best guitar solo of all time by readers of Guitarist in 1998 . The song was awarded the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1978 . The lyrics of the song have been given various interpretations by fans and critics alike , the Eagles themselves described the song as their `` interpretation of the high life in Los Angeles '' . In the 2013 documentary History of the Eagles , Henley said that the song was about `` a journey from innocence to experience ... that 's all ... '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recordings 1.3 Chart performance 1.4 Accolades 2 Themes and interpretations 2.1 Conjectures 3 Harmonic structure 4 Cover versions and parodies 5 Cultural influence 6 Proposed film adaptation 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 References 10 External links History Composition Don Felder composed the melody for `` Hotel California . '' Glenn Frey provided the outline of `` Hotel California . '' Don Henley wrote the lyrics to `` Hotel California '' with Frey . The melody of the song was composed by Don Felder in a rented house on Malibu Beach . He recorded the basic tracks with a Rhythm Ace drum machine and added a 12 string guitar on a four - track recording deck in his spare bedroom , then mixed in a bassline , and gave Don Henley and Glenn Frey each the resulting demo cassette . Felder , who met the Eagles through his high school bandmate Bernie Leadon , said that Leadon advised him to make tapes of songs he wrote for the band so that other band members like Henley , whose forte is in writing lyrics , might work with him on finishing the songs they like . The demos he made were always instrumental , and on every album project he would submit 15 or 16 ideas . The demo he made for Hotel California showed influences from Latin and reggae music , and it grabbed the attention of Henley who said he liked the song that `` sounds like a Mexican reggae or Bolero '' , which gave the song its first working title , `` Mexican Reggae '' . Frey and Henley were both interested in the tune after hearing the demo , and discussed the concept for the lyrics . In 2008 , Felder described the writing of the lyrics : Don Henley and Glenn wrote most of the words . All of us kind of drove into L.A. at night . Nobody was from California , and if you drive into L.A. at night ... you can just see this glow on the horizon of lights , and the images that start running through your head of Hollywood and all the dreams that you have , and so it was kind of about that ... what we started writing the song about . Henley decided on the theme of Hotel California , noting how The Beverly Hills Hotel had become a literal and symbolic focal point of their lives at that time . Henley said of their personal and professional experience in LA : `` We were getting an extensive education , in life , in love , in business . Beverly Hills was still a mythical place to us . In that sense it became something of a symbol , and the ' Hotel ' the locus of all that LA had come to mean for us . In a sentence , I 'd sum it up as the end of the innocence , round one . '' Frey came up with a cinematic scenario of a person who , tired from driving a long distance in a desert , saw a place for a rest and pulled in for the night , but entered `` a weird world peopled by freaky characters '' , and became `` quickly spooked by the claustrophobic feeling of being caught in a disturbing web from which he may never escape . '' In an interview with Cameron Crowe , Frey said that he and Henley wanted the song `` to open like an episode of the Twilight Zone '' , and added : `` We take this guy and make him like a character in The Magus , where every time he walks through a door there 's a new version of reality . We wanted to write a song just like it was a movie . '' Frey described the song in an interview with NBC 's Bob Costas as a cinematic montage `` just one shot to the next ... a picture of a guy on the highway , a picture of the hotel , the guy walks in , the door opens , strange people . '' Frey continued : `` We decided to create something strange , just to see if we could do it . '' Henley then wrote most of the lyrics based on Frey 's idea , and sought inspiration for the writing by driving out into the desert as well as from films and theater . Part of the lyrics , such as `` Her mind is Tiffany twisted , she got the Mercedes bends / She got a lot of pretty pretty boys she calls friends '' , are based on Henley 's break - up with his girlfriend Loree Rodkin . According to Glenn Frey 's liner notes for The Very Best Of , the use of the word `` steely '' in the lyric , `` They stab it with their steely knives , but they just ca n't kill the beast , '' was a playful nod to the band Steely Dan , who had included the lyric `` Turn up the Eagles , the neighbors are listening '' in their song `` Everything You Did '' . Frey had also said that the writing of the song was inspired by the boldness of Steely Dan 's lyrics and its willingness to go `` out there '' , and thought that the song they wrote had `` achieved perfect ambiguity . '' Recordings The Eagles recorded the track with Don Henley on lead vocal three different times , twice at the Record Plant in Los Angeles and finally at the Criteria Studios in Miami . They first recorded a riff , but when it came to recording the vocal , it was found to be in too high a key for Henley 's voice , so Felder progressively lowered the key from E minor , eventually settling on B minor . The second recording however was judged too fast . In Miami , the band fine - tuned the instrumentation and the lyrics and recorded numerous takes . Five or six best ones were selected , and the best parts were then spliced together to create the released version . According to the producer Bill Szymczyk , there were 33 edits on the two ‐ inch master . The final section features a guitar battle between Joe Walsh ( who had replaced Bernie Leadon who left in 1975 ) and Felder , which took the two of them sitting together working for around three days to achieve the necessary precision . Walsh and Felder initially started improvising but Henley insisted that the recording should follow the music as first recorded in Felder 's demo . Henley decided that the song should be a single , although Felder had doubts and the record company was reluctant to release it as a single because , at over six minutes , its duration far exceeds that of the songs generally played by radio stations . The band took a stand and refused the label 's request to shorten the song . The song was released as the second single from the album after `` New Kid in Town '' . The front cover art for some overseas editions of the 45rpm single released was a reworked version of the Hotel California LP cover art , which used a photograph of the Beverly Hills Hotel by David Alexander , with design and art direction by Kosh . The Eagles in concert performing Hotel California , 2010 tour in Australia As `` Hotel California '' became one of the group 's most popular songs and a concert staple for the band , live recordings of the song have therefore also been released . The first live recording of the song appeared on the Eagles ' 1980 live album , and an acoustic version with an extended intro is a track in the 1994 Hell Freezes Over reunion concert CD and video release . The Hell Freezes Over version is performed using eight guitars and has a decidedly Spanish sound , with Don Felder 's flamenco - inspired arrangement and intro . Chart performance `` Hotel California '' first entered the Billboard Hot 100 on chart dated February 26 , 1977 , and topped the Hot 100 singles chart for one week in May 1977 , the band 's fourth song to reach No. 1 on that chart . It peaked at number 10 on the Easy Listening chart in April 1977 . Billboard ranked it number 19 on its 1977 Pop Singles year - end chart . Three months after its first release , the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , representing one million copies shipped . In 2009 , the song was further certified Platinum ( Digital Sales Award ) by the RIAA for sales of one million digital downloads , and has since sold over 3 million downloads . Accolades The Eagles won the 1977 Grammy Award for Record of the Year for `` Hotel California '' at the 20th Grammy Awards in 1978 . The song is rated highly in many rock music lists and polls ; Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 49 on its list of `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It was named one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . At the induction of the Eagles into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 , all seven former and present members of the band reunited to perform `` Hotel California '' . The song 's guitar solo was voted the best solo of all time by readers of Guitarist magazine in 1998 , and was ranked 8th on Guitar Magazine 's Top 100 Guitar Solos . The song was also included in the music video game Guitar Hero World Tour . It was ranked the number 1 in the list of the best 12 - string guitar songs of all times by Guitar World magazine in 2015 . Themes and interpretations Don Henley has given a number of explanations about the song , ranging from `` a journey from innocence to experience '' to `` a sociopolitical statement '' . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Henley said that the song was meant to be `` more of a symbolic piece about America in general '' , and added : `` Lyrically , the song deals with traditional or classical themes of conflict : darkness and light , good and evil , youth and age , the spiritual versus the secular . I guess you could say it 's a song about loss of innocence . '' The song has been described as being `` all about American decadence and burnout , too much money , corruption , drugs and arrogance ; too little humility and heart . '' It has also been interpreted an allegory about hedonism , self - destruction , and greed in the music industry of the late 1970s . Don Henley called it `` our interpretation of the high life in Los Angeles '' , and later said : `` It 's basically a song about the dark underbelly of the American dream and about excess in America , which is something we knew a lot about . '' In the 2013 documentary , History of the Eagles , Henley reiterated : On just about every album we made , there was some kind of commentary on the music business , and on American culture in general . The hotel itself could be taken as a metaphor not only for the myth - making of Southern California , but for the myth - making that is the American Dream , because it is a fine line between the American Dream , and the American nightmare . In a 2009 interview , The Plain Dealer music critic John Soeder asked Don Henley if he regretted writing the lines `` So I called up the captain / ' Please bring me my wine ' / He said , ' We have n't had that spirit here since 1969 ' '' because wines are fermented while spirits are distilled . Henley responded : Thanks for the tutorial and , no , you 're not the first to bring this to my attention -- and you 're not the first to completely misinterpret the lyric and miss the metaphor . Believe me , I 've consumed enough alcoholic beverages in my time to know how they are made and what the proper nomenclature is . But that line in the song has little or nothing to do with alcoholic beverages . It 's a sociopolitical statement . My only regret would be having to explain it in detail to you , which would defeat the purpose of using literary devices in songwriting and lower the discussion to some silly and irrelevant argument about chemical processes . In his Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Steve Sullivan theorizes that the `` spirit '' that the Hotel California has n't had since 1969 refers to the spirit of social activism of the 1960s , and how disco and the related pop music of mid-1970s had turned away from it . Conjectures The metaphorical character of the story related in the lyrics has inspired a number of conjectural interpretations by listeners . In the 1980s some Christian evangelists alleged that `` Hotel California '' referred to a San Francisco hotel that was purchased by Anton LaVey and converted into his Church of Satan . Other rumors suggested that the Hotel California was the Camarillo State Mental Hospital . The term `` colitas '' in the first stanza ( `` warm smell of colitas , rising up through the air '' ) has been interpreted as a sexual slang or a reference to marijuana . `` Colitas '' means `` little tails '' in Spanish ; in Mexican slang it refers to buds of the cannabis ( marijuana ) plant . According to Glenn Frey , the `` warm smell '' is `` colitas ... it means little tails , the very top of the plant . '' The Eagles ' manager Irving Azoff appears to lend support to the marijuana hypothesis , however , Felder said : `` The colitas is a plant that grows in the desert that blooms at night , and it has this kind of pungent , almost funky smell . Don Henley came up with a lot of the lyrics for that song , and he came up with colitas . '' Other interpretations of the songs include heroin addiction and cannibalism . On the various interpretations , Henley said : `` Some of the wilder interpretations of that song have been amazing . It was really about the excesses of American culture and certain girls we knew . But it was also about the uneasy balance between art and commerce . '' Harmonic structure The intro and verse 's chord pattern counts eight measures , each one assigned to a single chord . Seven different chords are used in the eight measures . As the song opens , it is not until the eighth measure that a chord is repeated . The song is initially in the key of B - minor . The presence of E major gives a hint of B Dorian . The chords are played as follows : Bm -- F ♯ -- A -- E -- G -- D -- Em -- F ♯ or i -- V -- VII -- IV -- VI -- III -- iv -- V The eight measure sequence is repeated in the intro , for each verse and in the outro , providing the harmonic framework for the entire extended dual guitar solo at the end of the song . One explanation of the progression is that it is a common flamenco chord progression called the `` Spanish progression '' ( i -- VII -- VI -- V in a phrygian context ) that is interspersed with consecutive fifths . With its descending ostinato pattern , it could be considered a fandango , a forerunner of the Baroque chaconne form . This chord sequence is not commonly used , and Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull has pointed out its similarity to his song `` We Used to Know '' from their 1969 album Stand Up , suggesting the Eagles heard it when they toured together . While the Eagles did open for Jethro Tull in June 1972 , Don Felder , who wrote the music , did not join the band until 1974 and would not have been in the audience or backstage . Felder has said that he had never heard `` We Used to Know '' , and that he was unfamiliar with Jethro Tull apart from the fact the frontman plays a flute . The chorus , or refrain , uses five of the song 's seven chords , structured with the melody in a way that shifts the key from B - minor to its relative major of D : G -- D -- F ♯ -- Bm -- G -- D -- Em -- F ♯ or assuming a key of D: IV -- I -- ii -- vi -- IV -- I -- ii -- III Cover versions and parodies Al B. Sure ! recorded his rendition for his album , Private Times ... and the Whole 9 ! ( 1990 ) . Gipsy Kings recorded a flamenco version sung in Spanish , which was used in the soundtrack for the film The Big Lebowski . The Orb , under the name of Jam On The Mutha produced a version which charted at No. 62 on the UK chart in 1990 . Mike Piranha recorded `` Hotel Honolulu '' in 1998 , satirizing overdevelopment , crime , and other issues on Oahu , which became a local hit in Hawaii . The Romanian band Vama Veche recorded its version with different lyrics entitled `` Hotel Cişmigiu '' , sung in its native language . Alabama 3 covered the song for the album , La Peste ( 2000 ) . Nancy Sinatra recorded a cover version for her 2002 album California Girl , an album of songs about California . The Cat Empire recorded a version sung in French `` L'hotel de Californie '' for Triple J 's Like a Version segment , and is included in its 2005 compilation album as well as the band 's 2003 live album On the Attack . The Killers and Rhythms del Mundo collaborated their version with Afro - Cuban music for the 2009 Artists ' Project Earth charity , and it appeared on the album Rhythms del Mundo Classics . Frank Ocean released a version sampling the entire instrumental track of `` Hotel California '' with his own vocal and lyrics on his mixtape Nostalgia , Ultra ( 2011 ) , entitled `` American Wedding '' . However , it led to a threatened lawsuit from Don Henley for copyright infringement . Cultural influence `` Hotel California '' and its lyrics have become absorbed into the wider culture around the world , and have been used by various writers and commentators to reflect on issues ranging from politics to social media and welfare , or as an observation on a particular situation . The lines `` We are programmed to receive / You can check out any time you like / But you can never leave ! '' were used by an economist to refer to how the appeal of an attractive `` Hotel California '' - type host country to foreign investors may be countered by the cost of exit on leaving the country . A term `` The Hotel California Effect '' was then used to refer to the negative effect of financial regulations on investment , and the problems foreigner investors faced when getting their money out of China . It has also applied to other ideas such as leaving a service provider or social media network . A book titled Operation Hotel California : The Clandestine War Inside Iraq was written about the clandestine operation named after the song title by CIA -- US Special Forces teams in Iraqi Kurdistan in the lead - up to the Iraq War . Although the Eagles were noted for their reluctance to license their songs for use in shows , the song had been used in a number of films and television shows , such as The Big Lebowski ( performed by Gipsy Kings ) , Absolutely Fabulous , and The Sopranos . Most recently it was used during the final scenes of the premiere episode of American Horror Story : Hotel in October 2015 . Proposed film adaptation According to Rolling Stone , Julia Phillips , the producer of films like Taxi Driver and Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was interested in shooting a movie based on the song 's story . Although the band members and Phillips met to discuss the project , tension between the two parties ended the pre-development deal for the film . Personnel Don Felder -- 12 - and 6 - string electric guitars , backing vocals Don Henley -- lead and backing vocals , drums , percussion Glenn Frey -- 12 - string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Joe Walsh -- electric guitar , backing vocals Randy Meisner -- bass , backing vocals Charts and certifications Weekly charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 24 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Canada Top 200 singles ( RPM ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 19 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Digital download Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Physical single Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Digital download Platinum 3,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References Jump up ^ `` Brand new classics '' . 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Guitar World . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Don Henley gets into the spirit talking about ' Hotel California ' '' . The Plain Dealer . p . T14 . Jump up ^ DeMain , Bill ( 2006 ) . `` Rock 's Greatest Urban Legends '' . Performing Songwriter. 13 ( 92 ) . pp. 50 -- 55 . Academic Search Complete . EBSCO . Web . October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : The Eagles , ' Hotel California ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reported by Steve Krofts , Producers : Graham Messick and Michael Karzis ( June 15 , 2008 ) . `` The Long Run '' . 60 Minutes . CBS . Jump up ^ History of the Eagles. 2013 . Event occurs at 1 : 30 : 50 -- 1 : 31 : 10 . Jump up ^ Denisoff , R. Serge ; Schurk , William . Tarnished Gold : The Record Industry Revisited ( 1986 ) : 407 Jump up ^ Stoffels , Kenneth . `` Minister Links Rock , Sympathy for the Devil '' The Milwaukee Sentinel September 28 , 1982 : 6 Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg . Weird California ( 2006 ) : 228 ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel California by Eagles '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ De Artega y Pereira , Fernando . Practical Spanish ( 1902 ) : 243 Jump up ^ Avant - Mier , Roberto . Rock the Nation : Latin / o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora ( 2010 ) : 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott . `` Rockin ' ' Round the Round '' San Francisco Chronicle February 5 , 2003 Jump up ^ Cecil Adams ( August 15 , 1997 ) . `` In the song `` Hotel California , '' what does `` colitas '' mean ? `` . Straight Dop . ^ Jump up to : Tillekens , Ger . `` Locked into the Hotel California : Or , expanding the Spanish progression '' . Soundscapes.info , 2006 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard Dictionary of Music -- Don Michael Randel Harvard University Press '' . www.hup.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull '' . Song Facts . Jump up ^ Andrew Vaughan ( February 1 , 2015 ) . The Eagles FAQ : All That 's Left to Know About Classic Rock 's Superstars . Backbeat Books . ISBN 9781617136238 . Jump up ^ Feenstra , Pete ( September 2012 ) . `` Interview : Don Felder '' . Get Ready to Rock . hotdigitsnewmedia group . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blues & Soul ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Rock the Nation : Latin / o Identities and the Latin Rock Diaspora by Roberto Avant - Mier , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Definitive Guide To The Music of The Big Lebowski '' . LA Weekly . March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jam on the Muth '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Thomas H Green ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` The song that wo n't check out '' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Livin ' it up with a parody of paradise : Mike Piranha 's ' Hotel Honolulu ' gets airplay and guffaws '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . June 8 , 1998 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOTEL CIŞMIGIU la 100 de ani : reînvierea uneia dintre cele mai frumoase clădiri istorice '' ( April 9 , 2012 ) , Gandul ( in Romanian ) Jump up ^ CMJ New Music Monthly ( January 2001 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Nancy Sinatra California Girl '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Air Owens ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Five Best Covers of Hotel California '' . Popcorn . Jump up ^ `` The Killers -- Hotel California '' ( December 2 , 2009 ) , The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` R&B Resurgence '' . Billboard. April 2 -- 9 , 2011 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Marc Schneider ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Don Henley Slams ' Arrogant ' Frank Ocean for Using ' Hotel ' Music '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Mark Hendrickson ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` The EU 's Nightmare In The ' Hotel California ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Victor Pineiro ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Navigating the ' Hotel California ' effect of social platforms '' . Digiday . Jump up ^ Jan C. Van Ours ( 2006 ) . `` Leaving ' Hotel California ' : How Incentives Affect Flows of Benefit Recipients in the Netherlands '' . Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung. 75 ( 3 , S ) : 186 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Mark Fineman ( August 11 , 1992 ) . `` States -- Foreign Relations -- Iraq Troops Check Out ' Hotel California ' : Persian Gulf : West Coast Marines wait nervously in Kuwaiti desert camp as tension rises between U.S. , Iraq '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Maria Aspan ( February 11 , 2008 ) . `` On Facebook , leaving is hard to do '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holger Görgh ( 2003 ) . `` Fancy a stay at the `` Hotel California '' ? Foreign direct investment , taxation and exit costs '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Todd Malan ( November 23 , 2006 ) . `` Time to change rules at Hotel California '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ `` China Joint Ventures And The Hotel California Effect '' . Alibaba . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China and the Hotel California Effect in Banking '' . China Economics Blog. 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Larry Walsh Cloud Computing ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` Walmart disrupts ' Hotel California effect ' in cloud '' . Channelonmics . Jump up ^ Victor Pineiro ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Five Social Trends Marketers Wo n't Be Able to Ignore in 2016 '' . Advertising Age . Jump up ^ Matt P. `` Operation Hotel California : The Clandestine War Inside Iraq '' ( PDF ) . CIA . Jump up ^ Deanne Stillman ( August 23 , 2014 ) . Some Dance to Remember , Some Dance to Forget : A Few Thoughts on Iraq , `` Hotel California , '' and Coming Home . Los Angeles Review of Books . Jump up ^ Ben Kayeon ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` David Letterman punks The Eagles over licensing their music -- watch '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ Allison Piwowarski ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Is ' AHS : Hotel ' Based On `` Hotel California '' ? The Eagles Song Is Filled With Clues `` . Bustle . Jump up ^ `` The Eagles ' ' Hotel California ' : 10 Things You Did n't Know '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5268a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 4362 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Eagles : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 Singles of ' 77 '' . December 31 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Enter Hotel California in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Eagles -- Hotel California '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Classic Tracks : The Eagles ' Hotel California ' Preceded by `` Southern Nights '' by Glen Campbell Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 7 , 1977 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` When I Need You '' by Leo Sayer Eagles Glenn Frey Don Henley Bernie Leadon Randy Meisner Don Felder Joe Walsh Timothy B. Schmit Studio albums Eagles Desperado On the Border One of These Nights Hotel California The Long Run Long Road Out of Eden Live albums Eagles Live Hell Freezes Over Farewell 1 Tour - Live from Melbourne Compilation albums Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Eagles Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Very Best of the Eagles Selected Works : 1972 -- 1999 The Very Best Of Eagles Singles `` Take It Easy '' `` Witchy Woman '' `` Peaceful Easy Feeling '' `` Tequila Sunrise '' `` Outlaw Man '' `` Already Gone '' `` James Dean '' `` Best of My Love '' `` One of These Nights '' `` Lyin ' Eyes '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` New Kid in Town '' `` Hotel California '' `` Life in the Fast Lane '' `` Please Come Home for Christmas '' `` Heartache Tonight '' `` The Long Run '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' `` Seven Bridges Road '' `` Get Over It '' `` Love Will Keep Us Alive '' `` Hole in the World '' `` How Long '' `` Busy Being Fabulous '' Other songs `` Desperado '' `` Ol ' ' 55 '' `` The Last Resort '' `` In the City '' Tours Long Road Out of Eden Tour History of the Eagles Tour Related Discography Poco Linda Ronstadt Flying Burrito Brothers Common Thread : The Songs of the Eagles History of the Eagles Heaven and Hell : My Life in the Eagles ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Book Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1970s ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Bones Howe ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King produced by Lou Adler ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack produced by Joel Dorn ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John produced by John Farrar ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) produced by Daryl Dragon ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson produced by Tommy LiPuma ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) produced by Bill Szymczyk ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel produced by Phil Ramone ( 1979 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_California&oldid=810234733 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles Asylum Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Eagles ( band ) songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Nancy Sinatra songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bill Szymczyk Songs about cannabis Songs about Los Angeles Songs written by Don Henley Songs written by Glenn Frey The Killers songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Romanian - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Articles containing Romanian - language text Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 02 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the lead singer in hotel california	[ "\"Hotel California\" is the title track from the Eagles' album of the same name and was released as a single in February 1977.[2] Writing credits for the song are shared by Don Felder (music), Don Henley, and Glenn Frey (lyrics). The Eagles' original recording of the song features Henley singing the lead vocals and concludes with an extended section of electric guitar interplay between Felder and Joe Walsh." ]	[ "Don Henley" ]
-6727523194665508850	Leila (name)	Leïla ( name ) - wikipedia Leïla ( name ) `` Leyla '' redirects here . For the village in Iran , see Leyla , Iran . Leila Pronunciation / leɪlə / Arabic : ( lajlaː , leː - ) Persian : ( lejlɒː ) Gender Female Origin Word / name Arabic and Persian Meaning `` Dusk '' / `` Night '' Region of origin Middle East Other names Related names Lila , Layal All pages beginning with `` Laila '' All pages beginning with `` Layla '' All pages beginning with `` Leïla '' All pages beginning with `` Lejla '' All pages beginning with `` Leyla '' Look up Laila in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up Reconstruction : Proto - Semitic / layl - in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Leila ( Hebrew : לילה ‎ ; Arabic : ليلى ‎ ; Persian : ليلا ‎ ) is a feminine given name in the Persian and Arabic languages . Leila is the Arabic and Persian word for `` night '' : laylah . The identification of the word `` night '' as the name of an angel originates with the interpretation of `` Rabbi Yochanan '' ( possibly Yochanan ben Zakkai , c. 30 -- 90 AD ) who read `` At night ( Abraham ) and his servants deployed against them and defeated them '' ( Genesis 14.15 , JPS ) as `` by ( an angel called ) night '' ( Sanhedrin 96a ) . The story of Qays and Layla or Layla and Majnun is based on the romantic poems of Qais Ibn Al - Mulawwah ( قيس بن الملوح ) , who was nicknamed Majnoon Layla ( مجنون ليلى ) , Arabic for `` madly in love with Layla '' , his cousin Layla Al - Amiriah ( ليلى العامرية ) in 7th century Arabia . His poems are considered the paragon of unrequited chaste love . They later became a popular romance in medieval Iran , and use of the name spread accordingly . The name gained popularity further afield in the Muslim World , amongst Turkic peoples and in the Balkans and India . Variant spellings include Laela , Laelah , Laila , Layla , Leïla , Leighla , Lejla and Leyla . In the Nordic countries , Laila or Lajla ( pronounced lie - lah ) is derived from the Sami name Láilá , the Sami variant of Helga which means holy . Contents 1 People with this name 1.1 Laila 1.2 Layla 1.3 Leighla 1.4 Leila 1.5 Lejla 1.6 Leyla 2 Film , music and literature 2.1 Fictional and mythological characters 3 See also 4 References People with this name ( edit ) Laila ( edit ) Laila Ali , boxer and daughter of Muhammad Ali Laila Ali Abdulla , First Lady of the Maldives Laila Bagge , Swedish manager and songwriter Laila Freivalds , Swedish Social - Democrat Laila Harré , New Zealand politician Laila Hirvisaari , Finnish author and writer Laila El Khalifi ( better known as Leila K ) , Swedish singer and rapper Laila Lalami , novelist and essayist Laila Mehdin , Indian actress Laila Morse , EastEnders actress Laila Pakalniņa , Latvian director Laila Rouass , English actress Laila Soueif , Egyptian human and women 's rights activist Laila Stien , Norwegian writer DJ Laila , Filipino radio and television presenter Layla ( edit ) Layla ( disambiguation ) Layla El , British wrestler , dancer , model , actress , and entrepreneur MC Layla Handbury , Australian MC Layla Kayleigh , G4 host on the US television program , Attack of the Show ! Layla Kaylif , British Emirati singer Layla Palmer , singer and keyboardist for the band Amity Lane Layla al - Akhyaliyya , 8th century AD Ummayad Arab poet Layla McCarter Leighla ( edit ) Leighla Schultz , former fiancée of Seth Rollins Leila ( edit ) Leila Aboulela , Sudanese writer Leila Ahmed , Egyptian - American professor Leila Anderson , South African performance artist Leila Arab , London - based musician of Persian descent Leila Barros , Brazilian volleyball player Leila Bela , Iranian - American musician , actress and writer Leila de Lima , Filipino human rights activist Leila Denmark , American pediatrician Leila Forouhar , Iranian singer and actress Leila George , American - Australian actress Leila Goldkuhl , American model , runner - up on America 's Next Top Model , Cycle 19 Leila Hatami , Iranian actress , Leila Leila Hayes , Australian actress Leila Hyams , American film actress Leila Josefowicz , American violinist Leila K ( born Laila El Khalifi ) , Swedish singer and rapper Leila Kasra , Iranian poet and lyricist Leila Khaled , Palestinian hijacker and PFLP member Leila Lopes ( pageant titleholder ) , Angolan Miss Universe 2011 winner Leila McKinnon , Iranian - Australian journalist Leila N. Morris ( properly , Lelia N. Morris , 1862 -- 1929 ) , American hymnwriter Leila Mourad , Egyptian singer and movie star Leila Pahlavi , Princess of Iran Leila Säälik ( born 1941 ) , Estonian actress Leïla Slimani ( born 1981 ) , French - Moroccan writer and journalist Leila Sobral , Brazilian basketball player Leila Al Solh , Lebanese public figure Leila Tong , Hong Kong actress and singer Leila Vaziri , Iranian - American swimmer , world record holder Leila Waddell , mistress of British occultist Aleister Crowley Lejla ( edit ) Lejla Hot , Serbian singer of Albanian descent Leyla ( edit ) Leyla Achba , princess at the Ottoman Empire court Leyla Bağcı ( born 1990 ) , Turkish - Dutch footballer Leyla Chihuán , Peruvian volleyball player Leyla Gencer , Turkish soprano opera singer Leyla Güngör ( born 1993 ) , Turkish - Swedish footballer Leyla Mamedbekova , the first female professor in Azerbaijan in the field of pathology , the first female forensic medical expert , and the first female chief pathologist of Azerbaijan . Leyla Mammadbeyova , the first female Azerbaijani aviator Leyla Milani , Canadian model of Iranian descent Leyla Neyzi , Turkish academic Leyla Pınar , Turkish harpsichordist and musicologist Leyla Qasim , Kurdish activist in Iraq Leyla Saz , composer , poet and writer of Cretan Turkish descent Leyla Tuğutlu , Turkish beauty queen Leyla Vakilova , Azerbaijani ballerina Leyla Zana , Kurdish politician from Turkey Film , music and literature ( edit ) Laila , Norwegian silent film starring Mona Mårtenson Laila ( album ) , album by Shahin Badar Layla , song by Derek and the Dominos Leila , song by Indochine in the album L'aventurier Fictional and mythological characters ( edit ) Lailah , an angel of the night in Jewish mythology Layla in the classic Persian love story Layla and Majnun Leïla , heroine of Bizet 's opera Les Pecheurs de Perles ( The Pearl Fishers ) , 1863 Layla in the 1st Story Maxi CD 「 Seisen no Iberia / 聖戦のイベリア」 of Sound Horizon Layla in the animated series Winx Club Layla Hamilton in the Japanese manga series Kaleido Star Layla Heartfilia in the Japanese manga series Fairy Tail Leyla Harding in the British soap opera Emmerdale Layla Miller in the Marvel universe Layla from the Story of Tracy Beaker Series 3 - 5 , portrayed by Cara Readle Layla Serizawa in the Japanese manga series NANA Leela ( Doctor Who ) , a companion of the Fourth Doctor ( 1977 -- 78 ) Leela in the animated TV show Futurama Leila , a playable character in Final Fantasy II Leila , a daughter of main character in video game by Saber Interactive Inversion Leila Hosnani , mother of Nessim ( and Narouz ) Hosnani , in Lawrence Durrell 's The Alexandria Quartet Leila Morgan in Angel ( 1999 TV series ) TV show See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Female names Leyla . Leela ( name ) Leila ( disambiguation ) Lilith , name with the same etymological root References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Layla , Behind the Name . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Láilá , Behind the Name . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leila_(name)&oldid=855410963 '' Categories : Given names Arabic feminine given names Bosnian feminine given names English feminine given names Hebrew feminine given names Indian feminine given names Iranian feminine given names Pakistani feminine given names Turkish feminine given names Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Commons category without a link on Wikidata Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 02 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the meaning of the name layla	[ "Leila is the Arabic and Persian word for \"night\": laylah. The identification of the word \"night\" as the name of an angel originates with the interpretation of \"Rabbi Yochanan\" (possibly Yochanan ben Zakkai, c. 30–90 AD) who read \"At night [Abraham] and his servants deployed against them and defeated them” (Genesis 14.15, JPS) as \"by [an angel called] night\" (Sanhedrin 96a).\n" ]	[ "the Arabic and Persian word for \"night\"" ]
-6862972442626508956	Dan Mintz	Dan Mintz - Wikipedia Dan Mintz Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dan Mintz Dan Mintz in 2016 Birth name Daniel Alexander Mintz ( 1981 - 09 - 25 ) September 25 , 1981 ( age 36 ) Anchorage , Alaska , U.S. Nationality American Years active 2002 -- present Genres Stand - up Spouse Margie Mintz ( m . 2011 ) Notable works and roles Tina Belcher on Bob 's Burgers Website danmintz.com Daniel Alexander Mintz ( born September 25 , 1981 ) is an American comedian , voice actor and writer best known for his role as Bob 's oldest daughter Tina Belcher on the animated show Bob 's Burgers . As a comedian , he is known for his extremely deadpan delivery , keeping his eyes fixed straight ahead and never looking toward the camera or audience . Mintz grew up in Anchorage , Alaska . He landed his first writing job at Comedy Central 's Crank Yankers , then worked on Last Call with Carson Daly . He has written for The Andy Milonakis Show , Human Giant , Lucky Louie , Important Things with Demetri Martin , Jon Benjamin Has a Van , Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time , Nathan For You , The Awesomes and Mulaney . His writing credits also include the Bob 's Burgers episode titled `` The Equestranauts '' . On May 16 , 2007 , Mintz appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien . His standup comedy appeared on the comedy compilation CD Comedy Death - Ray , and a special for Comedy Central Presents aired on March 28 , 2008 . In February 2013 , he performed standup on Late Show With David Letterman . He recorded a standup album , The Stranger , at Comedy Works in Denver in July 2013 . The album was released in 2014 through Comedy Central Records . Mintz currently resides in Los Angeles , California and is writing on Veep . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Mintz married fellow comedian Margie Kment on May 29 , 2011 . They have two children : a son named Sam and a daughter named Anna . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Daniel / Tina Belcher ( voice ) 2013 Adventure Time T.V. ( voice ) 3 episodes 2014 Mulaney Mintz ( live action ) episode `` Halloween '' 2015 The Awesomes Indiana Johnson 's Partner episode `` Indiana Johnson and the Nazi Granddaughters '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bio - Dan Mintz - The Stranger '' . www.danmintz.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` The Deadpan Voice of the Moment '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crank Yankers '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ HBO . `` HBO : Dan Mintz , Staff Writer - Lucky Louie '' . wayback.archive.org . Archived from the original on 14 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bob 's Burgers : `` The Equestranauts '' `` . 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/late-night-conan-obrien/episodes/100252/12/ Jump up ^ `` Comedy Death Ray '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central Presents - Dan Mintz - Comedy Central '' . Comedy Central . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dan mintz david letterman - Bing video '' . www.bing.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled -- Hi , my album The Stranger is out today , I hope you ... '' Untitled . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bio '' . 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , David . `` Dan Mintz , voice of Tina on ' Bob 's Burgers , ' Talks Standup , ' Mulaney , ' and ' Nathan for You ' '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Dan Mintz at Comedy Central Dan Mintz on IMDb This Alaska biographical article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about an American comedian is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Mintz&oldid=824749237 '' Categories : 1981 births American male voice actors American stand - up comedians Living people Male actors from Anchorage , Alaska Writers from Anchorage , Alaska Jewish American comedians 21st - century American comedians Comedians from Alaska Alaska people stubs American comedian stubs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown BLP articles lacking sources from June 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 06 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice for tina in bob's burgers	[ "Daniel Alexander Mintz (born September 25, 1981) is an American comedian, voice actor and writer[1] best known for his role as Bob's oldest daughter Tina Belcher on the animated show Bob's Burgers.[1] As a comedian, he is known for his extremely deadpan delivery, keeping his eyes fixed straight ahead and never looking toward the camera or audience.[2]" ]	[ "Daniel Alexander Mintz" ]
2308197657128279776	American Legion Baseball	American Legion Baseball - wikipedia American Legion Baseball Jump to : navigation , search American Legion Baseball Sport Baseball Founded 1925 Inaugural season 1926 No. of teams 3,786 ( 2016 ) Country United States Canada Most recent champion ( s ) Texarkana , AR Most titles Cincinnati , OH Post 50 ( 7 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN3 , ESPNU Official website http://legion.org/baseball American Legion Baseball is a variety of amateur baseball played by 13 - 19 year olds in fifty states in the U.S. and Canada . More than 3,500 teams participate each year . The American Legion Department of South Dakota established the program in 1925 at Milbank , South Dakota . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 History 3 Hall of Fame Alumni 4 Other Prominent American Legion Alumni 5 World Series 6 National champions 6.1 1926 -- 1959 6.2 1960 -- 1999 6.3 2000 -- present 7 State , Sectional and Regional tournaments 8 Awards 9 Pledge 10 All - Academic Team 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Purpose ( edit ) According to the American Legion , the purpose of American Legion Baseball is to give players `` an opportunity to develop their skills , personal fitness , leadership qualities , and to have fun . '' History ( edit ) The league still stands behind the traditional values upon which it was founded in 1925 . American Legion Baseball has taught hundreds of thousands of young Americans the importance of sportsmanship , good health and active citizenship . The program is also a promoter of equality , making teammates out of young athletes regardless of their income levels or social standings . Community service has always been a core value of The American Legion . In 1925 , this commitment was furthered to include a baseball program . The first American Legion Baseball World Series was held in Philadelphia in 1926 . Yonkers , N.Y , Post 321 beat a team from Pocatello , Idaho , capping off what appeared to be a successful first season . The league , however , hit a few growing pains in its second year . In 1927 , the Legion 's national convention convened in Paris . With the organization 's financial coffers stretched thin from the trip 's expenses , the Legion could n't fund a World Series . No champion was named and the future of American Legion Baseball looked bleak , as the inaugural season wound up costing more than originally planned . But the Legion 's Americanism director , Dan Sowers , worked to keep the league afloat . The tournament format needed $50,000 , and Sowers was determined to raise it . Early in 1928 , he went to an executive meeting for professional baseball , hoping to reach a sympathetic ear . He found one in Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis , who pledged a $50,000 annual donation from Major League Baseball . Legion Baseball resumed in 1928 , and by 1929 participants were coming from every state and the District of Columbia . Major League Baseball and American Legion Baseball do n't have a formal partnership , but the two owe each other a tremendous debt of gratitude . MLB has sponsored Legion Baseball almost since its inception , and Legion Baseball has returned the favor , churning out major league prospects since the alumni base has been old enough to be scouted . Hall of Fame Alumni ( edit ) American Legion Baseball has had 72 graduates go on to reach the National Baseball Hall of Fame . 1962 -- Bob Feller , P 1966 -- Ted Williams , OF 1968 -- Joe Medwick , OF 1969 -- Stan Musial , OF / 1B ; Roy Campanella , CF 1970 -- Lou Boudreau , SS 1972 -- Yogi Berra , C ; Early Wynn , P 1973 -- Warren Spahn , P 1975 -- Ralph Kiner , OF 1976 -- Robin Roberts , P ; Bob Lemon , P 1978 -- Eddie Mathews , 3B 1980 -- Al Kaline , OF 1981 -- Bob Gibson , P 1982 -- Frank Robinson , OF 1983 -- George Kell , 3B , Brooks Robinson , 3B 1984 -- Don Drysdale , P ; Harmon Killebrew , 1B / 3B ; Pee Wee Reese , SS 1985 -- Hoyt Wilhelm , P 1986 -- Bobby Doerr , 2B 1987 -- Jim `` Catfish '' Hunter , P 1988 -- Willie Stargell , OF 1989 -- Johnny Bench , C ; Carl Yastrzemski , OF / 1B 1990 -- Joe Morgan , 2B ; Jim Palmer , P 1991 -- Gaylord Perry , P 1992 -- Rollie Fingers , P ; Hal Newhouser , P ; Tom Seaver , P 1993 -- Reggie Jackson , OF 1994 -- Steve Carlton , P 1995 -- Richie Ashburn , OF 1996 -- Jim Bunning , P ; Earl Weaver , manager 1997 -- Phil Niekro , P ; Nellie Fox , 2B 1999 -- George Brett , 3B ; Robin Yount , SS / OF 2000 -- Sparky Anderson , manager ; Carlton Fisk , C 2001 -- Dave Winfield , OF 2003 -- Gary Carter , C ; Eddie Murray , 1B 2004 -- Paul Molitor , SS 2005 -- Ryne Sandberg , 2B ; Wade Boggs , 3B 2006 -- Bruce Sutter , P 2007 -- Tony Gwynn , OF 2008 -- Dick Williams , manager 2009 -- Joe Gordon , 2B ; Jim Rice , OF 2010 -- Whitey Herzog , manager ; Doug Harvey , umpire 2011 -- Roberto Alomar , 2B ; Bert Blyleven , P ; Pat Gillick , administrator 2012 -- Ron Santo , 3B ; Barry Larkin , SS 2014 -- Bobby Cox , manager ; Tom Glavine , P ; Tony LaRussa , manager ; Greg Maddux , P ; Joe Torre , manager 2016 -- Mike Piazza , C 2017 - Jeff Bagwell , 1B ; Tim Raines , OF , Ivan Rodriguez , C ; John Schuerholz , executive Other Prominent American Legion Alumni ( edit ) Jackie Bradley , Jr . Alex Bregman Kris Bryant Madison Bumgarner Roger Clemens Jacob deGrom Brian Dozier Todd Frazier Alex Gordon Bryce Harper Matt Holliday Tommy John Chipper Jones Craig Kimbrel Don Mattingly Wil Myers Rick Porcello Albert Pujols Scott Rolen Max Scherzer Corey Seager Gary Sheffield Mark Teixeria Justin Verlander Michael Wacha World Series ( edit ) In 2011 , Shelby , North Carolina was named the permanent home of the American Legion World Series after decades of rotating venues for the event . The format of the tournament for the eight teams involves separating into two pools and playing round robin within that pool from Thursday to Sunday . The top seed in each pool plays the runner - up in the other pool in the semifinals on Monday , with the two teams advancing to a one - game championship on Tuesday . With games set at Keeter Stadium on the campus of Shelby High School , the local community has rallied around the event , turning it into a lengthy celebration including the Seventh Inning Stretch festival in Uptown Shelby the Saturday prior to the World Series , a Commander 's Reception the Tuesday before the event and a Parade of Champions the night prior to the first game . Attendance has swelled over the length of the tenure in Shelby , setting event records every year . 2011 - 86,162 2012 - 101,925 2013 - 104,726 2014 - 110,036 2015 - 117,072 2016 - 120,000 In addition to attendance in Shelby , all games are streamed online on ESPN3 , with games Sunday , Monday and Tuesday broadcast nationally on ESPNU . National champions ( edit ) 1926 -- 1959 ( edit ) 1926 - Yonkers , NY 321 1927 - NO NATIONAL TOURNAMENT 1928 - Oakland , CA 5 1929 - Buffalo , NY 721 1930 - Baltimore , MD 81 1931 - Chicago , IL 493 1932 - New Orleans , LA 1933 - Chicago , IL 1934 - Cumberland , MD 13 1935 - Gastonia , NC 23 1936 - Spartanburg , SC 28 1937 - East Lynn , MA 291 1938 - San Diego , CA 6 1939 - Omaha , NE 1 1940 - Albemarle , NC 76 1941 - San Diego , CA 6 1942 - Los Angeles 357 1943 - Richfield , MN 435 1944 - Cincinnati , OH 50 1945 - Shelby , NC 82 1946 - New Orleans , LA 125 1947 - Cincinnati , OH 50 1948 - Trenton , NJ 93 1949 - Oakland , CA 337 1950 - Oakland , CA 337 1951 - Los Angeles 715 1952 - Cincinnati , OH 50 1953 - Yakima , WA 36 - 1954 - San Diego , CA 492 1955 - Cincinnati , OH 216 1956 - St. Louis , MO 245 1957 - Cincinnati , OH 50 1958 - Cincinnati , OH 50 1959 - Detroit , MI 187 1960 -- 1999 ( edit ) 1960 - New Orleans , LA 125 1961 - Phoenix , AZ 1 1962 - St. Louis , MO 299 1963 - Long Beach , CA 27 1964 - Upland , CA 73 1965 - Charlotte , NC 9 1966 - Oakland , CA 337 1967 - Tuscaloosa , AL 34 1968 - Memphis , TN 1 1969 - Portland , OR 105 1970 - West Covina , CA 790 1971 - West Covina , CA 790 1972 - Ballwin , MO 611 1973 - Rio Piedras , PR 146 1974 - Rio Piedras , PR 146 1975 - Yakima , WA 36 1976 - Santa Monica , CA 123 1977 - South Bend , IN 50 1978 - Hialeah , FL 32 1979 - Yakima , WA 36 1980 - Honolulu , HI 1981 - West Tampa , FL 248 1982 - Boyertown , PA 471 1983 - Edina , MN 471 1984 - Guaynabo , PR 134 1985 - Midlothian , VA 186 1986 - Jensen Beach , FL 126 1987 - Boyertown , PA 471 1988 - Cincinnati , OH 507 1989 - Woodland Hills , CA 826 1990 - Mayo , MD 226 1991 - Brooklawn , NJ 72 1992 - Newbury Park , CA 1993 - Rapid City , SD 22 1994 - Miami , FL 346 1995 - Bellevue WA lakeside ( no post ) 1996 - Yardley , PA 317 1997 - Sanford , FL Post 53 1998 - Edwardsville , IL Post 199 1999 - New Brighton , MN Post 513 2000 -- present ( edit ) 2000 - Danville , CA Post 246 2001 - Brooklawn , NJ Post 72 2002 - West Point , MS Post 212 2003 - Rochester , MN Post 92 2004 - Portland , ME 2005 - Enid , OK Post 4 2006 - Metairie , LA Post 175 2007 - Columbia , TN Post 19 2008 - Las Vegas , NV Post 76 2009 - Midland , MI 2010 - Midwest City , OK Post 170 2011 - Eden Prairie , MN 2012 - New Orleans , LA Post 125 2013 - Brooklawn , NJ post 72 2014 - Brooklawn , NJ post 72 2015 - Chapin - Newberry , SC Post 193 2016 - Texarkana , AR Post 58 2017 - Henderson , NV Post 40 State , Sectional and regional Tournaments ( edit ) Regional tournaments All 50 state champions , eight host sites , and the runners up from the six states with the most teams enrolled advance to the regional tournaments . Region 1 - Northeast : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Vermont , Rhode Island Region 2 - Mid-Atlantic : Delaware , Maryland , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia Region 3 - Southeast : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , West Virginia Region 4 - Mid-South : Arkansas , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , Oklahoma , Texas Region 5 - Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Wisconsin Region 6 - Central Plains : Iowa , Nebraska , North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Region 7 - Northwest : Alaska , Idaho , Montana , Oregon , Washington , Wyoming Region 8 - Western : Arizona , California , Colorado , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , Hawaii Awards ( edit ) See footnotes . See also : Baseball awards § U.S. youth baseball American Legion Graduate of the Year : `` A Major League Baseball player , who is an American Legion Baseball alumnus , is honored each year with the American Legion Graduate of the Year award . The award recognizes character , leadership , playing abilities and community service . '' George W. Rulon Player of the Year : `` The award is based on integrity , mental attitude , cooperation , citizenship , sportsmanship , scholastic aptitude and general good conduct . '' American Legion Batting Champion : Awarded `` to the player with the highest batting average during national competition . '' ( previously sponsored by Louisville Slugger ) American Legion Big Stick Award : Presented `` to the player who rounds the most bases in regional and national competition . '' ( previously sponsored by Rawlings ) Dr. Irvin L. `` Click '' Cowger RBI Memorial Award : Awarded to the player who `` is credited with the most runs batted in at the regional tournament and World Series . '' Bob Feller Pitching Award : Presented to the pitcher `` with the most strikeouts in regional and national competition . '' James F. Daniel Jr . Memorial Sportsmanship Award : Presented `` to a player who participates in the Legion World Series and best embodies the principles of good sportsmanship . '' Jack Williams Memorial Leadership Award : Presented by `` the Department of North Dakota ... to the manager and coach of the national championship team as outstanding representatives of adult leadership . '' Pledge ( edit ) American Legion Code of Sportsmanship I Will Keep The Rules . I Will Keep Faith with my Teammates . I Will Keep my Temper . I Will Keep myself Fit . I Will Keep a Stout Heart in Defeat . I Will Keep my Pride under in Victory . I Will Keep a Sound Soul , a Clean Mind , & a Healthy Body . All - Academic Team ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Amateur baseball in the United States Baseball awards § U.S. youth baseball South Dakota Amateur Baseball Hall of Fame Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Baseball Site . American Legion Baseball official website . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; League History . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ History of American Legion Baseball . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Legion Baseball alum elected into Hall of Fame '' . The American Legion . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Baseball Alumni . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Famous American Legion Baseball Alumni . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ The American Legion World Series website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; World Series . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Past National Champions ; `` American Legion Baseball National Champions '' ( 1926 -- present ) ( pages 1 - 3 ) . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Senior teams are eligible to compete in national tournaments and the World Series . Go to Tournament Rules and Policies and scroll down to Page 3 ( `` TOURNAMENT RULES '' , at paragraph 1 ) . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Regional Tournaments . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Tournaments ; Regional . The American Legion World Series website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Regional Tournaments . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; State Tournaments . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ State Tournaments . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklawn Baseball '' . Jump up ^ For the sectional champions ( 1926 -- 1935 ) , go to Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Past National Champions ; `` American Legion Baseball National Champions '' , scroll down to page 3 ( `` Sectional Champions '' ) and then scroll down to bottom half of page 4 ( 1926 -- 1935 ; Western Sectional Champions in left - hand column and Eastern Sectional Champions in right - hand column ) . The `` sectional '' ( regional ) champions for 1937 -- 1959 are on page 3 and the top half of page 4 . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ For the regional champions ( 1960 -- present ) , go to Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Past National Champions ; `` American Legion Baseball National Champions '' and scroll down to page 5 ( `` Regional Champions '' ) ( 1960 -- present ) . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; Awards . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Baseball Awards . American Legion Baseball official website . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ American Legion Player of the Year ( 1949 -- present ) . Baseball - Almanac . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Programs ; Family and Youth ; Baseball ; All - Academic Team . The American Legion official website . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . External links ( edit ) American Legion Baseball official website American Legion World Series official website Blog : All of Baseball : American Legion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Legion_Baseball&oldid=795959137 '' Categories : American Legion Youth baseball in the United States Children 's sport Baseball governing bodies in the United States Baseball in South Dakota Sports organisations established in 1925 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Pages using infobox sports league with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the american legion world series held	[ "In 2011, Shelby, North Carolina was named the permanent home of the American Legion World Series after decades of rotating venues for the event." ]	[ "Shelby, North Carolina" ]
4215939752525974793	Attorney-General for Australia	Attorney - General for Australia - Wikipedia Attorney - General for Australia Jump to : navigation , search Attorney - General Incumbent Christian Porter MP since 20 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) Attorney - General 's Department Style The Honourable Appointer Governor - General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Australia Inaugural holder Alfred Deakin Formation 1 January 1901 ( 1901 - 01 - 01 ) Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Malcolm Turnbull Deputy Prime Minister : Barnaby Joyce Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Attorney - General for Australia is the First Law Officer of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth of Australia , chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of the Crown . The Attorney - General is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet , but need not be . Under the Constitution they are appointed by the Governor - General on the advice of the Prime Minister , and serves at the Governor - General 's pleasure . In practice the Attorney - General is a party politician and their tenure is determined by political factors . By convention , but not constitutional requirement , the Attorney - General is a lawyer by training , either a barrister or solicitor . Since 20 December 2017 , the Attorney - General for Australia has been the Hon Christian Porter MP , a Liberal Party of Australia member of the Australian House of Representatives for the state of Western Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role 2 List of Attorneys - General 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Role ( edit ) The Attorney - General administers the Attorney - General 's Department , and is the minister responsible for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation ( ASIO ) . The Attorney - General also serves as a general legal adviser to the Cabinet , and has carriage of legislation dealing with copyright , human rights and a range of other subjects . The Attorney - General is nearly always a person with legal training , and eleven former Attorneys - General have received senior judicial appointments after their ministerial service . Billy Hughes was the longest - serving Attorney - General of Australia , serving for thirteen and a half years over four non-consecutive terms ; this included six years during his own prime ministership . Historically , the attorney - generalship was seen as a stepping stone to higher office -- Alfred Deakin , Billy Hughes , and Robert Menzies all became prime minister , while John Latham , H.V. Evatt , and Billy Snedden were leaders of the opposition . Lionel Bowen was deputy prime minister under Bob Hawke in the 1980s . Additionally , four former attorneys - general have won appointment to the High Court -- Isaac Isaacs , H.B. Higgins , John Latham , Garfield Barwick , and Lionel Murphy . Isaacs later became Governor - General . List of Attorneys - General ( edit ) The following individuals have been appointed as Attorney - General for Australia : Order Minister Party Prime Minister Prior legal experience Alma mater Term start Term end Term in office Alfred Deakin KC Protectionist Barton Barrister University of Melbourne 1 January 1901 ( 1901 - 01 - 01 ) 24 September 1903 ( 1903 - 09 - 24 ) 2 years , 266 days Senator James Drake Deakin Barrister King 's College School , London 24 September 1903 ( 1903 - 09 - 24 ) 27 April 1904 ( 1904 - 04 - 27 ) 216 days H.B. Higgins QC Protectionist Watson Barrister University of Melbourne 27 April 1904 ( 1904 - 04 - 27 ) 17 August 1904 ( 1904 - 08 - 17 ) 112 days Senator Josiah Symon QC Free Trade Reid Barrister Free Church Training College 17 August 1904 ( 1904 - 08 - 17 ) 5 July 1905 ( 1905 - 07 - 05 ) 322 days 5 Isaac Isaacs QC Protectionist Deakin Barrister University of Melbourne 5 July 1905 ( 1905 - 07 - 05 ) 12 October 1906 ( 1906 - 10 - 12 ) 1 year , 99 days 6 Littleton Groom KC Lawyer University of Melbourne 12 October 1906 ( 1906 - 10 - 12 ) 13 November 1908 ( 1908 - 11 - 13 ) 2 years , 32 days 7 Billy Hughes Labor Fisher Barrister n / a 13 November 1908 ( 1908 - 11 - 13 ) 2 June 1909 ( 1909 - 06 - 02 ) 201 days 8 Paddy Glynn KC Commonwealth Liberal Deakin Barrister Trinity College , Dublin 2 June 1909 ( 1909 - 06 - 02 ) 29 April 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 29 ) 331 days n / a Billy Hughes KC Labor Fisher Barrister n / a 29 April 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 29 ) 24 June 1913 ( 1913 - 06 - 24 ) 3 years , 56 days 9 William Irvine KC Commonwealth Liberal Cook Barrister Trinity College , Dublin ; University of Melbourne 24 June 1913 ( 1913 - 06 - 24 ) 17 September 1914 ( 1914 - 09 - 17 ) 1 year , 85 days n / a Billy Hughes KC Labor Fisher Barrister n / a 17 September 1914 ( 1914 - 09 - 17 ) 27 October 1915 ( 1915 - 10 - 27 ) 7 years , 95 days Hughes 27 October 1915 ( 1915 - 10 - 27 ) 14 November 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 14 ) National Labor 14 November 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 14 ) 13 June 1917 ( 1917 - 06 - 13 ) Nationalist 13 June 1917 ( 1917 - 06 - 13 ) 21 December 1921 ( 1921 - 12 - 21 ) n / a Littleton Groom KC Lawyer University of Melbourne 21 December 1921 ( 1921 - 12 - 21 ) 9 February 1923 ( 1923 - 02 - 09 ) 3 years , 362 days Bruce 9 February 1923 ( 1923 - 02 - 09 ) 18 December 1925 ( 1925 - 12 - 18 ) 10 John Latham KC Barrister University of Melbourne 18 December 1925 ( 1925 - 12 - 18 ) 22 October 1929 ( 1929 - 10 - 22 ) 3 years , 308 days 11 Frank Brennan Labor Scullin Barrister University of Melbourne 22 October 1929 ( 1929 - 10 - 22 ) 6 January 1932 ( 1932 - 01 - 06 ) 2 years , 76 days n / a John Latham KC United Australia Lyons Barrister University of Melbourne 6 January 1932 ( 1932 - 01 - 06 ) 12 October 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 12 ) 2 years , 279 days 12 Robert Menzies KC Barrister University of Melbourne 12 October 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 12 ) 20 March 1939 ( 1939 - 03 - 20 ) 4 years , 159 days n / a Billy Hughes KC Barrister n / a 20 March 1939 ( 1939 - 03 - 20 ) 7 April 1939 ( 1939 - 04 - 07 ) 2 years , 201 days Page 7 April 1939 ( 1939 - 04 - 07 ) 26 April 1939 ( 1939 - 04 - 26 ) Menzies 26 April 1939 ( 1939 - 04 - 26 ) 29 August 1941 ( 1941 - 08 - 29 ) Fadden 29 August 1941 ( 1941 - 08 - 29 ) 7 October 1941 ( 1941 - 10 - 07 ) 13 Dr. H.V. Evatt KC Labor Curtin Barrister , Judge University of Sydney 7 October 1941 ( 1941 - 10 - 07 ) 6 July 1945 ( 1945 - 07 - 06 ) 8 years , 73 days Forde 6 July 1945 ( 1945 - 07 - 06 ) 13 July 1945 ( 1945 - 07 - 13 ) Chifley 13 July 1945 ( 1945 - 07 - 13 ) 19 December 1949 ( 1949 - 12 - 19 ) 14 Senator John Spicer KC Liberal Menzies Barrister University of Melbourne 19 December 1949 ( 1949 - 12 - 19 ) 14 August 1956 ( 1956 - 08 - 14 ) 6 years , 239 days 15 Senator Neil O'Sullivan Solicitor 15 August 1956 ( 1956 - 08 - 15 ) 12 October 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 12 ) 2 years , 58 days 16 Sir Garfield Barwick QC Barrister University of Sydney 12 October 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 12 ) 4 March 1964 ( 1964 - 03 - 04 ) 5 years , 144 days 17 Billy Snedden QC Barrister University of Western Australia 4 March 1964 ( 1964 - 03 - 04 ) 26 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 26 ) 2 years , 285 days Holt 26 January 1966 ( 1966 - 01 - 26 ) 14 December 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 14 ) 18 Nigel Bowen QC Barrister University of Sydney 14 December 1966 ( 1966 - 12 - 14 ) 19 December 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 19 ) 2 years , 333 days McEwen 19 December 1967 ( 1967 - 12 - 19 ) 10 January 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 10 ) Gorton 10 January 1968 ( 1968 - 01 - 10 ) 12 November 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 12 ) 19 Tom Hughes QC Barrister University of Sydney 12 November 1969 ( 1969 - 11 - 12 ) 10 March 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 10 ) 1 year , 130 days McMahon 10 March 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 10 ) 22 March 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 22 ) n / a Nigel Bowen Barrister University of Sydney 22 March 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 22 ) 2 August 1971 ( 1971 - 08 - 02 ) 133 days 20 Senator Ivor Greenwood QC Barrister University of Melbourne 2 August 1971 ( 1971 - 08 - 02 ) 5 December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 - 05 ) 1 year , 125 days 21 Gough Whitlam QC Labor Whitlam Barrister University of Sydney 5 December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 - 05 ) 19 December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 - 19 ) 14 days 22 Senator Lionel Murphy QC Barrister University of Sydney 19 December 1972 ( 1972 - 12 - 19 ) 10 February 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 10 ) 2 years , 53 days 23 Kep Enderby QC Barrister University of Sydney University of London 10 February 1975 ( 1975 - 02 - 10 ) 11 November 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 11 ) 274 days n / a Senator Ivor Greenwood QC Liberal Fraser Barrister University of Melbourne 11 November 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 11 ) 22 December 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 22 ) 41 days 24 Bob Ellicott QC Barrister University of Sydney 22 December 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 22 ) 6 September 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 06 ) 1 year , 258 days 25 Senator Peter Durack QC Barrister University of Western Australia Lincoln College , Oxford 6 September 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 06 ) 11 March 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 11 ) 5 years , 186 days 26 Senator Gareth Evans QC Labor Hawke Barrister University of Melbourne Magdalen College , Oxford 11 March 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 11 ) 13 December 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 13 ) 1 year , 277 days 27 Lionel Bowen Solicitor University of Sydney 13 December 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 13 ) 4 April 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 04 ) 5 years , 112 days 28 Michael Duffy Solicitor University of Melbourne 4 April 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 04 ) 27 December 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) 2 years , 354 days Keating 27 December 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 27 ) 24 March 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 24 ) 29 Duncan Kerr Labor Keating Barrister University of Tasmania 1 April 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 01 ) 27 April 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 27 ) 26 days 30 Michael Lavarch Solicitor Queensland University of Technology 27 April 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 27 ) 11 March 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 11 ) 2 years , 319 days 31 Daryl Williams QC Liberal Howard Barrister University of Western Australia Wadham College , Oxford 11 March 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 11 ) 7 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 7 years , 210 days 32 Philip Ruddock Solicitor University of Sydney 7 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 3 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 03 ) 4 years , 57 days 33 Robert McClelland Labor Rudd Solicitor University of New South Wales University of Sydney 3 December 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 03 ) 24 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) 4 years , 11 days Gillard 24 June 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 24 ) 14 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) 34 Nicola Roxon Solicitor University of Melbourne 14 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) 2 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 1 year , 50 days 35 Mark Dreyfus QC Barrister University of Melbourne 2 February 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 02 ) 26 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) 228 days Rudd 26 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 36 Senator George Brandis QC Liberal National Abbott Barrister University of Queensland ; Magdalen College , Oxford 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 15 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 4 years , 93 days Turnbull 15 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) 20 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) 37 Christian Porter Liberal Lawyer University of Western Australia , London School of Economics 20 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) Incumbent 70 days Notes A member of the Protectionist Party , Higgins served in the Labor ministry of Chris Watson , because Labor had no suitably qualified lawyer in Parliament . Hughes took silk in 1909 , and became a King 's Counsel . Whitlam served as part of a two - man ministry together with Lance Barnard for fourteen days , until the full ministry was commissioned . Prime Minister Paul Keating 's original choice for Attorney - General in 1993 had been Michael Lavarch , but Lavarch 's re-election was delayed by the death of an opposing candidate for the seat of Dickson ; Duncan Kerr held the portfolio in the interim until Lavarch won the resulting supplementary election . Kerr served as Attorney - General for 26 days . There was no Attorney - General for the eight days between Duffy 's commission ending on 24 March 1993 and Kerr 's commission commencing on 1 April 1993 . See also ( edit ) Attorneys - General of the various states and territories of Australia : Attorney - General of the Australian Capital Territory Attorney - General of New South Wales Attorney - General of the Northern Territory Attorney - General of Queensland Attorney - General of South Australia Attorney - General of Tasmania Attorney - General of Victoria Attorney - General of Western Australia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The title is officially `` Attorney - General '' . For the purposes of distinguishing the office from other Attorneys - General , and in accordance with usual practice in the United Kingdom and other common law jurisdictions , the Australian Attorney - General currently refers to themselves as the `` Attorney - General for Australia '' or the `` Commonwealth Attorney - General '' : see Attorney - General website . Historically , `` Attorney - General of Australia '' was also used . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ministries and Cabinets '' . 43rd Parliamentary Handbook : Historical information on the Australian Parliament . Parliament of Australia . 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` William Morris Hughes : Before office '' . Australia 's Prime Ministers . National Archives of Australia . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Attorneys General of Australia . Official website Departmental official website ( hide ) Ministerial portfolios of the Commonwealth of Australia Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Aged Care Agriculture and Water Resources Arts Attorney - General Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Communications Defence Defence Industry Defence Personnel Education and Training Jobs and Innovation Environment and Energy Finance Foreign Affairs Health Home Affairs Human Services Indigenous Affairs Indigenous Health Infrastructure and Transport International Development and the Pacific Law Enforcement and Cybersecurity Regional Development , Territories and Local Government Resources and Northern Australia Revenue and Financial Services Small and Family Business , the Workplace and Deregulation Social Services Special Minister of State Sport Trade , Tourism and Investment Treasurer Veterans ' Affairs Vice-President of the Executive Council Women Current Ministry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attorney-General_for_Australia&oldid=816282820 '' Categories : Lists of government ministers of Australia Common law Attorneys - General for Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from September 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 11 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the current attorney general of australia	[ "\n\nAttorney-General\n\n\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nChristian Porter MP\nsince 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20)\n\n\n\nAttorney-General's Department\n\n\nStyle\nThe Honourable\n\n\nAppointer\nGovernor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Australia\n\n\nInaugural holder\nAlfred Deakin\n\n\nFormation\n1 January 1901 (1901-01-01)\n\n" ]	[ "Christian Porter" ]
-7190138697524289169	NBA 2K18	NBA 2K18 - wikipedia NBA 2K18 Jump to : navigation , search NBA 2K18 Revised cover art featuring Kyrie Irving Developer ( s ) Visual Concepts Publisher ( s ) 2K Sports Series NBA 2K Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Nintendo Switch PlayStation 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox One Xbox 360 Release WW : September 19 , 2017 Early Tip - Off : September 15 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Sports Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer NBA 2K18 is a basketball simulation video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports . It is the 19th installment in the NBA 2K franchise and the successor to NBA 2K17 . It was released in September 2017 for Microsoft Windows , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , and Xbox 360 . Kyrie Irving serves as cover athlete for the regular edition of the game , Shaquille O'Neal is the cover athlete for the special editions , and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors is the cover athlete for the game in Canada . While a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers when selected for the cover , Irving was traded to the Boston Celtics prior to the game 's release . As a result , a new cover depicting Irving in a Celtics uniform was revealed alongside the original cover . NBA 2K18 , like the previous games in the series , is based on the sport of basketball ; more specifically , it simulates the experience of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Several game modes are present , including the team - managing MyGM and MyLeague modes , which were a considerable emphasis during development , and MyCareer , in which the player creates and plays through the career of their own player . The game features a licensed soundtrack consisting of 49 songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) NBA 2K18 is a basketball simulation game which , like the previous games in the series , strives to realistically depict the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as well as present improvements over the previous installments . The player mainly plays NBA games with real - life or customized players and teams ; games follow the rules and objectives of NBA games . Several game modes are present and many settings can be customized . In terms of commentary , Kobe Bryant and Kevin Garnett appear as guest commentators . Along with the current season 's teams and players , previous games in the series have featured NBA teams from past eras , such as the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls and the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics . NBA 2K18 adds seventeen more such teams , including the 2007 -- 08 Denver Nuggets and the 1998 -- 99 New York Knicks , as well as ' All - Time Teams ' , teams for each franchise consisting of the greatest players in the respective franchise 's history . A staple of the series , MyCareer , returns as one of the available game modes . MyCareer is a career mode in which the player creates their own customizable basketball player and plays through their basketball career . The mode features a storyline which plays out as the player competes in games as well as off - court activities . The creation tools have been overhauled -- new hairstyles and body archetypes are available for the player to make use of , among other things . The game 's returning MyGM and MyLeague game modes , which task the player with managing all basketball operations for a specific team , were a point of emphasis during development . MyGM is more focused on realism , whereas MyLeague offers more customization options . MyGM mode attempts to introduce more cutscene - style interactions than previous games in an attempt to give the mode a storyline , which is dubbed ' The Next Chapter ' , similar to the series ' MyCareer mode . Additionally , several additions have been made to the mode which cater to the NBA 's latest Collective Bargaining Agreement , and the NBA G League , the NBA 's official minor league basketball organization , is present . NBA 2K18 again , for the sixth time in the series , features MyTeam mode , a mode based around the idea of building the ultimate basketball team , and maintaining a virtual trading card collection . Players assemble and play with their team in basketball tournament - style competitions against other players ' teams in several different formats . Assets for a team are acquired through various means , including randomized card packs and the auction house . Virtual Currency ( VC ) is used extensively in the mode . The game introduces a new feature to the series , Neighborhoods , which tie into the game 's MyCareer , MyPark , and ProAm game modes . In addition to allowing access to the aforementioned modes , Neighborhoods feature an open world design which players can explore while interacting with other players . Several activities can be completed to raise attributes and the player can purchase items . Development and release ( edit ) NBA 2K18 was officially confirmed in January 2017 and was released worldwide on September 19 , 2017 ; players who pre-ordered the game received it on September 15 , 2017 . It is the first game in the series to be released for the Nintendo Switch ; it was also released for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and Microsoft Windows . Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics is the cover athlete . When the game 's cover was revealed , Irving was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers , but was later traded to the Celtics before the game 's release . As a result , developer Visual Concepts announced that a revised cover featuring Irving in a Celtics uniform would be released . The special edition versions of the game , which include various physical and digital extras , feature Shaquille O'Neal as the cover athlete . O'Neal was previously the cover athlete of NBA 2K6 and NBA 2K7 . In Canada , DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors is the cover athlete . Like NBA 2K17 , a free title for PlayStation Network and Xbox Live , called The Prelude , was made available prior to the release of the main game ; in it , the player creates their MyPlayer for use in the main game 's MyCareer mode . A companion app , titled MyNBA2K18 , for iOS and Android is available alongside the game ; it features Kristaps Porziņģis as its cover athlete . Like previous games in the series , NBA 2K18 features a licensed soundtrack ; it consists of 49 songs . The first screenshots of the game were released in July 2017 . The first gameplay trailer was released on August 8 , 2017 . The trailer highlights the developers ' attempts to improve the game 's presentation ; player body archetypes and faces have been overhauled and more uniforms and accessories have been scanned into the game . An extended gameplay trailer was released on August 16 , 2017 . A trailer for the game 's MyCareer mode was released on August 31 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 85 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 74 / 100 ( NS ) Review scores Publication Score EGM 6.5 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 8.4 / 10 Polygon 7 / 10 NBA 2K18 received generally favorable reviews , according to Metacritic . In their 8.4 / 10 review , IGN wrote : `` NBA 2K18 impresses by making players behave more like their real - life counterparts than ever before . '' GameInformer gave it a 9 / 10 , writing , `` NBA 2K18 has a few holes in its game -- the series needs to improve its writing , the ballyhooed MyCareer Neighborhood hub falls flat , and the tech powering the series is nearing retirement age . That said , boil the game down to its essentials and you have a rock - solid , well - balanced sports sim that provides an immensely entertaining shoulder - to - shoulder same - couch multiplayer experience . '' Polygon gave the game 7 / 10 , praising the visuals but criticizing the reliance on microtransactions , saying : `` Of course , it 's no surprise that NBA 2K18 looks good ; the series has looked the part since its advent on the Dreamcast , staying relevant visually and staking out its own part of basketball culture . NBA 2K18 continues the trend , capturing the feel of basketball 's urban centers in The Neighborhood . It 's too bad , then , that The Neighborhood is covered in ads and persistent microtransaction begging . The growing push to spend real dollars on VC impacts those looking to build even the most basic of player avatars . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game a 6.5 / 10 , writing : `` Maybe NBA 2K18 has been the king of the court for too long and now it 's getting bored . Instead of improving gameplay , it 's figuring out more ways to make money through MyCareer and MyTeam . It 's new Neighborhood functions as a metaphor for the entire game itself , in that it seems like a big addition to the game but you quickly realize it 's pretty much just an empty shopping mall and a distraction from the actual game . '' The biggest issue talked by Kotaku about was the amount of advertising and time wasted playing the MyCareer . In older games , the MyCareer was spent in your apartment , shooting around and buying shoes from the comfort of your bed . But in NBA 2K18 , to perform a simple act such as cutting your hair or changing your shirt , you need to walk a long distance down the street . In a hub where you can meet other players but not interact with them , NBA 2K18 's MyCareer mode falls flat compared to previous years . `` 2K18 's chances of telling a good story are n't helped by the two wrong feet it sets off on . Rather than earn your spot in the NBA by playing through a college career , you 're told that you 're playing as someone who quit basketball to pursue a career as a DJ , and who is able to return to the game -- and the NBA itself -- by playing a few street games in an amateur tournament . '' NBA 2K18 topped the sales charts in Australia and New Zealand . It reached number 2 on the US downloads chart . The game also reached number 3 in the UK sales charts . In Japan , it reached number 4 . It made it to number 10 in the European download chart . The game became the best - selling sport title of 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Players who pre-ordered the game received it on September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Has Kevin Garnett And Kobe Bryant As Guest Commentators ; Check Out New Trailer '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 To Feature All - Time Teams For All 30 Franchises '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' Classic Teams : Complete List Of The New Squads Coming To The Game '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's New Trailer Shows First Gameplay , Extremely Detailed Faces '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's Revamped MyGM Mode Includes Lots Of New Rules To Excite NBA Nerds '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Robby ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' Announced Huge Changes To Free Agency And The Draft In MyLEAGUE Mode '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 introduces story - driven franchise mode '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's Ultimate Team - Like MyTeam Mode Detailed , Adds New Ways To Play '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 's New Feature Is A Social Space , Complete With Tattoo Parlors And Barbershops '' . GameSpot . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 announced for Nintendo Switch , releases in September '' . VG247 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Confirmed For Nintendo Switch '' . IGN . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How will the Nintendo Switch fare with sports games ? '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Cover Star Revealed , And It 's A Great , Timely Choice '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 taps Cleveland 's Kyrie Irving for cover fame '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Throw NBA 2K18 's Cover In The Trash '' . Kotaku . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Will Release New Cover After The Big Kyrie Irving Trade '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chipps , Isaac ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` '' NBA 2K18 '' updates cover with Kyrie Irving donning Celtics jersey `` . ESPN . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Release Date Announced , Shaq On Special Edition Cover '' . IGN . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 announces launch date , celebrates Shaq on special cover '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alex , Newhouse ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Special Edition Is All About Shaq '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq On NBA 2K6 Cover '' `` . GameZone . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` O'Neal Shaqs up NBA 2K7 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Thomas ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` DeMar DeRozan Featured on Canadian - Edition Cover of ' NBA 2K18 ' '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newhouse , Alex ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Has A Different Cover Athlete In Canada For The First Time Ever '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' MyNBA 2K18 ' Is Available For iOS And Android , But It Does n't Officially Release Until September 7 '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Soundtrack Revealed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mazique , Brian ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NBA 2K18 ' News : First Screenshots Feature Isaiah Thomas , Paul George and DeMar DeRozan '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 Gameplay Trailer Shows Off More Of Its Ridiculously Detailed Players '' . GameSpot . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 - Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 - PS4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 - Switch '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA 2K18 review '' . Game Informer . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA 2K18 review '' . Game Informer . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2K18 Review '' . GamesRadar . August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA 2K18 Review '' . IGN . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : NBA 2K18 '' . Polygon . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( September 25 2017 ) . `` NBA 2K18 MyCareer : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from ( www.kotaku.com the original ) Check url = value ( help ) on September 25 2017 . Retrieved October 24 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = , archive - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.igea.net/2017/09/top-10-games-charts-for-the-week-ended-24-september-2017/ Jump up ^ https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/10/06/playstation-store-septembers-top-downloads-2/ Jump up ^ https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/software/uk/latest/index_test.jsp&ct=110042 Jump up ^ http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2017/09/27/marvel-vs-capcom-infinite-sales-disappoint-sell-8k-in-japan/ Jump up ^ https://blog.eu.playstation.com/2017/10/06/fifa-18-dukes-it-out-with-destiny-2-in-the-september-playstation-store-charts/ Jump up ^ https://venturebeat.com/2017/10/23/september-2017-npd-destiny-2-outshoots-nba-2k18-for-the-top-spot/ External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) NBA 2K Sega Sports / ESPN Video Games NBA 2K ESPN NBA Basketball 5 Take - Two Interactive / 2K Sports 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Video games portal National Basketball Association portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_2K18&oldid=809009621 '' Categories : 2017 video games 2K Sports games Multiplayer and single - player video games National Basketball Association video games Take - Two Interactive games Video games set in 2017 Video games set in 2018 Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Video games developed in the United States Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages with URL errors Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the regular nba 2k18 come out	[ "NBA 2K18 is a basketball simulation video game developed by Visual Concepts and published by 2K Sports. It is the 19th installment in the NBA 2K franchise and the successor to NBA 2K17. It was released in September 2017 for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, and Xbox 360. Kyrie Irving serves as cover athlete for the regular edition of the game, Shaquille O'Neal is the cover athlete for the special editions, and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors is the cover athlete for the game in Canada. While a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers when selected for the cover, Irving was traded to the Boston Celtics prior to the game's release. As a result, a new cover depicting Irving in a Celtics uniform was revealed alongside the original cover." ]	[ "September 2017" ]
361704056778966834	Poldark (1975 TV series)	Poldark ( 1975 TV series ) - wikipedia Poldark ( 1975 TV series ) For the books , see Poldark . For the 2015 television series , see Poldark ( 2015 TV series ) . Poldark Genre Drama Written by Paul Wheeler Jack Russell Jack Pulman Alexander Baron John Wiles Directed by Christopher Barry Paul Annett Kenneth Ives Philip Dudley Roger Jenkins Starring Robin Ellis Angharad Rees Jill Townsend Paul Curran Ralph Bates Mary Wimbush Judy Geeson Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 29 Production Producer ( s ) Morris Barry Anthony Coburn Production location ( s ) England , UK Running time 50 minutes Release Original network BBC1 Original release 5 October 1975 -- 4 December 1977 Poldark is the original version of the BBC television series adaptation of the novels of the same title written by Winston Graham . The adaptation was first transmitted in the UK between 1975 and 1977 . Contents 1 Outline 2 Broadcast and legacy 3 References 4 External links Outline ( edit ) The romantic saga follows Ross Poldark ( Robin Ellis ) as he loses his fiancée , the well - bred beauty , Elizabeth ( Jill Townsend ) , to his cousin Francis ( Clive Francis ) . Ross ends up marrying his servant , the unlikely - looking Demelza ( Angharad Rees ) , but his passion for Elizabeth simmers on for years . Set in late 18th century Cornwall , the plot follows Ross Poldark 's attempts to make his derelict tin mines a success . Life is hard , smuggling is rife and Ross Poldark finds himself taking the side of the underclass against the ruthless behaviour of his enemies , the greedy Warleggan clan including George Warleggan ( Ralph Bates ) . Although the emphasis is primarily on Ross and Demelza , there are many other characters with their own stories . In the first series we encounter Dr. Dwight Enys ( Richard Morant in the first series , Michael Cadman in the second series ) , a young man with progressive ideas who prefers to serve the poor communities rather than the rich . Enys has a brief affair with a married actress , Keren Daniel ( Sheila White ) , which results in her murder by her husband . By the end of the first series , Dwight has become involved with heiress Caroline Penvenen ( Judy Geeson ) . In the second series , they marry following Ross 's rescue of Dwight from a French prison . In the second series we get to see much of Geoffrey Charles Poldark ( Stefan Gates ) , the son of Elizabeth and Francis Poldark . Francis drowns in a subterranean lake while investigating a putative new lode of copper in a mine in which he is invested with Ross . Elizabeth eventually marries Ross 's great enemy George Warleggan . Geoffrey Charles resembles his father , and at times comes into conflict with his new stepfather George Warleggan , though Warleggan shows him certain kindnesses and pays for his education . Geoffrey Charles begins a friendship with Demelza 's brother Drake Carne ( Kevin McNally ) , whom he and his governess , Elizabeth 's cousin Morwenna ( Jane Wymark ) , meet in the woods on the Warleggan estate . Geoffrey Charles plays an instrumental role in the development of Drake and Morwenna 's romance . Drake is Ross Poldark 's brother - in - law and has a working - class background : therefore George considers him an unsuitable marriage partner for Morwenna . George marries Morwenna off to Reverend Osborne Whitworth ( Christopher Biggins ) , whom she despises . Pining for Morwenna , Drake puts his energies into building his blacksmith business and helping his brother Sam ( David Delve ) , a devout Methodist . Morwenna and Osborne have a son , John Conan , whom Morwenna can not bring herself to love . Eventually Morwenna tells Osborne she will kill his son if he forces his attentions on her one more time . Osborne has an affair with Morwenna 's younger sister Rowella ( Julie Dawn Cole ) . Rowella 's husband Arthur Solway ( Stephen Reynolds ) discovers his wife 's adultery and attacks Osborne , who is dragged to death by his frightened horse . Despite being traumatized by her marriage to Osborne , Morwenna eventually marries Drake . Sam becomes enamoured of Emma Tregirls ( Trudie Styler ) , who refuses to marry him because she knows that his Methodist congregation will never approve of her . She loves Sam , but knows that her lack of religion and her bad reputation will eventually cause conflict between him and his faith . However , the emphasis remains with Ross and Demelza , and the series concludes with the death of Elizabeth Warleggan after the birth of her and George 's daughter Ursula . Elizabeth takes a potion to bring on labour early so Warleggan will be led to think that she habitually delivers her children a few weeks pre-term ; Elizabeth had delivered Valentine , born eight months after her wedding to George , after she took a supposed accidental fall on the stairs , which , it is implied only , was intentional on her part because she felt the labour coming on . Valentine is Ross 's son , conceived a month before Elizabeth and George 's wedding , but George is long deceived as to Valentine 's parentage . Agatha Poldark ( Eileen Way ) and Prudie Paynter ( Mary Wimbush ) , Ross and Demelza 's housekeeper , both realize that Valentine is Ross 's son , and Agatha tells George of her conclusion just before her death , which occurs under George 's abuse of her in his anger over her revelation . Elizabeth dies of gangrene due to the potion . When the doctor asks her if she has taken anything to bring on the labour , she denies it because Warleggan is sitting beside her . George later reveals his knowledge of what Elizabeth has done when he says to Ross , `` This is what we have brought her to . '' Broadcast and legacy ( edit ) The BBC adaptation of the first four books of the Poldark novels was broadcast by the BBC during 1975 and 1976 . This included eight weeks ' location filming in Cornwall . The second series was broadcast in the UK in the autumn of 1977 , from the next three books . The series in total ran to 29 episodes . Poldark is one of the most successful British television adaptations of all time . Poldark series have since been sold in over forty countries . They are particularly popular in the United States , Spain , Italy , Greece and Israel . On video , Poldark outsold every costume drama except for the 1995 Pride and Prejudice adaptation of Jane Austen 's novel . The two series were shown to American audiences in 1977 -- 78 , as part of Masterpiece Theatre on the Public Broadcasting System . In 2007 , a PBS viewer poll ranked it seventh in best - loved series from the last 35 years . A version of the eighth Poldark novel The Stranger from the Sea was made by HTV for the ITV network in 1996 , but was not continued . In 2008 the BBC made a half - hour programme entitled `` The Making of Poldark '' as part of its series called The Cult of Sunday Night . Many of the original cast were interviewed , including Robin Ellis , Angharad Rees , Jill Townsend and Richard Morant . The series was referenced by Reeves and Mortimer , presenting Poldark on Mopeds as a rejected comedy programme in an advert for TV Licensing . In February 2014 , the BBC announced a new adaptation of the series , also called Poldark , to be broadcast in 2015 . The series , starring Aidan Turner as Ross Poldark and Eleanor Tomlinson as Demelza , commenced transmission on Saturday , 7 March 2015 , on the BBC 's flagship channel , BBC1 . Robin Ellis was cast in a small recurring role as Reverend Dr Halse . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robin Ellis Making Poldark , Crossaction , 1987 ^ Jump up to : Poldark , Museum of Broadcast Communications ^ Jump up to : Obituary : Winston Graham , Daily Telegraph , 11 July 2003 Jump up ^ TV Licensing Advert BBC , Mid-90s External links ( edit ) Poldark at BBC Programmes Poldark on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poldark_(1975_TV_series)&oldid=847954712 '' Categories : 1975 British television programme debuts 1977 British television programme endings 1970s British drama television series BBC television dramas Television series set in the 18th century Television programs based on novels Television shows set in Cornwall Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television series by ITV Studios English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 Use British English from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 22 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played dr ennis in the original poldark	[ "Although the emphasis is primarily on Ross and Demelza, there are many other characters with their own stories. In the first series we encounter Dr. Dwight Enys (Richard Morant in the first series, Michael Cadman in the second series), a young man with progressive ideas who prefers to serve the poor communities rather than the rich. Enys has a brief affair with a married actress, Keren Daniel (Sheila White), which results in her murder by her husband.\nBy the end of the first series, Dwight has become involved with heiress Caroline Penvenen (Judy Geeson). In the second series, they marry following Ross's rescue of Dwight from a French prison.\n" ]	[ "Richard Morant" ]
-7091637112168664497	Damon Salvatore	Damon Salvatore - wikipedia Damon Salvatore Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Portrayed by Ian Somerhalder Gavin Casalegno ( young / teenager ) Information Species Vampire ( seasons 1 - 8 ) Human ( season 8 ) Gender Male Family Giuseppe Salvatore ( father ) Lillian Salvatore ( mother ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother ) Caroline Forbes ( sister - in - law ) Zach Salvatore ( nephew ) Sarah Salvatore ( great - niece ) Significant other ( s ) Elena Gilbert ( wife ) Katherine Pierce ( ex-girlfriend ) Caroline Forbes ( ex-fling ) Status Alive Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series . He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series . Initially , Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist . After the first few episodes , Damon begins working alongside his younger brother , Stefan Salvatore , to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend . His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan , who is also a vampire , convinces him to drink blood . Damon thus vows to make his brother 's life sorrowful -- thus further causing a century - long rift between the two brothers , centering around Katherine and eventually a love triangle with Elena Gilbert . After on - again / off - again relationship with both brothers , Elena chooses to be with Damon in the series finale . Contents 1 Character development 1.1 Casting 2 Television series 2.1 Background 2.2 Season 1 2.3 Season 2 2.4 Season 3 2.5 Season 4 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 3 Relationships 3.1 Stefan Salvatore 3.2 Elena Gilbert 3.3 Alaric Saltzman 3.4 Bonnie Bennett 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Ian Somerhalder was cast as Damon Salvatore at the end of March 2009 , six months before the premiere of the series . The initial casting call for the character required an actor in his early - to mid-twenties to play a `` darkly handsome , strong , charming , and smug vampire who can go from casual and playful to pure evil in less than a heartbeat . '' Somerhalder had not read the books until filming began . Television series ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Damon Salvatore is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce 145 years prior to the series ' debut . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore , ripper Lily Salvatore and older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snarky person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season , unlike his brother , Stefan . Damon and Stefan bite humans to feed on them since they are vampires . Season 1 ( edit ) In the first season , Damon appears as the frightening older brother to Stefan Salvatore , and plays as the main antagonist for the first initial episodes with a hidden agenda . Slowly , Damon begins to be kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's memory of vampires and removing his `` suffering '' so Jeremy gets his life back on track . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later at the Gilbert house , Elena returns home . Damon admits that he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it after everything that happened at the Founder 's Day celebrations and says he 's not a hero and does n't do good , saying it 's not in him - those traits are reserved for Stefan , Elena and Bonnie . The two begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted - it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . Later in the season , it also implies that he actually feels human emotions , such as pain and love , which helps the viewer sympathize toward his character in some situations . But mostly , he likes to take care of himself and do the dirty work , in his own sadistic ways . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan . Elena says something similar later , leaving Damon heartbroken . As an expression of his anger , pain , and hopelessness , he snaps Jeremy Gilbert 's neck , not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces . Jeremy survives because of the ring , but Damon 's action incurs Elena 's wrath and pain . When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire , the two declare their hatred for him , leaving angrier than ever . After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2 , Damon shows up in Elena 's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode . Before he gives it back , he tells Elena that he is in love with her , and because he is in love with her , he can not be selfish with her . He also states that he does n't deserve her , but that his brother does . He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this , but she ca n't . As the camera shows a close up of Damon 's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget , a tear slips . Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck , Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing . She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her . In one episode , Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena ; after some time and clever banter , the two have sex , stating that they could rid themselves of emotion . However , when Rose , Damon 's old friend who turned Katerina , suffers from a werewolf bite , he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire , and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to walk and feel the sunlight , without it burning her . During this meaningful moment , Damon mercifully kills her , leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose 's death . Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself , after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever . After he spares Caroline 's mother , Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with . And it 's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life , which he explains to Andy Star , his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in . Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season . Elena takes care of him , and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid , she gives him a `` goodbye '' kiss , because she was sure he was going to die . She even forgives him , telling him that she cares for him through grief - stricken tears . Season 3 ( edit ) In the third season , Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother , Stefan , back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus ' henchman . The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler . At first , he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , employing Alaric Saltzman , Elena 's guardian , instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus ' hybrid side . However , Elena involves herself , desperate to find Stefan . Damon , though hesitant at first , is unable to refuse her because of his love for her . He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger , clearly showing that she also has feelings for him . He tells her that `` when ( he ) drag ( s ) ( his ) brother from the edge to deliver him back to ( her ) , ( he ) wants her to remember the things ( she ) felt while he was gone . '' When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls , his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons . This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate . A still loyal Elena , however , refuses to admit her feelings for Damon . In ' Dangerous Liaisons ' , Elena , frustrated with her feelings for him , tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem , and that this could be causing all their troubles . This incenses Damon , causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons . The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion , Elena -- for the first time in the three seasons -- kisses Damon of her own accord . This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress , Katherine Pierce , who turned the brothers , once did . In assessment of her feelings for Damon , she states this : `` Damon just sort of snuck up on me . He got under my skin and no matter what I do , I ca n't shake him . '' In the season finale , a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice : to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time ; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time . She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision . Damon , who is trying to stop Alaric , accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan , her choice may have been different . This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was , in fact , the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan . Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love , Damon compels her to forget . He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric , whose life line is tied to Elena 's , suddenly collapses in his arms . Damon is grief - stricken , knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells , `` No ! You are not dead ! '' A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor , Meredith Fell , tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood . The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) Damon starts season 4 at Elena 's bedside after finding out about her dying with vampire blood in her system , causing her to start the transition to Vampire . Damon decides to firstly try to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , yet she overpowers him . Rebekah is shot at through the Window and Damon escapes . Later in part of a plan with the Sheriff and Meredith Fell , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon decides to take out some aggression on Matt and is about to snap his neck when stopped by the new vampire Elena . After Elena and Stefan go hunting on animals the next morning and Elena has her first feed on a deer she pukes the blood out . Meanwhile , it seems a new vampire hunter is in town . Elena goes to Damon for help , he pulls her with him to the bathroom and makes her drink his blood because he says `` You need warm blood from the vein , so maybe this 'll do the trick . '' He says it 's personal and Elena wonders why but no answer was given . She drinks his blood but pukes hours later . When Stefan finds out Damon has feed Elena his blood he 's very angry and hits Damon who just got in a fight with the vampire hunter . Damon has decided to leave town , but through the early episodes of Season 4 seems to be looking for reasons to stay . Meredith Fell seems to be one who convinces him in ' The Rager ' to stay to help Elena with her transition to Vampire . Indeed , a renewed conflict over ideology and what sort of Vampire Elena will become drives Damon and Stefan apart . The Five , shows Damon tasking Stefan with learning more about the Vampire Hunter , Connor while Damon decides to accompany both Bonnie and Elena to College . This trip is ostensibly about teaching Elena the ' hunt ' : how to catch , feed and erase . After some initial problems , Elena has a Frat Party gets success and seems to enjoy herself causing friction with Bonnie . She leaves the party and later states that she does n't want to be like Damon . In the next episode , she begins to believe that Stefan is lying to her and takes things into her own hands to kill the vampire hunter who is holding her brother , Matt , and April captive . She does , and begins to suffer from hallucinations at the end of the episode . After asking Stefan why he wants to cure Elena , Damon tells him that he loves Elena as a vampire or human . In the episode ' We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes ' , Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide . He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter 's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane . At the end of the episode , he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism . However , Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon . In the following episode `` My Brother 's Keeper '' , Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex . After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon , first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon , but in episode `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' they found out that it only affects how you act , not how you feel . The sire - bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi . In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family 's lake house to help with Jeremy 's Hunter instincts . In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon , but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he 's taking advantage of her . In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' . Elena kisses him goodbye . In ' After School Special ' , Damon is at the Lake House training Jeremy , along with Matt Donovan . Klaus shows up and threatens Damon , wanting him to get Jeremy 's mark completed earlier rather than later . Damon is shown to be reluctant , not wanting to hurt innocents for Elena 's sake , but Klaus follows through with his plans regardless . Later in the episode Elena calls Damon and confesses she 's in love with him and it 's the ' most real thing she 's ever felt in her entire life ' , in a moment of weakness Damon tells her to come see him . Afterward Damon is confronted with a bar of newly turned vampires for Jeremy to kill concedes that it 's the quickest way , however balks when Klaus takes control and compels the newly turned vamps to kill Matt Donovan . In Catch Me If You Can Damon tells the boys to run since Jeremy is n't ready to take on all these vampires . Later when Elena arrives her and Damon argue over the killing of innocents and tells her to take Matt home while he and Jeremy take care of Klaus 's newly turned vampires . However Kol shows up and has killed all the vampires , determined to stop them from finding the cure & waking Silas , and threatens Jeremy 's life . Kol compels Damon to stake himself and later to kill Jeremy and to forget what Kol compelled him to do . Upon arriving back in Mystic Falls Damon begins to seek out Jeremy due to the compulsion , however when he sees him in the grill he realizes what Kol compelled him to do and tells Jeremy to run . Damon chases Jeremy throughout Mystic Falls and advises Jeremy that he is compelled and he needs to kill him . Jeremy shoots Damon in the head and when Damon awakens later starts cursing the youngest Gilbert , calling him stupid for not killing him . At the end of the episode Damon catches up with Jeremy Elena follows and urges Damon to fight it because `` You love me and I love you '' , but he tells her that he ca n't , falls to his knees and urges Jeremy to kill him . Stefan shows up just in time to break Damon 's neck and lock him up until they can take care of Kol . Damon spends the next episode locked up and bled dry by a jealous and snarky Stefan and engages in a conversation with Klaus about Caroline , Rebekah and Elena . When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired . After Katherine kills Jeremy in ' Down the Rabbit Hole ' Damon stays behind determined to find the missing Bonnie , telling Stefan he ca n't come home without her . Eventually he finds Bonnie , hugging her in relief , but when the two arrive back in Mystic Falls in informs Stefan Bonnie has lost her mind . Elena , who had been in denial about Jeremy 's death , comes into reality and demands Damon bring Jeremy 's body downstairs . When Elena starts breaking down Stefan urges Damon to help her , indicating he should invoke the sire bond to take away her pain , however instead Damon tells Elena to shut off her emotions . In the next episode Damon begins trying to track Katherine in order to find the cure while Rebekah attempts to tag along . He finds an old friend from his past , Will , dying from a werewolf bite and kills him out of mercy . He arrives back home just in time to stop Elena from killing Caroline and takes her with to New York . While in NY Damon begins investigating Katherine 's whereabouts and tries to keep that he 's looking for the cure from Elena . Elena finds out and attempts to play him all the while Damon tells her and Rebekah about his time here in the 1970s . He admits that he had his emotions off and Lexi had come to help him on Stefan 's behalf , however he tricks her into believing he fell in love with her only to leave her trapped on the roof during the day as revenge . He reveals that the reason he killed Lexi in season one was out of the guilt she stirred in him . Elena kisses Damon and attempts to steal Katherine 's address out of his pocket , however Damon was aware she was trying to play him the entire time , and attempts to convince her to turn her emotions back on . Rebekah shows up and snaps his neck . He then calls Stefan and the brothers attempt to track down Elena . The decide to give up on the cure after Elena kills a waitress and threatens to kill people . In ' Pictures of You ' Damon , along with Stefan , decide they 're going to try making Elena turn her emotions back on . The Salvatore brothers decide to take Elena to the prom , where Damon asks Elena why she told him she was in love with him and it 's the most real thing she ever felt . Elena tells Damon that she only said it because of the sire bond and she feels nothing for him . However , later when Bonnie nearly kills Elena , she cries out for Damon to help her and he locks her up in the Salvatore basement . Damon then manipulates Elena 's dreams in an attempt to remind how much she loves her friends in family , however when it does n't work the Salvatore brothers ( per Stefan 's advice ) try torturing Elena to get her to feel emotion . Elena however calls their bluff and attempts to kill herself , knowing Damon would never really hurt her and let her die . Damon realizes that Elena is smart and that torture will not work . After Katherine frees Elena Damon comes up with a plan , killing Matt in front of her ( while he wore the Gilbert ring ) and it works to get Elena 's emotions back on . When Elena focuses her hate on Katherine Damon tells Elena where Katherine is , but tells her she should n't try and kill her . Damon admits he hates Katherine , however he knows once Elena kills her all her other emotions ( grief & guilt ) will all come flooding back in . Elena stakes Damon in the stomach when he attempts to stop her . In the season finale ' Graduation ' , he tries to give the cure to Elena , but Elena refuses , which tells him that there is no more sire bond . He gets shot by Vaughn with a bullet laced with werewolf venom , and almost dies , but Klaus comes back to Mystic Falls and saves him . At the end of the episode , Elena proclaims her love for him stating that of all the decisions she has made choosing him will prove to be the worse one . Season 5 ( edit ) Not aware of Stefan 's absence and Bonnie 's death , Damon and Elena are having the time of their lives before Elena leaves for Whitmore college . College brings a lot of ups and downs to the on screen romance . Katherine begs Damon to protect her as she feels someone is after her , Damon by the help of Jeremy 's vampire hunter instincts that Silas is possessing as Stefan . Silas gives Damon a crash course on why he looks like Stefan and tells where was he the whole summer , shocked to know about this he starts to search Stefan with the help of Stefan . Silas mind - controlled Elena to kill Damon but Elena resists it by thinking about her worries for Stefan . Both Elena and Damon , with the help of Sheriff Forbes , finds the safe where Stefan was drowning the whole summer , but only to find a dead body . Due to both Elena and Katherine having same nightmare of Stefan all three , Damon , Elena and Katherine search for Stefan . Damon finally finds Stefan inside a hut where he is tied up in the chair and Qetsiyah makes a link of Stefan with Silas which fries Stefan 's brain . Qetsiyah reveals to Damon that his relationship with Elena is doomed . Damon and Elena take Stefan where both of them finds out that he has memory loss and ca n't remember anything . Damon , to make Stefan remember about his past life , gives him his journals and spends quality time with him . Jeremy tells Damon that Bonnie is dead and Damon finally tells Elena about Bonnie . At Bonnie 's funeral , Damon consoles Elena . Damon wants to help Silas so that Silas can do a spell to swap his life with Bonnie as Silas wants to die . Silas had seen Qetsiyah going to the party therefore both Damon and Silas goes to the ball party at Whitmore College . Silas needs Damon to kill Stefan , so that he can get back his power . Stefan , after waking up , tricked Damon and snapped his neck . At Salvatore 's mansion they bring a desiccated Silas , to trade Silas 's life with Bonnie he must become mortal ( witch ) . The only way is by the cure so Elena and Damon calls Katherine who has the cure in her blood and after she arrives her blood is drained by Silas , but still Katherine lived . Amara is then awakened and revealed to be the mystic anchor . She then cures herself of her immortality by feeding off Silas . Season 6 ( edit ) At the beginning of season 6 , Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie , forced to relive the same day over and over again . As the season progresses , the duo meet Kai Parker who 's provides them with clues on how to get back home . In a truly selfless act , Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai . Back home , things are n't as Damon expected them to be . Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on . After a few initial set backs , Damon sets his mind to wooing her back . As the season progresses , Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer . Kai , who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke , has absorbed some of Luke 's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie . With his help , he , along with Damon , Elena , and Jeremy , are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah 's headstone in Nova Scotia . After the death of Liz , Caroline is unable to bear the pain of losing her mother and chooses to turn off her humanity just as Bonnie returns . Bonnie brought back with her a strange video she 'd caught while leaving a second Prison World she 'd been moved to set in October 31 , 1903 . She shows the video to Damon and he recognizes his own mother , Lillian Salvatore , standing in the background . Troubled with the news that his mother is still alive after believing she 'd been dead since 1858 , Damon 's informed by Kai that his mother was placed in a Prison World due to being a Ripper and the heinous number of deaths she 'd caused . Unfortunately , Stefan is forced by Caroline to turn off his humanity and Kai , Bonnie , Damon , and Elena have to travel to Lily 's 1903 Prison World to retrieve her and use her as a means to get Stefan back . Damon is disturbed to learn when he gets to Lily that she has been trapped with other vampires and they allowed her to drink their portions of blood to stay alive . She is reluctant to leave without them , but Damon threatens to leave her behind if she does n't go . Bonnie , Damon , and Elena leave with Lily , leaving Kai behind . When they return , Bonnie gives Damon a gift she 'd gotten for him during her trip to Nova Scotia in the 1994 Prison World : the cure to vampirism . He struggles with whether or not to give it to Elena and provide her with the life she 'd been robbed of . After using Lily to get Stefan 's humanity back and he is used to bring Caroline back , Lily is adamant about returning to her Prison World to retrieve what she considers to be her family . Damon confronts Bonnie , who had taken the Ascendant , and tells her that Lily is threatening to destroy the cure if he does n't return with the means to get her `` family '' back . However , when he decides to let Bonnie destroy the Ascendant , he comes home to find that Lily had actually given the cure to Elena instead . He confesses that he was selfish and afraid of losing her but agrees that she should take it and that he 'll take it with her . Elena takes the cure and , unexpectedly , her memories return and she remembers when she 'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time , he 'd told her that he used to miss being human , but , now , he could n't imagine anything more miserable . She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human . Damon almost decides he 'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple . Before Jo and Ric 's wedding , he tells Elena he 'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her . During the wedding , Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion . The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground . In the last episode of the 6th season titled `` I 'm Thinking Of You All The While '' Damon rushes Elena to the hospital after vampire blood fails to heal and awaken her . At the hospital the doctors tell him that she is medically healthy and they see no reason why she 's not awake . Kai stumbles into the hospital injured . After consuming Lily 's blood and killing himself , Kai 's ability to siphon magic allowed him to become another Heretic ( vampire with witch - like power ) , but he was soon bitten by a transforming Tyler , who had re-triggered his werewolf curse . Kai tells Damon and he 's linked Elena 's life to Bonnie 's and as long as Bonnie lives , Elena will remain asleep but perfectly healthy . He also tells him that the spell is permanent and any attempt to find a loophole in the spell will result in the death of both Bonnie and Elena . Damon returns to the wedding to find Bonnie badly injured on the floor and Kai 's reminder that letting Bonnie die will allow Elena to regain consciousness . Damon tells Bonnie he 's sorry and leaves the room . Kai is irritated that his plan to torture Damon with an impossible choice had failed and , while he 's distracted , Damon decapitates him from behind . Damon saves Bonnie 's life and they go to the Salvatore boarding house to say their goodbyes to Elena , deciding that they will allow Bonnie to live her life and , when she dies , Elena will wake . Damon allows himself to enter Elena 's subconscious to say his goodbye , dancing with her and telling her that he 'll never be ready to live the next 60 years of his life without her . Stefan and Damon move the coffin holding Elena to a crypt and have Bonnie seal the door magically to keep away those seeking the Cure . The season ends with the impression that quite a bit of time has passed . Mystic Falls is desolate and run down after the return of the other Heretics , Lily 's `` family '' . The last scene shows Damon looking torn standing on the clock tower he once sat on with Elena . Relationships ( edit ) At the start of season 1 , Damon was a self - proclaimed loner , often keeps to himself . Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes , Caroline 's mother . Damon gradually involved himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls by developing friendships with several humans . After spending time with Elena Gilbert , Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply , madly and passionately in love with her . He always puts her safety first before anyone else , even his . Somerhalder with his Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Nina Dobrev ( Elena ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International Damon 's most prominent love , aside from Elena , was Rose . He met her while searching for Klaus and hooked up with her shortly after . Unfortunately Damon ticked off Jules , a werewolf , and she showed up on a full moon for revenge . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Damon has had a challenging relationship with his younger brother Stefan Salvatore for over a century . Before they became vampires , they both loved the vampire Katherine Pierce . Damon shows that he has nurtured a long - standing desire to reunite with Katherine throughout the first season . In the first season , we learn that it was Stefan who convinced Damon to feed and complete his transformation after Katherine turned both brothers into vampires . Despite the feud between the Salvatore brothers , both Damon and Stefan always have each other 's backs . Damon is always there for Stefan when it really matters , e.g. , saving him from being tortured , helping him through withdrawal , and working with him to kill common enemies . And Stefan will still give up his own life for Damon 's survival . They both actually love each other but wo n't admit it , however : Elena Gilbert ( edit ) After learning of Katherine 's deceit , Damon starts to fall for , Elena . In general , Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else . Damon comes to Elena 's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner , and the two dance . In the episode `` Rose '' , Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he does n't believe he is worthy of her . Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows ; she learns to fully trust him , and they begin to rely on each other as a team . They share two passionate kisses , but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him . After a long struggle , Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon 's dismay . In the following season , however , Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon can not be denied any longer . She and Stefan break up , and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex . Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon , making Elena 's feelings unfortunately known ; however , Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she 's ever felt in her entire life . Damon remains doubtful , so in `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' he sets her `` free '' . In an interview before the season finale , Julie Plec stated that `` This year , she 's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it 's changed her irrevocably -- and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon , that she loved him more than she 'd ever loved anyone . '' In `` Graduation '' , after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena 's feelings , she reveals that she is in love with Damon . Damon and Elena spend the next few months together , having the summer of their lives . When Elena has to leave for college , Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship . However , in the episode `` Original Sin '' , Tessa , who is revealed to be Qetsiyah , tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting . Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life . It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena , but that they were merely drawn together by a spell . After a tumultuous , back and forth relationship , Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season , and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side . When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side , Elena is devastated . Damon says his last goodbye to Elena , telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him , and that being loved by her is `` the epitome of a fulfilled life '' , as Elena sobs inconsolably . In season 6 , Elena is unable to move on from Damon 's death months later . She pretends to be happy , but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon . When the herbs make her dangerous to humans , Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon , because she will never be able to move on otherwise . When Damon returns , he attempts to help her remember their love story , but the compulsion will not break . Not remembering any of the good things about Damon , Elena still decides to give him another chance . She slowly falls in love with him again , ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not , she always finds her way back to him . When Bonnie returns from the prison world , she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism , knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena . However , Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena . They discuss what a human life together would be like . Elena initially rejects the cure , but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together , including children . Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of . Elena takes the cure , which breaks the compulsion , and her memories of Damon return to her . She recalls a memory from season 4 , where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again . Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure , so she challenges him to think it through carefully . Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision , but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her , and confidently believes her to be his soulmate . Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together , until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell , tied to Bonnie 's life . Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena , waiting for her to wake up . He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her , and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies . However , Damon is committed to staying true to Elena , and doing right by her . Elena is shown to be Damon 's moral compass , and his guiding force throughout the two seasons . When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone 's version of hell , a vision of Stefan asks Damon `` What would Elena do ? '' and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother , freeing him from hell . The phoenix stone 's influence remains , and Damon accidentally lights Elena 's coffin on fire ( or so he thinks ) . Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life , Damon becomes suicidal . When confronted with the hunter Rayna , Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena . Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive , renewing Damon 's hope . When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena , he decides to desiccate himself next to her . He write to Alaric that before Elena , he did n't know what it was like to be happy , fulfilled or complete , and that he does n't want to continue living without that feeling . After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation , Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena . At the end of season 7 , he is lured into a trap by a siren , hearing Elena 's voice calling out to him . When the siren takes control of Damon 's mind in season 8 , Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping , seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena . When Sybil erases Elena from Damon 's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories , Damon fights back , instinctively drawn back to Elena . His love for her prevails , and he breaks the siren 's mind control , regaining his memories of Elena . Julie Plec stated that `` I think the only hope that he 's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done . '' After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism , turning him into a human , and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena , Damon and Elena finally reunite . They begin their life together , getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor . Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together , where they died together of old age . We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families . Alaric Saltzman ( edit ) Alaric is a vampire hunter looking to avenge his wife by killing the vampire that killed her . It is soon revealed that the vampire that Alaric is hunting is actually Damon . Before killing Alaric , he confesses that he did n't kill Isobel but turned her . Alaric is brought back to life by the Gilbert ring . The two remain enemies but work together on occasion . Eventually , the two become best friends and drinking buddies . Even after Alaric is turned into a vampire who kills other vampires , Damon does his best to ensure that they do n't have to kill him . But with Elena 's death , Alaric dies as well while Damon holds him . In the episode , `` Memorial '' , it 's clear that Damon still misses his friend as he talks to Alaric at his grave . Unknown to him , Alaric listens to the whole thing and even responds with `` I miss you too , buddy '' . Damon 's best friend . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice . They first interacted in Haunted , when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman . He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in ( for 145 years or so he believed ) . At first , Bonnie did n't want to have anything to do with Damon , saving his life only for Elena 's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline 's transition into a vampire . However , as time went on , Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted ( albeit reluctantly at first ) . Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them . Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie 's well - being and was devastated when he found out about her death . The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon 's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead . However , their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways . Finally , they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed , holding each other 's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them . They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World . During that time , they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai . Before sending Damon back home , she mentions that he 's not exactly the last person she would wan na be stuck with . When Damon returns home , he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back , including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven , and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo . They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes 's funeral . It 's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somerhalder joins ' Vampire Diaries ' by Michael Schneider of Variety , March 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Meet The Cast -- Vampire Diaries Casting Calls by Matej Jelic of Spoilers Guide , June 17 , 2009 Jump up ^ Ian Somerhalder talks ' Vampire Diaries ' by Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly , September 17 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` 162 Candles '' aired November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Haunted '' aired October 29 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Vampire Diaries episode `` '' aired May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Katerina '' aired November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` The Departed , '' aired May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Do Not Go Gentle , '' aired April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Kill or Be Killed , '' aired October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` 1912 , '' aired March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` Masquerade , '' aired October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Vampire Diaries episode `` As I Lay Dying , '' aired May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/418990/the-vampire-diaries-finale-julie-plec-teases-elena-s-choice-bonnie-s-sacrifice-and-dynasty-style-fight Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/the-vampire-diaries-spoilers-damon-elena-human/ External links ( edit ) Official website of the show The Vampire Diaries at TV.com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damon_Salvatore&oldid=861467536 '' Categories : Characters in American novels of the 20th century Fictional characters introduced in 1991 Fictional American Civil War veterans Fictional mass murderers Fictional people of the Confederate States of America Fictional vampires The Vampire Diaries characters Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Official website not in Wikidata TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 17 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when will damon and elena get back together	[ "Damon Salvatore is a fictional character in The Vampire Diaries novel series. He is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder in the television series. Initially, Damon is the main antagonist in the beginning of the show and later became a protagonist. After the first few episodes, Damon begins working alongside his younger brother, Stefan Salvatore, to resist greater threats and gradually Elena begins to consider him a friend. His transition was completed after his younger brother Stefan, who is also a vampire, convinces him to drink blood. Damon thus vows to make his brother's life sorrowful – thus further causing a century-long rift between the two brothers, centering around Katherine and eventually a love triangle with Elena Gilbert. After on-again/off-again relationship with both brothers, Elena chooses to be with Damon in the series finale.\n" ]	[ "in the series finale" ]
-3927549029387745800	List of Indian Premier League centuries	List of Indian Premier League centuries - wikipedia List of Indian Premier League centuries Players from the Royal Challengers Bangalore have recorded twelve centuries so far , out of which five have been scored by Chris Gayle . In cricket , a batsman reaches a century when he scores 100 more runs in a single innings . A century is regarded as a landmark score for a batsman , and his number of centuries is generally recorded in his career statistics . The Indian Premier League ( IPL ) is a professional league for Twenty20 cricket in India , which has been held annually since its first edition in 2008 . In the ten seasons played , 48 centuries have been scored by 30 different batsmen . Players from ten of the thirteen franchises have scored centuries ; the only franchises that have not had a player score a century for them are Pune Warriors India , Kochi Tuskers Kerala and Gujarat Lions . The first century in the IPL was scored in the first match on 18 April 2008 at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore by Brendon McCullum for Kolkata Knight Riders against Royal Challengers Bangalore . The highest score in the competition was made by Chris Gayle , who scored 175 runs not out for Royal Challengers Bangalore against Pune Warriors India . The fastest century in terms of strike rate was scored by Chris Gayle , who scored 100 runs in 30 balls while playing for Royal Challengers Bangalore . The slowest century was scored by Sachin Tendulkar for Mumbai Indians against Kochi Tuskers Kerala . He scored 100 runs not out in 66 balls at a strike rate of 151.51 . The highest number of centuries have been scored by Chris Gayle with 6 centuries , followed by Virat Kohli and Shane Watson who have four centuries each . AB de Villiers and David Warner have three centuries each while Brendon McCullum , Adam Gilchrist , Virender Sehwag , Murali Vijay and Hashim Amla have scored two centuries each . Twelve centuries have been made by players of Royal Challengers Bangalore , which is more than any other team . Kolkata Knight Riders have conceded the highest number of centuries , with seven , followed by Kings XI Punjab who have conceded six centuries . The first part of this list includes all IPL centuries organised in a chronological order . The second part of the list provides an overview of centuries by IPL seasons , and the third part provides an overview of centuries by IPL teams . Teams are initially listed in alphabetical order . In a single season , the most centuries scored by an individual was 4 , by Virat Kohli in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Centuries 3 Season overview 4 Team overview 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Key ( edit ) Symbol Meaning * Remained not out Captained the respective team Balls Balls faced during the innings S / R . Strike rate during the innings Inn . The innings of the match Won The match was won by the team for which the player played Lost The match was lost by the team for which the player played Centuries ( edit ) Sachin Tendulkar scored a century in IPL 2011 for Mumbai Indians . Virat Kohli is the highest run - scorer in the IPL and is the only player to score 4 IPL centuries in a single season and that too while captaining his team . AB de Villiers was one of two players who scored a century in the 2009 season . He has three centuries to his name for Royal Challengers Bangalore Suresh Raina is the highest run - scorer in the IPL and scored his first century in the 2013 season . Indian Premier League centuries Score Balls S / R Player Team Opposition Inn . Venue Date Result 158527 ! 158 * 73 216.43 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum Kolkata Knight Riders Royal Challengers Bangalore M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002008 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2008 Won 116546 ! 116 * 54 214.81 Hussey , Michael Michael Hussey Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 000000002008 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2008 Won 117547 ! 117 * 53 220.75 Symonds , Andrew Andrew Symonds Deccan Chargers Rajasthan Royals Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2008 Lost 109553 ! 109 * 47 231.91 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist Deccan Chargers Mumbai Indians Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 000000002008 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2008 Won 114552 ! 114 * 48 237.50 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya Mumbai Indians Chennai Super Kings Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 000000002008 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2008 Won 115031 ! 115 69 166.66 Marsh , Shaun Shaun Marsh Kings XI Punjab Rajasthan Royals Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 000000002008 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2008 Won 105546 ! 105 * 54 194.44 de Villiers , AB AB de Villiers Delhi Daredevils Chennai Super Kings Kingsmead Cricket Ground , Durban 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2009 Won 114527 ! 114 * 73 156.16 Pandey , Manish Manish Pandey Royal Challengers Bangalore Deccan Chargers SuperSport Park , Centurion 000000002009 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2009 Won 100063 ! 100 37 270.27 Pathan , Yusuf Yusuf Pathan Rajasthan Royals Mumbai Indians Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai 000000002010 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2010 Lost 107531 ! 107 * 69 155.07 Warner , David David Warner Delhi Daredevils Kolkata Knight Riders Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 000000002010 - 03 - 29 - 0000 29 March 2010 Won 127064 ! 127 56 226.78 Vijay , Murali Murali Vijay Chennai Super Kings Rajasthan Royals MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002010 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2010 Won 110541 ! 110 * 59 186.44 Jayawardene , Mahela Mahela Jayawardene Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Eden Gardens , Kolkata 000000002010 - 04 - 04 - 0000 4 April 2010 Won 120527 ! 120 * 63 190.47 Valthaty , Paul Paul Valthaty Kings XI Punjab Chennai Super Kings Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 000000002011 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2011 Won 100534 ! 100 * 66 151.51 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar Mumbai Indians Kochi Tuskers Kerala Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2011 Lost 102545 ! 102 * 55 185.45 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Royal Challengers Bangalore Kolkata Knight Riders Eden Gardens , Kolkata 000000002011 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2011 Won 119064 ! 119 56 212.50 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag Delhi Daredevils Deccan Chargers Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad 000000002011 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2011 Won 107051 ! 107 49 218.36 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Royal Challengers Bangalore Kings XI Punjab M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002011 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2011 Won 106045 ! 106 55 192.72 Gilchrist , Adam Adam Gilchrist Kings XI Punjab Royal Challengers Bangalore HPCA Stadium , Dharmasala 000000002011 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2011 Won 103540 ! 103 * 60 171.66 Rahane , Ajinkya Ajinkya Rahane Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002012 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2012 Won 103536 ! 103 * 64 160.93 Pietersen , Kevin Kevin Pietersen Delhi Daredevils Deccan Chargers Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 000000002012 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2012 Won 109546 ! 109 * 54 201.85 Warner , David David Warner Delhi Daredevils Deccan Chargers Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad 000000002012 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2012 Won 109540 ! 109 * 60 181.66 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma Mumbai Indians Kolkata Knight Riders Eden Gardens , Kolkata 000000002012 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2012 Won 128538 ! 128 * 62 206.45 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Royal Challengers Bangalore Delhi Daredevils Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi 000000002012 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2012 Won 113042 ! 113 58 194.82 Vijay , Murali Murali Vijay Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002012 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2012 Won 101042 ! 101 58 165.57 Watson , Shane Shane Watson Rajasthan Royals Chennai Super Kings MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Lost 175566 ! 175 * 66 265.15 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors India M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002013 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2013 Won 100547 ! 100 * 53 188.67 Raina , Suresh Suresh Raina Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002013 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2013 Won 101562 ! 101 * 38 265.78 Miller , David David Miller Kings XI Punjab Royal Challengers Bangalore Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 000000002013 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2013 Won 101562 ! 100 * 61 163.93 Simmons , Lendl Lendl Simmons Mumbai Indians Kings XI Punjab Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali 000000002014 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2014 Won 122042 ! 122 58 210.34 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag Kings XI Punjab Chennai Super Kings Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 000000002014 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2014 Won 115545 ! 115 * 55 209.09 Saha , Wriddhiman Wriddhiman Saha Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002014 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2014 Lost 115545 ! 100 * 56 178.57 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum Chennai Super Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002015 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2015 Won 115545 ! 117 57 205.3 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Royal Challengers Bangalore Kings XI Punjab M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002015 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2015 won 115545 ! 133 * 59 225.42 de Villiers , AB AB de Villiers Royal Challengers Bangalore Mumbai Indians Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Won 115545 ! 104 * 59 176.27 Watson , Shane Shane Watson Rajasthan Royals Kolkata Knight Riders Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Won 115545 ! 108 51 211.76 de Kock , Quinton Quinton de Kock Delhi Daredevils Royal Challengers Bangalore M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 000000002016 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2016 Won 100 * 63 158.73 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Rajkot 24 April 2016 Lost 101 54 187.03 Smith , Steve Steve Smith Rising Pune Supergiants Gujarat Lions MCA Cricket Ground , Pune 29 April 2016 Lost 108 * 58 186.20 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli Royal Challengers Bangalore Rising Pune Supergiants M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bengaluru 7 May 2016 Won 129 * 52 248.07 de Villiers , AB AB de Villiers Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bengaluru 14 May 2016 Won 109 55 198.18 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bengaluru 14 May 2016 Won 113 50 226.0 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli Royal Challengers Bangalore Kings XI Punjab M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bengaluru 18 May 2016 Won 102 63 161.9 Samson , Sanju Sanju Samson Delhi Daredevils Rising Pune Supergiant Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 11 April 2017 Won 104 * 60 173.3 Amla , Hashim Hashim Amla Kings XI Punjab Mumbai Indians Holkar Stadium 20 April 2017 Lost 126 59 213.55 Warner , David David Warner Sunrisers Hyderabad Kolkata Knight Riders Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2017 Won 103 * 63 163.49 Stokes , Ben Ben Stokes Rising Pune Supergiants Gujarat Lions MCA Cricket Ground , Pune 000000002017 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2017 Won 104 60 173.33 Amla , Hashim Hashim Amla Kings XI Punjab Gujarat Lions Punjab Cricket Association Stadium 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2017 Lost 104 * 63 165.08 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Kings XI Punjab Sunrisers Hyderabad Punjab Cricket Association Stadium 000000002018 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2018 Won 106 57 185.96 Watson , Shane Shane Watson Chennai Super Kings Rajasthan Royals Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2018 Won 128 * 63 203.17 Pant , Rishabh Rishabh Pant Delhi Daredevils Sunrisers Hyderabad Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 000000002018 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2018 Lost 100 * 62 161.29 Rayudu , Ambati Ambati Rayudu Chennai Super Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium 000000002018 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2018 Won 117 * 57 205.26 Watson , Shane Shane Watson Chennai Super Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad Wankhede Stadium 000000002018 - 05 - 27 - 0000 27 May 2018 Won Season overview ( edit ) Season wise statistics for century scores Year No. of centurions No. of centuries Highest score Strike rate Highest scorer 2008 6 6 158 * 216.43 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum 2009 114 * 156.16 Pandey , Manish Manish Pandey 127 226.78 Vijay , Murali Murali Vijay 2011 5 6 120 * 190.47 Valthaty , Paul Paul Valthaty 2012 6 6 128 * 206.45 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 2013 175 * 265.15 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 2014 122 210.34 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 2015 133 * 225.42 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers 2016 7 129 * 248.07 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers 2017 5 126 213.55 Warner , David David Warner 2018 5 128 * 203.17 Pant , Rishabh Rishabh Pant Team overview ( edit ) Team statistics for century scores Team No. of matches No. of centurions No. of centuries Highest score Highest scorer Chennai Super Kings 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1270 ! 127 Vijay , Murali Murali Vijay Deccan Chargers 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1175 ! 117 * Symonds , Andrew Andrew Symonds Delhi Daredevils 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 1280 ! 128 * Pant , Rishabh Rishabh Pant Gujarat Lions 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0840 ! 84 Suresh Raina Kings XI Punjab 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 1220 ! 122 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag Kochi Tuskers Kerala 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0810 ! 81 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum Kolkata Knight Riders 7002142000000000000 ♠ 142 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1585 ! 158 * McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum Mumbai Indians 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 1145 ! 114 * Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya Pune Warriors India 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0860 ! 86 Ryder , Jesse Jesse Ryder Rajasthan Royals 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 1035 ! 104 * Watson , Shane Shane Watson Rising Pune Supergiants 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 1035 ! 103 * Ben Stokes Royal Challengers Bangalore 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 1755 ! 175 * Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle Sunrisers Hyderabad 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1260 ! 126 Warner , David David Warner See also ( edit ) Orange Cap List of Indian Premier League five - wicket hauls Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ To sort these tables by any statistic , click on the icon in the column title . Jump up ^ These statistics do not cover the games played in other tournaments such as the Champions League Twenty20 , the British Asian Cup or the 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders tour of Australia . Jump up ^ These statistics are correct as of the 2016 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Royal Challengers Bangalore / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Wright ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Chasing the century '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . For cricket neophytes , a century is when a player scores 100 runs in one at - bat . It is like a basketball player dropping 50 points in a game , but more prestigious . Jump up ^ `` ICC Members - India '' . International Cricket Council . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IPL auction 2011 : Teams to spend big for top cricketers '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Indian Premier League / Batting records / High Scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1st match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bangalore , Apr 18 , 2008 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Gayle storm blows away Delhi : A statistical look '' . NDTV. 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Premier League , 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League / Records / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1st match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bangalore , Apr 18 , 2008 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Chargers v Rajasthan Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians v Deccan Chargers Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians v Chennai Super Kings Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings XI Punjab v Rajasthan Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings v Delhi Daredevils Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Challengers Bangalore v Deccan Chargers Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians v Rajasthan Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Daredevils v Kolkata Knight Riders Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Super Kings v Rajasthan Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Knight Riders v Kings XI Punjab Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai Indians v Kochi Tuskers Kerala Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Knight Riders v Royal Challengers Bangalore Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Chargers v Delhi Daredevils Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Challengers Bangalore v Kings XI Punjab Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings XI Punjab v Royal Challengers Bangalore Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Challengers Bangalore v Rajasthan Royals Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi Daredevils v Deccan Chargers Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Chargers v Delhi Daredevils Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata Knight Riders v Mumbai Indians Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 67th match Delhi Daredevils v Royal Challengers Bangalore '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi v Chennai , 2nd qualifier , IPL 2012 , Chennai '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 30th match : Chennai Super Kings v Rajasthan Royals at Chennai , Apr 22 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 31st match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Pune Warriors at Bangalore , Apr 23 , 2013 '' . EPSNcricinfo . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 45th match : Chennai Super Kings v Kings XI Punjab at Chennai , May 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 51st match : Kings XI Punjab v Royal Challengers Bangalore at Mohali , May 6 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 54th match : Kings XI Punjab v Mumbai Indians at Mohali , May 10 , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 59th match : Kings XI Punjab v Chennai Super Kings at Mumbai , May 30 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 60th match : Kings XI Punjab v Kolkata Knight Riders at Bangalore , June 1 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4th match : Chennai Super Kings v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Chennai , April 11 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40th match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Kings XI Punjab at Bangalore , May 6 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 46th match : Mumbai Indians v Royal Challengers Bangalore at Mumbai , May 10 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 54th match : Rajasthan Royals v Kolkata Knight Riders at Mumbai , May 16 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 11th match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Delhi Daredevils at Bangalore , Apr 17 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19th match : Gujarat Lions v Royal Challengers Bangalore at Rajkot , Apr 24 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 25th match : Rising Pune Supergiants v Gujarat Lions at Pune , Apr 29 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 35th match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Rising Pune Supergiants at Bangalore , May 7 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 44th match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Gujarat Lions at Bangalore , May 14 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 50th match : Royal Challengers Bangalore v Kings XI Punjab at Bangalore , May 18 , 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 9th match : Delhi Daredevils v Rising Pune Supergiant at Pune , April 11 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd match : Kings XI Punjab v Mumbai Indians at Indore , April 20 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunrisers Hyderabad v Kolkata Knight Riders at Hyderabad , Apr 30 , 2017 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 39th match : Rising Pune Supergiant v Gujarat Lions at Pune , May 1 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 47th match : Kings XI Punjab v Gujarat Lions at Mohali , May 7 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 16th match : Kings XI Punjab v Sunrisers Hyderabad at Mohali , April 19 , 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2007 / 08 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2009 / 10 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2015 '' . iplt20 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2016 '' . iplt20 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2017 '' . iplt20 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2018 '' . iplt20 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Indian Premier League Twenty20 matches : Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 22 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Chennai Super Kings / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Deccan Chargers / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Delhi Daredevils / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Kings XI Punjab / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Kochi Tuskers Kerala / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Kolkata Knight Riders / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Mumbai Indians / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Pune Warriors / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Indian Premier League -- Rajasthan Royals / Twenty20 matches / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Pune SuperGiants '' . risingpunesupergiants.in . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League -- Sunrisers Hyderabad / Records / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . hide Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Premier_League_centuries&oldid=843290031 '' Categories : Indian Premier League Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics Lists of cricket centuries Indian Premier League lists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 04 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the 1st batsman to score century in ipl	[ "The first century in the IPL was scored in the first match on 18 April 2008 at M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore by Brendon McCullum for Kolkata Knight Riders against Royal Challengers Bangalore.[6] The highest score in the competition was made by Chris Gayle, who scored 175 runs not out for Royal Challengers Bangalore against Pune Warriors India.[5] The fastest century in terms of strike rate was scored by Chris Gayle, who scored 100 runs in 30 balls while playing for Royal Challengers Bangalore.[5] The slowest century was scored by Sachin Tendulkar for Mumbai Indians against Kochi Tuskers Kerala. He scored 100 runs not out in 66 balls at a strike rate of 151.51.[5]" ]	[ "Brendon McCullum" ]
588943833830205156	The Sims Mobile	The Sims Mobile - Wikipedia The Sims Mobile Jump to : navigation , search The Sims Developer ( s ) Maxis EA Mobile Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Series The Sims Platform ( s ) iOS , Android Release Brazil : May 9 , 2017 Worldwide : March 6 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Life simulation game , God game Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer The Sims Mobile is a life simulation game based on The Sims 4 and The Sims FreePlay for Android and iOS devices . It was announced on May 9 , 2017 in a launch trailer . The game was released on March 6 , 2018 . It features a multiplayer component and includes story elements . Gameplay ( edit ) In The Sims Mobile , players are able to create unique Sims with the in - game character creator , build houses , start families and control the lives of their Sims . The game introduces multiplayer elements , as players can interact with other players ' Sims by attending their parties or rating their Sims as `` Cute , Hot or Fabulous '' through a sticker system . Similarly to previous mobile games in The Sims franchise , energy is used when players take actions with their Sims . Energy can be restored through SimCash , which is earned through in - game quests and micro-transactions . SimCash can also be used to purchase certain premium clothing and furniture options in the game . Compared to its predecessor The Sims FreePlay , The Sims Mobile offers a closer experience to the PC series of games . There is a focus on telling stories through Sim 's actions , chosen by the player as their Sims go through their career or make relationships . As Sims play through these stories , they are able to level up and unlock new cutscenes . Advancing stories may also unlock new furniture or clothing items . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile offers a more focused , accessible version than any before it '' . The Verge . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Sims TM Mobile Launch Trailer - IGN Video , retrieved May 10 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` The Sims Mobile Officially Launches Today Alongside New Trailer '' . WWG . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A Proper The Sims Game Is Finally Coming To Mobile '' . Press Start Australia - Bringing The Best Of Video Games & Gaming To Australia . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile is a brand new entry in the franchise , in soft launch on Android right now '' . Droid Gamers . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things to Get You Excited About The Sims Mobile '' . Electronic Arts . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How does The Sims Mobile monetise ? '' . pocketgamer.biz . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile Review TouchArcade '' . toucharcade.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sims_Mobile&oldid=835141083 '' Categories : 2018 video games Android ( operating system ) games IOS games Free - to - play video games Life simulation games The Sims Video game franchises Video games developed in the United States God games Life simulation game stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new sims app come out	[ "The Sims Mobile is a life simulation game based on The Sims 4 and The Sims FreePlay for Android and iOS devices.[1] It was announced on May 9, 2017 in a launch trailer.[2] The game was released on March 6, 2018.[3] It features a multiplayer component and includes story elements.[4][5]" ]	[ "March 6, 2018" ]
-6205922092590987428	Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)	Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) - wikipedia Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Single by Silentó Released May 5 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded November 2014 Genre Hip hop dance - pop Length 3 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Ricky Hawk Timothy Mingo Producer ( s ) Bolo Da Producer Silentó singles chronology `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) `` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Watch Me '' on YouTube `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' is the debut single by the American rapper Silentó . In March 2015 , he was signed to Capitol Records , which released the track as a single with an accompanying music video . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent 6 non-consecutive weeks . With a viral clip on YouTube , the song was popular for its dance , a combination of 2 popular moves cited in the title : the `` Whip '' and the `` Nae Nae '' as well as other hip hop dances from various songs `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' and `` Stanky Legg '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 1.1 Music video 2 Reception 2.1 Commercial 2.2 Critical 2.3 In other media 3 Charts and certifications 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications 4 References Release ( edit ) The song was released on May 5 , 2015 . Starting August 28 until September 6 , 2015 , Silentó performed a remixed version for Nickelodeon to help advertise their Labor Day weekend line - up of shows ( SpongeBob SquarePants , ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , Harvey Beaks , Sanjay and Craig , and Pig Goat Banana Cricket ) under the title `` Epic Dance Party '' . In the promos , portions of Silentó 's original music video are used , although there are new shots featuring him dancing with the Nick characters and rapping the remix . Music video ( edit ) The music video was uploaded online on Silentó 's Vevo channel on YouTube on June 25 , 2015 and shot in Atlanta , Georgia . It was directed by Marc Klasfeld . Set in a high school gymnasium , Silentó performs the dance moves mentioned in the song with dance crews , high school and university cheerleaders , fans , even a trio of conservative women who later join in on the dance , and also incorporates videos sent in by viewers . Lil Scrappy and Rich White Ladies make guest appearances in the video . As of August 2017 , it has surpassed 1.3 billion views on YouTube , making it the site 's 36th most - watched video . Reception ( edit ) Commercial ( edit ) `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent six non-consecutive weeks being kept from number one on the chart by songs such as `` Cheerleader '' by Omi and `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' by The Weeknd . It spent eighteen weeks in the top ten of that chart before dropping out on October 14 , 2015 . Internationally , the song has peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , as well as the top twenty of the charts in Denmark , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Due to its success , the song was featured on the 2015 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 56 . The song reached over 2 million in sales by November 2015 , and has sold 2,365,000 copies as of April 2016 . Critical ( edit ) The song also received a nomination for Song of the Summer at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards and another nomination for R&B / Hip - Hop Song at the Teen Choice Awards . On the other hand , Australian site Irkitated named it one of the absolute `` worst songs '' . In other Media ( edit ) The song is featured in the television shows South Park , The $100,000 Pyramid , and The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . It can also be heard in the film The Emoji Movie . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Italy ( FIMI ) 95 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanos , Brittany ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` 2015 's 10 Most Viewed Music Videos on YouTube '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) , Watch Me Whip Nae Nae Nick Remix Silentó Nick , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Watch Me : Behind the Scenes '' from YouTube ( Posted July 21 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ SilentoVEVO ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) , Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) , retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silento Chart History '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . acharts.co . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mansell , Henry ( 14 November 2015 ) . `` Hip Hop Single Sales : Drake , Justin Timberlake & The Weeknd '' . HipHopDX . Cheri Media Group . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan Charts '' . Nielsen . 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song of Summer '' . MTV . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . chiff.com . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Irkitated . `` Worst Songs - Silento - Watch me Whip and Watch me Nae Nae - Irkitated '' . Irkitated . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top40 : Single - Charts '' . orf.at . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Silento . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada CHR / Top 40 : Sep 12 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201534 into search . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in French ) . Less classement single . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Silentó Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 35 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 37 ( dal 2015 - 09 - 11 al 2015 - 09 - 17 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 09 - 15 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Singles Top 60 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Silentó -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 08 - 14 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 08 - 28 '' UK R&B Chart . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Silento . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Silento . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Airplay for Silento . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Silento . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Silento . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Silento . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silento -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Silento . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Disney - Year End Charts - Top 50 Songs of 2015 '' . Disney . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - end - US Hot R&B / Hop - hop Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Enter Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Silento -- Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watch_Me_(Whip/Nae_Nae)&oldid=801162656 '' Categories : 2015 singles Capitol Records singles Debut singles 2015 songs Songs about dancing Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 01 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the whip and nae nae song	[ "\"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)\" is the debut single by the American rapper Silentó. In March 2015, he was signed to Capitol Records, which released the track as a single with an accompanying music video. The song peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, where it has spent 6 non-consecutive weeks. With a viral clip on YouTube, the song was popular for its dance, a combination of 2 popular moves cited in the title: the \"Whip\" and the \"Nae Nae\"[1] as well as other hip hop dances from various songs \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" and \"Stanky Legg\"." ]	[ "Silentó" ]
-7075737466562910643	Hops	Hops - wikipedia Hops Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see hop ( disambiguation ) . Hop flower in a hop yard in the Hallertau , Germany Cross-section drawing of a hop Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus . They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop plant is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ) , or hop yard ( in the West Country and U.S. ) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types being used for particular styles of beer . The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century , though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later , is often cited as the earliest documented source . Before this period , brewers used gruit , composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers , including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound ( the old German name for horehound , Berghopfen , means `` mountain hops '' ) , ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father , Pepin III . In addition to adding flavor to beer , hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for many purported benefits , including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness , contributing a variety of desirable flavors and aromas . Historically , traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 World production 2.1 Cultivation and harvest 2.2 Migrant labor and social impact 3 Chemical composition 3.1 Alpha acids 3.2 Beta acids 3.3 Essential oils 3.4 Flavonoids 4 Brewing 5 Varieties 5.1 Breeding programs 5.2 Noble hops 6 Other uses 6.1 Beverages 6.2 Medicinal 6.3 Food source 7 Toxicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The first documented hop cultivation was in 736 , in the Hallertau region of present - day Germany , although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079 . However , in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint - Denis in 768 . Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavoring . Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops . Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other . In Britain , hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400 , yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a `` wicked and pernicious weed '' . In 1471 , Norwich , England , banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ( `` beer '' was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops ; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms ) . In Germany , using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century . There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church , unlike on gruit , for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer . Hops used in England were imported from France , Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers . Therefore , in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words ( see oast house ) . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for infrastructure convenience . According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry : `` The hop for his profit I thus do exalt , It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt ; And being well - brewed long kept it will last , And drawing abide , if ye draw not too fast . '' In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops , the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks , sand or straw to increase their weight . As a result , in 1603 , King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which `` the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £ 20,000 yearly , besides the Danger of their Healths '' . Hop cultivation was begun in the present - day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers . Before national alcohol prohibition , cultivation was mainly centered around New York , California , Oregon , and Washington . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York 's production by the 1920s , and California only produces hops on a small scale . Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles . World production ( edit ) Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone . Important production centers today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centers in the UK are in Kent which produces Kent Goldings hops , Herefordshire and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making . Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the Yakima River Valley of Washington with Mount Adams in the distance Hop producing country 2012 hop output in tonnes ( t ) Germany 34,434 United States 27,782 China 11,000 Czech Republic 4,338 Poland 2,206 North Korea 2,000 Albania 1,650 United Kingdom 1,650 Slovenia 1,338 Cultivation and harvest ( edit ) A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support bines Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada , cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment . As hops are a climbing plant , they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile . In this way , energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth . Male and female flowers of the hop plant usually develop on separate plants ( that is , the plant is dioecious ) , although fertile monoecious individuals appear occasionally . Because viable seeds are undesirable for brewing beer , only female plants are grown in hop fields , thus preventing pollination . Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds . Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres ( 7 to 8 ft ) apart . Each spring , the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis . The cones grow high on the bine , and in the past , these cones were picked by hand . Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator , patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909 . Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying . Hop houses are two - story buildings , of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap . Here the flowers are poured out and raked even . A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops . When dry , the hops are moved to a press , a sturdy box with a plunger . Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles , the hops are poured in and compressed into bales . Hop cones contain different oils , such as lupulin , a yellowish , waxy substance , an oleoresin , that imparts flavor and aroma to beer . Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties , suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer 's yeast to grow . After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded . Migrant labor and social impact ( edit ) Hops harvest in the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1898 ) Hops harvest in Skåne , Sweden in 1937 The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop - growing had a big social impact . Around the world , the labor - intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest . Whole families would partake and live in hoppers ' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields . The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and a large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest . In England , many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London . This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside . People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire . Some photographs have been preserved . Particularly in Kent , because of a shortage of small - denomination coin of the realm , many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor . In some cases , the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images , making them quite beautiful . In the US , Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions , but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County , among others . Florian Dauenhauer , of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County , became a manufacturer of hop - harvesting machines in 1940 , in part because of the hop industry 's importance to the county . This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large - scale mechanized production , which moved to larger farms in other areas . Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines . Chemical composition ( edit ) In addition to water , cellulose , and various proteins , the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer . Alpha acids ( edit ) Isomerization scheme of humulone Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling , the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso - alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer . Structure of lupulone ( beta acid ) Beta acids ( edit ) Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer . For this reason , beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content . Essential oils ( edit ) The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops . Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma . Together , myrcene , humulene , and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90 % of the total hops essential oil . Flavonoids ( edit ) Chemical structure of 8 - prenylnaringenin Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops . The other well - studied prenylflavonoids are 8 - prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties , while 8 - prenylnaringenin is a potent phytoestrogen . Brewing ( edit ) Hops are used for beer brewing . The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company . Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process . Undried or `` wet '' hops are sometimes ( since ca. 1990 ) used . The wort ( sugar - rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added , to start fermentation . The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use , though there are two main hop types : bittering and aroma . Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids , and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavor of a beer . European ( so - called `` noble '' ) hops typically average 5 -- 9 % alpha acids by weight ( AABW ) , and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8 -- 19 % AABW . Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids ( ~ 5 % ) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and ( nonbitter ) flavor . Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time , typically 60 -- 90 minutes , to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids . They often have inferior aromatic properties , as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil . The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil , and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . Unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . On the other hand , the nonbitter flavor and aroma of hops come from the essential oils , which evaporate during the boil . Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils , to impart `` hop taste '' ( if during the final 30 minutes of boil ) or `` hop aroma '' ( if during the final 10 minutes , or less , of boil ) . Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments , a technique known as `` dry hopping '' , which contributes to the hop aroma . Farnesene is a major component in some hops . The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety , having a significant influence on flavor and aroma . Today , a substantial amount of `` dual - use '' hops are used , as well . These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties . These can be added to the boil at any time , depending on the desired effect . Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer . Flavors and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include `` grassy '' , `` floral '' , `` citrus '' , `` spicy '' , `` piney '' , `` lemony '' , `` grapefruit '' , and `` earthy '' . Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence , while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma . Certain ales ( particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA ) can have high levels of hop bitterness . Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution . Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability . Varieties ( edit ) Main article : List of hop varieties This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Breeding programs ( edit ) There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today . Historically , hops varieties were identified by geography ( such as Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang from Germany ) , by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them ( such as Goldings or Fuggles from England ) , or by their growing habit ( e.g. , Oregon Cluster ) . Around 1900 , a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties . The breeding program at Wye College in Wye , Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E.S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer 's Gold and Brewer 's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934 , and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959 . Brewer 's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release . Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s , when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently , Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd. , have focused on breeding the first dwarf hop varieties , which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow . Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers . Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs , particularly that of the dwarf varieties , is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material . Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles , for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European ( often German , Polish or Czech ) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt . British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles , Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops , Centennial hops , Willamette , Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties , including dwarf hop varieties . Hops from New Zealand , such as Pacific Gem , Motueka and Nelson Sauvin , are used in a `` Pacific Pale Ale '' style of beer with increasing production in 2014 . Noble hops ( edit ) Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany The term `` noble hops '' traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau , Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz . Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European - style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest / Märzen . In beer , they are considered aroma hops ( as opposed to bittering hops ) ; see Pilsner Urquell as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style , which showcases noble hops . As with grapes , the location where hops are grown affects the hops ' characteristics . Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled `` Dortmunder '' only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered `` noble '' only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named . Hallertau or Hallertauer -- The original German lager hop ; named after Hallertau or Holledau region in central Bavaria . Due to susceptibility to crop disease , it was largely replaced by Hersbrucker in the 1970s and 1980s . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3 -- 4 % ) Žatec ( Saaz ) -- Noble hop , named after Žatec town , used extensively in Bohemia to flavor pale Czech lagers such as Pilsner Urquell . Soft aroma and bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3 -- 4.5 % / Beta acid 3 -- 4.5 % ) Spalt -- Traditional German noble hop from the Spalter region south of Nuremberg . With a delicate , spicy aroma . ( Alpha acid 4 -- 5 % / beta acid 4 -- 5 % ) Tettnang -- Comes from Tettnang , a small town in southern Baden - Württemberg in Germany . The region produces significant quantities of hops , and ships them to breweries throughout the world . Noble German dual - use hop used in European pale lagers , sometimes with Hallertau . Soft bitterness . ( Alpha acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % / beta acid 3.5 -- 5.5 % ) English noble varieties are Fuggle , East Kent Goldings and Goldings . They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha : beta ratio of 1 : 1 , low alpha - acid levels ( 2 -- 5 % ) with a low cohumulone content , low myrcene in the hop oil , high humulene in the oil , a ratio of humulene : caryophyllene above three , and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation . In reality , this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age , due to beta - acid oxidation , and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage . Other Uses ( edit ) Young hop bines in North America Beverages ( edit ) In addition to beer , hops are also used in herbal teas and in soft drinks . These soft drinks include Julmust ( a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December ) , Malta ( a Latin American soft drink ) and kvass . Medicinal ( edit ) 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol Hops are also used in herbal medicine in a way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety , restlessness , and insomnia . A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness , and animal research has shown a sedative effect . The relaxing effect of hops may be due , in part , to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol , as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer . 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol is structurally similar to tert - amyl alcohol which was historically used as an anesthetic . Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months ' storage . Hops are of interest for hormone replacement therapy and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation - related problems . In preliminary veterinary research , hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture - associated laminitis in horses . Food source ( edit ) Hops can also be eaten , the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to asparagus . Toxicity ( edit ) Dermatitis sometimes results from harvesting hops . Although few cases require medical treatment , an estimated 3 % of the workers suffer some type of skin lesions on the face , hands , and legs . Hops are toxic to dogs . See also ( edit ) Beer portal Gruit , an old - fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavoring beer , popular before the extensive use of hops Mugwort , a herb historically used as a bitter in beer production Oast house , a building designed for drying hops Rhamnus prinoides , a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of mead called tej Humulus lupulus , the hop plant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Libraries : The Transfer of Knowledge . Hops - ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Lib.umn.edu. 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Schönberger C , Kostelecky T ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` 125th Anniversary Review : The Role of Hops in Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing ( Wiley Online Library ) . 117 ( 3 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hornsey , Ian S. ( 2003 ) . A History of Beer and Brewing . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 305 . ISBN 9780854046300 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Beer - A Broad Overview of Brewing , Tasting and Analyzing Beer - October 12th , 2006 , Beer & Brewing , The Brewing Process '' . Jongriffin.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson ( 1988 ) . The New World World Guide to Beer . Running Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89471 - 884 - 3 . Jump up ^ F.G. Priest ; Iain Campbell ( 2003 ) . Brewing microbiology . Springer . pp. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47288 - 6 . Jump up ^ H.S. Corran ( 23 Jan 1975 ) . History of Brewing . David and Charles PLC . p. 303 . ISBN 0715367358 . Jump up ^ Richard W. Unger ( 2004 ) . Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 100 . Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` The Reformation had some help from hops '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Knight , Charles ( 1832 ) . Antiquity of Beer . The Penny Magazine . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Adam ( 1764 ) . An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce . 1 . p. 461 . Jump up ^ Bamforth , Charles W. ( 1998 ) . Beer : tap into the art and science of brewing . Plenum Press . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45797 - 0 . Jump up ^ Knight , Paul D. `` HOPS IN BEER '' . USA Hops . Hop Growers of America . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents , Part 2 ; Part 4 . US Patent office . 1858 . p. 291 . ^ Jump up to : Peicanada Jump up ^ `` The London magazine , 1752 '' , page 332 Jump up ^ Summary of Reports : Nürnberg , Germany , 14 November 2006 , International Hop Growers ' Convention : Economic Committee Jump up ^ `` NCGR - Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources '' . Ars-grin.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Norman Moss , A Fancy to Worcesters Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Agricultural research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture Jump up ^ `` Herefordshire Through Time - Welcome '' . Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . FAOSTAT Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rome , Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Jump up ^ `` Humulus lupulus L. common hop '' . USDA Plants database . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Keegstra , Kenneth ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Plant Cell Walls '' . Plant Physiology. 154 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 486 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 110.161240 . ISSN 1532 - 2548 . PMC 2949028 . PMID 20921169 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries . Economic Plants and their Diseases , Pests and Weeds . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Agroatlas.ru . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Sewalish . `` Hops : Anatomy and Chemistry 101 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Connie 's Homepage - Hop Picking in Kent '' . Btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Hop - picking '' . Theorwellprize.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Smith , Keith . Around Malvern in old photographs ... Alan Sutton Publishing , Gloucester . ISBN 0 - 86299 - 587 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Levett Hop Tokens , 60 Bushels Denomination , The Fitzwilliam Museum , fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk '' . Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lebaron , Gaye ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Hops , once king of county 's crops , helped put region on map '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Verzele , M. ( 1986 - 01 - 02 ) . `` 100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing . 92 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 48 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2050 - 0416.1986. tb04372. x . ISSN 2050 - 0416 . ^ Jump up to : De Keukeleire , Denis . `` Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry '' . Química Nova . 23 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 112 . doi : 10.1590 / S0100 - 40422000000100019 . ISSN 0100 - 4042 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Jan F ; Page , Jonathan E ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer : to your good health ! '' . Phytochemistry. 65 ( 10 ) : 1317 -- 1330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2004.04. 025 . PMID 15231405 . Jump up ^ Milligan , S ; Kalita , J ; Pocock , V ; Heyerick , A ; Cooman , L De ; Rong , H ; Keukeleire , D De . `` Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto - oestrogen , 8 - prenylnaringenin '' . Reproduction. 123 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 242 . doi : 10.1530 / rep. 0.1230235 . Jump up ^ Hough , James S ( 1991 ) . The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39553 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Elizabeth ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer '' . Denver Post . Jump up ^ Underwood , Kristin . It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery . Treehugger. 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Palmer , John ( 2006 ) . How to Brew . Boulder , CO : Brewers Publications . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 937381 - 88 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hough JS , Briggs DE , Stevens R , Young TW ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Malting and Brewing Science : Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer . Springer . pp. 867 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1799 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery History : 121 , pp. 94 - 112 '' . www.breweryhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Capper , Allison ; Darby , Peter ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing ? '' ( PDF ) . British Hop Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Hops '' . British Hop Association . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On Trade Preview 2014 '' ( PDF ) . www.ontrade.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hop growers union of the Czech Republic '' . Czhops.cz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hop Chemistry : Homebrew Science '' . Byo.com. 2000 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Plants for a Future : Humulus lupulus Plants for a Future . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodriguez A , Barriga C , Juánez JC ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effects of hops ( Humulus lupulus ) , a component of beer , on the activity / rest rhythm '' . Acta Physiol Hung. 99 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . doi : 10.1556 / APhysiol. 99.2012. 2.6 . PMID 22849837 . Jump up ^ Franco L , Sánchez C , Bravo R , Rodríguez AB , Barriga C , Romero E , Cubero J ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e37290 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037290 . PMC 3399866 . PMID 22815680 . Jump up ^ Keiler AM , Zierau O , Kretzschmar G ( 2013 ) . `` Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints '' . Planta Med. 79 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 9 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0032 - 1328330 . PMID 23512496 . Jump up ^ `` Beer Breakthrough : Hops May Prevent Pasture - Associated Laminitis '' . Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once , Harvest Forever ... And Never Worry About Again '' . 8 March 2017 . torageprepper.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Duggins , Alexi ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` ' It 's like eating a hedgerow ' : why do hop shoots cost € 1,000 a kilo ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue University : Center for New Crops and Plant Products . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' L '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 1998 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Poison Control Center . Hops '' . ASPCA . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humulus lupulus . `` Hop '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=809023079 '' Categories : Brewing ingredients Crops originating from Europe Medicinal plants Medieval agriculture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Ελληνικά Esperanto Gaeilge Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Bahasa Melayu Scots Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did hops start being used in beer	[ "The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century[citation needed], though Hildegard of Bingen, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source.[3] Before this period, brewers used gruit, composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the old German name for horehound, Berghopfen, means \"mountain hops\"), ground ivy, and heather.[4] Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne's father, Pepin III.[5]" ]	[ "The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century" ]
2975786183190017329	Inside-the-park home run	Inside - the - park home run - wikipedia Inside - the - park home run Jump to : navigation , search In baseball , an inside - the - park home run is a play where a batter hits a home run without hitting the ball out of the field of play . It is also known as an `` in - the - park home run '' or `` in the park homer '' . It goes on the batter 's record as a hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discussion 2 Major league statistics 2.1 Career records 2.2 Single season records 2.3 Single game records 2.4 In the World Series 2.5 Rare occurrences 3 References 4 External links Discussion ( edit ) To score an inside - the - park home run , the player must touch all four bases ( in the order of first , second and third , ending at home plate ) before a fielder on the opposing team can tag him out . In Major League Baseball , if the defensive team commits an error during the play , it is not scored as a home run , but rather advancing on an error . Statistically , an inside - the - park home run counts as a regular home run in the player 's season and career totals . The vast majority of home runs occur when the batter hits the ball beyond the outfield fence on the fly . This is purely a feat of hitting with power , along with a fortuitous flight angle of the ball . The inside - the - park home run has a different character : it combines fast baserunning with a strong hit , usually aided by a lucky bounce of the ball . In the early days of Major League Baseball , with outfields more spacious and less uniform from ballpark to ballpark , inside - the - park home runs were common . However , in the modern era , with smaller outfields , the feat has become increasingly rare , happening only a handful of times each season . Today an inside - the - park home run is typically accomplished by a fast baserunner hitting the ball in a direction that bounces far away from the opposing team 's fielders . Sometimes ( such as Alcides Escobar 's inside - the - park homer in the 2015 World Series ) , the outfielder misjudges the ball or otherwise misplays it , but not so badly that an error is charged . Major League statistics ( edit ) Of the 154,483 home runs hit between 1951 and 2000 , 975 ( about 1 in every 158 ) were inside - the - park . The percentage has dwindled since the increase in emphasis on power hitting which began in the 1920s . Career records ( edit ) Major League -- Jesse Burkett -- 55 National League -- Tommy Leach -- 49 American League -- Ty Cobb -- 46 Major League post-1950 -- Willie Wilson -- 13 Single season records ( edit ) Major League and National League -- Sam Crawford -- 12 -- 1901 American League -- Ty Cobb -- 9 -- 1909 Single game records ( edit ) Major League and National League -- Tom McCreery -- 3 -- 1897 American League -- 17 tied -- 2 In the World Series ( edit ) Date Gm # Player Team Opponent October 1 , 1903 Jimmy Sebring Pittsburgh Pirates Boston Americans October 2 , 1903 Patsy Dougherty Boston Americans Pittsburgh Pirates October 13 , 1915 Duffy Lewis Boston Red Sox Philadelphia Phillies October 9 , 1916 Hy Myers Brooklyn Robins Boston Red Sox October 11 , 1916 Larry Gardner Boston Red Sox Brooklyn Robins October 10 , 1923 Casey Stengel New York Giants New York Yankees October 3 , 1926 Tommy Thevenow St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees October 7 , 1928 Lou Gehrig New York Yankees St. Louis Cardinals October 12 , 1929 Mule Haas Philadelphia Athletics Chicago Cubs October 27 , 2015 Alcides Escobar Kansas City Royals New York Mets Rare occurrences ( edit ) On July 13 , 1896 , Ed Delahanty of the Philadelphia Phillies hit four home runs in one game ( itself an extraordinarily rare feat ) , two of which were inside - the - park home runs . This event was the only time any homers in a four - homer game were inside - the - park . On April 27 , 1949 , Pete Milne hit an inside - the - park grand slam for his only career home run . It gave the New York Giants an 11 -- 8 lead over the Brooklyn Dodgers , which was also the final score . On July 25 , 1956 , Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to hit a walk - off inside - the - park grand slam in a 9 -- 8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs , at Forbes Field . On October 4 , 1986 during a Twins ' home game at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Greg Gagne tied a modern - era major league record by hitting two inside - the - park home runs against the Chicago White Sox . Only 18 players in major league history have performed this feat , with Gagne being just the second since 1930 . Both home runs were hit off Chicago starting pitcher Floyd Bannister , who also tied a modern - era major league record by allowing two inside - the - park home runs in one game . The Twins went on to win the game , 7 -- 3 . On May 3 , 1998 , in the first inning of a game against the Detroit Tigers , Seattle Mariners catcher Dan Wilson hit an inside - the - park grand slam . This was the first inside - the - park home run in Mariners history . On June 17 , 2007 , Prince Fielder of the Milwaukee Brewers hit a popup to center field that became an inside - the - park home run when Minnesota Twins outfielder Lew Ford lost the ball after it struck a speaker on the ceiling of the Metrodome . Fielder weighed 262 pounds at the time , becoming the third - heaviest player to hit an inside - the - park homer . On June 19 , 2008 , he hit another inside - the - park - homer at Miller Park in Milwaukee , versus the Toronto Blue Jays . In the 2007 All - Star Game , Ichiro Suzuki became the only player to hit an inside - the - park home run in an All - Star Game , hitting it at AT&T Park in San Francisco . Suzuki , playing for the victorious American League All - Stars , earned Most Valuable Player honors . On April 6 , 2009 , Emilio Bonifacio of the Florida Marlins became the first player in 41 years to hit an inside - the - park home run on Opening Day , which was also the first home run of Bonifacio 's Major League career . On August 18 , 2009 , Kyle Blanks of the San Diego Padres hit an inside - the - park home run against the Chicago Cubs . Weighing 285 pounds , he became the heaviest player to hit an inside - the - park home run . On July 18 , 2010 , Jhonny Peralta of the Cleveland Indians hit a three - run inside - the - park home run when Detroit Tigers outfielder Ryan Raburn crashed through the bullpen fence while trying to catch the ball . Peralta was one of the slowest runners then on the Indians ' roster , and would be traded to the Tigers ten days later . He took 16.74 seconds to round the bases , which was , at that point in the 2010 season , the slowest of any inside - the - park home run and slower than five regular home run trots . On May 25 , 2013 , Ángel Pagán of the San Francisco Giants hit an inside - the - park home run at AT&T Park in San Francisco , a tenth inning , two - run walk - off home run , with teammate Brandon Crawford on base . It was the first walk - off inside - the - park home run since 2004 , when Rey Sanchez of the Devil Rays hit one , also in the bottom of the tenth inning , also against the Rockies , albeit in a tie game . On May 21 , 2014 , Kurt Suzuki of the Minnesota Twins hit an inside - the - park home run against the San Diego Padres when the ball glanced off Padres left fielder Seth Smith 's glove . He thought it had cleared the wall for a home run and by the time he realized the ball was still in play it was too late . On July 8 , 2015 , Logan Forsythe of the Tampa Bay Rays hit an inside - the - park home run in the 4th inning against the Kansas City Royals when , in attempting to field the ball , Royals left fielder Alex Gordon injured his groin . Gordon was replaced by Jarrod Dyson , who hit an inside - the - park home run of his own in the 6th inning of the game . Dyson 's hit went past Rays left fielder David DeJesus , who , like Gordon , had been injured five years earlier , on July 22 , 2010 while playing for the Royals on a play that led to an inside - the - park home run for Derek Jeter . On September 2 , 2015 , Rubén Tejada of the New York Mets hit the ball down the right - field foul line , under the glove of Philadelphia Phillies outfielder Domonic Brown who , running full speed , flipped over the out - of - play wall in foul territory . Brown was unable to return to field the ball and it rolled to the deep right field fence in Citi Field before it was fielded by Phillies second baseman Cesar Hernández . Kelly Johnson also scored on the play . Brown later left the game with concussion - like symptoms . At 74.5 mph off the bat , it was the softest - hit homerun of the season to that point . On October 27 , 2015 Alcides Escobar of the Kansas City Royals hit an inside - the - park home run in Game 1 of the 2015 World Series . It was the first in a World Series game since Mule Haas in the 1929 World Series and the first hit by a leadoff batter since Patsy Dougherty did it for the Boston Americans ( now Red Sox ) in 1903 . On April 7 , 2016 , Jean Segura of the Arizona Diamondbacks hit an inside - the - park home run when Chicago Cubs outfielders Kyle Schwarber and Dexter Fowler collided in left center field . In the collision , Schwarber tore both the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) and lateral collateral ligament ( LCL ) in his left knee , rendering himself unable to play for the rest of the season until he was cleared to bat in the 2016 World Series . On September 8 , 2017 , Michael A. Taylor of the Washington Nationals hit an inside the park grand slam to deep center field off of Jake Thompson of the Philadelphia Phillies to put the Nationals up 6 - 3 in the bottom of the 3rd inning . Taylor hit a rising line drive which was misjudged by center fielder Odubel Herrera , ending up against the base of the center field fence . Taylor had previously accomplished a similar feat on September 9 , 2015 , but that one was later ruled a hit on an error by Yoenis Cespedes of the New York Mets . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Major League Baseball Rule 10 ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Alden ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Escobar 's inside - the - park HR one for the ages '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Matt ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Alcides Escobar hits 1st World Series inside - the - park HR since 1929 '' . cbssports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside The Park Home Run Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.williewilsonbaseball.org/Inside_the_Park.pdf Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Four Home Run Game by Ed Delahanty '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Milne Career Home Runs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Giants results from Baseball Reference '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleitz , David . `` Walk - Off Grand Slams '' . David Fleitz 's Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Chris ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` 25th anniversary : two Greg Gagne inside - the - park homers '' . The Hardball Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Finnegan , Bob ( 1998 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Mariners Play Inside Game -- Wilson 's Inside - The - Park Slam Keys Win ; Help From Tacoma Sought '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` DET@SEA : Wilson hits an inside - the - park grand slam '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers vs. Minnesota Twins -- Recap -- June 17 , 2007 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brock , Corey ( 2007 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Ichiro runs into record book '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Dunn / Bonifacio '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Blanks ' inside - the - parker '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peralta goes inside - the - park after Raburn falls through fence '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tater Trot Tracker : July 18 '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Angel Pagan hits first inside - the - park walk - off since 2004 '' . SI.com. 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com : Gameday '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rays and Royals exchange inside - the - park home runs in Royals ' win '' . Jump up ^ `` Ruben Tejada hits an inside - the - park home run '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Alcides Escobar hits leadoff inside - the - park home run in World Series Game 1 '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/171087378/cubs-kyle-schwarber-exits-with-injury/ Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/mlb/2016/10/26/world-series-kyle-schwarber-return-chicago-cubs Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2015/9/8/9286331/nationals-inside-the-park-hr-mets-error-yoenis-cespedes-oh-no External links ( edit ) Baseball Almanac Records Baseball 's most exciting play ( hide ) Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inside-the-park_home_run&oldid=803117278 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has hit the most inside-the-park home runs	[ "\nMajor League – Jesse Burkett – 55[4]\nNational League – Tommy Leach – 49[4]\nAmerican League – Ty Cobb – 46[4]\nMajor League post-1950 – Willie Wilson – 13[5]\n" ]	[ "Jesse Burkett" ]
-4558843751607798000	United States Senate	United States Senate - wikipedia United States Senate For current members of the Senate , see Current members of the United States Senate . United States Senate 115th United States Congress Seal of the U.S. Senate Flag of the U.S. Senate Type Type Upper house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership President of the Senate Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 President pro tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2017 Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Since January 3 , 2015 Structure Seats 100 Political groups Majority ( 51 ) Republican ( 51 ) Minority ( 49 ) Democratic ( 47 ) Independents ( 2 ) Length of term 6 years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in 45 states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states ; Two - round system in 1 state ; Ranked - choice voting in 1 state . Last election November 8 , 2016 ( 34 seats ) Next election November 6 , 2018 ( 33 seats ) Meeting place Senate chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website senate.gov Constitution United States Constitution The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which along with the United States House of Representatives -- the lower chamber -- comprises the legislature of the United States . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of its population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with 50 states currently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C. As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere . The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate . In the Vice President 's absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the party holding a majority of seats , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership 2.1 Qualifications 2.2 Elections and term 2.2. 1 Term 2.2. 2 Elections 2.2. 3 Mid-term vacancies 2.3 Oath 2.4 Salary and benefits 2.5 Seniority 2.6 Expulsion and other disciplinary actions 3 Majority and minority parties 3.1 Seating 4 Officers 4.1 Presiding over the Senate 4.2 Party leaders 4.3 Non-member officers 5 Procedure 5.1 Daily sessions 5.1. 1 Debate 5.1. 2 Filibuster and cloture 5.1. 3 Voting 5.1. 4 Closed session 5.2 Calendars 5.3 Committees 6 Functions 6.1 Legislation 6.2 Checks and balances 7 Current composition and election results 7.1 Current party standings 7.2 115th Congress 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Official Senate histories 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Senate The creators of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state , since it was sovereign , should be equally represented , and those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people , as the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom . This idea of having one chamber represent people equally , while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population , was known as the Connecticut Compromise . There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other . One was intended to be a `` People 's House '' directly elected by the people , and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents . The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government . The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally . The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation . First convened in 1789 , the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate . The name is derived from the senatus , Latin for council of elders ( from senex meaning old man in Latin ) . James Madison made the following comment about the Senate : In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The Senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , the people ought to have permanency and stability . The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state 's consent . The District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation allowed to vote in either House of the Congress . The District of Columbia elects two `` shadow U.S. Senators '' , but they are officials of the D.C. City Government and not members of the U.S. Senate . The United States has had 50 states since 1959 , thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959 . Historical graph of party control of the U.S. Senate and House as well as the presidency The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise , which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives , for a total minimum of three presidential Electors , regardless of population . In 1787 , Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island , whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming , based on the 1790 and 2000 censuses . This means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states . Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state , reducing the disparity of representation . Before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures . Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators , intrastate political struggles , and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators . Membership ( edit ) Qualifications ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Article I , Section 3 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for senators : ( 1 ) they must be at least 30 years old ; ( 2 ) they must have been citizens of the United States for the past 9 years or longer ; and ( 3 ) they must be inhabitants of the states they seek to represent at the time of their election . The age and citizenship qualifications for senators are more stringent than those for representatives . In Federalist No. 62 , James Madison justified this arrangement by arguing that the `` senatorial trust '' called for a `` greater extent of information and stability of character . '' The Senate ( not the judiciary ) is the sole judge of a senator 's qualifications . During its early years , however , the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members . As a result , three senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate : Henry Clay ( aged 29 in 1806 ) , Armistead Thomson Mason ( aged 28 in 1816 ) , and John Eaton ( aged 28 in 1818 ) . Such an occurrence , however , has not been repeated since . In 1934 , Rush D. Holt Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29 ; he waited until he turned 30 ( on the next June 19 ) to take the oath of office . In November 1972 , Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29 , but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing - in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973 . The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution disqualifies from the Senate any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the United States . This provision , which came into force soon after the end of the Civil War , was intended to prevent those who had sided with the Confederacy from serving . That Amendment , however , also provides a method to remove that disqualification : a two - thirds vote of both chambers of Congress . Elections and Term ( edit ) Originally , senators were selected by the state legislatures , not by popular elections . By the early years of the 20th century , the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums . Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment . Term ( edit ) Senators serve terms of six years each ; the terms are staggered so that approximately one - third of the seats are up for election every two years . This was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st Congress into thirds ( called classes ) , where the terms of one - third expired after two years , the terms of another third expired after four , and the terms of the last third expired after six years . This arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union . The staggering of terms has been arranged such that both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election , except when a mid-term vacancy is being filled . Current senators whose six - year terms are set to expire on January 3 , 2019 , belong to Class I . There is no constitutional limit to the number of terms a senator may serve . The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene -- Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 originally set that date for the third day of December . The Twentieth Amendment , however , changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day . The Twentieth Amendment also states that Congress shall assemble at least once in every year and allows Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires . Article 1 , Section 3 provides that the President has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion . A member who has been elected , but not yet seated , is called a `` senator - elect '' ; a member who has been appointed to a seat , but not yet seated , is called a `` senator - designate '' . Elections ( edit ) Further information : List of United States Senate elections Elections to the Senate are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even - numbered years , Election Day , and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives . Senators are elected by their state as a whole . The Elections Clause of the United States Constitution grants each state ( and Congress , if it so desires to implement a uniform law ) the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected . Ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates also vary from state to state . In 45 states , a primary election is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties ( and a select few third parties , depending on the state ) with the general election following a few months later . In most of these states , the nominee may receive only a plurality , while in some states , a runoff is required if no majority was achieved . In the general election , the winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote . However , in 5 states , different methods are used . In Georgia , a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority . In Washington , California , and Louisiana , a nonpartisan blanket primary ( also known as a `` jungle primary '' or `` top - two primary '' ) is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation and the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election , where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes . In Louisiana , the blanket primary is considered the general election and the winner of the blanket primary can win the overall election if he or she received a majority of the vote , skipping the run - off . This can lead to a potential situation in those three states in which both candidates advancing are affiliated with the same party and the seat is considered `` won '' by that party even though a winner has not been determined yet overall . In Maine , following two ballot initiatives in 2016 and 2018 , respectively , to establish and maintain instant - runoff voting , known in that state as `` ranked - choice voting '' , the state uses RCV to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices , including the Senate . Mid-term vacancies ( edit ) The Seventeenth Amendment requires that mid-term vacancies in the Senate be filled by special election . Whenever a Senator must be appointed or elected , the Secretary of the Senate mails one of three forms to the state 's governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator . If a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state 's other seat , each seat is contested separately . A senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six - year term expires ( i.e. not for a full term ) . The Seventeenth Amendment also allows state legislatures to give their governors the power `` to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct '' . The temporary appointee may run in the special election in their own right . As of 2015 , forty - five states permit their governors to make such appointments . In thirty - seven of these states , the special election to permanently fill the U.S. Senate seat is customarily held at the next general election . The other ten states require that seat remain vacant until an election can be held , often a special elections be held outside of the normal two - year election cycle . In six states , the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent . In September 2009 , Massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late Senator Edward Kennedy until the special election in January 2010 . In 2004 , Alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day , but that conflicted with each other . The effect of the ballot - approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator . Because the 17th Amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature -- not the people or the state generally -- it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature 's statute granting that authority . As a result , it is uncertain whether an Alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy . Oath ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution . Congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials ( except the President ) , including senators : I , ___ ___ , do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I take this obligation freely , without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter . So help me God . Salary and benefits ( edit ) The annual salary of each senator , since 2009 , is $174,000 ; the president pro tempore and party leaders receive $193,400 . In June 2003 , at least 40 of the then - senators were millionaires . Along with earning salaries , senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees , and are fully vested after five years of service . Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System ( FERS ) or Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . As it is for federal employees , congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants ' contributions . Under FERS , senators contribute 1.3 % of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2 % of their salary in Social Security taxes . The amount of a senator 's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest 3 years of their salary . The starting amount of a senator 's retirement annuity may not exceed 80 % of their final salary . In 2006 , the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972 , while those who retired under FERS , or in combination with CSRS , was $35,952 . Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there are fewer of them , and because they serve for longer terms , usually represent larger constituencies ( the exception being House at - large districts , which similarly cover entire states ) , sit on more committees , and have more staffers . Far more senators have been nominees for the presidency than representatives . Furthermore , three senators ( Warren Harding , John F. Kennedy , and Barack Obama ) have been elected president while serving in the Senate , while only one Representative ( James Garfield ) has been elected president while serving in the House , though Garfield was also a Senator - designate at the time of his election to the Presidency , having been chosen by the Ohio Legislature to fill a Senate vacancy . Seniority ( edit ) Main article : Seniority in the United States Senate According to the convention of Senate seniority , the senator with the longer tenure in each state is known as the `` senior senator '' ; the other is the `` junior senator '' . This convention does not have official significance , though seniority generally is a factor in the selection of physical offices . In the 115th Congress , the most - senior `` junior senator '' is Maria Cantwell of Washington , who was sworn in on January 3 , 2001 and is currently 21st in seniority , behind Patty Murray who was sworn in on January 3 , 1993 and is currently 9th in seniority . The most - junior `` senior senator '' is Bill Cassidy of Louisiana , who was sworn in January 3 , 2015 , and is currently 81st in seniority , ahead of senator John Neely Kennedy who was sworn in January 3 , 2017 and is currently 98th in seniority . Expulsion and other disciplinary actions ( edit ) The Senate may expel a senator by a two - thirds vote . Fifteen senators have been expelled in the Senate 's history : William Blount , for treason , in 1797 , and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the Confederate secession . Although no senator has been expelled since 1862 , many senators have chosen to resign when faced with expulsion proceedings -- for example , Bob Packwood in 1995 . The Senate has also censured and condemned senators ; censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office . Some senators have opted to withdraw from their re-election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion , such as Robert Torricelli in 2002 . Majority and minority parties ( edit ) The `` Majority party '' is the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats ; if two or more parties are tied , the vice president 's affiliation determines which party is the majority party . The next - largest party is known as the minority party . The president pro tempore , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Independents and members of third parties ( so long as they do not caucus with or support either of the larger parties ) are not considered in determining which is the majority party . Seating ( edit ) A typical Senate desk At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides . The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials . One hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle . The Democratic Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer 's right , and the Republican Party traditionally sits to the presiding officer 's left , regardless of which party has a majority of seats . In this respect , the Senate differs from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and other parliamentary bodies in the Commonwealth of Nations and elsewhere . Each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party . By custom , the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle . Forty - eight of the desks date back to 1819 , when the Senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812 Burning of Washington . Further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the Union . It is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes their name on the inside of the desk 's drawer . Officers ( edit ) The Senate side of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. Except for the President of the Senate , the Senate elects its own officers , who maintain order and decorum , manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate , and interpret the Senate 's rules , practices and precedents . Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day - to - day functions of the Senate . Presiding over the Senate ( edit ) Under the Constitution , the Vice President serves as President of the Senate . He or she may vote in the Senate ( ex officio , for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate ) in the case of a tie , but is not required to . For much of the nation 's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the Vice President 's principal duties ( the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for President and Vice President and to open the certificates `` in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , '' so that the total votes could be counted ) . Since the 1950s , Vice Presidents have presided over few Senate debates . Instead , they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions , such as swearing in new senators , joint sessions , or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination , or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated . The Constitution authorizes the Senate to elect a president pro tempore ( Latin for `` president for a time '' ) who presides over the chamber in the vice president 's absence , and is , by custom , the senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service . Like the vice president , the president pro tempore does not normally preside over the Senate , but typically delegates the responsibility of presiding to a majority - party senator who presides over the Senate , usually in blocks of one hour on a rotating basis . Frequently , freshmen senators ( newly elected members ) are asked to preside so that they may become accustomed to the rules and procedures of the body . It is said that , `` in practice they are usually mere mouthpieces for the Senate 's parliamentarian , who whispers what they should do '' . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the Senate chamber . The powers of the presiding officer of the Senate are far less extensive than those of the Speaker of the House . The presiding officer calls on senators to speak ( by the rules of the Senate , the first senator who rises is recognized ) ; ruling on points of order ( objections by senators that a rule has been breached , subject to appeal to the whole chamber ) ; and announcing the results of votes . Party leaders ( edit ) Each party elects Senate party leaders . Floor leaders act as the party chief spokesmen . The Senate Majority Leader is responsible for controlling the agenda of the chamber by scheduling debates and votes . Each party elects an assistant leader ( whip ) who works to ensure that his party 's senators vote as the party leadership desires . Non-member officers ( edit ) In addition to the Vice President , the Senate has several officers who are not members . The Senate 's chief administrative officer is the Secretary of the Senate , who maintains public records , disburses salaries , monitors the acquisition of stationery and supplies , and oversees clerks . The Assistant Secretary of the Senate aids the secretary 's work . Another official is the Sergeant at Arms who , as the Senate 's chief law enforcement officer , maintains order and security on the Senate premises . The Capitol Police handle routine police work , with the sergeant at arms primarily responsible for general oversight . Other employees include the Chaplain , who is elected by the Senate , and Pages , who are appointed . Procedure ( edit ) Daily sessions ( edit ) The Senate uses Standing Rules for operation . Like the House of Representatives , the Senate meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the Senate is a dais from which the presiding officer presides . The lower tier of the dais is used by clerks and other officials . Sessions of the Senate are opened with a special prayer or invocation and typically convene on weekdays . Sessions of the Senate are generally open to the public and are broadcast live on television , usually by C - SPAN 2 . Senate procedure depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs and traditions . The Senate commonly waives some of its stricter rules by unanimous consent . Unanimous consent agreements are typically negotiated beforehand by party leaders . A senator may block such an agreement , but in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer enforces the rules of the Senate , and may warn members who deviate from them . The presiding officer sometimes uses the gavel of the Senate to maintain order . A `` hold '' is placed when the leader 's office is notified that a senator intends to object to a request for unanimous consent from the Senate to consider or pass a measure . A hold may be placed for any reason and can be lifted by a senator at any time . A senator may place a hold simply to review a bill , to negotiate changes to the bill , or to kill the bill . A bill can be held for as long as the senator who objects to the bill wishes to block its consideration . Holds can be overcome , but require time - consuming procedures such as filing cloture . Holds are considered private communications between a senator and the Leader , and are sometimes referred to as `` secret holds '' . A senator may disclose that he or she has placed a hold . The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the Senate , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . A senator may request a quorum call by `` suggesting the absence of a quorum '' ; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present . In practice , senators rarely request quorum calls to establish the presence of a quorum . Instead , quorum calls are generally used to temporarily delay proceedings ; usually such delays are used while waiting for a senator to reach the floor to speak or to give leaders time to negotiate . Once the need for a delay has ended , a senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call . Debate ( edit ) Debate , like most other matters governing the internal functioning of the Senate , is governed by internal rules adopted by the Senate . During debate , senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer , but the presiding officer is required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak . Thus , the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate . Customarily , the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates even if another senator rises first . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , who is addressed as `` Mr. President '' or `` Madam President '' , and not to another member ; other Members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , senators do not refer to each other by name , but by state or position , using forms such as `` the senior senator from Virginia '' , `` the gentleman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee '' . Senators address the Senate standing next to their desk . Apart from rules governing civility , there are few restrictions on the content of speeches ; there is no requirement that speeches pertain to the matter before the Senate . The rules of the Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day . A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment ; hence , it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day . The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules ; thus , in most cases , senators may speak for as long as they please . Often , the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits . In other cases ( for example , for the budget process ) , limits are imposed by statute . However , the right to unlimited debate is generally preserved . Within the United States , the Senate is sometimes referred to as `` world 's greatest deliberative body '' . Filibuster and cloture ( edit ) Main articles : Filibuster in the United States Senate and Reconciliation ( United States Congress ) The filibuster is a tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely . A filibuster may entail long speeches , dilatory motions , and an extensive series of proposed amendments . The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture . In most cases , cloture requires the support of three - fifths of the Senate ; however , if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body -- this includes amending provisions regarding the filibuster -- a two - thirds majority is required . In current practice , the threat of filibuster is more important than its use ; almost any motion that does not have the support of three - fifths of the Senate effectively fails . This means that 41 senators can make a filibuster happen . Historically , cloture has rarely been invoked because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority , so a bill that already has bipartisan support is rarely subject to threats of filibuster . However , motions for cloture have increased significantly in recent years . If the Senate invokes cloture , debate does not end immediately ; instead , it is limited to 2 additional hours unless increased by another three - fifths vote . The longest filibuster speech in the Senate 's history was delivered by Strom Thurmond , who spoke for over 24 hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . Under certain circumstances , the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for a process called `` reconciliation '' by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster . This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours . Voting ( edit ) When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . The Senate often votes by voice vote . The presiding officer puts the question , and Members respond either `` Yea / Aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` Nay '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A senator , however , may challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and request a recorded vote . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the senators present . In practice , however , senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . When a recorded vote is held , the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order ; senators respond when their name is called . Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open . The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer , but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes . A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries . If the vote is tied , the vice president , if present , is entitled to cast a tie - breaking vote . If the vice president is not present , the motion fails . Filibustered bills require a three - fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote ( which usually means 60 votes ) and get to the normal vote where a simple majority ( usually 51 votes ) approves the bill . This has caused some news media to confuse the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill , with for example USA Today erroneously stating `` The vote was 58 - 39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws . That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure '' . Closed session ( edit ) Main article : Closed sessions of the United States Senate On occasion , the Senate may go into what is called a secret or closed session . During a closed session , the chamber doors are closed , cameras are turned off , and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy , not instructed in the rules of the closed session , or not essential to the session . Closed sessions are rare and usually held only when the Senate is discussing sensitive subject matter such as information critical to national security , private communications from the president , or deliberations during impeachment trials . A senator may call for and force a closed session if the motion is seconded by at least one other member , but an agreement usually occurs beforehand . If the Senate does not approve release of a secret transcript , the transcript is stored in the Office of Senate Security and ultimately sent to the national archives . The proceedings remain sealed indefinitely until the Senate votes to remove the injunction of secrecy . In 1973 the House adopted a rule that all committee sessions should be open unless a majority on the committee voted for a closed session . Calendars ( edit ) The Senate maintains a Senate Calendar and an Executive Calendar . The former identifies bills and resolutions awaiting Senate floor actions . The latter identifies executive resolutions , treaties , and nominations reported out by Senate committee ( s ) and awaiting Senate floor action . Both are updated each day the Senate is in session . Committees ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional committee Committee Room 226 in the Dirksen Senate Office Building is used for hearings by the Senate Judiciary Committee . The Senate uses committees ( and their subcommittees ) for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . Formally , the whole Senate appoints committee members . In practice , however , the choice of members is made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual senators , giving priority based on seniority . Each party is allocated seats on committees in proportion to its overall strength . Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as finance or foreign relations . Each standing committee may consider , amend , and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Furthermore , each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction . ( For instance , the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships , and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State . ) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The Senate also has several committees that are not considered standing committees . Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees ; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging . Legislation is referred to some of these committees , although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees . Committees may be established on an ad hoc basis for specific purposes ; for instance , the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal . Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks . The Congress includes joint committees , which include members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair ( usually a member of the majority party ) . Formerly , committee chairs were determined purely by seniority ; as a result , several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even senility . Committee chairs are elected , but , in practice , seniority is rarely bypassed . The chairs hold extensive powers : they control the committee 's agenda , and so decide how much , if any , time to devote to the consideration of a bill ; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president ; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports . This last role was particularly important in mid-century , when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial . They also have considerable influence : senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not . The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century , largely in the 1970s . Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it , than they were before reform . The second - highest member , the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party , is known in most cases as the ranking member . In the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee on Ethics , however , the senior minority member is known as the vice chair . Recent criticisms of the Senate 's operations object to what the critics argue is obsolescence as a result of partisan paralysis and a preponderance of arcane rules . Functions ( edit ) Legislation ( edit ) Further information : Act of Congress Bills may be introduced in either chamber of Congress . However , the Constitution 's Origination Clause provides that `` All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result , the Senate does not have the power to initiate bills imposing taxes . Furthermore , the House of Representatives holds that the Senate does not have the power to originate appropriation bills , or bills authorizing the expenditure of federal funds . Historically , the Senate has disputed the interpretation advocated by the House . However , when the Senate originates an appropriations bill , the House simply refuses to consider it , thereby settling the dispute in practice . The constitutional provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Although the Constitution gave the House the power to initiate revenue bills , in practice the Senate is equal to the House in the respect of spending . As Woodrow Wilson wrote : The Senate 's right to amend general appropriation bills has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of both houses is required for any bill , including a revenue bill , to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by sending amendments back and forth or by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to `` check and balance '' the powers of other elements of the Federal Government . These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the president 's government appointments ; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments ; it tries all impeachments , and it elects the vice president in the event no person gets a majority of the electoral votes . The Senate has the power to try impeachments ; shown above is Theodore R. Davis 's drawing of the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson , 1868 The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate . Officials whose appointments require the Senate 's approval include members of the Cabinet , heads of most federal executive agencies , ambassadors , Justices of the Supreme Court , and other federal judges . Under Article II , Section 2 of the Constitution , a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation ; however , Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate 's consent ( usually , confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision - making authority ) . Typically , a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee . Thereafter , the nomination is considered by the full Senate . The majority of nominees are confirmed , but in a small number of cases each year , Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it . In addition , the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed . Because of this , outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent ( there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history ) . The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are , however , subject to some constraints . For instance , the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate 's advice and consent . The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily ; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session . Nevertheless , presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee . Furthermore , as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States , although the Senate 's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials , it is not necessary for their removal . Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960 , the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments . U.S. Senate chamber c. 1873 : two or three spittoons are visible by desks The Senate also has a role in ratifying treaties . The Constitution provides that the president may only `` make Treaties , provided two thirds of the Senators present concur '' in order to benefit from the Senate 's advice and consent and give each state an equal vote in the process . However , not all international agreements are considered treaties under US domestic law , even if they are considered treaties under international law . Congress has passed laws authorizing the president to conclude executive agreements without action by the Senate . Similarly , the president may make congressional - executive agreements with the approval of a simple majority in each House of Congress , rather than a two - thirds majority in the Senate . Neither executive agreements nor congressional - executive agreements are mentioned in the Constitution , leading some scholars such as Laurence Tribe and John Yoo to suggest that they unconstitutionally circumvent the treaty - ratification process . However , courts have upheld the validity of such agreements . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . If the sitting President of the United States is being tried , the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial . During an impeachment trial , senators are constitutionally required to sit on oath or affirmation . Conviction requires a two - thirds majority of the senators present . A convicted official is automatically removed from office ; in addition , the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . The House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( One resigned before the Senate could complete the trial . ) Only two presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . Electoral College deadlocks are rare . The Senate has only broken a deadlock once ; in 1837 , it elected Richard Mentor Johnson . The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice . Current composition and election results ( edit ) Party membership by state for the 115th Congress 2 Democrats 2 Republicans 1 Democrat and 1 Republican 1 Independent and 1 Democrat 1 Independent and 1 Republican Current party standings ( edit ) Main article : Current members of the United States Senate The party composition of the Senate during the 115th Congress : Affiliation Members Republican Party 51 Democratic Party 47 Independent Total 100 115th Congress ( edit ) The 115th United States Congress runs from January 3 , 2017 to January 3 , 2019 . List of bills in the 115th United States Congress See also ( edit ) Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate Elections in the United States List of African - American United States Senators United States Presidents and control of Congress Women in the United States Senate Classes of United States Senators Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Caucusing with the Democrats Jump up ^ The two independent senators , Angus King and Bernie Sanders , caucus with the Democrats . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of the United States '' . Senate.gov . March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Amar , Vik D. ( 1988 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Senate and the Constitution '' . The Yale Law Journal . 97 ( 6 ) : 1111 -- 1130 . doi : 10.2307 / 796343 . JSTOR 796343 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Charles ; Reynolds , Mark ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Television Markets and U.S. Senate Elections '' . Legislative Studies Quarterly . 15 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 523 . doi : 10.2307 / 439894 . JSTOR 439894 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Berke ( September 12 , 1999 ) . `` In Fight for Control of Congress , Tough Skirmishes Within Parties '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Joseph S. Friedman ( March 30 , 2009 ) . `` The Rapid Sequence of Events Forcing the Senate 's Hand : A Reappraisal of the Seventeenth Amendment , 1890 -- 1913 '' . University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` Agreeing to Disagree : Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship , 198 '' . Ingentaconnect.com . June 16 , 2006 . doi : 10.3162 / 036298008784311000 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 1 '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary : senate '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Yates . Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Non-voting members of Congress '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii becomes 50th state '' . History.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power - Congress and Presidency - A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 - 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 3 : `` The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state , chosen by the legislature thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . '' Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home > Origins & Development > Institutional Development > Direct Election of Senators '' . Senate.gov . March 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1801 -- 1850 , November 16 , 1818 : Youngest Senator . United States Senate . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' . U.S. Senate official website . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ `` The Term of A Senator - When Does It Begin and End ? - Senate 98 - 29 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . United States Printing Office . pp. 14 -- 15 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( April 12 , 2018 ) . U.S. Senate Vacancies : Contemporary Developments and Perspectives ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . p. 2 - 3 . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ DeLeo , Robert A. ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Temporary Appointment of US Senator '' . Massachusetts Great and General Court . Jump up ^ DeLeo , Robert A. ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election '' . Massachusetts Great and General Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Stevens could keep seat in Senate '' . Anchorage Daily News . October 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ United States Constitution , Article VI Jump up ^ See : 5 U.S.C. § 3331 ; see also : U.S. Senate Oath of Office ^ Jump up to : Salaries . United States Senate . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Congress Salaries and Benefits '' . Usgovinfo.about.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sean Loughlin and Robert Yoon ( June 13 , 2003 ) . `` Millionaires populate U.S. Senate '' . CNN . Retrieved June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , Richard A. `` Traditions of the United States Senate '' ( PDF ) . Page 4 . Jump up ^ `` Seating Arrangement '' . Senate Chamber Desks . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chamber Desks - Overview '' . United States Senate . Jump up ^ `` Senate Chamber Desks - Names Listed inside the Desk Drawer '' . United States Senate . Jump up ^ `` Glossary Term : vice president '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary Term : president pro tempore '' . senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presiding Loses Its Prestige in Senate '' . rollcall.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin B. Gold , Senate Procedure and Practice , p. 39 : Every member , when he speaks , shall address the chair , standing in his place , and when he has finished , shall sit down . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Greatest Deliberative Body '' . Time . July 5 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` World 's greatest deliberative body watch '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Senate reform : Lazing on a Senate afternoon '' . The Economist . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quinton , Jeff . `` Thurmond 's Filibuster '' . Backcountry Conservative . July 27 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reconciliation , 2 U.S.C. § 641 ( e ) ( Procedure in the Senate ) . ^ Jump up to : `` How majority rule works in the U.S. Senate '' . Nieman Watchdog . July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Yea or Nay ? Voting in the Senate '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RS20145.pdf Jump up ^ Amer , Mildred . `` Secret Sessions of Congress : A Brief Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-718.pdf Jump up ^ `` Calendars & Schedules '' via Senate.gov Jump up ^ See , for examples , American Dictionary of National Biography on John Sherman and Carter Glass ; in general , Ritchie , Congress , p. 209 Jump up ^ Ritchie , Congress , p. 44 . Zelizer , On Capitol Hill describes this process ; one of the reforms is that seniority within the majority party can now be bypassed , so that chairs do run the risk of being deposed by their colleagues . See in particular p. 17 , for the unreformed Congress , and pp. 188 -- 9 , for the Stevenson reforms of 1977 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Congress , pp . 44 , 175 , 209 Jump up ^ Mark Murray ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` The inefficient Senate '' . Firstread.msnbc.msn.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Packer , George ( January 7 , 2009 ) . `` Filibusters and arcane obstructions in the Senate '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saturno , James . `` The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution : Interpretation and Enforcement '' , CRS Report for Congress ( Mar - 15 - 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Wirls , Daniel and Wirls , Stephen . The Invention of the United States Senate , p. 188 ( Taylor & Francis 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills , as distinguished from bills that levy taxes . See Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 - 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) . According to the Library of Congress , the Constitution provides the origination requirement for revenue bills , whereas tradition provides the origination requirement for appropriation bills . See Sullivan , John . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' , Library of Congress ( accessed August 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Sargent , Noel . `` Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions '' , Minnesota Law Review , Vol. 4 , p. 330 ( 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson Congressional Government , Chapter III : `` Revenue and Supply '' . Text common to all printings or `` editions '' ; in Papers of Woodrow Wilson it is Vol. 4 ( 1968 ) , p. 91 ; for unchanged text , see p. 13 , ibid . Jump up ^ Recess Appointments FAQ ( PDF ) . US Senate , Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 ; Ritchie , Congress p. 178 . Jump up ^ Bolton , John R. ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` Restore the Senate 's Treaty Power '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ For an example , and a discussion of the literature , see Laurence Tribe , `` Taking Text and Structure Seriously : Reflections on Free - Form Method in Constitutional Interpretation '' , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 108 , No. 6 . ( Apr. 1995 ) , pp. 1221 -- 1303 . Jump up ^ Complete list of impeachment trials . Archived December 8 , 2010 , at WebCite United States Senate . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 Bibliography ( edit ) Further information : U.S. senator bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Baker , Richard A . The Senate of the United States : A Bicentennial History Krieger , 1988 . Baker , Richard A. , ed. , First Among Equals : Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century Congressional Quarterly , 1991 . Barone , Michael , and Grant Ujifusa , The Almanac of American Politics 1976 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts ( 1975 ) ; new edition every 2 years David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress ( 2002 ) Caro , Robert A . The Years of Lyndon Johnson . Vol. 3 : Master of the Senate . Knopf , 2002 . Comiskey , Michael . Seeking Justices : The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas , 2004 . Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation XII : 2005 - 2008 : Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses ( 2010 ) ; massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , as well as major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . The Congress and the Nation 2009 - 2012 vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication . Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 ( 2005 ) ; Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly . Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) , the first of the series Cooper , John Milton , Jr . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations . Cambridge U. Press , 2001 . Davidson , Roger H. , and Walter J. Oleszek , eds. ( 1998 ) . Congress and Its Members , 6th ed . Washington DC : Congressional Quarterly . ( Legislative procedure , informal practices , and member information ) Gould , Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club : A History Of The Modern United States Senate ( 2005 ) Hernon , Joseph Martin . Profiles in Character : Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate , 1789 -- 1990 Sharpe , 1997 . Hoebeke , C.H. The Road to Mass Democracy : Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment . Transaction Books , 1995 . ( Popular elections of senators ) Lee , Frances E. and Oppenheimer , Bruce I. Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . U. of Chicago Press 1999 . 304 pp . MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker . The American Senate : An Insider 's History . Oxford University Press , 2013 . 455 pp . McFarland , Ernest W . The Ernest W. McFarland Papers : The United States Senate Years , 1940 -- 1952 . Prescott , Ariz. : Sharlot Hall Museum , 1995 ( Democratic majority leader 1950 -- 52 ) Malsberger , John W. From Obstruction to Moderation : The Transformation of Senate Conservatism , 1938 -- 1952 . Susquehanna U. Press 2000 Mann , Robert . The Walls of Jericho : Lyndon Johnson , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights . Harcourt Brace , 1996 Ritchie , Donald A. ( 1991 ) . Press Gallery : Congress and the Washington Correspondents . Harvard University Press . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2010 ) . The U.S. Congress : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . Rothman , David . Politics and Power the United States Senate 1869 -- 1901 ( 1966 ) Swift , Elaine K . The Making of an American Senate : Reconstitutive Change in Congress , 1787 -- 1841 . U. of Michigan Press , 1996 Valeo , Frank . Mike Mansfield , Majority Leader : A Different Kind of Senate , 1961 -- 1976 Sharpe , 1999 ( Senate Democratic leader ) VanBeek , Stephen D. Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . U. of Pittsburgh Press 1995 Weller , Cecil Edward , Jr . Joe T. Robinson : Always a Loyal Democrat . U. of Arkansas Press , 1998 . ( Arkansas Democrat who was Majority leader in 1930s ) Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin , 1885 ; also 15th ed. 1900 , repr . by photoreprint , Transaction books , 2002 . Wirls , Daniel and Wirls , Stephen . The Invention of the United States Senate Johns Hopkins U. Press , 2004 . ( Early history ) Zelizer , Julian E. On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 ( 2006 ) Zelizer , Julian E. , ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) ( overview ) Official Senate histories ( edit ) Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 1989 The following are published by the Senate Historical Office . Robert Byrd . The Senate , 1789 -- 1989 . Four volumes . Vol . I , a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate Vol. II , a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate 's operation and powers Vol . III , Classic Speeches , 1830 -- 1993 Vol. IV , Historical Statistics , 1789 -- 1992 Dole , Bob . Historical Almanac of the United States Senate Hatfield , Mark O. , with the Senate Historical Office . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789 -- 1993 ( essays reprinted online ) Frumin , Alan S. Riddick 's Senate Procedure . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Senate '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Senate . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who serves as president of the united states senate	[ "Under the Constitution, the Vice President serves as President of the Senate. He or she may vote in the Senate (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but is not required to.[32] For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the Vice President's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for President and Vice President and to open the certificates \"in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,\" so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, Vice Presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated.\n" ]	[ "the Vice President" ]
-656605206772674075	Barbara Billingsley	Barbara Billingsley - wikipedia Barbara Billingsley Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barbara Billingsley Tony Dow , Barbara Billingsley , and Jerry Mathers as Wally , June , and Beaver Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver , 1959 . Barbara Lillian Combes ( 1915 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1915 Los Angeles , California , U.S. October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) ( aged 94 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Cause of death Polymyalgia rheumatica Resting place Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery Santa Monica , California , U.S. Education Washington Preparatory High School Alma mater Los Angeles Junior College Occupation Actress Years active 1945 -- 2007 Spouse ( s ) Glenn Billingsley ( m . 1941 ; div. 1947 ) Roy Kellino ( m . 1953 ; d . 1956 ) William Mortensen ( m . 1959 ; d . 1981 ) Children Barbara Billingsley ( born Barbara Lillian Combes ; December 22 , 1915 -- October 16 , 2010 ) was an American film , television , voice , and stage actress . She gained prominence in the 1950s movie The Careless Years , acting opposite Natalie Trundy , followed by her best known role , that of June Cleaver , the mother in the television series Leave It to Beaver ( 1957 -- 63 ) and its sequel The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1983 -- 89 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early years 2.2 Leave It to Beaver 2.3 After Beaver 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Filmography 6 Television appearances 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Billingsley was born Barbara Lillian Combes on December 22 , 1915 , in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of Lillian Agnes ( née McLaughlin ; 1891 -- 1956 ) and Robert Collyer Combes ( 1891 -- 1950 ) , a police officer . She had one elder sibling , Elizabeth ( 1911 -- 1992 ) . Her parents divorced sometime before her fourth birthday , and her father , who later became an assistant chief of police , remarried . After her divorce , Lillian Combes went to work as a foreman at a knitting mill . Career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) After attending Los Angeles Junior College for one year , Billingsley traveled to Broadway , when Straw Hat , a revue in which she was appearing , attracted enough attention to send it to New York City . When the show closed , after five days , she took an apartment on 57th Street and went to work as a $60 - a-week fashion model . In 1941 , she married Glenn Billingsley , Sr. She landed a contract with MGM Studios in 1945 and moved with her husband to Los Angeles the following year . That same year , Glenn Billingsley opened a restaurant there . She had mostly uncredited roles in major motion pictures in the 1940s . These roles continued into the first half of the 1950s with supporting roles in Three Guys Named Mike ( 1951 ) , opposite Jane Wyman ; The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) ; and the science - fiction film Invaders from Mars ( 1953 ) . In 1952 , Billingsley had her first role as a guest star , in an episode of The Abbott and Costello Show . In 1955 , she won a co-starring role in the sitcom Professional Father , starring Stephen Dunne and Beverly Washburn . The series lasted one season . The following year , Billingsley had a recurring role on The Brothers ( with Gale Gordon and Bob Sweeney ) , as well as an appearance with David Niven on his anthology series Four Star Playhouse . In 1957 , she co -- starred opposite Dean Stockwell and Natalie Trundy in The Careless Years , her first and only major role in film . Billingsley appeared in guest roles on The Pride of the Family , Schlitz Playhouse of Stars , Letter to Loretta , You Are There , and Cavalcade of America . She appeared on Make Room for Daddy on January 14 , 1957 , in the episode `` Danny 's Date '' , in which she played Mary Rogers . Leave It to Beaver ( edit ) Cast of Leave It to Beaver After Billingsley signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1957 , she made her mark on TV as everyday mother June Cleaver on Leave It to Beaver , alongside other 1950s family sitcoms such as Father Knows Best , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , Make Room For Daddy , and The Donna Reed Show . It debuted on CBS in 1957 , to mediocre ratings . The show was picked up by ABC the following year and became a hit , airing for the next five seasons . The show was broadcast in over 100 countries . Also starring on Beaver were Hugh Beaumont , in the role of Ward Cleaver , June 's husband and the kids ' father , as well as child actors Tony Dow in the role of Wally Cleaver and Jerry Mathers as Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver . In the show , Billingsley often could be seen doing household chores wearing pearls and earrings . The pearls , which in real life were Billingsley 's trademark , were , in turn , her idea to have her alter ego wear on television . The actress had what she termed `` a hollow '' on her neck and thought that wearing a strand of white pearls would lighten it up for the cameras . In later seasons , she started wearing high heels to compensate for the fact that the actors playing her sons were getting taller than she was . The pearl necklace was so closely associated with the character that an entire episode of the sequel series dealt with the necklace when it was lost . Billingsley had one regret about the show 's lasting success : residual payments ended after six reruns in standard 1950s actors ' contracts . `` She was the ideal mother '' , Billingsley said of her character in 1997 in TV Guide . `` Some people think she was weakish , but I do n't . She was the love in that family . She set a good example for what a wife could be . I had two boys at home when I did the show . I think the character became kind of like me and vice versa . I 've never known where one started and where one stopped . '' As for the idealized TV family on Leave It to Beaver , which continues in reruns on cable more than half a century after its debut , Billingsley had her own explanation for the Cleavers ' enduring appeal . `` Good grief , '' she told TV Guide , `` I think everybody would like a family like that . Would n't it be nice if you came home from school and there was Mom standing there with her little apron and cookies waiting ? '' Billingsley , however , questioned her character 's reactions to the Cleaver children 's misbehavior , basing her concern on personal experience as the mother of two sons . As the co-producer Joseph Connelly explained , `` In scenes where she 's mad at the boys , she 's always coming over to us with the script and objecting . ' I do n't see why June is so mad over what Beaver 's done . I certainly would n't be . ' As a result , many of Beaver 's crimes have been rewritten into something really heinous like lying about them , in order to give his mother a strong motive for blowing her lady - like stack . '' After six seasons and 234 episodes , the popular series was canceled because of the cast 's desire to move on to other projects , especially Mathers , who retired from acting to enter his freshman year in high school . The younger actor considered Billingsley a mentor , a second mother , and a close professional friend : Barbara was always , though , a true role model for me . She was a great actress . And a lot of people , you know , when they see her talk jive talk , they always say she can do other things besides be a mom on Leave It to Beaver . And I tell them , Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , she 's been a great comedian all her life . And in a lot of ways , just like All in the Family , we kind of stifled her , because her true talent did n't really come out in Leave It to Beaver . She was the straight woman , but she has an awful lot of talent . After Beaver ( edit ) When production of the show ended in 1963 , Billingsley had become typecast as saccharine sweet and had trouble obtaining acting jobs for years . She traveled extensively abroad until the late 1970s . After an absence of 17 years from the public eye ( other than appearing in two episodes of The F.B.I. in 1971 ) , Billingsley spoofed her wholesome image with a brief appearance in the comedy Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , as a passenger who could `` speak jive . '' She stated that the role gave her as much publicity as Beaver , and revived her career . Returning to TV work , she appeared on episodes of Mork & Mindy and The Love Boat . In 1983 , she reprised her role as June Cleaver in the Leave It to Beaver reunion television movie entitled Still the Beaver in 1983 . Hugh Beaumont had died the year before of a heart attack , so she played his widow . She also appeared in the subsequent revival of the series , The New Leave It to Beaver , from 1985 - 89 . During the run of The New Leave It to Beaver , Billingsley became the voice of Nanny on Muppet Babies from 1984 - 91 . For her performance as Nanny , she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series in 1989 and 1990 . After The New Leave It to Beaver ended its run in 1989 , Billingsley appeared in guest roles on Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Empty Nest , and Murphy Brown . She also reprised her role as June Cleaver in various television shows , including Elvira 's Movie Macabre , Amazing Stories , Baby Boom , Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! , and Roseanne . In 1998 , she appeared on Candid Camera , along with June Lockhart and Isabel Sanford , as audience members in a spoof seminar on motherhood . Billingsley 's final film role was as `` Aunt Martha '' in the 1997 film version of Leave It to Beaver . She made her final onscreen appearance in the 2003 television movie Secret Santa . After the show 's cancellation , Mathers remained her close friend . They were reunited on The New Leave It to Beaver . Billingsley , Mathers , Dow , Frank Bank , and Ken Osmond celebrated the show 's 50th anniversary together on ABC 's Good Morning America . Personal life ( edit ) Billingsley was married three times and had two children . She married Glenn Billingsley , Sr. ( 1912 -- 1984 ) in 1941 . Glenn Billingsley was a restaurateur who was a nephew of Sherman Billingsley , the owner of the Stork Club . His businesses included Billingsley 's Golden Bull , Billingsley 's Bocage , and the Outrigger Polynesian restaurants in Los Angeles , and a Stork Club in Key West , Florida , where the couple lived briefly , after they were married . They had two sons , Drew and Glenn , Jr. , and divorced in 1947 . In 1953 , she married British - born movie director Roy Kellino . They were married until Kellino 's death in 1956 . Billingsley 's third and final marriage was to Dr. William S. Mortensen . They married in 1959 and remained together until Mortensen 's death in 1981 . Death ( edit ) Billingsley died of polymyalgia at her home in Santa Monica , California , on October 16 , 2010 , at the age of 94 . She is interred at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1945 So You Think You 're Allergic Blonde with Hives Short subject Uncredited 1945 Adventure Dame # 2 Uncredited 1946 Up Goes Maisie Barb 's Friend at Maisie 's Engagement Party Uncredited 1946 Two Sisters from Boston Party Guest Uncredited 1946 Faithful in My Fashion Mary - Department Store Clerk Uncredited 1946 Three Wise Fools Sister Mary Leonard Uncredited 1946 Undercurrent Party Guest Uncredited 1946 The Secret Heart Saleswoman Uncredited 1947 The Arnelo Affair Weil Uncredited 1947 The Sea of Grass Bridesmaid Uncredited 1947 Living in a Big Way G.I. Bill 's Wife Uncredited 1947 The Romance of Rosy Ridge Wife Uncredited 1947 The Unfinished Dance Miss Morgan Uncredited 1948 The Argyle Secrets Elizabeth Court 1948 Souvenirs of Death Johnny 's Mom Uncredited 1948 The Saxon Charm Mrs. Maddox Uncredited 1948 The Valiant Hombre Linda Mason 1948 Act of Violence Voice role Uncredited 1949 The Sun Comes Up Nurse Uncredited 1949 Caught Store customer in flowered hat Uncredited 1949 I Cheated the Law Ruth Campbell 1949 Any Number Can Play Gambler Uncredited 1949 Air Hostess Madeline Moore 1949 Prejudice Doris Green 1949 A Kiss for Corliss Miss Hibbs , Harry 's Secretary Uncredited 1950 Shadow on the Wall Olga 1950 Trial Without Jury Rheta Mulford 1950 Pretty Baby Edna the Receptionist 1950 Dial 1119 Dorothy , Editor 's Secretary Uncredited 1951 Three Guys Named Mike Ann White 1951 Inside Straight Miss Meadson 1951 Oh ! Susanna Mrs. Lark Uncredited 1951 The Tall Target Young Mother Uncredited 1951 Angels in the Outfield Hat Check Girl in Restaurant Uncredited 1951 Two - Dollar Bettor Miss Pierson Credited as Barbara Billinsley 1952 Invitation Miss Alvy - Simon 's Secretary Uncredited 1952 Young Man with Ideas Aggie - Party Guest Uncredited 1952 Woman in the Dark Evelyn Courtney 1952 The Bad and the Beautiful Evelyn Lucien , Costume Designer Uncredited 1953 The Lady Wants Mink Phyllis Uncredited 1953 Invaders from Mars Kelston 's Secretary Uncredited 1954 Day of Triumph Claudia - Wife of Pilate Uncredited 1957 The Careless Years Helen Meredith 1980 Airplane ! Jive Lady Alternative title : Flying High ! Back to the Beach Announcer 1988 Going to the Chapel Leave It to Beaver Aunt Martha Television appearances ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1952 Rebound Pat 2 episodes 1953 The Abbott and Costello Show Becky the Cashier Episode : `` Television '' 1953 Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson Episode : `` Half the Action '' 1953 The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse Segment : `` When a Lovely Woman '' 1953 -- 1954 City Detective Lita Barbara Fuller 2 episodes 1953 -- 1955 Four Star Playhouse Various roles 3 episodes 1953 -- 1955 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Various roles 6 episodes 1953 -- 1957 Cavalcade of America Dorothea Meadows Harriet Kohler 2 episodes 1954 The Pride of the Family Episode : `` Albie 's Old Flame '' 1954 The Lone Wolf Jean Arnold Episode : `` The Long Beach Story ( a.k.a. The Smuggling Story ) '' 1954 Fireside Theater Episode : `` The Whole Truth '' 1955 Professional Father Helen Wilson 18 episodes 1955 You Are There Catherine Green Episode : `` Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin ( May 27 , 1793 ) '' 1956 Matinee Theater Episode : `` Summer Cannot Last '' 1956 The Loretta Young Show Connie Episode : `` Tightwad Millionaire '' 1956 General Electric Summer Originals Episode : `` Jungle Trap '' 1956 The Ford Television Theatre Mrs. Sloan Episode : `` Catch at Straws '' 1956 -- 1957 The Brothers Barbara 5 episodes 1957 Panic ! Mrs. Mason Episode : `` The Subway '' 1957 Mr. Adams and Eve Episode : `` That Magazine '' 1957 Studio 57 June Cleaver Episode : `` It 's a Small World '' 1957 -- 1963 Leave It to Beaver June Cleaver 235 episodes 1971 The F.B.I. Joan Connor Mrs. Rankin 2 episodes 1982 Mork & Mindy Louise Bailey Episode : `` Cheerleader in Chains '' Still the Beaver June Cleaver Television movie High School U.S.A. Mrs. McCarthy Television movie 1983 -- 1987 The Love Boat Phyllis Cowens June Cleaver 2 episodes 1983 -- 1989 The New Leave It to Beaver June Cleaver 101 episodes 1984 Elvira 's Movie Macabre June Cleaver Episode : `` The Human Duplicators '' 1984 Silver Spoons Miss Bugden Episode : `` I Wo n't Dance '' 1984 -- 1991 Muppet Babies Nanny ( Voice ) 107 episodes 1985 Amazing Stories June Cleaver Episode : `` Remote Control Man '' The New Mike Hammer Sister Superior Paula Episode : `` Who Killed Sister Lorna ? '' Bay Coven Beatrice Gower Television movie 1988 Baby Boom June Cleaver Episode : `` Guilt '' 1989 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Mirahda ( Voice ) Episode : `` Invasion of the Turtle Snatchers '' 1989 Monsters Episode : `` Reaper '' 1991 Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose Ms. Musso 's Mother Episode : `` Jerry : Portrait of a Video Junkie '' 1991 Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! June Cleaver Episode : `` Make My Bed '' 1991 Empty Nest Winifred McConnell Episode : `` My Nurse Is Back and There 's Gonna Be Trouble ... '' 1993 -- 1994 The Mommies Caryl 's mother Jeanne - Marilyn 's Mom 2 episodes Murphy Brown Mrs. Stritch Episode : `` Crime Story '' 2000 Mysterious Ways Abby Westmore Episode : `` Handshake '' 2003 Secret Santa Miss Ruthie Television movie , ( Last appearance ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Barbara Billingsley Dies '' . Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , Mother on ' Leave It to Beaver ' , Dies at 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Adam ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , 94 , Dies ; Actress Was Model Mom on ' Leave It To Beaver ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Combes 's status as a patrolman with the Los Angeles Police Department is stated on his 1917 draft registration , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . The website indicates that Combes was then married with two children . According to U.S. Federal Census information , Combes , like his first wife , was the child of an American father and an English mother . He was a native of Sea Cliff Village , Oyster Bay , New York ; his father , Henry P. Combes ( 1860 -- 1920 ) , was a carpenter , and his mother , the former Helen Merritt ( 1864 -- 1949 ) , was a reporter . Information cited on 1900 U.S. Federal Census , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Only one sibling , Elizabeth , is cited on 1920 and 1930 U.S. Federal Censuses , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . The birth and death dates for Elizabeth Combes ( later known as Elizabeth `` Betty '' McLaughlin ) are cited on ancestry.com . Jump up ^ The 1920 U.S. Federal Census for Los Angeles , California , gives the entire Combes household as Lillian Combes , head of household and divorced , and two daughters , Elizabeth , aged eight , and Barbara , aged four ; the same census states that Robert Collyer Combes , a 28 - year - old divorced police officer , was living as a lodger elsewhere in the city . The 1930 U.S. Federal Census states that Robert Collyer Combes , by then a captain in the Los Angeles police force , was living with his new wife , Maria S. Combes ( 1903 -- 1999 ) , and that the couple had been married since 1925 . Maria Combes 's birth and death dates are listed on the Social Security Death Index , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mother 's occupation stated in the 1930 U.S. Federal Census , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara Billingsley on IMDb Jump up ^ Good Morning America , ABC , October 2007 . Jump up ^ Mathers , Jerry ( 1998 ) ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books . Jump up ^ Arnold , Lawrence ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , Iconic TV Mom June Cleaver , Dead at 94 '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Nina Clare ( 1995 ) . Living Room Lectures : The Fifties Family in Film and Television . University of Texas Press . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Billingsley , Barbara ( interview ) ( May 27 , 2010 ) . Barbara Billingsley on speaking `` jive '' in `` Airplane '' . YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Ralph Blumenthal , Stork Club : America 's Most Famous Nightspot and the Lost World of Cafe Society ( Back Bay , 2001 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Leave It to Beaver 's Barbara Billingsley Loved Being America 's Mom '' . people.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bygre , Duane ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Leave It to Beaver ' Mom Barbara Billingsley Dies '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Michael ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , TV 's June Cleaver , Dies at 94 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal M. ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Santa Monica Consolidates Cemetery Prices '' . smmirror.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Applebaum , Irwyn . The World According to Beaver . TV Books , 1984 , 1998 . Mathers , Jerry ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books , 1998 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal California portal Barbara Billingsley on IMDb Barbara Billingsley at the TCM Movie Database Barbara Billingsley interview video at the Archive of American Television Barbara Billingsley at AllMovie Barbara Billingsley at Find a Grave VIAF : 26807877 LCCN : no2005119595 BNF : cb14156062x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Billingsley&oldid=801588241 '' Categories : 1915 births 2010 deaths 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Female models from California American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses American television personalities American voice actresses Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica Deaths from musculoskeletal disorders Disease - related deaths in California Los Angeles City College alumni Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the mother in leave it to beaver	[ "After Billingsley signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1957, she made her mark on TV as everyday mother June Cleaver on Leave It to Beaver, alongside other 1950s family sitcoms such as Father Knows Best, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Make Room For Daddy, and The Donna Reed Show. It debuted on CBS in 1957, to mediocre ratings. The show was picked up by ABC the following year and became a hit, airing for the next five seasons. The show was broadcast in over 100 countries. Also starring on Beaver were Hugh Beaumont, in the role of Ward Cleaver, June's husband and the kids' father, as well as child actors Tony Dow in the role of Wally Cleaver and Jerry Mathers as Theodore \"Beaver\" Cleaver." ]	[ "Billingsley" ]
-4724105164068465868	Tiffany Blue	Tiffany Blue - Wikipedia Tiffany Blue Tiffany Blue Color coordinates Hex triplet # 81D8D0 sRGB ( r , g , b ) ( 129 , 216 , 208 ) HSV ( h , s , v ) ( 174 ° , 40 % , 85 % ) Source Tiffany.com B : Normalized to ( 0 -- 255 ) ( byte ) Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co. , the New York City jewelry company , created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837 . The color was used on the cover of Tiffany 's Blue Book , first published in 1845 . Since then , Tiffany & Co. has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags . The Tiffany Blue color is protected as a color trademark by Tiffany & Co. in some jurisdictions including the U.S. The color is produced as a private custom color by Pantone , with PMS number 1837 , the number deriving from the year of Tiffany 's foundation . As a trademarked color , it is not publicly available and is therefore not printed in the Pantone Matching System swatch books . See also ( edit ) Lists of colors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Tiffany & Co. : Tiffany Blue '' . Tiffany & Co . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , William L. ( January 10 , 2002 ) . `` Seeing the Future in All Its Hues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brief of Amicus Curiae Tiffany ( NJ ) LLC '' . 2011 . pp. 8 -- 9 . External links ( edit ) Tiffany & Co. website hide Shades of cyan Alice blue Aqua Aquamarine Azure mist Celeste Cerulean Cyan Electric blue Jungle green Magic mint Mint Persian green Pine green Robin egg blue Sea green Skobeloff Sky blue Tiffany Blue Teal Turquoise Verdigris A typical sample is shown for each name ; a range of color - variations is commonly associated with each color - name . hide Shades of blue Air Force blue Air superiority blue Alice blue Azure Baby blue Bleu de France Blue Blue - gray Bondi blue Brandeis blue Byzantine blue Cambridge Blue Carolina blue Celeste Cerulean Cobalt blue Columbia Blue Cornflower blue Cyan Dark blue Deep sky blue Denim Dodger blue Duke blue Egyptian blue Electric blue Eton blue Federal blue Glaucous Electric indigo Indigo International Klein Blue Iris Light blue Majorelle Blue Marian blue Maya blue Medium blue Midnight blue Navy blue Non-photo blue Oxford Blue Palatinate blue Periwinkle Persian blue Phthalo blue Powder blue Prussian blue Royal blue Sapphire Sky blue Steel blue Teal Tiffany Blue True Blue Tufts Blue Turquoise UCLA Blue Ultramarine Violet - blue Viridian Yale Blue YInMn Blue Zaffre Related topics : Ao ( color ) St. Patrick 's blue Template : Shades of cyan This color - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Blue&oldid=823579442 '' Categories : Shades of cyan Shades of blue Trademarks Color stubs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what is the pantone color for tiffany blue	[ "The color is produced as a private custom color by Pantone, with PMS number 1837, the number deriving from the year of Tiffany's foundation. As a trademarked color, it is not publicly available and is therefore not printed in the Pantone Matching System swatch books.[citation needed]" ]	[ "PMS number 1837" ]
8186511438734229573	Resident Evil (film series)	Resident Evil ( film series ) - Wikipedia Resident Evil ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the animated film series , see Resident Evil ( animated film series ) . Resident Evil Produced by Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Written by Paul W.S. Anderson Based on Resident Evil by Capcom Starring Milla Jovovich Production company Constantin Film Davis Films Impact Pictures Capcom Co , Ltd . Distributed by Screen Gems Language English Budget $290 million Box office $1.233 billion Resident Evil is an action - horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom . German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers . In 2001 , Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W.S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil ( 2002 ) . Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) and Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) , and returned as the director for Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) , Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) and Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2016 ) . The films follow Alice ( Milla Jovovich ) , a character created for the films , who battles the Umbrella Corporation , whose bioweapons have triggered a zombie apocalypse . Characters from the games also appear , including Jill Valentine , Carlos Olivera , Claire Redfield , Albert Wesker , Chris Redfield , Barry Burton , Leon S. Kennedy , Ada Wong and James Marcus . Despite negative reviews , the Resident Evil film series is the highest - grossing film series based on a video game , having grossed over $1.233 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Resident Evil ( 2002 ) 1.2 Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) 1.3 Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) 1.4 Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) 1.5 Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) 1.6 Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2016 ) 1.7 Reboot 2 Cast and characters 3 Crew 4 Reception 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical and public response 5 Novelizations 6 Home media releases 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Films ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Resident Evil ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil ( film ) Actress Milla Jovovich portrays Alice in the film series . Countries in which the Resident Evil film series was filmed In January 1997 , Constantin Film acquired the rights to the Resident Evil franchise with Alan B. McElroy possibly writing the script . By 2001 , Columbia TriStar was in final negotiations to acquire North American distribution rights to Resident Evil and budgeted the movie at $40 million . George A. Romero was hired by Sony and Capcom to direct and write Resident Evil . His script was later rejected and he was ultimately dropped . Capcom producer Yoshiki Okamoto stated that `` Romero 's script was n't good , so Romero was fired '' . Paul W.S. Anderson was then hired by Sony to write a screenplay and in late 2000 , Anderson was announced as director and writer . Anderson stated the film would not include any tie - ins with the video game series as `` under - performing movie tie - ins are too common and Resident Evil , of all games , deserved a good celluloid representation '' . In 2001 , Milla Jovovich was cast as Alice , the protagonist of the film . In the film , the Umbrella Corporation operates a top - secret genetic research facility named The Hive . Located deep beneath Raccoon City , The Hive has been sealed by The Red Queen ( the AI that controls the Hive ) due to the release of the T - Virus into the facility . The Red Queen kills every living thing in the facility to ensure that the T - Virus does n't reach the surface , but the T - Virus reanimates them , transforming the humans into ravenous zombies and the animals into highly aggressive mutants . Alice ( Milla Jovovich ) was once a security operative working for the Corporation until her memory was wiped by the Red Queen 's nerve gas . As the team attempts to escape The Hive , an Umbrella test subject , a huge monster called the Licker , escapes and pursues the team . When they reach the train that leads them to the exit , the Licker attacks and scratches Matt before Alice can kill it . When they reach the surface , Matt is taken away by Umbrella workers and he eventually transforms into Nemesis . Alice awakens from a coma to a ravaged Raccoon City after a T - Virus outbreak . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Apocalypse The sequel to the first film began production in 2003 after the success of the first film . Anderson returned as the writer but , due to his work on Alien vs. Predator , he did not direct the film . Alexander Witt took over the director 's role . In the film , the viral outbreak reaches the surface and in an effort to contain the infection , Major Timothy Cain seals all exits to and from Raccoon City . Among the people trapped in the city are Jill Valentine and her partner Peyton Wells . After Alice awakens from her coma , she rescues Jill and Peyton from a group of Licker monsters who escaped The Hive . They are then contacted by Dr. Charles Ashford , who claims to know of an evacuation point in the city in exchange for the rescue of his daughter Angela Ashford , who is trapped in Raccoon City . The group knows that Umbrella plans to incinerate Raccoon City to get rid of the T - Virus . On their way to rescue Angela , Nemesis attacks the team after it is commanded by Cain to kill all STARS members . After Angela 's rescue , they then make their way to the evacuation helicopter with Carlos Olivera , who has been dropped into Raccoon City and abandoned by Umbrella . After Alice 's confrontation with Cain and Nemesis , which leaves the latter two dead , the team flies away from Raccoon City as it is being `` sanitized '' by a nuclear bomb . The helicopter crashes in the Arklay Mountains . A wounded Alice is the only person found by an Umbrella search team . She is taken to the Detroit Umbrella research station . When Alice awakens , she escapes the facility and displays extraordinary powers . She is then driven away by Jill and Carlos , who are disguised as Umbrella employees . As they drive away , the Umbrella logo flashes in Alice 's eyes and Isaacs states `` Program ALICE Activated '' . Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Extinction In November 2005 , Screen Gems gained the rights for the third installment in the franchise , which was then subtitled Extinction . Anderson returned as a writer and filming took place in Mexico . Russell Mulcahy was the director . The film was released on September 21 , 2007 . In the film , the world has been consumed by the T - Virus and Umbrella Corporation develops clones of Alice in the hope of finding one who displays Alice 's powers . Elsewhere , Claire Redfield leads a convoy of survivors across the Nevada desert , including Raccoon City survivors Carlos Olivera and L.J. Wayne . Alice roams the country in search of survivors . After failing to find living people , she comes into contact with Redfield 's convoy after which , she rescues them from a mob of attacking crows using her special telekinetic powers . The convoy , along with Alice , heads to Las Vegas to gather supplies so that they can reach Alaska in an effort to get to a place called Arcadia , which is thought to be a safe haven . While there , they are ambushed by a group of Umbrella Corporation 's new super zombies created by Dr. Alexander Isaacs , which kill most of the convoy . L.J was bitten before but he hides his infection from the rest of the group , he then transforms and bites Olivera , amidst the ambush . Isaacs himself is bitten and in an effort to cure himself he injects himself with large doses of the anti-virus , which causes him to transform into a Tyrant , a towering creature with regenerative ability and psionic powers similar to Alice 's . Alice , Claire and Carlos then locate a helicopter in Umbrella base and plan to use it for extraction of the survivors to Alaska . Olivera makes his last stand by sacrificing himself and plowing his truck against a horde of zombies , giving the rest some time to load the survivors into the helicopter . Claire and the remaining survivors head towards Alaska , while Alice stays behind to confront Isaacs . While searching the facility for Isaacs , she discovers that she was cloned . After Alice defeats Isaacs , she contacts Umbrella and warns them that she is coming for them and that she will be bringing `` friends '' with her to fight them . Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Afterlife Before the third installment had been released , Constantin prepared to release a fourth entry . The film was set in Japan and filmed in 3D with the Fusion Camera System developed by James Cameron and Vince Pace for the 2009 film Avatar . The film was written and directed by Paul W.S. Anderson . Set after the events of Extinction , Alice and her clones attack the Umbrella Headquarters in Tokyo . Wesker escapes and destroys the facility , killing the clones . Wesker is confronted by Alice aboard his helicopter . He injects Alice with a serum that removes her super-human abilities . The helicopter crashes , and only Alice is seen emerging from the rubble . After six months of a failed aerial search for other survivors , Alice heads toward the supposed location of Arcadia . She lands on an airfield in Alaska , where she finds Claire in a different state . Claire has an Umbrella controlling device attached to her chest and her memory has been wiped . Claire and Alice fly to Los Angeles , where they stumble on a prison where they meet Luther West and Chris Redfield , Claire 's brother . The survivors explain that Arcadia is really a tanker off the coast that has been broadcasting a looped message and is picking up survivors . During an attempted escape , Alice , Claire and Chris are the only ones to emerge and they reach the tanker only to find it abandoned . Claire 's memory begins to return when she remembers Umbrella workers attacking her group of survivors and moving them to the tanker . They learn that the ship is an Umbrella research facility , which is conducting experiments on the survivors . The three then meet Wesker , who has been granted super-human abilities due to the T - Virus . After the fight , Alice transmits a message to survivors calling them to the tanker and hopes to create a new and true safe haven . As the film closes , a fleet of Umbrella Corporation gunships led by Valentine prepares to lead an assault on the survivors . Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : Retribution Written and directed by Anderson , Retribution was planned to be filmed back to back with the sixth installment , but Anderson decided to focus on the fifth film . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario from mid-October to December 23 , 2011 . Colin Salmon who played One and Michelle Rodriguez who played Rain Ocampo in the first film returned . Oded Fehr , who portrayed Carlos Olivera in the second and third film , also returned . Three characters from the video games made their debut in the film series , Johann Urb as Leon S. Kennedy , Kevin Durand as Barry Burton , and Li Bingbing as Ada Wong . It was released internationally on September 14 , 2012 . In the film , Alice awakens in an Umbrella base where she is interrogated by Valentine . During a power failure orchestrated by Ada Wong , Alice escapes from her cell and encounters her . Wong explains that Wesker plans to aid Alice 's escape and battle the base 's supercomputer Red Queen , in order to save what 's left of mankind . Wesker has organized a team of freelance operatives to infiltrate the base and help Alice and Ada escape , including Leon S. Kennedy , Barry Burton , and Luther West . Along the way , Alice finds a clone of a girl named Becky . They also face clone versions of Carlos Olivera , One , and Rain Ocampo , who are all under the direction of Valentine . After Alice meets up with the rescue team , Valentine 's soldiers catch up to them , resulting in a shootout that kills Burton , Olivera and One . Alice , West , Kennedy , and Becky reach the surface and are met by a submarine , from which Valentine , the clone Rain , and a captured Ada emerge . With new orders from the Red Queen to kill Alice , Valentine battles Alice while Rain fights Kennedy and West . Alice manages to remove the scarab device from Valentine , returning her back to normal . Alice joins Kennedy in defeating Rain . Alice , Ada , Becky , Leon , and Valentine travel to Wesker 's base . Wesker injects Alice with the T - virus , returning her former superhuman powers in order to enact his plan , then tells her that she is responsible for saving the remaining humans from extinction . Resident Evil : the Final Chapter ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Anderson wrote and directed the sixth and final film in the series , subtitled The Final Chapter , which was filmed in 2D and was post-converted to stereoscopic 3D . Milla Jovovich reprised her role as Alice , with only Shawn Roberts , Iain Glen and Ali Larter returning from previous entries as Albert Wesker , Dr. Isaacs and Claire Redfield , respectively . Continuing from the last film , Anderson expressed his desire for the final film to `` come full circle '' , bringing back characters , themes and the environment of the Hive from the first movie . Filming was set to begin in South Africa in August 2014 but was delayed to the summer of 2015 due to Jovovich 's pregnancy . Principal photography commenced on September 18 , 2015 in South Africa . Picking up immediately three weeks after the events in Resident Evil : Retribution , humanity is on its last legs after Alice is betrayed by Wesker in Washington D.C. Alice then encounters the Red Queen , who tells her that she must return to where the nightmare began -- Raccoon City , where the Umbrella Corporation has developed an airborne anti-virus which will kill every organism infected by the T - virus . In a race against time , Alice is captured by Dr. Isaacs , long thought to be dead , who reveals that the previous incarnation was a clone of his true self . Alice escapes and arrives first in Raccoon City , where she joins forces with Claire Redfield . After holding off Dr. Isaacs ' undead army , Alice , Claire and a team of survivors make their way towards the Hive . They again encounter the Red Queen , who tells them the origins of the T - virus : it was created by James Marcus , the founder of the Umbrella Corporation to save his daughter , Alicia , from an ailment that caused her to rapidly age . James was then betrayed by his business partner , Dr. Isaacs , and killed by Albert Wesker . Dr. Isaacs and the board of the Umbrella Corporation then intended to release the T - virus on purpose in order to cleanse the world , save the rich and powerful with cryogenics in The Hive , and later rebuild it as they desire . After confronting Wesker and Dr. Isaacs at the bottom of the Hive , Alice also learns her own true nature : she is a clone of the original and still - living Alicia Marcus , who was unable to live a normal life due to her condition . Dr. Isaacs clone brought the army of undead towards Alice and the real Dr. Isaacs . Dr. Isaacs clone could not believe that he was a clone hence stabbed the real Dr. Isaacs to death . Alice then releases the anti-virus , eliminating all infected by the T - virus . Alice survives , and gains the memories of Alicia Marcus as a reward in order to reclaim the childhood she never had . The series ends with Alice riding a motorcycle to places unknown while being chased by BOW 's ( Bio Organic Weapons ) , stating that her job is n't finished yet and that it will take several years for the anti-virus to circle the globe . The film was released on December 13 , 2016 in Tokyo and on January 27 , 2017 in North America . Reboot ( edit ) In May 2017 , Constantin chairman Martin Moszkowicz said that a reboot of the film series is in development . James Wan will produce the reboot with a script by Greg Russo . Cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Resident Evil film characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the major characters that were featured in the films , sorted according to the actors ' billing order , including all those adapted from the video games . A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the film . A indicates the character was adapted from the video games . An indicates an original character that was later adapted by the video games . A indicates a role as a younger version of the character . A indicates an uncredited role . A indicates a cameo role . A indicates a voice - only role . An indicates an appearance through archival footage or stills . Character Film Resident Evil Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil : Afterlife Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Alice / Alicia Marcus Milla Jovovich Milla Jovovich Ever Gabo Anderson Rain Ocampo Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Matthew `` Matt '' Addison / Nemesis Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Eric Mabius Matthew G. Taylor ( Nemesis ) Spence Parks James Purefoy James Purefoy Photograph James Purefoy Chad Kaplan Martin Crewes Martin Crewes James `` One '' Shade Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Colin Salmon Dr. Lisa Addison Heike Makatsch Heike Makatsch Heike Makatsch J.D. Salinas Pasquale Aleardi Pasquale Aleardi Pasquale Aleardi Olga Danilova Liz May Brice Liz May Brice Liz May Brice Vance Drew Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Torsten Jerabek Alfonso Warner Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Marc Logan - Black Red Queen Michaela Dicker Megan Charpentier Ave Merson - O'Brian Ever Gabo Anderson Michaela Dicker Narrator / William Birkin Jason Isaacs Jill Valentine Sienna Guillory Sienna Guillory Sienna Guillory Carlos Olivera / Todd Oded Fehr Oded Fehr Oded Fehr Major Tom Cain Thomas Kretschmann Thomas Kretschmann Angela `` Angie '' Ashford Sophie Vavasseur Sophie Vavasseur Sophie Vavasseur Terri Morales Sandrine Holt Sandrine Holt Sgt . Peyton Wells Razaaq Adoti Razaaq Adoti Dr. Charles Ashford Jared Harris Jared Harris Lloyd Jefferson `` L.J. '' Wade Mike Epps Mike Epps Nicholai Ginovaef Zack Ward Dr. Isaacs / Dr. Alexander Roland Isaacs / Tyrant Iain Glen Iain Glen Brian Steele ( Tyrant ) Gary Hecker ( Tyrant ) Iain Glen Iain Glen Claire Redfield Ali Larter Ali Larter Ali Larter Betty Ashanti Mikey Christopher Egan K - Mart Spencer Locke Spencer Locke Spencer Locke Slater Matthew Marsden Chase Linden Ashby Linden Ashby Albert Wesker Jason O'Mara Shawn Roberts Otto Joe Hursley White Queen Madeline Carroll Bennett Sinclair Kim Coates Kim Coates Angel Ortiz Sergio Peris - Mencheta Luther West Boris Kodjoe Boris Kodjoe Chris Redfield Wentworth Miller Wentworth Miller Crystal Waters Kacey Clarke Kim Yong Norman Yeung Norman Yeung Wendell Fulvio Cecere Axeman / The Axe Men Ray Olubowale Ray Olubowale Kevin Shand Ray Olubowale J Pop Girl Mika Nakashima Mika Nakashima Barry Burton Kevin Durand Kevin Durand Becky Aryana Engineer Aryana Engineer Leon S. Kennedy Johann Urb Johann Urb Ada Wong Li Bingbing Sally Cahill Li Bingbing Abigail Ruby Rose Doc Eoin Macken Razor Fraser James Cobalt Rola Commander Chu Lee Joon - gi Christian William Levy Dr. James Marcus Mark Simpson Crew ( edit ) Occupation Film Resident Evil Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil : Afterlife Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Director Paul W.S. Anderson Alexander Witt Russell Mulcahy Paul W.S. Anderson Producers Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Don Carmody Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Paul W.S. Anderson Jeremy Bolt Samuel Hadida Robert Kulzer Executive producer ( s ) Victor Hadida Daniel S. Kletzky Robert Kulzer Yoshiki Okamoto Bernd Eichinger Samuel Hadida Victor Hadida Robert Kulzer Victor Hadida Martin Moszkowicz Kelly Van Horn Victor Hadida Martin Moszkowicz Writer Paul W.S. Anderson Composer ( s ) Marco Beltrami Marilyn Manson Jeff Danna Charlie Clouser Tomandandy Paul Haslinger Director ( s ) of photography David Johnson Derek Rogers Christian Sebaldt David Johnson Glen MacPherson Editor Alexander Berner Eddie Hamilton Niven Howie Doobie White Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross All time box office ranking Production budget Reference United States Other territories North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Resident Evil March 15 , 2002 March 21 , 2002 $40,119,709 $62,865,153 $102,984,862 1,938 $35 million Resident Evil : Apocalypse September 10 , 2004 September 11 , 2004 $51,201,453 $78,141,316 $129,342,769 1,532 $45 million Resident Evil : Extinction September 21 , 2007 September 19 , 2007 $50,648,679 $97,763,386 $148,412,065 1,555 $45 million Resident Evil : Afterlife September 10 , 2010 September 9 , 2010 $60,128,566 $240,099,518 $300,228,084 1,262 393 $60 million Resident Evil : Retribution September 14 , 2012 September 12 , 2012 $42,345,531 $197,658,893 $240,004,424 1,841 530 $65 million Resident Evil : The Final Chapter January 27 , 2017 December 23 , 2016 $26,844,962 $285,412,558 $312,257,250 2,698 375 $40 million Total $ 7008271288900000000 ♠ 271,288,900 $ 7008961940824000000 ♠ 961,940,824 $ 7009123322945400000 ♠ 1,233,229,454 $290 million With the exception of the first entry and The Final Chapter , all films opened at number one at the North American box office . The series holds the record for the `` most live - action film adaptations of a video game '' in the 2012 Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition . It is also the highest - grossing film series to be based on a video game , grossing over 1 billion worldwide . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Resident Evil 34 % ( 124 reviews ) 33 ( 24 reviews ) Resident Evil : Apocalypse 21 % ( 125 reviews ) 35 ( 26 reviews ) Resident Evil : Extinction 22 % ( 94 reviews ) 41 ( 12 reviews ) B − Resident Evil : Afterlife 23 % ( 95 reviews ) 37 ( 14 reviews ) B − Resident Evil : Retribution 31 % ( 65 reviews ) 39 ( 17 reviews ) C+ Resident Evil : The Final Chapter 36 % ( 91 reviews ) 49 ( 19 reviews ) The first , third and sixth films received generally mixed reviews from critics , while the second , fourth and fifth films were received more negatively . The series was criticized for its unrestrained use of violence , cliffhanger endings and habit of abandoning established characters without explaining what happened to them . However , The Chicago Tribune declared the first film as `` one of the few video game movies to truly re-create the gaming experience '' and The Austin Chronicle calling it `` an absolute wreck . But what an ambitiously mind - blowing wreck it is , bursting with dazzlingly sordid cinematography '' . The Seattle Times marked the second film an improvement from the original , saying the film `` makes up for the wretched mess that was 2002 's `` Resident Evil '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter gave the third film a positive review stating `` Fast - paced and filled with brisk action sequences -- the film should reasonably satisfy the devotees . '' Michael Ordoña of The Los Angeles Times gave the fourth film a positive review , claiming that `` the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre , and therefore more enjoyable . Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck . '' Novelizations ( edit ) The novelizations for the first three Resident Evil films were written by Keith R.A. DeCandido . The novelization for the fifth film was written by John Shirley , and the sixth by Tim Waggoner . The fourth film did not receive a novelization . The novel for the first film , titled Resident Evil : Genesis , was published over two years after that film 's release , while the Extinction novel was released in late July 2007 , two months before the film 's release . There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film , unrelated to DeCandido 's version , written by Osamu Makino . Makino also wrote two novels based on the game Resident Evil : The Umbrella Chronicles . Home media releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the all six films on DVD , Blu - ray , and digital download . The films were also released on DVD and Blu - ray box sets : Title Format Release date Films Reference Resident Evil / Resident Evil : Apocalypse -- Resurrected Edition DVD September 4 , 2007 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse Resident Evil : The High Definition Trilogy Blu - ray January 1 , 2008 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction Resident Evil Trilogy DVD December 9 , 2008 The Resident Evil Collection DVD , Blu - ray September 4 , 2012 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife December 21 , 2012 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife , Resident Evil : Retribution Resident Evil : The Complete Collection Blu - ray May 16 , 2017 Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , Resident Evil : Extinction , Resident Evil : Afterlife , Resident Evil : Retribution , Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jason Isaacs , who appeared in most of Anderson 's early films , was brought in for a day of filming , making a cameo appearance as a doctor near the end of the film , and he also provided the narration that opens it . In interviews , Anderson said Isaacs ' character would be expanded on the sequel , to which Isaacs responded he would be happy to return for . When Isaacs did n't return , Anderson created the character of Dr. Isaacs , played by Iain Glen , as a homage to the unnamed doctor that Jason Isaacs played originally . Jump up ^ According to Anderson , the Ashford family and particularly Dr. Charles Ashford is `` based on the game but with a slightly different role '' , indicating he based him on Resident Evil -- Code : Veronica 's Dr. Alexander Ashford . Jump up ^ Based on the `` Executioner Majini '' creature , from Resident Evil 5 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Ben ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Guinness World Records 2012 Gamer 's Edition Preview '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constantin buys ' Evil ' rights '' . Variety . 1997 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Cathy ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Col TriStar giving ' Evil ' the eye '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Film News '' . Computer and video games.com. 2001 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chernov , Matthew ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` The film that never was : why George Romero 's ' Resident Evil ' failed to launch '' . Variety . p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Dark Thoughts '' . House of horrors.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Anderson game to take ' Resident ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Director explains character and story line changes '' . News Spong. 2001 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich ready for action ! '' . Counting Down . 2001 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( 2002 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' Resident ' redo slated '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 5 , 2005 ) . `` ' Evil ' knocking '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` A Date for Extinction '' . IGN Movies . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digest : Constantine readies ' Evil ' sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2005 - 04 - 16 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( 2009 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Avatar inspires new Resident Evil trilogy in 3D '' . The Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Paul W.S. Anderson is Definitely Directing ' Resident Evil 6 ' '' . First Showing. 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : V lessing , Etan ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 5 ' To Shoot In Toronto '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` May Take ' The Low Road ' , Peter Bogdanovich Joins ' Super 8 ' Star in ' The Healer ' , Colin Salmon Seeks ' Retribution ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Returning for Some ' Retribution ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . The Collective . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez , Johann Urb Join Milla Jovovich In ' Resident Evil 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Mike Fleming . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phil Pirrello ( 2010 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Official Twitter Page '' . Milla Jovovich . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution Title Tweak '' . IGN . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul W.S. Anderson Confirms Resident Evil 6 Will End the Franchise '' . Movie Web . 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 6 Title : Last Installment Called `` The Final Chapter '' `` . Collider . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Vejvoda ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Begins Production , Full Cast and Plot Synopsis Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Luster , Joseph ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` '' Resident Evil : The Final Chapter '' Movie to Debut First in Japan `` . Crunchyroll . Ellation , Inc . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through '' . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Poster Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John . `` ' Resident Evil ' Franchise Set for a Reboot ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` ' Resident Evil ' Franchise Reboot : James Wan On Board To Produce From Greg Russo Script '' . Deadline . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Capone . `` Capone sits with Jason Isaacs for GOOD conversation about HARRY POTTER , GREEN ZONE , and how to ... '' aintitcool.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews ... Paul Anderson ! ( Part 2 ) '' . joblo.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Anderson talks Nemesis ! Ghost Ship photos ! Michael Gross in Sci - Fi 's Tremors series ? Matrix storyboards ! '' . movieweb.com. 11 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latino Review '' . archive.org. 5 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul W.S. Anderson ( Writer ) ( December 28 , 2004 ) . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( Writer and Producer Commentary ) ( DVD ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Event occurs at 01 : 19 : 37 . Jump up ^ Paul W.S. Anderson ( Writer ) ( December 28 , 2004 ) . Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( Writer and Producer Commentary ) ( DVD ) . Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . Event occurs at 17 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Best Moments from the Resident Evil Movies '' . escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bingbing Li : Asia 's Next Breakout Star '' . glamasia.com. 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Retribution Metacritic rating '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Metacritic rating '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ K. Elder , Robert ( 2002 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Movie review , ' Resident Evil ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marc , Savlov ( 2002 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Resident Evil '' . The Austin Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Jeff ( 2004 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Improved sequel packed with zombies , babes , action '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Resident Evil : Extinction '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ordoña , Michael ( 2010 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Movie review : ' Resident Evil : Afterlife ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil / Resident Evil : Apocalypse '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil : The High Definition Trilogy '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil Trilogy '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Resident Evil Collection '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil The Complete Collection '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Resident Evil film series at AllMovie ( hide ) Resident Evil List of media Capcom Video games Main series Resident Evil 2002 remake 3 : Nemesis Code : Veronica Zero 5 6 7 : Biohazard Revelations Revelations Revelations 2 Survivor Survivor Survivor 2 -- Code : Veronica Dead Aim Outbreak Outbreak File # 2 Chronicles The Umbrella Chronicles The Darkside Chronicles Other games Gaiden Operation Raccoon City The Mercenaries 3D Umbrella Corps Mobile games Films Live - action series Resident Evil Apocalypse Extinction Afterlife Retribution The Final Chapter Animated films Biohazard 4D - Executer Degeneration Damnation Vendetta Music Video game soundtracks Film soundtracks Characters Ada Wong Albert Wesker Chris Redfield Claire Redfield Jill Valentine Leon S. Kennedy Nemesis Rebecca Chambers Sheva Alomar Tyrant Film Alice People Shinji Mikami Hideki Kamiya Hiroyuki Kobayashi Jun Takeuchi Noboru Sugimura Book BNF : cb16927935s ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resident_Evil_(film_series)&oldid=841877088 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series Film series Film series introduced in 2002 Horror films by series Resident Evil films Resident Evil ( film series ) Science fiction films by series Science fiction horror film series Sony Pictures franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Português Русский کوردی Suomi ไทย Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what order do the resident evil films go in	[ "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).", "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).", "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).", "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).", "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016).", "Resident Evil is an action-horror film series loosely based on the Japanese video game franchise of the same name by Capcom. German studio Constantin Film bought the rights to the first film in January 1997 with Alan B. McElroy and George A. Romero as potential writers. In 2001, Sony Pictures Entertainment acquired distribution rights and hired Paul W. S. Anderson as writer and director for Resident Evil (2002). Anderson continued as writer and producer for Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), and returned as the director for Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012) and Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016)." ]	[ "Resident Evil (2002)", "Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004)", "Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)", "Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010)", "Resident Evil: Retribution (2012)", "Resident Evil: The Final Chapter (2016)" ]
2972778292233187574	Stranger Things	Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers & Hannah Flyvholm Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Joe Keery Sadie Sink Dacre Montgomery Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) The Duffer Brothers Shawn Levy Dan Cohen Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 55 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by the Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive - produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono , and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . The second season will see Schnapp and Keery promoted to series regulars , along with the addition of Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a psychokinetic girl who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others . The series was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which is set to be released on October 27 , 2017 . A year later , the Duffer Brothers confirmed the series would have a third season , with a desire to conclude Stranger Things with a fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . These start to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . Cast and characters ( edit ) The Duffer Brothers and the cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main ( edit ) Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , mother of 12 - year - old Will Byers and teenager Jonathan Byers . Divorced from Lonnie , she relies on her older son , Jonathan , for help . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . Hopper divorced after his young daughter died of cancer , which caused him to lapse into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . She befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . It is eventually revealed that she may be Jane Ives , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . She escaped from Hawkins Laboratory where experiments were being performed on her . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven , yet befriends her later on . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen , older sister of Mike , and girlfriend of Steve Harrington . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . Considered an outsider at school , he is a quiet teenager and an aspiring photographer . He is very close with his mother and brother . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory and the experiments performed there . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He vanishes after encountering the monster that escaped through a rift to the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension , discovered by the Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . A popular student at the high school , he initially tries to develop a relationship with Nancy and ostracize Jonathan Byers , though he comes to regret the latter . Sadie Sink as Max , a tomboy with a complicated history and a suspicion of those around her . Dacre Montgomery as Billy , Max 's older stepbrother , who has a violent and unpredictable nature hiding under his charisma . Recurring ( edit ) Introduced in season one ( edit ) Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Mark Steger as The Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . John Paul Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Randall P. Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . It is implied that she is the biological mother of Eleven . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Tinsley and Anniston Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Introduced in season two ( edit ) Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper , who now runs the Hawkins Radio Shack , and becomes Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Owens , a Department of Energy executive tasked with containing the events of the first season . Linnea Berthelsen as Roman , a woman who was emotionally damaged as a child and has come to Hawkins due to events tied in with the strange events of the town . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Will Chase as Neil Mayfield , the father of a family of recent transplants to Hawkins , Indiana from California . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Season one begins in November 1983 , when researchers at Hawkins National Laboratory open a rift to the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension . A monster from the Upside Down escapes and abducts Will Byers . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . Season 1 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) In November 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a young girl with a shaved head and wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and kills Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Lucas , Mike , and Dustin search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa '' , has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce that her experiences are hallucinations . The boys conclude that Will is trapped in an alternative dimension which Eleven calls the Upside Down . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab . He is knocked out by the lab 's guards and wakes at home . He searches his house and finds a hidden microphone . After Will 's funeral , the boys ask Mr. Clarke about other dimensions . He tells them that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . The deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found by the state ; Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . Positing that a tear in spacetime would disrupt Earth 's electromagnetic field , the boys follow their compasses . Eleven remembers being placed in a sensory - deprivation tank to telepathically eavesdrop on a man speaking Russian ; while listening , she came across the creature . Scared of encountering the creature again , Eleven redirects the compasses . Lucas notices the distortion and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy and Jonathan follow the trail of blood . Nancy crawls through a passage to the Upside Down and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) When she ca n't get out of the portal by herself , Jonathan pulls Nancy through and saves her from the monster . In her bedroom , she is afraid to be alone and asks Jonathan to stay . Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . The next day , Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and how her contact opened the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands that Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who dispatches the bullies . Lucas sees agents leaving the laboratory and realizes they are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee the house . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers '' , his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location to Brenner in exchange for access to the portal . He and Joyce enter the Upside Down . Hopper recalls his daughter Sarah struggling to breathe before her cancer diagnosis . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight . The monster attacks but disappears before springing the trap . Steve gets in his car to leave but stays when he realizes the monster is returning . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance called the Snow Ball and kisses her . Brenner and his agents arrive to get Eleven back ; Eleven kills most of them , but collapses of exhaustion . As Brenner cradles her , the monster appears . The boys carry Eleven to a classroom and hide as the monster slaughters Brenner and the agents . Hopper and Joyce find the monster 's nest in the Upside - Down town library . Will is there , unconscious with a tendril down his throat . At the middle school , the monster finds the children , but is pinned and disintegrated by Eleven , who vanishes . Hopper and Joyce perform CPR on Will and revive him . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy has gotten back together with Steve , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves the other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season will take place around Halloween ( October 31 ) of 1984 , about a year after the events of the first season , and will explore the `` bigger mythology '' of Will 's disappearance , according to the Duffers . Levy described the second season as being about the `` determined desire to return to normalcy in Hawkins '' for Will , his family , his friends , and the other residents in the town affected by the events . Will suffers from `` some sort of post-traumatic stress disorder '' from his time in the Upside Down , and Joyce is attempting to help him deal with it , while trying to date her old classmate Bob to cover up her own emotions . Nancy and Mike are mourning for the apparent losses of their friends Barb and Eleven , respectively ; however , Eleven is still alive and is a `` major part of the season '' , according to Matt Duffer , and her backstory will be explored during the season . Chief Hopper struggles under the weight of having to cover up for the events of the first season to protect Will and Joyce ; while some residents of Hawkins will be aware of these events , `` certain people ... do n't know what happened '' , according to the Duffers . The laboratory , as well as the rift to the Upside Down , remains open and run by Dr. Owens . The characters will face `` different kinds of horror '' in contrast to the monster from the first season . Parts of the season will also take place outside of Hawkins , Indiana . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . Season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Madmax '' The Duffer Brothers TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 10 `` The Boy Who Came Back to Life '' The Duffer Brothers TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 11 `` The Pumpkin Patch '' Shawn Levy TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 12 `` The Palace '' Shawn Levy TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 13 5 `` The Storm '' Andrew Stanton TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 14 6 `` The Pollywog '' Andrew Stanton TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 15 7 `` The Secret Cabin '' Rebecca Thomas TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 16 8 `` The Brain '' The Duffer Brothers TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 17 9 `` The Lost Brother '' The Duffer Brothers TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would be essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Beach locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . Writing ( edit ) The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill and The Last of Us . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss 's character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting ( edit ) The Duffers cast David Harbour as Sheriff Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Joining them in recurring roles include Sean Astin as Bob Newby , Paul Reiser as Owens , Linnea Berthelsen as Roman , and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Filming ( edit ) The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , will direct the fifth and sixth episode of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas will direct the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Visual effects ( edit ) To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music ( edit ) The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtrack ( edit ) Stranger Things 's original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , will be released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . Release ( edit ) The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K and HDR . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , is scheduled to be released on October 27 , 2017 . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Reception ( edit ) Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for a Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award . Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Emmy Award . Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpstart . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 95 % based on 61 reviews and a weighted average score of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the series a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' saying , `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review of San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' Commentary ( edit ) Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . A hashtag `` # ImWithBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser will not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Accolades ( edit ) Association Nominee ( s ) / work Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated American Film Institute Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Art Directors Guild One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' and `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz and John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven / Jane Ives `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Pending Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Pending Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Pending Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Pending Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Nominated Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Episode Justin Doble , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Drama Episode Paul Ditcher , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Cast of Stranger Things Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form - FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Producers Guild of America Episodic Television , Drama Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Society of Camera Operators Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Television Critics Association Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Finn Wolfhard Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Writers Guild of America Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated New Series Stranger Things Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . 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Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . projectcasting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . ArchitecturalDigest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . 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Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . 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About Wikipedia	where is the tv show stranger things filmed	[ "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]", "The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta, Georgia, with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes.[62] Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana.[63][64] Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site, Bellwood Quarry, Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge, Georgia, for the middle and high school scenes,[65] Emory University’s Continuing Education Department, the former city hall in Douglasville, Georgia, Georgia International Horse Park, the probate court in Butts County, Georgia, Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point, Georgia, Fayetteville, Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, Palmetto, Georgia, and Winston, Georgia.[66] Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta.[66] The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera.[57] Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016.[63]" ]	[ "Atlanta, Georgia", "Stockbridge, Georgia", "Douglasville, Georgia", "Butts County, Georgia", "East Point, Georgia", "Fayetteville, Georgia", "Palmetto, Georgia", "Winston, Georgia" ]
2966934985661101937	Kashi Vishwanath Temple	Kashi Vishwanath temple - wikipedia Kashi Vishwanath temple Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Vishwanath Temple , BHU . For other uses , see Kashi Vishwanath Temple ( disambiguation ) . Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kashi Vishwanath Temple , ca . 1915 Location within Uttar Pradesh Geography Coordinates 25 ° 18 ′ 38.79 '' N 83 ° 0 ′ 38.21 '' E / 25.3107750 ° N 83.0106139 ° E / 25.3107750 ; 83.0106139 Coordinates : 25 ° 18 ′ 38.79 '' N 83 ° 0 ′ 38.21 '' E / 25.3107750 ° N 83.0106139 ° E / 25.3107750 ; 83.0106139 Country India State Uttar Pradesh District Varanasi Locale Varanasi Culture Sanctum Vishwanath ( Shiva ) Major festivals Maha Shivaratri Architecture Architecture Mandir History Date built 1780 Creator Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar Website shrikashivishwanath.org Kashi Vishvanath Temple is one of the most famous Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Shiva . It is located in Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India . The temple stands on the western bank of the holy river Ganga , and is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas , the holiest of Shiva temples . The main deity is known by the name Vishvanatha or Vishveshvara meaning Ruler of The Universe . Varanasi city is also called Kashi , and hence the temple is popularly called Kashi Vishvanath Temple . The temple has been referred to in Hindu scriptures for a very long time as a central part of worship in the Shaiva philosophy . It has been destroyed and re-constructed a number of times in history . The last structure was demolished by Aurangzeb , the sixth Mughal emperor who constructed the Gyanvapi Mosque on its site . The current structure was built on an adjacent site by the Maratha ruler , Ahilya Bai Holkar of Indore in 1780 . Since 1983 , the temple has been managed by the government of Uttar Pradesh . During the religious occasion of Shivratri , Kashi Naresh ( King of Kashi ) is the chief officiating priest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legend 3 The temple structure 4 Importance of the temple 5 Puja details 6 See also 7 References 8 Notes 9 External links History ( edit ) The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda ( section ) of Skanda Purana . The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb - ud - din Aibak in 1194 CE , when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori . The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi 's Sultan Iltutmish ( 1211 - 1266 CE ) . It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi ( 1447 - 1458 ) or Sikandar Lodhi ( 1489 - 1517 ) . Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar 's rule , but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family . Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar 's funding at its original site in 1585 . In 1669 CE , Emperor Aurangzeb destroyed the temple and built the Gyanvapi Mosque in its place . The remains of the erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation , the columns and at the rear part of the mosque . Gyanvapi Mosque , sketched as Temple of Vishveshvur in 1834 by James Prinsep Plan of the Ancient Temple of Vishveshvur , by James Prinsep Elevation of the present temple structure In 1742 , the Maratha ruler Malhar Rao Holkar made a plan to demolish the mosque and reconstruct Vishweshwar temple at the site . However , his plan did not materialize , partially because of intervention by the Nawabs of Lucknow , who controlled the territory . Around 1750 , the Maharaja of Jaipur commissioned a survey of the land around the site , with the objective of purchasing land to rebuild the Kashi Vishwanath temple . However , his plan to rebuild the temple did not materialize either . In 1780 , Malhar Rao 's daughter - in - law Ahilyabai Holkar constructed the present temple adjacent to the mosque . In 1828 , Baiza Bai , widow of the Maratha ruler Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwalior State , built a low - roofed colonnade with over 40 pillars in the Gyan Vapi precinct . During 1833 - 1840 CE , the boundary of Gyanvapi Well , the ghats and other nearby temples were constructed. A 7 - feet high stone statue of Nandi bull , gifted by the Raja of Nepal lies to the east of the colonnade . Many noble families from various ancestral kingdoms of Indian subcontinent and their prior establishments make generous contributions for the operations of the temple . In 1841 , the Bhosales of Nagpur donated silver to the temple . In 1835 , Maharaja Ranjit Singh donated 1 tonne of gold for plating the temple 's dome . The temple was managed by a hereditary group of pandas or mahants . After the death of Mahant Devi Dutt , a dispute arose among his successors . In 1900 , his brother - in - law Pandit Visheshwar Dayal Tewari filed a lawsuit , which resulted in him being declared the head priest . Legend ( edit ) As per Shiva Purana , once Brahma ( the Hindu God of creation ) and Vishnu ( the Hindu God of Harmony ) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation . To test them , Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light , the jyotirlinga . Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions . Brahma lied that he found out the end , while Vishnu conceded his defeat . Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshiped till the end of eternity . The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality , out of which Shiva partly appears . The jyothirlinga shrines , thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light . There are 64 forms of Shiva , not to be confused with Jyotirlingas . Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva . At all these sites , the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar , symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva . The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat , Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh , Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh , Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh , Kedarnath in Himalayas , Bhimashankar in Maharashtra , Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh , Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra , Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga , Deogarh in Deoghar , Jharkhand , Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat , Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra . The Manikarnika Ghat on the banks of Ganges near to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple is considered as a Shakti Peetha , a revered place of worship for the Shaktism sect . The Daksha Yaga , a Shaivite literature is considered as an important literature which is the story about the origin of Shakti Peethas . The temple structure ( edit ) The original holy well -- Gyanvapi in between the temple and Gyanvapi Mosque The temple complex consists of a series of smaller shrines , located in a small lane called the Vishwanatha Galli , near the river . The linga of the main deity at the shrine is 60 cm tall and 90 cm in circumference housed in a silver altar . The main temple is quadrangle and is surrounded by shrines of other gods . There are small temples for Kaalbhairav , Dhandapani , Avimukteshwara , Vishnu , Vinayaka , Sanishwara , Virupaksha and Virupaksh Gauri in the complex . There is a small well in the temple called the Jnana Vapi also spelled as Gyaan vapi ( the wisdom well ) . The Jnana Vapi well sites to the north of the main temple and it is believed that the Jyotirlinga was hidden in the well to protect it at the time of invasion . It is said that the main priest of the temple jumped in the well with the Shiv Ling in order to protect the Jyotirlinga from invaders . According to the structure of the temple , there is a Sabha Griha or Congregation Hall leading to the inner Garbha Griha or Sanctum Sanctorum . The venerable Jyotirlinga is a dark brown colored stone which is enshrined in the Sanctum , placed on a silver platform . Structure of the Mandir is composed of three parts . The first compromises a spire on the Mandir of Lord Vishwanath or Mahadeva . The second is gold dome and the third is the gold spire atop Lord Vishwanath carrying a flag and a trident . The Kashi Vishwanath temple receives around 3,000 visitors every day . On certain occasions the numbers reach 1,000,000 and more . Noteworthy about the temple is 15.5 metre high gold spire and gold dome . There are three domes each made up of pure gold . Importance of the temple ( edit ) Street near temple Located on the banks of the holy Ganges , Varanasi is regarded among the holiest of the Hindu cities . The Kashi Vishwanath temple is widely recognized as one of the most important places of worship in Hindu religion . Inside the Kashi Vishvanath Temple is the Jyotirlinga of Shiva , Vishveshvara or Vishvanath . The Vishveshvara Jyotirlinga has a very special and unique significance in the spiritual history of India . Many leading saints , including Adi Sankaracharya , Ramakrishna Paramhansa , Swami Vivekananda , Bamakhyapa , Goswami Tulsidas , Swami Dayananda Saraswati , Sathya Sai Baba and Gurunanak have visited the site . A visit to the temple and a bath in the river Ganges is one of many methods believed to lead one on a path to Moksha ( liberation ) . Thus , Hindus from all over the world try to visit the place at least once in their lifetime . There is also a tradition that one should give up at least one desire after a pilgrimage the temple , and the pilgrimage would also include a visit to the temple at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu in Southern India , where people take water samples of the Ganges to perform prayer at the temple and bring back sand from near that temple . Because of the immense popularity and holiness of Kashi Vishwanath temple , hundreds of temples across India have been built in the same architectural style . Many legends record that the true devotee achieves freedom from death and saṃsāra by the worship of Shiva , Shiva 's devotees on death being directly taken to his abode on Mount Kailash by his messengers and not to Yama . The superiority of Shiva and his victory over his own nature -- Shiva is himself identified with death -- is also stated . There is a popular belief that Shiva himself blows the mantra of salvation into the ears of people who die naturally at the Vishwanath temple . Puja details ( edit ) There are 5 aartis of Shree Kashi Vishwanath : . Mangala Aarti : - 3.00 - 4.00 ( Morning ) . . Bhoga Aarti : - 11.15 to 12.20 ( Day ) . . Sandhya Aarti : - 7.00 to 8.15 ( Evening ) . . Shringara Aarti : - 9.00 to 10.15 ( Night ) . . Shayana Aarti : - 10.30 - 11.00 ( Night ) . Security arrangements do not allow any cell phones , camera , belts with metal buckle , cigarettes , lighters , etc. inside the temple . See also ( edit ) Shri Vishwanath Mandir Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Ratneshwar Mahadev temple Hindu temples in Varanasi India portal Uttar Pradesh portal Varanasi portal Hinduism portal Religion portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akhil Bakshi ( 2004 ) . Between heaven and hell : travels through Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Nepal , and India : an account of the expedition hands across the borders . Odyssey Books . Jump up ^ `` Shri Kashi Vishwanath Temple - A Brief history '' . Jump up ^ S.P. Udayakumar ( 1 January 2005 ) . Presenting the Past : Anxious History and Ancient Future in Hindutva India . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97209 - 7 . Jump up ^ Catherine B. Asher ( 24 September 1992 ) . Architecture of Mughal India . Cambridge University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26728 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Betts ; Victoria McCulloch ( 30 October 2013 ) . Delhi to Kolkata Footprint Focus Guide . Footprint Travel Guides . pp. 108 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909268 - 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ James Prinsep . Benares Illustrated in a Series of Drawings . p. 29 . ISBN 9788171241767 . ^ Jump up to : Madhuri Desai ( 2007 ) . Resurrecting Banaras : Urban Space , Architecture and Religious Boundaries . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 52839 - 5 . Jump up ^ Matthew Atmore Sherring ( 1868 ) . The Sacred City of the Hindus : An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times . Trübner & co . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Matthew Atmore Sherring ( 1868 ) . The Sacred City of the Hindus : An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times . Trübner & co . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Trivikram Narain Singh And Ors . vs State Of U.P. And Ors . ( Allahabad High Court 28 October 1986 ) . Text ^ Jump up to : R. 2003 , pp. 92 - 95 Jump up ^ Eck 1999 , p. 107 Jump up ^ See : Gwynne 2008 , Section on Char Dham ^ Jump up to : Lochtefeld 2002 , pp. 324 - 325 Jump up ^ Harding 1998 , pp. 158 - 158 Jump up ^ Vivekananda Vol. 4 Jump up ^ Chaturvedi 2006 , pp. 58 - 72 Jump up ^ `` Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal '' . http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ . Kottiyoor Devaswam . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cultural holidays - Kashi Vishwanath temple '' . Jump up ^ `` History ! Kashi Vishwanath temple '' . Notes ( edit ) Chaturvedi , B.K. ( 2006 ) , Shiv Purana ( First ed . ) , New Delhi : Diamond Pocket Books ( P ) Ltd , ISBN 81 - 7182 - 721 - 7 Eck , Diana L. ( 1999 ) , Banaras , city of light ( First ed . ) , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 11447 - 8 Gwynne , Paul ( 2009 ) , World Religions in Practice : A Comparative Introduction , Oxford : Blackwell Publication , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6702 - 4 . Harding , Elizabeth U. ( 1998 ) . `` God , the Father '' . Kali : The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1450 - 9 . Lochtefeld , James G. ( 2002 ) , The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism : A-M , Rosen Publishing Group , p. 122 , ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3179 - X R. , Venugopalam ( 2003 ) , Meditation : Any Time Any Where ( First ed . ) , Delhi : B. Jain Publishers ( P ) Ltd. , ISBN 81 - 8056 - 373 - 1 Vivekananda , Swami . `` The Paris Congress of the History of Religions '' . The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda . Vol. 4 . External links ( edit ) Kashi Vishwanath Temple Website Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir , Varanasi Shaivism History History of Shaivism Deities Shiva Sadyojata Vamadeva Aghora Tatpurusha Ishana Nataraja Dakshinamurthy Harihara Shakti Ardhanarishvara Parvati Ganesha Kartikeya Nandi Texts Shvetashvatara Upanishad Shivarahasya Purana Shiva Purana Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta Mantra / Stotra Om Namah Shivaya Rudrashtakam Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Shiva Tandava Stotram Shiva Sahasranama Shiv Chalisa Shri Rudram Chamakam Shiva mahimna stotram Philosophical Traditions Shaiva Siddhanta Pashupata Shaivism Kashmir Shaivism Veera Shaivism Siddha Siddhanta Shiva Advaita Shaiva Smartas Jyotirlingas Bhimāśankara Ghuṣmeśvara Kedāranātha Viśveśvara Mallikārjuna Mahākāleśvara Nāgeśvara Omkāreśvara Rāmeśvara Somanātha Tryambakeśvara Vaidyanātha Pancha Bhoota Stalam Chidambaram Temple ( Ether ) Sri Kalahasti Temple ( Air ) Annamalaiyar Temple ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval Temple ( Water ) Ekambareswarar Temple ( Earth ) Temples Amarnath Brihadeeswarar Kailash Mansarovar Katasraj temple Lingaraj Temple Meenakshi Tirunelveli Panch Kedar Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancha Sabhai Ratna Sabai Pon Sabai Velli Sabai Thamira Sabai Chitira Sabai Tiruchengode Thirukutralam Vadakkum Nathan List of Shiva temples in India Traditional Observances Kanwar Yatra Lingam Rasalingam Maha Shivaratri Pradosha Shiva Puja Siddha Vibhuti Other names Shiva Temples Trilinga Kshetras Draksharama Srisailam Kaleshwaram Pancha Kedaras Kedarnath Tungnath Rudranath Madhyamaheshwar Kalpeshwar Pancharama Kshetras Amararama Draksharama Ksheerarama Kumararama Somarama Pancha Sabha Stalams Emarald Thiruvalangadu Gold Thillai Silver Madurai Copper Nellai Art Courtallam Panchabhuta Sthalams Kanchipuram ( Earth ) Annamalai ( Fire ) Thiruvanaikaval ( Water ) Chidambaram ( Ether ) Srikalahasthi ( Air ) Pancheshwarams ( Sri Lanka ) Kethishwaram Koneshwaram Munneshwaram Naguleshwaram Thondeshwaram Jyotirlinga Sthalas Somnath Srisailam Mahakaleshwar Omkareshwar Kedarnath Bhimashankar Kashi Vishvanath Trimbakeshwar Vaidyanath Nageshvara Rameshwaram Grishneshwar Significant 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams Brihadeeswaram Amarnath Lingaraj Gokarna Kudalasangama Vaikom Thrissur Thiruvarur Khajuraho More ... 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Kailash ( Tibet ) Pashupatinath ( Nepal ) Shivagraham ( Indonesia ) Sivan temple ( Singapore ) Sthūlādri ( Thailand ) Temple in the Sea ( Trinidad & Tobago ) Tribhuvanamāhesvaram ( Cambodia ) Temples in Varanasi Annapurna Devi Mandir Baba Keenaram Sthal Bharat Mata Mandir Durga Mandir Kaal Bhairav Mandir Kashi Vishwanath Temple Lalita Gauri Mandir Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Nepali Mandir Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple Sankata Devi Mandir Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir Tulsi Manas Mandir Vishalakshi Temple Vishwanath Mandir ( BHU ) Hindu Temples in Uttar Pradesh Alopi Devi Mandir Annapurna Devi Mandir Baba Keenaram Sthal Banke Bihari Temple Belon Temple Bharat Mata Mandir Bhitargaon Daan - Ghati Durga Mandir , Ramnagar Durga Mandir , Varanasi Gola Gokaran Nath Temple Gorakhnath Math Hanumangarhi J.K. Temple Jarai - ka - Math Junglee Nath Kaal Bhairav Mandir Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kesava Deo Temple Krishna Balaram Mandir Krishna Mandir , Barohiya Lalita Gauri Mandir Madidai Ka Mandir Mankameshwar Temple Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir Neelkantheshwar Nepali Mandir Prem Mandir Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple Sankata Devi Mandir Shakumbhri Devi Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir Vishwanath Mandir ( BHU ) Someshwar Mahadev Temple Tulsi Manas Mandir Vindhyachal Vishalakshi Temple Vrindavan Chandrodaya Mandir Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple&oldid=810848522 '' Categories : Jyotirlingas Hindu temples in Varanasi Places of worship converted into mosques Religious buildings completed in 1780 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links EngvarB from April 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Hindu temple with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip தமிழ் اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 21 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who rebuilt kasi vishwanath temple in 16 century	[ "The temple has been mentioned in the Puranas including the Kashi Khanda (section) of Skanda Purana. The original Vishwanath temple was destroyed by the army of Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1194 CE, when he defeated the Raja of Kannauj as a commander of Mohammad Ghori. The temple was rebuilt by a Gujarati merchant during the reign of Delhi's Sultan Iltutmish (1211-1266 CE). It was demolished again during the rule of either Hussain Shah Sharqi (1447-1458) or Sikandar Lodhi (1489-1517). Raja Man Singh built the temple during Mughal emperor Akbar's rule, but orthodox Hindus boycotted it as he had let the Mughals marry within his family. Raja Todar Mal further re-built the temple with Akbar's funding at its original site in 1585.[3]" ]	[ "Raja Todar Mal" ]
7111869555258034109	Thor: The Dark World	Thor : the Dark World - Wikipedia Thor : the Dark World Jump to : navigation , search `` Thor 2 '' redirects here . For the satellite of the same name , see Thor ( satellite ) § Thor 2 . 2013 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Thor : The Dark World Theatrical release poster Directed by Alan Taylor Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Yost Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus Story by Don Payne Robert Rodat Based on Thor by Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Starring Chris Hemsworth Natalie Portman Tom Hiddleston Anthony Hopkins Stellan Skarsgård Idris Elba Christopher Eccleston Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Kat Dennings Ray Stevenson Zachary Levi Tadanobu Asano Jaimie Alexander Rene Russo Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Kramer Morgenthau Edited by Dan Lebental Wyatt Smith Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date October 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) ( Leicester Square ) November 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 - 272 million ( gross ) $152.7 million ( net ) Box office $644.6 million Thor : The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film was directed by Alan Taylor , with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor , alongside Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Anthony Hopkins , Stellan Skarsgård , Idris Elba , Christopher Eccleston , Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje , Kat Dennings , Ray Stevenson , Zachary Levi , Tadanobu Asano , Jaimie Alexander , and Rene Russo . In Thor : The Dark World , Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith , who intends to plunge the universe into darkness . Development of Thor : The Dark World began in April 2011 , when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers . In July 2011 , Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , withdrew from the project . Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012 . The supporting cast filled out in August 2012 , with the hiring of Eccleston , Dennings , and Akinnuoye - Agbaje . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey , England with filming continuing in Iceland and London , before wrapping up in December 2012 . Thor : The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor : The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 , and was released on November 8 , 2013 , in the United States . The film received mixed reviews , with many praising its visual effects , and others considering it the weakest of the MCU films , but was a commercial success , grossing over $644 million worldwide and making it the 10th highest - grossing film of 2013 . A third film , Thor : Ragnarok , was released on November 3 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Eons ago , Bor , father of Odin , clashes with the Dark Elf Malekith , who seeks to unleash a weapon known as the Aether on the nine realms . After conquering Malekith 's forces , including enhanced warriors called the Kursed , on their home world of Svartalfheim , Bor safeguards the Aether within a stone column . Unknown to Bor , Malekith as well as his lieutenant Algrim and a handful of Dark Elves escape into suspended animation . In present - day Asgard , Loki stands imprisoned for his war crimes on Earth . Meanwhile , Thor , alongside warriors Fandral , Volstagg , and Sif , repel marauders on Vanaheim , home of their comrade Hogun ; it is the final battle in a war to pacify the Nine Realms following the reconstruction of the Bifröst , the `` Rainbow Bridge '' between realms , which had been destroyed two years earlier . The Asgardians soon learn that the Convergence , a rare alignment of the Nine Realms , is imminent ; as the event approaches , portals linking the worlds appear at random . In London , astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster and her intern Darcy Lewis travel to an abandoned factory where such portals have appeared , disrupting the laws of physics around them . Separating from the group , Foster is teleported to another world , where she is infected by the Aether . Heimdall alerts Thor that Foster has moved beyond his near all - seeing vision , leading Thor to Earth . When Thor finds Foster , she inadvertently releases an unearthly force , and Thor returns with her to Asgard . Odin , recognizing the Aether , warns that the Aether will not only kill Foster but that its return heralds a catastrophic prophecy . Malekith , awakened by the Aether 's release , turns Algrim into a Kursed and attacks Asgard . During the battle , Malekith and Algrim search for Foster , sensing that she contains the Aether . Thor 's mother Frigga is killed protecting Foster , and Malekith and Algrim are forced to flee without Foster . Despite Odin 's orders not to leave Asgard , Thor reluctantly enlists the help of Loki , who knows of a secret portal to Svartalfheim , where they will use Foster to lure and confront Malekith , away from Asgard . In return , Thor promises Loki vengeance on Malekith for killing their mother . With Volstagg and Sif stalling Asgardian soldiers and Fandral assisting their escape , Thor , Loki , and Foster head to Svartalfheim . There , Loki tricks Malekith into drawing the Aether out of Foster , but Thor 's attempt to destroy the exposed substance fails . Malekith merges with the Aether and leaves in his ship as Loki is fatally wounded while killing Algrim . Thor , cradling Loki in his arms , promises to tell their father of his sacrifice . Afterward , Thor and Foster discover another portal in a nearby cave and reunite in London with Lewis and Foster 's mentor Dr. Erik Selvig -- who was briefly institutionalized due to the mental trauma he suffered during Loki 's attack on Earth . They learn that Malekith plans to restore the Dark Elves to dominance by unleashing the Aether at the center of the Convergence in Greenwich . Thor battles Malekith through various portals and across multiple worlds until one portal separates them , leaving Malekith unopposed on Earth . Thor returns in time to help his mortal comrades use their scientific equipment to transport Malekith to Svartalfheim , where he is crushed by his own damaged ship . Thor returns to Asgard , where he declines Odin 's offer to take the throne and tells Odin of Loki 's sacrifice . As he leaves , Odin 's form transforms into Loki , who is alive and impersonating Odin . In a mid-credits scene , Volstagg and Sif visit the Collector and entrust the Aether to his care , commenting that with the Tesseract already in Asgard , having two Infinity Stones so close together would be unwise . As they leave , the Collector states his desire to acquire the other five Stones . In a post-credits scene , Foster and Thor reunite on Earth , while somewhere in London , a frost monster from Jotunheim -- accidentally transported to Earth during the final battle -- continues to run amok . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Thor : The Dark World at the world premiere in London . Top to bottom : Hemsworth , Portman , Hiddleston , Elba , Eccleston , Akinnuoye - Agbaje , and Dennings . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Hemsworth stated that the film addresses unresolved issues regarding Thor 's relationships from previous films , `` For Thor and Jane , there are some unanswered questions now , since obviously he did n't stop in and catch up with her in The Avengers . Thor might have some explaining to do in this one . And with Loki , we get down to the major bones of our conflict with everything that 's come from Thor to Avengers to now . '' Hemsworth added , `` Thor 's journey I think picks more so up from where we left the first one -- About to take on the throne ... and now coming to the realization of what responsibility comes with that . Also , Alan ( Taylor ) keeps talking about the dark side of that responsibility , and the secrets of being king or becoming sort of very political about what people need to know and what they want to know . '' Hemsworth especially enjoyed the role of Thor in this film as he was able to , `` ... break him down and find his human qualities and his vulnerable side . '' Natalie Portman as Jane Foster : An astrophysicist and Thor 's love interest , who is brought from Earth to Asgard by Thor after she is infected with a mysterious energy . Producer Kevin Feige said , `` ( W ) hile Thor was a fish out of water on Earth in the first two films ( Thor and The Avengers ) , this time Jane is very much a fish out of water in Asgard . '' Portman added , `` It was a whole different adventure this time . Because Jane is the fish out of water . I did n't want to make it like Bill & Ted , or like a valley girl dumped into Shakespeareland . '' Portman also said the film finds Jane at a different place in her life , `` Jane has moved , so she 's now in London , not in Santa Fe anymore . Obviously she has gone through missing Thor and also being upset at him because he did n't come knock on her door when he was on her planet . She 's definitely been getting over that and trying to move on . '' Hemsworth 's wife Elsa Pataky stood in for Portman during the post-credits kissing scene due to a scheduling conflict . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis , based on the deity of the same name , who forms an uneasy alliance with Thor against the Dark Elves . On where he wished to take the character in the film , Hiddleston said , `` I 'd like to take ( Loki ) to his absolute rock bottom . I 'd like to see him yield , essentially , to his darkest instincts . Then , having hit rock bottom , maybe come back up . I think the fascination for me about playing Loki is that , in the history of the mythology and the comic books and the Scandinavian myths , is he 's constantly dancing on this fault line of the dark side and redemption . '' Hiddleston recalled , `` When I met Alan ( Taylor ) , he asked me how I thought I could do Loki again without repeating myself and I remembered talking with Kevin Feige when we were on the Avengers promotional tour . I said , ' OK , you 've seen Thor and Loki be antagonistic for two films now . It would be amazing to see them fight side by side . I 've been the bad guy now twice , so I ca n't be again , or otherwise I should n't be in the film . So we have to find a new role for me to play . '' Anthony Hopkins as Odin : The king of Asgard , father of Thor , and adoptive father of Loki , based on the deity of the same name , who disapproves of Jane Foster being in Asgard . Regarding Thor 's relationship with his father , Hemsworth said , `` ( T ) he conflict between Thor and Odin was so great in the first one ... so , certainly they disagree as I think they always will at times but there 's a far greater respect from each other . So it becomes , I guess , a more mature conversation , but there 's more at stake this time , too . It 's not sort of just their individual egos , the whole universe is at stake . '' As to his approach Hopkins said , `` I just play Odin like a human being , with maybe a little more dimension . I grow a beard , look hopefully impressive and keep it as real as possible . '' Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : Foster 's mentor and colleague . Skarsgård said , the film finds Selvig in a `` disrupted mode '' explaining , `` Having a god in your head for a while creates some psychological problems '' , referring to the character 's ordeal following The Avengers . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Elba said he has a larger role in the sequel , `` In the new film we 're going to get to know Heimdall the Asgardian a bit better , and we 're going to get to know Asgard a bit better . I ca n't say too much , but the expansion of Thor in his world is going to be huge . My part was very small and functional in the first film '' . Christopher Eccleston as Malekith : The ruler of the Dark Elves of Svartalfheim . About Malekith 's motivation , Eccleston said , `` There is a kind of tragic quality to his quest . Because he 's lost his wife , he 's lost his children . He 's lost everything . And he returns for revenge . And the agent for his revenge is the Aether . If he gets hold of that , he is omnipotent . '' Eccleston continued , `` What I thought about a great deal was revenge -- there 's huge amounts of revenge . One quote is : ' When you seek revenge , be sure to dig two graves . ' I did a film called Revengers Tragedy where I played a guy called Vindici -- from the word ' vindictive ' -- and he is the distillation of revenge . So , in a way , that was what I had to think of : how revenge can make you absolutely monomaniacal -- though you 're still trying to make it recognizably motive - led . It 's just the personification of movie evil . '' However Taylor stated that a lot of scenes involving Malekith 's backstory had to be cut from the film to make it more efficient . Eccleston revealed that he speaks an invented language for the film explaining , `` The Elvish language is definitely based on European languages . I think there 's probably some Finnish in there . It does have its logic and its rhythms . It also has many syllables and it 's very difficult to do while remaining naturalistic . It 's been a particular challenge for us but hopefully it gives the film some complexity and variety . '' Eccleston also said the role required six hours of make - up and 45 minutes in wardrobe . Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Algrim / Kurse : A Dark Elf , and Malekith 's trusted and loyal lieutenant , who is transformed into a monstrous creature in order to destroy Thor . Akinnuoye - Agbaje described Kurse as `` an amalgamation of a bull and a lava - like creature . He has very animalistic tendencies but with this insatiable and unstoppable power . As an actor , that 's one of the hardest things to embody . You have to realize you are probably the most powerful thing you could imagine . And you have to be that . You ca n't pretend , so that when you face Thor , it 's real . '' Akinnuoye - Agbaje stated the role required three hours of make - up a day and had to put on heavy duty prosthetics explaining , `` The outfit weighed about 40 pounds . I 'm sure there will be a certain amount of CGI but a good 80 % was me in that suit . '' About the character Akinnuoye - Agbaje said , `` I suppose Algrim and Kurse would be the quintessential baddies , but in reality they are what I perceive as the scorn and the victims of the story . They are the elves who have basically lost their planet and their race to another race , the Asgardians . Here is a man / alien who places a noble objective beyond his own life and I think there is something extremely inspiring about that because he looks at the bigger picture and sees himself as a means to that end . '' Akinnuoye - Agbaje added , `` I worked with director Alan Taylor in trying to maintain Algrim 's humanity all the way throughout Kurse 's transformation , so that even when you see Kurse the beast , you can still relate to him as being Algrim inside . And symbolically we did that by keeping the same piercing blue eyes throughout . '' Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis : A political science major who is interning for Foster . Her role in the film was expanded from the comic relief sidekick role she played in the first Thor film . Dennings said her character is `` really bad at real science in this first movie . In the second movie , she 's more interested , but she still does n't know anything about it . She loves Jane , she really wants Jane and Thor to be together . It 's almost like her own little soap opera that she watches . '' Ray Stevenson as Volstagg : A member of the Warriors Three ; a group of three Asgardian adventurers who are among Thor 's closest comrades , known for both his hearty appetite and wide girth . About the character Stevenson said , `` He 's got a heart the size of a planet that he wears on his sleeve , so he 's like a big kid . '' Regarding Volstagg 's role in this film , Stevenson said , `` Volstagg is struggling , he has a brood , they ( the Warriors Three ) are fighting for hearth and home as much as for the idea of Asgard itself . That 's where he has trouble . '' Explaining , `` He 's all too aware of how potentially threatening this new enemy is on both the home front and the battlefield . '' Zachary Levi as Fandral : A member of the Warriors Three , characterized as an irrepressible swashbuckler and romantic . Levi replaced Joshua Dallas in the role due to Dallas 's commitment on Once Upon a Time . Levi had been up for the role in the first film , but bowed out due to his commitment on Chuck . Levi compared the character to Flynn Rider , the character he played in the animated feature , Tangled , `` Fandral is a little similar to Rider in some ways ... He 's like this Lothario . He 's like Errol Flynn . He loves ladies , as do I '' . Regarding the dynamic of the Warriors Three , Levi said , `` The Warriors Three are here to support Thor . We are his confidants , his best friends . We 've all grown up together in a lot of ways and fought many a battle together , escaped death . To me it 's the way best friends ought to be -- they 're there when you need to talk and they 're there if you do n't want to talk , and they 're there if you need to escape from your father 's place in a flying skiff ! '' Tadanobu Asano as Hogun : A member of the Warriors Three , a native of Vanaheim , primarily identified by his grim demeanor . Jaimie Alexander as Sif : An Asgardian warrior , Thor 's childhood friend and Jane Foster 's romantic rival , based on the deity of the same name . Alexander said there is more character development for Sif and the film explores the Sif - Thor relationship . Alexander elaborated , `` I really tried to bring a little bit more vulnerability in this film . Sif is very much in love with Thor and very much cares about his well - being . So she kicks a lot of butt in this movie but she also opens her heart a lot . '' Alexander suffered a severe back injury while on the set . About the injury , she said , `` It was raining , it was dark outside , it was like 5 in the morning -- and I went down a metal staircase and slipped and slipped a disc in my thoracic spine and chipped 11 of my vertebrae . I knocked my left shoulder out of place and tore my rhomboid on my right side ... It took me out of filming for a month '' . Rene Russo as Frigga : The wife of Odin , queen of Asgard , mother of Thor and adoptive mother of Loki , based on the mythological deity of the same name . Russo said that her role was expanded and explores Frigga 's relationship with Loki , `` You know , they cut me ( down ) in the first film . Kenneth Branagh sent me a nice note , because he understood , he 's an actor . You move on , what are you going to do ? But I think they 're going to need a good mom in the next film . Loki needs his mom . I have a lot of compassion for ( Loki ) . But we might have to have a conversation about what he just did '' . Additionally , Alice Krige portrays Eir , an Asgardian physician . Chris O'Dowd was cast as Richard , a suitor of Jane Foster 's . Benicio del Toro , who plays the Collector in Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy , appears in a mid-credits scene with Ophelia Lovibond , who plays his aide Carina . Jonathan Howard plays Ian Boothby , Darcy 's intern . Tony Curran plays Bor , Odin 's father , based on the deity of the same name . Clive Russell plays Tyr , based on the deity of the same name . Richard Brake portrays a captain in the Einherjar . Chris Evans makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Loki masquerading as Captain America , while Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a patient in a mental ward . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` In both cases , it 's using the conceit of a fantastical , alien world to make fresh what is really a domestic drama . In Game of Thrones , seeing Tyrion battle with his sister Cersei , seeing the relationships between children and their fathers ... It 's all the stuff we 're interested in at a psychological level because we 're living it all the time . But it takes place in this otherwise fantastical , foreign realm . I think the same thing is true in Thor . The brilliant thing Ken Branagh did in launching it was making it very much a story about two brothers , a story about brothers competing for the love of their father . So it 's small , confined and human at the same time it 's this blown - out , intergalactic world . '' -- Alan Taylor , director of Thor : The Dark World and several episodes of Game of Thrones In April 2011 before the release of Thor ( 2011 ) , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige stated that following The Avengers ( 2012 ) , `` Thor will go off into a new adventure . '' Kenneth Branagh , director of Thor , responded to his comments , saying , `` It is kind of news to me . Here 's what I would say to that : It 's that I 'm thrilled they 're that confident . I shall wait for the audience to tell us whether there should be a second one , and then if that 's a nice conversation to be had ( among ) all of us , that 'd be thrilling . But I 've got too much Irish superstitious blood in me to assume that Thor 2 will happen . But if Marvel says so , then I guess it must be true '' . Feige later explained that Marvel Studios would gauge how well Thor did at the box office before announcing sequels , but stated , `` Don Payne is working on story ideas for a part two . We 've got various options with Ken ( Branagh ) to discuss coming back , but right now the focus is on the first one . Don is , slowly but surely , thinking about where to take the character next should we be so lucky '' . In June 2011 , Walt Disney Studios set a July 26 , 2013 , release date for the Thor sequel with Chris Hemsworth reprising his role as the title hero . It was also reported that Branagh would not be returning as director but would likely be involved in a producing capacity . The Los Angeles Times cited the long commitment necessary for a special effects - heavy epic and the pressure to start the script process right away as reasons for Branagh 's departure , although he was initially enthused by the chance to direct the sequel . Branagh noted , `` It was a long time ( making the first film ) and they were way too quick for me to get straight back into another , ( but ) it was a pleasurable experience and a film I 'm very proud of . '' The following day , Marvel formally hired Payne , one of the credited writers of the first film , to script the sequel . In August , Brian Kirk entered early negotiations to direct the Thor sequel . The film would have marked Kirk 's first time directing a big - budget motion picture , after having directed television series for HBO , Showtime and the BBC , including Game of Thrones . In September 2011 , Tom Hiddleston confirmed he would return in the sequel , speculating that in the film , `` ( Loki will ) have to take responsibility for what he 's done '' . Patty Jenkins , the director of Monster and the pilot episode of AMC 's The Killing , entered early negotiations with Marvel Studios and Disney to direct the film , after Kirk had passed due to contractual sticking points that arose during negotiations . Later in the month , Feige stated the sequel would `` take Thor literally to other worlds '' and would `` primarily be the journey of that character , of he and Jane Foster and how the new dynamic with his father is working out , as well as what are the broader stakes for The Nine Worlds '' . On October 13 , 2011 , Marvel confirmed that Jenkins would direct the sequel and Natalie Portman would return to star . Disney also moved the release date for the film to November 15 , 2013 . Pre-production ( edit ) `` The main difference I have ( from Branagh 's approach ) is really to do with look and tone . Things look really dirty . The first Thor was quite shiny and it was a very conscious , smart choice . When I came in , I wanted to get more of a sense of the Norse mythology : the Viking quality , the texture and weight of the history . He 's a superhero , but he 's been around for thousands of years . His dad is god ! '' -- Alan Taylor In December 2011 , Jenkins exited the project , citing `` creative differences '' . She stated , `` I have had a great time working at Marvel . We parted on very good terms , and I look forward to working with them again . '' Jenkins felt she could not have made a good film `` out of Thor 2 because I was n't the right director ... I could have made a great Thor if I could have done the story that I was wanting to do . But I do n't think I was the right person to make a great Thor out of the story they wanted to do . '' Jenkins had intended to create a film based on the premise of Romeo and Juliet , where Jane was stuck on Earth with Thor forbidden to come save her . After Thor eventually does travel to Earth , he and Jane would have discovered that Malekith was `` hiding the dark energy inside of Earth because he knows that Odin does n't care about Earth , and so he 's using Odin 's disinterest in Earth to trick him . '' Three days later , it was reported that Marvel was looking at Alan Taylor and Daniel Minahan as prospective directors to replace Jenkins , and were also in the midst of hiring a writer to rewrite Don Payne 's script , with the shortlist of possible writers consisting of John Collee , Robert Rodat , and Roger Avary . At the end of the month , Alan Taylor , best known for directing episodes of the HBO fantasy series Game of Thrones , was chosen to direct the sequel . Feige mentioned Taylor 's work on the series Mad Men , Boardwalk Empire and Game of Thrones as reasons for his hiring , saying `` With Alan 's direction we got a few more layers of patina , of texture , of reality into our golden realm . '' By January 10 , Marvel Studios had commissioned screenwriter Robert Rodat to rewrite the sequel and Hiddleston stated that filming was expected to begin in London in the summer of 2012 . Hemsworth later confirmed that filming was scheduled to begin in August . Hemsworth also revealed that the film would have a more Viking - influenced feel , elaborating `` I think the science fiction element to Thor ... the danger is it falls a little bit into the world of it 's ' tough to throw a light to . ' I think of big waterfalls and mountains and a Viking influence , where the Norse mythology kind of grew from . Having that in Asgard is going to make it all the more special and that 's what Alan ( Taylor ) wants to bring to it . '' Feige said `` while the relationship between Loki and Thor certainly has changed ( after the events of the movie The Avengers ) and has progressed , a lot of Thor 2 is picking up where it left off in terms of Jane , who you just saw for a moment on a computer monitor , and also what 's been going on in the nine realms without the Asgardians being able to use the Bifrost . '' Feige also said that while Loki has a part , `` there will be a different villain , another big villain '' . In May 2012 , Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins , who played Odin in the first film , committed to returning in the sequel . At the end of the month , Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8 , 2013 . By June 2012 , much of the first film 's supporting cast was confirmed to return , including Idris Elba , Jaimie Alexander , Ray Stevenson and Stellan Skarsgård . Also in June , Joshua Dallas announced that he would not be reprising the role of Fandral . Dallas had initially intended to return , but had to bow out due to his commitment on the television show , Once Upon a Time , and Zachary Levi was cast in his place . Levi was originally up for the role in the first film but scheduling conflicts with Chuck forced him to drop out . In July 2012 , Mikkelsen stated he would not be appearing in the sequel due to prior commitments , `` That 's not happening unfortunately . I had a meeting with ( the filmmakers ) , but it was a bit too late and then Hannibal came in ... It 's just not happening '' . At the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International , it was announced that the film would be titled Thor : The Dark World . At the end of the month , residents near Bourne Wood in Surrey , England were notified that a film going by the working title , Thursday Mourning would be filming in the area . In August of that year , Christopher Eccleston entered final negotiations to play Malekith , and the film was scheduled to shoot in Iceland , where Taylor shot parts of Game of Thrones . By August 22 , Kat Dennings was hired to reprise her role as Darcy Lewis and Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje was cast as Algrim . At the end of the month , film crews for Thursday Mourning began set construction at Stonehenge near Amesbury , England . Filming ( edit ) Film set for Thor : The Dark World at Bourne Wood , Surrey , England . Principal photography began on September 10 , 2012 , in Bourne Wood , Surrey , England , under the working title Thursday Mourning . A few weeks later , Clive Russell was cast as Tyr , and Richard Brake was cast as an Einherjar captain . At the end of the month , Jaimie Alexander was injured on the London film set , after she slipped while walking in the rain . On October 12 , 2012 , production moved to Iceland with filming taking place in Dómadalur , Skógafoss , Fjaðrárgljúfur and Skeiðarársandur . Iceland Review described the shoot as being among the most extensive film projects to have ever taken place in Iceland . Three days later , Disney announced that the film would be released in 3D . In late October , filming commenced at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich , London . Filming also took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios in Surrey between October and December 2012 . Other filming locations included Wembley , Borough Market , Hayes and Stonehenge . Alexander tweeted that principal photography wrapped on December 14 , 2012 . Disney spent $237.6 million on Thor : The Dark World but $37 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority . A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL. A. Inc. , indicated a gross budget of $170 million , with a net of $152.7 million for Thor : The Dark World . Kramer Morgenthau , who worked with Taylor on Game of Thrones , was brought in as the director of photography . Morgenthau said , `` We wanted a grittier , boots - on - the - ground feeling , inspired by what Alan and I had done on Game of Thrones . We wanted the realms to feel grounded , like a real place , while at the same time respecting the magical ' planet of the Gods ' feeling and theme . '' Thor : The Dark World was Morgenthau 's first time shooting a feature film digitally . For the film , Morgenthau chose the Arri Alexa Plus , although he tested with the Sony F65 but found the Alexa to be more pleasing . In addition to the Alexa , Red Epic and Canon EOS 5D Mark II cameras were used for second unit filming . With the Alexa , Morgenthau used Panavision anamorphic lenses . Morgenthau said , `` The lenses brought some of the magic and mystery of photochemical back to digital , that big - movie look . '' Morgenthau also stated that Thor : The Dark World was easily the most technically complex project that he has worked but said , `` It 's all the same concept and the same principles as in a smaller film . You just scale it up . You do a lot more prep . We had three months of prep and loads of time to pre-rig stages . Part of it is having a really good crew -- it 's definitely not a one - man show . '' Post-production ( edit ) In July 2013 , Dennings told reporters that the film was about to head into reshoots . In August , Taylor said he shot extra scenes with Hiddleston and was about to shoot more with Hopkins . Taylor explained that it was all a part of the `` Marvel process '' saying , `` We 're doing full scenes , scenes that were not in the movie before . We 're adding scenes , creating scenes , writing scenes for the first time . The one ( involving Loki ) was a fun connective scene ... We realised how well Loki was working in the movie , and we wanted to do more with him . So it was that kind of thing , it was like , ' Oh , we could do this , we could jam this in here ' because he 's such a wonderful guy to watch do his stuff . '' Also in August , IMAX Corporation and Marvel Entertainment announced that the film would be digitally re-mastered into the IMAX 3D format and released into IMAX 3D theatres internationally beginning October 30 , 2013 . Taylor said Marvel 's The Avengers writer / director Joss Whedon rewrote several scenes in the film explaining , `` Joss came in to save our lives a couple of times . We had a major scene that was not working on the page at all in London , and he basically got airlifted in , like a SWAT team or something . He came down , rewrote the scene , and before he got back to his plane I sort of grabbed him and said , ' And this scene and this scene ? ' And he rewrote two other scenes that I thought had problems . '' In October 2013 , Tony Curran tweeted that he would be portraying Odin 's father , Bor , in a flashback sequence . In November 2013 , Feige stated that the film was intended to be the conclusion of the `` Loki trilogy '' , which examined the relationship of Thor and Loki throughout Thor , The Avengers and this film . The film 's mid-credits scene was directed by James Gunn , the director of Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy . Photo of the Lofoten islands off the coast of Norway , taken in July 2008 . The same islands used in the film with CG Asgardian structures added by Double Negative . The film 's visual effects were completed by seven special effects studios , including Double Negative and Luma Pictures . Blur Studio was the lead studio behind the film 's prologue sequence taking place 5,000 years before the start of the film , on the Dark Elves homeworld of Svartalfheim . The sequence consisted mostly of computer graphics with live - action shots interwoven throughout . The use of CG allowed for greater freedom of movement by the characters as the live - action costumes were too constrictive . Taylor wanted Asgard in this film to have a more natural look than its predecessor . To achieve this , crews filmed the coast of Norway with an Arri Alexa camera for three days in a helicopter , capturing six hours of footage . Double Negative then embedded their CG rendering of Asgard on shots of the natural landscape . Double Negative visual effects supervisor Alex Wuttke said , `` The benefit of that is that you have some real world terrain to work with -- so you have buildings that have to convey natural features . Then from there we went in there populating the terrain with different buildings . '' For scenes taking place on Svartalfheim , production filmed in Iceland with Double Negative adding ruins , mountains , Dark Elf ships , and skies . For the shot of the levitating truck , which was used in the film to demonstrate the strange phenomena brought on by the coming of the alignment of the worlds , filmmakers attached a cement truck to a large hydraulic rig , which could be programmed to change speed and movement . In order to create Algrim 's transformation into Kurse , Double Negative morphed live action performances of Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as both Algrim and Kurse . Double Negative then added in smoke and lava - like effects . The film 's climatic battle sequence takes place through the nine worlds by the use of portals . Visual effects supervisor Jake Morrison said , `` We ended up calling this ' time toffee ' , so as you punch through from one realm to another it 's almost like cling film or a slightly gelatinous membrane you have to pass through . It bends a little bit then rips and spits the person out . The other thing we wanted to do was to make sure it was quite fast from an editorial point of view . In the fight scenes there are times when Thor and Malekith are portaling all over the place , quite frankly . We made sure we always kept up the momentum and never stopped the fight . It was a way of making sure the audience were n't conscious there was an effect going on . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Thor : The Dark World ( soundtrack ) In August 2012 , Patrick Doyle said that he had discussions with the director about potentially returning to score the film . By April 2013 , Carter Burwell had been hired to compose the score , but by the following month he left the film over creative differences . In June 2013 , Marvel hired Brian Tyler , who scored Iron Man 3 , to replace Burwell. Tyler said the previous film had an `` attitude and ( was ) grounded in limitations '' whereas the Thor film allowed for `` all - out regal themes that could be as epic as I could make them . '' The composer described The Dark World as `` science fiction meeting classic medieval war '' , leading to a score that drew from works of both genres such as Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings . Azam Ali is a featured vocalist on the score . The soundtrack was released digitally on October 28 , 2013 . Release ( edit ) The world premiere of Thor : The Dark World took place on October 22 , 2013 , at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . The film was released theatrically in the UK eight days later , on October 30 . The film held its North American premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , and was released into U.S. theaters on November 7 , 2013 . Marketing ( edit ) Hiddleston as Loki at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the film . In March 2013 , Marvel announced the release of a two - issue comic book prelude by writers Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost and artist Scot Eaton in June 2013 . In April 2013 , Marvel released the first trailer for Thor : The Dark World . Forbes said , `` This trailer fits nicely into that larger marketing push for Marvel 's brand . It puts all of the recognizable characters from the first film front and center , presents the action as a team event reminiscent of the Avengers , and once again Loki -- who was quite popular with audiences -- makes an appearance . '' The Los Angeles Times said , `` Evident throughout the trailer is director Alan Taylor 's influence ; the Game of Thrones director 's hand can be seen in the battle sequences , and Asgard -- a bright and shiny kingdom under Thor director Kenneth Branagh -- seems grittier in the sequel . '' In July at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International , Hiddleston introduced footage from the film to audiences in character as Loki . Also in July , Gameloft announced that a mobile video game titled , Thor the Dark World : The Official Game , would be released in conjunction with the release of the film in November . The theatrical poster for the film was released in early August 2013 . Kirsten Acuna of Business Insider criticized the poster for its lack of originality , noting its similarities to one of the posters of Iron Man 3 , both of which included the female lead clinging to the male lead , with both looking in opposite directions , antagonists prominently displayed in the background and supporting characters featured `` on the side '' . Additionally , Marvel released a second trailer for the film as part of YouTube 's Geek Week . Forbes said , `` this 150 - second trailer is basically just an extended version of last April 's 106 - second teaser '' and that `` this trailer fails to showcase what 's new this time around ... making audiences question if they really do n't have much else to offer . '' The Los Angeles Times said , that the trailer suggests `` an ominous , epic scale for the sequel '' and that `` the collaboration between Thor and Loki promises to be especially interesting . '' Later in the month , producer Kevin Feige and cast members Tom Hiddleston , Natalie Portman and Anthony Hopkins presented additional footage at Disney 's D23 Expo . Also in August 2013 , Disney announced plans to promote the film with an attraction at Disneyland . The attraction called Thor : Treasures of Asgard , located next to the Stark Industries exhibit inside Innoventions in Tomorrowland , opened on November 1 , 2013 and features displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin 's throne room , where they are greeted by Thor . The eighth episode of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , titled `` The Well '' , takes place in the aftermath of the events of Thor : The Dark World . It first aired on November 19 , 2013 . Jaimie Alexander reprised her role as Sif in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Yes Men '' , which aired on March 11 , 2014 . Home media ( edit ) Thor : The Dark World was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for digital download on February 4 , 2014 , and on Blu - ray Disc and DVD on February 25 , 2014 . The physical media release includes deleted scenes , extended scenes , a gag reel , audio commentary by the cast and crew , and a Marvel One - Shot short film entitled All Hail the King , featuring Ben Kingsley reprising his role as Trevor Slattery from Iron Man 3 . The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Thor : The Dark World earned $206.4 million in North America and $438.2 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $644.6 million . It surpassed the gross of its predecessor after just 19 days of its release . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $139.4 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Thor : The Dark World made an estimated $7.1 million in Thursday night showings , more than double the midnight gross of its predecessor . On Friday , November 7 , 2013 , the film topped the box office with $31.9 million ( including Thursday night earnings ) , which is 25 % higher than the original film 's opening - day gross . Through Sunday , the film remained at the No. 1 spot with $85.7 million , which is a 30 % increase over its predecessor 's opening weekend . This was the largest November opening for a film distributed by Disney , surpassing The Incredibles . Thor : The Dark World topped the box office in North America during its first two weekends , before being overtaken by The Hunger Games : Catching Fire in its third weekend . On its midweek opening day of Wednesday , October 30 , 2013 , Thor : The Dark World earned $8.2 million from 33 territories , including the UK and France , where it opened higher than its predecessor . During its first three days , the film earned $45.2 million , and by the end of the weekend , after expanding into three more territories , it totaled $109.4 million over five days , finishing in first place in all 36 countries . Its largest openings were recorded in China ( $21.0 million ) , the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $13.8 million ) and France and the Maghreb region ( $9.94 million ) . It topped the box office outside North America on its first three weekends of release . In total earnings , its largest markets are China ( $55.3 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $35.4 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $31.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Taylor at the world premiere of Thor : The Dark World in London . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 66 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 based on 256 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It may not be the finest film to come from the Marvel Universe , but Thor : The Dark World still offers plenty of the humor and high - stakes action that fans have come to expect . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 54 out of 100 based on 44 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an `` A - '' average , based on a grading scale ranging from A+ to F . Ben Child of The Guardian said , `` Thanks to Hiddleston and Hemsworth 's impressive collective charisma , Thor : The Dark World is far from a franchise killer . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote , `` This robust , impersonal visual - effects showpiece proves buoyant and unpretentious enough to offset its stew of otherwise derivative fantasy / action elements . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said , `` Thor : The Dark World delivers the goods -- action , otherworldly grandiosity , romance , humor -- above and beyond its predecessor '' . Simon Abrams , writing for RogerEbert.com said , `` There 's just enough tension and humor in Thor : The Dark World to make the film 's otherwise listless proceedings worth watching , but only just . '' Echoing other critics ' sentiments , Frank Lovece of Film Journal International wrote , `` Is it wrong that the best relationship in Thor : The Dark World is between the titular Norse - god superhero and his adoptive brother Loki ? To take nothing away from Oscar - winner Natalie Portman , ... it 's the complicated love - hate between Thor and the trickster god Loki that you ca n't turn your eyes from . '' Conversely , Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said , `` It feels entirely made by committee -- the definition of house style , without a personal stamp in sight . '' Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Although director Alan Taylor manages to get things going properly for the final battle in London , the long stretches before that on Asgard and the other branches of Yggdrasil are a drag , like filler episodes of Game of Thrones but without the narrative complexity , mythical heft or all - pervading sexiness . '' Michael Phillips of the Los Angeles Times described Thor : The Dark World as having the `` same old threats of galaxy annihilation spiced with fairly entertaining fish - out - of - water jokes '' . Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times said , `` the battle scenes are as lacking in heat and coherence as the central love story '' . Accolades ( edit ) The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences placed Thor : The Dark World on its shortlist of potential nominees for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects but ultimately did not nominate it . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2014 IGN Best of 2013 Best Comic Book Adaptation Movie Thor : The Dark World Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Year - End Movie Thor : The Dark World Nominated ABFF Hollywood Awards Artist of the Year Idris Elba ( also for Pacific Rim and Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ) Nominated Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor Tom Hiddleston Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - To - Film Motion Picture Thor : The Dark World Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tom Hiddleston Nominated Best Costume Wendy Partridge Nominated Best Make - Up Karen Cohen / David White / Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Special / Visual Effects Jake Morrison / Paul Corbould / Mark Breakspear Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Shirtless Performance Chris Hemsworth Nominated Best Hero Chris Hemsworth Nominated Favorite Character Loki Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot Thor : The Dark World Nominated BET Awards Best Actor Idris Elba ( also for Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Thor : The Dark World Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Chris Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Natalie Portman Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Thor : Ragnarok Thor : Ragnarok was released on November 3 , 2017 , directed by Taika Waititi . Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost wrote the screenplay , with Kevin Feige again producing . Hemsworth , Hiddleston , Hopkins , Elba , Asano , Levi , and Stevenson reprise their roles as Thor , Loki , Odin , Heimdall , Hogun , Fandral , and Volstagg , respectively , while Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Strange respectively , reprising their roles from previous MCU films . Cate Blanchett , Tessa Thompson , Jeff Goldblum and Karl Urban join the cast as Hela , Valkyrie , Grandmaster , and Skurge , respectively . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers . The events of Thor : The Dark World are set a year after the events of The Avengers . Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2011 film Thor . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Thor : The Dark World ' ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Feature Film Study ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FilmL. A. Inc. p. 11 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 -- via The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Official Synopsis Released '' . StitchKingdom.com . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Beth ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Review Roundup : Critics Mixed on ' Thor : The Dark World ' -- Generic Marvel Entry With Too Little of Loki ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lombardi , Ken ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` '' Thor : The Dark World '' gets mixed responses from critics `` . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Thor : The Dark World Set Photo '' . Empire . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel And Disney Setting ' Thor 2 ' For Summer 2013 ; Chris Hemsworth 's Back But Kenneth Branagh Wo n't Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Marvels At ' Avengers ' Success : ' We Pulled It Off ! ' '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keyes , Rob ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Thor : The Dark World ' Set Interview With Chris Hemsworth '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TheMovieNetwork ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : Chris Hemsworth from ' Thor : The Dark World ' '' . The Movie Network . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` TOLDJA ! Patty Jenkins Confirmed as ' Thor 2 ' Director '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel : D23 debuts new scenes for ' Thor ' and ' Captain America ' sequels '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive look : Thor returns in ' The Dark World ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit on a quest for Empire Awards '' . BBC News . February 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johns , Nikara ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gravity , ' ' The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ' Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MTV Movie Awards : Full Nominations List '' . MTV News . March 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . May 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Actor '' . BET . May 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2014 Nominees Revealed ! '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Studios Schedules New Release Dates for 4 Films '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated ' Thor : Ragnarok ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why Is n't Lady Sif in Thor : Ragnarok ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Hires One of Its Own Executives to Co-Write ' Thor 3 ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Studios reveals Phase Three slate , including two - part ' Avengers ' threequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` New Thor : Ragnarok Image Confirms Return of Another Asgardian '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blickley , Leigh ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Wants To See Bruce Banner And Hulk Face - Off On Screen '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange revelations : Secrets and Easter eggs from the new Marvel movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thor : The Dark World . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does thor the dark world take place	[ "In present-day Asgard, Loki stands imprisoned for his war crimes on Earth.[N 1] Meanwhile, Thor, alongside warriors Fandral, Volstagg, and Sif, repel marauders on Vanaheim, home of their comrade Hogun; it is the final battle in a war to pacify the Nine Realms following the reconstruction of the Bifröst, the \"Rainbow Bridge\" between realms, which had been destroyed two years earlier.[N 2] The Asgardians soon learn that the Convergence, a rare alignment of the Nine Realms, is imminent; as the event approaches, portals linking the worlds appear at random." ]	[ "present-day" ]
8736470713709164603	Earned income tax credit	Earned income tax Credit - wikipedia Earned income tax Credit The United States federal earned income tax credit or earned income credit ( EITC or EIC ) is a refundable tax credit for low - to moderate - income working individuals and couples , particularly those with children . The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient 's income and number of children . For a person or couple to claim one or more persons as their qualifying child , requirements such as relationship , age , and shared residency must be met . In the 2013 tax year , working families , if they have children , with annual incomes below $37,870 to $51,567 ( depending on the number of dependent children ) may be eligible for the federal EITC . Childless workers that have incomes below about $14,340 ( $19,680 for a married couple ) can receive a very small EITC benefit . U.S. tax forms 1040EZ , 1040A , or 1040 can be used to claim EITC without qualifying children . To claim the credit with qualifying children , forms 1040A or 1040 must be used along with Schedule EITC attached . EIC phases in slowly , has a medium - length plateau , and then phases out more slowly than it was phased in . Since the credit phases out at 21 % ( more than one qualifying child ) or 16 % ( one qualifying child ) , it is always preferable to have one more dollar of actual salary or wages ( although technically , since the EIC table moves by fifty - dollar increments , it is always preferable to have an extra fifty - dollar increment of salary or wages ) considering the EITC alone . If the EITC is combined with multiple other means - tested programs such as Medicaid or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , it is possible that the marginal tax rate approaches or exceeds 100 % in rare circumstances depending on the state of residence ; conversely , under certain circumstances , net income can rise faster than the increase in wages because the EITC phases in . For tax year 2013 , the maximum EITC benefit for a single person or couple filing without qualifying children is $487 . The maximum EITC with one qualifying child is $3,250 , with two children , it is $5,372 , and with three or more qualifying children , it is $6,044 . These amounts are indexed annually for inflation . The earned income tax credit has been part of political debates in the United States regarding whether raising the minimum wage or increasing EITC is a better idea . In a random survey of 568 members of the American Economic Association in 2011 , roughly 60 % of economists agreed ( 31.7 % ) or agreed with provisos ( 30.8 % ) that the Earned Income Tax Credit program should be expanded . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Earned income 3 Qualifying children 3.1 Relationship 3.2 Age 3.3 Shared residence 4 Other requirements 5 Disallowances for reckless or fraudulent claims 6 Example ( s ) for 2012 from IRS Pub. 596 7 Graph , 2006 8 Impact 8.1 Households ' average taxes and income 8.2 Welfare benefits 8.3 Impact on health 9 Cost 10 Uncollected tax credits 11 Storefront tax prep , `` RACs , '' prep and account fees , third - party debt collection 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Enacted in 1975 , the initially modest EIC has been expanded by tax legislation on a number of occasions , including the widely publicized Tax Reform Act of 1986 , and was further expanded in 1990 , 1993 , 2001 , and 2009 , regardless of whether the act in general raised taxes ( 1990 , 1993 ) , lowered taxes ( 2001 ) , or eliminated other deductions and credits ( 1986 ) . Today , the EITC is one of the largest anti-poverty tools in the United States . Most income measures , including the poverty rate , do not account for the credit . A qualifying child can be a person 's daughter , son , stepchild , or any further descendant ( such as grandchild , great grandchild , etc . ) or a person 's brother , sister , half sister , half brother , stepbrother , stepsister , or any further descendant ( such as niece , nephew , great - nephew , great - great - niece , etc . ) . A qualifying child can also be in the process of being adopted provided he or she has been lawfully placed . Foster children also count provided either the child has been officially placed or is a member of one 's extended family . A younger single parent can not claim EIC if he or she is also claimable as a qualifying child of their parent or another older relative , which can happen in some extended family situations . This restriction does not apply to a married couple who is claiming EIC with a child , even if one or both spouses are under the age of 19 . A person claiming EIC must be older than his or her qualifying child unless the `` child '' is classified as `` permanently and totally disabled '' for the tax year ( physician states one year or more ) . A qualifying `` child '' can be up to and including age 18 . A qualifying `` child '' who is a full - time student ( one long semester or equivalent ) can be up to and including age 23 . And a person classified as `` permanently and totally disabled '' ( one year or more ) can be any age and count as one 's qualifying `` child '' provided the other requirements are met . Parents claim their own child ( ren ) if eligible unless they are waiving this year 's credit to an extended family member who has higher adjusted gross income . There is no support test for EIC . There is a six - month plus one day shared residency test . In the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act , the EIC was temporarily expanded for two specific groups : married couples and families with three or more children ; this expansion was extended through December 2012 by H.R. 4853 , the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 . Effective for the 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 filing seasons , the EIC supported these taxpayers by : Increasing benefits for larger families by creating a new category or `` third tier '' of the EIC for families with three or more children . In this tier , the credit phases in at 45 percent of income ( up from 40 percent ) , effectively increasing the maximum credit for these families by almost $600 . Increasing marriage penalty relief by raising the income threshold at which the EIC begins to phase out for married couples to $5,000 above the amount for unmarried filers , thereby giving MFJ filers a longer plateau . The combined plateau and phase - out range for married filing jointly is still not double that for single filers , and thus there still is a marriage penalty , just less than there used to be . As of early 2012 , 26 states have enacted state EITCs : Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , District of Columbia , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Rhode Island , Vermont , Virginia , and Wisconsin . Some of these state EICs are refundable , and some are not . In addition , a few small local EICs have been enacted in San Francisco , New York City , and Montgomery County , Maryland . Earned income ( edit ) Earned income is defined by the United States Internal Revenue Code as income received through personal effort , with the following as the main sources : Wages , salaries , tips , commissions , and other taxable employee pay . Net earnings from self - employment . Gross income received as a statutory employee . Disability payments through a private employer 's disability plan received prior to minimum retirement age ( 62 in 2011 ) . Nontaxable combat pay received by a member of the U.S. armed services which he or she elects to include for purposes of EIC calculation . This is an all - or - none election . For each tax year , the service member must elect to include either all of the combat pay or none of it . Qualifying children ( edit ) A person or couple claiming EIC with one or more qualifying children need to fill out and attach Schedule EIC to their 1040 or 1040A . This form asks for the child ( ren ) 's name , social security number , year of birth , whether an older `` child '' age 19 to 23 was classified as a student for the year ( full - time status for at least one long semester or equivalent time period ) , whether an older `` child '' is classified as disabled during the year ( doctor states one year or more ) , the child 's relationship to claimant , and the number of months the child lived with the claimant in the United States . To claim a person as qualifying child , the following requirements of relationship , age , and shared residence must be met . Relationship ( edit ) In the case of a married couple filing jointly , if one spouse is related to the child by any of the below relationships , both spouses are considered related to the child . The claimant must be related to their qualifying child through blood , marriage , or law . The qualifying child can be : a person 's daughter , son , stepchild , or any further descendant ( such as grandchild , great grandchild , etc . ) , or a person 's brother , sister , half sister , half brother , stepbrother , stepsister , or any further descendant ( such as niece , nephew , great - nephew , great - great - niece , etc . ) , or a foster child officially placed by an agency , court , or Indian tribal government . Authorized placement agencies include tax - exempt organizations licensed by states as well as organizations authorized by Indian tribal governments to place Native American children . or an adopted child , including a child in the process of being adopted provided he or she has been lawfully placed . A child might classify as the qualifying child of more than one adult family member , at least initially . For example , in an extended family situation , both a parent and an uncle may meet the initial standards of relationship , age , and residency to claim a particular child . In such a case , there is a further rule : If a single parent or both parents , whether married or not , can claim the child ( residency and age ) but choose to waive the child to a non-parent , such as a grandparent or uncle or aunt , this non-parent can claim the child only if they have a higher adjusted gross income ( AGI ) than any parent who has lived with the child for at least six months . This still remains the parent 's choice . Provided the parent has lived with the child for at least six months and one day , the parent can always choose to claim his or her child for purposes of the earned income credit . In a tiebreaker situation between two unmarried parents , the tiebreak goes to the parent who lived with the child for the longest . In a tiebreaker between two non-parents , the tiebreak goes to the person with the higher AGI . And in a tiebreaker between a parent and non-parent , the parent wins by definition . These tiebreaker situations only occur if more than one family member actually file tax returns in which they claim the same child . On the other hand , if the family can agree , per the above and following rules , they can engage in a limited amount of tax planning as to which family member claims the child . Age ( edit ) A single parent younger than age 19 living in an extended family situation is potentially claimable as the qualifying `` child '' of an older relative . And a single parent under age 24 who is also a full - time college student ( one long semester or equivalent ) living in an extended family situation is also potentially claimable . If so , the younger single parent can not claim EIC . This rule does not apply to a married couple who are claiming EIC with a child , even if one or both spouses are under the age of 19 . ( This rule also does not apply if the older relative is not required to file a tax return , and subsequently either does not file or only files to receive a full refund of taxes withheld . ) Generally , one sibling claiming another as their qualifying child must be older . In the case of a married couple filing a joint return , only one of the spouses must be older . An exception to the must - be-older - rule is the case of a qualifying child who is classified as `` permanently and totally disabled '' ( physician states one year or more ) . Such a `` child '' can be any age and the age requirement is considered to be automatically met ( of course the relationship and shared residency requirements must still be met ) . The standard rule is that the qualifying `` child '' must be under the age of 19 at the end of the tax year . That is , the younger person can be 18 years and 364 days old on December 31 and the age requirement is met . This age limit is extended for a qualifying `` child '' who is also a full - time student during some part of five calendar months . This young adult merely needs to be under age 24 at the end of the tax year for the age requirement to be met ( relationship and residency requirements must still be met ) . That is , the young adult who is full - time for at least part of five different months can be 23 years and 364 days on December 31 and meet the age requirement to be someone else 's qualifying `` child . '' The standard Fall semester of a university , in which classes start in late August and continue through September , October , November , and early December , counts as part of five calendar months . And a similar conclusion applies to the standard Spring semester . However , the five months need not be consecutive and can be obtained with any combination of shorter periods . A full - time student is a student who is enrolled for the number of hours or courses the school considers to be full - time attendance . High school students who work in co-op jobs or who are in a vocational high school program are classified as full - time students . Schools include technical , trade , and mechanical schools . A person who is classified as `` permanently and totally disabled '' ( physician states one year or more ) can be any age and the age requirement is automatically met . More fully , the definition of `` permanently and totally disabled '' is that a person has a mental or physical disability , can not engage in substantial gainful activity , and a physician has determined that the condition has lasted or is expected to last one year or more ( or that it can lead to death ) . Shared residence ( edit ) The claimant must live with their qualifying child ( ren ) within the fifty states and / or District of Columbia of the United States for more than half the tax year ( per instructions , six months and one day is listed as 7 months on Schedule EIC ) . U.S. military personnel stationed outside the United States on extended active duty are considered to live in the U.S. for purposes of the EIC . Extended active duty means the person is called to duty for an indefinite period or for a period of more than 90 days ( which is still considered to be extended active even if the period ends up being less than 90 days ) . Temporary absences , for either the claimant or the child , due to school , hospital stays , business trips , vacations , shorter periods of military service , or jail or detention , are ignored and instead count as time lived at home . `` Temporary '' is perhaps unavoidably vague and generally hinges or whether the claimant and / or the child are expected to return , and the IRS does not provide any substantial guidance past this . If the child was born or died in the year and the claimant 's home was the child 's home , or potential home , for the entire time the child was alive during the year , this counts as living with the claimant , and per instructions , 12 months is entered on Schedule EIC . Unlike the rules for claiming a dependent , there is no rule that a qualifying child not support herself or himself . A child who supports himself or herself can still qualify as a qualifying child for purposes of the EIC . There is an exception for older married `` children . '' If an otherwise qualifying child is married , the claimant needs to be able to claim this child as a dependent ( and the married couple must have low enough income so that they are not required to file a return and are either not filing or are filing only for the purpose of claiming a refund on withheld taxes ) . Other requirements ( edit ) Investment income can not be greater than $3,400 in 2016 . A claimant must be either a United States citizen or resident alien . In the case of married filing jointly where one spouse is and one is n't , the couple can elect to treat the nonresident spouse as resident and have their entire worldwide income subject to U.S. tax , and will then be eligible for EIC . Filers both with and without qualifying children must have lived in the 50 states and / or District of Columbia of the United States for more than half the tax year ( six months and one day ) . Puerto Rico , American Samoa , the Northern Mariana Islands , and other U.S. territories do not count in this regard . However , a person on extended military duty is considered to have met this requirement for the period of the duty served . Filers who are not claiming a qualifying child must be between the ages of 25 and 64 inclusive . For a married couple without a qualifying child , only one spouse must be within this age range . For a single person with a qualify child , there is no age requirement per se other than the requirement that the single person not himself or herself be claimable as another relative 's qualifying child ( see Age section above ) . A married couple with at least one qualifying child is only occasionally classified as claimable by another relative , especially if the married couple has earned income and elects to claim EIC . All filers and all children being claimed must have a valid social security number . This includes social security cards printed with `` Valid for work only with INS authorization '' or `` Valid for work only with DHS authorization . '' Single , Head of Household , Qualifying Widow ( er ) , and Married Filing Jointly are all equally valid filing statuses for EIC . In fact , depending on the income of both spouses , Married Filing Jointly can be advantageous in some circumstances because , in 2009 , the phase - out for MFJ for begins at $21,450 whereas phase - out begins at $16,450 for the other filing statuses . A couple who is legally married can file MFJ even if they lived apart the entire year and even if they shared no revenues or expenses for the year , as long as both spouses agree . However , if both spouses do not agree , or if there are other circumstances such as domestic violence , a spouse who lived apart with children for the last six months of the year and who meets other requirements can file as Head of Household . Or , for a couple that is split up but still legally married , they might consider visiting an accountant at separate times and perhaps even signing a joint return on separate visits . There is even an IRS form that can be used to request direct deposit into up to three separate accounts . In addition , if a person obtains a divorce by December 31 , that will carry , since it is marital status on the last day of the year that controls for tax purposes . In addition , if a person is `` legally separated '' according to state law by December 31 , that will also carry . The only disqualifying filing status for purposes of the EIC is married filing separately . EIC phases out by the greater of earned income or adjusted gross income . A married couple in 2010 , whose total income was just shy of $21,500 , but who had more than $3,100 of investment income , would have received the maximum credit for their number of qualifying children , but because of the rule that for any claimant -- whether single of married , with or without children -- that investment income can not be greater than $3,100 , will instead receive zero EIC . This is an edge case , but there are income ranges and situations in which an increase of investment dollars can result in a loss of after - tax dollars . ( Instead of $21,500 , the phase - out for Single , Head of Household , and Qualifying Widow ( er ) begins at $16,450 . ) In normal circumstances , EIC phases out relatively slowly , at 16 % or 21 % depending on the number of children . Disallowances for reckless or fraudulent claims ( edit ) A person or couple will be disallowed EIC for two years if they claim EIC when not eligible and the IRS determines the `` error is due to reckless or intentional disregard of the EIC rules . '' A person or couple will be disallowed for ten years if they make a fraudulent claim . Form 8862 is required after this time period in order to be reinstated . However , this form is not required if EIC was reduced solely because of mathematical or clerical error . Example ( s ) for 2012 from IRS Pub. 596 ( edit ) Cynthia and Jerry Grey have two children ages 6 and 8 . For tax year 2012 , one spouse made $10,000 in wages and the other spouse made $15,000 , plus the couple received $525 on interest from a savings account . Since they are into the phase - out range , their EIC will phase out by the greater of earned income or adjusted gross income . So , they will look up in the EIC table $25,525 for MFJ with two children , and this amount is $4,557 . Since they are claiming children , the Greys will also need to attach Schedule EIC to their tax return which will ask for each child , the child 's name , social security number , year of birth , relationship to couple , and months lived with couple in the United States during 2012 . If the Greys use 1040A , they will enter $4,557 on line 38a . If they use form 1040 , they will enter $4,557 on line 64a . Graph , 2006 ( edit ) Impact ( edit ) Households ' average taxes and income ( edit ) Average incomes and taxes CBO Study 2009 Households by income Market income Federal Transfers Income + Transfers Avg Federal Tax rate % Federal Taxes $ % Federal Taxes paid # W % Net Income 0 -- 20 % 7,600 22,900 30,500 1.0 200 0.3 0.42 6.2 21 -- 40 % 30,100 14,800 45,000 6.8 2,900 3.8 0.90 11.1 41 -- 60 % 54,200 10,400 64,600 11.1 7,200 9.4 1.29 15.8 61 -- 80 % 86,400 7,100 93,500 15.1 14,100 18.3 1.70 21.6 80 -- 100 218,800 6,000 224,800 23.2 51,900 67.9 1.97 47.2 Market Income = salaries etc. on Income tax form Federal Transfers = all EITC , CTC , Medicaid , food stamps ( SNAP ) etc. received Average tax rate includes all Social Security , Medicare , income , business income , excise , etc. taxes . Net Federal taxes paid in dollars Percent of all federal taxes paid # W = Average number of workers per household in this quintile % Net Income = percentage of all national income each quintile receives after taxes and transfers . Welfare benefits ( edit ) Under traditional welfare , a dollar - for - dollar decrease of benefits corresponded to an increase in earnings . Standard indifference curve analysis shows that this creates a `` spiked '' budget constraint of OABC , making it very likely that an individual 's utility maximizing bundle includes no work . The EITC , in contrast to traditional welfare , creates a `` smoother '' budget constraint of OABCD , making it theoretically much more likely that an individual 's utility - maximizing bundle will include some hours of work . At a cost of $56 billion in 2013 , the EITC is the third - largest social welfare program in the United States after Medicaid ( $275 billion federal and $127 billion state expenditures ) and food stamps ( $78 billion ) . Almost 27 million American households received more than $56 billion in payments through the EITC in 2010 . These EITC dollars had a significant impact on the lives and communities of the nation 's lowest - paid working people largely repaying any payroll taxes they may have paid . The Census Bureau , using an alternative calculation of poverty , found that EITC lifted 5.4 million above the poverty line in 2010 . The stimulus effects of the EITC and other consumption - augmenting policies have been challenged by more recent and rigorous studies . Haskell ( 2006 ) finds that the unique spending patterns of lump - sum tax credit recipients and the increasingly global supply chain for consumer goods is counter-productive to producing high , localized multipliers . He places the local multiplier effect somewhere in the range of 1.07 to 1.15 , more in line with typical economic returns . The lower multiplier is due to recipients emphasizing `` big - ticket '' durable - good purchases , which are typically produced elsewhere , versus locally produced products and services such as agricultural products or restaurant visits . However , Haskell points to a silver lining : there are perhaps more important benefits from recipients who use the credit for savings or investment in big - ticket purchases that promote social mobility , such as automobiles , school tuition , or health - care services . Due to its structure , the EITC is effective at targeting assistance to low - income families in the bottom two quintiles -- 0 -- 40 % of households . By contrast , only 30 % of minimum wage workers live in families near or below the federal poverty line , as most are teenagers , young adults , students , or spouses supplementing their studies or family income . Opponents of the minimum wage argue that it is a less efficient means to help the poor than adjusting the EITC . EITC follows a graphical benefit pattern of going up a hill , traveling along a plateau , and then going back down the hill more slowly than it went up . For example , a married couple with two qualifying children and yearly income of seven thousand dollars will receive EITC of $2,810 ( going up the hill ) . At fifteen thousand dollars , this couple will receive EITC of $5,036 ( plateau ) . And at twenty - five and thirty - five thousand dollars , this same couple with their two children will receive EITC of $4,285 and $2,179 , respectively . A single person ( such as a single parent , aunt , uncle , grandparent , older sibling , etc . ) goes up the hill at the same rate and will receive the same maximum EITC for two qualifying children of $5,036 at plateau . But the single person has a shorter plateau . And thus , a single person with two qualifying children and income of twenty - five and thirty - five thousand will receive EITC of $3,230 and $1,124 respectively ( going down the hill ) . EITC phases out at 16 % with one qualifying child and at 21 % for two children and three or more children . Thus it is always preferable to have an extra fifty dollars of actual earned income ( the table for EITC steps in increments of fifty dollars ) . The GRAPHICAL plateau range for Married Filing Jointly continues for five thousand dollars longer than does the plateau for the other filing statuses and thus MFJ can be advantageous for some income ranges . Single , Head of Household , and Qualifying Widow ( er ) are all equally valid and eligible filing statuses for claiming EITC . The only disqualifying status is Married Filing Separately . However , a couple can file as Married Filing Jointly even if they lived apart for the entire year if legally married and both agree . Impact on health ( edit ) A 2013 systematic review of the effect of in - work tax credits on health outcomes in adults conducted through the Cochrane Collaboration found no evidence for an effect of the EITC on health outcomes ( except for mixed evidence favoring a reduction of tobacco smoking ) in adults . However , the study concluded that further evidence is required to establish the effects of EITC on health outcomes with confidence . Cost ( edit ) The direct cost of the EITC to the U.S. federal government was about $56 billion in 2012 . The IRS has estimated that between 21 % and 25 % of this cost ( $11.6 to $13.6 billion ) is due to EITC payments that were issued improperly to recipients who did not qualify for the EITC benefit that they received . For the 2013 tax year the IRS paid an estimated $13.6 billion in bogus claims . In total the IRS has overpaid as much as $132.6 billion in EITC over the last ten years . The direct fiscal cost of the EITC may be partially offset by two factors : any new taxes ( such as payroll taxes paid by employers ) generated by new workers drawn by the EITC into the labor force ; and taxes generated on additional spending done by families receiving earned income tax credit . Some economists have noted that the EITC might conceivably cause reductions in entitlement spending that result from individuals being lifted out of poverty by their EITC benefit check . However , because the pre-tax income determines eligibility for most state and federal benefits , the EITC rarely changes a taxpayer 's eligibility for state or federal aid benefits . Uncollected tax Credits ( edit ) Millions of American families who are eligible for the EITC do not receive it , essentially leaving billions of dollars unclaimed . Research by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) and Internal Revenue Service indicates that between 15 % and 25 % of households who are entitled to the EITC do not claim their credit , or between 3.5 million and 7 million households ( no reference cited ) . Many nonprofit organizations around the United States , sometimes in partnership with government and with some public financing , have begun programs designed to increase EITC utilization by raising awareness of the credit and assisting with the filing of the relevant tax forms . One example is the Claim it ! campaign in Minnesota that launched in 2006 to help Minnesotans claim the EITC . The state of California requires employers to notify every employee about the EITC every year , in writing , at the same time W - 2 forms are distributed . Storefront tax prep , `` RACs , '' prep and account fees , third - party debt collection ( edit ) RALs ( Refund Anticipation Loans ) are short term loans on the security of an expected tax refund , and RACs ( Refund Anticipation Checks ) are temporary accounts specifically to wait to receive tax refunds , which are then paid by a check or debit card from the bank less fees . The combination of Earned Income Credit , RALs , and RACs has created a major market for the storefront tax preparation industry . A 2002 Brookings Institution study of Cleveland taxpayers found that 47 percent of filers claiming EIC purchased RALs , as compared to 10 percent of those not claiming EIC . The tax preparation industry responded that at least one - half of RAL customers included in the IRS data actually received RACs instead . These financial products have been criticized on various grounds , including inflated prices for tax preparation , account fees , RAL interest rates , as well as the practice of third - party debt collection ( this used to be called `` cross-collection '' which hinted at the practice , but tax prep companies now to seem more vaguely refer to the practice merely as `` previous debt '' ) . This practice occurs when one RAL - or RAC - issuing bank collects for another . That is , such lenders may take all or part of a client 's current year tax refund for purposes of third - party debt collection , and it is unclear how broad are the types of debts for which the banks collect . This contrasts with the more limited types of debt collected for by the IRS . This practice of one bank collecting debt for another may not be adequately disclosed to the tax preparation client ; on the other hand , some clients may fail to disclose obligations that result a governmental seizure of their refunds . With both RALs and RACs , the client grants the bank first rights to their tax refund , and both carry the same risk of third - party bank collection . Advertisement phrases such as `` Rapid Refund '' have been deemed deceptive and illegal , since these financial products do not speed remittances beyond the routine automation of tax return processing , and do not make it clear that these are loan applications . Beginning with 2011 tax season , the IRS announced that they would no longer provide preparers and financial institutions with the `` debt indicator '' that assisted banks in determining whether RAL applications were approved . Beginning with the 2013 tax season , major banks are no longer offering RALs but only RACs . However , a March 2013 article in CNN Money reported that tax prep companies are offering a hodgepodge of financial products similar to RALs . The article further states that , `` The NCLC ( National Consumer Law Center ) also found that some shady tax preparers are even offering tax refund loans to lure taxpayers into their offices , but have no intention of lending them the money . '' See also ( edit ) Capital gains tax Guaranteed minimum income Negative income tax Refund anticipation loan Taxation in the United States Unearned income References ( edit ) Jump up ^ EITC IRS instructions Internal Revenue Service , `` EITC Home Page -- It 's easier than ever to find out if you qualify for EITC '' Jump up ^ `` How Marginal Tax Rates Affect Families at Various Levels of Poverty '' ( PDF ) . 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : 1040 Instructions 2010 , rules for EITC pages 45 -- 48 , optional worksheets pages 49 -- 51 , and the EITC Table itself on pages 52 -- 68 . The only required attachment is Schedule EITC if you are claiming one or more qualifying children . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Credits for Working Families , Earned Income Tax Credit ( EITC ) '' . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Christie rejects minimum wage increase , offers alternative '' . Jump up ^ `` The Business of the Minimum Wage '' . The New York Times . 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Policies Institute - The $9 Minimum Wage That Already Exists '' . Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan ; Geide - Stevenson , Doris ( 2014 ) . `` Consensus Among Economists -- An Update '' . 45 ( 2 ) . The Journal of Economic Education : 131 -- 146 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220485.2014. 889963 . Jump up ^ Earned Income Tax Credit Parameters 1975 -- 2010 , at the Tax Policy Center , Urban Institute and Brookings Institution , 27 Oct. 2009 . See footnote for the increases in the travel distance , but not the credit amount , for Married Filling Jointly for the years 2002 through 2010 . For example , in 2010 , the plateaus for MFJ extend $5,000 further than do the corresponding plateaus for Single , Head of Household , Qualifying Widow ( er ) . For all filing statuses , the phase out for EIC with one child is 16 % ( 15.98 % ) , and the phaseout for two children and for three or more children is 21 % ( 21.06 % ) . Single , Head of Household , and Qualifying Widow ( er ) are all equally valid , equally advantageous filing statuses for the purposes of Earned Income Credit . Married filing Jointly can sometimes be more advantageous depending on the income level . Jump up ^ `` Welfare Chart '' . House Ways and Means Committee . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` Income '' . ^ Jump up to : IRS Publication 596 , Earned Income Credit ( EIC ) : For use in preparing 2012 Returns . Jump up ^ `` Tax Credits for Working Families , States with EITCs '' . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Working Families Credit ( WFC ) ? '' . www.workingfamiliescredit.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Assistance , New York State Office of Temporary and Disability . `` Earned Income Tax Credits ( EITC ) OTDA '' . otda.ny.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery County , MD 311 - Answering to You '' . www3.montgomerycountymd.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ What is Earned Income IRS Page defining Earned Income . Jump up ^ Statutory Employee IRS Definition Jump up ^ Disability and Earned Income Tax Credit , page last reviewed 22 - Jan - 2013 . `` Benefits such as Social Security Disability Insurance , SSI , or military disability pensions are not considered earned income and can not be used to claim Earned Income Tax Credit ( EITC ) . '' ^ Jump up to : IRS Schedule EIC . A person or couple claiming qualifying child ( ren ) need to attach this form to their 1040 or 1040A tax return . Jump up ^ `` Who is a qualifying child ? '' . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ In addition to being able to claim a married child as a dependent ( or be waiving dependency to other parent ) , there is also the joint return test in which one 's married child can not be filing a joint return , unless it is solely to claim a refund . For example , if one 's married child files a joint return in part to claim the Making Work Pay Credit , one can not claim this child for purposes of the EIC . See page 15 ( page 17 in PDF ) of Pub. 596 . Recall that a qualifying child can be up to and including age 18 , up to and including age 23 if a full - time student for one long semester or equivalent , or any age if classified as `` permanently and totally disabled '' ( physician states one year or more ) . Jump up ^ A person who is legally married can file as Head of Household if the following conditions are met : The person lived apart from his or her spouse for the last six months of the year , the person individually or jointly paid over half the costs of keeping up a home ( or several homes ) for the year , the home ( s ) were the main home of a child for more than half the year , and the person can claim the child as a dependent ( or could claim , but are waiving the child to the other parent ) . See pages 15 -- 16 of 1040 Instructions 2009 . And again , Head of Household status is not a requirement for EIC , it 's not even particularly advantegeous . It is just one more option to consider in some circumstances . Jump up ^ Mark Moreau , Low - Income Taxpayer Clinic , Southeast Louisiana Legal Services , New Orleans , March 23 , 2005 , presentation to President 's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform , Index of / taxreformpanel / meetings , see Moreau. ppt and esp . pages 4 and 7 . On page 7 , Moreau bluntly states that domestic violence is the leading cause of female poverty . Jump up ^ Form 8888 Allocation of Refund ( Including Savings Bond Purchases ) is used to request splitting a refund into up to three separate accounts . However , this form can not be used simultaneously with Form 8379 Injured Spouse Allocation . And also , if the IRS reduces the amount of the refund , there are complicated rules regarding which of the bank accounts the remaining refund will be sent to ( see the paragraphs `` Past - due federal tax '' and `` Other offsets '' on page 3 ) . Additionally , a refund typically can not be split with the loan and bank products offered by tax prep companies . Jump up ^ From Pub. 501 Exemptions , Standard Deduction , and Filing Information `` You are separated under an interlocutory ( not final ) decree of divorce . For purposes of filing a joint return , you are not considered divorced '' ( part of section `` Considered married '' on page 5 ) . From 1040 Instructions 2009 , `` You were legally separated , according to your state law , under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance '' ( a rule for filing as Single on page 14 ) . And apparently , the IRS does generally defer to state law and does not provide any more guidance than this . Jump up ^ 1040 Instructions 2010 , see caution note on page 45 . See also `` Form 8862 , who must file '' on page 48 . Jump up ^ Average Incomes and Taxes 2009 ( 1 ) accessed 19 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ Federal spending by the Numbers 2013 ( 2 ) accessed 22 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ `` Government Programs Kept Millions Out of Poverty in 2010 - Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Jump up ^ `` The State of the Earned - Income Tax Credit in Nashville '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haskell , John ( 2006 ) . `` EITC Boosts Local Economies '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Turner , Mark ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Low - Wage Labor Market '' . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers : 2005 '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics , US Department of Labor . 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Cost of a ' Living Wage ' '' . N. Gregory Mankiw . Jump up ^ Pega F , Carter K , Blakely T , Lucas P. ( 2013 ) . `` In - work tax credits for families and their impact on health status in adults '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 8 : CD009963 . Jump up ^ `` The Internal Revenue Service Was Not in Compliance With All Requirements of the Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act for Fiscal Year 2012 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com , The Washington Times . `` IRS wastes billions in bogus claims for Earned Income Tax Credit '' . Jump up ^ `` Claim it ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Earned Income Tax Credit Notification '' . 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ NATIONAL TAXPAYER ADVOCATE : 2005 ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS , VOLUME 1 , 31 December 2005 , page 166 ( 174 in PDF file ) . See especially footnote 17 . Jump up ^ Connecting Cleveland 's Low - Income Workers to Tax Credits Archived November 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF file of slides ) , The Brookings Institution , Metropolitan Policy Program , Alan Berube , Fellow , Levin College Forum , Jan. 13 , 2005 . See pages 17 and 18 . See also Using the Earned Income Tax Credit to Stimulate Local Economies Archived November 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Brookings Institution , Alan Berube . Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2005 Annual Report to Congress , Executive Summary , The Most Serious Problems Encountered by Taxpayers , page I - 3 , item 8 . Refund Anticipation Loans : Oversight of the Industry , Cross-Collection Techniques , and Payment Alternatives : `` ... It is also unclear if RAL customers fully understand the ramifications of cross-collection provisions in standardized RAL contracts ... '' Jump up ^ RALs drain off millions in taxpayer refunds , National Consumer Law Center , published by consumer-action.org , February 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 's 2007 Objectives Report to Congress , Volume II , The Role Of The IRS In The Refund Anticipation Loan Industry , pages 10 -- 12 , June 30 , 2006 . In part , this report states : `` ... It is also interesting to note that federal law prohibits banks from exercising their right to offset Social Security benefits for the recipients ' defaulted loans to that bank . It would make sense to protect EITC funds in a similar manner ... '' ( page 11 , last three sentences ) . However , in many cases , tax preparation clients are not even informed of the practice of cross-collection ( see second paragraph of `` Debt Collection Offset Practice , '' page 10 ) . Jump up ^ Attorney General Lockyer Files Lawsuit Against H&R Block for Illegally Marketing and Selling High - Cost Loans as ' Instant ' Tax Refunds , State of California , Office of Attorney General , news release , Feb. 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ IRS to end release of taxpayer debt information , EILEEN AJ CONNELLY ( Associated Press ) , Friday , August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ IRS Removes Debt Indicator for 2011 Tax Filing Season , ( IRS press notice ) , IR - 2010 - 89 , Aug. 5 , 2010 . IRS Commissioner Doug Shulman said , `` Refund Anticipation Loans are often targeted at lower - income taxpayers . '' Jump up ^ Refund Anticipation Loans Come With Risks , Better Business Bureau , 2 / 26 / 2013 . ' ... The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has forced all major national banks to discontinue these types of loans . Be wary of sketchy lenders , both online and off ... ' Jump up ^ Tax refund offers include extra fees , KGET ( California ) , Feb. 7 , 2013 . ' ... `` They have to disclose all the fees so make sure you carefully read any papers that you sign , giving them rights to your refund , because that 's exactly what you 're doing , '' said Hudson ( Katy Hudson , Consumer Credit Counseling Services President ) ... ' Jump up ^ New tax refund loans carry sky - high fees and rates , CNNMoney , Blake Ellis , March 6 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Chetty , Raj ; Saez , Emmanuel ( January 2013 ) . `` Teaching the Tax Code : Earnings Responses to an Experiment with EITC Recipients '' . American Economic Journal : Applied Economics . 5 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1257 / app. 5.1. 1 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taxpayer info / tools : IRS EITC Assistant , which can help determine if one qualifies for EITC IRS 1040 Instructions 2010 , Earned Income Credit instructions on pages 45 -- 48 , optional worksheets 49 -- 51 , credit table itself 51 -- 58 . Only required attachment is Schedule EIC if one is claiming a qualifying child . IRS Schedule EIC . A person or couple claiming qualifying child ( ren ) needs to attach this form to the 1040 or 1040A tax return . IRS Publication 596 -- Earned Income Credit , a publication aimed at people who will potentially be claiming the credit . Organizations / campaigns : National EITC Outreach Campaign National Community Tax Coalition , an organization that supports the EITC and tries to help make sure people claim it Boston EITC Campaign Tax Credits for Working Families Background : Section 13 ( `` Tax Provisions Related to Retirement , Health , Poverty , Employment , Disability , and Other Social Issues '' ) of the House Ways and Means Committee 's Green Book provides historical information , including previous EITC parameters . ( The version linked to here is the 2004 edition . Note : it 's not published annually . ) Policy analysis : Congressional Budget Office report for Senate Finance Committee , on `` the Effects of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage Versus Expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit '' ( January 9 , 2007 ) New Research Findings on the Effects of the Earned Income Tax Credit , Center on Budget and Policy Priorities , March 11 , 1998 The Earned Income Tax Credit ( EITC ) : Percentage of Total Tax Returns and Credit Amount by State a Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Report The Earned Income Tax Credit at Age 30 : What We Know , Steve Holt , the Brookings Institution The Hidden Welfare State : Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States , Christopher Howard , Princeton University Press , 1997 . Mr. Howard discusses the mortgage interest deduction , employer pensions , EITC , and the targeted jobs tax credit as examples of tax expenditures . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earned_income_tax_credit&oldid=840426370 '' Categories : Personal taxes in the United States Tax credits Tax terms Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2015 Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2015 Wikipedia spam cleanup from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本語 Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 20 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the purpose of the earned income tax credit	[ "The United States federal earned income tax credit or earned income credit (EITC or EIC) is a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children. The amount of EITC benefit depends on a recipient’s income and number of children. For a person or couple to claim one or more persons as their qualifying child, requirements such as relationship, age, and shared residency must be met. In the 2013 tax year, working families, if they have children, with annual incomes below $37,870 to $51,567 (depending on the number of dependent children) may be eligible for the federal EITC. Childless workers that have incomes below about $14,340 ($19,680 for a married couple) can receive a very small EITC benefit. U.S. tax forms 1040EZ, 1040A, or 1040 can be used to claim EITC without qualifying children. To claim the credit with qualifying children, forms 1040A or 1040 must be used along with Schedule EITC attached.[1]" ]	[ "a refundable tax credit for low- to moderate-income working individuals and couples, particularly those with children" ]
4900162808675293750	Pulmonary alveolus	Pulmonary alveolus - wikipedia Pulmonary alveolus `` Alveolus '' redirects here . For other uses , see Alveolus ( disambiguation ) . `` Alveolar '' redirects here . For the consonant class , see Alveolar consonant . Pulmonary alveolus The alveoli Details System Respiratory system Identifiers Latin alveolus pulmonis TH H3. 05.02. 0.00026 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) A pulmonary alveolus ( plural : alveoli , from Latin alveolus , `` little cavity '' ) is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma , and is the basic unit of ventilation . Lung alveoli are the ends of the respiratory tree , branching from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts , which like alveoli are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well . Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs . Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates . The alveolar membrane is the gas exchange surface . Carbon dioxide rich blood is pumped from the rest of the body into the capillaries that surround the alveoli where , through diffusion , carbon dioxide is released and oxygen absorbed . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Microanatomy 1.1. 1 Type I cells 1.1. 2 Type II cells 1.1. 3 Macrophages 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diseases 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The alveoli are located in the respiratory zone of the lungs , at the ends of the alveolar ducts and alveolar sac , representing the smallest units in the respiratory tract . They provide total surface area of about 75 m . Bronchial anatomy A typical pair of human lungs contain about 700 million alveoli , producing 70m of surface area . Each alveolus is wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries covering about 70 % of its area . An adult alveolus has an average diameter of 200 micrometres , with an increase in diameter during inhalation . Microanatomy ( edit ) The alveoli consist of an epithelial layer and an extracellular matrix surrounded by small blood vessels called capillaries . In some alveolar walls there are pores between alveoli called Pores of Kohn . The alveoli contain some collagen fibers and elastic fibers . The elastic fibres allow the alveoli to stretch as they are filled with air during inhalation . They then spring back during exhalation in order to expel the carbon dioxide - rich air . A histologic slide of a human alveolar sac There are three major types of cell in the alveolar wall -- two types of alveolar cell ( also called pneumocytes ) and a large phagocyte known as an alveolar macrophage . Type I cells ( edit ) Type I cells are thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli . Type I alveolar cells are squamous ( giving more surface area to each cell ) and cover approximately 90 -- 95 % of the alveolar surface . Type I cells are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood . These cells are extremely thin ( sometimes only 25 nm ) -- the electron microscope was needed to prove that all alveoli are covered with an epithelial lining . These cells need to be so thin to be readily permeable for enabling an easy gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood . Organelles of type I alveolar cells such as the endoplasmic reticulum , Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are clustered around the nucleus . The nuclei occupy large areas of free cytoplasm . This reduces the thickness of the cell , thereby reducing the thickness of the blood - air barrier . The cytoplasm in the thin portion contains pinocytotic vesicles which may play a role in the removal of small particulate contaminants from the outer surface . In addition to desmosomes , all type I alveolar cells have occluding junctions that prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space . Type I pneumocytes are unable to replicate and are susceptible to toxic insults . In the event of damage , type II cells can proliferate and differentiate into type I cells to compensate . Type II cells ( edit ) Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate , therefore increasing its capability to exchange gases . The surfactant is continuously released by exocytosis . It forms an underlying aqueous protein - containing hypophase and an overlying phospholipid film composed primarily of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Type II alveolar cells cover a small fraction of the alveolar surface area . Type II cells are also capable of cellular division , giving rise to more type I and II alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged . These cells are granular and roughly cuboidal . Type II alveolar cells are typically found at the blood - air barrier . Although they only make up < 5 % of the alveolar surface , they are relatively numerous ( 60 % of alveolar epithelial cells ) . Macrophages ( edit ) The alveolar macrophages also called dust cells destroy foreign materials and microbes such as bacteria . Function ( edit ) The cross section of an alveoli with capillaries is shown . Part of the cross section is magnified to show diffusion of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide through Type I pneumocytes and capillary cells . Gas exchange in the alveoli Type I cells are thin , flat cells lining the alveolar walls . Each alveolus is surrounded by numerous capillaries , and is the site of gas exchange , which occurs by diffusion . The relatively low solubility ( and hence rate of diffusion ) of oxygen necessitates the large internal surface area ( about 80 square m ( 96 square yards ) ) and very thin walls of the alveoli . Weaving between the capillaries and helping to support them is an extracellular matrix , a meshlike fabric of elastic and collagenous fibres . The collagen fibres , being more rigid , give the wall firmness , while the elastic fibres permit expansion and contraction of the walls during breathing . Type II cells in the alveolar wall contain secretory granular organelles known as lamellar bodies that fuse with the cell membranes and secrete pulmonary surfactant . This surfactant is a film of fatty substances ( the majority of which are dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ) , a group of phospholipids that reduce alveolar surface tension . The phospholipid are stored in the lamellar bodies . Without this coating , the alveoli would collapse and very large forces would be required to re-expand them . Type II cells start to develop at about 26 weeks of gestation , secreting small amounts of surfactant . However , adequate amounts of surfactant are not secreted until about 35 weeks of gestation - this is the main reason for increased rates of infant respiratory distress syndrome , which drastically reduces at ages above 35 weeks gestation . An annotated diagram of the alveolus Type II pneumocytes can replicate in the alveoli and will replicate to replace damaged type I cells . MUC1 , a human gene associated with type II pneumocytes , has been identified as a marker in lung cancer . Another type of cell , known as an alveolar macrophage , resides on the internal surfaces of the air cavities of the alveoli , the alveolar ducts , and the bronchioles . They are mobile scavengers that serve to engulf foreign particles in the lungs , such as dust , bacteria , carbon particles , and blood cells from injuries . Reinflation of the alveoli following exhalation is made easier by pulmonary surfactant , which is a phospholipid and protein mixture that reduces surface tension in the thin fluid coating within all alveoli . The fluid coating is produced by the body in order to facilitate the transfer of gases between blood and alveolar air . The surfactant is produced by the type II cells which are the most numerous cells in the alveoli , yet do not cover as much surface area as the squamous alveolar cells ( a squamous epithelium ) . Type II cells also repair the endothelium of the alveolus when it becomes damaged . Insufficient surfactant in the alveoli can contribute to atelectasis ( collapse of part or all of the lung ) . Without pulmonary surfactant , atelectasis is a certainty ; however , there are other causes of lung collapse such as trauma ( pneumothorax ) , COPD , and pleuritis . Clinical significance ( edit ) Diseases ( edit ) Main article : Respiratory disease Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS ) is a severe inflammatory disease of the lung . Usually triggered by other pulmonary pathology , the uncontrolled inflammation leads to impaired gas exchange , pulmonary oedema and / or collapse , and systemic inflammatory response syndrome . It usually requires mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit setting . Infant respiratory distress syndrome ( IRDS ) is a syndrome caused by lack of surfactant in the lungs of premature infants . In asthma , the bronchioles , or the `` bottle - necks '' into the sac are restricted , causing the amount of air flow into the lungs to be greatly reduced . It can be triggered by irritants in the air , photochemical smog for example , as well as substances that a person is allergic to . Emphysema is another disease of the lungs , whereby the elastin in the walls of the alveoli is broken down by an imbalance between the production of neutrophil elastase ( elevated by cigarette smoke ) and alpha - 1 - antitrypsin ( the activity varies due to genetics or reaction of a critical methionine residue with toxins including cigarette smoke ) . The resulting loss of elasticity in the lungs leads to prolonged times for exhalation , which occurs through passive recoil of the expanded lung . This leads to a smaller volume of gas exchanged per breath . Chronic bronchitis occurs when an abundance of mucus is produced by the lungs . The production of this substance occurs naturally when the lung tissue is exposed to irritants . In chronic bronchitis , the air passages into the alveoli , the broncholiotes , become clogged with mucus . This causes increased coughing in order to remove the mucus , and is often a result of extended periods of exposure to cigarette smoke . Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition . A mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene causes defective CFTR proteins , which are transmembrane proteins that function in Cl transport in wet epithelia . Because wet epithelium is such a ubiquitous and multipurpose tissue type , CF has myriad deleterious effects , some of the most serious of which are severe respiratory problems . Many of the mechanisms by which CF causes damage or inadequate function in the wet epithelia of other tissues , such as the digestive and reproductive tracts , are well understood . CF 's mechanisms in causing lung disease , however , remain poorly elucidated . One popular hypothesis suggests increased viscosity due to increased salinity of the mucus secreted by glands of the pseudostratified respiratory epithelium , causing difficulty in maintaining normal respiratory tract mucociliary clearance . The frequency of certain specific bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas , Haemophilus influenzae , and Staphylococcus has prompted two other popular categories of hypotheses : that the high salt content may interfere with defensins and lysosome , and / or may encourage the growth of the several bacterial species typically infecting the ordinarily - sterile lower lungs of CF patients . Regular treatment is usually required -- primarily percussive therapy and antibiotics . Promising research into gene therapies is taking place . Interstitial lung disease Lung cancer is a common form of cancer causing the uncontrolled growth of cells in the lung tissue . Due to the sensitivity of lung tissue , such malignant growth is often hard to treat effectively . Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma , which can be caused by both viruses and bacteria . Cytokines and fluids are released into the alveolar cavity and / or interstitium in response to infection , causing the effective surface area of gas exchange in the lungs to be reduced . If this happens to such a degree that the patient can not draw enough oxygen from his or her environment to maintain cellular respiration , then the victim may need supplemental oxygen . Cavitary pneumonia is a process in which the alveoli are destroyed and produce a cavity . As the alveoli are destroyed , the surface area for gas exchange to occur becomes reduced . Further changes in blood flow can lead to decline in lung function . Pulmonary contusion is a bruise of the lung tissue . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hansen , J.E. ; Ampaya , E.P. ; Bryant , G.H. & Navin , J.J. ( 1975 ) . `` The Branching Pattern of Airways and Air Spaces of a Single Human Terminal Bronchiole '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 38 ( 6 ) : 983 -- 989 . PMID 1141138 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Christopher B. & Orgeig , Sandra ( 2003 ) . `` Pulmonary Surfactant : The Key to the Evolution of Air Breathing '' . News in Physiological Sciences . 18 ( 4 ) : 151 -- 157 . PMID 12869615 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2011 . `` Respiration '' . Encyclopedia of Earth . Eds . Mark McGinley & C.J. Cleveland . National council for Science and the Environment . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Steve , Paxton , ; Michelle , Peckham , ; Adele , Knibbs ( 2003 ) . `` The Leeds Histology Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` Alveoli : Gas Exchange and Host Defense '' . Functional Ultrastructure : An Atlas of Tissue Biology and Pathology . Springer Vienna . 2005 . pp. 224 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / b137527 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 83564 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roberts , M. , Reiss , M. , Monger , G. ( 2000 ) `` Gaseous exchange . '' Advanced Biology . Surrey , Nelson . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Ochs M. ; Nyengaard J.R. ; Jung A. ; Knudsen L. ; Voigt M. ; Wahlers T. ; Richter J. ; Gundersen H.J.G. ( 2004 ) . `` The number of alveoli in the human lung '' . American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . 169 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 4 . doi : 10.1164 / rccm. 200308 - 1107oc . PMID 14512270 . Jump up ^ `` Lung - Regeneration - Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas '' . ntp.niehs.nih.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Histology , A Text and Atlas , Sixth Edition , '' 2011 , by Ross , Michael H , and Pawlina , Wojciech Jump up ^ Fehrenbach H. 2001 . `` Alveolar epithelial type II cell : defender of the alveolus revisited . '' Respir Res. 2 ( 1 ) : 33 - 46 . Jump up ^ Jarrard JA , Linnoila RI , Lee H , Steinberg SM , Witschi H , Szabo E ( December 1998 ) . `` MUC1 is a novel marker for the type II pneumocyte lineage during lung carcinogenesis '' . Cancer Res. 58 ( 23 ) : 5582 -- 9 . PMID 9850098 . Jump up ^ By : the editors of Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2007 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : the unity of form and function . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 322804 - 4 . Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonary alveolus . Pulmonary + Alveoli at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Anatomy of the lower respiratory tract Respiratory tree Trachea Tracheal rings Annular ligaments Carina Bronchi Main left right Secondary eparterial Tertiary Lungs General Landmarks Base Apex Root Hilum Fissures Horizontal Oblique Superior lobe Lingula of left lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe BP segment Bronchiole : Conducting zone ( Terminal bronchiole ) Respiratory zone ( Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus Blood - air barrier ) Cells Alveolar cells Type I Type II Club cell Goblet cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_alveolus&oldid=853766521 '' Categories : Lung anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 21 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the alveoli located in the human body	[ "A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, \"little cavity\") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation. Lung alveoli are the ends of the respiratory tree, branching from either alveolar sacs or alveolar ducts, which like alveoli are both sites of gas exchange with the blood as well.[1] Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates.[2] The alveolar membrane is the gas exchange surface. Carbon dioxide rich blood is pumped from the rest of the body into the capillaries that surround the alveoli where, through diffusion, carbon dioxide is released and oxygen absorbed.[3][4]\n" ]	[ "lung parenchyma" ]
-675453680088961188	Guzmán	Guzmán - wikipedia Guzmán For other uses , see Guzmán ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Guzmán ( also de Guzmán ) ( IPA : ( ɡuzˈman ) or ( ɡuðˈman ) ) is a Spanish surname . Contents 1 Origins 2 People with the surname 2.1 A-D 2.2 E-H 2.3 J 2.4 L-W 3 People with the given name 4 Notes 5 References Origins ( edit ) The surname is of toponymic origin , de Guzmán ( `` of Guzmán '' ) , deriving from the village of Guzmán ( es ) in the region of Burgos . The earliest individual documented using this surname was Rodrigo Muñoz de Guzmán , who first appears in a document from 1134 and was the founder of the noble family of this name . In the Philippines , Canada and the United States the name usually becomes Guzman ( without acute accent ) , while the Portuguese form of the name is Gusmão . People with the surname ( edit ) People with this surname include : A-D ( edit ) Abimael Guzmán ( born 1934 ) , Peruvian founder of the communist group Shining Path Adriana Guzmán ( born 1992 ) , Mexican tennis player Alejandra Guzmán ( born 1968 ) , Mexican singer Aleth Guzman - Nageotte ( 1904 -- 1978 ) , French sculptor and numismatist Alonso Pérez de Guzmán `` el Bueno '' ( 1256 -- 1309 ) , Spanish nobleman Alonso Pérez de Guzmán , 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia ( 1550 -- 1615 ) , commander - in - chief of the Spanish Armada Ángel Guzmán ( born 1981 ) , Venezuelan baseball pitcher Antonio Guzmán ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including : Antonio Guzmán Blanco ( 1829 -- 1899 ) , president of Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Fernández ( 1911 -- 1982 ) , president of the Dominican Republic Antonio Guzmán Núñez ( born 1953 ) , Spanish footballer Antonio Jose Guzman ( born 1971 ) , Dutch Panamanian artist Black Guzmán ( 1916 -- 1973 ) , Mexican professional wrestler Coco Guzmán ( born 1979 ) , Spanish visual artist Cristian Guzmán ( born 1978 ) , Dominican baseball shortstop Daniel Guzmán ( born 1965 ) , Mexican football player and manager Daniela Guzmán , Ecuadorian singer and composer David Guzmán ( born 1990 ) , Costa Rican footballer Del de Guzman ( born 1963 ) , Filipino politician Delfina Guzmán ( born 1928 ) , Chilean actress Domingo Guzmán ( born 1975 ) , Dominican baseball pitcher Saint Dominic `` de Guzmán '' ( 1170 -- 1221 ) , Castilian priest and founder of the Dominican Order E-H ( edit ) Efraín Guzmán ( c. 1937 -- 2002 ) , Colombian guerrilla leader Eleanor de Guzmán ( 1310 -- 1351 ) , Castilian royal mistress Elizabeth Guzman , Elected official in Virginia , U.S. Enrique Guzmán ( born 1943 ) , Mexican singer Éver Guzmán ( born 1988 ) , Mexican footballer Fernando Guzmán Solórzano ( 1812 -- 1891 ) , President of Nicaragua ( 1867 -- 1871 ) Felipe S. Guzmán ( 1879 -- 1932 ) , President of Bolivia ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Federica Guzmán , ( born 1981 ) Venezuelan TV Host , model and beauty pageant titleholder Fernán Pérez de Guzmán ( 1376 -- 1458 ) , Castilian nobleman , historian and genealogist Francisco de Tello de Guzmán ( died 1603 ) , Spanish Governor of the Philippines Freddy Guzmán ( born 1981 ) , Dominican baseball outfielder Gaspar de Guzmán , Count - Duke of Olivares ( 1587 -- 1645 ) , Spanish court favorite and minister Gastón Guzmán ( 1932 -- 2016 ) , Mexican mycologist and anthropologist Gustavo Guzmán , Mexican businessman J ( edit ) Jack Guzman ( born 1975 ) , Colombian - born American actor Jaime Guzmán ( 1946 -- 1991 ) , Chilean lawyer and senator Javier Guzmán ( 1945 -- 2014 ) , Mexican football defender Jered Guzman ( born 1981 ) , American pair skater Jesús Guzmán ( born 1984 ) , Venezuelan baseball player Joan Guzmán ( born 1976 ) , Dominican boxer in super featherweight division Joaquín Guzmán , nicknamed ' El Chapo ' ( born 1954 or 1957 ) , Mexican drug trafficker Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán ( 1801 -- 1875 ) , politician and President of El Salvador Joel Guzmán ( born 1984 ) , Dominican baseball player Jonathan de Guzmán ( born 1987 ) , Canadian - born footballer , playing for Dutch national team Jorge Guzmán ( born 1963 ) , Mexican professional wrestler better known as El Hijo del Santo José Guzmán ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including : José Guzmán ( born 1963 ) , Puerto Rican baseball player José Guzmán ( boxer ) ( born 1963 ) , Venezuelan boxer José Guzmán Santos ( born 1947 ) , Mexican politician José Florencio Guzmán ( born 1929 ) , Chilean politician José de Guzmán , 1st Viscount of San Rafael de la Angostura ( 1740 -- 1792 ) , Dominican cattle rancher , colonizer and nobleman José de Guzmán Benítez ( 1857 -- 1921 ) , Mayor of Ponce , Puerto Rico Josep Maria Guzmán ( born 1984 ) , Spanish basketball player Juan Guzmán ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including Juan Guzmán ( baseball ) ( born 1966 ) , Dominican baseball pitcher Juan José Guzmán ( 1800 -- 1847 ) , President of El Salvador , 1842 -- 1844 Juan Pablo Guzmán ( born 1981 ) , Argentinian tennis player Juan Reynoso Guzmán ( born 1969 ) , Peruvian football defender Juan de Guzmán ( died 1569 ) , post-Conquest tlatoani ( ruler ) of the state of Coyoacan in the Valley of Mexico Juan Guzmán Tapia ( born 1939 ) , Chilean judge Juan Guzman ( soccer ) ( born 1988 ) , American soccer player Juan Guzmán ( photographer ) ( 1911 -- 1982 ) , German born Mexican photographer Juan Guzman ( boxer ) ( born 1951 ) , Dominican boxer Julian de Guzman ( born 1981 ) , Canadian footballer L-w ( edit ) Lucía Guzmán , American politician from Colorado Luis Guzmán ( disambiguation ) , multiple people , including : Luis Guzmán ( born 1956 ) , Puerto Rican actor Luis Enríquez de Guzmán , 9th Count of Alba de Liste ( born c. 1605 ) , viceroy of New Spain and Peru Luis Muñoz de Guzmán ( 1735 -- 1808 ) , Spanish colonial administrator Luis Roberto Guzmán ( born 1966 ) , Puerto Rican actor Luisa de Guzmán ( 1613 -- 1666 ) , Spanish noblewoman Manuel Guzmán ( born 1969 ) , Puerto Rican swimmer Nahuel Guzmán ( born 1986 ) , Argentine football goaltender Noel Guzmán Boffil Rojas ( born 1954 ) , Cuban painter Nuño de Guzmán ( c. 1490 -- 1558 ) , Spanish conquistador Pablo Guzmán ( reporter ) , American television reporter Pancho Guzmán ( born 1946 ) , Ecuadorian tennis player Patricio Guzmán ( born 1941 ) , Chilean documentary film maker Pedro Guzman ( also Peter Guzman ) , US citizen illegally deported to Mexico in 2007 Ralph Guzman ( born 1980 ) , Filipino news correspondent Ramon Guzman ( born 1982 ) , American player of Canadian football Ramón Guzmán , ( 1907 -- 1954 ) , Spanish football player and manager Raúl González Guzmán ( born 1985 ) , Venezuelan footballer Rigoberto Guzmán ( 1932 -- 2014 ) , Salvadoran football player and manager Rodolfo Guzmán ( 1917 -- 1984 ) , Mexican professional wrestler and actor better known as Santo Ryan Guzman ( born 1987 ) , American actor Suzanna Guzmán , American opera singer Tomás Guzmán ( born 1982 ) , Paraguayan footballer Vanessa Guzmán ( born 1976 ) , Mexican actress and model Víctor Guzmán ( born 1995 ) , Mexican footballer Viviana Guzmán ( born 1982 ) , Chilean flautist William Guzmán ( born 1994 ) , Mexican footballer People with the given name ( edit ) Guzmán has also rarely been used as a given name . Notable people with the given name Guzmán include : Guzmán Casaseca ( born 1984 ) , Spanish football midfielder Guzmán Pereira ( born 1991 ) , Uruguayan football midfielder Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Earlier writers on the name had suggested it was of more ancient , gothic origin . Alberto and Arturo García Carraffa in their Enciclopedia heráldica y genealógica hispano - americana ( 1919 ) believed the name to be germanic from `` good man '' , while Julio de Atienza , in Nobiliario español : Diccionario heráldico de apellidos españoles y de títulos nobiliarios ( 1949 ) , suggested that the Guzmans came from Germany and settled in Burgos in 950 , and the name is a corruption of Gudemaro , the Spanish form of the name of a gothic king . Neither provided evidence for their suggestions and the early examples of the name show its toponymic form , while their dating of the family 's origin predates the use of surnames in Iberia by more than a century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gonzalo Martínez Díez `` Orígenes familiares de Santo Domingo , los linajes de Aza y Guzmán '' , in Luis Vicente Díez Martín and Cándido Aniz Iriarte , eds. , Santo Domingo de Caleruega en sus contexto socio - político , 1170 - 1221 . ( Monumenta Histórica Iberoamericana de la Orden de Predicadores , 5 ) Jornadas de estudios medievales , Salamanca , 1994 , p 173 - 228 . Page 197 `` No tenemos elementos para identificar con seguridad al Munio o Nuño , que fue el padre de nuestro don Rodrigo Muñoz o Núñez de Guzmán , primer caballero que usa el apelativo Guzmán . '' Jump up ^ Donald Eugene Chipman Nuño de Guzmán y la provincia de Pánuco en Nueva España 2007 , p 79 Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Guzmán&oldid = 856561167 '' Categories : Given names Surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Lietuvių Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the last name guzman originate from	[ "Guzmán (also de Guzmán) (IPA: [ɡuzˈman] or [ɡuðˈman]) is a Spanish surname.\n" ]	[ "Spanish" ]
7791613333730582894	Guardians of the Galaxy (film)	Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) - wikipedia Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 '' redirects here . For the first volume of the comic book series , see Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) . Guardians of the Galaxy Theatrical release poster Directed by James Gunn Produced by Kevin Feige Written by James Gunn Nicole Perlman Based on Guardians of the Galaxy by Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Starring Chris Pratt Zoe Saldana Dave Bautista Vin Diesel Bradley Cooper Lee Pace Michael Rooker Karen Gillan Djimon Hounsou John C. Reilly Glenn Close Benicio del Toro Music by Tyler Bates Cinematography Ben Davis Edited by Fred Raskin Craig Wood Hughes Winborne Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $232.3 million ( gross ) $195.9 million ( net ) Box office $773.3 million Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest - grossing film of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 , scheduled to be released in 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.1. 1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.1. 1 Merchandise 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 7.1 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 7.2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , following his mother 's death , a young Peter Quill is abducted from Earth by the Ravagers , a group of space pirates led by Yondu Udonta . Twenty - six years later on the planet Morag , Quill steals an orb but is attacked by Korath , a subordinate to the fanatical Kree , Ronan . Although Quill escapes with the orb , Yondu discovers his theft and issues a bounty for his capture , while Ronan sends the assassin Gamora after the orb . When Quill attempts to sell the orb on Xandar , capital of the Nova Empire , Gamora ambushes him and steals it . A fight ensues , drawing in a pair of bounty hunters : the genetically and cybernetically modified raccoon Rocket , and the tree - like humanoid Groot . Nova Corps officers capture the four , detaining them in the Kyln . A powerful inmate there , Drax , attempts to kill Gamora due to her association with Ronan , who killed his family . Quill convinces Drax that Gamora can bring Ronan to him , though Gamora reveals that she has betrayed Ronan , unwilling to let him use the orb 's power . Learning that Gamora has a buyer for the orb , Quill , Rocket , Groot , and Drax work with her to escape the Kyln in Quill 's ship , the Milano . Ronan meets with Gamora 's adoptive father , Thanos , to discuss her betrayal . Quill 's group flee to Knowhere , a remote criminal outpost in space built in the giant severed head of a Celestial . A drunken Drax summons Ronan while the rest of the group meet Gamora 's contact , the collector Taneleer Tivan . Tivan opens the orb , revealing an Infinity Stone , an item of immeasurable power that destroys all but the most powerful beings who wield it . Tivan 's tormented assistant Carina grabs the Stone , triggering an explosion that engulfs Tivan 's archive . Ronan arrives and easily defeats Drax , while the others flee by ship , pursued by Ronan 's followers and Gamora 's adoptive sister Nebula . Nebula destroys Gamora 's ship , leaving her floating in space , and Ronan 's fighters capture the orb . Quill contacts Yondu before following Gamora into space , giving her his helmet to survive ; Yondu arrives and retrieves the pair . Rocket , Drax , and Groot threaten to attack Yondu 's ship to rescue them , but Quill negotiates a truce , promising the orb to Yondu . Quill 's group agrees that facing Ronan means certain death , but that they can not let him use the Infinity Stone to destroy the galaxy . On Ronan 's flagship , the Dark Aster , Ronan embeds the Stone in his warhammer , taking its power for himself . He contacts Thanos , threatening to kill him after first destroying Xandar ; hateful of her adoptive father , Nebula allies with Ronan . The Ravagers and Quill 's group join with the Nova Corps to confront the Dark Aster at Xandar , with Quill 's group breaching the Dark Aster with the Milano . Ronan uses his empowered warhammer to destroy the Nova Corps fleet . Gamora fights and defeats Nebula , who then escapes , but the group find themselves outmatched by Ronan 's power until Rocket crashes a Ravager ship through the Dark Aster . The damaged Dark Aster crash - lands on Xandar , with Groot sacrificing himself to shield the group . Ronan emerges from the wreck and prepares to destroy Xandar , but Quill distracts him , allowing Drax and Rocket to destroy Ronan 's warhammer . Quill grabs the freed Stone , and with Gamora , Drax , and Rocket sharing its burden , they use it to destroy Ronan . In the aftermath , Quill tricks Yondu into taking a container supposedly containing the Stone , and gives the real Stone to the Nova Corps . As the Ravagers leave Xandar , Yondu remarks that it turned out well that they did not deliver Quill to his father per their contract . Quill 's group , now known as the Guardians of the Galaxy , have their criminal records expunged , and Quill learns that he is only half - human , his father being part of an ancient , unknown species . Quill finally opens the last present he received from his mother : a cassette tape filled with her favorite songs . The Guardians leave in the rebuilt Milano along with a sapling cut from Groot . In a post-credits scene , Tivan sits in his destroyed archive with two of his living exhibits : a canine cosmonaut and an anthropomorphic duck . Cast ( edit ) The cast of Guardians of the Galaxy promoting the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . From top to bottom : Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , Hounsou , and del Toro . ( Scrollable image ) Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - alien leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Missouri as a child in 1988 and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . About the character , Pratt said , `` He had a hard time as a kid , and now he goes around space , making out with hot alien girls and just being a rogue and a bit of a jerk , and through teaming up with these guys , finds a higher purpose for himself . '' He also added that the character is a mix of Han Solo and Marty McFly . Pratt , who was mostly known for playing supporting characters , including Andy Dwyer on the television series Parks and Recreation , initially turned down the role . Pratt had lost weight to portray fit characters in films such as Moneyball and Zero Dark Thirty , and had given up ambitions to play the lead role in action films after humbling auditions for Star Trek and Avatar . Casting director Sarah Finn suggested Pratt to Gunn , who dismissed the idea despite struggling to cast that role . Despite this , Finn arranged for a meeting between the two , at which point Gunn was immediately convinced that Pratt was perfect for the role . Pratt also won over Feige , despite having gained weight again for Delivery Man . Prior to filming , Pratt underwent a strict diet and training regimen to lose 60 lb ( 27 kg ) in six months . Pratt signed a multi-film contract with Marvel , and was granted a temporary leave from his work on Parks and Recreation in order to accommodate his participation in the film . Wyatt Oleff portrays a young Quill . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : An orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes . She was trained by Thanos to be his personal assassin . Saldana said that she became Gamora through make - up rather than computer generated imagery ( CGI ) or performance capture . On taking the role , Saldana said , `` I was just excited to be asked to join by James Gunn and to also play someone green . I 've been blue before ( in Avatar ) . '' Saldana described Gamora as `` ... a warrior , she 's an assassin and she 's very lethal but what saves her is the same thing that can doom her . She has a sense of righteousness . She 's a very righteous individual . '' Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A warrior who seeks to avenge his family 's death at the hands of Ronan . On relating to the character , Bautista said , `` I can just relate to Drax so much it 's not even funny . Just the simple things that we have in common . Simple things like the tattoos , the tragedy -- because you know , I had a bit of tragedy in my life as well . So it 's really easy for me to pull from that . '' Bautista also said that there was `` a lot of comic relief to Drax '' , but the character was not aware of it . Bautista stated that he did not do much preparation for the role , because `` Luckily , for me , I 'm a lifelong athlete and I adapted real quick . '' Bautista 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply , though it could be removed in just 90 minutes . Drax has various scarring patterns on his body , which replace the simple tattoos from the comics , each having a specific story . Additionally , his skin tone was changed from the bright green in the comics to a muddier grey , to avoid visual similarities to the Hulk . Vin Diesel as Groot : A tree - like humanoid who is the accomplice of Rocket . Diesel stated that he provided the voice and motion capture for Groot , after originally being in talks to star in a new Phase Three Marvel film . Diesel also provided Groot 's voice for several foreign - language releases of the film . Krystian Godlewski portrayed the character on set , though his acting was not used in the final character CGI . On the character , which Gunn based on his dog , Gunn said , `` All the Guardians start out the movie as bastards -- except Groot . He 's an innocent . He 's a hundred percent deadly and a hundred percent sweet . He 's caught up in Rocket 's life , really . '' Gunn added that the design and movement of Groot took `` the better part of a year '' to create . Gunn added , `` The ways in which Vin Diesel says , ' I am Groot , ' I am astounded . All of the ' I am Groots ' that were earlier voices did n't sound very good at all ... Vin came in and in one day , laid down all these ' I am Groot ' tracks , and he 's a perfectionist . He made me explain to him with ever ( sic ) ' I am Groot , ' exactly what he was saying ... It was amazing when we first put that voice in there how much the character changed and how much he influenced the character . '' Regarding the limited words used by Groot , Diesel said in many ways this was , `` ... the most challenging thing to ask an actor to do . '' Diesel found an emotional note in his performance , invoking the death of his friend and Fast and Furious co-star Paul Walker , saying , `` This was in December ( 2013 ) , and the first time I came back to dealing with human beings after dealing with death , so playing a character who celebrates life in the way Groot does was very nice . '' Groot 's form and size - changing abilities are seen , with Gunn stating that he has the ability to grow in the film . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A genetically engineered raccoon - like bounty hunter and mercenary who is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Gunn worked with live raccoons to get the correct feel for the character , and to make sure it was `` not a cartoon character '' , saying , `` It 's not Bugs Bunny in the middle of the Avengers , it 's a real , little , somewhat mangled beast that 's alone . There 's no one else in the universe quite like him , he 's been created by these guys to be a mean - ass fighting machine . '' Gunn also based the character on himself . Describing Rocket in relation to the rest of the Guardians , Cooper said , `` I think Rocket is dynamic . He 's the sort of Joe Pesci in Goodfellas guy . '' Cooper voiced Rocket , while Sean Gunn ( James ' younger brother ) stood in for the character during filming . James Gunn said that for the role of Rocket , some physical movement from Cooper , including facial expressions and hand movements , was recorded as potential reference for the animators , though much of Sean Gunn 's acting is used throughout the film . Before Cooper was cast , James Gunn said that it was a challenge finding a voice for Rocket , that he was looking for someone that could balance `` the fast - talking speech patterns that Rocket has , but also can be funny , because he is really funny . But also has the heart that Rocket has . Because there are actually some pretty dramatic scenes with Rocket . '' Lee Pace as Ronan the Accuser : A Kree radical who agrees to retrieve an artifact for Thanos in exchange for eradicating his mortal enemies , the Xandarians . Ronan and his Sakaaran army hunt down the Guardians when they interfere with his goals . Describing Ronan , Gunn said , `` He is the primary villain , and he is a really twisted guy , he has a really religious bent in this film . He has a very sick and twisted view of what morality is ; strength is virtue and weakness is sin and that is what he lives by , and I think he is very scary because of his beliefs , which are real to him . '' Pace , who originally auditioned for Peter Quill , described Ronan as a `` psycho '' and a `` monster '' . Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta : A blue - skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill . Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him , leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians . On the character , Rooker said , he has `` some interesting issues -- not a good guy , not a bad guy . There 's hope and there 's a heart inside Yondu . '' Gunn created the film 's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind , while borrowing the character 's mohawk and use of a whistle - controlled arrow from the comics . Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending . Rooker 's makeup took approximately four hours to apply . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings and is a loyal lieutenant in the employ of Ronan and Thanos . About the character , Gillan said , `` She is the female villain of the film ... She is very sadistic and evil , but I like to think for a very valid reason . '' She also added , `` I think she 's a really interesting character . What I like to play around with is how jealous she is . She 's Gamora 's sister , and there 's a lot of sibling rivalry . That 's the most interesting aspect to me , because jealousy can consume you and turn you bitter , and ugly . And she 's a total sadist , so that 's fun too . '' Gillan researched the ancient Spartans , shaved off her hair , and trained for two months for the role . The character 's makeup took approximately four and a half hours to be applied . Djimon Hounsou as Korath : A Kree ally of Ronan who is a feared intergalactic hunter . As to why he took the role Hounsou said , `` I have a four - year old son who loves superheroes from Spider - Man to Iron Man to Batman . He 's got all the costumes . One day he looks at me and says ' Dad , I want to be light - skinned so I could be Spider - Man . Spider - Man has light skin . ' That was sort of a shock . This is why I am excited to be a part of the Marvel Universe , so I could hopefully provide that diversity in the role of the superhero . '' John C. Reilly as Rhomann Dey : A corpsman in the Nova Corps , the Nova Empire 's military and police force . Glenn Close as Irani Rael : The leader of the Nova Corps , known as Nova Prime , whose mission is to protect the citizens of the Nova Empire and keep peace . Close stated that she `` had always wanted to be in a movie like ( Guardians of the Galaxy ) , and that it would be `` the most fun to play something like the Judi Dench ( as M or ) Samuel L. Jackson ( as Nick Fury ) role '' . She said that she took the role because she `` love ( s ) to do stuff that 's different '' and wanted to show that she `` ( has ) always been up for anything . '' She also stated that her contract has `` several '' films on it , and that she would be open to working on other Marvel Studios films in addition to returning for Guardians sequels . Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species in the galaxy who operates out of a place in space named Knowhere . Describing del Toro 's performance , Gunn said , `` He 's like an outer - space Liberace . That 's what it says in the script , which he 's kind of doing . '' On bringing the character to life , del Toro said , `` What James ( Gunn ) wanted , that I found out little by little as I was doing it , is that he wanted me to explore and just keep pushing the character and keep creating ( him ) as I was in front of the camera . '' Additionally , Josh Brolin appears , uncredited , as Thanos through voice acting and performance capture . Sean Gunn stood in for Thanos during filming and portrays Kraglin , Yondu 's first mate in the Ravagers . Alexis Denisof reprises his role as Thanos 's vizier , `` The Other '' , from The Avengers . Ophelia Lovibond plays Carina , the Collector 's slave ; Peter Serafinowicz plays Denarian Garthan Saal , a Nova Corps officer ; Gregg Henry plays Quill 's grandfather ; Laura Haddock plays Quill 's mother , Meredith ; Melia Kreiling plays Bereet ; Christopher Fairbank plays The Broker ; Mikaela Hoover plays Nova Prime 's assistant ; Marama Corlett plays a pit boss at the bar , The Boot ; Emmett J. Scanlan plays a Nova riot guard ; Alexis Rodney plays Moloka Dar ; Tom Proctor plays Horuz , a Ravager ; and Spencer Wilding plays a prison guard who confiscates Quill 's Walkman . Canine actor Fred appears as Cosmo . Stephen Blackehart had a supporting role . Naomi Ryan also had a supporting role in the film , though it was cut in the final version . Cameos in the film include : James Gunn as a Sakaaran ; Stan Lee as a Xandarian Ladies ' Man ; Lloyd Kaufman as an inmate ; Nathan Fillion as the voice of an inmate ; Rob Zombie as the voice of the Ravager Navigator ; composer Tyler Bates as a Ravager pilot ; and Seth Green as the voice of Howard the Duck . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` I think anybody ... who would have said that this would make a great main movie would have been laughed off . It 's such an unlikely thing to do . So I think it 's lovely to work on something and expose its potential to the point where a company like Marvel will say , ' Yes , this makes sense . ' '' -- Dan Abnett , co-writer of the 2008 Guardians of the Galaxy relaunch , on the project Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige first mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International , stating , `` There are some obscure titles , too , like Guardians of the Galaxy . I think they 've been revamped recently in a fun way in the ( comic ) book . '' Feige reiterated that sentiment in a September 2011 issue of Entertainment Weekly , saying , `` There 's an opportunity to do a big space epic , which Thor sort of hints at , in the cosmic side '' of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Feige added , should the film be made , it would feature an ensemble of characters , similar to X-Men and The Avengers . Feige announced that the film was in active development at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International during the Marvel Studios panel , with an intended release date of August 1 , 2014 . He stated that the film 's titular team would consist of the characters Star - Lord , Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , Groot , and Rocket Raccoon . Two pieces of concept art were also displayed , one of Rocket Raccoon , and one featuring the entire team . In August 2012 , James Gunn entered talks to direct the film , beating out other contenders , including Peyton Reed and the duo Ryan Fleck and Anna Boden . The Avengers director Joss Whedon , who signed a deal to creatively consult on all of the films leading up to The Avengers sequel , was enthusiastic about the selection of Gunn to direct , saying `` James ( Gunn ) is what makes me think it will work ... He is so off the wall , and so crazy , but so smart , such a craftsman and he builds from his heart . He loves the raccoon . Needs the raccoon ... He has a very twisted take on it , but it all comes from a real love for the material . It 's going to be hard for ( the human characters ) to keep up . '' Writing ( edit ) Nicole Perlman , who was enrolled in Marvel 's screenwriting program in 2009 , was offered several of their lesser known properties to base a screenplay on . Out of those , Perlman chose Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning 's Guardians of the Galaxy , due to her interest in space and science fiction , adding , `` I think ( Marvel ) were a little taken aback when I chose Guardians , because there were ones that would make a lot more sense if you were a romantic - comedy writer or something like that . '' Perlman spent two years writing a draft , immersing herself in the Guardians universe , and was asked in late 2011 to create another draft , before Gunn was brought in in early 2012 to contribute to the script . Gunn eventually rewrote the script entirely because `` it did n't work '' for him ; he would use the film The Dirty Dozen as a reference to convey his ideas of the film to Marvel . Gunn later explained that Perlman 's draft was very different from the script he used during filming , including a different story , character arcs and no Walkman ; he stated , `` In Nicole 's script everything is pretty different ... it 's not about the same stuff . But that 's how the WGA works . They like first writers an awful lot . '' In August 2012 , Marvel Studios hired writer Chris McCoy to rewrite Perlman 's script , however , it is unclear what contribution he had to the final script , since he did not receive production credit . Gunn revealed that character introductions were the `` hardest scenes to crack '' , with Thanos ' introduction being the most difficult . He felt that `` having Thanos be in that scene was more helpful to the ( MCU ) than it was to Guardians of the Galaxy , '' yet he still wanted Thanos in the film , without `` ( belittling ) the actual antagonist of the film , which is Ronan . '' To solve his dilemma , Gunn chose to have Ronan kill `` The Other '' , Thanos ' vizier , saying , `` I thought that was interesting , because we 've had the Other , who 's obviously very powerful even in comparison to Loki , and then we see Ronan wipe his ass with him . So that I liked , but even that was sort of difficult , because it played as funnier when I first wrote it , and the humor did n't work so much . '' Pre-production ( edit ) In September 2012 , Gunn confirmed that he had signed on to direct the film and rewrite the script . By the end of November , Joel Edgerton , Jack Huston , Jim Sturgess , and Eddie Redmayne signed deals to test for the role of Peter Quill , as did Lee Pace , which he confirmed a week later in early December . Other actors who were considered for the role included Thor : The Dark World 's Zachary Levi , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , Michael Rosenbaum , and John Gallagher Jr . Chris Pratt was cast in the role in February 2013 , as part of a multi-film deal that he signed with Marvel . Gunn promoting the film at 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International In January 2013 , filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London , United Kingdom , and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D . Victoria Alonso , an executive producer on the film , said that filming would begin in June . She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture , going on to say that `` You ca n't do any motion capture with a raccoon -- they wo n't let you put the suit on . But we will do rotomation , probably , for some of the behavior ... we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be , the behavior and the performance . He 's very clear on where he wants to take the characters . '' In March 2013 , Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` It 's much more of a standalone film . It takes place in the same universe . And when we 've been on the other side of that universe in other movies , you might see those characteristics in Guardians , but the Avengers are not involved with what 's happening out there at this time . '' Feige also stated that 95 % of the film would take place in space . In mid-March , Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer . Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa , Brian Patrick Wade and Jason Momoa . By the following week , sculptor Brian Muir , who sculpted Darth Vader 's mask for the Star Wars films , was revealed to be working on the film . In early April 2013 , Zoe Saldana entered into negotiations to star as Gamora in the film , and it was confirmed she had been cast later that month . Also in April , Michael Rooker joined the film 's cast as Yondu , and it was announced that Ophelia Lovibond had been cast in a supporting role . By this point in time , Lee Pace was in final negotiations to play the villain of the film . In May , Marvel offered John C. Reilly the role of Rhomann Dey . At the same time , it was disclosed that filmmakers were looking at actors including Hugh Laurie , Alan Rickman , and Ken Watanabe , for another role , and that Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely were providing finishing touches to the script . A few days later , Glenn Close was cast as the head of the Nova Corps in the film , followed shortly by the casting of Karen Gillan as the film 's lead female villain . By June 2013 , Benicio del Toro was cast in the film , as part of a multi-film deal with Marvel Studios . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Reilly had been cast as Rhomann Dey . Special effects makeup designer David White took head and body casts of actors , such as Bautista , to experiment with materials used to create the characters . White said , `` James always pushed for practical and makeup effects . He wanted , like me , to see the real deal there on set . '' White was careful not to use `` modern '' creature designs to ensure they did not fall short in Gunn 's uniquely envisioned world . White and his team created upwards of 1,000 prosthetic makeup applications and 2,000 molds of different colored aliens . For the specific aesthetic look to the film , Gunn wanted to create `` a colorful science - fiction world '' , and include elements of 1950s and 60s pulp movies , citing the Ravagers ' spaceships , which he compared to muscle cars , as an example of the latter . Science fiction artist Chris Foss inspired and helped design the final look of some of the spacecrafts that appear in the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began around July 6 , 2013 in London , United Kingdom , under the working title of Full Tilt . Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios . Later in July , Gunn and the film 's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic - Con International , where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser , Gillan would be Nebula , del Toro as The Collector , and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath . Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael . Also at San Diego Comic - Con , Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the `` mastermind '' . On August 11 , 2013 , filming began at London 's Millennium Bridge , which was selected as a double for Xandar . In August 2013 , Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket . On September 3 , 2013 , Gunn said that filming was `` a little over half ( way ) '' complete . Also in September , Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot . However , Marvel did not confirm Diesel 's involvement in the film at the time . On October 12 , 2013 , Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed . Director of photography Ben Davis used Arri Alexa XT cameras for the film , saying , `` I 'm traditionally a photochemical fan , but going with the digital format was the right way for this movie ... the Alexa ( provided ) the right look for this particular film . '' During the opening scenes in the 1980s , Davis chose JDC Cooke Xtal ( Crystal ) Express anamorphic prime lenses because they `` had more anamorphic artifacts and aberrations , which ( he ) felt added something . '' Davis used spherical Panavision Primos for the rest of the film . Additionally , Davis worked closely with production designer Charles Wood in order to achieve the correct lighting looks for each scene . Dealing with two fully CGI characters forced Davis to shoot scenes multiple times , usually once with the references for the characters and once without them in the shot . Gunn revealed that his brother , Sean Gunn , took on multiple roles during the filming process , such as standing in for Rocket , which he noted was beneficial for the other actors , including Saldana , Pratt , and Bautista , who responded positively to Sean and his on - set performances . Special effects makeup designer David White made two life - size versions of Rocket and a bust of Groot as aids for visual effects , with White saying , `` it gives ( the filmmakers ) a good indication of where visual effects needs to pick up and whether Rocket can actually reach certain things or use certain devices . '' These busts were also used to see how the on - set lighting would affect the characters , to assist with the visual effects lighting process . In January 2015 , Disney revealed that the film came in `` slightly over the agreed budget '' at $232.3 million , with Disney receiving a rebate of $36.4 million from the British government . It was previously estimated to have had a $170 million budget . Post-production ( edit ) In November 2013 , Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production , saying , `` Our sets are enormous . We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel . Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects ... I ca n't wait for people to see it , because it 's astonishingly beautiful . '' After the release of Thor : The Dark World , Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film , as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU . In a separate interview for The Dark World in November , Feige added that a third , unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film , referred to as the `` Power Stone '' by the Collector . The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond 's role as the Collector 's aide , later named Carina . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot . A few weeks of additional filming , involving the film 's main cast and crew , occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California . In April 2014 , Gunn described Thanos as the `` head of the snake '' in the film , and confirmed he would appear via performance capture . In May 2014 , Gunn stated that the film features an `` enormous '' amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe , adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date . Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying , `` We really , really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy . We visit five planets , we see a hundred different races . '' The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran , who act as Ronan 's mercenaries , as a replacement to the Badoon , as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox . By the end of May , Josh Brolin was revealed as the voice of Thanos , with Feige confirming in July that Brolin also provided the performance capture for the character . Thanos communicates via hologram for much of the film , though he does appear in a scene with Ronan and Nebula . In June 2014 , Feige added that Thanos and his followers are `` the biggest piece of connective tissue that will eventually lead us back into Avengers films in the future . '' On casting Brolin , Feige said , We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it 's very nice , where he was totally intrigued . He was a fan of what we did , he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit . I spoke to him on the phone a few times . We ran it by James who loved it , ran it by Joss ( Whedon ) who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers . Then we shot him and recorded for it . On July 7 , 2014 , Gunn announced on social media that he had completed work on the film . In August , regarding the post-credit scene , Gunn revealed that the scene did not involve Howard the Duck when it was originally filmed , rather he was added during post-production , a decision made by `` some combination of ( Gunn ) and the editor Fred Raskin '' . As the decision to add the character was made late in the post-production process , he had to be designed that day , before being handed off to Sony Pictures Imageworks to animate . Also in August , regarding the pre-credit scene of Groot dancing , Gunn stated that he himself danced to provide motion reference for the animators , and that the decision was made to place the scene before the credits , rather than during or after them , because of positive responses from a test audience , which made Marvel and Gunn feel that they did not want `` people walking out and missing this thing '' . Marvel used design firm Sarofsky once again for the film 's title sequences , after liking their work for Captain America : The Winter Soldier . Sarofsky developed a custom typeface based on the font used in the teaser posters for the opening credits , which was tinted orange to offer a better contrast to the film 's blue and grey imagery . One of the typography solutions offered before the final product wound up being repurposed as the locator cards seen throughout the film . Visual effects ( edit ) The Gardens by the Bay ( top ) in Singapore helped inspire the look of the planet Xandar ( bottom ) . The film featured 2,750 visual effects shots , which make up approximately 90 % of the film . The visual effects were created by : Moving Picture Company ( MPC ) , who worked on creating Groot , as well as Morag , Xandar , the Dark Aster and the final battle on Xandar ; Framestore , who worked on creating Rocket , extending the Kyln prison set and constructing Knowhere ; Luma Pictures , who worked on Thanos ; Method Studios , who worked on creating the Orb opening and revealing its powers , as well as the holographic displays at the Nova Corps command center ; Lola VFX ; Cantina Creative ; Sony Pictures Imageworks , who worked on Howard the Duck and creating the Dark Aster shots with MPC ; CoSA VFX ; Secret Lab ; Rise Visual Effects Studios ; and Technicolor VFX . Pre - and post-visualizations were done by Proof and The Third Floor , with Proof also contributing to the creation of Rocket and Groot . Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set , as it provided references for lighting and on - set performances to the animators . When creating Groot , MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character 's human qualities , as his face could n't move in the way that humans ' do . MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that , `` When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections -- trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place -- trying to make them strange and look more human . '' Textures for Groot came from a number of sources , including inspiration from a botanical garden in London , and the character was modeled as individual branches , rigged individually , to simulate a muscle system for the character . One of the major challenges for Framestore in creating Rocket was his fur . Framestore 's Rachel Williams explained that , since `` raccoon fur is made up from a layer of short fine hair and a layer of longer thicker hairs '' , these layers were separated and animated individually , removing the need to use `` guide hairs '' to control the movements of thick sections of fur . Framestore and MPC worked closely sharing assets , to ensure shots of Rocket at MPC would match the Rocket created by Framestore , and vice versa for when Groot was needed by the other studio . In order to give Thanos `` the performance and the weight that he deserved '' , Luma Pictures created a new facial animation system to re-create Josh Brolin as a fully CG character , using his `` eyes , some of his cheek , how his muscles move when he talks '' . The character 's large jaw , and the deep groves that run down his face , had `` to be carefully planned out with the movement of his face . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( soundtrack ) In August 2013 , Gunn revealed that Tyler Bates would be composing the film 's score . Gunn stated that Bates would write some of the score first so that he can film to the music , as opposed to scoring to the film . In February 2014 , Gunn revealed that the film would incorporate songs from the 1960s and 1970s , such as `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , on a mixtape in Quill 's Walkman , which acts as a way for him to stay connected to the Earth , home , and family he lost . In May 2014 , Gunn added that using the songs from the 60s and 70s were `` cultural reference points '' , saying , `` It 's striking the balance throughout the whole movie , through something that is very unique , but also something that is easily accessible to people at the same time . The music and the Earth stuff is one of those touchstones that we have to remind us that , yeah , ( Quill ) is a real person from planet Earth who 's just like you and me . Except that he 's in this big outer space adventure . '' When choosing the songs , Gunn revealed he `` started the process by reading the Billboard charts for all of the top hits of the ' 70s '' , downloading `` a few hundred '' songs that were `` semi-familiar -- ones you recognize but might not be able to name off the top of your head '' and creating a playlist for all the songs that would fit the film tonally . He added that he `` would listen to the playlist on my speakers around the house -- sometimes I would be inspired to create a scene around a song , and other times I had a scene that needed music and I would listen through the playlist , visualizing various songs , figuring out which would work the best . '' Most of the songs were played on set to help `` the actors and the camera operators find the perfect groove for the shot '' , with David Bowie 's `` Moonage Daydream '' the only song chosen and added during post-production . Gunn also said that the opening scenes were designed with `` Hooked on a Feeling '' in mind ; however once Gunn discovered `` Come and Get Your Love '' , the song used in the sequence , Gunn felt it was a `` better fit . '' Three albums were released by Hollywood Records on July 29 , 2014 : The film 's score , Guardians of the Galaxy ( Original Score ) , which features the music composed by Bates for the film ; Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , which comprises the twelve songs from Quill 's mixtape ; and a deluxe edition featuring both albums . By August 2014 , the album which mirrored Quill 's mixtape had reached the top of the Billboard 200 chart , becoming the first soundtrack album in history consisting entirely of previously released songs to top the chart . Hollywood Records also released a cassette version of the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack on November 28 , 2014 , as an exclusive to Record Store Day participants . The cassette , which is the first cassette Disney Music Group has released since 2003 , comes with a digital download version of the album . Release ( edit ) Karen Gillan at the London premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy . The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21 , 2014 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood . The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31 , 2014 , and in the United States on August 1 , in 3D and IMAX 3D . The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States , making it the widest August release , breaking the five year record held by G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra ( 4,007 theatres ) . The breakdown of venues was : 354 IMAX screens , 3,200 3D screens , 350 large format screens and 240 D - Box screens . In its sixth weekend , Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories , its most . In June 2014 , Gunn stated that the film had always been planned as a 3D film , and `` Unlike many directors , I 've been actively involved with converting every shot to 3D , making sure it works perfectly for the story and the film , making sure it 's spectacular and immersive without being silly , distracting , or overly showy . '' Gunn also revealed that the IMAX 3D version would include shifting aspect ratios , to make the viewing experience `` even fuller and more encompassing . I 've personally chosen all the places where the changes occur ... The changing aspect ratios in this case are actually a part of the storytelling . '' In July 2014 , Gunn revealed that there were multiple scenes he had cut from the film , and he was investigating how to release them , either in an extended cut of the film , or as bonus features on the film 's home media release . Marketing ( edit ) The cast and crew of Guardians of the Galaxy at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International . ( L-R : producer Kevin Feige , Bautista , director James Gunn , del Toro , Saldana , Hounsou , Pace , Rooker , Gillan , and Pratt ) At Disney 's D23 Expo in August 2013 , Feige presented footage first revealed at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2013 . The first trailer for the film debuted on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on February 18 , 2014 , with a special introduction by Chris Pratt . The Los Angeles Times said the trailer delivered `` some spirited alien action , with exploding spaceships and muscled bad guys , not to mention a few purely comedic moments , '' while spotlighting `` a number of the offbeat characters . '' Total Film noted the similarity of the trailer 's opening clip to the 1981 film , Raiders of the Lost Ark , which Gunn stated was a big influence for Guardians , and made note of the `` edgy '' humor used throughout . Total Film also noted the similarity of the trailer to the one debuted at Comic - Con and D23 , with a few new shots featuring Nebula and the Collector . Social media response to the trailer was strong , with 88,000 mentions across Twitter , Facebook and various blogs in a 12 - hour period . Those numbers were comparable to trailers for other superhero films like Man of Steel and The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , and noteworthy for the late night time period in which it premiered . The trailer received 22.8 million views in the 24 hours after it debuted . After the debut of the trailer , Blue Swede 's version of `` Hooked on a Feeling '' , which was prominently used throughout the trailer , went up 700 % in sales the following day . The line from Serafinowicz 's character , `` What a bunch of A-holes . '' , was only intended to be featured in the trailers , but due to its positive reception , was included in the final cut of the film . Gunn noted that a different teaser was almost released `` that was very cheesy ( and ) sold the movie as something different than what it was '' , as it tested better than the version that was ultimately released . Gunn credited the marketing teams at Marvel and Disney for having faith in the latter version , despite how it tested , over choosing the version that would have mis - marketed the film . In March 2014 , the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` T.A.H.I.T.I. '' introduced the Kree race to the MCU , which began a storyline that recurs throughout the series and involves finding a hidden Kree city . Also in March , ABC aired a one - hour television special titled , Marvel Studios : Assembling a Universe , which included a sneak peek of Guardians of the Galaxy . Starting in April 2014 , a two - part comic was released , titled Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Prelude . Written by Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning , with art by Wellington Alves , the first issue focused on the background of Nebula and her bond with Thanos ; the second issue featured the adventures of Rocket and Groot before they join forces with the other Guardians . In June 2014 , Mike Pasciullo , senior VP of Marvel Studios , described the marketing approach for Guardians of the Galaxy by saying that Marvel had `` built a robust marketing program for the theatrical release that carefully integrates traditional advertising , social media , digital marketing , strategic promotional partnerships , organic entertainment integrations ( and ) publicity . '' In July 2014 , Marvel launched a viral marketing campaign for the film called `` Galaxy Getaways '' , a fictional travel website that allows users to book passage to some of the planets depicted in the film , including Xandar , Morag , and Knowhere . Beginning July 4 , 2014 , a sneak peek of the film was presented at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in the Magic Eye and ABC Sound Studio theaters , respectively . Approximately 14 minutes of the film was screened on July 7 , 2014 , in IMAX 3D in the United States , and 3D theaters and IMAX 3D in Canada , along with two trailers . The screening was met with positive reviews , praising the humor , the 3D and IMAX conversion , and Cooper 's portrayal of Rocket . However , it was criticized for beginning partway through the film , not allowing viewers to easily acclimate to the film 's tone , and for how the general audience might respond to a film within the MCU without established characters making appearances . On July 12 , 2014 , Gunn and the actors from the film promoted Guardians of the Galaxy at the Lido 8 Cineplex in Singapore . On July 17 , 2014 , Disney Interactive released an action RPG video game titled Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon for iOS , Android and Windows devices . The game 's original story was written by Dan Abnett , and was meant to complement the film . On July 21 , Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel and Cooper appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! to promote the film and debut some additional exclusive content . On July 29 , Pratt and Saldana rang the opening bell of the New York Stock Exchange as part of the film 's marketing strategy . On August 14 , Marvel released the scene of Groot dancing , which was shortly followed by an announcement from Funko that they were releasing a toy `` Dancing Groot '' . The Hollywood Reporter noted that the quick release of the scene from Marvel two weeks after the film 's theatrical release , along with the rush announcement from Funko , indicated the popularity of both the character and the scene . The scene also produced the word `` grooting '' , coined by Michael Rooker , in which a person dances similar to Groot , with the word entering the social media lexicon . Also in August , Marvel held a special screening of the film at Children 's Hospital Los Angeles , where Pratt dressed as Star - Lord to entertain the patients . Merchandise ( edit ) In June 2012 , Marvel filed eleven trademark applications for Guardians of the Galaxy , covering a variety of consumer products , from video games to cosmetics . Disney Consumer Products partnered with Mad Engine , C - Life , New Era , Hasbro , Disguise , Rubies , Sideshow Collectibles , Lego , KIDdesigns , iHome , Funko , Freeze , Fast Forward , and Innovative Designs to produce merchandise for the film , with releases starting in June 2014 . Mad Engine and C - Life were partnered as the core apparel outfitters , producing a line of T - shirts and fleece jackets , while New Era produced headwear and hats . Hasbro produced toys for the film ; Disguise and Rubies produced the costumes ; and Sideshow Collectibles was given charge of the collectibles . Lego announced three toy sets based on scenes from the film , while iHome created character speakers , Funko made vinyl bobble heads , Freeze crafted 1980s - inspired apparel , and backpacks and stationery were made by Fast Forward and Innovative Designs . Despite first films in a potential new franchise usually being off - limits to licensees , Marvel used Iron Man 's success as evidence of unknown characters becoming hits with audiences to attract partnerships . Licensees embraced Rocket as the film 's potential breakout character , with Drax and Gamora being used for older demographics ; Star - Lord 's obsession with 1980s nostalgia , including his `` Awesome Mix Vo. 1 '' cassette , has also served as a basis for tie - in products . In August 2014 , Funko announced a toy based on `` Dancing Groot '' , while in October 2014 , Marvel and KID designs announced a replica of dancing Groot , for release in December 2014 . In December 2014 , Disney made a second marketing push , to coincide with the film 's home media release with additional merchandise . Merchandise partners included : KID designs with its replica dancing Groot ; Funko 's Fabrikations line with a plush Rocket ; Mattel 's Hot Wheels character cars ; C - Life , Hybrid - Jem Sportswear , Freeze , MZ Berger , Accutime , AME and Her Universe with apparel ; ThinkGeek with jewelry and watches ; American Greetings with cards ; Jay Franco with homegoods ; and Vandor with drinkware . Additional partners included Mad Engine , Just Play and Dragon Models . Paul Gitter , senior vice president of Marvel licensing at Disney Consumer Products said , `` The demand for Guardians of the Galaxy merchandise has been truly out of this world . Our merchandising and retail partners are doing a tremendous job of providing creative and innovative ways for fans to continue interacting with these popular characters and showcase their fandom year round . '' Home media ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released for digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on November 18 , 2014 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and DVD on November 24 , 2014 , in the United Kingdom and on December 9 in the United States . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , a blooper reel , and an exclusive preview of Avengers : Age of Ultron . As of October 4 , 2015 , the film has earned over $118 million in sales in the US . The film was also included in the 13 - disc box set , titled `` Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection '' , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It was released on December 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $333.2 million in North America and an estimated $440.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $773.3 million . The film became the third highest - grossing film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , behind The Avengers and Iron Man 3 . It was the third highest - grossing 2014 film ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ) and the highest - grossing superhero film of 2014 . It had a worldwide opening weekend of $160.7 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit for the film to be $204.2 million , when factoring together `` production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses , and ancillary revenues from VOD to DVD and TV , '' placing it fifth on their list of 2014 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy earned $11.2 million on its Thursday night pre-opening , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's gross ( $10.2 million ) for the biggest Thursday evening start for a movie in 2014 . IMAX accounted for 17 % of the total gross ( $1.9 million ) , which was the biggest August pre-release in IMAX format . On its opening day , the film earned $37.8 million , including the Thursday night earnings . Guardians of the Galaxy was the number one movie during its opening weekend and grossed $94.3 million , setting an August weekend record . During the opening weekend , IMAX earnings amounted to $11.7 million and 3 - D showings accounted for 45 % of ticket sales . The film 's success was partially attributed to its appeal to both genders : the opening weekend audience was 44 % female , which is the biggest proportion ever for a MCU film ; 55 % of the opening - weekend audience was over the age of 25 . Although the film fell to second place in its second and third weekends , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the film was number one in its fourth , fifth and sixth weekend . By doing so , it became the first film in 2014 to top the domestic box office in non-consecutive weeks , the first film of the summer ( May -- August ) to be the number one film in three weekends and the first MCU film to be the top film for four weeks , surpassing Captain America : The Winter Soldier and The Avengers , both of which were number one for three weeks , and tied The Dark Knight for the most weeks at number one among comic book - based films . Phil Contrino , vice president and chief analyst of BoxOffice.com felt Guardians success was `` unconventional '' and was `` shattering expectations '' . The film remained in the top 10 for ten weekends . The film was the top grossing film of summer 2014 ( ahead of Transformers : Age of Extinction ) , first of 2014 to pass $300 million for its domestic gross , and was the third highest - grossing domestic film of 2014 ( behind American Sniper and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ) . The film was said to have `` injected life '' into an otherwise lower than normal summer box office . Outside North America ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy was released in 42 international markets and grossed $66.4 million on its opening weekend . The biggest debuts came from Russia ( $13 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $10.8 million ) , Mexico ( $6.5 million ) , Brazil ( $6.5 million ) and South Korea ( $4.7 million ) . The film topped the weekend box office two times , in its first and second weekends . In its eleventh weekend , the film opened in China , earning $29.8 million , its largest , and became the third highest opening in the country for any Disney release , behind Iron Man 3 and Captain America : The Winter Soldier , and was an all - time industry record opening in October . The following weekend saw an additional $21.3 million from China , making China the highest grossing market with $69 million . The film 's three biggest markets in total earnings were : China ( $96.5 million ) ; the UK ( $47.4 million ) ; and Russia ( $37.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 288 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is just as irreverent as fans of the frequently zany Marvel comic would expect -- as well as funny , thrilling , full of heart , and packed with visual splendor . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave Guardians of the Galaxy an `` A '' grade rating on an A+ to F scale , while earning an `` A + '' among under - 18 and 25 - to 34 - year - old viewers . Scott Foundas of Variety said `` James Gunn 's presumptive franchise - starter is overlong , overstuffed and sometimes too eager to please , but the cheeky comic tone keeps things buoyant -- as does Chris Pratt 's winning performance '' , and praised the film 's look created by cinematographer Ben Davis , production designer Charles Wood , and special effects makeup designer David White . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the film 's look , and felt `` A well - matched ensemble rises to the challenge of launching a heroic origin film with distinctive style , abundant thrills and no shortage of humor . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin said , `` A brand new summer family blockbuster this may be , but it plays by old , half - forgotten rules ; trimming out the clutter and cross-referencing for snappy , streamlined , Saturday - cartoon fun '' . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said , `` Blessed with a loose , anarchic B - picture soul that encourages you to enjoy yourself even when you 're not quite sure what 's going on , the scruffy Guardians is irreverent in a way that can bring the first Star Wars to mind , in part because it has some of the most unconventional heroes this side of the Mos Eisley Cantina . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` While Guardians takes you down one after another crazy narrative turn , it also pulls you into -- and , for the most part , keeps you in -- a fully realized other world . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times said , `` Guardians of the Galaxy is a late summer treat -- a mostly lighthearted and self - referential comic - book movie with loads of whiz - bang action , some laugh - out - loud moments and a couple of surprisingly beautiful and touching scenes as well , '' calling it `` a refreshing confection of entertainment . '' Jim Starlin , creator of Drax the Destroyer , Gamora , and Thanos , said it `` might be Marvel 's best movie yet '' . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press was more critical of the film , calling it `` terribly overstuffed and many of the jokes get drowned out by the special effects ... The pervasive movie references detract from the stab at freshness , and Guardians depends all too much on the whimsy of ' 70s anthems for an original beat . '' He also felt that Close , Reilly and del Toro were underused in the film . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` In place of wit , Guardians offers a sort of generalized willingness to be amusing , an atmosphere of high spirits that feels like lots of people pumping air into a tire that has a hole in it . Everyone is clearly working , but nothing is really happening -- and yet the effort is so evident that there 's an impulse to reward it . '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post also had a negative response to the film , comparing it to Howard the Duck and Green Lantern , and criticizing the dialogue , villains , soundtrack , lack of suspense , and the characters of Quill , Rocket , and Drax . The film received mixed reviews in China , where viewers complained that the film 's `` poor subtitle translation not only spoiled the fun of watching it , but also made it difficult to understand its humor . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2014 CinemaCon Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Chris Pratt Won Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Hollywood Film Awards Hollywood Blockbuster Award Guardians of the Galaxy Won Young Hollywood Awards Super Superhero Chris Pratt Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Actor in an Action Movie Chris Pratt Nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Makeup David White Won Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Karen Gillan Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Guardians of the Galaxy : Awesome Mix Vol. 1 Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Contemporary Hair Styling in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Nominated Best Contemporary Make - Up in Feature Length Motion Picture Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Make - Up Effects in Feature Length Motion Picture David White Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Favorite Action Movie Actress Zoe Saldana Nominated MTV Movie Awards Movie of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Male Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Duo Bradley Cooper and Vin Diesel Nominated Best Shirtless Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best Musical Moment Chris Pratt Nominated Best Comedic Performance Chris Pratt Nominated Best On - Screen Transformation Zoe Saldana Nominated Best Hero Chris Pratt Nominated Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Top 10 Films of the Year Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Ensemble Acting Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Live Action Family Film Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Best Poster Guardians of the Galaxy Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Charles Wood Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Paul Corbould , Jonathan Fawkner , Nicolas Aithadi Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou and David White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture Guardians of the Galaxy Won Best Director James Gunn Won Best Writing James Gunn and Nicole Perlman Nominated Best Actor Chris Pratt Won Best Editing Fred Raskin , Craig Wood and Hughes Winborne Nominated Best Production Design Charles Wood Nominated Best Costume Alexandra Byrne Nominated Best Make - up David White and Elizabeth Yianni - Georgiou Won Best Special Effects Stephane Ceretti , Nicolas Aithadi , Jonathan Fawkner and Paul Corbould Nominated Hugo Awards ( Science Fiction Achievement Awards ) Best Dramatic Presentation ( Long Form ) James Gunn ( director , screenplay ) , Nicole Perlman ( screenplay ) Won Sequels ( edit ) Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( edit ) Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on May 5 , 2017 , again written and directed by James Gunn . Pratt , Saldana , Bautista , Diesel , Cooper , Rooker , Gillan , and Sean Gunn all reprise their roles in the film , and are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis , Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha , Chris Sullivan as Taserface , and Kurt Russell as Quill 's father Ego . Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 ( edit ) In April 2017 , Gunn announced he would return to write and direct Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 . It is scheduled to be released in 2020 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Identified offscreen as Cosmo the Spacedog and Howard the Duck . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( IMAX ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Reveals Guardians Of The Galaxy Was Over Budget At $232 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lee Pace Confirms He 's Auditioning For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ; ' Says Script Is ' Great ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Daniel ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace on His Guardians of the Galaxy Character -- ' He 's af * * king psycho ! ' '' . Click . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Rooker Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com. April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Rooker 's feeling blue as ' Guardians ' alien Yondu '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Actor Michael Rooker Talks Yondu And The Future of Guardians Of The Galaxy ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IAR VIDEO : Director James Gunn and Karen Gillan Talk ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . IAmRogue . November 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , James ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Gillan Discusses `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' Nebula , Ronan 's Intimidation Factor `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` SDCC ' 13 : Marvel Reveals Avengers : Age of Ultron , Guardians Cast , More '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Sabina ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Comic - Con 2013 : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast Talk Rocket Raccoon and Playing Badasses '' . ScreenCrave . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` John C. Reilly Firmed For Rhomann Dey , leader of the Nova Corps , In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . July 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn Close Is Head Cop in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Close on Donning ' Full Drag ' for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Serious actress ' Glenn Close embraces ' Guardians ' fun '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Takes Lead Role in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Benicio del Toro Talks Guardians Of The Galaxy , Playing the Collector , His Marvel Contract , Inherent Vice , Paradise Lost LOST , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Thanos in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Brolin Voicing Thanos in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Feige Talks GUARDIANS OF THE GALAXY , THOR 3 , CAPTAIN AMERICA 3 , DOCTOR STRANGE , Casting Josh Brolin as Thanos , Comic - Con Plans , and More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Alyssa Milano , Howard the Duck , and Other Secrets of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Adds One More to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunu , Steve ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Comic Reel : `` Justice League '' Movie Confirmed ; New Look At `` Guardians of the Galaxy 's '' Nebula `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Serafinowicz , Peter ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Re Guardians , I 'm a Nova Corps Officer with John C Reilly . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` The Original Guardians Of The Galaxy Ending Was Removed For Being Too Sad '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diabolique Magazine ( November 28 , 2013 ) . NYCC 2013 : Laura Haddock on Da Vinci 's Demons , Season 2 . YouTube . Event occurs at 2 : 37 . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Posting this one as I land in Singapore . It 's @ meliakreiling as Bereet and @ prattprattpratt as I think you know by now . Thanks for all your kind messages about the 17 minute preview . Glad you all enjoyed it ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knight , Chris ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , reviewed : Marvel 's new film franchise is off to a promising start '' . National Post . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday Happy Birthday to one of my very best friends ( and Nova Prime 's assistant ) @ mikaelahoover ! Love you lots , Mikaela ! Follow her ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotg '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- Plenty Had To Be Removed From The Final Cut '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Emmett J. ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Myself & the brilliant @ KarenGillan2 in @ JamesGunn AWESOME LOOKING # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` '' Constantine '' Brings Jim Corrigan To Television `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gunn , James ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Also # FF AMAZING # gotg supporting cast @ Thejudgegunn @ MaramaCorlett @ AlexisRodney @ Melia_Kreiling @ GreggHenry88 @ BigSpenWilding '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodney , Alexis ( August 30 , 2014 ) . `` Great unseen image from Guardians of the Galaxy featuring myself as ( Moloka Dar ) . From the dude himself ... '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians Tom Headshot '' . TomProctor.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bussey , Ben ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Teases Deleted Guardians Of The Galaxy Musical Scene '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Filming a scene with my old pal @ blackehart , who is unfortunately about to tangle with Drax the Destroyer @ DaveBautista . # gotg '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( April 27 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Lee Says He Will Cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( May 28 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Cannes Interview : Lloyd Kaufman on Nuke ' Em High '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( July 2014 ) . `` # gotgpicoftheday I was grateful when my old boss , the president of Troma Entertainment , @ lloydkaufman , came to London to do a cameo in the film -- as a prisoner in the Kyln . Lloyd taught me more than anyone else about making films . One of the things that keeps me sane in this business is staying true to my roots -- whether with friends , family , or co-workers . As the world around me changes it 's nice to have some consistency in my personal life ( even if that consistency is as crazy as @ michael_rooker ) . Have a great day , folks ! # guardiansofthegalaxy # gotgFollow '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Orazio , Dante ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to make cameo in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( July 21 , 2014 ) . Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Red Carpet Premiere . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning : A cosmic odyssey from `` Legion '' to `` Guardians '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Considering ' Iron Fist ' & ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Movies , ' Black Panther ' & ' Guardians of the Galaxy , ' Too ! '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Marvel 's next 5 movies after The Avengers could include some weird surprises '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names ' Avengers ' Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` The Marvel Panel : Ant - Man Smackdown , Iron Man 's Downfall , and Rocket Raccoon ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn in Talks to Direct Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon will return for ' The Avengers 2 ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Mastermind Believes In ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Director '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shetty , Sharan ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Who Deserves Credit for Guardians of the Galaxy 's Great Script ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Nicole Perlman Writes the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` How Nicole Perlman Became the First Woman to Write a Marvel Movie '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Badass Interview : James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . Badass Digest . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madison , Charles ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy 2 -- the promise of Nebula , Yondu and Peter Quill 's father '' . Film Divider . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Hires Three - Time Black List Writer for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ; Buchanan , Kyle ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Toughest Scene I Wrote : James Gunn on Writing Thanos Into Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` James Gunn Confirmed to Direct and Rewrite Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Testing Short List of Actors For ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Leader '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' tests male leads '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Joins ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Race '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Smallville 's Michael Rosenbaum Up for Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn on ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' : ' It 's a Richer , More Emotional Film ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Pratt Getting ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Lead '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , Andreas ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy due to land at Shepperton '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America & Guardians Coming in 3D '' . Marvel.com . January 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` How The Avengers Made A Motion Capture Hulk And Snagged An Oscar Nomination '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Joseph ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` SFX 233 Preview : Marvel Boss On Phase 2 '' . SFX . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Signs WWE 's Dave Bautista for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Carved Darth Vader 's Mask Is Busy on the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Zoe Saldana in Talks to Star in Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Lee Pace in Final Negotiations to Play Villain in ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` Will John C. Reilly join the Marvel Universe for ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Joins Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Under the Skin of `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' With Makeup FX Wizard David White `` . Fast Company Co. Create . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn on why ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is n't weird ( and the sequel he 'd like to make ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Foss Designed Spaceships For Guardians of the Galaxy ! '' . io9 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel Head Talks Thanos & Ultron -- Comic - Con 2013 . IGN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shahid , Sharnaz ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTOS : Guardians Of The Galaxy Cast Get Physical In London Shoot '' . Entertainmentwise . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Filming Schedule Passes Halfway Mark '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige Says Vin Diesel 's ' Guardians ' Role Is ' Close ' '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` And after our last shot with @ DaveBautista that 's a full wrap on # GotG ! It 's been a long strange wonderful trip ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bankston , Douglas ( September 2014 ) . `` Ben Davis , BSC , blasts off for the space adventure Guardians of the Galaxy . '' . American Society of Cinematographers . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tracking for $60 Million Opening '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Matt ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` James Gunn on Guardians : Thanos , SFX & More '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin Feige on Thor and Marvel 's Future '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` / Film Interview : ' Thor : The Dark World ' Producer Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Much Thanos Will You See in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diente , Tanya ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Spoilers : Thanos , Gamora And The Infinity Stones '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Vin Diesel to Voice Groot in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel.com . December 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dwarves at Twilight . Disney lot , additional shooting , early as hell . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Wrapping additional photography on # GotG with @ prattprattpratt @ Michael_Rooker & @ Thejudgegunn -- 3 dudes I love working with . '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` Seriously , do you guys like @ Guardians trailer ? We shot some more stuff last weekend . @ JamesGunn @ prattprattpratt @ DaveBautista @ KarenGillan2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` 15 Reasons To Get Excited About Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . IGN . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maytum , Matt ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Kevin Feige updates on Guardians Of The Galaxy , Thanos , Ant - Man , TV shows and Doctor Strange '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Just Finished Work on ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Benicio Del Toro may not know he 's in a scene with you - know - who '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Story Behind Howard The Duck 's Credit Sting '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- The Pre-Credits Dancing Was Performed By James Gunn Himself '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy : Erin Sarofsky -- President , Owner And Executive Creative Director -- Sarofsky '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` The VFX of Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Fxguide . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Exec Talks ' Avengers 2 ' and Why the Studio `` Wants to Make Movies in L.A. '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` SHH 's Exclusive Interview with James Gunn on Guardians of the Galaxy '' . CraveOnline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Foundas , Scott ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holman , Jordyn ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Method Studios Taps VFX Veteran Marc Weigert to Spearhead Growth '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( August 2013 ) . `` James Gunn On ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Composer Tyler Bates ' Approach '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Star Lord 's Walkman '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suskind , Alex ( August 8 , 2014 ) . `` Director James Gunn on How He Chose the Music in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Vulture . New York . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Original Score '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Records And Marvel Set To Release Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Deluxe Soundtrack , Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Awesome Mix Vol. 1 And Marvel 's Guardians Of The Galaxy Digital Score Soundtrack '' . Digital Journal via PR Newswire . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Becomes First Soundtrack in History Without New Songs to Land No. 1 Spot '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Guardians ' Soundtrack To Be Released On Cassette Tape '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` On the Red Carpet at the ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Premiere '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Hilary ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Cast to Appear on ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Friday : Summer Savior As ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' $92.2 M to $95.5 M ; ' Get On Up ' Down Low With $14.7 M '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Intl Box Office : ' Lucy ' Tops Chart ; ' Expendables 3 ′ In China ; Pics From Korea , Spain , Argentina Get A Look - In ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` First `` Guardians Of The Galaxy '' TV Spot Released , Gunn Hypes 3D Experience `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` D23 : Disney Brings Out Angelina Jolie for ' Maleficent , ' Screens New Footage of ' Saving Mr. Banks ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ; McIntyre , Gina ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' trailer : Marvel unveils cosmic action comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Indiana Jones ' Influence '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Edgy Humour '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : Nebula 's introduction '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashurst , Sam ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : James Gunn 's Trailer Breakdown : The Collector '' . Total Film . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer a Social Media Smash , Bigger Than ' Man of Steel ' '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Despite leak , ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' trailer breaks Marvel record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Trailer Sends ' Hooked On a Feeling ' Sales Through the Roof '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali . `` James Gunn On Guardians Of The Galaxy 's Secrets -- ' What A Bunch Of A-Holes ' Was Originally Only Meant For The Trailer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` James Gunn on Trailer Pressures and Nearly Shelving the First ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Teaser '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Blue Alien Confirmed As Kree '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` ABC to air Marvel special with ' Avengers : Age of Ultron ' sneak peek -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Abnett & Lanning Put the Band Back Together for Guardians of the Galaxy Movie Prequel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Does n't Scare Licensing Partners '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Offers Fans Interstellar Travel Via Galaxy Getaways '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sneak Peek Landing in Disney Parks July 4 '' . DisneyParks Blog . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get an Early Look at Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy in IMAX July 7 '' . Marvel.com . June 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Missed Guardians Of The Galaxy Sneak Peek ? Here 's a New Trailer ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Evan ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Footage Review : Evan 's Reaction to Marvel Screening 17 Minutes of Footage '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Screened 17 Minutes Of Guardians Of The Galaxy And This Is What We Saw '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Hooked On A Preview : `` Guardians '' Sneak Preview Footage Is Deliriously Fun `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` 17 Minute ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' IMAX 3D Presentation Elicits Cheers And Some Confusion ; Watch An Extended Clip '' . / Film . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , John ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Guardians of the Galaxy '' cast thrill fans in Singapore `` . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Play Guardians of the Galaxy : The Universal Weapon '' . Marvel . July 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Mobile Game ? You 're Welcome '' . MTV . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Join Marvel Entertainment Executives To Ring The Opening Bell at the NYSE to Promote the Highly - Anticipated Summer Film , Marvel s Guardians of the Galaxy '' . New York Stock Exchange . July 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Polowy , Kevin ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Here 's That Clip of Dancing Baby Groot in All Its Galactic Glory '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Official : Dancing Groot Is the Breakout Character of Summer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Grooting ' has entered the lexicon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Chris Pratt Visits Children 's Hospital Los Angeles in Costume as Star - Lord From Guardians of the Galaxy '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Ramps Up Guardians of the Galaxy Trademarks '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Rallies New Merchandise Partners Around ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy LEGO Toy Sets Coming Soon '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Lego Sets Officially Unveiled '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2014 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dancing Baby Groot of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' to Hit Shelves in December '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` New Wave of ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Merchandise Launches Around Homevideo Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marvel UK ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy comes to 3D / 2D Blu - ray & DVD in the UK November 24 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' on Blu - Ray 12 / 9 with Deleted Scenes , Audio Commentary and More ; Digital HD in November '' . Stitch Kingdom . October 3 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - DVD and Blu - ray Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection ' Unveiled ; Contains First Look at Phase 3 '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Guardians ' Now 3rd Biggest Marvel Movie Ever ; ' Dracula Untold ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Annabelle ' Hold Well ; Action In France , Mexico ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office FINAL : ' Happy New Year ' Uncorks Record Bollywood Bow ; ' Annabelle ' Still A Doll With $26.2 M ; ' Lucy ' Outmuscles ' Hercules ' In China ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : Milestones For ' Godzilla ' , ' 22 Jump Street ' , ' Transformers ' + ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $67.4 M ; Local Pics Make Waves In Asia ; More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 5 ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Soars to Biggest Thursday Box Office Opening of the Year '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Rockets To $37.8 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Suber , Ray ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Obliterates August Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Nets $65 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles ' tops ' Expendables 3 , ' ' Let 's Be Cops ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brett ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Back on Top , ' Sin City 2 ′ Flops '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Tops Weak Labor Day Box Office , Summer Stumbles to Close '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Wins Cold U.S. Box Office with $10.2 Million , ' The Identical ' Tanks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackmon , Joe ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Becomes Only Summer Movie To Top Box Office For Three Weekends '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Among Marvel Titles , ' Guardians ' Has The Most No. 1 Weekends '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gone Girl ' Edges Out ' Annabelle ' In Race That Energizes Box Office : Monday Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Guardians ' Becomes Biggest Movie of the Summer '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office End of Summer : Some Profitable Hits In An Overall Blah Season '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Hits $600 Million Worldwide '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' retakes box office , passes ' Transformers ' for summer 's top film '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 -- via U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Intl Box Office Final : ' Turtles ' Kicks In $29 M Opening ; ' Guardians ' At $313 M WW ; ' Maleficent ' Tops $500 M ; ' InBetweeners 2 ′ Smashes UK Records '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Int'l Box Office Final : ' Annabelle ' Wins Over ' Gone Girl ' At Overseas Box Office In Hair - Pulling Race ; ' Dracula ' Drinks Up $34 M+ ; ' Guardians ' Strong In China ; More -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Zooms to $37.8 M Friday for Likely $92 M Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians Of The Galaxy ' Zooms To $94 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Justin ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy , review : ' a pop - culture gem ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turran , Kenneth ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy 's ' heroes are n't what you 'd expect '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Yee - Ha ! Space Cowboy Rides to the Rescue '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' : A giddy space oddity makes the summer sunnier '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Greg ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians Of The Galaxy Is Marvel 's Best Movie Yet '' . Yahoo ! UK . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' relaxes Marvel 's seriousness , but not enough '' . Associated Press via Star Tribune . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' review : Space jaunt no marvel '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' is space junk '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poor subtitles may deal blow to superhero film '' . China Daily . October 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaCon honour for Chris Pratt '' . Screen Daily . March 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2014 : And the winners are ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YHA Nominees list '' . Young Hollywood Awards . June 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Picture ; ' Birdman ' Leads With 7 Nods '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Jameson Empire Awards 2015 Live Blog '' . empireonline.com . Jump up ^ O'Mally , Zach ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grand Budapest ' , ' Guardians ' , ' AHS : Freak Show ' Top Make - Up & Hair Stylists Awards '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 hosts , nominees announced '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman ' Leads Satellite Awards Nominations '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2014 Awards '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Announce Nominees '' . AwardsDaily . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Birdman ' , ' Foxcatcher ' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild Awards Nominations : ' Whiplash ' , ' Gone Girl ' , ' Guardians ' On Diverse List '' . Deadline.com . January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : ' Grand Budapest Hotel ' Leads With 11 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 8 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations Unveiled -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . January 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards : List of 2015 nominations '' . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Sequel Gets Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ' '' . Marvel.com . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Compton 's Neil Brown Jr . Signs On For ' Sand Castle ' ; Pom Klementieff Joins ' Guardians Of The Galaxy 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy 3 ' : James Gunn Returning to Write and Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 Coming In 2020 , According To Gunn '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) . Official website Guardians of the Galaxy on IMDb Guardians of the Galaxy at AllMovie Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the blue guys name on guardians of the galaxy	[ "Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta:\nA blue-skinned bandit who is the leader of the Ravagers and a paternal figure to Quill.[9][50] Yondu helps Quill to steal the orb before Quill betrays him, leaving Yondu and the Ravagers to chase the Guardians. On the character, Rooker said, he has \"some interesting issues–not a good guy, not a bad guy. There's hope and there's a heart inside Yondu.\" Gunn created the film's version of the character specifically with Rooker in mind, while borrowing the character's mohawk and use of a whistle-controlled arrow from the comics. Rooker fully committed to the role once he knew his role on the TV series The Walking Dead would be ending.[51] Rooker's makeup took approximately four hours to apply.[52]\n" ]	[ "Yondu" ]
8542929384252995166	iPhone 5S	IPhone 5S - Wikipedia IPhone 5S Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 5S iPhone 5S in Gold Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Slogan Since April 2014 : `` You 're more powerful than you think . '' Until April 2014 : `` Forward thinking '' Generation 7th Model A1457 ( Middle East ) A1518 , A1528 ( China ) A1530 ( Asia Pacific ) A1533 ( North America , China ) A1453 ( North America , Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA , 3G , EVDO , HSPA+ , LTE First released September 20 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Availability by country September 20 , 2013 ( show ) United States United Kingdom Canada China France Germany India Australia Japan Hong Kong Singapore Pakistan October 25 , 2013 ( show ) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland French West Indies Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Reunion Island Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand November 1 , 2013 ( show ) Albania Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Colombia El Salvador Guam Guatemala India Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Saudi Arabia Turkey November 15 , 2013 ( show ) Philippines South Africa Vietnam November 22 , 2013 ( show ) Brazil Discontinued September 9 , 2014 ( 64GB ) ; March 21 , 2016 ( 16 and 32 GB ) Predecessor iPhone 5 Successor iPhone 6 ( Plus ) iPhone SE Related iPhone 5C Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D Weight 112 g ( 3.95 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 7.0 Current : iOS 11.2. 6 , released February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) System on chip Apple A7 , Apple M7 motion coprocessor CPU 64 -- bit 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple Cyclone GPU PowerVR G6430 ( four cluster@450 MHz ) Memory 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 GB Battery 5.92 Whr ( 1560 mAh ) Lithium - ion battery Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreen display , triple microphone configuration , Apple M7 motion coprocessor , 3 - axis gyroscope , 3 - axis accelerometer , digital compass , proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , Touch ID fingerprint reader Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) diagonal ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) , multi-touch display , LED backlit IPS TFT LCD , 640 × 1136 pixels at 326 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio ( typical ) , 500 cd / m max . brightness ( typical ) , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating on front Rear camera Custom Sony Exmor RS 8 MP back - side illuminated 1 / 3 `` sensor , HD video ( 1080p ) at 30 fps , Slow - motion video ( 720p ) at 120 fps , IR filter , dual warm / cool LED flashes , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 30 mm focal length , facial recognition ( stills only ) , image stabilization , burst mode Front camera 1.2 MP , 720p HD video , Burst mode at 10 fps , f / 2.4 aperture , 1.9 μm pixels , Auto HDR for photos Sound Mono speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity All models ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n : 2.4 and 5 GHz ) , Bluetooth 4.0 , GPS & GLONASS . GSM model ( A1533 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1533 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , ( except China model : ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1453 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . GSM model ( A1457 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD ) . GSM model ( A1518 ) ( show ) TDD - LTE , TD - SCDMA GSM model ( A1528 ) ( show ) LTE ( unofficial ) GSM model ( A1530 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD , TD 2600 , 1900 , 2300 ) , ( with software operator version China Mobile 15.6 or above :) TD - SCDMA SAR Model A1528 , A1457 , A1518 , A1530 Head : 1.18 W / kg Body : 1.12 W / kg Model A1533 , A1453 Head : 1.18 W / kg Body : 1.18 W / kg Website apple.com/iphone-5s/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 ( Plus ) 6S ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 8 ( Plus ) X List of iPhone models The iPhone 's nano - SIM card tray is made of aluminum . The iPhone 5S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc . Part of the iPhone series , the device was unveiled on September 10 , 2013 , at Apple 's Cupertino headquarters . It was released on September 20 , 2013 , along with its lower - cost counterpart , the iPhone 5c . The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor , the iPhone 5 , although the 5S received a new white / gold color scheme in addition to white / silver and space gray / black , however the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware . The 5S introduced the A7 64 - bit dual - core system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor to be used on a smartphone , accompanied by the M7 `` motion co-processor '' . A redesigned home button with Touch ID , a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases , was introduced . The camera was also updated with a larger aperture and a dual - LED flash optimized for different color temperatures . The iPhone 5S was the first Apple device to ship with iOS 7 , which introduced a revamped visual appearance and other new features . Designed by Jonathan Ive , iOS 7 departed from skeuomorphic elements used by previous versions of iOS in favor of a flat , colorful design . Among new software features introduced to the iPhone 5S were AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform ; Control Center , a control panel containing a number of commonly used functions ; and iTunes Radio , an internet radio service . Earphones known as EarPods were included with the 5S , and Apple released accessories including a case and a dock . The 5S is the third iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 . The 5S supports IOS 7 up to version 11 , being the oldest iPhone to support iOS 11 since it was the earliest to have incorporated a 64 - bit SoC processor . Reception towards the device was generally positive , with some outlets considering it to be the best smartphone available on the market due to its upgraded hardware , Touch ID , and other changes introduced by iOS 7 . Some criticized the iPhone 5S for keeping the design and small display of the iPhone 5 , and others expressed security concerns about the Touch ID system . Nine million units of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were sold on their weekend of release , breaking Apple 's sales record for iPhones . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on all major U.S. carriers in September 2013 . The iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the larger iPhone 6 in September 2014 . On March 21 , 2016 , the 5S received a direct replacement with the announcement of the iPhone SE , which incorporated internal hardware similar to the iPhone 6S while retaining the smaller form factor and design of the 5S . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Camera 2.4 Accessories 2.5 Operating system and software 3 Apple accessories 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Commercial reception 4.3 Impact of Touch ID 4.4 Problems 5 Timeline of models 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The iPhone 5S was announced during a keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 . Before its official unveiling , media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner ; including Apple 's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec , a developer of mobile security products , references to a fingerprint sensor on the home button in the beta release of iOS 7 and leaked packaging for an iPhone 5S showing that the traditional home button now had a metallic `` ring '' around it . Similar ring - based imagery was seen on the official invitation to Apple 's iPhone press event in September 2013 , where the new device was unveiled . Shortly before its official unveiling , The Wall Street Journal also reported the rumor . Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10 , 2013 . While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13 , 2013 , the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder . Both devices were released on September 20 , 2013 . While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID , the 64 - bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event . This is the first - ever 64 - bit processor in a phone of any kind . I do n't think the other guys are even talking about it yet . Why go through all this ? The benefits are huge . The A7 is up to twice as fast as the previous - generation system at CPU tasks , and up to twice as fast at graphics tasks , too . -- Phil Schiller , Apple keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 Schiller then showed demos of Infinity Blade III to demonstrate the A7 's processing power and the device 's camera using untouched photographs . The release of iOS 7 on September 18 , 2013 was also announced during the keynote . The iPhone 5S was released on September 20 , 2013 , in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , China , France , Germany , Australia , Japan , Hong Kong , and Singapore . It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25 , 2013 , and in 12 countries on November 1 , 2013 . Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S , on January 26 , 2014 . On September 19 , 2014 , the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus , but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price , while the 64GB version was discontinued . The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9 , 2015 , when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21 , 2016 , and succeeded by the iPhone SE , which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S . This was a break with Apple 's product positioning trend ( in North America and Western Europe ) , starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011 , which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone , then moving it to midrange for its second year of production , with the third and final year as the entry - level offering before discontinuation . While iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016 , replacing it and its A7 processor early means that Apple `` just reduced its long - term chip support window by a year '' for iOS . In addition , a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand , as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family may suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016 . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) Design and Hardware of iPhone 5S iPhone 5S 's home button has a flat design and is made of scratch - resistant , laser - cut sapphire crystal surrounded by a stainless steel finger detection ring for using Touch ID . The camera has af / 2.2 aperture and has dual `` True Tone '' flashes . The `` iPhone '' wordmark on the back of an iPhone 5S is now set in a thinner version of the Myriad typeface . The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5 , with a 4 in ( 10 cm ) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640 × 1136 at 326 ppi . Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser - cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring ; the button is no longer concave , nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models . The phone itself is 0.30 in ( 7.6 mm ) thick and weighs 112 grams ( 4.0 oz ) . The phone uses an aluminum composite frame . The device is available in three color finishes ; `` space - gray '' ( replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5 ) , white with silver trim , and white with gold trim . The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in gold color ; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers . Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 5S is powered by the Apple A7 system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor ever used on a smartphone . The device 's operating system and pre-loaded software were optimized to run in 64 - bit mode , promising increased performance , although third - party app developers would need to optimize their apps to take advantage of these enhanced capabilities . The A7 processor is designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung . The A7 processor is accompanied by a new M7 `` motion co-processor '' , a dedicated processor for processing motion data from the iPhone 's accelerometer and gyroscopes without requiring the attention of the main processor , which integrates with iOS 7 's new CoreMotion APIs . The same A7 SoC and M7 motion co-processor are also found in the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 which were released in the same quarter as the iPhone 5S . The phone includes a 1560 mAh battery , which provides 10 hours of talk time and 250 hours of standby time . While the camera is still 8 megapixels in resolution with the image capture size of 3264 × 2448 ( 4 : 3 ) , the lens has a larger aperture ( f / 2.2 ) and larger sized pixels in its image sensor than previous iPhone models . The flashlight has dual `` True Tone '' flashes , consisting of an amber LED and a white LED , which are variably used based on the color temperature of the photo to improve color balancing . The camera also includes automatic image stabilization , dynamic tone mapping , 10 fps burst mode , `` best shot '' mode and slow motion video at 120 fps . The home button on the iPhone 5S incorporates a fingerprint recognition system known as Touch ID , based on technology from AuthenTec , a company which Apple had acquired in 2012 . The sensor uses a capacitive CMOS - based sensor which can detect the `` sub-epidermal layers '' of fingers at 500 pixels per inch , and uses a 360 - degree design that can read the print at any angle . The sensor itself is activated by a touch - sensitive metallic ring surrounding the button . Touch ID can be used for various authentication activities within the operating system , such as unlocking the device or authenticating App Store and iTunes purchases instead of an Apple ID password . The sensor can be trained to recognize the fingerprints of multiple fingers and multiple users . Fingerprint data is stored in an encrypted format within a `` secure enclave '' of the A7 chip itself , and is not accessible to any other apps or servers ( including iCloud ) . Camera ( edit ) You can capture photos at night as it comes with a double LED flash with rear camera . The iPhone 5S sports a new 8 megapixel iSight camera with the new camera app allowing fast continuous shooting and recording of slow - motion videos . Accessories ( edit ) Main article : iPhone accessories Earphones known as Apple EarPods are included with the iPhone 5S . According to technology commentators , the design of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely . Apple states that the design of their earphones allows it to `` rival high - end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more '' . Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the earphones sounded better than its predecessor , reviewers felt that quality of sound produced is poor . TechRadar further opined that the EarPods are inferior to other earphones of a similar price . Operating system and software ( edit ) Main articles : iOS , iOS 7 , iOS 8 , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 Further information : iOS version history The iPhone 5S is supplied with iOS 7 , released on September 20 , 2013 . Jonathan Ive , the designer of iOS 7 's new elements , described the update as `` bringing order to complexity '' , highlighting features such as refined typography , new icons , translucency , layering , physics , and gyroscope - driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design . The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite ( version 10.10 ) noticeably departs from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center , wood in Newsstand , and leather in Calendar , in favor of flat , colorful design . iOS 7 adds AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform . Users can share files with the iPhone 5 onwards , the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) onwards , or iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards . The operating system also adds Control Center , a control panel accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen . Control Center contains a number of commonly used functions , such as volume and brightness controls , along with toggles for enabling Wi - Fi , Bluetooth , Airplane mode , and for using the rear camera 's flash LED as a flashlight . iTunes Radio , an Internet radio service , is also included on the iPhone 5S . It is a free , ad - supported service available to all iTunes users , featuring Siri integration on iOS . Users are able to skip tracks , customise stations , and purchase the station 's songs from iTunes Store . Users can also search through their history of previous songs . Apple accessories ( edit ) During the keynote , Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5 that is made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside . This case was announced along with iPhone 5C 's case , both of which are the first cases Apple has announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers . Docks for both the iPhone 5S and 5C were found on the Apple online store after the announcement . Because of the casing difference between the iPhone 5S and 5C , they have separate docks , each made specifically for each respective phone . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S received a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators . Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review , saying that Touch ID `` sounds like a gimmick , but it 's a real advance , the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices , '' and labeled it `` the best smartphone on the market . '' David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID , but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated , and `` maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over . '' He focused much of his review on iOS 7 , which he believed was the biggest change of the device over previous generations , praising new Siri features , Control Center , and AirDrop . In an editorial , Pogue stated that iOS 7 was the biggest change in the iPhone series , citing utilitarian interface changes as the main contributor to this . Scott Stein of CNET criticized the lack of design change over iPhone 5 and said that although the iPhone 5S `` is not a required upgrade , but it 's easily the fastest and most advanced Apple smartphone to date . '' Although praised for its camera , 64 - bit A7 chip , M7 motion - chip , and fingerprint scanning capabilities , some investors thought that the iPhone 5S , although a notable improvement over the iPhone 5 , was still relatively unchanged from its predecessor , and worried that the iPhone line had become a stagnant , dull product . Apple 's share price fell 5.4 % after the launch to close at a month low of $467.71 on the NASDAQ . Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said `` looks may not be different from the iPhone 5 , but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day - to - day activities normal for a smartphone user , '' and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone . Etherington suggested that the 64 - bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it . Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64 - bit processor . Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone 's A7 processor , describing it as `` seriously impressive '' , and stated that it was the most `` futureproof of any iPhone ever launched . As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof , if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any . '' Scott Lowe of IGN also spoke highly of its 64 - bit processor , `` which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4 , accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32 % and 38 % in CPU benchmarks . '' The debut of Apple 's 64 - bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise , particularly Qualcomm whose own 64 - bit system - on - chip was not released until 2015 . Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time . The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5 , while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance / features thanks to its new 64 - bit A7 processor , as well as extra storage space , all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C ( US $650 versus US $550 in March 2014 ) . This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range , respectively ; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9 GB available to the user after installing iOS 8 . Furthermore , the 5C 's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost - cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5 's aluminum / glass case ; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish . As of 2015 -- 16 , there were still a significant number of customers who preferred the 4 - inch screen size of iPhone 5S , which remained the second-most popular iPhone after the iPhone 6 and ahead of the iPhone 6S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 , even as that form factor was succeeded as the flagship iPhone by the redesigned larger display 4.7 / 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 and 6 Plus back in September 2014 . Furthermore , the 5 and 5S design was regarded as `` long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general '' ( with the 5S 's gold finish adding a premium touch to the 5 's already well - regarded look ) , while the succeeding 6 and 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it `` felt a little bit wrong , as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap '' . The iPhone 5 was described as `` elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together . It felt streamlined , yet substantial , which is different from iPhone 6 , which feels substantial in size alone . Plus , unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6 , iPhone 5 did n't really look like anything else on the market at the time '' . However , the iPhone 5 / 5S design was not suited to scaling up , in contrast to the iPhone 6 / 6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6 / 6S Plus phablet models . When Apple discontinued the iPhone 5S , it was replaced by the iPhone SE which outwardly appears almost identical to the 5S even as the SE 's internal hardware has been upgraded significantly . Commercial reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days , setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales , with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C . After the first day of release , 1 % of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss , while 0.3 % were iPhone 5Cs . Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day , compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010 , and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days . This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously . The first - day release in China also contributed to the record sales result . On launch day , major in - stock shortages were reported in most stores , across all countries where the iPhone 5S initially went on sale . A great many customers in line outside Apple Stores worldwide were left disappointed due to severe shortages across all 5S models , with the gold model in particular being in highly limited supply . While this situation eased in the US in the days following the launch , other countries reported receiving few restocks . Some commentators questioned how Apple handled the initial release , as online pre-orders were not offered for the iPhone 5S , meaning large numbers of people queuing outside physical stores , with most in line not receiving a unit . In the US , Apple offered an online reservation system , so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores , and order for pickup . Online orders were also in short supply on launch day , with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from `` 7 - 10 working days '' to `` October '' in all countries , within hours of online orders being taken . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , and T - Mobile in September 2013 in the United States , outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4 . According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners , the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two - to - one margin during its September release , confirming Apple CEO Tim Cook 's view that the high - end smartphone market was not reaching a point of market saturation . While commentators viewed the 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand , the 5S was viewed as a massive success . Apple admitted that it had failed to anticipate the sales ratio , leading to an overstocking of the 5C and shortages of the 5S . Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S , on March 25 , 2014 , Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units . By May 2014 , despite having been on the market for eight months , the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40 % , with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units . The Galaxy S5 's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile , as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4 , in the first quarter of their releases , had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively . Impact of Touch ID ( edit ) See also : Touch ID § Impact A number of technology writers , including Adrian Kingsley - Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of New York believed that the fingerprint scanning functionality of the iPhone 5S could help spur the adoption of the technology as an alternative to passwords by mainstream users ( especially in `` bring your own device '' scenarios ) , as fingerprint - based authentication systems have only enjoyed wider usage in enterprise environments . However , citing research by biometrics engineer Geppy Parziale , Roose suggested that the CMOS - based sensor could become inaccurate and wear out over time unless Apple had designed the sensor to prevent this from occurring . Brent Kennedy , a researcher of the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team , recommended that users not immediately rely on the technology , citing the uncertainty over whether the system could properly reject a spoofed fingerprint . Following the release of the iPhone 5S , the German Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21 , 2013 that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using `` easy everyday means '' . The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image to make a latex model thumb which was then pressed against the sensor to gain access . The spokesman for the group stated , `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . '' However , in 2013 , 39 % of American smartphone users used no security measures at all to protect their smartphone . Others have also tried Chaos Computer Club 's method , but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort , given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint , special chemicals and expensive equipment , and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve . Problems ( edit ) Several problems were experienced with the iPhone 5S 's hardware after its release . The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone 's level sensor had drifted by several degrees , which caused the gyroscope , compass , and accelerometer to become inaccurate . Reports suggested that this is a hardware - induced problem . Some encountered other problems such as crashing with a blue screen and then restarting , the power button making a rattling noise when the phone was shaken , overheating , the microphone not working , and Touch ID not working for iTunes purchases . Some of these issues have been fixed by software updates . Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices History of iPhone Comparison of smartphones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Models '' . EveryiPhone.com . Jump up ^ Dumlao , Doris ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s , 5c coming to PH Nov. 15 '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shimpi , Anand Lal ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Apple 's Cyclone Microarchitecture Detailed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review : GPU Architecture '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . 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Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Dock '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Eric ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S and 5C each gets a new nearly identical dock '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` In Arrival of 2 iPhones , 3 Lessons '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , There 's a New iPhone . But That 's Not the Big News '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlastelica , Ryan ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` High iPhone price spooks investors , Apple shares drop '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . 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CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 5S And 5C Launch Draws Big Crowds , Including Biggest Ever Line At NYC Flagship Store '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Poornima ; Saba , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Apple polishes forecast after selling 9 million new iPhones '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Wilson ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` As iPhone 5S goes on sale , shortages already loom '' . NBC News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culzac , Natasha ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` t 's here ! iPhone 5S sold out within minutes in first day of trading '' . The Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tibken , Shara ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S , 5C hunters hit up NYC , but 64GB gold is elusive '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` '' I 'm not leaving without a gold one ! '' Tales from the iPhone 5S line `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Apple reportedly cutting iPhone 5S wait times with in - store pickup '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grothaus , Michael ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S ship times get pushed back to October '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . AOL . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s Shipping Estimates Slip to October '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s Outselling iPhone 5c Two to One '' . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Is Apple 's iPhone 5C a flop ? '' . CNN . TimeWarner . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to iPhone . iPhone 5S -- official site Preceded by iPhone 5 iPhone 5C / iPhone 5S 7th generation Succeeded by iPhone 6 / iPhone 6 Plus iPhone SE iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV 2nd 3rd iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple hardware since 1998 Consumer desktop / all - in - ones eMac iMac G3 G4 G5 Intel - based Mac Mini Professional tower / desktop iMac Pro Mac Pro Power Macintosh G3 G4 G4 Cube G5 Xserve Consumer notebook iBook MacBook Retina MacBook Air Professional notebooks MacBook Pro PowerBook G3 G4 Consumer electronics Apple TV 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 4K Apple Watch 1st Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Displays Thunderbolt Cinema Studio HomePod iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air 1st 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro 1st 2nd iPod Classic Photo Mini iPod + HP Shuffle Nano Touch Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Smartphones iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X Accessories AirPods AirPort Express Extreme Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil iPod Click Wheel Hi - Fi Nike+ iSight Keyboard Wireless Magic Mouse USB Pro Wireless Mighty Magic Magic 2 Remote Siri Remote SuperDrive Trackpad Magic Magic 2 USB Modem Xserve RAID Italics indicate current products . See also : Apple hardware before 1998 Apple hardware Apple II family Discontinued Apple I Apple II series II II Plus IIe IIe Card ( Macintosh PDS ) IIc IIc Plus IIGS Apple III Apple Lisa Macintosh XL Mac Desktop Current iMac iMac Pro Mac Pro Mac Mini Discontinued Compact 128K 512K 512Ke Plus SE SE / 30 Classic Classic II Color Classic II series II IIx IIcx IIci IIfx IIsi IIvi IIvx LC family LC LC II LC III LC 475 LC 500 series LC 630 5200 LC Macintosh TV Quadra 600 series 610 650 660AV 605 630 700 900 950 800 840AV Performa Centris Power Macintosh 4400 and 7220 5000 series 5200 LC and 5300 LC 5260 5400 5500 6000 series 6100 6200 and 6300 6400 6500 7000 series 7100 7200 and 8200 7300 7500 7600 8000 series 8100 8500 8600 9000 series 9500 9600 G3 G4 Cube G5 Twentieth Anniversary iMac family G3 G4 G5 eMac Laptop Current MacBook family MacBook ( Retina ) Air Pro Discontinued Macintosh Portable PowerBook 68k - based 100 series 100 140 170 160 180 150 190 Duo 210 230 500 series PowerPC - based 2300c 5300 1400 3400c 2400c G3 G4 iBook G3 G4 MacBook ( pre-2015 ) Server Discontinued Workgroup Server 9150 Network Server Xserve Mac Mini Server Mac Pro Server Devices Current Apple TV Apple Watch Series 1 Series 3 HomePod iPad iPad ( 2017 ) Mini 4 Pro 10.5 / 12.9 ( 2nd ) iPhone 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus 8 / 8 Plus X iPod ( Touch ( 6th ) ) Discontinued Interactive Television Box Apple Watch Series 0 Series 2 iPad 1st 3rd 4th Air Air 2 Mini 1st Pro 9.7 / 12.9 ( 1st ) iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus iPod Classic iPod + HP U2 Photo with color display Hi - Fi Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Newton MessagePad eMate 300 Pippin PowerCD QuickTake Accessories Current AirPods AirPort Express Router Extreme Router Time Capsule AirPower iPad Pencil Smart Keyboard Magic Keyboard Magic Mouse 2 Magic Trackpad 2 Siri Remote SuperDrive ( USB ) Discontinued Displays III II AppleColor Composite IIe AppleColor High - Resolution RGB Color AudioVision 14 Multiple Scan 14 ColorSync 750 Studio Cinema Thunderbolt Drives Disk II Macintosh ProFile Hard Disk 20 Hard Disk 20SC AppleCD PowerCD Tape Drive 40SC SuperDrive Xserve RAID Input devices Desktop Bus iSight Keyboards Extended Adjustable Wireless Magic Trackpad Mice USB Mouse Pro Mouse Wireless Mouse Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Remote Scanner iPod Click Wheel Nike + iPod Networking Apple II serial cards Modems USB LocalTalk Communication Slot GeoPort Printers Silentype Dot Matrix Printer Letter Quality Printer ImageWriter LaserWriter 410 Color Plotter Color LaserWriter StyleWriter Apple - designed processors Current A series 64 - bit : A8 A9 A10 A10X A11 S series 32 - bit : S1P S3 W series 32 - bit : W1 W2 T series 32 - bit : T1 T2 Discontinued A series 32 - bit : A4 A5 A5X A6 A6X 64 - bit : A7 A8X A9X S series 32 - bit : S1 S2 Italics indicate announced unreleased products Comparison of Macintosh models Timeline of Macintosh models Timeline of Apple Inc. products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPhone_5S&oldid=826568028 '' Categories : IPhone Mobile phones introduced in 2013 IOS ( Apple ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 21 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the i phone 5s come out	[ "The iPhone 5S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Part of the iPhone series, the device was unveiled on September 10, 2013, at Apple's Cupertino headquarters. It was released on September 20, 2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, the iPhone 5c.[14]" ]	[ "September 20, 2013" ]
-7101654011205568947	Inca Empire	Inca empire - wikipedia Inca empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Inca '' redirects here . For a general view of Inca civilization , people and culture , see Andean civilizations . For other uses , see Inca ( disambiguation ) . Inca Empire Tawantinsuyu ( Quechua ) 1438 -- 1533 The Inca Empire at its greatest extent Capital Cusco ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Languages Quechua ( official ) , Aymara , Puquina , Jaqi family , Muchik and scores of smaller languages . Religion Inca religion Government Divine , absolute monarchy Sapa Inca 1438 -- 1471 Pachacuti 1471 -- 1493 Túpac Inca Yupanqui 1493 -- 1527 Huayna Capac 1527 -- 1532 Huáscar 1532 -- 1533 Atahualpa Historical era Pre-Columbian era Pachacuti created the Tawantinsuyu 1438 Civil war between Huáscar and Atahualpa 1529 -- 1532 Spanish conquest led by Francisco Pizarro 1533 End of the last Inca resistance 1572 Area 1527 2,000,000 km ( 770,000 sq mi ) Population 1527 est . 10,000,000 Density 5 / km ( 13 / sq mi ) Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Cusco Governorate of New Castile Governorate of New Toledo Neo-Inca State Today part of Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Inca Empire Inca society Education Religion Mythology Architecture Engineering Roads Army Agriculture Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cusco Inca Empire ( Civil War Spanish conquest ) Neo-Inca State The Inca Empire ( Quechua : Tawantinsuyu , lit . `` The Four Regions '' ) , also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America , and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century . Its political and administrative structure `` was the most sophisticated found among native peoples '' in the Americas . The administrative , political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern - day Peru . The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century . Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . From 1438 to 1533 , the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America , centered on the Andean Mountains , using conquest and peaceful assimilation , among other methods . At its largest , the empire joined Peru , large parts of modern Ecuador , western and south central Bolivia , northwest Argentina , north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia . Its official language was Quechua . Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire , most of them concerning local sacred Huacas , but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti -- their sun god -- and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama . The Incas considered their king , the Sapa Inca , to be the `` son of the sun . '' The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many features associated with civilization in the Old World . In the words of one scholar , `` The Incas lacked the use of wheeled vehicles . They lacked animals to ride and draft animals that could pull wagons and plows ... ( They ) lacked the knowledge of iron and steel ... Above all , they lacked a system of writing ... Despite these supposed handicaps , the Incas were still able to construct one of the greatest imperial states in human history '' . Notable features of the Inca Empire include its monumental architecture , especially stonework , extensive road network reaching all corners of the empire , finely - woven textiles , use of knotted strings ( quipu ) for record keeping and communication , agricultural innovations in a difficult environment , and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor . The Incan economy has been described in contradictory ways by scholars : as `` feudal , slave , socialist ( here one may choose between socialist paradise or socialist tyranny ) '' . The Inca empire functioned largely without money and without markets . Instead , exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals , groups , and Inca rulers . `` Taxes '' consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire . The Inca rulers ( who theoretically owned all the means of production ) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Origin 2.3 Kingdom of Cusco 2.4 Reorganization and formation 2.5 Expansion and consolidation 2.6 Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest 2.7 Last Incas 3 Society 3.1 Population 3.2 Language 3.3 Marriage 3.4 Gender 4 Religion 4.1 Deities 5 Economy 6 Government 6.1 Beliefs 6.2 Organization of the empire 6.2. 1 Suyu 6.3 Laws 6.4 Administration 7 Arts and technology 7.1 Monumental architecture 7.2 Measures , calendrics and mathematics 7.3 Ceramics , precious metals and textiles 7.4 Communication and medicine 7.5 Coca 7.6 Weapons , armor and warfare 7.7 Flag 8 Adaptations to altitude 9 See also 9.1 Important Incan archeological sites 9.2 Incan - related 9.3 General 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu , `` the four suyu '' . In Quechua , tawa is four and - ntin is a suffix naming a group , so that a tawantin is a quartet , a group of four things taken together , in this case representing the four suyu ( `` regions '' or `` provinces '' ) whose corners met at the capital . The four suyu were : Chinchaysuyu ( north ) , Antisuyu ( east ; the Amazon jungle ) , Qullasuyu ( south ) and Kuntisuyu ( west ) . The name Tawantinsuyu was , therefore , a descriptive term indicating a union of provinces . The Spanish transliterated the name as Tahuatinsuyo or Tahuatinsuyu . The term Inka means `` ruler '' or `` lord '' in Quechua and was used to refer to the ruling class or the ruling family . The Incas were a very small percentage of the total population of the empire , probably numbering only 15,000 to 40,000 , but ruling a population of around 10 million persons . The Spanish adopted the term ( transliterated as Inca in Spanish ) as an ethnic term referring to all subjects of the empire rather than simply the ruling class . As such the name Imperio inca ( `` Inca Empire '' ) referred to the nation that they encountered and subsequently conquered . History ( edit ) Antecedents ( edit ) The Inca Empire was the last chapter of thousands of years of Andean civilization . Andean civilization was one of five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be `` pristine '' , that is indigenous and not derivative from other civilizations . The Inca Empire was preceded by two large - scale empires in the Andes : the Tiwanaku ( c. 300 -- 1100 AD ) , based around Lake Titicaca and the Wari or Huari ( c. 600 -- 1100 AD ) centered near the present - day city of Ayacucho . The Wari occupied the Cuzco area for about 400 years . Thus , many of the characteristics of the Inca Empire derived from earlier multi-ethnic and expansive Andean cultures . Carl Troll has argued that the development of the Inca state in the central Andes was aided by conditions that allows for the elaboration of the staple food chuño . Chuño , which can be stored for long periods , is made of potato dried at the freezing temperatures that are common at nighttime in the southern Peruvian highlands . Such link between the Inca state and chuño may be questioned as potatoes and other crops such as maize can also be dried with only sunlight . Troll did also argue that llamas , the Inca 's pack animal , can be found in its largest numbers in this very same region . It is worth considering the maximum extent of the Inca Empire roughly coincided with the greatest distribution of llamas and alpacas in Pre-Hispanic America . The link between the Andean biomes of puna and páramo , pastoralism and the Inca state is a matter of research . As a third point Troll pointed out irrigation technology as advantageous to the Inca state - building . While Troll theorized environmental influences on the Inca Empire he opposed environmental determinism arguing that culture lay at the core of the Inca civilization . Origin ( edit ) The Inca people were a pastoral tribe in the Cusco area around the 12th century . Incan oral history tells an origin story of three caves . The center cave at Tampu T'uqu ( Tambo Tocco ) was named Qhapaq T'uqu ( `` principal niche '' , also spelled Capac Tocco ) . The other caves were Maras T'uqu ( Maras Tocco ) and Sutiq T'uqu ( Sutic Tocco ) . Four brothers and four sisters stepped out of the middle cave . They were : Ayar Manco , Ayar Cachi , Ayar Awqa ( Ayar Auca ) and Ayar Uchu ; and Mama Ocllo , Mama Raua , Mama Huaco and Mama Qura ( Mama Cora ) . Out of the side caves came the people who were to be the ancestors of all the Inca clans . Manco Cápac , First Inca , 1 of 14 Portraits of Inca Kings , Probably mid-18th century . Oil on canvas . Brooklyn Museum Ayar Manco carried a magic staff made of the finest gold . Where this staff landed , the people would live . They traveled for a long time . On the way , Ayar Cachi boasted about his strength and power . His siblings tricked him into returning to the cave to get a sacred llama . When he went into the cave , they trapped him inside to get rid of him . Ayar Uchu decided to stay on the top of the cave to look over the Inca people . The minute he proclaimed that , he turned to stone . They built a shrine around the stone and it became a sacred object . Ayar Auca grew tired of all this and decided to travel alone . Only Ayar Manco and his four sisters remained . Finally , they reached Cusco . The staff sank into the ground . Before they arrived , Mama Ocllo had already borne Ayar Manco a child , Sinchi Roca . The people who were already living in Cusco fought hard to keep their land , but Mama Huaca was a good fighter . When the enemy attacked , she threw her bolas ( several stones tied together that spun through the air when thrown ) at a soldier ( gualla ) and killed him instantly . The other people became afraid and ran away . After that , Ayar Manco became known as Manco Cápac , the founder of the Inca . It is said that he and his sisters built the first Inca homes in the valley with their own hands . When the time came , Manco Cápac turned to stone like his brothers before him . His son , Sinchi Roca , became the second emperor of the Inca . Kingdom of Cusco ( edit ) Main article : Kingdom of Cusco Under the leadership of Manco Cápac , the Inca formed the small city - state Kingdom of Cusco ( Quechua Qusqu ' , Qosqo ) . In 1438 , they began a far - reaching expansion under the command of Sapa Inca ( paramount leader ) Pachacuti - Cusi Yupanqui , whose name literally meant `` earth - shaker '' . The name of Pachacuti was given to him after he conquered the Tribe of Chancas ( modern Apurímac ) . During his reign , he and his son Tupac Yupanqui brought much of the Andes mountains ( roughly modern Peru and Ecuador ) under Inca control . Reorganization and formation ( edit ) The first image of the Inca in Europe , Pedro Cieza de León , Cronica del Peru , 1553 Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tahuantinsuyu , which consisted of a central government with the Inca at its head and four provincial governments with strong leaders : Chinchasuyu ( NW ) , Antisuyu ( NE ) , Kuntisuyu ( SW ) and Qullasuyu ( SE ) . Pachacuti is thought to have built Machu Picchu , either as a family home or summer retreat , although it may have been an agricultural station . Pachacuti sent spies to regions he wanted in his empire and they brought to him reports on political organization , military strength and wealth . He then sent messages to their leaders extolling the benefits of joining his empire , offering them presents of luxury goods such as high quality textiles and promising that they would be materially richer as his subjects . Most accepted the rule of the Inca as a fait accompli and acquiesced peacefully . Refusal to accept Inca rule resulted in military conquest . Following conquest the local rulers were executed . The ruler 's children were brought to Cusco to learn about Inca administration systems , then return to rule their native lands . This allowed the Inca to indoctrinate them into the Inca nobility and , with luck , marry their daughters into families at various corners of the empire . Expansion and consolidation ( edit ) Manco Cápac and Mama Ocllo , children of the Inti Traditionally the son of the Inca ruler led the army . Pachacuti 's son Túpac Inca Yupanqui began conquests to the north in 1463 and continued them as Inca ruler after Pachacuti 's death in 1471 . Túpac Inca 's most important conquest was the Kingdom of Chimor , the Inca 's only serious rival for the Peruvian coast . Túpac Inca 's empire stretched north into modern - day Ecuador and Colombia . Túpac Inca 's son Huayna Cápac added a small portion of land to the north in modern - day Ecuador and in parts of Peru . At its height , the Inca Empire included Peru and Bolivia , most of what is now Ecuador and a large portion of what is today Chile , north of the Maule River . The advance south halted after the Battle of the Maule where they met determined resistance from the Mapuche . The empire 's push into the Amazon Basin near the Chinchipe River was stopped by the Shuar in 1527 . The empire extended into corners of Argentina and Colombia . However , most of the southern portion of the Inca empire , the portion denominated as Qullasuyu , was located in the Altiplano . The Inca Empire was an amalgamation of languages , cultures and peoples . The components of the empire were not all uniformly loyal , nor were the local cultures all fully integrated . The Inca empire as a whole had an economy based on exchange and taxation of luxury goods and labour . The following quote describes a method of taxation : For as is well known to all , not a single village of the highlands or the plains failed to pay the tribute levied on it by those who were in charge of these matters . There were even provinces where , when the natives alleged that they were unable to pay their tribute , the Inca ordered that each inhabitant should be obliged to turn in every four months a large quill full of live lice , which was the Inca 's way of teaching and accustoming them to pay tribute . Inca civil war and Spanish conquest ( edit ) Main articles : Inca Civil War and Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Inca expansion ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Atahualpa , the last Sapa Inca of the empire , was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by 1526 . It was clear that they had reached a wealthy land with prospects of great treasure , and after another expedition in 1529 Pizarro traveled to Spain and received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy . This approval was received as detailed in the following quote : `` In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Incas . Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in Peru , or New Castile , as the Spanish now called the land . '' When they returned to Peru in 1532 , a war of brothers between the sons of Huayna Capac , Huáscar and Atahualpa , and unrest among newly conquered territories weakened the empire . Perhaps more importantly , smallpox had spread from Central America . Pizarro did not have a formidable force . With just 168 men , one cannon , and 27 horses , he often talked his way out of potential confrontations that could have easily wiped out his party . The Spanish horsemen , fully armored , had technological superiority over the Inca forces . The traditional mode of battle in the Andes was a kind of siege warfare where large numbers of usually reluctant draftees were sent to overwhelm opponents . The Spaniards developed one of the finest military machines in the premodern world , tactics learned in their centuries - long fight against Moorish kingdoms in Iberia . Along with their tactical and material superiority , the Spaniards acquired tens of thousands of native allies who sought to end the Inca control of their territories . Their first engagement was the Battle of Puná , near present - day Guayaquil , Ecuador , on the Pacific Coast ; Pizarro then founded the city of Piura in July 1532 . Hernando de Soto was sent inland to explore the interior and returned with an invitation to meet the Inca , Atahualpa , who had defeated his brother in the civil war and was resting at Cajamarca with his army of 80,000 troops . Pizarro and some of his men , most notably a friar named Vincente de Valverde , met with the Inca , who had brought only a small retinue . Through an interpreter Friar Vincente read the `` Requerimiento '' that demanded that he and his empire accept the rule of King Charles I of Spain and convert to Christianity . Because of the language barrier and perhaps poor interpretation , Atahualpa became somewhat puzzled by the friar 's description of Christian faith and was said to have not fully understood the envoy 's intentions . After Atahualpa attempted further enquiry into the doctrines of the Christian faith , the Spanish became frustrated and impatient . They attacked the Inca 's retinue and captured Atahualpa as hostage . Atahualpa offered the Spaniards enough gold to fill the room he was imprisoned in and twice that amount of silver . The Inca fulfilled this ransom , but Pizarro deceived them , refusing to release the Inca afterwards . During Atahualpa 's imprisonment Huáscar was assassinated elsewhere . The Spaniards maintained that this was at Atahualpa 's orders ; this was used as one of the charges against Atahualpa when the Spaniards finally executed him , in August 1533 . Last Incas ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Inca State View of Machu Picchu The Spanish installed Atahualpa 's brother Manco Inca Yupanqui in power ; for some time Manco cooperated with the Spanish while they fought to put down resistance in the north . Meanwhile , an associate of Pizarro , Diego de Almagro , attempted to claim Cusco . Manco tried to use this intra-Spanish feud to his advantage , recapturing Cusco in 1536 , but the Spanish retook the city afterwards . Manco Inca then retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State , where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years , sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them . In 1572 the last Inca stronghold was conquered and the last ruler , Túpac Amaru , Manco 's son , was captured and executed . This ended resistance to the Spanish conquest under the political authority of the Inca state . After the fall of the Inca Empire many aspects of Inca culture were systematically destroyed , including their sophisticated farming system , known as the vertical archipelago model of agriculture . Spanish colonial officials used the Inca mita corvée labor system for colonial aims , sometimes brutally . One member of each family was forced to work in the gold and silver mines , the foremost of which was the titanic silver mine at Potosí . When a family member died , which would usually happen within a year or two , the family was required to send a replacement . The effects of smallpox on the Inca empire were even more devastating . Beginning in Colombia , smallpox spread rapidly before the Spanish invaders first arrived in the empire . The spread was probably aided by the efficient Inca road system . Smallpox was only the first epidemic . Other diseases , including a probable Typhus outbreak in 1546 , influenza and smallpox together in 1558 , smallpox again in 1589 , diphtheria in 1614 , and measles in 1618 , all ravaged the Inca people . Society ( edit ) Main articles : Inca society and Inca education Population ( edit ) The number of people inhabiting Tawantinsuyu at its peak is uncertain , with estimates ranging from 4 -- 37 million . Most population estimates are in the range of 6 to 14 million . In spite of the fact that the Inca kept excellent census records using their quipus , knowledge of how to read them was lost as almost all fell into disuse and disintegrated over time or were destroyed by the Spaniards . Language ( edit ) Main article : Quechua languages The main form of communication and record - keeping in the empire were quipus , ceramics , textiles and various dialects of Quechua , the language the Incas imposed upon the peoples within the empire . While Quechua had been spoken in the Andean region , including central Peru , for several centuries prior to the expansion of the Inca civilization , the dialect of Quechua the Incas imposed was an adaptation from the Kingdom of Cusco ( an early form of `` Southern Quechua '' originally named Qhapaq Runasimi , or ' the great language of the people ' ) , or what some historians define as the Cusco dialect . The language imposed by the Incas diverted from its original phonetics as some societies formed their own regional varieties . The diversity of Quechua at that point and even today does not come directly from the Incas , who were just a part of the reason for Quechua 's diversity . The civilizations within the empire that had previously spoken Quechua kept their own variety distinct from the Quechua the Incas spread . Although these dialects of Quechua had a similar linguistic structure , they differed according to the region in which they were spoken . Although many of the societies within the empire spoke or learned to speak Quechua , others continued to speak their original languages , such as Aymara , which remains in use in contemporary Bolivia , where it is the primary indigenous language and in various regions surrounding Bolivia . The linguistic body of the Inca Empire was thus varied . The Inca 's impact outlasted their empire , as the Spanish continued the use of Quechua . The Incas were not known to develop a written form of communication ; however , they visually recorded narratives through paintings on vases and cups ( qirus ) . These paintings are usually accompanied by geometric patterns known as toqapu , which are also found in textiles . Researchers have speculated that toqapu patterns could have served as a form of written communication ( e.g. : heraldry , or glyphs ) , however this remains unclear . Marriage ( edit ) In the Incan Empire , the age of marriage differed for men and women ; men typically married at the age of 20 , while women usually got married around 4 years earlier at the age of 16 . Men who were highly ranked in society could have multiple wives , but those lower in the ranks could only take a single wife . Marriages were typically within classes and resembled a more business - like agreement . Once married , the women were expected to cook , collect food and watch over the children and livestock . Girls and mothers would also work around the house to keep it orderly to please the public inspectors . These duties remained the same even after wives became pregnant and with the added responsibility of praying and making offerings to Kanopa , who was the god of pregnancy . It was typical for marriages to begin on a trial basis with both men and women having a say in the longevity of the marriage . If the man felt that it would n't work out or if the woman wanted to return to her parent 's home the marriage would end . Once the marriage was final , the only way the two could be divorced was if they did not have a child together . Maiden of Llullaillaco , the mummy of a 15 - year old Inca girl Gender ( edit ) The Inca called newborn infants wawa , a term that they also used for newborn animals . This term was used for all newborn beings without regard to their biological sex . Babies were not given human social status until they reached two or three years of age due to the high infant mortality rates . It was at this time that a ceremony was held called rutuchikuy in which the infant was given its first haircut , name and introduced to the extended family . Also in this ceremony , children advanced from the description of wawa to warma , a gender neutral term for a child who has not developed the language skill set . By the time children reached the age of seven , they had completed gender specific tasks and were referred to as gender specific terms , Thaski for girls and maqt'a for boys . Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in the Inca Empire and Inca mythology Diorite Inca sculpture from Amarucancha Inca myths were transmitted orally until early Spanish colonists recorded them ; however , some scholars claim that they were recorded on quipus , Andean knotted string records . The Inca believed in reincarnation . After death , the passage to the next world was fraught with difficulties . The spirit of the dead , camaquen , would need to follow a long road and during the trip the assistance of a black dog that could see in the dark was required . Most Incas imagined the after world to be like that of the European notion of heaven , with flower - covered fields and snow - capped mountains . It was important to the Inca that they not die as a result of burning or that the body of the deceased not be incinerated . Burning would cause their vital force to disappear and threaten their passage to the after world . Those who obeyed the Inca moral code -- ama suwa , ama llulla , ama quella ( do not steal , do not lie , do not be lazy ) -- `` went to live in the Sun 's warmth while others spent their eternal days in the cold earth '' . The Inca nobility practiced cranial deformation . They wrapped tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to shape their soft skulls into a more conical form , thus distinguishing the nobility from other social classes . The Incas made human sacrifices . As many as 4,000 servants , court officials , favorites and concubines were killed upon the death of the Inca Huayna Capac in 1527 . The Incas performed child sacrifices around important events , such as the death of the Sapa Inca or during a famine . These sacrifices were known as qhapaq hucha . Deities ( edit ) The Incas were polytheists who attempted to please many gods . These included : Viracocha , is the great creator god in Inca mythology Viracocha ( also Pachacamac ) -- Created all living things Apu Illapu -- Rain God , prayed to when they need rain Ayar Cachi -- Hot - tempered God , causes earthquakes Illapa -- Goddess of lightning and thunder ( also Yakumama water goddess ) Inti -- sun god and patron deity of the holy city of Cusco ( home of the sun ) Kuychi -- Rainbow God , connected with fertility Mama Killa -- Wife of Inti , called Moon Mother Mama Occlo -- Wisdom to civilize the people , taught women to weave cloth and build houses Manco Cápac -- known for his courage and sent to earth to become first king of the Incas . Taught people how to grow plants , make weapons , work together , share resources and worship the Gods . Pachamama -- The Goddess of earth and wife of Viracocha . People give her offerings of coca leaves and beer and pray to her for major agricultural occasions Quchamama -- Goddess of the sea Sachamama -- Means Mother Tree , goddess in the shape of a snake with two heads Yakumama -- Means mother Water . Represented as a snake . When she came to earth she transformed into a great river ( also Illapa ) . Economy ( edit ) Further information : Incan agriculture , Vertical archipelago , Mit'a , and Qullqa Illustration of Inca farmers using a chakitaqlla ( Andean foot plough ) The Inca Empire employed central planning . The Inca Empire traded with outside regions , although they did not operate a substantial internal market economy . While axe - monies were used along the northern coast , presumably by the provincial mindaláe trading class , most households in the empire lived in a traditional economy in which households were required to pay taxes , usually in the form of the mit'a corvée labor , and military obligations , though barter ( or trueque ) was present in some areas . In return , the state provided security , food in times of hardship through the supply of emergency resources , agricultural projects ( e.g. aqueducts and terraces ) to increase productivity and occasional feasts . The economy rested on the material foundations of the vertical archipelago , a system of ecological complementarity in accessing resources and the cultural foundation of ayni , or reciprocal exchange . Government ( edit ) Main article : Government of the Inca Empire Beliefs ( edit ) The Sapa Inca was conceptualized as divine and was effectively head of the state religion . The Willaq Umu ( or Chief Priest ) was second to the emperor . Local religious traditions continued and in some cases such as the Oracle at Pachacamac on the Peruvian coast , were officially venerated . Following Pachacuti , the Sapa Inca claimed descent from Inti , who placed a high value on imperial blood ; by the end of the empire , it was common to incestuously wed brother and sister . He was `` son of the sun , '' and his people the intip churin , or `` children of the sun , '' and both his right to rule and mission to conquer derived from his holy ancestor . The Sapa Inca also presided over ideologically important festivals , notably during the Inti Raymi , or `` warriors ' cultivation , '' attended by soldiers , mummified rulers , nobles , clerics and the general population of Cusco beginning on the June solstice and culminating nine days later with the ritual breaking of the earth using a foot plow by the Inca . Moreover , Cusco was considered cosmologically central , loaded as it was with huacas and radiating ceque lines and geographic center of the Four Quarters ; Inca Garcilaso de la Vega called it `` the navel of the universe '' . Organization of the empire ( edit ) The Inca Empire 's southern border defined by the Maule or Maipo River ( scholars differ ) . Inca troops never crossed the Bío Bío River . The Inca Empire was a federalist system consisting of a central government with the Inca at its head and four quarters , or suyu : Chinchay Suyu ( NW ) , Anti Suyu ( NE ) , Kunti Suyu ( SW ) and Qulla Suyu ( SE ) . The four corners of these quarters met at the center , Cusco . These suyu were likely created around 1460 during the reign of Pachacuti before the empire reached its largest territorial extent . At the time the suyu were established they were roughly of equal size and only later changed their proportions as the empire expanded north and south along the Andes . Cusco was likely not organized as a wamani , or province . Rather , it was probably somewhat akin to a modern federal district , like Washington , D.C. or Mexico City . The city sat at the center of the four suyu and served as the preeminent center of politics and religion . While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca , his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages , each suyu was governed by an Apu , a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains . Both Cusco as a district and the four suyu as administrative regions were grouped into upper hanan and lower hurin divisions . As the Inca did not have written records , it is impossible to exhaustively list the constituent wamani . However , colonial records allow us to reconstruct a partial list . There were likely more than 86 wamani , with more than 48 in the highlands and more than 38 on the coast . Suyu ( edit ) The four suyus or quarters of the empire . The most populous suyu was Chinchaysuyu , which encompassed the former Chimu empire and much of the northern Andes . At its largest extent , it extended through much of modern Ecuador and into modern Colombia . The largest suyu by area was Qullasuyu , named after the Aymara - speaking Qulla people . It encompassed the Bolivian Altiplano and much of the southern Andes , reaching Argentina and as far south as the Maipo or Maule river in Central Chile . Historian José Bengoa singled out Quillota as perhaps the foremost Inca settlement . The second smallest suyu , Antisuyu , was northwest of Cusco in the high Andes . Its name is the root of the word `` Andes . '' Kuntisuyu was the smallest suyu , located along the southern coast of modern Peru , extending into the highlands towards Cusco . Laws ( edit ) The Inca state had no separate judiciary or codified laws . Customs , expectations and traditional local power holders governed behavior . The state had legal force , such as through tokoyrikoq ( lit. `` he who sees all '' ) , or inspectors . The highest such inspector , typically a blood relative to the Sapa Inca , acted independently of the conventional hierarchy , providing a point of view for the Sapa Inca free of bureaucratic influence . Administration ( edit ) Inti , as represented by José Bernardo de Tagle of Peru Colonial sources are not entirely clear or in agreement about Inca government structure , such as exact duties and functions of government positions . But the basic structure can be broadly described . The top was the Sapa Inca . Below that may have been the Willaq Umu , literally the `` priest who recounts '' , the High Priest of the Sun . However , beneath the Sapa Inca also sat the Inkap rantin , who was a confidant and assistant to the Sapa Inca , perhaps similar to a Prime Minister . Starting with Topa Inca Yupanqui , a `` Council of the Realm '' was composed of 16 nobles : 2 from hanan Cusco ; 2 from hurin Cusco ; 4 from Chinchaysuyu ; 2 from Cuntisuyu ; 4 from Collasuyu ; and 2 from Antisuyu . This weighting of representation balanced the hanan and hurin divisions of the empire , both within Cusco and within the Quarters ( hanan suyukuna and hurin suyukuna ) . While provincial bureaucracy and government varied greatly , the basic organization was decimal . Taxpayers -- male heads of household of a certain age range -- were organized into corvée labor units ( often doubling as military units ) that formed the state 's muscle as part of mit'a service . Each unit of more than 100 tax - payers were headed by a kuraka , while smaller units were headed by a kamayuq , a lower , non-hereditary status . However , while kuraka status was hereditary and typically served for life , the position of a kuraka in the hierarchy was subject to change based on the privileges of superiors in the hierarchy ; a pachaka kuraka could be appointed to the position by a waranqa kuraka . Furthermore , one kuraka in each decimal level could serve as the head of one of the nine groups at a lower level , so that a pachaka kuraka might also be a waranqa kuraka , in effect directly responsible for one unit of 100 tax - payers and less directly responsible for nine other such units . Kuraka in Charge Number of Taxpayers Hunu kuraka 10,000 Pichkawaranqa kuraka 5,000 Waranqa kuraka 1,000 Pichkapachaka kuraka 500 Pachaka kuraka 100 Pichkachunka kamayuq 50 Chunka kamayuq 10 Arts and technology ( edit ) Monumental architecture ( edit ) We can assure your majesty that it is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would even be remarkable in Spain . `` '' Francisco Pizarro Architecture was the most important of the Incan arts , with textiles reflecting architectural motifs . The most notable example is Machu Picchu , which was constructed by Inca engineers . The prime Inca structures were made of stone blocks that fit together so well that a knife could not be fitted through the stonework . These constructs have survived for centuries , with no use of mortar to sustain them . This process was first used on a large scale by the Pucara ( ca . 300 BC -- AD 300 ) peoples to the south in Lake Titicaca and later in the city of Tiwanaku ( ca . AD 400 -- 1100 ) in present - day Bolivia . The rocks were sculpted to fit together exactly by repeatedly lowering a rock onto another and carving away any sections on the lower rock where the dust was compressed . The tight fit and the concavity on the lower rocks made them extraordinarily stable , despite the ongoing challenge of earthquakes and volcanic activity . Measures , calendrics and mathematics ( edit ) Inca tunic Tokapu . Textiles worn by the Inca elite consisting of geometric figures enclosed by rectangles or squares . There is evidence that the designs were an ideographic language Quipu , 15th century . Brooklyn Museum Physical measures used by the Inca were based on human body parts . Units included fingers , the distance from thumb to forefinger , palms , cubits and wingspans . The most basic distance unit was thatkiy or thatki , or one pace . The next largest unit was reported by Cobo to be the topo or tupu , measuring 6,000 thatkiys , or about 7.7 km ( 4.8 mi ) ; careful study has shown that a range of 4.0 to 6.3 km ( 2.5 to 3.9 mi ) is likely . Next was the wamani , composed of 30 topos ( roughly 232 km or 144 mi ) . To measure area , 25 by 50 wingspans were used , reckoned in topos ( roughly 3,280 km or 1,270 sq mi ) . It seems likely that distance was often interpreted as one day 's walk ; the distance between tambo way - stations varies widely in terms of distance , but far less in terms of time to walk that distance . Inca calendars were strongly tied to astronomy . Inca astronomers understood equinoxes , solstices and zenith passages , along with the Venus cycle . They could not , however , predict eclipses . The Inca calendar was essentially lunisolar , as two calendars were maintained in parallel , one solar and one lunar . As 12 lunar months fall 11 days short of a full 365 - day solar year , those in charge of the calendar had to adjust every winter solstice . Each lunar month was marked with festivals and rituals . Apparently , the days of the week were not named and days were not grouped into weeks . Similarly , months were not grouped into seasons . Time during a day was not measured in hours or minutes , but in terms of how far the sun had travelled or in how long it had taken to perform a task . The sophistication of Inca administration , calendrics and engineering required facility with numbers . Numerical information was stored in the knots of quipu strings , allowing for compact storage of large numbers . These numbers were stored in base - 10 digits , the same base used by the Quechua language and in administrative and military units . These numbers , stored in quipu , could be calculated on yupanas , grids with squares of positionally varying mathematical values , perhaps functioning as an abacus . Calculation was facilitated by moving piles of tokens , seeds or pebbles between compartments of the yupana . It is likely that Inca mathematics at least allowed division of integers into integers or fractions and multiplication of integers and fractions . According to mid-17th - century Jesuit chronicler Bernabé Cobo , the Inca designated officials to perform accounting - related tasks . These officials were called quipo camayos . Study of khipu sample VA 42527 ( Museum für Völkerkunde , Berlin ) revealed that the numbers arranged in calendrically significant patterns were used for agricultural purposes in the `` farm account books '' kept by the khipukamayuq ( accountant or warehouse keeper ) to facilitate the closing of accounting books . Ceramics , precious metals and textiles ( edit ) Camelid Conopa , 1470 -- 1532 , Brooklyn Museum , Small stone figurines , or conopas , of llamas and alpacas were the most common ritual effigies used in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia . These devotional objects were often buried in the animals ' corrals to bring protection and prosperity to their owners and fertility to the herds . The cylindrical cavities in their backs were filled with offerings to the gods in the form of a mixture including animal fat , coca leaves , maize kernels and seashells . Ceramics were painted using the polychrome technique portraying numerous motifs including animals , birds , waves , felines ( popular in the Chavin culture ) and geometric patterns found in the Nazca style of ceramics . In a culture without a written language , ceramics portrayed the basic scenes of everyday life , including the smelting of metals , relationships and scenes of tribal warfare . The most distinctive Inca ceramic objects are the Cusco bottles or `` aryballos '' . Many of these pieces are on display in Lima in the Larco Archaeological Museum and the National Museum of Archaeology , Anthropology and History . Almost all of the gold and silver work of the Incan empire was melted down by the conquistadors . Communication and medicine ( edit ) The Inca recorded information on assemblages of knotted strings , known as Quipu , although they can no longer be decoded . Originally it was thought that Quipu were used only as mnemonic devices or to record numerical data . Quipus are also believed to record history and literature . The Inca made many discoveries in medicine . They performed successful skull surgery , by cutting holes in the skull to alleviate fluid buildup and inflammation caused by head wounds . Many skull surgeries performed by Inca surgeons were successful . Survival rates were 80 -- 90 % , compared to about 30 % before Inca times . Coca ( edit ) Coca leaves The Incas revered the coca plant as sacred / magical . Its leaves were used in moderate amounts to lessen hunger and pain during work , but were mostly used for religious and health purposes . The Spaniards took advantage of the effects of chewing coca leaves . The Chasqui , messengers who ran throughout the empire to deliver messages , chewed coca leaves for extra energy . Coca leaves were also used as an anaesthetic during surgeries ... Weapons , armor and warfare ( edit ) The Battle of the Maule between the Incas ( right ) and the Mapuches ( left ) The Inca army was the most powerful at that time , because they could turn an ordinary villager or farmer into a soldier . Every able bodied male Inca of fighting age had to take part in war in some capacity at least once and to prepare for warfare again when needed . By the time the empire reached its largest size , every section of the empire contributed in setting up an army for war . The Incas had no iron or steel and their weapons were not much more effective than those of their opponents . They went into battle with drums beating and trumpets blowing . Their armor included : Helmets made of wood , copper , bronze , cane , or animal skin ; some were adorned with feathers Round or square shields made from wood or hide Cloth tunics padded with cotton and small wooden planks to protect the spine . The Inca weaponry included : Bronze or bone - tipped spears Clubs with stone and spiked metal heads Woolen slings and stones Stone or copper headed battle - axes Bolas ( stones fastened to lengths of cord ) Roads allowed quick movement ( on foot ) for the Inca army and shelters called tambo and storage silos called qullqas were built one day 's travelling distance from each other , so that an army on campaign could always be fed and rested . This can be seen in names of ruins such as Ollantay Tambo , or My Lord 's Storehouse . These were set up so the Inca and his entourage would always have supplies ( and possibly shelter ) ready as they traveled . Flag ( edit ) See also : Wiphala and Rainbow flag § Andean peoples and social movements Chronicles and references from the 16th and 17th centuries support the idea of a banner . However , it represented the Inca ( emperor ) , not the empire . Francisco López de Jerez wrote in 1534 : ... todos venían repartidos en sus escuadras con sus banderas y capitanes que los mandan , con tanto concierto como turcos . ( ... all of them came distributed into squads , with their flags and captains commanding them , as well - ordered as Turks . ) Chronicler Bernabé Cobo wrote : The royal standard or banner was a small square flag , ten or twelve spans around , made of cotton or wool cloth , placed on the end of a long staff , stretched and stiff such that it did not wave in the air and on it each king painted his arms and emblems , for each one chose different ones , though the sign of the Incas was the rainbow and two parallel snakes along the width with the tassel as a crown , which each king used to add for a badge or blazon those preferred , like a lion , an eagle and other figures . ( ... el guión o estandarte real era una banderilla cuadrada y pequeña , de diez o doce palmos de ruedo , hecha de lienzo de algodón o de lana , iba puesta en el remate de una asta larga , tendida y tiesa , sin que ondease al aire , y en ella pintaba cada rey sus armas y divisas , porque cada uno las escogía diferentes , aunque las generales de los Incas eran el arco celeste y dos culebras tendidas a lo largo paralelas con la borda que le servía de corona , a las cuales solía añadir por divisa y blasón cada rey las que le parecía , como un león , un águila y otras figuras . ) - Bernabé Cobo , Historia del Nuevo Mundo ( 1653 ) Guaman Poma 's 1615 book , El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno , shows numerous line drawings of Inca flags . In his 1847 book A History of the Conquest of Peru , `` William H. Prescott ... says that in the Inca army each company had its particular banner and that the imperial standard , high above all , displayed the glittering device of the rainbow , the armorial ensign of the Incas . '' A 1917 world flags book says the Inca `` heir - apparent ... was entitled to display the royal standard of the rainbow in his military campaigns . '' In modern times the rainbow flag has been wrongly associated with the Tawantinsuyu and displayed as a symbol of Inca heritage by some groups in Peru and Bolivia . The city of Cusco also flies the Rainbow Flag , but as an official flag of the city . The Peruvian president Alejandro Toledo ( 2001 -- 2006 ) flew the Rainbow Flag in Lima 's presidential palace . However , according to Peruvian historiography , the Inca Empire never had a flag . Peruvian historian María Rostworowski said , `` I bet my life , the Inca never had that flag , it never existed , no chronicler mentioned it '' . Also , to the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio , the flag dates to the first decades of the 20th century , and even the Congress of the Republic of Peru has determined that flag is a fake by citing the conclusion of National Academy of Peruvian History : `` The official use of the wrongly called ' Tawantinsuyu flag ' is a mistake . In the Pre-Hispanic Andean World there did not exist the concept of a flag , it did not belong to their historic context '' . National Academy of Peruvian History Adaptations to altitude ( edit ) Sacsayhuamán , the Inca stronghold of Cusco Incas were able to adapt to their high - altitude living through successful acclimatization , which is characterized by increasing oxygen supply to the blood tissues . For the native Inca living in the Andean highlands , this was achieved through the development of a larger lung capacity , and an increase in red blood cell counts , hemoglobin concentration , and capillary beds . Compared to other humans , the Incas had slower heart rates , almost one - third larger lung capacity , about 2 L ( 4 pints ) more blood volume and double the amount of hemoglobin , which transfers oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body . While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller , the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude . See also ( edit ) Important Incan archeological sites ( edit ) Historical states in present - day Argentina before 1500 ( show ) Inca Empire ( 1438 -- 1533 ) Indigenous peoples in Argentina 1500 -- 1600 ( show ) Governorate of New Castile ( 1528 -- 1542 ) Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Governorate of the Río de la Plata ( 1617 -- 1782 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1811 ) 1800 -- 1830 ( show ) United Provinces of the River Plate ( 1810 -- 31 ) Liga Federal ( 1815 -- 20 ) Republic of Entre Ríos ( 1820 -- 21 ) 1830 -- present ( show ) Argentine Confederation ( 1831 -- 61 ) State of Buenos Aires ( 1852 -- 61 ) Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia ( 1860 -- present , unrecognized ) Argentine Republic ( 1861 -- present ) more Muisca Confederation Choquequirao Cojitambo Cusco El Fuerte de Samaipata Huánuco Pampa Huchuy Qosqo Inca - Caranqui Llaqtapata Machu Picchu Moray Ollantaytambo Oroncota Pambamarca Fortress Complex Písac Pukara of La Compañia Quispiguanca Rumicucho Sacsayhuamán Tumebamba Vilcabamba Vitcos Wanuku Pampa Incan - related ( edit ) Aclla , the `` chosen women '' Amauta , Inca teachers Amazonas before the Inca Empire Anden , agricultural terrace Chincha culture Inca Civil War Inca cuisine Incan agriculture Incan aqueducts Incas in Central Chile Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala Garcilaso de la Vega ( chronicler ) Paria , Bolivia Quipu , knotted cords Qullqa , Inca storehouse Religion in the Inca Empire Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Tambo Tampukancha , Inca religious site General ( edit ) Muisca Confederation Ancient Peru Cultural periods of Peru Demographic history of the indigenous peoples of the Americas History of Peru History of smallpox Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Namnama , Katrina ; DeGuzman , Kathleen , `` The Inca Empire '' , K12 , USA , archived from the original on 27 February 2008 ^ Jump up to : McEwan 2008 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Glenn M. ; Nichols , John J. ( 15 August 2010 ) . After Collapse : The Regeneration of Complex Societies . University of Arizona Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 2936 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moseley , Michael E. ( 2001 ) , The Incas and their Ancestors , London : Thames and Hudson , p. 7 Jump up ^ Mark A. Burkholder and Lyman L. Johnson , Colonial Latin America , 7th edition . New York : Oxford University Press 2010 , p. 19 Jump up ^ http://www.machupicchu-tours-peru.org/blog/quechua-language-incas Jump up ^ `` The Inca - All Empires '' . Jump up ^ `` The Inca . '' The National Foreign Language Center at the University of Maryland . 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 10 Sept 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McEwan , Gordon F. ( 2006 ) . The Incas : New Perspectives , New York : W.W. Norton & Co , p. 5 Jump up ^ La Lone , Darrell E. `` The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy : Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand , '' p. 292 . https://www.academia.edu/885136/The_Inca_as_a_nonmarket_economy_Supply_on_command_versus_supply_and_demand , accessed 10 Aug 2017 Jump up ^ Morris , Craig and von Hagen , Adrianna ( 2011 ) , The Incas , London : Thames & Hudson , pp. 48 -- 58 Jump up ^ `` Inca '' . American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Company . 2009 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Upton , Gary and von Hagen , Adriana ( 2015 ) , Encyclopedia of the Incas , New York : Rowand & Littlefield , p. 2 . Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations . Jump up ^ McEwan , Gordon F. ( 2006 ) , The Incas : New Perspectives , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Gade , Daniel ( 2016 ) . `` Urubamba Verticality : Reflections on Crops and Diseases '' . Spell of the Urubamba : Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 20849 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hardoy , Jorge Henríque ( 1973 ) . Pre-Colombian Cities . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0802703804 . ^ Jump up to : Gade , Daniel W. ( 1996 ) . `` Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes ( Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden ) '' . Erdkunde. 50 ( 4 ) : 301 -- 316 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Demarest , Arthur Andrew ; Conrad , Geoffrey W. ( 1984 ) . Religion and Empire : The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 57 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31896 - 3 . Jump up ^ The three laws of Tawantinsuyu are still referred to in Bolivia these days as the three laws of the Qullasuyu . Jump up ^ Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian Givers : How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World . New York : Fawcett Columbine . pp. 60 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ernesto Salazar ( 1977 ) . An Indian federation in lowland Ecuador ( PDF ) . International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs . p. 13 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Starn , Orin ; Kirk , Carlos Iván ; Degregori , Carlos Iván ( 1 January 2009 ) . The Peru Reader : History , Culture , Politics . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 8750 - 6 . Jump up ^ * Juan de Samano ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Relacion de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro , 1526 '' . bloknot.info ( A. Skromnitsky ) . Retrieved 10 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Somervill , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Francisco Pizarro : Conqueror of the Incas . Compass Point Books . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7565 - 1061 - 9 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Sanderson 1992 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Millersville University Silent Killers of the New World Archived 3 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , pp. 93 -- 96 . The 10 million population estimate in the info box is a mid-range estimate of the population ... Jump up ^ Quechua Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Origins And Diversity of Quechua '' . Jump up ^ `` Comparing chronicles and Andean visual texts . Issues for analysis '' ( PDF ) . Chungara , Revista de Antropología Chilena. 46 , No 1 , 2014 : 91 -- 113 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Tocapu in Guacan Poma : An Inca Heraldic ? '' . Boletin de Arqueologia PUCP . No 8 , 2004 : 305 -- 323 . ^ Jump up to : Incas : lords of gold and glory . Time - Life Books . Alexandria , Va. : Time - Life Books . 1992 . ISBN 0809498707 . OCLC 25371192 . Jump up ^ Gouda , F. ( 2008 ) . Colonial Encounters , Body Politics , and Flows of Desire . Journal of Women 's History , 20 ( 3 ) , 166 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Gerard , K. ( 1997 ) . Ancient Lives . New Moon , 4 ( 4 ) , 44 . Jump up ^ Covey , R. Alan . 2013 . Inca Gender Relations , from Household to Empire . Pearson Jump up ^ Urton , Gary ( 6 March 2009 ) . Signs of the Inka Khipu : Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted - String Records . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 77375 - 2 . Jump up ^ THE INCAS OF PERU Jump up ^ `` Inca moral code Heart of the Initiate - Shamanic Retreats '' . www.heartoftheinitiate.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Burger , Richard L. ; Salazar , Lucy C. ( 2004 ) . Machu Picchu : Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09763 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davies , Nigel ( February 1981 ) . Human sacrifice : in history and today . Morrow . pp. 261 -- 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 688 - 03755 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reinhard , Johan ( November 1999 ) . `` A 6,700 metros niños incas sacrificados quedaron congelados en el tiempo '' . National Geographic , Spanish version : 36 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Salomon , Frank ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A North Andean Status Trader Complex under Inka Rule '' . Ethnohistory. 34 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 77 . doi : 10.2307 / 482266 . JSTOR 482266 . Jump up ^ Earls , J. The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture . P. 1 - 29 Jump up ^ Moseley 2001 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Murra , John V. ; Rowe , John Howland ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` An Interview with John V. Murra '' . The Hispanic American Historical Review . 64 ( 4 ) : 633 -- 653 . doi : 10.2307 / 2514748 . JSTOR 2514748 . Jump up ^ Maffie , J. ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Pre-Columbian Philosophies '' . In Nuccetelli , Susana ; Schutte , Ofelia ; Bueno , Otávio . A Companion to Latin American Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 61056 - 5 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee ( 3 January 2012 ) , The greatest mystery of the Inca Empire was its strange economy , io9 , retrieved 4 January 2012 Jump up ^ Willey , Gordon R. ( 1966 ) . An Introduction to American Archaeology : South America . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall . pp. 173 -- 175 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 86 -- 89 ; 111 ; 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Moseley2001 , pp. 81 -- 85 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 138 - 139 . ^ Jump up to : Dillehay , T. ; Gordon , A. `` La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía '' . In Dillehay , Tom ; Netherly , Patricia . La frontera del estado Inca . Editorial Abya Yala . ISBN 978 - 9978 - 04 - 977 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bengoa 2003 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Rowe in Steward , Ed. , p. 262 Jump up ^ Rowe in Steward , ed. , p. 185 - 192 Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 42 -- 43 , 86 -- 89 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 113 - 114 . Jump up ^ Bengoa 2003 , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 87 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 99 . Jump up ^ R.T. Zuidema , Hierarchy and Space in Incaic Social Organization . Ethnohistory , Vol. 30 , No. 2 . ( Spring , 1983 ) , pp. 97 Jump up ^ Zuidema 1983 , pp. 48 . Jump up ^ Julien 1982 , pp. 121 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 114 - 115 . Jump up ^ Julien 1982 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 233 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ D'Altroy 2014 , pp. 150 -- 154 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 185 - 187 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Untangling an Accounting Tool and an Ancient Incan Mystery '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 183 - 185 . Jump up ^ `` Supplementary Information for : Heggarty 2008 '' . Arch.cam.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inca mathematics '' . History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Cobo , B. ( 1983 ( 1653 ) ) . Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo . Vol. 1 . Edited and preliminary study By Francisco Mateos . Biblioteca de Autores Españoles , vol. 91 . Madrid : Ediciones Atlas . Jump up ^ Sáez - Rodríguez , A. ( 2012 ) . `` An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac ( Perú ) '' . Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Sáez - Rodríguez , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Knot numbers used as labels for identifying subject matter of a khipu '' . Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 6 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Kathleen ( 1997 ) . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 01802 - 6 . Jump up ^ McEwan 2008 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Somervill , Barbara A. ( 2005 ) . Empire of the Inca . New York : Facts on File , Inc . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 0816055602 . Jump up ^ `` Incan skull surgery '' . Science News . ^ Jump up to : `` Cocaine 's use : From the Incas to the U.S. '' Boca Raton News . 4 April 1985 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark . `` Inca Warfare '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco López de Jerez , Verdadera relación de la conquista del Peru y provincia de Cusco , llamada la Nueva Castilla , 1534 . Jump up ^ Guaman Poma , El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno , ( 1615 / 1616 ) , pp. 256 , 286 , 344 , 346 , 400 , 434 , 1077 , this pagination corresponds to the Det Kongelige Bibliotek search engine pagination of the book . Additionally Poma shows both well drafted European flags and coats of arms on pp. 373 , 515 , 558 , 1077 , 0 . On pages 83 , 167 -- 171 Poma uses a European heraldic graphic convention , a shield , to place certain totems related to Inca leaders . Jump up ^ Preble , George Henry ; Charles Edward Asnis ( 1917 ) . Origin and History of the American Flag and of the Naval and Yacht - Club Signals ... 1 . N.L. Brown . p. 85 . Jump up ^ McCandless , Byron ( 1917 ) . Flags of the world . National Geographic Society . p. 356 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Bandera gay o del Tahuantinsuyo ? '' . Terra. 19 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Bandera del Tahuantisuyo '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Frisancho , A. Roberto ( 2013 ) , `` Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude : Review '' , American Journal of Human Biology , 25 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 68 , doi : 10.1002 / ajhb. 22367 , PMID 24065360 References ( edit ) Library resources about Inca Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Куприенко , Сергей ( 2013 ) . Источники XVI - XVII веков по истории инков : хроники , документы , письма . Kyiv : Видавець Купрієнко С. А . ISBN 978 - 617 - 7085 - 03 - 3 . Bengoa , José ( 1 January 2003 ) . Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur : desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín : siglos XVI y XVII . BPR Publishers . ISBN 978 - 956 - 8303 - 02 - 0 . de la Vega , Garcilaso ( 15 September 2006 ) . The Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru , Abridged . Hackett Publishing . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60384 - 856 - 5 . Hemming , John ( 2003 ) . The Conquest of the Incas . Harvest Press . ISBN 0 - 15 - 602826 - 3 . MacQuarrie , Kim ( 2007 ) . The Last Days of the Incas . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 6049 - 7 . Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 64 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27818 - 0 . McEwan , Gordon F. ( 26 August 2008 ) . The Incas : New Perspectives . W.W. Norton , Incorporated . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33301 - 5 . Morales , Edmundo ( 1995 ) . The guinea pig : healing , food , and ritual in the Andes . University of Arizona Press . Popenoe , Hugh ; Steven R. King ; Jorge Leon ; Luis Sumar Kalinowski ; Noel D. Vietmeyer ( 1989 ) . Lost Crops of the Incas : Little - Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 04264 - X . Sanderson , Steven E. ( 1992 ) . The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2021 - 2 . D'Altroy , Terence N. ( 30 April 2014 ) . The Incas . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 61059 - 6 . Steward , Julian H. , ed. ( 1946 ) . The Handbook of South American Indians : The Andean Civilizations . no . 143 v. 2 Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology . Biodiversity Heritage Library / Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . p. 1935 . Julien , Catherine J. ( 1982 ) . Inca Decimal Administration in the Lake Titicaca Region in The Inca and Aztec States : 1400 -- 1800 . New York : Academic Press . Moseley , Michael Edward ( 2001 ) . The Incas and Their Ancestors : The Archaeology of Peru . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28277 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Inca ( category ) `` Guaman Poma -- El Primer Nueva Corónica Y Buen Gobierno '' -- A high - quality digital version of the Corónica , scanned from the original manuscript . Conquest nts. html Inca Land by Hiram Bingham ( published 1912 -- 1922 CE ) . Inca Artifacts , Peru and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes . Ancient Civilizations -- Inca `` Ice Treasures of the Inca '' National Geographic site . `` The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec , '' poetry of an Inca emperor . 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3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inca_Empire&oldid=832853805 '' Categories : Former countries in South America Former empires States and territories established in 1438 States and territories disestablished in 1533 Inca Empire Indigenous culture of the Americas Andean civilizations Post-Classic period in the Americas 16th - century disestablishments in the Inca civilization History of Ecuador History of Peru Inca states History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 15th century in South America 16th century in South America Former empires in the Americas 15th - century establishments in the Inca civilization Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles containing Quechua - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who built the largest inca empire in the ancient americas	[ "From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile and a small part of southwest Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua.[6] Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama.[7] The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the \"son of the sun.\"[8]" ]	[ "Sapa Inca" ]
1390516365874775505	Irish Americans	Irish Americans - wikipedia Irish Americans Jump to : navigation , search Irish Americans Gael - Mheiriceánaigh Total population Self - identified `` Irish '' 33,348,049 10.5 % of the US population ( 2013 ) Self - identified `` Scots - Irish '' 2,976,878 0.9 % of the US population ( 2013 ) Estimate of Americans with any Scots - Irish ancestry 27,000,000 Up to 8.7 % of the U.S. population Regions with significant populations Boston New - York New England Delaware Philadelphia New Jersey most urban areas Languages English ( American English dialects ) ; minority can speak Irish Related ethnic groups Breton Americans , Cornish Americans , English Americans , Manx Americans , Scottish Americans , Scottish Canadians , Irish Australians , Scotch - Irish Americans , Irish Canadians , Welsh Americans Number of Irish Americans Year Number 1980 40,165,702 38,735,539 2000 30,528,492 34,670,009 Irish Americans ( Irish : Gael - Mheiriceánaigh ) are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland , especially those who identify with that ancestry , along with their cultural characteristics . About 33 million Americans -- 10.5 % of the total population -- reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau . This compares with a population of 4.7 million on the island of Ireland . Three million people separately identified as Scots - Irish , whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States but are considered Irish Americans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Irish immigration to the United States 1.1 17th to mid-19th century 1.1. 1 Irish in the South 1.2 Mid-19th century and later 1.2. 1 Civil War through early 20th century 1.2. 2 Language 1.3 Occupations 1.3. 1 Local government 1.3. 2 Police 1.3. 3 Teachers 1.3. 4 Nuns 2 Religion 2.1 Irish Catholic and Irish Protestant relations 2.2 Catholics 2.3 Protestants 2.3. 1 Presbyterians 2.3. 2 Methodists 3 Discrimination 3.1 Stereotypes 4 Sense of heritage 4.1 Cities 5 Notable people 6 In politics and government 6.1 Political leanings 6.2 American presidents with Irish ancestry 6.2. 1 Vice Presidents of Irish descent 6.2. 2 Other presidents of Irish descent 6.3 Irish - American Justices of the Supreme Court 7 Contributions to American culture 8 Sports 8.1 Baseball 8.2 Gaelic sports 9 Entertainment 10 Irish - American communities 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Other sources 14 Further reading 14.1 References 14.2 General surveys 14.3 Catholic Irish 14.4 Protestant Irish 15 External links 15.1 Communities Irish immigration to the United States ( edit ) Main article : Irish diaspora See also : Scotch - Irish Americans and Irish Catholic 17th to mid-19th century ( edit ) Many colonial settlers around half came from the Irish province of Ulster while the other half came from the other three provinces of Ireland . they all came to be known in the United States as the `` Scots - Irish '' even those with no Scottish ancestry at all and so the term is ambiguous , the term scots - irish was created in the 19th century to differentiate between protestant Irish and the later Catholic Irish , there is no way to determine how many of these early settlers were of native Irish ancestry or descends from the ulster plantation . although Micheal j o'brien examined many of the muster rolls and found mostly quintessential native irish surnames & possible anglicized irish surnames , he estimated that some 38 % of those in the revolutionary army were irish , most descendants of the protestant Irish today identify their ancestry as simply `` American '' or `` Irish '' , they were descendants of Native Irish , Scottish and English tenant farmers who had been settled in Ireland by the British government during the 17th - century Plantation of Ulster . An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era . Only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics -- English , Irish or a few Germans . Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1.6 % of the total population of 2.5 million in 1775 . However religious numbers should be noted in context that at this period of time the Roman Catholic religion was proscribed and discouraged and that many Protestants are descendants of Catholics by logical definition . The Scots - Irish settled mainly in the colonial `` back country '' of the Appalachian Mountain region , and became the prominent ethnic strain in the culture that developed there . The descendants of Scots - Irish settlers had a great influence on the later culture of the Southern United States in particular and the culture of the United States in general through such contributions as American folk music , country and western music , and stock car racing , which became popular throughout the country in the late 20th century . Charles Carroll , signer of the United States Declaration of Independence , was the descendant of Irish nobility in County Tipperary . Signers Matthew Thornton , George Taylor and James Smith were all born in Ireland . Irish immigrants of this period participated in significant numbers in the American Revolution , leading one British major general to testify at the House of Commons that `` half the rebel Continental Army were from Ireland . '' Irish Americans signed the foundational documents of the United States -- the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution -- and , beginning with Andrew Jackson , served as President . The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to themselves simply as `` Irish '' , without the qualifier `` Scotch '' . It was not until more than a century later , following the surge in Irish immigration after the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s , that some descendants of the Protestant Irish began to refer to themselves as `` Scots - Irish '' to distinguish them from the predominantly Catholic , and largely destitute , wave of immigrants from Ireland in that era . However , most descendants of the Scots - Irish continued to consider themselves `` Irish '' or `` American '' rather than Scots - Irish . The two groups had little initial interaction in America , as the 18th - century Ulster immigrants were predominantly Protestant and had become settled largely in upland regions of the American interior , while the huge wave of 19th - century Catholic immigrant families settled primarily in the Northeast and Midwest port cities such as Boston , Philadelphia , New York , Buffalo , or Chicago . However , beginning in the early 19th century , many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large - scale infrastructure projects such as canals and , later in the century , railroads . Irish in the South ( edit ) During the colonial period , Scots - Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry and in the Carolina Piedmont . They became the primary cultural group in these areas , and their descendants were in the vanguard of westward movement through Virginia into Tennessee and Kentucky , and thence into Arkansas , Missouri and Texas . By the 19th century , through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry , the descendants of the Scots - Irish lost their identification with Ireland . `` This generation of pioneers ... was a generation of Americans , not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots - Irish . '' In 1820 Irish - born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston , South Carolina . During the 1820s and ' 30s , Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices . In 1831 and 1835 , he established free schools for free African American children . Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society , a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835 and the next day turned its attention to England 's school . England led Charleston 's `` Irish Volunteers '' to defend the school . Soon after this , however , all schools for `` free blacks '' were closed in Charleston , and England acquiesced . The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium - sized cities , where they were highly visible , especially in Charleston , Savannah and New Orleans . They often became precinct leaders in the Democratic Party Organizations , strongly opposed abolition of slavery , and generally favored preserving the Union in 1860 , when they voted for Stephen Douglas . After secession in 1861 , the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army . Gleason says : Support for Irish Confederate soldiers from home was vital both for encouraging them to stay in the army and to highlight to native white southerners that the entire Irish community was behind the Confederacy . Civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a ' hard - war ' policy . Irish nationalist John Mitchel lived in Tennessee and Virginia during his exile from Ireland and was one of the South 's most outspoken supporters during the American Civil War through his newspapers the Southern Citizen and the Richmond Enquirer . Although most began as unskilled laborers , Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900 . David T. Gleeson emphasizes how well they were accepted by society : Native tolerance , however , was also a very important factor in Irish integration ( into Southern society ) ... Upper - class southerners , therefore , did not object to the Irish , because Irish immigration never threatened to overwhelm their cities or states ... The Irish were willing to take on potentially high - mortality occupations , thereby sparing valuable slave property . Some employers objected not only to the cost of Irish labor but also to the rowdiness of their foreign - born employees . Nevertheless , they recognized the importance of the Irish worker to the protection of slavery ... The Catholicism practiced by Irish immigrants was of little concern to Southern natives . Mid-19th century and later ( edit ) Irish immigration to the United States ( 1820 -- 2004 ) Period Number of immigrants Period Number of immigrants 1820 -- 1830 54,338 1911 -- 1920 146,181 1831 -- 1840 207,381 1921 -- 1930 211,234 1841 -- 1850 780,719 1931 -- 1940 10,973 1851 -- 1860 914,119 1941 -- 1950 19,789 1861 -- 1870 435,778 1951 -- 1960 48,362 1871 -- 1880 436,871 1961 -- 1970 32,996 1881 -- 1890 655,482 1971 -- 1980 11,940 1891 -- 1900 388,416 1981 -- 1990 31,969 1901 -- 1910 399,065 1991 -- 2004 62,447 Total : 4,787,580 Irish immigration had greatly increased beginning in the 1820s due to the need for labor in canal building , lumbering , and civil construction works in the Northeast . The large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers . Small but tight communities developed in growing cities such as Philadelphia , Boston , New York and Providence . From 1820 to 1860 , 1,956,557 Irish arrived , 75 % of these after the Great Irish Famine ( or The Great Hunger , Irish : An Gorta Mór ) of 1845 -- 1852 , struck . Of the total Irish immigrants to the U.S. from 1820 to 1860 , many died crossing the ocean due to disease and dismal conditions of what became known as coffin ships . `` Leacht Cuimhneacháin na nGael '' , Irish famine memorial located on Penn 's Landing , Philadelphia Gravestone in Boston Catholic cemetery erected in memory of County Roscommon native born shortly before the Great Famine Most Irish immigrants to the United States during this period favored large cities because they could create their own communities for support and protection in a new environment . Another reason for this trend was that many Irish immigrants could not afford to move inland and had to settle close to the ports at which they arrived . Cities with large numbers of Irish immigrants included Boston , Philadelphia , and New York , as well as Pittsburgh , Baltimore , Detroit , Chicago , Cleveland , St. Louis , St. Paul , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . While many Irish did stay near large cities , countless others were part of westward expansion . They were enticed by tales of gold , and by the increasing opportunities for work and land . In 1854 , the government opened Kansas Territory to settlers . While many people in general moved to take advantage of the unsettled land , Irish were an important part . Many Irish men were physical laborers . In order to civilize the west , many strong men were needed to build the towns and cities . Kansas City was one city that was built by Irish immigrants . Much of its population today is of Irish descent . Another reason for Irish migration west was the expansion of railroads . Railway work was a common occupation among immigrant men because workers were in such high demand . Many Irish men followed the expansion of railroads , and ended up settling in places that they built in . Since the Irish were a large part of those Americans moving west , much of their culture can still be found today . The Irish were having a huge impact on America as a whole . In 1910 , there were more people in New York City of Irish ancestry than Dublin 's whole population , and even today , many of these cities still retain a substantial Irish American community . Mill towns such as Lawrence , Lowell , and Pawtucket attracted many Irish women in particular . The anthracite Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania saw a massive influx of Irish during this time period ; conditions in the mines eventually gave rise to groups such as the Molly Maguires . The best urban economic opportunities for unskilled Irish women and men included `` factory and millwork , domestic service , and the physical labor of public work projects . '' During the mid-1900s Irish immigration to the United States began to decrease . From the years of 1941 -- 1950 , there were only 1,000,000 immigrants in total , and only 68,151 of them were coming from Ireland . These immigrants from Ireland were coming to the U.S. for the same reasons as those before them ; they came looking for jobs . Civil War through early 20th century ( edit ) Main article : Irish Americans in the American Civil War A second wave of post-famine Irish immigration , resulting largely from a changing rural economy and the lure of high - paying jobs in America , continued from 1855 to 1921 , when the Emergency Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924 imposed a `` quota system '' that significantly limited immigration . These later immigrants mostly settled in industrial towns and cities of the Northeastern , Mid-Atlantic , and Midwestern United States where Irish American neighborhoods had previously been established . During the American Civil War , Irish Americans volunteered in high numbers for the Union Army , and at least 38 Union regiments had the word `` Irish '' in their title . 144,221 Union soldiers were born in Ireland ; additionally , perhaps an equal number were of Irish descent . Many immigrant soldiers formed their own regiments , such as the Irish Brigade . General John McCausland was a notable brigadier general for the Confederate States Army during the Civil War . He was the son of an Irish immigrant . However , conscription was resisted by many Irish Catholics as an imposition . When the conscription law was passed in 1863 , major draft riots erupted in New York . It coincided with the efforts of the city 's dominant political machine , Tammany Hall , to enroll Irish immigrants as citizens so they could vote in local elections . Many such immigrants suddenly discovered they were now expected to fight for their new country . The Irish , employed primarily as laborers , were usually unable to afford the $300 as a `` commutation fee '' to procure a replacement for service . Many of the Irish viewed blacks as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . African Americans who fell into the mob 's hands were often beaten or killed . The Colored Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue , which provided shelter for hundreds of children , was attacked by a mob . It was seen as a `` symbol of white charity to blacks and of black upward mobility , '' reasons enough for its destruction at the hands of a predominantly Irish mob which looked upon African Americans as direct social and economic competitors . Fortunately , the largely Irish - American police force was able to secure the orphanage for enough time to allow orphans to escape . In the Confederacy , the Irish Catholics were first reluctant to support secession ; most voted for Stephen Douglas in 1860 presidential election . However several bishops were enthusiastic supporters of the Confederacy , and the Irish volunteered for service . Gleeson wrote that they had higher desertion rates than non-Irish , and sometimes switched sides , suggesting a tepid support for the Confederacy . During Reconstruction , however , they took a strong position in favor of white supremacy , and played major roles in attacking blacks in riots in Memphis and New Orleans . In 1871 , New York 's Orange Riots resulted from Irish Protestants celebrating the British victory at the Battle of the Boyne with parades through Irish Catholic neighborhoods , taunting the residents who then responded with violence . Police Superintendent James J. Kelso , a Protestant , ordered the parade cancelled as a threat to public safety . Kelso was overruled by the governor , who ordered out 5000 militia to protect the marchers . The Catholics attacked but were stopped by the militia and police , who opened fire killing about 63 Catholics . U.S. President Grover Cleveland twisting the tail of the British Lion as Americans cheer in the Venezuelan crisis of 1895 ; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe Relations between the U.S. and Britain were chilly during the 1860s as Americans resented British and Canadian support for the Confederacy during the Civil War . After the war American authorities looked the other way as Irish Catholic `` Fenians '' plotted and even attempted an invasion of Canada . The Fenians proved a failure , but Irish Catholic politicians , a growing power in the Democratic Party , demanded more independence for Ireland and made anti-British rhetoric -- called `` twisting the lion 's tail '' -- a staple of election campaign appeals to the Irish Catholic vote . Drunkard Irishman depiction in the 1800s . The Irish - American immigration of women Irish Lass depiction in 1885 . The Irish people were the first of many to immigrate to the U.S. in mass waves , including large groups of single young women between the ages of 16 and 24 . Up until this point , free women who settled in the colonies mostly came after their husbands had already made the journey and could afford their trip , or were brought over to be married to an eligible colonist who paid for their journey . Many Irish fled their home country to escape unemployment and starvation during the Great Irish Famine . The richest of the Irish resettled in England , where their skilled work was greatly accepted , but lower class Irish and women could find little work in Western Europe , leading them to cross the Atlantic in search of greater financial opportunities . Women at this time were largely considered to be `` unskilled '' workers . Many Irish women would resort to working in factories doing `` slopwork '' for very low wages . Working in a factory meant long hours in deplorable conditions and more often than not Irish women were verbally and sexually assaulted by their managers . Some Irish women resorted to prostitution in higher populated cities such as Boston , MA and New York City , NY . Most of the single Irish women preferred service labor as a form of income . These women made a higher wage than most by serving the middle and high - class in their own homes as nannies , cooks and cleaners . The wages for domestic service may have been higher than that of factory workers , but the freedoms were virtually nonexistent as women were made to live with their employers family and work around the clock . By 1870 , forty percent of Irish women worked as domestic servants in New York City , making them over fifty percent of the service industry at the time . Irish men and women both had a hard time finding skilled work in the U.S. due to the stigmas of being both Irish as well as Catholic . Prejudices ran deep in the north and could be seen in newspaper cartoons depicting Irish men as drunkards and Irish women as prostitutes . Many businesses hung signs out front of their shops that read `` No Irish Need Apply '' , or `` NINA '' for short . The initial backlash the Irish received in America lead to their self - imposed seclusion , making assimilation into society a long and painful process . Language ( edit ) Down to the end of the 19th century a large number of Irish immigrants arrived speaking Irish as their first language . This continued to be the case with immigrants from certain counties even in the 20th century . The Irish language was first mentioned as being spoken in North America in the 17th century . Large numbers of Irish emigrated to America throughout the 18th century , bringing the language with them , and it was particularly strong in Pennsylvania . It was also widely spoken in such places as New York City , where it proved a useful recruiting tool for Loyalists during the American Revolution . Irish speakers continued to arrive in large numbers throughout the 19th century , particularly after the Famine . There was a certain amount of literacy in Irish , as shown by the many Irish - language manuscripts which immigrants brought with them . In 1881 An Gaodhal was founded , being the first newspaper in the world to be largely in Irish . It continued to be published into the 20th century , and now has an online successor in An Gael , an international literary magazine . A number of Irish immigrant newspapers in the 19th and 20th centuries had Irish language columns . Irish immigrants fell into three linguistic categories : monolingual Irish speakers , bilingual speakers of both Irish and English , and monolingual English speakers . Estimates indicate that there were around 400,000 Irish speakers in the United States in the 1890s , located primarily in New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Chicago and Yonkers . The Irish - speaking population of New York reached its height in this period , when speakers of Irish numbered between 70,000 and 80,000 . This number declined during the early 20th century , dropping to 40,000 in 1939 , 10,000 in 1979 , and 5,000 in 1995 . According to the 2000 census , the Irish language ranks 66th out of the 322 languages spoken today in the U.S. , with over 25,000 speakers . New York state has the most Irish speakers of the 50 states , and Massachusetts the highest percentage . Daltaí na Gaeilge , a nonprofit Irish language advocacy group based in Elberon , New Jersey , estimated that about 30,000 people spoke the language in America as of 2006 . This , the organization claimed , was a remarkable increase from only a few thousand at the time of the group 's founding in 1981 . Occupations ( edit ) Part of a series of articles on Celts and Modern Celts Celtic nations Celtic studies Celtic Tribes Nations ( show ) Celtic nations Ireland ( Éire ) Scotland ( Alba ) Wales ( Cymru ) Brittany ( Breizh ) Cornwall ( Kernow ) Isle of Man ( Mannin ) Religion ( show ) Celtic polytheism Celtic Christianity Celtic Rite Texts and chronicles ( show ) Annals of the Four Masters Lebor Gabála Érenn Book of Kells Gaelic literature Early Irish literature Irish literature Scottish Gaelic literature Irish - language literature Politics ( show ) Celtic League Celtic art ( show ) Celtic art Celtic knot Triple spiral Celtic cross Celtic maze Pictish stones Languages ( show ) Celtic languages Brittonic Breton Cornish Welsh Goidelic Irish Manx Scottish Gaelic Mixed Shelta Bungi Creole Society ( show ) Pan-Celticism Celtic Revival Celtic calendar Celtic law Carn Gaelic clothing and fashion Gaelic warfare Celtic warfare Celtic Connections Celtic Congress Music ( show ) Celtic music Bagpipes Jig Celtic fusion Celtic rock Celtic punk Welsh bagpipes Before 1800 , significant numbers of Irish Protestant immigrants became farmers ; many headed to the frontier where land was cheap or free and it was easier to start a farm or herding operation . Many Irish Protestants and Catholics alike were indentured servants , unable to pay their own passage or sentenced to servitude . After 1840 , most Irish Catholic immigrants went directly to the cities , mill towns , and railroad or canal construction sites on the East Coast . In upstate New York , the Great Lakes area , the Midwest and the Far West , many became farmers or ranchers . In the East , male Irish laborers were hired by Irish contractors to work on canals , railroads , streets , sewers and other construction projects , particularly in New York state and New England . The Irish men also worked in these labor positions in the mid-west . They worked to construct towns where there had been none previously . Kansas city was one such town , and eventually became an important cattle town and railroad center . Labor positions were n't the only occupations for Irish though . Some moved to New England mill towns , such as Holyoke , Lowell , Taunton , Brockton , Fall River , and Milford , Massachusetts , where owners of textile mills welcomed the new low - wage workers . They took the jobs previously held by Yankee women known as Lowell girls . A large fraction of Irish Catholic women took jobs as maids in hotels and private households . Large numbers of unemployed or very poor Irish Catholics lived in squalid conditions in the new city slums and tenements . Single , Irish immigrant women quickly assumed jobs in high demand but for very low pay . The majority of them worked in mills , factories , and private households and were considered the bottommost group in the female job hierarchy , alongside African American women . Workers considered mill work in cotton textiles and needle trades the least desirable because of the dangerous and unpleasant conditions . Factory work was primarily a worst - case scenario for widows or daughters of families already involved in the industry . Unlike many other immigrants , Irish women preferred domestic work because it was constantly in great demand among middle - and upper - class American households . Although wages differed across the country , they were consistently higher than those of the other occupations available to Irish women and could often be negotiated because of the lack of competition . Also , the working conditions in well - off households were significantly better than those of factories or mills , and free room and board allowed domestic servants to save money or send it back to their families in Ireland . Despite some of the benefits of domestic work , Irish women 's job requirements were difficult and demeaning . Subject to their employers around the clock , Irish women cooked , cleaned , babysat and more . Because most servants lived in the home where they worked , they were separated from their communities . Most of all , the American stigma on domestic work suggested that Irish women were failures who had `` about the same intelligence as that of an old grey - headed negro . '' This quote illustrates how , in a period of extreme racism towards African Americans , society similarly viewed Irish immigrants as inferior beings . Irish immigrants in Kansas City , Missouri , c. 1909 Although the Irish Catholics started very low on the social status scale , by 1900 they had jobs and earnings about equal on average to their neighbors . This was largely due to their ability to speak English when they arrived . The Irish were able to rise quickly within the working world , unlike non-English speaking immigrants . Yet there were still many shanty and lower working class communities in Chicago , Philadelphia , Boston , New York , and other parts of the country . After 1945 , the Catholic Irish consistently ranked at the top of the social hierarchy , thanks especially to their high rate of college attendance , and due to that many Irish American men have risen to higher socio - economic table . Local government ( edit ) In the 19th century , jobs in local government were distributed by politicians to their supporters , and with significant strength in city hall the Irish became candidates for positions in all departments , such as police departments , fire departments , public schools and other public services of major cities . In 1897 New York City was formed by consolidating its five boroughs . That created 20,000 new patronage jobs . New York invested heavily in large - scale public works . This produced thousands of unskilled and semi-skilled jobs in subways , street railways , waterworks , and port facilities . Over half the Irish men employed by the city worked in utilities . Across all ethnic groups In New York City , municipal employment grew from 54,000 workers in 1900 to 148,000 in 1930 . In New York City , Albany , and Jersey City , about one third of the Irish of the first and second generation had municipal jobs in 1900 . Police ( edit ) By 1855 , according to New York Police Commissioner George W. Matsell ( 1811 -- 1877 ) , almost 17 percent of the police department 's officers were Irish - born ( compared to 28.2 percent of the city ) in a report to the Board of Aldermen ; of the NYPD 's 1,149 men , Irish - born officers made up 304 of 431 foreign - born policemen . In the 1860s more than half of those arrested in New York City were Irish born or of Irish descent but nearly half of the city 's law enforcement officers were also Irish . By the turn of the 20th century , five out of six NYPD officers were Irish born or of Irish descent . As late as the 1960s , 42 % of the NYPD were Irish Americans . Up to the 20th and early 21st century , Irish Catholics continue to be prominent in the law enforcement community , especially in the Northeastern United States . The Emerald Society , an Irish American fraternal organization , was founded in 1953 by the NYPD . When the Boston chapter of the Emerald Society formed in 1973 , half of the city 's police officers became members . Teachers ( edit ) Towards the end of the 19th century , schoolteaching became the most desirable occupation for the second generation of female Irish immigrants . Teaching was similar to domestic work for the first generation of Irish immigrants in that it was a popular job and one that relied on a woman 's decision to remain unmarried . The disproportionate number of Irish - American Catholic women who entered the job market as teachers in the late 19th century and early 20th century from Boston to San Francisco was a beneficial result of the Irish National school system . Irish schools prepared young single women to support themselves in a new country , which inspired them to instill the importance of education , college training , and a profession in their American - born daughters even more than in their sons . Evidence from schools in New York City illustrate the upward trend of Irish women as teachers : `` as early as 1870 , twenty percent of all schoolteachers were Irish women , and ... by 1890 Irish females comprised two - thirds of those in the Sixth Ward schools . '' Irish women attained admirable reputations as schoolteachers , which enabled some to pursue professions of even higher stature . Nuns ( edit ) Upon arrival in the United States , many Irish women became Catholic nuns and participated in the many American sisterhoods , especially those in St. Louis in Missouri , St. Paul in Minnesota , and Troy in New York . Additionally , the women who settled in these communities were often sent back to Ireland to recruit . This kind of religious lifestyle appealed to Irish female immigrants because they outnumbered their male counterparts and the Irish cultural tendency to postpone marriage often promoted gender separation and celibacy . Furthermore , `` the Catholic church , clergy , and women religious were highly respected in Ireland , '' making the sisterhoods particularly attractive to Irish immigrants . Nuns provided extensive support for Irish immigrants in large cities , especially in fields such as nursing and teaching but also through orphanages , widows ' homes , and housing for young , single women in domestic work . Although many Irish communities built parish schools run by nuns , the majority of Irish parents in large cities in the East enrolled their children in the public school system , where daughters or granddaughters of Irish immigrants had already established themselves as teachers . Religion ( edit ) Religion has been important to the Irish American identity in America , and continues to play a major role in their communities . Irish Americans today are predominantly Protestant with a Catholic minority . The Protestants ' ancestors arrived primarily in the colonial era , while Catholics are primarily descended from immigrants of the 19th century . Irish leaders have been prominent in the Catholic Church in the United States for over 150 years . The Irish have been leaders in the Presbyterian and Methodist traditions , as well . Surveys in the 1990s show that of Americans who identify themselves as `` Irish '' , 51 % said they were Protestant and 36 % identified as Catholic . In the South , Protestants account for 73 % of those claiming Irish origins , while Catholics account for 19 % . It is common for Protestant Scotch - Irish Americans to call themselves `` Irish '' , in particular because most immigration to colonial America was of Protestant settlers , so there was no need to distinguish themselves from Irish Catholics . In the North , 45 % of those claiming Irish origin are Catholic , while 39 % are Protestant . Many African Americans and Native Americans claim Irish Protestant or Scots - Irish ancestry . Irish Catholic and Irish Protestant relations ( edit ) Further information : Orange Institution Between 1607 and 1820 , the majority of emigrants from Ireland to America were Protestants who were described simply as `` Irish '' . The religious distinction became important after 1820 , when large numbers of Irish Catholics began to emigrate to the United States . Some of the descendants of the colonial Irish Protestant settlers from Ulster began thereafter to redefine themselves as `` Scotch Irish '' , to stress their historic origins , and distanced themselves from Irish Catholics ; others continued to call themselves Irish , especially in areas of the South which saw little Irish Catholic immigration . By 1830 , Irish diaspora demographics had changed rapidly , with over 60 % of all Irish settlers in the US being Catholics from rural areas of Ireland . Some Protestant Irish immigrants became active in explicitly anti-Catholic organizations such as the Orange Institution and the American Protective Association . However , participation in the Orange Institution was never as large in the United States as it was in Canada . In the early nineteenth century , the post-Revolutionary republican spirit of the new United States attracted exiled United Irishmen such as Theobald Wolf Tone and others , with the presidency of Andrew Jackson exemplifying this attitude . Most Protestant Irish immigrants in the first several decades of the nineteenth century were those who held to the republicanism of the 1790s , and who were unable to accept Orangeism . Loyalists and Orangemen made up a minority of Irish Protestant immigrants to the United States during this period . Most of the Irish loyalist emigration was bound for Upper Canada and the Canadian Maritime provinces , where Orange lodges were able to flourish under the British flag . By 1870 , when there were about 930 Orange lodges in the Canadian province of Ontario , there were only 43 in the entire eastern United States . These few American lodges were founded by newly arriving Protestant Irish immigrants in coastal cities such as Philadelphia and New York . These ventures were short - lived and of limited political and social impact , although there were specific instances of violence involving Orangemen between Catholic and Protestant Irish immigrants , such as the Orange Riots in New York City in 1824 , 1870 and 1871 . The first `` Orange riot '' on record was in 1824 , in Abingdon Square , New York , resulting from a 12 July march . Several Orangemen were arrested and found guilty of inciting the riot . According to the State prosecutor in the court record , `` the Orange celebration was until then unknown in the country . '' The immigrants involved were admonished : `` In the United States the oppressed of all nations find an asylum , and all that is asked in return is that they become law - abiding citizens . Orangemen , Ribbonmen , and United Irishmen are alike unknown . They are all entitled to protection by the laws of the country . '' The Orange riot of 1871 as depicted in Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper . The view is at 25th Street in Manhattan looking south down Eighth Avenue . The later Orange Riots of 1870 and 1871 killed nearly 70 people , and were fought out between Irish Protestant and Catholic immigrants . After this the activities of the Orange Order were banned for a time , the Order dissolved , and most members joined Masonic orders . After 1871 , there were no more riots between Irish Catholics and Protestants . America offered a new beginning , and `` ... most descendents of the Ulster Presbyterians of the eighteenth century and even many new Protestant Irish immigrants turned their backs on all associations with Ireland and melted into the American Protestant mainstream . '' Catholics ( edit ) Irish priests ( especially Dominicans , Franciscans , Augustinians and Capuchins ) came to the large cities of the East in the 1790s , and when new dioceses were erected in 1808 the first bishop of New York was an Irishman in recognition of the contribution of the early Irish clergy . St. Augustine 's Church on fire . Anti-Irish , anti-Catholic Nativist riots in Philadelphia in 1844 . Saint Patrick 's Battalion ( San Patricios ) was a group of several hundred immigrant soldiers , the majority Irish , who deserted the U.S. Army during the Mexican -- American War because of ill treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics . They joined the Mexican army . In Boston between 1810 and 1840 there had been serious tensions between the bishop and the laity who wanted to control the local parishes . By 1845 , the Catholic population in Boston had increased to 30,000 from around 5,000 in 1825 , due to the influx of Irish immigrants . With the appointment of John B. Fitzpatrick as bishop in 1845 , tensions subsided as the increasingly Irish Catholic community grew to support Fitzpatrick 's assertion of the bishop 's control of parish government . The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican army In New York , Archbishop John Hughes ( 1797 -- 1864 ) , an Irish immigrant himself , was deeply involved in `` the Irish question '' -- Irish independence from British rule . Hughes supported Daniel O'Connell 's Catholic emancipation movement in Ireland , but rejected such radical and violent societies as the Young Irelanders and the National Brotherhood . Hughes also disapproved of American Irish radical fringe groups , urging immigrants to assimilate themselves into American life while remaining patriotic to Ireland `` only individually '' . In Hughes 's view , a large - scale movement to form Irish settlements in the western United States was too isolationist and ultimately detrimental to immigrants ' success in the New World . In the 1840s , Hughes crusaded for public - funded Irish Schools modeled after the successful Irish public school system in Lowell , Massachusetts . Hughes denounced the Public School Society of New York as an extension of an Old - World struggle whose outcome was directed not by understanding of the basic problems but , rather , by mutual mistrust and violently inflamed emotions . For Irish Catholics , the motivation lay largely in memory of British oppression , while their antagonists were dominated by the English Protestant historic fear of papal interference in civil affairs . Because of the vehemence of this quarrel , the New York Legislature passed the Maclay Act in 1842 , giving New York City an elective Board of Education empowered to build and supervise schools and distribute the education fund -- but with the proviso that none of the money should go to schools which taught religion . Hughes responded by building an elaborate parochial school system that stretched to the college level , setting a policy followed in other large cities . Efforts to get city or state funding failed because of vehement Protestant opposition to a system that rivaled the public schools . In the west , Catholic Irish were having a large effect as well . The open west attracted many Irish immigrants . Many of these immigrants were Catholic . When they migrated west , they would form `` little pockets '' with other Irish immigrants . Irish Catholic communities were made in `` supportive , village style neighborhoods centered around a Catholic church and called ' parishes ' '' . These neighborhoods affected the overall lifestyle and atmosphere of the communities . Other ways religion played a part in these towns was the fact that many were started by Irish Catholic priests . Father Bernard Donnelly started `` Town of Kansas '' which would later become Kansas City . His influence over early stages Kansas City was great , and so the Catholic religion was spread to other settlers who arrived . While not all settlers became Catholics , a great number of the early settlers were Catholic . In other western communities , Irish priests wanted to convert the Native Americans to Catholicism . These Catholic Irish would contribute not only to the growth of Catholic population in America , but to the values and traditions in America . Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend church services at Fort Corcoran in 1861 . Jesuits established a network of colleges in major cities , including Boston College , Fordham University in New York , and Georgetown University in Washington , D.C. Fordham was founded in 1841 and attracted students from other regions of the United States , and even South America and the Caribbean . At first exclusively a liberal arts institution , it built a science building in 1886 , lending more legitimacy to science in the curriculum there . In addition , a three - year bachelor of science degree was created . Boston College , by contrast , was established over twenty years later in 1863 to appeal to urban Irish Catholics . It offered a rather limited intellectual curriculum , however , with the priests at Boston College prioritizing spiritual and sacramental activities over intellectual pursuits . One consequence was that Harvard Law School would not admit Boston College graduates to its law school . Modern Jesuit leadership in American academia was not to become their hallmark across all institutions until the 20th century . The Irish became prominent in the leadership of the Catholic Church in the U.S. by the 1850s -- by 1890 there were 7.3 million Catholics in the U.S. and growing , and most bishops were Irish . As late as the 1970s , when Irish were 17 % of American Catholics , they were 35 % of the priests and 50 % of the bishops , together with a similar proportion of presidents of Catholic colleges and hospitals . Protestants ( edit ) The Scots - Irish who settled in the back country of colonial America were largely Presbyterians . The establishment of many settlements in the remote back - country put a strain on the ability of the Presbyterian Church to meet the new demand for qualified , college - educated clergy . Religious groups such as the Baptists and Methodists did not require higher education of their ministers , so they could more readily supply ministers to meet the demand of the growing Scots - Irish settlements . By about 1810 , Baptist and Methodist churches were in the majority , and the descendants of the Scotch - Irish today remain predominantly Baptist or Methodist . They were avid participants in the revivals taking place during the Great Awakening from the 1740s to the 1840s . They take pride in their Irish heritage because they identify with the values ascribed to the Scotch - Irish who played a major role in the American Revolution and in the development of American culture . Presbyterians ( edit ) The first Presbyterian community in America was established in 1640 in Southampton , Long Island New York . Francis Makemie , an Irish Presbyterian immigrant later established churches in Maryland and Virginia . Makemie was born and raised near Ramelton , County Donegal , to Ulster Scots parents . He was educated in the University of Glasgow and set out to organize and initiate the construction of several Presbyterian Churches throughout Maryland and Virginia . By 1706 , Makemie and his followers constructed a Presbyterian Church in Rehobeth , Maryland . In 1707 , after traveling to New York to establish a presbytery , Francis Makemie was charged with preaching without a license by the English immigrant and Governor of New York , Edward Hyde . Makemie won a vital victory for the fight of religious freedom for Scots - Irish immigrants when he was acquitted and gained recognition for having `` stood up to Anglican authorities '' . Makemie became one of the wealthiest immigrants to colonial America , owning more than 5,000 acres and 33 slaves . New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey , later renamed Princeton University , in 1746 in order to train ministers dedicated to their views . The college was the educational and religious capital of Scots - Irish America . By 1808 , loss of confidence in the college within the Presbyterian Church led to the establishment of the separate Princeton Theological Seminary , but deep Presbyterian influence at the college continued through the 1910s , as typified by university president Woodrow Wilson . Out on the frontier , the Scots - Irish Presbyterians of the Muskingum Valley in Ohio established Muskingum College at New Concord in 1837 . It was led by two clergymen , Samuel Wilson and Benjamin Waddle , who served as trustees , president , and professors during the first few years . During the 1840s and 1850s the college survived the rapid turnover of very young presidents who used the post as a stepping stone in their clerical careers , and in the late 1850s it weathered a storm of student protest . Under the leadership of L.B.W. Shryock during the Civil War , Muskingum gradually evolved from a local and locally controlled institution to one serving the entire Muskingum Valley . It is still affiliated with the Presbyterian church . Brought up in a Scots - Irish Presbyterian home , Cyrus McCormick of Chicago developed a strong sense of devotion to the Presbyterian Church . Throughout his later life , he used the wealth gained through invention of the mechanical reaper to further the work of the church . His benefactions were responsible for the establishment in Chicago of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest ( after his death renamed the McCormick Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church ) . He assisted the Union Presbyterian Seminary in Richmond , Virginia . He also supported a series of religious publications , beginning with the Presbyterian Expositor in 1857 and ending with the Interior ( later called The Continent ) , which his widow continued until her death . Methodists ( edit ) Irish immigrants were the first immigrant group to America to build and organize Methodist churches . Many of the early Irish immigrants who did so came from a German - Irish background . Barbara Heck , an Irish woman of German descent from County Limerick , Ireland , immigrated to America in 1760 , with her husband , Paul . She is often considered to be the `` Mother of American Methodism . '' Heck guided and mentored her cousin , Philip Embury , who was also an `` Irish Palatine '' immigrant . Heck and Embury constructed the John Street Methodist Church , which today is usually recognized as the oldest Methodist Church in the United States . However , another church constructed by prominent Irish Methodist immigrant , Robert Strawbridge , may have preceded the John Street Methodist Church . Discrimination ( edit ) 1862 song that used the `` No Irish Need Apply '' slogan . It was copied from a similar London song . Catholics and Protestants kept their distance ; intermarriage between Catholics and Protestants was uncommon , and strongly discouraged by both Protestant ministers and Catholic priests . As Dolan notes , `` ' Mixed marriages ' , as they were called , were allowed in rare cases , were warned against repeatedly , and were uncommon . '' Rather , intermarriage was primarily with other ethnic groups who shared their religion . Irish Catholics , for example , would commonly intermarry with German Catholics or Poles in the Midwest and Italians in the Northeast . Irish - American journalists `` scoured the cultural landscape for evidence of insults directed at the Irish in America . '' Much of what historians know about hostility to the Irish comes from their reports in Irish and in Democratic newspapers . While the parishes were struggling to build parochial schools , many Catholic children attended public schools . The Protestant King James Version of the Bible was widely used in public schools , but Catholics were forbidden by their church from reading or reciting from it . Many Irish children complained that Catholicism was openly mocked in the classroom . In New York City , the curriculum vividly portrayed Catholics , and specifically the Irish , as villainous . The Catholic archbishop John Hughes , an immigrant to America from County Tyrone , Ireland , campaigned for public funding of Catholic education in response to the bigotry . While never successful in obtaining public money for private education , the debate with the city 's Protestant elite spurred by Hughes ' passionate campaign paved the way for the secularization of public education nationwide . In addition , Catholic higher education expanded during this period with colleges and universities that evolved into such institutions as Fordham University and Boston College providing alternatives to Irish who were not otherwise permitted to apply to other colleges . New York Times want ad 1854 -- the only New York Times ad with NINA for men . Prejudice against Irish Catholics in the U.S. reached a peak in the mid-1850s with the Know Nothing Movement , which tried to oust Catholics from public office . After a year or two of local success , the Know Nothing Party vanished . Some historians , however , maintain that actual job discrimination was minimal . Many Irish work gangs were hired by contractors to build canals , railroads , city streets and sewers across the country . In the South , they underbid slave labor . One result was that small cities that served as railroad centers came to have large Irish populations . In 1895 , the Knights of Equity was founded , to combat discrimination against Irish Catholics in the U.S. , and to assist them financially when needed . Stereotypes ( edit ) Irish Catholics were popular targets for stereotyping in the 19th century . According to historian George Potter , the media often stereotyped the Irish in America as being boss - controlled , violent ( both among themselves and with those of other ethnic groups ) , voting illegally , prone to alcoholism and dependent on street gangs that were often violent or criminal . Potter quotes contemporary newspaper images : You will scarcely ever find an Irishman dabbling in counterfeit money , or breaking into houses , or swindling ; but if there is any fighting to be done , he is very apt to have a hand in it . '' Even though Pat might `` ' meet with a friend and for love knock him down , ' '' noted a Montreal paper , the fighting usually resulted from a sudden excitement , allowing there was `` but little ' malice prepense ' in his whole composition . '' The Catholic Telegraph of Cincinnati in 1853 , saying that the `` name of ' Irish ' has become identified in the minds of many , with almost every species of outlawry , '' distinguished the Irish vices as `` not of a deep malignant nature , '' arising rather from the `` transient burst of undisciplined passion , '' like `` drunk , disorderly , fighting , etc. , not like robbery , cheating , swindling , counterfeiting , slandering , calumniating , blasphemy , using obscene language , &c . 1882 illustration from Puck depicting Irish immigrants as troublemakers , as compared to those of other nationalities The Irish had many humorists of their own , but were scathingly attacked in political cartoons , especially those in Puck magazine from the 1870s to 1900 ; it was edited by secular Germans who opposed the Catholic Irish in politics . In addition , the cartoons of Thomas Nast were especially hostile ; for example , he depicted the Irish - dominated Tammany Hall machine in New York City as a ferocious tiger . The stereotype of the Irish as violent drunks has lasted well beyond its high point in the mid-19th century . For example , President Richard Nixon once told advisor Charles Colson that `` ( t ) he Irish have certain -- for example , the Irish ca n't drink . What you always have to remember with the Irish is they get mean . Virtually every Irish I 've known gets mean when he drinks . Particularly the real Irish . '' Discrimination against Irish Americans differed depending on gender . For example , Irish women were sometimes stereotyped as `` reckless breeders '' because some American Protestants feared high Catholic birth rates would eventually result in a Protestant minority . Many native - born Americans claimed that `` their incessant childbearing ( would ) ensure an Irish political takeover of American cities ( and that ) Catholicism would become the reigning faith of the hitherto Protestant nation . '' Irish men were also targeted , but in a different way than women were . The difference between the Irish female `` Bridget '' and the Irish male `` Pat '' was distinct ; while she was impulsive but fairly harmless , he was `` always drunk , eternally fighting , lazy , and shiftless '' . In contrast to the view that Irish women were shiftless , slovenly and stupid ( like their male counterparts ) , girls were said to be `` industrious , willing , cheerful , and honest -- they work hard , and they are very strictly moral '' . There were also Darwinian - inspired excuses for the discrimination of the Irish in America . Many Americans believed that since the Irish were Celts and not Anglo - Saxons , they were racially inferior and deserved second - hand citizenship . The Irish being of inferior intelligence was a belief held by many Americans . This notion was held due to the fact that the Irish topped the charts demographically in terms of arrests and imprisonment . They also had more people confined to insane asylums and poorhouses than any other group . The racial supremacy belief that many Americans had at the time contributed significantly to Irish discrimination . Sense of heritage ( edit ) Irish Republican mural in South Boston , Massachusetts Many people of Irish descent retain a sense of their Irish heritage . Article 2 of the Constitution of Ireland formally recognizes and embraces this fact : ... the Irish Nation cherishes its special affinity with people of Irish ancestry living abroad who share its cultural identity and heritage . The Chicago River , dyed green for the 2005 St. Patrick 's Day celebration Irish independence from Great Britain encouraged the hope that descendants of Irish abroad who had retained a cultural connection and identified with Ireland would resettle there , as opposed to attracting immigrants from other cultures in other countries . One member of an Irish government of the early republic expressed his hope as follows : I do not think ( the Irish Free State ) will afford sufficient allurements to the citizens of other States ... The children of Irish parents born abroad are sometimes more Irish than the Irish themselves , and they would come with added experience and knowledge to our country ... 4 = Sen. Patrick Kenny , Seanad Éireann 1924 , A sense of exile , diaspora , and ( in the case of songs ) even nostalgia is a common theme . The modern term `` Plastic Paddy '' generally refers to someone who was not born in Ireland and is separated from his closest Irish - born ancestor by several generations but still considers themselves `` Irish '' . It is occasionally used in a derogatory fashion towards Irish Americans , in an attempt to undermine the `` Irishness '' of the Irish diaspora based on nationality and ( citizenship ) rather than ethnicity . The term is freely applied to relevant people of all nationalities , not solely Irish Americans . Some Irish Americans were enthusiastic supporters of Irish independence ; the Fenian Brotherhood movement was based in the United States and in the late 1860s launched several unsuccessful attacks on British - controlled Canada known as the `` Fenian Raids '' . The Provisional IRA received significant funding and volunteers for its paramilitary activities from Irish expatriates and Irish American supporters -- in 1984 , the US Department of Justice won a court case forcing the Irish American fund - raising organization NORAID to acknowledge the Provisional IRA as its `` foreign principal '' . Cities ( edit ) Population density of people born in Ireland , 1870 ; these were mostly Catholics ; the older Scots Irish immigration is not shown . Irish Catholic Americans settled in large and small cities throughout the North , particularly railroad centers and mill towns . They became perhaps the most urbanized group in America , as few became farmers . Areas that retain a significant Irish American population include the metropolitan areas of Boston , Philadelphia , Providence , Hartford , Pittsburgh , Buffalo , Baltimore , New York City , Chicago , Cleveland , San Francisco and Los Angeles , where most new arrivals of the 1830 -- 1910 period settled . As a percentage of the population , Massachusetts is the most Irish state , with about a quarter , 21.2 % , of the population claiming Irish descent . The most Irish American towns in the United States are Scituate , Massachusetts , with 47.5 % of its residents being of Irish descent ; Milton , Massachusetts , with 44.6 % of its 26,000 being of Irish descent ; and Braintree , Massachusetts with 46.5 % of its 34,000 being of Irish descent . ( Weymouth , Massachusetts , at 39 % of its 54,000 citizens , and Quincy , Massachusetts , at 34 % of its population of 90,000 , are the two most Irish cities in the country . Squantum , a peninsula in the northern part of Quincy , is the most Irish neighborhood in the country , with close to 60 % of its 2600 residents claiming Irish descent . ) Philadelphia , Boston , New York , and Chicago have historically had neighborhoods with higher percentages of Irish American residents . Regionally , the most Irish American states are Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Maine , Vermont , Rhode Island , Delaware , Pennsylvania , and Connecticut , according to the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey in 2013 . In consequence of its unique history as a mining center , Butte , Montana , is also one of the country 's most thoroughly Irish American cities . Smaller towns , such as Greeley , Nebraska ( population 466 ) , with an estimated 51.7 % of the residents identifying as Irish American as of 2009 -- 13 were part of the Irish Catholic Colonization effort of Bishop O'Connor of New York in the 1880s . The states with the top percentages of Irish : Massachusetts ( 22.5 % ) New Hampshire ( 20.5 % ) Rhode Island ( 18.4 % ) Maine ( 18.0 % ) Vermont ( 18.0 % ) Delaware ( 16.7 % ) Pennsylvania ( 16.6 % ) Connecticut ( 16.6 % ) New Jersey ( 15.9 % ) West Virginia ( 14.8 % ) Montana ( 14.8 % ) Iowa ( 13.6 % ) Ohio ( 13.5 % ) Nebraska ( 13.4 % ) Wyoming ( 13.3 % ) Missouri ( 13.2 % ) New York ( 12.9 % ) Kansas ( 12.4 % ) Illinois ( 12.2 % ) Colorado ( 12.2 % ) Kentucky ( 12.2 % ) Oregon ( 12.1 % ) Maryland ( 11.7 % ) Indiana ( 11.6 % ) Oklahoma ( 11.5 % ) Washington ( 11.4 % ) Minnesota ( 11.2 % ) Michigan ( 11.0 % ) Nevada ( 11.0 % ) Wisconsin ( 10.9 % ) Alaska ( 10.8 % ) Arkansas ( 10.7 % ) Tennessee ( 10.6 % ) South Dakota ( 10.4 % ) Florida ( 10.3 % ) Arizona ( 10.2 % ) Idaho ( 10.0 % ) Virginia ( 9.8 % ) South Carolina ( 8.8 % ) Georgia ( 7.9 % ) Alabama ( 7.8 % ) California ( 7.7 % ) North Dakota ( 7.7 % ) North Carolina ( 7.5 % ) Texas ( 7.2 % ) Louisiana ( 7.0 % ) Mississippi ( 6.9 % ) Utah ( 5.9 % ) District of Columbia ( 5.5 % ) Notable people ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of Irish Americans . In politics and government ( edit ) The United States Declaration of Independence contained 56 delegate signatures . Of the signers , eight were of Irish descent . Three signers , Matthew Thornton , George Taylor and James Smith , were born in Ireland ; the remaining five Irish Americans , George Read , Thomas McKean , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Edward Rutledge and Charles Carroll , were the sons or grandsons of Irish immigrants . Though not a delegate but the secretary at the Congress , Charles Thompson , also Irish American , signed as well . The Constitution of the United States was created by a convention of 36 delegates . Of these , at least six were Irish American . George Read and Thomas McKean had already worked on the Declaration , and were joined by John Rutledge , Pierce Butler , Daniel Carroll , and Thomas Fitzsimons . The Carrolls and Fitzsimmons were Catholic , the remainder Protestant . Andrew Jackson was the son of Scots - Irish immigrants and became the seventh President of the United States in 1829 . By the 1850s , the Irish were already a major presence in the police departments of large cities . In New York City in 1855 , of the city 's 1,149 policemen , 305 were natives of Ireland . Within 30 years , Irish Americans in the NYPD were almost twice their proportion of the city 's population . Both Boston 's police and fire departments provided many Irish immigrants with their first jobs . The creation of a unified police force in Philadelphia opened the door to the Irish in that city . By 1860 in Chicago , 49 of the 107 on the police force were Irish . Chief O'Leary headed the police force in New Orleans , and Malachi Fallon was chief of police of San Francisco . The Irish Catholic diaspora are very well - organized and since 1850 have produced a majority of the leaders of the U.S. Catholic Church , labor unions , the Democratic Party in larger cities , and Catholic high schools , colleges and universities . Many major cities have elected Irish American Catholic mayors . Indeed , Boston , Philadelphia , Baltimore , Cincinnati , Houston , Newark , New York City , Omaha , Scranton , Pittsburgh , St. Louis , Saint Paul , and San Francisco have all elected natives of Ireland as mayors . Chicago , Boston , and Jersey City , New Jersey have had more Irish American mayors than any other ethnic group . The cities of Milwaukee ( Tom Barrett ; 2004 - ) , St. Paul ( Chris Coleman ; 2006 - ) , Northampton , Massachusetts ( Clare Higgins ; 2000 - ) , Rockford , Illinois ( Lawrence Morrissey ; 2005 - ) and Detroit ( Mike Duggan ; 2012 - ) currently ( as of 2016 ) have Irish American mayors . Pittsburgh mayor Bob O'Connor died in office in 2006 . New York City has had at least three Irish - born mayors and over eight Irish American mayors . The most recent one was County Mayo native William O'Dwyer , elected in 1949 . The Irish Protestant vote has not been studied nearly as much . Historian Timothy J. Meagher argues that by the late 19th century , most of the Protestant Irish `` turned their backs on all associations with Ireland and melted into the American Protestant mainstream . '' A minority insisted on a `` Scotch - Irish '' identity . In Canada , by contrast , Irish Protestants remained a political force , with many belonging to the Orange Order . It was an anti-Catholic social organization with chapters across Canada . It was most powerful during the late 19th century . Political leanings ( edit ) Further information : Catholic Church and politics in the United States Al Smith and later John F. Kennedy were the political heroes for Catholics . Al Smith , who had an Irish mother and an English - German father , in 1928 became the first Catholic to run for president . From the 1830s to the 1960s , Irish Catholics voted heavily Democratic , with occasional exceptions like the election of 1920 . Their precincts showed average support levels of 80 % . As historian Lawrence McCaffrey notes , `` until recently they have been so closely associated with the Democratic party that Irish , Catholic , and Democrat composed a trinity of associations , serving mutual interests and needs . '' The great majority of Irish Catholic politicians were Democrats , with a few exceptions before 1970 such as Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy . Today , Irish politicians are associated with both parties . Ronald Reagan boasted of his Irishness . Historically , Irish Catholics controlled prominent Democratic city organizations . Among the most prominent were New York , Philadelphia , Chicago , Boston , San Francisco , Pittsburgh , Jersey City , and Albany . Many served as chairmen of the Democratic National Committee , including County Monaghan native Thomas Taggart , Vance McCormick , James Farley , Edward J. Flynn , Robert E. Hannegan , J. Howard McGrath , William H. Boyle , Jr. , John Moran Bailey , Larry O'Brien , Christopher J. Dodd , Terry McAuliffe and Tim Kaine . In Congress , the Irish are represented in both parties ; currently , Susan Collins of Maine , Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania , Bob Casey , Jr. of Pennsylvania , Lisa Murkowski of Alaska , Dick Durbin of Illinois , Patrick Leahy of Vermont , and Maria Cantwell of Washington are Irish Americans serving in the United States Senate . Former Vice Presidential Candidate and current Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan is another prominent Irish - American Republican . Exit polls show that in recent presidential elections Irish Catholics have split about 50 -- 50 for Democratic and Republican candidates . The pro-life faction in the Democratic party includes many Irish Catholic politicians , such as the former Boston mayor and ambassador to the Vatican Ray Flynn and senator Bob Casey , Jr. , who defeated Senator Rick Santorum in a high visibility race in Pennsylvania in 2006 . Distribution of Irish Americans according to the 2000 Census On one hand , in some areas such as metropolitan New York and Illinois , the most heavily Irish communities now tend to be in the outer suburbs and generally support Republican candidates , such as New Fairfield . On the other , in Massachusetts and elsewhere in Southern New England , significant majorities of the local Irish stayed with the Democratic party . In some heavily Irish small towns in Northern New England the Irish vote is quite Republican , but other places like Gloucester , New Jersey and Butte , Montana which retain strongly liberal and Democratic leaning Irish populations . The voting intentions of Irish Americans and other white ethnic groups attracted attention in the 2016 US election . In the Democratic primaries , Boston 's Irish were said to break strongly for Hillary Clinton , whose victories in Irish - heavy Boston suburbs may have helped her narrowly carry the state over Bernie Sanders . A 2016 March survey by Irish Central showed that 45 % of Irish Americans nationwide supported Trump , although the majority of those in Massachusetts supported Hillary Clinton . The presence of supporters of Trump among Irish and Italian communities which had once themselves been marginalized immigrants generated controversy , with Irish American and Italian American politicians and columnists admonishing their co-ethnics against `` myopia '' and `` amnesia '' . An October poll by Buzzfeed showed that Irish respondents nationwide split nearly evenly between Trump ( 40 % ) and Clinton ( 39 % ) , with large numbers either undecided or supporting other candidates ( 21 % ) , and that the Irish were more supportive of Clinton than all the other West European - descended Americans including fellow Catholic Italian Americans . In early November 2016 , six days before the election , another poll by IrishCentral showed Clinton ahead at 52 % among Irish Americans , while Trump was at 40 % and the third party candidates together had 8 % ; Irish respondents in Massachusetts similarly favored Clinton by majority . In the official 2016 election results , Irish - heavy Boston suburbs including on the South Shore witnessed swings to the left ( Scituate : + 19.5 % D , Cohasset : + 32.8 % D , Milton : + 26.6 % D , etc . ) even as the country as a whole moved right . This caused many of the most heavily Irish - descended communities in the country , such as Scituate , to flip from split or Republican - voting to Democrat - voting by significant margins ( Scituate : + 18 % D , Hull : + 21 % D , Cohasset : + 24 % D , Milton : + 41 % D ) . Despite voting against Trump , many of these same communities had some of the highest levels of opposition to the legalization of marijuana , a typically socially conservative position . In 2017 , a survey with 3,181 Irish American respondents ( slightly over half being beyond 3rd generation ) by Irish Times found that 41 % identified as Democrats while 23 % identified as Republicans , while 45 % used NBC ( typically considered left - leaning ) for their news while 36 % used Fox News ( considered right - leaning ) . American Presidents with Irish ancestry ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy in motorcade in Cork on June 27 , 1963 President Ronald Reagan speaking to a large crowd in his ancestral home in Ballyporeen , Ireland , in 1984 . A number of the presidents of the United States have Irish origins . The extent of Irish heritage varies . For example , Chester Arthur 's father and both of Andrew Jackson 's parents were Irish - born , while George W. Bush has a rather distant Irish ancestry . Ronald Reagan 's father was of Irish ancestry , while his mother also had some Irish ancestors . John F. Kennedy had Irish lineage on both sides . Within this group , only Kennedy was raised as a practicing Roman Catholic . Barack Obama 's Irish heritage originates from his Kansas - born mother , Ann Dunham , whose ancestry is Irish and English . Andrew Jackson ( Ulster - Scots ) 7th President 1829 -- 37 : He was born in the predominantly Irish and Scotch Irish Waxhaws area of South Carolina two years after his parents left Boneybefore , near Carrickfergus in County Antrim . A heritage centre in the village pays tribute to the legacy of `` Old Hickory '' , the People 's President . Andrew Jackson then moved to Tennessee , where he served as governor . James Knox Polk ( Ulster - Scots ) 11th President , 1845 -- 49 : His ancestors were among the first Ulster - Scots settlers , emigrating from Coleraine in 1680 to become a powerful political family in Mecklenburg County , North Carolina . He moved to Tennessee and became its governor before winning the presidency . James Buchanan ( Ulster - Scots ) 15th President , 1857 -- 61 : Born in a log cabin , which has been relocated to his old school in Mercersburg , Pennsylvania . The Buchanans were originally from Deroran , near Omagh in County Tyrone , where the ancestral home still stands . Buchanan was also a descendant of the O'Kanes of County Londonderry . Andrew Johnson ( Ulster - Scots ) 17th President , 1865 -- 69 : His Mother was a McDonough , His grandfather left Mounthill , near Larne in County Antrim around 1750 and settled in North Carolina . Johnson worked there as a tailor and ran a successful business in Greeneville , Tennessee , before being elected Vice President . He became President following Abraham Lincoln 's assassination . Ulysses S. Grant ( Ulster - Scots ) 18th President , 1869 -- 77 : The home of his maternal great - grandfather , John Simpson , at Dergenagh , County Tyrone , is the location for an exhibition on the eventful life of the victorious Civil War commander who later served two terms as President . Grant visited his ancestral homeland in 1878 . Chester A. Arthur ( Ulster - Scots ) 21st President , 1881 -- 85 : His election was the start of a quarter - century in which the White House was occupied by men of Ulster - Scots origins . His family left Dreen , near Cullybackey , County Antrim , in 1815 . There is now an interpretive centre , alongside the Arthur Ancestral Home , devoted to his life and times . Grover Cleveland ( Anglo - Irish and Ulster - Scots ) 22nd and 24th President , 1885 -- 89 and 1893 -- 97 : Born in New Jersey , he was the maternal grandson of merchant Abner Neal , who emigrated from County Antrim in the 1790s . He is the only president to have served non-consecutive terms . Benjamin Harrison ( Ulster - Scots ) 23rd President , 1889 -- 93 : His mother , Elizabeth Irwin , had Ulster - Scots roots through her two great - grandfathers , James Irwin and William McDowell . Harrison was born in Ohio and served as a brigadier general in the Union Army before embarking on a career in Indiana politics which led to the White House . William McKinley ( Ulster - Scots ) 25th President , 1897 -- 1901 : Born in Ohio , the descendant of a farmer from Conagher , near Ballymoney , County Antrim , he was proud of his ancestry and addressed one of the national Scotch - Irish congresses held in the late 19th century . His second term as president was cut short by an assassin 's bullet . Theodore Roosevelt ( Ulster - Scots ) 26th President , 1901 -- 09 : His mother , Mittie Bulloch , had Ulster Scots ancestors who emigrated from Glenoe , County Antrim , in May 1729 . Roosevelt praised `` Irish Presbyterians '' as `` a bold and hardy race . '' However , he is also the man who said : `` But a hyphenated American is not an American at all . This is just as true of the man who puts ' native ' before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen . '' ( Roosevelt was referring to political nativists , not American Indians , in this context . ) William Howard Taft ( Ulster - Scots ) 27th President 1909 -- 13 : His great great great grandfather , Robert Taft was born in 1640 in Ireland and immigrated to America , during the mid 17th century . He died in Mendon , Worcester , Massachusetts . Woodrow Wilson ( Ulster - Scots ) 28th President , 1913 -- 21 : Of Ulster - Scot descent on both sides of the family , his roots were very strong and dear to him . He was grandson of a printer from Dergalt , near Strabane , County Tyrone , whose former home is open to visitors . Warren G. Harding ( Ulster - Scots ) 29th President 1921 -- 23 Harry S. Truman ( Ulster - Scots ) 33rd President 1945 -- 53 John F. Kennedy ( Irish Catholic ) 35th President 1961 -- 63 ( Limerick and County Wexford ) First Catholic president , Irish Catholic Richard Nixon ( Ulster - Scots ) 37th President , 1969 -- 74 : The Nixon ancestors left Ulster in the mid-18th century ; the Quaker Milhous family ties were with County Antrim and County Kildare . Jimmy Carter ( Ulster - Scots ) 39th President 1977 -- 1981 ( County Antrim and County Londonderry ) : One of his maternal ancestors , Brandon McCain , emigrated from County Londonderry to America in 1810 . Ronald Reagan ( Irish Catholic ) 40th President 1981 -- 89 : He was the great - grandson , on his father 's side , of Irish migrants from County Tipperary who came to America via Canada and England in the 1840s . His mother was of Scottish and English ancestry . George H.W. Bush ( Anglo - Irish ) 41st President 1989 -- 93 ( County Wexford ) : historians have found that his now apparent ancestor , Richard de Clare , Earl of Pembroke , shunned by Henry II , offered his services as a mercenary in the 12th - century Norman invasion of Wexford in exchange for power and land . Strongbow married Aoife , daughter of Dermot MacMurrough , the Gaelic king of Leinster . Bill Clinton Obama greets local residents on Main Street in Moneygall , Ireland , May 23 , 2011 . 42nd President 1993 -- 2001 : He claims Irish ancestry despite there being no documentation of any of his ancestors coming from Ireland . However see Cassidy Clan website George W. Bush ( Anglo - Irish ) 43rd President 2001 -- 09 : One of his five times great - grandfathers , William Holliday ( a British merchant living in Ireland ) , was born in Rathfriland , County Down , about 1755 and died in Kentucky about 1811 -- 12 . One of the President 's seven times great - grandfathers , William Shannon , was apparently born somewhere in County Cork about 1730 , and died in Pennsylvania in 1784 . Barack Obama ( Anglo - Irish and Irish Catholic ) 44th President 2009 -- 2017 : Some of his maternal ancestors came to America from a small village called Moneygall , in County Offaly . His ancestors lived in New England and the South and , by the 1800s , most were in the Midwest . Vice Presidents of Irish descent ( edit ) George Clinton ( Ulster - Scots ) 4th Vice President 1805 -- 1812 John C. Calhoun ( Ulster - Scots ) 7th Vice President 1825 -- 1832 Joe Biden ( Irish Catholic ) 47th Vice President 2009 -- 2017 Mike Pence ( Irish Catholic ) 48th Vice President 2017 -- present Other presidents of Irish descent ( edit ) Sam Houston ( Scotch - Irish ) President of Texas 1836 -- 38 and 1841 -- 44 Irish - American Justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) William Paterson : born in County Antrim , Ireland . Joseph McKenna Edward D. White Pierce Butler Frank Murphy James Francis Byrnes William J. Brennan Anthony Kennedy William Howard Taft Contributions to American culture ( edit ) Further information : List of Irish Americans This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St. Patrick 's Cathedral , New York The annual celebration of Saint Patrick 's Day is a widely recognized symbol of the Irish presence in America . The largest celebration of the holiday takes place in New York , where the annual St. Patrick 's Day Parade draws an average of two million people . The second - largest celebration is held in Boston . The South Boston Parade is one the nation 's oldest , dating back to 1737 . Savannah , Georgia , also holds one of the largest parades in the United States . Since the arrival of nearly two million Irish immigrants in the 1840s , the urban Irish police officer and firefighter have become virtual icons of American popular culture . In many large cities , the police and fire departments have been dominated by the Irish for over 100 years , even after the ethnic Irish residential populations in those cities dwindled to small minorities . Many police and fire departments maintain large and active `` Emerald Societies '' , bagpipe marching groups , or other similar units demonstrating their members ' pride in their Irish heritage . While these archetypal images are especially well known , Irish Americans have contributed to U.S. culture in a wide variety of fields : the fine and performing arts , film , literature , politics , sports , and religion . The Irish - American contribution to popular entertainment is reflected in the careers of figures such as James Cagney , Bing Crosby , Walt Disney , John Ford , Judy Garland , Gene Kelly , Grace Kelly , Tyrone Power , Chuck Conners , Ada Rehan , Jena Malone , and Spencer Tracy . Irish - born actress Maureen O'Hara , who became an American citizen , defined for U.S. audiences the archetypal , feisty Irish `` colleen '' in popular films such as The Quiet Man and The Long Gray Line . More recently , the Irish - born Pierce Brosnan gained screen celebrity as James Bond . During the early years of television , popular figures with Irish roots included Gracie Allen , Art Carney , Joe Flynn , Jackie Gleason , Luke Gordon and Ed Sullivan . Since the late days of the film industry , celluloid representations of Irish Americans have been plentiful . Famous films with Irish - American themes include social dramas such as Little Nellie Kelly and The Cardinal , labor epics like On the Waterfront , and gangster movies such as Angels with Dirty Faces , The Friends of Eddie Coyle , and The Departed . Irish - American characters have been featured in popular television series such as Ryan 's Hope , Rescue Me and Blue Bloods . Prominent Irish - American literary figures include Pulitzer and Nobel Prize -- winning playwright Eugene O'Neill , Jazz Age novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald , author and poet Edgar Allan Poe , social realist James T. Farrell , and Southern Gothic writer Flannery O'Connor . The 19th - century novelist Henry James was also of partly Irish descent . While Irish Americans have been underrepresented in the plastic arts , two well - known American painters claim Irish roots . 20th - century painter Georgia O'Keeffe was born to an Irish - American father , and 19th - century trompe - l'œil painter William Harnett emigrated from Ireland to the United States . The Irish - American contribution to politics spans the entire ideological spectrum . Two prominent American socialists , Mary Harris `` Mother '' Jones and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , were Irish Americans . In the 1960s , Irish - American writer Michael Harrington became an influential advocate of social welfare programs . Harrington 's views profoundly influenced President John F. Kennedy and his brother , Robert F. Kennedy . Meanwhile , Irish - American political writer William F. Buckley emerged as a major intellectual force in American conservative politics in the latter half of the 20th century . Buckley 's magazine , National Review , proved an effective advocate of successful Republican candidates such as Ronald Reagan . Notorious Irish Americans include the legendary New Mexico outlaw Billy the Kid . Many historians believe he was born in New York City to Famine - era immigrants from Ireland . Mary Mallon , also known as Typhoid Mary , was an Irish immigrant , as was madam Josephine Airey , who also went by the name of `` Chicago Joe '' Hensley . New Orleans socialite and murderer Delphine LaLaurie , whose maiden name was Macarty , was of partial paternal Irish ancestry . Irish - American mobsters include , amongst others , George `` Bugs '' Moran , Dean O'Banion , Jack `` Legs '' Diamond , Buddy McLean , Howie Winter and Whitey Bulger. Lee Harvey Oswald , the assassin of John F. Kennedy , had an Irish - born great - grandmother by the name of Mary Tonry . Colorful Irish Americans also include Margaret Tobin of RMS Titanic fame , scandalous model Evelyn Nesbit , dancer Isadora Duncan , San Francisco madam Tessie Wall , and Nellie Cashman , nurse and gold prospector in the American West . The wide popularity of Celtic music has fostered the rise of Irish - American bands that draw heavily on traditional Irish themes and music . Such groups include New York City 's Black 47 , founded in the late 1980s , blending punk rock , rock and roll , Irish music , rap / hip - hop , reggae , and soul ; and the Dropkick Murphys , a Celtic punk band formed in Quincy , Massachusetts , nearly a decade later . The Decemberists , a band featuring Irish - American singer Colin Meloy , released `` Shankill Butchers '' , a song that deals with the Ulster Loyalist gang of the same name . The song appears on their album The Crane Wife . Flogging Molly , led by Dublin - born Dave King , are relative newcomers building upon this new tradition . Sports ( edit ) Two Irish stars : `` Gentleman Jim '' Corbett licks John L. Sullivan in 1892 Starting with the sons of the famine generation , the Irish dominated baseball and boxing , and played a major role in other sports . John L. Sullivan ( 1858 -- 1918 ) , The heavyweight boxing champion , was the first of the modern sports superstars , winning scores of contests -- perhaps as many as 200 -- with a purse that reached the fabulous sum of one million dollars . Logo of the Boston Celtics basketball team The Philadelphia Phillies started the tradition of wearing green uniforms on St. Patrick 's day . Famous in their day were NFL quarterbacks and Super Bowl champions John Elway and Tom Brady , NBA forward Rick Barry , tennis greats Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe , baseball pitcher Nolan Ryan , baseball shortstop Derek Jeter , basketball point guard Jason Kidd , boxing legend Jack Dempsey , world champion pro surfer Kelly Slater , national champion skier Ryan Max Riley , and legendary golfer Ben Hogan . Baseball ( edit ) The Irish dominated professional baseball in the late 19th century , comprising a third or more of the players and many of the top stars and managers . The professional teams played in northeastern cities with large Irish populations that provided a fan base , as well as training for ambitious youth . Casway argues that : Baseball for Irish kids was a shortcut to the American dream and to self - indulgent glory and fortune . By the mid-1880s these young Irish men dominated the sport and popularized a style of play that was termed heady , daring , and spontaneous ... Ed Delahanty personified the flamboyant , exciting spectator - favorite , the Casey - at - the - bat , Irish slugger . The handsome masculine athlete who is expected to live as large as he played . Irish stars included Charles Comiskey , Connie Mack , Michael `` King '' Kelly , Roger Connor , Eddie Collins , Roger Bresnahan , Ed Walsh and New York Giants manager John McGraw . The large 1945 class of inductees enshrined in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown included nine Irish Americans . The Philadelphia Phillies always play at home during spring training on St. Patrick 's Day . The Phillies hold the distinction of being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on St. Patricks Day . The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw , who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17 , 1981 . Gaelic sports ( edit ) The Irish brought their native games of handball , hurling and Gaelic football to America . Along with camogie , these sports are part of the Gaelic Athletic Association . The North American GAA organization is still very strong . Entertainment ( edit ) Irish Americans have been prominent in comedy . Notable comedians of Irish descent include Jackie Gleason , George Carlin , Bill Burr , Bill Murray , Will Ferrell , Ben Stiller , Chris Farley , Stephen Colbert , Conan O'Brien , Denis Leary ( holds dual American and Irish citizenship ) , Colin Quinn , Charles Nelson Reilly , Bill Maher , Molly Shannon , John Mulaney , Kathleen Madigan , Jimmy Fallon , Des Bishop , and Jim Gaffigan , among others . Musicians of Irish descent include Mariah Carey , Christina Aguilera , Kelly Clarkson , Kurt Cobain , Bing Crosby , Tori Kelly , Alicia Keys , Beyonce , Tim McGraw , Mandy Moore , Hilary Duff , Fergie , Judy Garland , Katy Perry , Tom Petty , Pink , Elvis Presley , Britney Spears , Bruce Springsteen , Gwen Stefani , Taylor Swift , Justin Timberlake , Prodigy , Post Malone and others . Fictional Irish Americans : In the Comic Strips : Maggie and Jiggs of Bringing Up Father Police Chief Pat Patton of Dick Tracy Beetle Bailey and his sister Lous ( Bailey ) Flagston of Beetle Bailey and Hi and Lois Irish - American communities ( edit ) Main article : List of Irish - American communities According to the 2010 U.S. Census , the city of Butte , Montana has the highest percentage of Irish Americans per capita of any city in the United States , with around one - quarter of the population reporting Irish ancestry . Butte 's Irish Catholic population originates from the waves of Irish immigrants who arrived in the city in the late - nineteenth century to work in the industrial mines . By population , however , Boston and Philadelphia have the two largest Irish American populations in the country . There are Irish neighborhoods scattered all throughout Boston , most notably South Boston . Many of Philadelphia 's Irish neighborhoods are located in the Northeast Philadelphia section of the city , particularly in the Fishtown , Mayfair , and Kensington neighborhoods , as well as the South Philadelphia section , most notably the Pennsport ( `` Two Street '' to the locals ) neighborhood . There are large Irish populations in the Boston and Philadelphia metropolitan areas as well . The South Side of Chicago , Illinois also has a large Irish community , who refer to themselves as the Southside Irish . See also ( edit ) United States portal Ireland portal 69th Infantry Regiment ( New York ) Ethnocultural politics in the United States Irish American Athletic Club Irish American Cultural Institute Irish - American Heritage Month Irish Brigade ( U.S. ) Irish Mob , criminals in large cities Irish Race Conventions , 19th - century international conventions Irish Whales , athletes List of Americans of Irish descent , notable individuals List of Irish - American Medal of Honor recipients Saint Patrick 's Battalion , Mexican -- American War List of Irish - American Medal of Honor recipients Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States ( DP02 ) : 2013 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Born Fighting : How the Scots - Irish Shaped America ( New York : Broadway Books , 2004 ) , front flap : ' More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots , whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland , and later in the bitter settlements of England 's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland . ' ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1688 - 3 Jump up ^ James Webb , Secret GOP Weapon : The Scots Irish Vote , Wall Street Journal ( 23 October 2004 ) . Accessed 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/03/15/americas-most-irish-towns/amp/ Jump up ^ `` Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,000 or more persons : 1980 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 18 September 1992 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( Thernstrom , S 1980 , ' Irish , ' p. 528 Jump up ^ The ' Irish ' the ' Scots - Irish ' and the United States in the Twentieth Century : Some Patterns of Exchange ' p 83 Jump up ^ A hidden phase of American history ; Ireland 's part in America 's struggle for liberty by O'Brien , Michael Joseph , Jump up ^ Carroll , Michael P. American Catholics in the Protestant Imagination . Jump up ^ Langan , Sheila . `` Shock survey shows Irish Americans are more Protestant than Catholic '' . Jump up ^ Philip Robinson , The Plantation of Ulster , St. Martin 's Press , 1984 , pp. 52 -- 55 Jump up ^ Scholarly estimates vary , but here are a few : `` more than a quarter - million '' , Fischer , David Hackett , Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America Oxford University Press , USA ( March 14 , 1989 ) , pg. 606 ; `` 200,000 '' , Rouse , Parke Jr. , The Great Wagon Road , Dietz Press , 2004 , pg. 32 ; `` ... 250,000 people left for America between 1717 and 1800 ... 20,000 were Anglo - Irish , 20,000 were Gaelic Irish , and the remainder Ulster - Scots or Scotch - Irish ... '' , Blethen , H.T. & Wood , C.W. , From Ulster to Carolina , North Carolina Division of Archives and History , 2005 , pg. 22 ; `` more than 100,000 '' , Griffin , Patrick , The People with No Name , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pg 1 ; `` 200,000 '' , Leyburn , James G. , The Scots - Irish : A Social History , University of North Carolina Press , 1962 , pg. 180 ; `` 225,000 '' , Hansen , Marcus L. , The Atlantic Migration , 1607 -- 1860 , Cambridge , Mass , 1940 , pg. 41 ; `` 250,000 '' , Dunaway , Wayland F. The Scots - Irish of Colonial Pennsylvania , Genealogical Publishing Co ( 1944 ) , pg. 41 ; `` 300,000 '' , Barck , O.T. & Lefler , H.T. , Colonial America , New York ( 1958 ) , pg. 285 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James G. , The Scots - Irish : A Social History , Univ of NC Press , 1962 , pp. 184 -- 255 . Jump up ^ James Webb , Born Fighting , Broadway Books ( 2004 ) , pgs 253 - 264 . Jump up ^ Philip H. Bagenal , The American Irish and their Influence on Irish Politics , London , 1882 , pp 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James G. , The Scots - Irish : A Social History , Univ of NC Press , 1962 , pp. 327 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Jim Webb . Born Fighting : How the Scots - Irish Shaped America . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Collins , R.M. ( 2010 ) . Irish Gandy Dancer : A tale of building the Transcontinental Railroad . Seattle : Create Space . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 2631 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rouse , Park , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Great Wagon Road . Dietz Press . ISBN 0 - 87517 - 065 - X . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James ( 1962 ) . The Scots - Irish , A Social History . University of North Carolina . pp. 317 -- 319 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph ( 2001 ) . `` Charleston 's Bishop John England and American Slavery '' . New Hibernia Review . 5 ( 4 ) : 48 -- 56 . doi : 10.1353 / nhr. 2001.0063 . ^ Jump up to : Wakin , Edward . Enter the Irish - American . Lincoln , Nebraska : iUniverse , 2002 . ( pg. 47 - 55 , 65 , 157 ) ISBN 0 - 595 - 22730 - 9 Jump up ^ Niehaus , Earl F. The Irish in New Orleans , 1800 -- 1860 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ David T. Gleeson ( 2013 ) . The Green and the Gray : The Irish in the Confederate States of America . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 30 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Gleeson ( 2013 ) . Green and the Gray : The Irish in the Confederate States of America . pp. 112 , 41 , 59 . ; see also online review Jump up ^ Bryan P. McGovern , John Mitchel : Irish Nationalist , Southern Secessionist . ( University of Tennessee Press , 2009 . ISBN 1 - 57233 - 654 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Gleason , The Irish in the South , 1815 -- 1877 pp 192 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Ruckenstein and O'Malley ( 2003 ) , p. 195 . Jump up ^ `` Irish - Catholic Immigration to America '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Immigration '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neil , Pat ( 2000 ) . From the Bottom Up : the story of Irish in Kansas City . Kansas City : Seat O ' the Pants Publishing . pp. 4 , 8 , 16 , 36 . Jump up ^ O'Laughlin , Michael ( 2007 ) . Missouri Irish : the original history of the Irish in Missouri . Kansas City : Irish Genealogical Foundation . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed . `` New York ( City ) '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica . 11th ed . Vol . XIX . New York : Encyclopædia Britannica Company , 1911 . p. 617 Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Brownstone , David M. , and Irene M. Franck . Facts about American Immigration . New York : H.W. Wilson , 2001 . 32 + . Jump up ^ Nicholsen , Michael D. `` Auld Sod '' and the New Turf : Entertainment , Nationalism , and Identity in the Irish Traditional Music Community of Chicago , 1868 -- 1999 . Ann Arbor , Michigan : ProQuest , 2007 . ( pg. 91 ) ISBN 0549400508 Jump up ^ Byrne , James Patrick , Philip Coleman , Jason Francis King , ed . Ireland and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History . Vol. 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2008 . ( pg. 31 - 34 ) ISBN 1 - 85109 - 614 - 0 Jump up ^ Gillespie , W.T. ( 2001 ) . `` The United States Civil War Causal Agent for Irish Assimilation and Acceptance in US Society '' Jump up ^ `` The Irish and the U.S. Army '' . History.army.mil . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Christian G. Samito , Becoming American under fire : Irish Americans , African Americans , and the politics of citizenship during the Civil War era ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Susanna J. Ural , The heart and the Eagle : Irish - American volunteers and the Union army , 1861 -- 1865 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Kenny , The American Irish : A History ( 2 - 14 ) p 68 Jump up ^ William V. Shannon , The American Irish : a political and social portrait ( 1989 ) , pp 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Adrian Cook , The Armies of the Streets : The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 ( 1982 ) ch 1 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City Archived 2010 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage . ^ Jump up to : Leslie M. Harris , In the Shadow of Slavery : African Americans in New York City , 1626 -- 1863 , University of Chicago Press ; 1 edition ( February 2 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Leslie M. Harris ( 2003 ) . `` The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 '' . In the Shadow of Slavery : African Americans in New York City , 1626 -- 1863 . University of Chicago Press . pp. 279 -- 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31773 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` THE MOB IN NEW YORK ; Resistance to the Draft -- Rioting and Bloodshed '' . The New York Times . July 14 , 1863 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Riots in New York '' . Civil War Harper 's Weekly , August 1 , 1863 . SonoftheSouth.net . Jump up ^ David T. Gleeson , The Green and the Gray : The Irish and the Confederate States of America ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Altina L. Waller , `` Community , Class and Race in the Memphis Riot of 1866 . '' Journal of Social History ( 1984 ) : 233 - 246 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald E. Reynolds , `` The New Orleans Riot of 1866 , Reconsidered . '' Louisiana History 5.1 ( 1964 ) pp : 5 - 27 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Melinda Meek Hennessey , `` Race and Violence in Reconstruction New Orleans : The 1868 Riot . '' Louisiana History ( 1979 ) : 77 - 91 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Stephen Albert Rohs ( 2009 ) . Eccentric Nation : Irish Performance in Nineteenth - century New York City . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 153 . Jump up ^ Michael Allen Gordon ( 1993 ) . The Orange Riots : Irish Political Violence in New York City , 1870 and 1871 . Cornell UP . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Niall Whelehan , The Dynamiters : Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World , 1867 -- 1900 ( Cambridge , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Hogan ( 2000 ) . Paths to Power : The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 . Cambridge U.P. p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Lower East Side Tenement Museum '' . Tenement.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History Place - Irish Potato Famine : Gone to America '' . Historyplace.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The journey to Ellis Island , New York , was made by hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants '' . Irish-genealogy-toolkit.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NWHM Exhibit : A History of Women in Industry '' . Nwhm.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lower East Side Tenement Museum '' . Tenement.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Stereotypes - Stereotyping of the Irish Immigrant ( PICTURES ) '' . Victoriana.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ For the cultural and linguistic context see Ó hAnnracháin , Stiofán ( ed . ) , 1979 . Go Meiriceá Siar . An Clóchomhar Tta , Baile Átha Cliath ; Ihde , Thomas W. ( ed . ) , 1994 . The Irish Language in the United States : a historical , sociolinguistic and applied linguistic survey . Bergin & Garvey . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 331 - X Jump up ^ Kirby A. Miller , `` Scotch Irish , ' ' Black Irish ' and ' Real Irish ' : Emigrants and Identities in the Old South '' in Andy Bielenberg ( ed . ) , The Irish Diaspora , Routledge 2014 , lgh 148 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 1138835818 Jump up ^ Rodgers , Nini , `` The Irish in the Caribbean 1641 - 1837 : An Overview '' , IV , Irish Migration Studies in Latin America ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The paper and its context are discussed by Fionnuala Uí Fhlannagáin in : Uí Fhlannagáin , Fionnuala , 1990 . Mícheál Ó Lócháin agus An Gaodhal . An Clóchomhar Tta , Baile Átha Cliath . Jump up ^ Jim Norton . `` An Gael - Baile '' . Angaelmagazine.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bayor , Ronald H. ; Timothy J. Meagher ( 1997 ) . The New York Irish . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5764 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bayor , Ronald H. ; Timothy J. Meagher ( 1997 ) . The New York Irish . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5764 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bayor , Ronald H. ; Timothy J. Meagher ( 1997 ) . The New York Irish . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5764 - 5 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Ofelia , and Joshua A. Fishman , ed . The Multilingual Apple : Language in New York City . 2nd ed . Berlin and New York : Mouton de Gruyter , 2002 . ( pg. 67 ) ISBN 3 - 11 - 017281 - X Jump up ^ `` Irish Gaelic '' ( PDF ) . UseFoundation.org. 2005 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gray , Patricia Bellew ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) . `` ' Tis True : Irish Gaelic Still Charms '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Williams , John Alexander . Appalachia : A History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . ( pg. 41 - 46 ) ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5368 - 2 Jump up ^ Miller , Kerby A. ( 2003 ) . Irish immigrants in the land of Canaan letters and memoirs from colonial and revolutionary America , 1675 - 1815 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195348224 . Jump up ^ Hindman , Hugh D. Child Labor : An American History . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe , 2002 . ( pg. 28 ) ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0936 - 3 Jump up ^ Harrell , David Edwin Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , and Randall M. Miller . Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People to 1900 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , 2005 . ( pg. 300 ) ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2944 - 9 Jump up ^ Robinson , J. Dennis . Striking Back : The Fight to End Child Labor Exploitation . Mankato , Minnesota : Compass Point Books , 2010 . ( pg. 19 ) ISBN 0 - 7565 - 4297 - 9 Jump up ^ `` The Sanitary and Moral Condition of New York City '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . pp. 72 , 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . p. 84 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . pp. 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Funchion , Michael F. Ethnic Chicago . A Multicultural Portrait . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans , 1995 . Print . Jump up ^ Kent , Jacob . America in 1900 . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe , 2002 . ( pg. 100 ) ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0596 - 1 Jump up ^ Greeley ( 1988 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Roger David Waldinger ( 1999 ) . Still the Promised City ? : African - Americans and New Immigrants in Postindustrial New York . Harvard UP . p. 210 . Jump up ^ Jessica Trounstine ( 2008 ) . Political Monopolies in American Cities : The Rise and Fall of Bosses and Reformers . U of Chicago Press . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael . The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement . New York : Facts on File , 2007 . ( pg. 216 ) ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6290 - 0 Jump up ^ James Lardner , and Thomas Reppetto . NYPD : A City and Its Police . ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Richard Bessel , and Clive Emsley . Patterns of Provocation : Police and Public Disorder. ( 2000 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ Ruff , Joshua and Michael Cronin . Images of America : New York City Police . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing , 2012 . ( pg. 96 ) ISBN 0 - 7385 - 7636 - 0 Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . p. 96 . Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Coburn , Carol K. ( 1999 ) . Spirited Lives : How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life , 1836 -- 1920 . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Coburn , Carol K. Spirited Lives . pp. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Coburn , Carol K. Spirited Lives . pp. 140 -- 141 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Michael P. ( 2006 ) . `` How the Irish Became Protestant in America '' . Religion and American Culture . 16 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 54 . doi : 10.1525 / rac. 2006.16. 1.25 . Jump up ^ M.M. Drymon . Scotch Irish Foodways in America : Recipes from History . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Brighton , Stephen A. ( 2009 ) . Historical Archaeology of the Irish Diaspora : A Transnational Approach . University of Tennessee Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Falley , Margaret Dicknson ( 1995 ) . Irish and Scotch - Irish Ancestral Research : A Guide to the Genealogical Records . Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0916 - 3 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Lawrence John ( 1998 ) . The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America . Catholic University of America Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8132 - 0896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gleeson , David T. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Scotch Irish ' and ' Real Irish ' in the Nineteenth - century American South '' . New Hibernia Review . 10 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 91 . doi : 10.1353 / nhr. 2006.0037 . This growing ' division of the mind ' between Irish Catholics and Protestants is often noted by Irish historians Jump up ^ Brighton , Stephen A. ( 2009 ) . Historical Archaeology of the Irish Diaspora : A Transnational Approach . University of Tennessee Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 667 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Millar , Kerby A. ( 1988 ) . Emigrants and Exiles . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 191 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505187 - 4 . Jump up ^ Millar , Kerby A. ( 1988 ) . Emigrants and Exiles . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505187 - 4 . Jump up ^ McRaild , Donald ( 2005 ) . Faith , Fraternity , and Fighting . Liverpool University Press . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 939 - 8 . Jump up ^ McRaild , Donald . `` The Orange Order , Militant Protestantism and anti-Catholicism : A Bibliographical Essay '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Orange Riots in New York '' . The New York Times . July 12 , 1871 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael ( 1993 ) . The Orange Riots : Irish Political Violence in New York City , 1870 and 1871 . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2754 - 1 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Timothy ( 2005 ) . The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 91 -- 92 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12070 - 2 . Jump up ^ McAvoy , Thomas T. ( 1964 ) . `` The Irish Clergyman in the United States '' . American Catholic Studies . 75 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Hawley , Chris ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` Bagpipers honor Irish who fought for Mexico '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Patkus , Ronald D. ( 2001 ) . `` Conflict in the Church and the City : The Problem of Catholic Parish Government in Boston , 1790 -- 1865 '' . Historical Journal of Massachusetts . 29 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hassard , John R.G. Life of the Most Reverend John Hughes , D.D. , First Archbishop of New York . Vol. 4 . New York : D. Appleton and Company , 1866 . ( pg 312 ) Jump up ^ Connor , Charles P. ( 1984 ) . `` Archbishop Hughes and the Question of Ireland , 1829 -- 1862 '' . Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia . 95 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 15 -- 26 . Jump up ^ McCadden , Joseph J. ( 1966 ) . `` New York 's School Crisis of 1840 -- 1842 : Its Irish Antecedents '' . Thought. 41 ( 163 ) : 561 -- 588 . doi : 10.5840 / thought196641444 . Jump up ^ Schroth , Raymond A. ( 2008 ) . S.J. Fordham : A History and Memoir ( Revised ed . ) . New York : Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2977 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Marianne ( 2007 ) . `` The Jesuits at Boston College in the Late Nineteenth Century '' . American Catholic Studies . 118 ( 2 ) : 43 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Kenny ( 2000 ) , pp. 74 -- 5 , 163 -- 71 Jump up ^ Greeley , Andrew M. ( 1972 ) . That Most Distressful Nation : The Taming of the American Irish . p. 264 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6219 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James G. ( 1962 ) . The Scots - Irish : A Social History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 273 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Patrick ( 2001 ) . The People with No Name : Ireland 's Ulster Scots , America 's Scots Irish , and the Creation of a British Atlantic World . Princeton University Press . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07461 - 5 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James ( 1962 ) . The Scotch - Irish . University of North Carolina . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed . A Nation of Peoples : A Sourcebook on America 's Multicultural Heritage . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 . ( pg. 79 ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 29961 - 7 Jump up ^ The Presbyterian Historical Society National Archives Jump up ^ Elliott Robert Barkan . Making it in America : A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans . p. 214 . Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton . Faiths Across Time : 5,000 Years of Religious History . p. 1278 . Jump up ^ Earle , Swepson , Skirven , Percy G. Maryland 's colonial Eastern Shore ; historical sketches of counties and of some notable structures . p. 53 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradley J. Longfield . Presbyterians and American Culture : A History . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Neil A. Hamilton . Rebels and Renegades : A Chronology of Social and Political Dissent in the United States . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Kerby A. Miller ; Arnold Schrier ; Bruce D. Boling ; David N. Doyle . Irish Immigrants in the Land of Canaan : Letters and Memoirs from Colonial and Revolutionary America , 1675 - 1815 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Leyburn , James G. ( 1989 ) . The Scots - Irish : A Social History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 285 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4259 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wertenbaker , Thomas J. ( 1998 ) . `` The College of New Jersey and the Presbyterian Church '' . Journal of Presbyterian History . 76 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Fisk , William L. ( 1979 ) . `` The Early Years of Muskingum College '' . Old Northwest . 5 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Lyons , John Frederick ( 1961 ) . `` Cyrus Hall McCormick , Presbyterian Layman '' . Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society . 39 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Skinner Keller ; Rosemary Radford Ruether . In Our Own Voices : Four Centuries of American Women 's Religious Writing . p. 87 . Jump up ^ James Trager . The New York Chronology : The Ultimate Compendium of Events , People , and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Matthew A. Postal , Andrew Dolkart , New York Landmarks Preservation Commission . Guide to New York City Landmarks . p. 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Timothy L. Hall . American Religious Leaders . p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` ' No Irish Need Apply ' : A Myth of Victimization '' . Journal of Social History . 36 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 429 . doi : 10.1353 / jsh. 2003.0021 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Jay P. Dolan , The American Catholic Experience ( 1985 ) p. 228 Jump up ^ Mick Mulcrone , `` The Famine Irish and the Irish - American Press : Strangers in a Hostile Land . '' American Journalism 20 # 3 ( 2003 ) pp 49 - 72 , quote p 62 Jump up ^ According to canon law , Catholics were prohibited from reading Bibles published by non-Catholics . Charles Augustine , A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law ( 1921 ) v. 6 p. 467 Jump up ^ `` John Joseph Hughes ( 1797 - 1864 ) '' . SCHOOL : The Story of American Public Education . PBS.org. 2001 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dolan , The Irish Americans ( 2008 ) pp 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Corbett , Katharine T. In Her Place : A Guide to St. Louis Women 's History . St. Louis : Missouri History Museum , 2000 . ( pg. 79 ) ISBN 1 - 883982 - 30 - 8 Jump up ^ Sisson , Richard , Christian K. Zacher and Andrew Robert Lee Cayton , ed . The American Midwest : An Interpretive Encyclopedia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2007 . ( pg. 1089 ) ISBN 0 - 253 - 34886 - 2 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1960 ) , p. 526 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Famine : Racism '' . Nebraska Department of Education . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Nagourney , Adam ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) In Tapes , Nixon Rails About Jews and Blacks , The New York Times Jump up ^ Diner , Hasia R. Erin 's Daughters . p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Immigrants in America During the 19th Century '' . The Kinsella Homepage . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Whelehan , Niall ( 2012 ) . The Dynamiters : Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World , 1867 - 1900 . Cambridge . pp. 217 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Casey , Marion ( 2006 ) . Making the Irish American : History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States . New York University Press . p. 367 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Patrick . `` Seanad Éireann -- Volume 2 -- 15 January 1924 '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Michael and Barbara O'Connor . Irish Tourism : Image , Culture , and Identity . Clevedon , UK : Channel View Publications , 2003 . ( pg. 197 - 198 ) ISBN 1 - 873150 - 54 - 7 Jump up ^ Harrington , John P. , ed . Irish Theater in America : Essays on Irish Theatrical Diaspora . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press , 2009 . ( pg. 40 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3169 - 3 Jump up ^ Alex Massie ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Erin Go ARGH ! The case against St. Patrick 's Day . ( And , no , I 'm not British . ) '' . Jump up ^ Michelle Byrne . `` Are you a plastic Paddy ? '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davies , Gareth A. ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Dan Hardy 's UFC clash with Marcus Davis set to produce fireworks '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Senior , Hereward . The Last Invasion of Canada : The Fenian Raids , 1866 -- 1870 . Toronto and Oxford : Dundurn Press , 1991 . ISBN 1550020854 Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew J. `` The Congressional Friends of Ireland and the Anglo - Irish Agreement , 1981 -- 1985 '' . Conflict Archive on the Internet ( CAIN ) . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kenny ( 2000 ) p. 105 -- 6 Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Irish - American Heritage Month ( March ) and St. Patrick 's Day ( March 17 ) : 2009 '' . Facts for Features & Special Editions . US Census Bureau Press Releases . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . 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( pg. 86 ) ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4986 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Michael Glazier , ed. , The encyclopedia of the Irish in America ( U of Notre Dame Pr , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Potter ( 1960 ) , p. 530 Jump up ^ Helmreich , William B . The Things They Say Behind Your Back : Stereotypes and the Myths Behind Them . 5th ed . Piscataway , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers , 1984 . ( pg. 158 ) ISBN 0 - 87855 - 953 - 1 Jump up ^ Moreno , Barry . Images of America : Ellis Island 's Famous Immigrants . Arcadia Publishing , 2008 . ( pg. 47 ) ISBN 0 - 7385 - 5533 - 9 Jump up ^ William B. Prendergast , The Catholic Voter in American Politics : The Passing of the Democratic Monolith ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Timothy J. Meagher ( 2013 ) . The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . p. 92 . Jump up ^ James R. Miller , `` Anti-Catholic Thought in Victorian Canada , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 1985 ) 66 # 4 pp 474 - 494 . Jump up ^ Stephen Kenny , `` A Prejudice that Rarely Utters Its Name : A Historiographical and Historical Reflection upon North American Anti-Catholicism , '' American Review of Canadian Studies ( 2002 ) 32 # 4 pp 639 - 672 Jump up ^ See Hereward Senior `` Orange Order '' in Canadian Encyclopedia ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Shannon , William V . The American Irish : A Political and Social Portrait . 2nd ed . Boston : University of Massachusetts Press , 1963 . ( pg. 411 ) ISBN 0 - 87023 - 689 - X Jump up ^ Edmund A. Moore , A Catholic Runs for President : The Campaign of 1928 ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ Paul Kleppner , The Third Electoral System 1853 - 1892 ( 1979 ) p. 182 Jump up ^ Lawrence McCaffrey ( 1997 ) . The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America . CUA Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Michael C. LeMay ( 2006 ) . Guarding the Gates : Immigration and National Security . p. 49 . Jump up ^ These eight are studied in depth in Steven P. Erie , Rainbow 's End : Irish - Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics , 1840 - 1985 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Marlin ( 2004 ) , pp. 296 -- 345 Jump up ^ Prendergast ( 1999 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Meagher , Timothy J. ( 2007 ) . `` The Fireman on the Stairs : Communal Loyalty '' . In Casey , Marion R. ; Lee , J.J. Making the Irish American : History and Heritage of the Irish in the United States . p. 632 . ISBN 9780814752180 . Jump up ^ Carswell , Simon ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` US election : Did the Irish swing Massachusetts for Hillary Clinton '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Egan , Casey ( 17 March 2016 ) . `` In a poll of Irish readers , Donald Trump has the edge on Hillary Clinton '' . Irish Central . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Myopia : As a majority of Irish Americans reportedly embrace Trump , lessons hard - learned by our immigrant ancestors are evaporating '' . The Boston Irish Reporter . September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Ross ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Andrew Cuomo blasts Italian - Americans who support Trump '' . Grinberg News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Aldhous , Peter ; Singer - Vine , Jeremy ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Which White People Support Trump ? '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton would win Irish American vote in 2016 election , our poll results show '' . Irish Central . 2 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Liam Kennedy ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` How Irish America thinks , votes and acts '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish - American History Month , 1995 '' . irishamericanheritage.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ William Borders ( September 6 , 1981 ) . `` Village in Tipperary is Cashing In on Ronald Reagan 's Roots '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Presidents , Barack Obama '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Waxhaws is the name still given to the district east of the Catawba River ... This entire region was occupied by Scots from Ireland . '' Henry Alexander White , Southern Presbyterian Leaders 1683 -- 1911 , Neale Publishing , ( 1911 ) , pg 90 ; and `` These ( Waxhaw settlers ) families were embedded in a much larger network of relations , a network stretching along the British - American periphery and across the Atlantic to Ulster ... '' , Peter N. Moore , World of Toil and Strife : Community Transformation in Backcountry South Carolina , 1750 -- 1805 , University of South Carolina Press ( March 30 , 2007 ) , pg. 19 ; and `` ... the Waxhaws , a Scotch - Irish community near the Catawbas ... '' , James Hart Merrell , The Indians ' New World : Catawbas and Their Neighbors From European Contact Through the Era of Removal , University of North Carolina Press ( June 27 , 1989 ) , pg. 171 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , Andrew Jackson '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , B. ( 17 December 2009 ) . `` Ulster - Scots and United States Presidents '' ( PDF ) . Ulster - Scots Agency . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ulster - Scots and the United States Presidents '' ( PDF ) . Ulter Scots Agency . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Tourist Board . discovernorthernireland - explore more : Arthur Cottage Accessed 3 March 2010 . `` Arthur Cottage , situated in the heart of County Antrim , only a short walk from the village of Cullybackey is the ancestral home of Chester Alan Arthur , the 21st President of the USA . '' Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , Benjamin Harrison '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Scotch - Irish Society of America . The Scotch - Irish in America : Proceedings and Addresses of the Scotch - Irish Congress at Springfield , OH : May 11 -- 14 , 1893 . Vol. 5 . Nashville , Tennessee : Robert Clarke & Company , 1893 . ( pg. 19 ) Jump up ^ Reference Staff . `` Biography '' . McKinley Memorial Library . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt , The Winning of the West , Volume 1 , Kessinger Publishing , 2004 , pg. 77 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , Theodore Roosevelt '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Marck , John T. `` William H. Taft '' . aboutfamouspeople.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , William Taft '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Gamaliel Harding '' . thinkquest.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Marck , John T. `` Harry S. Truman '' . aboutfamouspeople.com . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , Harry S Truman '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents , Ronald Reagan '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 2005 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Scion of traitors and warlords : why Bush is coy about his Irish links '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Presidents with Irish Ancestors '' . Directory of Irish Genealogy . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Presidents '' . American Heritage.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Cassidy Clan Website Archived 2015 - 04 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of Barack Obama '' . William Addams Reitwiesner . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Henry McDonald ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Irish village of Moneygall gets ready for Barack Obama 's visit '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ William E. Watson ; Eugene J. Halus , Jr . Irish Americans : The History and Culture of a People . pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Joe biden 's ancestry ; interview in 2008 , accessed August 2010 Jump up ^ Flynn , John & Jerry Kelleher . Dublin Journeys in America pp. 150 -- 153 , High Table Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9544694 - 1 - 0 Jump up ^ Flynn , John & Jerry Kelleher . Dublin Journeys in America pp. 148 -- 149 , High Table Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9544694 - 1 - 0 Jump up ^ Arthur Hobson Quinn , ' Edgar Allan Poe : a critical biography ' ( 1997 ) , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wallis ( 2007 ) , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Utley ( 1989 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Louisiana census Jump up ^ Ralph Wilcox , `` Irish Americans in Sports : The Nineteenth Century '' in Joseph J. Lee and Marion R. Casey , eds . Making the Irish American : History and heritage of the Irish in the United States ( 2006 ) pp 443 - 55 Jump up ^ Michael T. Isenberg , John L. Sullivan and His America ( University of Illinois Press , 1994 . ) Jump up ^ `` Top 10 small forwards in NBA history '' . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ David L. Fleitz , The Irish in Baseball : An Early History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Jerrold Casway , Ed Delahanty in the Emerald Age of Baseball ( 2004 ) p. x Jump up ^ Hagen , Paul ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . `` When Tug McGraw broke the color barrier with Phillies '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Our Favorite Irish Imports '' . Oprah.com . March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` March 17 , 2015 '' . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pockock , Joanna ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrate St. Patrick 's Day in the most Irish place in the U.S. -- and we 're not talking about Boston '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Kerry ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Butte , Montana is the most Irish American city according to 2010 US census '' . Irish Central . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Corrigan , Michael , Confessions of a Shanty Irishman , 2014 , Virtual Bookworm , eBook and audio book . ISBN 978 - 1602642973 Further reading ( edit ) References ( edit ) Barkan , Elliott Robert , ed. ( 2001 ) . Making it in America : A Sourcebook on Eminent Ethnic Americans . ABC - CLIO . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Byrne , James Patrick , Philip Coleman , and Jason Francis King , eds . Ireland and the Americas : culture , politics , and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia ( 3 vol . ABC - CLIO , 2008 ) Glazier , Michael , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Irish in America . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 02755 - 2 General surveys ( edit ) Fanning , Charles ( 1990 / 2000 ) . The Irish Voice in America : 250 Years of Irish - American Fiction . Lexington : The University of Kentucky Press . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0970 - 1 Glynn , Irial : Emigration Across the Atlantic : Irish , Italians and Swedes compared , 1800 -- 1950 , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : June 16 , 2011 . Jenkins , William ( 2013 ) . Between Raid and Rebellion : The Irish in Buffalo and Toronto , 1867 -- 1916 . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University . McGee , Thomas D'Arcy ( 1852 ) . A History of the Irish Settlers in North America from the Earliest Period to the Census of 1850 Meagher , Timothy J. ( 2005 ) . The Columbia Guide to Irish American History . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12070 - 8 Merryweather ( née Green ) , Kath ( 2009 ) . The Irish Rossiter : Ancestors and Their World Wide Descendents and Connections . Bristol , UK : Irishancestors4u . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562976 - 0 - 0 Miller , Kerby M. ( 1985 ) . Emigrants and Exiles : Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505187 - 4 Negra , Diane ( ed . ) ( 2006 ) . The Irish in Us . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3740 - 1 Quinlan , Kieran ( 2005 ) . Strange Kin : Ireland and the American South . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2983 - 8 Quinlin , Michael P. ( 2004 ) . Irish Boston : A Lively Look at Boston 's Colorful Irish Past . Gilford : Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 2901 - 2 Watson , William E. ; Eugene J. Halus , Jr ( 2014 ) . Irish Americans : The History and Culture of a People . ABC - CLIO . p. 114 . Whelan , Bernadette . `` Women on the Move : a review of the historiography of Irish emigration to the USA , 1750 -- 1900 . '' Women 's History Review 24.6 ( 2015 ) : 900 - 916 . Catholic Irish ( edit ) Anbinder , Tyler ( 2002 ) . Five Points : The Nineteenth - Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance , Stole Elections and Became the World 's Most Notorious Slum . New York : Plume ISBN 0 - 452 - 28361 - 2 Anbinder , Tyler , `` Moving beyond ' Rags to Riches ' : New York 's Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts , '' Journal of American History 99 ( December 2012 ) , 741 -- 70 . Bayor , Ronald ; Meagher , Timothy ( eds . ) ( 1997 ) The New York Irish . Baltimore : University of Johns Hopkins Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5764 - 3 Blessing , Patrick J. ( 1992 ) . The Irish in America : A Guide to the Literature and the Manuscript Editions . Washington , D.C. : Catholic University of America Press . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 0731 - 2 Clark , Dennis ( 1982 ) . The Irish in Philadelphia : Ten Generations of Urban Experience ( 2nd Ed . ) . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 0 - 87722 - 227 - 4 English , T.J. ( 2005 ) . Paddy Whacked : The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster . New York : ReganBooks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 059002 - 5 Erie , Steven P. ( 1988 ) . Rainbow 's End : Irish - Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics , 1840 -- 1985 . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07183 - 2 French , John . `` Irish - American Identity , Memory , and Americanism During the Eras of the Civil War and First World War . '' ( PhD Dissertation , Marquette University , 2012 ) . Online Gleeson . David T . The Green and the Gray : The Irish in the Confederate States of America ( U of North Carolina Press , 2013 ) ; online review Ignatiev , Noel ( 1996 ) . How the Irish Became White . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91825 - 1 Jensen , Richard . ( 2002 ) `` ' No Irish Need Apply ' : A Myth of Victimization '' . Journal of Social History 36.2 pp. 405 -- 429 online Kenny , Kevin . `` Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish . '' American Journal of Irish Studies ( 2013 ) : 39 - 64 . McCaffrey , Lawrence J. ( 1976 ) . The Irish Diaspora in America . Washington , D.C. : Catholic University of America ISBN 0 - 8132 - 0896 - 3 McKelvey , Blake . `` The Irish in Rochester An Historical Retrospect . '' Rochester History 19 : 1 - 16 . online , on Rochester New York Meagher , Timothy J. ( 2000 ) . Inventing Irish America : Generation , Class , and Ethnic Identity in a New England City , 1880 -- 1928 . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03154 - 1 Mitchell , Brian C. ( 2006 ) . The Paddy Camps : The Irish of Lowell , 1821 -- 61 . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07338 - X Mulrooney , Margaret M. ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Fleeing the Famine : North America and Irish Refugees , 1845 -- 1851 . New York : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97670 - X Noble , Dale T. ( 1986 ) . Paddy and the Republic : Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America . Middleton , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6167 - 3 O'Connor , Thomas H. ( 1995 ) . The Boston Irish : A Political History . Old Saybrook , Connecticut : Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56852 - 620 - 1 O'Donnell , L.A. ( 1997 ) . Irish Voice and Organized Labor in America : A Biographical Study . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . Rogers , James Silas and Matthew J O'Brien , eds . After the Flood : Irish America , 1945 -- 1960 ( 2009 ) , Specialized essays by scholars Sim , David . ( 2013 ) A Union Forever : The Irish Question and US Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age ( Cornell University Press , 2013 ) Protestant Irish ( edit ) Blaustein , Richard . The Thistle and the Brier : Historical Links and Cultural Parallels Between Scotland and Appalachia ( 2003 ) . Blethen , Tyler ; Wood , Curtis W. Jr. ; Blethen , H. Tyler ( Eds . ) ( 1997 ) . Ulster and North America : Transatlantic Perspectives on the Scotch - Irish . Tuscaloosa , Alabama : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0823 - 7 Cunningham , Roger ( 1991 ) . Apples on the Flood : Minority Discourse and Appalachia . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 629 - 8 Fischer , David Hackett ( 1991 ) . Albion 's Seed : Four British Folkways in America . New York : Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506905 - 6 Ford , Henry Jones ( 1915 ) . The Scotch - Irish in America . Full text online . Griffin , Patrick ( 2001 ) . The People with No Name : Ireland 's Ulster Scots , America 's Scots Irish , and the Creation of a British Atlantic World , 1689 -- 1764 . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 07462 - 3 Leyburn , James G. ( 1989 ) . The Scotch - Irish : A Social History . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4259 - 1 Lorle , Porter ( 1999 ) . A People Set Apart : The Scotch - Irish in Eastern Ohio . Zanesville , Ohio : Equine Graphics Publishing . ISBN 1 - 887932 - 75 - 5 McWhiney , Grady ( 1988 ) . Cracker Culture : Celtic Ways in the Old South . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0328 - 6 Ray , Celeste . Highland Heritage : Scottish Americans in the American South ( 2001 ) . Webb , James H. ( 2004 ) . Born Fighting : How the Scots - Irish Shaped America . New York : Broadway . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1688 - 3 . 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-5449510373221532077	Orange Is the New Black (season 6)	Orange is the New Black ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 6 ) Orange Is the New Black ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Natasha Lyonne Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Jackie Cruz Laura Gómez Selenis Leyva Taryn Manning Adrienne C. Moore Matt Peters Jessica Pimentel Dascha Polanco Elizabeth Rodriguez Nick Sandow Dale Soules Yael Stone Kate Mulgrew Laura Prepon Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The sixth season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 27 , 2018 , at 12 : 00 am PDT in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 50 and 84 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . This season takes place in a maximum security prison , after the inmates incite a riot at Litchfield Penitentiary during the previous season , and the season deals with the fallout from the riot . The main story arc of the season involves a gang - like war between two cell blocks which is sparked by the feud between two sisters . Meanwhile , the guards play a fantasy sport game called `` fantasy inmate '' . Several supporting characters who appeared throughout the first five seasons are absent in this season due to change in setting , but this season introduces several new characters featured in maximum security . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.3. 1 Inmates 2.3. 2 Staff 2.3. 3 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 66 `` Who Knows Better Than I '' Michael Trim Jenji Kohan Suzanne & Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Suzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications . She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders . Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield 's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates . Frieda attempts suicide , while Red confronts Badison to protect her family . Piper desperately tries to find Alex , and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died . Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards . Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward , who had been her friend on the outside . Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her `` home '' anymore . Flashback : Suzanne and Black Cindy hide in the pool and witness CERT officers stage Piscatella 's body to look like the inmates killed him with his own gun . On the bus to max , Red provides a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them . Suzanne snaps at the false version of events , but Cindy insists they lie so the guards wo n't kill them . 67 `` Sh * tstorm Coming '' Mark A. Burley Brian Chamberlayne Cindy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Detectives are pressured to file charges on two murderers and three riot leaders within a week . Daya makes a plea agreement for Humphrey 's murder , while Taystee is considered a leader as the public face of the riot . Black Cindy tries to warn Taystee but when she learns their fingerprints are on Piscatella 's gun , she turns on Taystee to save herself . Gloria names Maria as the riot 's mastermind and pressures Blanca to do the same ; despite Maria 's attempts to frame Gloria , MCC corroborates Gloria 's story and she gets immunity for her testimony . Piper starts to bond with cellmate Beth but learns she killed her children . Caputo becomes depressed on suspension but reconnects with Figueroa , who has been made interim warden . Dixon invites himself on a road trip with Coates , not realizing Pennsatucky is in his trunk . Flashback : Black Cindy has a teenage pregnancy by a jock with a girlfriend , and abandoned the infant to her mother 's care . 68 `` Look Out for Number One '' Erin Feeley Hilary Weisman Graham Frieda , Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Linda is identified in a Cleveland prison , threatens to sue MCC for $10 million , and is made a senior VP at triple her previous salary . Red is shocked to learn Piscatella is dead during her interview ; failing to inform the others through charades , Badison sends messages but Piper misinterprets it to mean Alex was killed in the pool . Nicky calls her stepmother / attorney and is threatened with 70 years of drug theft and distribution charges to pressure her testimony against Red . Frieda retrieves Black Cindy 's note and fakes senility in her interview ; she is transferred to B Block with the old - timers and crazies , including Suzanne . In general population , inmates learn the power structure with D Block run by Barbara and C Block by Carol , two antagonistic sisters at the head of a decades - old feud . Daya continues to receive beatings as a guard killer , and Daddy gives her oxycodone for the pain . On work detail , Black Cindy , Flaca , Daya and Morello steal toiletries , but the products are sabotaged as an initiation . Flashback : In the 1980s , Frieda is in Litchfield Max and antagonizes a rivalry between drug - dealing sisters Carol and Barbara . While they attack each other on the kickball field , Frieda turns over Carol 's stash to the warden for a transfer to minimum security . 69 `` I 'm the Talking Ass '' Phil Abraham Tami Sagher Nicky July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Blake , Luschek and McCullough return to duty , the latter suffering PTSD . They are invited into the fantasy inmate league , gambling on inmate deaths and injuries . Alex returns and is reunited with Piper . Coates , Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park . To get her kids out of foster care , Aleida begins selling dietary shakes , including to head CO Hopper . Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella 's murder and speaks with Caputo . Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red 's permission to testify against her , realizing that she is loved by someone . Flashback : Nicky 's selfish divorced parents fight through revisions to her bat mitzvah speech . She breaks from her good behavior and , inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam 's Talking Ass , mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse . Afterward , her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home . 70 5 `` Mischief Mischief '' Andrew McCarthy Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Luschek hosts the fantasy inmate draft with a party that sees him replace Alvarez as league commissioner . Copeland instigates a fight between Piper and Maria , two of her picks , for Chapman 's tooth chip and superglue . Alex helps Badison with a prank to make peace . Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese - packaging facility in the hopes C Block will be fired and D Block will get those work assignments . McCullough , who has been burning her legs with cigarettes , strikes Maria for talking back . Blanca reveals that Maria set the hostages free , thwarting Maria 's attempt to join a gang . Someone later tries to drown Maria in a toilet . Linda meets with Figueroa who realizes from her ordeal that they 're short a prisoner and calls a manhunt . Coates convinces Pennsatucky to hike across the Canadian border but she sees his anger resurface under pressure and turns herself in . Linda threatens civil action against Caputo unless he takes a dead - end job at a Missouri prison . Afraid that someone in B Block has been sent to kill her , Frieda agrees for lonely Suzanne to be her cellmate . 71 6 `` State of the Uterus '' Constantine Makris Merritt Tierce Daddy July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Daddy 's rat prank results in MCC losing the lucrative cheese - packaging contract and unintentionally closes the route CO Hellman was bringing drugs into the prison . Badison seeks revenge for the job loss by having her people defecate in D Block 's laundry . Daddy further incites her strung - out followers by blaming C Block for cutting off their supply . Daya consoles Daddy . Luschek is made head of recreation and interviews radio show acts . Flaca looks for a co-host and finds an unexpected rapport with Black Cindy . Gloria fears she is entering menopause and follows doctor 's advice to exercise . Blanca learns that she has limited fertility . Red signs a plea agreement to inciting the riot to avoid other charges . In court , Taystee pleads guilty to inciting the riot but not guilty to murder ; the ACLU offer representation and Black Lives Matter pressure MCC to take her out of solitary . Piper proposes a prison wedding to Alex . Aleida visits her kids in foster care , and discovers that none of them want anything to do with her . Flashback : Daddy ran a house of college escorts to successful Latino businessmen . Although a woman is killed at a party , she covers it up and soon provides another escort for the client . 72 7 `` Changing Winds '' Andrew McCarthy Heather Jeng Bladt Badison July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Carol holds Badison accountable for Daddy 's prank that cost them their cushy jobs , and cuts her out . Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones . Though Alex does n't want anything to do with it , she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy 's girls . Strung - out , Daya steals Barbara 's personal stash ; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex . Taystee receives fan mail , which the guards redact . Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy , but does n't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret . Suspected as a suicide , Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion . Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block . Preparing to leave town , Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa , and tries to give her closure for a past event . Considering writing a memoir , Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud , and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball . Flashback : Bullied Badison acts out , is expelled from school , and sent to a boot camp for troubled teens where she tries to find acceptance by severely bullying the weakest girl . 73 8 `` Gordons '' Sian Heder Vera Santamaria Taystee & Tamika July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Alex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search , and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang . Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance - aerobics class . Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball . Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C - block ; she gets them from Blanca , in exchange for retrieving Diablo 's sperm donation from the visitation washroom . The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy . Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure . Red schemes against Frieda , gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling . Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date . In a media interview , Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika . Flashback : Tamika and Taystee work a night shift at fast food restaurant Storky 's , smoking a joint and getting robbed . When Taystee lies and says she can not open the register that late without activating the security cameras , the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead . Tamika is impressed with Taystee 's quick thinking , and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money . She also reveals that her Jordans were actually `` Gordons '' -- counterfeit . 74 9 `` Break the String '' Nick Sandow Kirsa Rein none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Zirconia becomes jealous when Gloria causes Luschek to get an erection in dance - aerobics class ; she tells Badison that Gloria is turning Luschek against her , and Badison threatens Gloria against returning to class . Daddy gives addict Barbara `` bath salts '' , sidelining her in the infirmary . Beaten Nicky talks Barbara down from her hallucinations ; they bond over addiction experiences and Barbara agrees to get clean . Red tries to reconnect with her real family , and learns her husband is having an affair ; full of vengeance , she quickly climbs into Carol 's inner circle . Piper gains Carol 's permission for kickball but gets no takers until Maria signs the church ladies ; Carol then demands her people form an opposing team . Caputo is deposed ahead of Taystee 's trial , admitting that she did break his nose . Black Cindy suffers back pains from guilt , she starts to confess but instead tells Taystee she has a teenaged daughter . Caputo and Figueroa continue to run - out their relationship . However , he quits MCC when Linda tells him to hold the company line . Aleida refuses to smuggle drugs for Daya until she is evicted and forced into domesticity with Hopper . 75 10 `` Chocolate Chip Nookie '' Ludovic Littee Carolina Paiz Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Aleida has been using Hopper as an unwitting mule to bring drugs into the prison in the false bottom of a food - supplement container , but as the weight is increased he discovers the tampering . The inmate league has seen little action since segregating the blocks , so Luschek agrees to an interblock kickball championship in the field . In warmups , Piper is confirmed as C Block captain over Badison . Gloria continues to be harassed , and is transferred to D block with Daya and Maria . Barbara achieves 30 days of sobriety , and with new clarity plots to kill Carol , who she blames for spiking her drugs . Black Cindy makes an anonymous call to Caputo , provoking him into questioning a suspicious CERT member ; Figueroa advises him to instead work the PR campaign . Frieda apologizes for misleading Suzanne and explains the feud . Flashback : In 1982 West Virginia , high schoolers Barb and Carol kill their younger sister whose gymnastics training was causing the family to move . In Litchfield , an argument over an anecdote led to their separation and the block feud . 76 11 `` Well This Took a Dark Turn '' Laura Prepon Anthony Natoli none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Hopper confronts Aleida with the drugs but nearing 10 years at Litchfield , he decides to smuggle full containers for three months . Badison vomits when Piper has her team run sprints . Badison tries to extend Piper 's sentence by planting drugs on her and to cancel kickball by injuring a teammate . Carol paid to have Frieda killed , stunning Red . Suzanne and Pennsatucky find Gladys had a large commissary deposit , and when Gladys uses one of Carol 's idioms , Frieda cuts her own arm to frame Gladys . Barbara sends her gang to kill Carol and her lieutenants at the salon ; Nicky joins as a lookout to warn Red , but her message is intercepted and a guard takes Carol into protective custody . Nicky talks her way out of suspicion , having testified against Red . Caputo asks Sophia to join a lawsuit with other inmates wronged by MCC , but Linda offers settlements and early release to everyone he 'd visited ; Sophia agrees and signs a non-disclosure agreement . Maria is inspired by Blake to be a good person until Beth admits to attacking her . Black Cindy testifies against Taystee , told that changing her story now would make her an unreliable witness . Aiming for league points , Copeland locks Barbara in Carol 's cell . 77 12 `` Double Trouble '' Clark Johnson Hilary Weisman Graham none July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Barbara and Carol agree to a truce , then each declare war to their blocks . Caputo tells Taystee that she has a chance if she can win over the jury . McCullough snaps after a kickball bursts . Alex asks Badison to leave Piper alone but instead Badison hires Hellman to frame Piper . To keep Badison in line , Alex agrees to work for Carol . Hellman gives a fraudulent incident report to Hopper , to whom Piper had promised to inform on drug activities . Deciding that Piper is an unnecessary risk to his own drug operation , Hopper destroys the report and puts Piper at the top of Linda 's new inmate - ranking system so that she 'll be released at the end of the week . Gloria helps with Flaca 's radio show in order to warn Luschek about the impending block war , but Luschek is called away for Linda 's marketing campaign as MCC is rebranded PolyCon Corrections . While writing him a note , Gloria discovers Luschek 's fantasy inmate data and tries to expose it on the radio , which is n't broadcasting . Alvarez sends Gloria to solitary . Red has her first visitation with her grandchildren but ruins it to attack Frieda on her return from court . 78 13 `` Be Free '' Nick Sandow Brian Chamberlayne Carol & Barb July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) Piper , Sophia and Blanca are told they 'll be released the next day , the day of the kickball championship , of Taystee 's verdict , and the day fantasy inmate concludes . Piper and Alex are `` prison married '' by Nicky . Aleida is shocked to see Daya high on heroin , but continues supplying her eldest to save her younger children . Taystee is found guilty ; Caputo confronts a CERT member , who punches him ; Figueroa sets aside business to tend his wounds . Luschek visits Gloria who challenges him to stop the fight . Carol and Barbara meet in a closet ; the war is a diversion for them to infiltrate B Block and kill Frieda . Maria has a change of heart and McCullough lets the captains pick new teams , mixing the blocks . When Badison signals the attack , Suzanne kicks a high ball and the inmates are caught in the excitement of the play . With no fight causing a lockdown , Barbara and Carol 's antagonism results in their deaths , bumping Copeland from last to first in fantasy inmate . Pregnant Lorna is brought to medical in distress . Piper and Sophia are united with family members , but Blanca is immediately taken into custody by Immigration and Customs Enforcement , for which PolyCon is running a detention facility . Piper contemplates her freedom . Flashback : The anecdote Carol and Barbara both claimed happened to them as waitresses ( bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a `` glass of ice '' as `` classifieds '' ) actually happened to a third waitress who told them the story . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores , inmate Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Matt Peters as Joel Luschek , correctional officer Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , former warden Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin , inmate Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Special guest stars ( edit ) Michael J. Harney as Sam Healy Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black Alex Trebek as himself Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Amanda Fuller as Madison `` Badison '' Murphy Finnerty Steeves as Beth Hoefler Alice Kremelberg as Nicole Eckelcamp Vicci Martinez as Dominga `` Daddy '' Duarte Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Ashley Bacon as Young Frieda Berlin Henny Russell as Carol Denning Ashley Jordyn as Young Carol Denning Mackenzie Phillips as Barbara `` Barb '' Denning Lauren Kelston as Young Barbara `` Barb '' Denning Sipiwe Moyo as Adeola Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight Lori Petty as Lolly Whitehill Christina Toth as Annalisa Damiva Kana Hatakeyama as Charlene Teng Reema Sampat as Shruti Chambal Jo Lampert as Marie Brock Shirley Roeca as Vazquez Rebecca Knox as Tina Swope Staff ( edit ) Alysia Reiner as Natalie Figueroa , interim warden Emily Tarver as CO Artesian McCullough Susan Heyward as CO Tamika Ward Nicholas Webber as CO Alvarez Shawna Hamic as CO Copeland a.k.a. Ginger Greg Vrotsos as CO Hellman Mike Houston as CO Lee Dixon James McMenamin as Charlie Coates Josh Segarra as CO Stefanovic Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson Nick Dillenburg as CO Blake Branden Wellington as CO Jarod Young Hunter Emery as CO Rick Hopper Others ( edit ) Michael J. Burg as Agent Mark Bellamy Ali Ahn as Agent Nguyen Alexander Wrigth as Vasily Reznikov Miguel Izaguirre as Diablo Karina Ortiz as Margarita Production ( edit ) In February 2016 , Netflix gave the series a three - season renewal , which included its sixth season . For the sixth season , Laura Gómez , Matt Peters and Dale Soules were promoted to series regulars . Reception ( edit ) The sixth season received positive reviews from critics , with most critics noting its improvement over the previous season . On Metacritic , it has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 14 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has an 84 % rating with an average score of 7.3 out of 10 based on 32 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Brutality and humor continue to mesh effectively in a season of Orange Is the New Black that stands as a marked improvement from its predecessor , even if some arcs are more inspired than others . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere dates for OITNB , Kimmy Schmidt , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Prison Series Gets July Release Date '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' : Watch the Season 6 Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` All the characters who did n't return on the new season of ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . Insider . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Metacritic. 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_6)&oldid=864234896 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 23 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who gets released on orange is the new black	[ "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byFeatured character(s)Original release date661\"Who Knows Better Than I\"Michael TrimJenji KohanSuzanne & CindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nSuzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications. She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders. Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates. Frieda attempts suicide, while Red confronts Badison to protect her family. Piper desperately tries to find Alex, and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died. Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards. Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward, who had been her friend on the outside. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her \"home\" anymore.\n\n\nFlashback: Suzanne and Black Cindy hide in the pool and witness CERT officers stage Piscatella's body to look like the inmates killed him with his own gun. On the bus to max, Red provides a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them. Suzanne snaps at the false version of events, but Cindy insists they lie so the guards won't kill them.\n672\"Shtstorm Coming\"Mark A. BurleyBrian ChamberlayneCindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDetectives are pressured to file charges on two murderers and three riot leaders within a week. Daya makes a plea agreement for Humphrey's murder, while Taystee is considered a leader as the public face of the riot. Black Cindy tries to warn Taystee but when she learns their fingerprints are on Piscatella's gun, she turns on Taystee to save herself. Gloria names Maria as the riot's mastermind and pressures Blanca to do the same; despite Maria's attempts to frame Gloria, MCC corroborates Gloria's story and she gets immunity for her testimony. Piper starts to bond with cellmate Beth but learns she killed her children. Caputo becomes depressed on suspension but reconnects with Figueroa, who has been made interim warden. Dixon invites himself on a road trip with Coates, not realizing Pennsatucky is in his trunk.\n\n\nFlashback: Black Cindy has a teenage pregnancy by a jock with a girlfriend, and abandoned the infant to her mother's care.\n683\"Look Out for Number One\"Erin FeeleyHilary Weisman GrahamFrieda, Carol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLinda is identified in a Cleveland prison, threatens to sue MCC for $10 million, and is made a senior VP at triple her previous salary. Red is shocked to learn Piscatella is dead during her interview; failing to inform the others through charades, Badison sends messages but Piper misinterprets it to mean Alex was killed in the pool. Nicky calls her stepmother/attorney and is threatened with 70 years of drug theft and distribution charges to pressure her testimony against Red. Frieda retrieves Black Cindy's note and fakes senility in her interview; she is transferred to B Block with the old-timers and crazies, including Suzanne. In general population, inmates learn the power structure with D Block run by Barbara and C Block by Carol, two antagonistic sisters at the head of a decades-old feud. Daya continues to receive beatings as a guard killer, and Daddy gives her oxycodone for the pain. On work detail, Black Cindy, Flaca, Daya and Morello steal toiletries, but the products are sabotaged as an initiation.\n\n\nFlashback: In the 1980s, Frieda is in Litchfield Max and antagonizes a rivalry between drug-dealing sisters Carol and Barbara. While they attack each other on the kickball field, Frieda turns over Carol's stash to the warden for a transfer to minimum security.\n694\"I'm the Talking Ass\"Phil AbrahamTami SagherNickyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBlake, Luschek and McCullough return to duty, the latter suffering PTSD. They are invited into the fantasy inmate league, gambling on inmate deaths and injuries. Alex returns and is reunited with Piper. Coates, Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park. To get her kids out of foster care, Aleida begins selling dietary shakes, including to head CO Hopper. Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella's murder and speaks with Caputo. Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red's permission to testify against her, realizing that she is loved by someone.\n\n\nFlashback: Nicky's selfish divorced parents fight through revisions to her bat mitzvah speech. She breaks from her good behavior and, inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam's Talking Ass, mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse. Afterward, her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home.\n705\"Mischief Mischief\"Andrew McCarthyAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLuschek hosts the fantasy inmate draft with a party that sees him replace Alvarez as league commissioner. Copeland instigates a fight between Piper and Maria, two of her picks, for Chapman's tooth chip and superglue. Alex helps Badison with a prank to make peace. Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese-packaging facility in the hopes C Block will be fired and D Block will get those work assignments. McCullough, who has been burning her legs with cigarettes, strikes Maria for talking back. Blanca reveals that Maria set the hostages free, thwarting Maria's attempt to join a gang. Someone later tries to drown Maria in a toilet. Linda meets with Figueroa who realizes from her ordeal that they're short a prisoner and calls a manhunt. Coates convinces Pennsatucky to hike across the Canadian border but she sees his anger resurface under pressure and turns herself in. Linda threatens civil action against Caputo unless he takes a dead-end job at a Missouri prison. Afraid that someone in B Block has been sent to kill her, Frieda agrees for lonely Suzanne to be her cellmate.\n716\"State of the Uterus\"Constantine MakrisMerritt TierceDaddyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDaddy's rat prank results in MCC losing the lucrative cheese-packaging contract and unintentionally closes the route CO Hellman was bringing drugs into the prison. Badison seeks revenge for the job loss by having her people defecate in D Block's laundry. Daddy further incites her strung-out followers by blaming C Block for cutting off their supply. Daya consoles Daddy. Luschek is made head of recreation and interviews radio show acts. Flaca looks for a co-host and finds an unexpected rapport with Black Cindy. Gloria fears she is entering menopause and follows doctor's advice to exercise. Blanca learns that she has limited fertility. Red signs a plea agreement to inciting the riot to avoid other charges. In court, Taystee pleads guilty to inciting the riot but not guilty to murder; the ACLU offer representation and Black Lives Matter pressure MCC to take her out of solitary. Piper proposes a prison wedding to Alex. Aleida visits her kids in foster care, and discovers that none of them want anything to do with her.\n\n\nFlashback: Daddy ran a house of college escorts to successful Latino businessmen. Although a woman is killed at a party, she covers it up and soon provides another escort for the client.\n727\"Changing Winds\"Andrew McCarthyHeather Jeng BladtBadisonJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nCarol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and cuts her out. Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones. Though Alex doesn't want anything to do with it, she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy's girls. Strung-out, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex. Taystee receives fan mail, which the guards redact. Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy, but doesn't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret. Suspected as a suicide, Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion. Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block. Preparing to leave town, Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa, and tries to give her closure for a past event. Considering writing a memoir, Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud, and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball.\n\n\nFlashback: Bullied Badison acts out, is expelled from school, and sent to a boot camp for troubled teens where she tries to find acceptance by severely bullying the weakest girl.\n738\"Gordons\"Sian HederVera SantamariaTaystee & TamikaJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAlex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search, and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang. Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance-aerobics class. Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball. Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C-block; she gets them from Blanca, in exchange for retrieving Diablo's sperm donation from the visitation washroom. The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy. Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure. Red schemes against Frieda, gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling. Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date. In a media interview, Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika.\n\n\nFlashback: Tamika and Taystee work a night shift at fast food restaurant Storky's, smoking a joint and getting robbed. When Taystee lies and says she cannot open the register that late without activating the security cameras, the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead. Tamika is impressed with Taystee's quick thinking, and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money. She also reveals that her Jordans were actually \"Gordons\"—counterfeit.\n749\"Break the String\"Nick SandowKirsa ReinnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nZirconia becomes jealous when Gloria causes Luschek to get an erection in dance-aerobics class; she tells Badison that Gloria is turning Luschek against her, and Badison threatens Gloria against returning to class. Daddy gives addict Barbara \"bath salts\", sidelining her in the infirmary. Beaten Nicky talks Barbara down from her hallucinations; they bond over addiction experiences and Barbara agrees to get clean. Red tries to reconnect with her real family, and learns her husband is having an affair; full of vengeance, she quickly climbs into Carol's inner circle. Piper gains Carol's permission for kickball but gets no takers until Maria signs the church ladies; Carol then demands her people form an opposing team. Caputo is deposed ahead of Taystee's trial, admitting that she did break his nose. Black Cindy suffers back pains from guilt, she starts to confess but instead tells Taystee she has a teenaged daughter. Caputo and Figueroa continue to run-out their relationship. However, he quits MCC when Linda tells him to hold the company line. Aleida refuses to smuggle drugs for Daya until she is evicted and forced into domesticity with Hopper.\n7510\"Chocolate Chip Nookie\"Ludovic LitteeCarolina PaizCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAleida has been using Hopper as an unwitting mule to bring drugs into the prison in the false bottom of a food-supplement container, but as the weight is increased he discovers the tampering. The inmate league has seen little action since segregating the blocks, so Luschek agrees to an interblock kickball championship in the field. In warmups, Piper is confirmed as C Block captain over Badison. Gloria continues to be harassed, and is transferred to D block with Daya and Maria. Barbara achieves 30 days of sobriety, and with new clarity plots to kill Carol, who she blames for spiking her drugs. Black Cindy makes an anonymous call to Caputo, provoking him into questioning a suspicious CERT member; Figueroa advises him to instead work the PR campaign. Frieda apologizes for misleading Suzanne and explains the feud.\n\n\nFlashback: In 1982 West Virginia, high schoolers Barb and Carol kill their younger sister whose gymnastics training was causing the family to move. In Litchfield, an argument over an anecdote led to their separation and the block feud.\n7611\"Well This Took a Dark Turn\"Laura PreponAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nHopper confronts Aleida with the drugs but nearing 10 years at Litchfield, he decides to smuggle full containers for three months. Badison vomits when Piper has her team run sprints. Badison tries to extend Piper's sentence by planting drugs on her and to cancel kickball by injuring a teammate. Carol paid to have Frieda killed, stunning Red. Suzanne and Pennsatucky find Gladys had a large commissary deposit, and when Gladys uses one of Carol's idioms, Frieda cuts her own arm to frame Gladys. Barbara sends her gang to kill Carol and her lieutenants at the salon; Nicky joins as a lookout to warn Red, but her message is intercepted and a guard takes Carol into protective custody. Nicky talks her way out of suspicion, having testified against Red. Caputo asks Sophia to join a lawsuit with other inmates wronged by MCC, but Linda offers settlements and early release to everyone he'd visited; Sophia agrees and signs a non-disclosure agreement. Maria is inspired by Blake to be a good person until Beth admits to attacking her. Black Cindy testifies against Taystee, told that changing her story now would make her an unreliable witness. Aiming for league points, Copeland locks Barbara in Carol's cell.\n7712\"Double Trouble\"Clark JohnsonHilary Weisman GrahamnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBarbara and Carol agree to a truce, then each declare war to their blocks. Caputo tells Taystee that she has a chance if she can win over the jury. McCullough snaps after a kickball bursts. Alex asks Badison to leave Piper alone but instead Badison hires Hellman to frame Piper. To keep Badison in line, Alex agrees to work for Carol. Hellman gives a fraudulent incident report to Hopper, to whom Piper had promised to inform on drug activities. Deciding that Piper is an unnecessary risk to his own drug operation, Hopper destroys the report and puts Piper at the top of Linda's new inmate-ranking system so that she'll be released at the end of the week. Gloria helps with Flaca's radio show in order to warn Luschek about the impending block war, but Luschek is called away for Linda's marketing campaign as MCC is rebranded PolyCon Corrections. While writing him a note, Gloria discovers Luschek's fantasy inmate data and tries to expose it on the radio, which isn't broadcasting. Alvarez sends Gloria to solitary. Red has her first visitation with her grandchildren but ruins it to attack Frieda on her return from court.\n7813\"Be Free\"Nick SandowBrian ChamberlayneCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nPiper, Sophia and Blanca are told they'll be released the next day, the day of the kickball championship, of Taystee's verdict, and the day fantasy inmate concludes. Piper and Alex are \"prison married\" by Nicky. Aleida is shocked to see Daya high on heroin, but continues supplying her eldest to save her younger children. Taystee is found guilty; Caputo confronts a CERT member, who punches him; Figueroa sets aside business to tend his wounds. Luschek visits Gloria who challenges him to stop the fight. Carol and Barbara meet in a closet; the war is a diversion for them to infiltrate B Block and kill Frieda. Maria has a change of heart and McCullough lets the captains pick new teams, mixing the blocks. When Badison signals the attack, Suzanne kicks a high ball and the inmates are caught in the excitement of the play. With no fight causing a lockdown, Barbara and Carol's antagonism results in their deaths, bumping Copeland from last to first in fantasy inmate. Pregnant Lorna is brought to medical in distress. Piper and Sophia are united with family members, but Blanca is immediately taken into custody by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for which PolyCon is running a detention facility. Piper contemplates her freedom.\n\n\nFlashback: The anecdote Carol and Barbara both claimed happened to them as waitresses (bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a \"glass of ice\" as \"classifieds\") actually happened to a third waitress who told them the story.", "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byFeatured character(s)Original release date661\"Who Knows Better Than I\"Michael TrimJenji KohanSuzanne & CindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nSuzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications. She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders. Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates. Frieda attempts suicide, while Red confronts Badison to protect her family. Piper desperately tries to find Alex, and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died. Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards. Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward, who had been her friend on the outside. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her \"home\" anymore.\n\n\nFlashback: Suzanne and Black Cindy hide in the pool and witness CERT officers stage Piscatella's body to look like the inmates killed him with his own gun. On the bus to max, Red provides a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them. Suzanne snaps at the false version of events, but Cindy insists they lie so the guards won't kill them.\n672\"Shtstorm Coming\"Mark A. BurleyBrian ChamberlayneCindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDetectives are pressured to file charges on two murderers and three riot leaders within a week. Daya makes a plea agreement for Humphrey's murder, while Taystee is considered a leader as the public face of the riot. Black Cindy tries to warn Taystee but when she learns their fingerprints are on Piscatella's gun, she turns on Taystee to save herself. Gloria names Maria as the riot's mastermind and pressures Blanca to do the same; despite Maria's attempts to frame Gloria, MCC corroborates Gloria's story and she gets immunity for her testimony. Piper starts to bond with cellmate Beth but learns she killed her children. Caputo becomes depressed on suspension but reconnects with Figueroa, who has been made interim warden. Dixon invites himself on a road trip with Coates, not realizing Pennsatucky is in his trunk.\n\n\nFlashback: Black Cindy has a teenage pregnancy by a jock with a girlfriend, and abandoned the infant to her mother's care.\n683\"Look Out for Number One\"Erin FeeleyHilary Weisman GrahamFrieda, Carol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLinda is identified in a Cleveland prison, threatens to sue MCC for $10 million, and is made a senior VP at triple her previous salary. Red is shocked to learn Piscatella is dead during her interview; failing to inform the others through charades, Badison sends messages but Piper misinterprets it to mean Alex was killed in the pool. Nicky calls her stepmother/attorney and is threatened with 70 years of drug theft and distribution charges to pressure her testimony against Red. Frieda retrieves Black Cindy's note and fakes senility in her interview; she is transferred to B Block with the old-timers and crazies, including Suzanne. In general population, inmates learn the power structure with D Block run by Barbara and C Block by Carol, two antagonistic sisters at the head of a decades-old feud. Daya continues to receive beatings as a guard killer, and Daddy gives her oxycodone for the pain. On work detail, Black Cindy, Flaca, Daya and Morello steal toiletries, but the products are sabotaged as an initiation.\n\n\nFlashback: In the 1980s, Frieda is in Litchfield Max and antagonizes a rivalry between drug-dealing sisters Carol and Barbara. While they attack each other on the kickball field, Frieda turns over Carol's stash to the warden for a transfer to minimum security.\n694\"I'm the Talking Ass\"Phil AbrahamTami SagherNickyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBlake, Luschek and McCullough return to duty, the latter suffering PTSD. They are invited into the fantasy inmate league, gambling on inmate deaths and injuries. Alex returns and is reunited with Piper. Coates, Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park. To get her kids out of foster care, Aleida begins selling dietary shakes, including to head CO Hopper. Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella's murder and speaks with Caputo. Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red's permission to testify against her, realizing that she is loved by someone.\n\n\nFlashback: Nicky's selfish divorced parents fight through revisions to her bat mitzvah speech. She breaks from her good behavior and, inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam's Talking Ass, mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse. Afterward, her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home.\n705\"Mischief Mischief\"Andrew McCarthyAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLuschek hosts the fantasy inmate draft with a party that sees him replace Alvarez as league commissioner. Copeland instigates a fight between Piper and Maria, two of her picks, for Chapman's tooth chip and superglue. Alex helps Badison with a prank to make peace. Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese-packaging facility in the hopes C Block will be fired and D Block will get those work assignments. McCullough, who has been burning her legs with cigarettes, strikes Maria for talking back. Blanca reveals that Maria set the hostages free, thwarting Maria's attempt to join a gang. Someone later tries to drown Maria in a toilet. Linda meets with Figueroa who realizes from her ordeal that they're short a prisoner and calls a manhunt. Coates convinces Pennsatucky to hike across the Canadian border but she sees his anger resurface under pressure and turns herself in. Linda threatens civil action against Caputo unless he takes a dead-end job at a Missouri prison. Afraid that someone in B Block has been sent to kill her, Frieda agrees for lonely Suzanne to be her cellmate.\n716\"State of the Uterus\"Constantine MakrisMerritt TierceDaddyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDaddy's rat prank results in MCC losing the lucrative cheese-packaging contract and unintentionally closes the route CO Hellman was bringing drugs into the prison. Badison seeks revenge for the job loss by having her people defecate in D Block's laundry. Daddy further incites her strung-out followers by blaming C Block for cutting off their supply. Daya consoles Daddy. Luschek is made head of recreation and interviews radio show acts. Flaca looks for a co-host and finds an unexpected rapport with Black Cindy. Gloria fears she is entering menopause and follows doctor's advice to exercise. Blanca learns that she has limited fertility. Red signs a plea agreement to inciting the riot to avoid other charges. In court, Taystee pleads guilty to inciting the riot but not guilty to murder; the ACLU offer representation and Black Lives Matter pressure MCC to take her out of solitary. Piper proposes a prison wedding to Alex. Aleida visits her kids in foster care, and discovers that none of them want anything to do with her.\n\n\nFlashback: Daddy ran a house of college escorts to successful Latino businessmen. Although a woman is killed at a party, she covers it up and soon provides another escort for the client.\n727\"Changing Winds\"Andrew McCarthyHeather Jeng BladtBadisonJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nCarol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and cuts her out. Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones. Though Alex doesn't want anything to do with it, she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy's girls. Strung-out, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex. Taystee receives fan mail, which the guards redact. Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy, but doesn't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret. Suspected as a suicide, Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion. Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block. Preparing to leave town, Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa, and tries to give her closure for a past event. Considering writing a memoir, Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud, and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball.\n\n\nFlashback: Bullied Badison acts out, is expelled from school, and sent to a boot camp for troubled teens where she tries to find acceptance by severely bullying the weakest girl.\n738\"Gordons\"Sian HederVera SantamariaTaystee & TamikaJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAlex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search, and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang. Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance-aerobics class. Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball. Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C-block; she gets them from Blanca, in exchange for retrieving Diablo's sperm donation from the visitation washroom. The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy. Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure. Red schemes against Frieda, gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling. Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date. In a media interview, Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika.\n\n\nFlashback: Tamika and Taystee work a night shift at fast food restaurant Storky's, smoking a joint and getting robbed. When Taystee lies and says she cannot open the register that late without activating the security cameras, the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead. Tamika is impressed with Taystee's quick thinking, and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money. She also reveals that her Jordans were actually \"Gordons\"—counterfeit.\n749\"Break the String\"Nick SandowKirsa ReinnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nZirconia becomes jealous when Gloria causes Luschek to get an erection in dance-aerobics class; she tells Badison that Gloria is turning Luschek against her, and Badison threatens Gloria against returning to class. Daddy gives addict Barbara \"bath salts\", sidelining her in the infirmary. Beaten Nicky talks Barbara down from her hallucinations; they bond over addiction experiences and Barbara agrees to get clean. Red tries to reconnect with her real family, and learns her husband is having an affair; full of vengeance, she quickly climbs into Carol's inner circle. Piper gains Carol's permission for kickball but gets no takers until Maria signs the church ladies; Carol then demands her people form an opposing team. Caputo is deposed ahead of Taystee's trial, admitting that she did break his nose. Black Cindy suffers back pains from guilt, she starts to confess but instead tells Taystee she has a teenaged daughter. Caputo and Figueroa continue to run-out their relationship. However, he quits MCC when Linda tells him to hold the company line. Aleida refuses to smuggle drugs for Daya until she is evicted and forced into domesticity with Hopper.\n7510\"Chocolate Chip Nookie\"Ludovic LitteeCarolina PaizCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAleida has been using Hopper as an unwitting mule to bring drugs into the prison in the false bottom of a food-supplement container, but as the weight is increased he discovers the tampering. The inmate league has seen little action since segregating the blocks, so Luschek agrees to an interblock kickball championship in the field. In warmups, Piper is confirmed as C Block captain over Badison. Gloria continues to be harassed, and is transferred to D block with Daya and Maria. Barbara achieves 30 days of sobriety, and with new clarity plots to kill Carol, who she blames for spiking her drugs. Black Cindy makes an anonymous call to Caputo, provoking him into questioning a suspicious CERT member; Figueroa advises him to instead work the PR campaign. Frieda apologizes for misleading Suzanne and explains the feud.\n\n\nFlashback: In 1982 West Virginia, high schoolers Barb and Carol kill their younger sister whose gymnastics training was causing the family to move. In Litchfield, an argument over an anecdote led to their separation and the block feud.\n7611\"Well This Took a Dark Turn\"Laura PreponAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nHopper confronts Aleida with the drugs but nearing 10 years at Litchfield, he decides to smuggle full containers for three months. Badison vomits when Piper has her team run sprints. Badison tries to extend Piper's sentence by planting drugs on her and to cancel kickball by injuring a teammate. Carol paid to have Frieda killed, stunning Red. Suzanne and Pennsatucky find Gladys had a large commissary deposit, and when Gladys uses one of Carol's idioms, Frieda cuts her own arm to frame Gladys. Barbara sends her gang to kill Carol and her lieutenants at the salon; Nicky joins as a lookout to warn Red, but her message is intercepted and a guard takes Carol into protective custody. Nicky talks her way out of suspicion, having testified against Red. Caputo asks Sophia to join a lawsuit with other inmates wronged by MCC, but Linda offers settlements and early release to everyone he'd visited; Sophia agrees and signs a non-disclosure agreement. Maria is inspired by Blake to be a good person until Beth admits to attacking her. Black Cindy testifies against Taystee, told that changing her story now would make her an unreliable witness. Aiming for league points, Copeland locks Barbara in Carol's cell.\n7712\"Double Trouble\"Clark JohnsonHilary Weisman GrahamnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBarbara and Carol agree to a truce, then each declare war to their blocks. Caputo tells Taystee that she has a chance if she can win over the jury. McCullough snaps after a kickball bursts. Alex asks Badison to leave Piper alone but instead Badison hires Hellman to frame Piper. To keep Badison in line, Alex agrees to work for Carol. Hellman gives a fraudulent incident report to Hopper, to whom Piper had promised to inform on drug activities. Deciding that Piper is an unnecessary risk to his own drug operation, Hopper destroys the report and puts Piper at the top of Linda's new inmate-ranking system so that she'll be released at the end of the week. Gloria helps with Flaca's radio show in order to warn Luschek about the impending block war, but Luschek is called away for Linda's marketing campaign as MCC is rebranded PolyCon Corrections. While writing him a note, Gloria discovers Luschek's fantasy inmate data and tries to expose it on the radio, which isn't broadcasting. Alvarez sends Gloria to solitary. Red has her first visitation with her grandchildren but ruins it to attack Frieda on her return from court.\n7813\"Be Free\"Nick SandowBrian ChamberlayneCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nPiper, Sophia and Blanca are told they'll be released the next day, the day of the kickball championship, of Taystee's verdict, and the day fantasy inmate concludes. Piper and Alex are \"prison married\" by Nicky. Aleida is shocked to see Daya high on heroin, but continues supplying her eldest to save her younger children. Taystee is found guilty; Caputo confronts a CERT member, who punches him; Figueroa sets aside business to tend his wounds. Luschek visits Gloria who challenges him to stop the fight. Carol and Barbara meet in a closet; the war is a diversion for them to infiltrate B Block and kill Frieda. Maria has a change of heart and McCullough lets the captains pick new teams, mixing the blocks. When Badison signals the attack, Suzanne kicks a high ball and the inmates are caught in the excitement of the play. With no fight causing a lockdown, Barbara and Carol's antagonism results in their deaths, bumping Copeland from last to first in fantasy inmate. Pregnant Lorna is brought to medical in distress. Piper and Sophia are united with family members, but Blanca is immediately taken into custody by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for which PolyCon is running a detention facility. Piper contemplates her freedom.\n\n\nFlashback: The anecdote Carol and Barbara both claimed happened to them as waitresses (bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a \"glass of ice\" as \"classifieds\") actually happened to a third waitress who told them the story.", "No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byFeatured character(s)Original release date661\"Who Knows Better Than I\"Michael TrimJenji KohanSuzanne & CindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nSuzanne has hallucinations while getting back on her medications. She is the first interviewed by a federal investigation into the riot and murders. Those found in the bunker are held in isolation at Litchfield's maximum security prison and face various abuses from the guards and inmates. Frieda attempts suicide, while Red confronts Badison to protect her family. Piper desperately tries to find Alex, and fears the worst when she learns a prisoner died. Gloria attacks Maria and they are handcuffed and forced to kiss by the guards. Taystee is visited by CO Tamika Ward, who had been her friend on the outside. Suzanne is released from questioning and brought to the prison which she realizes is not her \"home\" anymore.\n\n\nFlashback: Suzanne and Black Cindy hide in the pool and witness CERT officers stage Piscatella's body to look like the inmates killed him with his own gun. On the bus to max, Red provides a story that Piscatella brought them to the pool to torture them. Suzanne snaps at the false version of events, but Cindy insists they lie so the guards won't kill them.\n672\"Sh*tstorm Coming\"Mark A. BurleyBrian ChamberlayneCindyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDetectives are pressured to file charges on two murderers and three riot leaders within a week. Daya makes a plea agreement for Humphrey's murder, while Taystee is considered a leader as the public face of the riot. Black Cindy tries to warn Taystee but when she learns their fingerprints are on Piscatella's gun, she turns on Taystee to save herself. Gloria names Maria as the riot's mastermind and pressures Blanca to do the same; despite Maria's attempts to frame Gloria, MCC corroborates Gloria's story and she gets immunity for her testimony. Piper starts to bond with cellmate Beth but learns she killed her children. Caputo becomes depressed on suspension but reconnects with Figueroa, who has been made interim warden. Dixon invites himself on a road trip with Coates, not realizing Pennsatucky is in his trunk.\n\n\nFlashback: Black Cindy has a teenage pregnancy by a jock with a girlfriend, and abandoned the infant to her mother's care.\n683\"Look Out for Number One\"Erin FeeleyHilary Weisman GrahamFrieda, Carol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLinda is identified in a Cleveland prison, threatens to sue MCC for $10 million, and is made a senior VP at triple her previous salary. Red is shocked to learn Piscatella is dead during her interview; failing to inform the others through charades, Badison sends messages but Piper misinterprets it to mean Alex was killed in the pool. Nicky calls her stepmother/attorney and is threatened with 70 years of drug theft and distribution charges to pressure her testimony against Red. Frieda retrieves Black Cindy's note and fakes senility in her interview; she is transferred to B Block with the old-timers and crazies, including Suzanne. In general population, inmates learn the power structure with D Block run by Barbara and C Block by Carol, two antagonistic sisters at the head of a decades-old feud. Daya continues to receive beatings as a guard killer, and Daddy gives her oxycodone for the pain. On work detail, Black Cindy, Flaca, Daya and Morello steal toiletries, but the products are sabotaged as an initiation.\n\n\nFlashback: In the 1980s, Frieda is in Litchfield Max and antagonizes a rivalry between drug-dealing sisters Carol and Barbara. While they attack each other on the kickball field, Frieda turns over Carol's stash to the warden for a transfer to minimum security.\n694\"I'm the Talking Ass\"Phil AbrahamTami SagherNickyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBlake, Luschek and McCullough return to duty, the latter suffering PTSD. They are invited into the fantasy inmate league, gambling on inmate deaths and injuries. Alex returns and is reunited with Piper. Coates, Dixon and Pennsatucky have fun at an amusement park. To get her kids out of foster care, Aleida begins selling dietary shakes, including to head CO Hopper. Taystee learns she is being charged for Piscatella's murder and speaks with Caputo. Nicky tells Red about the drug charges and gets Red's permission to testify against her, realizing that she is loved by someone.\n\n\nFlashback: Nicky's selfish divorced parents fight through revisions to her bat mitzvah speech. She breaks from her good behavior and, inspired by her Torah portion of Balaam's Talking Ass, mocks God for the Holocaust and her parents for neglecting her while comparing herself to the donkey who suddenly found its voice after enduring abuse. Afterward, her parents berate her while arguing with each other over who has to take her home.\n705\"Mischief Mischief\"Andrew McCarthyAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nLuschek hosts the fantasy inmate draft with a party that sees him replace Alvarez as league commissioner. Copeland instigates a fight between Piper and Maria, two of her picks, for Chapman's tooth chip and superglue. Alex helps Badison with a prank to make peace. Daddy instructs her D Block gang to release rats in the cheese-packaging facility in the hopes C Block will be fired and D Block will get those work assignments. McCullough, who has been burning her legs with cigarettes, strikes Maria for talking back. Blanca reveals that Maria set the hostages free, thwarting Maria's attempt to join a gang. Someone later tries to drown Maria in a toilet. Linda meets with Figueroa who realizes from her ordeal that they're short a prisoner and calls a manhunt. Coates convinces Pennsatucky to hike across the Canadian border but she sees his anger resurface under pressure and turns herself in. Linda threatens civil action against Caputo unless he takes a dead-end job at a Missouri prison. Afraid that someone in B Block has been sent to kill her, Frieda agrees for lonely Suzanne to be her cellmate.\n716\"State of the Uterus\"Constantine MakrisMerritt TierceDaddyJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nDaddy's rat prank results in MCC losing the lucrative cheese-packaging contract and unintentionally closes the route CO Hellman was bringing drugs into the prison. Badison seeks revenge for the job loss by having her people defecate in D Block's laundry. Daddy further incites her strung-out followers by blaming C Block for cutting off their supply. Daya consoles Daddy. Luschek is made head of recreation and interviews radio show acts. Flaca looks for a co-host and finds an unexpected rapport with Black Cindy. Gloria fears she is entering menopause and follows doctor's advice to exercise. Blanca learns that she has limited fertility. Red signs a plea agreement to inciting the riot to avoid other charges. In court, Taystee pleads guilty to inciting the riot but not guilty to murder; the ACLU offer representation and Black Lives Matter pressure MCC to take her out of solitary. Piper proposes a prison wedding to Alex. Aleida visits her kids in foster care, and discovers that none of them want anything to do with her.\n\n\nFlashback: Daddy ran a house of college escorts to successful Latino businessmen. Although a woman is killed at a party, she covers it up and soon provides another escort for the client.\n727\"Changing Winds\"Andrew McCarthyHeather Jeng BladtBadisonJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nCarol holds Badison accountable for Daddy's prank that cost them their cushy jobs, and cuts her out. Badison consults with Alex and convinces Luschek to smuggle valuable smartphones. Though Alex doesn't want anything to do with it, she ends up with the phone when Badison is stabbed in the yard by Daddy's girls. Strung-out, Daya steals Barbara's personal stash; Daddy is incensed and they have angry sex. Taystee receives fan mail, which the guards redact. Suzanne comes out to the yard to see Taystee and Black Cindy, but doesn't know how to talk with them while keeping the secret. Suspected as a suicide, Maria is released from psyche with the suggestion of finding religion. Pennsatucky blackmails Linda for a bunk in B Block. Preparing to leave town, Caputo goes on his first real date with Figueroa, and tries to give her closure for a past event. Considering writing a memoir, Piper examines the library and finds photos from before the feud, and determines to heal divisions by bringing back kickball.\n\n\nFlashback: Bullied Badison acts out, is expelled from school, and sent to a boot camp for troubled teens where she tries to find acceptance by severely bullying the weakest girl.\n738\"Gordons\"Sian HederVera SantamariaTaystee & TamikaJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAlex hides the cellphone through a lockdown and search, and finds money added to her commissary despite wanting to stay out of the gang. Gloria advises Latin music and helps Luschek with his dance-aerobics class. Piper extorts Luschek to return kickball. Daddy asks Daya to buy drugs through her friends in C-block; she gets them from Blanca, in exchange for retrieving Diablo's sperm donation from the visitation washroom. The swap is noticed and Daya is beaten by C Block inmates but manages to save four pills for Daddy. Blanca and Nicky are surrounded by the same gang during the insemination procedure. Red schemes against Frieda, gaining an alliance with Carol who arranges a hair styling. Aleida is stopped from selling outside the prison by Hopper who takes her for a date. In a media interview, Taystee describes guard abuses and has her mail cut off by Tamika.\n\n\nFlashback: Tamika and Taystee work a night shift at fast food restaurant Storky's, smoking a joint and getting robbed. When Taystee lies and says she cannot open the register that late without activating the security cameras, the robber steals her new Air Jordan 8 shoes instead. Tamika is impressed with Taystee's quick thinking, and Taystee reveals that there are no security cameras but she did not want to call the police or else she and Tamika would be arrested for being high and accused of stealing the money. She also reveals that her Jordans were actually \"Gordons\"—counterfeit.\n749\"Break the String\"Nick SandowKirsa ReinnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nZirconia becomes jealous when Gloria causes Luschek to get an erection in dance-aerobics class; she tells Badison that Gloria is turning Luschek against her, and Badison threatens Gloria against returning to class. Daddy gives addict Barbara \"bath salts\", sidelining her in the infirmary. Beaten Nicky talks Barbara down from her hallucinations; they bond over addiction experiences and Barbara agrees to get clean. Red tries to reconnect with her real family, and learns her husband is having an affair; full of vengeance, she quickly climbs into Carol's inner circle. Piper gains Carol's permission for kickball but gets no takers until Maria signs the church ladies; Carol then demands her people form an opposing team. Caputo is deposed ahead of Taystee's trial, admitting that she did break his nose. Black Cindy suffers back pains from guilt, she starts to confess but instead tells Taystee she has a teenaged daughter. Caputo and Figueroa continue to run-out their relationship. However, he quits MCC when Linda tells him to hold the company line. Aleida refuses to smuggle drugs for Daya until she is evicted and forced into domesticity with Hopper.\n7510\"Chocolate Chip Nookie\"Ludovic LitteeCarolina PaizCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nAleida has been using Hopper as an unwitting mule to bring drugs into the prison in the false bottom of a food-supplement container, but as the weight is increased he discovers the tampering. The inmate league has seen little action since segregating the blocks, so Luschek agrees to an interblock kickball championship in the field. In warmups, Piper is confirmed as C Block captain over Badison. Gloria continues to be harassed, and is transferred to D block with Daya and Maria. Barbara achieves 30 days of sobriety, and with new clarity plots to kill Carol, who she blames for spiking her drugs. Black Cindy makes an anonymous call to Caputo, provoking him into questioning a suspicious CERT member; Figueroa advises him to instead work the PR campaign. Frieda apologizes for misleading Suzanne and explains the feud.\n\n\nFlashback: In 1982 West Virginia, high schoolers Barb and Carol kill their younger sister whose gymnastics training was causing the family to move. In Litchfield, an argument over an anecdote led to their separation and the block feud.\n7611\"Well This Took a Dark Turn\"Laura PreponAnthony NatolinoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nHopper confronts Aleida with the drugs but nearing 10 years at Litchfield, he decides to smuggle full containers for three months. Badison vomits when Piper has her team run sprints. Badison tries to extend Piper's sentence by planting drugs on her and to cancel kickball by injuring a teammate. Carol paid to have Frieda killed, stunning Red. Suzanne and Pennsatucky find Gladys had a large commissary deposit, and when Gladys uses one of Carol's idioms, Frieda cuts her own arm to frame Gladys. Barbara sends her gang to kill Carol and her lieutenants at the salon; Nicky joins as a lookout to warn Red, but her message is intercepted and a guard takes Carol into protective custody. Nicky talks her way out of suspicion, having testified against Red. Caputo asks Sophia to join a lawsuit with other inmates wronged by MCC, but Linda offers settlements and early release to everyone he'd visited; Sophia agrees and signs a non-disclosure agreement. Maria is inspired by Blake to be a good person until Beth admits to attacking her. Black Cindy testifies against Taystee, told that changing her story now would make her an unreliable witness. Aiming for league points, Copeland locks Barbara in Carol's cell.\n7712\"Double Trouble\"Clark JohnsonHilary Weisman GrahamnoneJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nBarbara and Carol agree to a truce, then each declare war to their blocks. Caputo tells Taystee that she has a chance if she can win over the jury. McCullough snaps after a kickball bursts. Alex asks Badison to leave Piper alone but instead Badison hires Hellman to frame Piper. To keep Badison in line, Alex agrees to work for Carol. Hellman gives a fraudulent incident report to Hopper, to whom Piper had promised to inform on drug activities. Deciding that Piper is an unnecessary risk to his own drug operation, Hopper destroys the report and puts Piper at the top of Linda's new inmate-ranking system so that she'll be released at the end of the week. Gloria helps with Flaca's radio show in order to warn Luschek about the impending block war, but Luschek is called away for Linda's marketing campaign as MCC is rebranded PolyCon Corrections. While writing him a note, Gloria discovers Luschek's fantasy inmate data and tries to expose it on the radio, which isn't broadcasting. Alvarez sends Gloria to solitary. Red has her first visitation with her grandchildren but ruins it to attack Frieda on her return from court.\n7813\"Be Free\"Nick SandowBrian ChamberlayneCarol & BarbJuly 27, 2018 (2018-07-27)\nPiper, Sophia and Blanca are told they'll be released the next day, the day of the kickball championship, of Taystee's verdict, and the day fantasy inmate concludes. Piper and Alex are \"prison married\" by Nicky. Aleida is shocked to see Daya high on heroin, but continues supplying her eldest to save her younger children. Taystee is found guilty; Caputo confronts a CERT member, who punches him; Figueroa sets aside business to tend his wounds. Luschek visits Gloria who challenges him to stop the fight. Carol and Barbara meet in a closet; the war is a diversion for them to infiltrate B Block and kill Frieda. Maria has a change of heart and McCullough lets the captains pick new teams, mixing the blocks. When Badison signals the attack, Suzanne kicks a high ball and the inmates are caught in the excitement of the play. With no fight causing a lockdown, Barbara and Carol's antagonism results in their deaths, bumping Copeland from last to first in fantasy inmate. Pregnant Lorna is brought to medical in distress. Piper and Sophia are united with family members, but Blanca is immediately taken into custody by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for which PolyCon is running a detention facility. Piper contemplates her freedom.\n\n\nFlashback: The anecdote Carol and Barbara both claimed happened to them as waitresses (bringing a customer a newspaper after mishearing a request for a \"glass of ice\" as \"classifieds\") actually happened to a third waitress who told them the story." ]	[ "Piper", "Sophia", "Blanca" ]
2240680418874279078	Commander-in-chief	Commander - in - Chief - wikipedia Commander - in - Chief `` CINC '' redirects here . For other uses , see CINC ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Commander in Chief ( disambiguation ) . Military organization Typical Units Typical numbers Typical Commander Fireteam 2 -- 4 Lance Corporal / Corporal Squad / Section 8 -- 14 Corporal / Sergeant / Staff Sergeant Platoon / Troop 15 -- 45 Second Lieutenant / First Lieutenant / Lieutenant Company / Battery / Squadron 80 -- 150 Captain / Major Battalion / Cohort 300 -- 800 Lieutenant Colonel Regiment / Brigade / Legion 1,000 -- 5,500 Colonel / Brigadier General Division 10,000 -- 25,000 Major General Corps 30,000 -- 50,000 Lieutenant General Field Army 100,000 -- 300,000 General Army Group / Front 2 + field armies Field Marshal / Five - star General Region / Theater 4 + army groups Six - star rank / Commander - in - chief Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View A commander - in - chief , also sometimes called supreme commander , or chief commander , is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control over a nation 's military forces . As a technical term , it refers to military competencies that reside in a nation - state 's executive leadership -- a head of state , a head of government . Often , a given country 's commander - in - chief ( if held by an official ) need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran . In these countries this follows the principle of civilian control of the military . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Heads of state as commanders - in - chief 2.1 Afghanistan 2.2 Albania 2.3 Argentina 2.4 Australia 2.5 Austria 2.6 Bangladesh 2.7 Brazil 2.8 Brunei 2.9 Canada 2.10 People 's Republic of China 2.10. 1 Hong Kong 2.11 Croatia 2.12 Czech Republic 2.13 Denmark 2.14 Dominican Republic 2.15 Egypt 2.16 Finland 2.17 France 2.17. 1 Pre-1958 2.18 Ghana 2.19 Guyana 2.20 India 2.21 Indonesia 2.22 Iran 2.23 Ireland 2.24 Italy 2.25 Kenya 2.26 Malaysia 2.27 Mauritius 2.28 Nigeria 2.29 Norway 2.30 Pakistan 2.31 Philippines 2.32 Poland 2.33 Portugal 2.34 Republic of China 2.35 Russia 2.36 Saudi Arabia 2.37 Serbia 2.38 Slovenia 2.39 Spain 2.40 Sri Lanka 2.41 Suriname 2.42 Swaziland 2.43 Thailand 2.44 Turkey 2.45 United Kingdom 2.45. 1 The Crown and H.M. Government 2.45. 2 Historic office of Commander - in - Chief 2.45. 3 Naval , Military and Air commands 2.45. 4 Colonial Governors 2.46 United States 2.46. 1 U.S. States 2.47 Venezuela 2.48 Vietnam 3 Other officeholders as commanders - in - chief or other situations 3.1 Ethiopia 3.2 Germany 3.2. 1 Present , Federal Republic ( 1956 - ) 3.2. 2 East Germany ( 1960 - 1990 ) 3.2. 3 Before 1945 3.3 Greece 3.4 Israel 3.5 Japan 3.6 Malta 3.7 Myanmar 3.8 Netherlands 3.9 North Korea 3.10 Sweden 3.11 Switzerland 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) The formal role and title of a ruler commanding the armed forces derives from Imperator of the Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic and Roman Empire , who possessed imperium ( command and other regal ) powers . In English use , the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639 . It continued to be used during the English Civil War . A nation 's head of state ( monarchical or republican ) usually holds the nominal position of commander - in - chief , even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government . In a parliamentary system , the executive branch is ultimately dependent upon the will of the legislature ; although the legislature does not issue orders directly to the armed forces and therefore does not control the military in any operational sense . Governors - general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander - in - chief of the military forces within their territory . A commander - in - chief is sometimes referred to as supreme commander , which is sometimes used as a specific term . The term is also used for military officers who hold such power and authority , not always through dictatorship , and as a subordinate ( usually ) to a head of state ( see Generalissimo ) . The term is also used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch , special branch or within a theatre of operations . Heads of state as commanders - in - Chief ( edit ) This includes heads of states who : Are chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision - making , including command of the armed forces . Mostly ceremonial heads of state ( constitutional monarchs , viceroys and presidents in parliamentary republics ) with residual substantive reserve powers over the armed forces , acting under normal circumstances on the constitutional advice of chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision - making . Afghanistan ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Afghanistan , The President of Afghanistan is the Commander - in - chief of Afghan Armed Forces . Albania ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Albania , The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander - in - chief of Albanian Armed Forces . The incumbent Commander - in - chief is President Ilir Meta . Argentina ( edit ) President Mauricio Macri of Argentina , as the Commander - in - chief of the Argentine Armed Forces since December 10th 2015 . Under part II , chapter III , article 99 , subsections 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 , the Constitution of Argentina states that the President of the Argentine Nation is the `` Commander - in - chief of all the armed forces of the Nation '' . It also states that the President is entitled to provide military posts in the granting of the jobs or grades of senior officers of the armed forces , and by itself on the battlefield ; runs with its organization and distribution according to needs of the Nation and declares war and orders reprisals with the consent and approval of the Argentine National Congress . The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces ( Army , Navy and Air Force ) . Australia ( edit ) Governor General of Australia The Lord Gowrie ( right ) signing the declaration of war against Japan with Prime Minister John Curtin ( left ) looking on . ( 8 December 1941 ) Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces , the Constitution of Australia states that : The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen 's representative . In practice , however , the Governor - General does not play an active part in the Australian Defence Force 's command structure , and the democratically accountable Australian Cabinet ( chaired by the Prime Minister ) de facto controls the ADF . The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation . Section 8 of the Defence Act 1903 states : The Minister shall have the general control and administration of the Defence Force , and the powers vested in the Chief of the Defence Force , the Chief of Navy , the Chief of Army and the Chief of Air Force by virtue of section 9 , and the powers vested jointly in the Secretary and the Chief of the Defence Force by virtue of section 9A , shall be exercised subject to and in accordance with any directions of the Minister . Austria ( edit ) The Constitution ( German : Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz ) states , in Article 80 , that the Federal President is the ( nominal ) Commander - in - Chief of the Austrian Armed Forces . However , it further provides that the President may only have the Armed Forces at his disposal to the extent provided in the Defence Act ( German : Wehrgesetz ) ; and that the supreme command over the Armed Forces is exercised by the minister of defence authorized to serve in this capacity by the Federal Government , i.e. the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Chancellor , as defined in Article 69 . Bangladesh ( edit ) The commander - in - chief is the president , although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister . The only exception was the first commander - in - chief , General M.A.G. Osmani , during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 , who was commander of all Bangladesh Forces , reinstated to active duty by official BD government order , which after independence was gazetted in 1972 . He retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh . Brazil ( edit ) Former President Lula , with his wife Marisa Letícia , reviews troops during Independence Day military parade in Brasília , Brazil . Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the supreme command of the President of the Republic . Brunei ( edit ) The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Canada ( edit ) Further information : Commander - in - Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces The powers of command - in - chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch , and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada , who also uses the title Commander - in - Chief . In this capacity , the governor general is entitled to the uniform of a general / flag officer , with the crest of the office and special cuff braid serving as rank insignia . By constitutional convention , the Crown 's prerogative powers over the armed forces and constitutional powers as commander - in - chief are exercised on the advice of the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet , the governing ministry that commands the confidence of the House of Commons . According to the National Defence Act , the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all matters related to national defence and the Canadian Armed Forces . In theory , the governor general could also use his or her powers as commander - in - chief to stop any attempts to use the Canadian Forces unconstitutionally , though this has never occurred and would likely be highly controversial . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Military Command of the People 's Republic of China Article 93 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China states the authority to direct the Armed Forces of the People 's Republic of China is vested with the Central Military Commission ; composed of a Chairman , and numerous Vice-Chairmen and members . The same article also states that the Chairman of the Central Military Commission assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission , and that it is responsible to the National People 's Congress and the Standing Committee . Furthermore , Article 80 gives the President of the People 's Republic of China ( in addition to ceremonial head of state duties ) the power to proclaim martial law , proclaim a state of war , and to issue mobilisation orders upon the decision of National People 's Congress and its Standing Committee . The CMC Chairman and the President are distinctly separate state offices and they have not always been held by the same persons . However , beginning in 1993 , during the tenure of Jiang Zemin as CMC Chairman and General Secretary of the Communist Party , it has been standard practice to have the President , the Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and the General Secretary of the Communist Party to be normally held by the same person ; although the slight differences in the start and end of terms for those respective offices means that there is some overlap between an occupant and his predecessor . Hong Kong ( edit ) When Hong Kong was under British authority , the civilian Governor was ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong . After the territory 's handover to the People 's Republic of China in 1997 , the commanders of the People 's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison are PLA personnel from mainland China . Croatia ( edit ) According to the Croatian constitution , the President of Croatia is the Commander - in - Chief of Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . In peace , the commander - in - chief exercises his command through the Minister of Defense . In war and in cases where the Minister of Defense is not fulfilling orders , the commander - in - chief exercises his command directly through the chief of General Staff . Czech Republic ( edit ) According to the 1992 constitution , the President of the Czech Republic is the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces according to Article 63 ( 1 ) ( c ) , and appoints and promotes generals under Article 63 ( 1 ) ( f ) . The President needs the countersignature of the Prime Minister for decisions concerning the above - mentioned provisions as per Articles 63 ( 3 - 4 ) , or otherwise they are not valid . The Prime Minister may delegate to other ministers the right to countersign these decisions of the President . The political responsibility for the Armed Forces is borne by the Government , which in Article 67 is defined as the `` supreme body of executive power '' . According to Articles 39 & 43 , the Parliament must give consent to the dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic . The Ministry of Defence is the central authority of the state administration for the control of the Armed Forces . The actual day - to - day management is vested in the Chief of the General Staff , the Czech chief of defence equivalent . Denmark ( edit ) The position of the Danish monarch as the head of the military is deeply rooted in tradition . While the 1953 constitution does not explicitly designate the monarch as commander - in - chief ; it is implicit , given the general provision in article 12 and the more specific wording of article 19 ( 2 ) : `` Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces , the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without the consent of the Folketing . Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing '' . However , when reading the Danish Constitution , it is important to bear in mind that the King in this context is understood by Danish jurists to be read as the Government ( consisting of the Prime Minister and other ministers ) . This is a logical consequence of articles 12 , 13 and 14 , all of which in essence stipulates that the powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through ministers , who are responsible for all acts . Thus , the Government , in effect , holds the supreme command authority implied in articles 12 and 19 ( 2 ) . The Danish Defence Law ( Danish : Forsvarsloven ) designates in article 9 the Minister of Defence as the supreme authority in Defence ( Danish : højeste ansvarlige myndighed for forsvaret ) . Under the Minister is the Chief of Defence , the senior - ranking professional military officer heading the Defence Command , who commands the Army , the Navy , the Air Force and other units not reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence . King Christian IV onboard his flagship during the 1644 Battle of Colberger Heide , by Wilhelm Marstrand . The King 's personal commitment during the battle , are memorized in first lines of the Danish royal anthem . HDMY Dannebrog , the Danish royal yacht named after the national flag and operated by the Royal Danish Navy , in Vagur , Faroe Islands on 21 June 2005 . Dominican Republic ( edit ) According to the Constitution , Article 128 , Section II , Title IV , the President is the head of foreign policy , the civil administration and the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces , the National Police and all other state 's security agencies . Egypt ( edit ) In Egypt , the President of the Republic holds the ceremonial title of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . A member of the government , usually defence minister , is commander - in - chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces , the incumbent being Sedki Sobhi . The president still remains the only individual capable of declaring war . Until the election of Mohamed Morsi in June 2012 , prior Egyptian presidents had all been former military officers , and during the Yom Kippur War the president played a major role at all levels of the planning of the war , and was in a literal sense Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces giving direct orders to the commanders from the headquarters during the war as field marshal of the army , colonel general of the air force and air defence forces and admiral of the navy . Anwar Sadat often wore his military uniform , while former president Hosni Mubarak had abandoned this tradition . Finland ( edit ) According to the Finnish constitution , the President of Finland is the commander - in - chief of all Finnish military forces . In practice , the everyday command and control is in the hands of Chief of Defence and the Commander of the Finnish Border Guard . The economic administration of the Finnish Defence Force is the responsibility of Ministry of Defence . The duty of the president is to decide upon main principles of the military defence of the realm principles of the execution of the military defence other military command matters with wide - ranging importance to the military activity or the military establishment any other military command issue that he wishes to decide upon Since the constitutional reform of 2000 , the Minister of Defence has the right to be present when the president uses his command powers , unless the matter is of immediate concern . In questions of strategic importance , the Prime Minister has the same right . The president commissions and promotes officers and decides on activating reservists for extraordinary service and on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces . If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken , it must be immediately convened . Declarations of a state of emergency ( Finnish : valmiustila , literally , `` state of preparedness '' ) and state of war ( Finnish : puolustustila , lit . `` state of defence '' ) are declared by a presidential decree , given after a motion by the government , which is then submitted to the Parliament for ratification . The president has , in a state of emergency , the right to transfer the position of the commander - in - chief to another Finnish citizen . France ( edit ) Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the French Armed Forces In France , the President of the Republic is designated as `` Chef des Armées '' ( literally `` Chief of the Armies '' ) under article 15 of the constitution , and is as such the supreme executive authority in military affairs . Article 16 provides the president with extensive emergency powers . However , owing to the nature of the semi-presidential system , the prime minister also has key constitutional powers under article 21 : `` He shall be responsible for national defence '' and has `` power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts '' . Nicolas Sarkozy , President of the Republic and General Jean - Louis Georgelin , Chief of the Defence Staff , reviewing troops during the 2008 Bastille Day military parade on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Napoléon I , Emperor of the French , reviewing the Imperial Guard at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt in 1806 , by Horace Vernet . Pre-1958 ( edit ) Since the reign of Louis XIV , France has been strongly centralized . After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord - ism , the Kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin , Richelieu ) . The 1789 Revolution transferred the supreme authority to the King ( in the context of the short - lived constitutional Monarchy ) , then to the multi-member Comité de Salut Public during the Convention , and later to the Directoire , before being regained in the hands of Consul Napoléon Bonaparte , later Emperor Napoléon I , alone . The Restoration restored the authority of the King , first in an absolute monarchy , then the constitutional July Monarchy of Louis Philippe , before it was overthrown in turn by the Second Republic and later the Second Empire of Napoleon III . The following Third Republic was a parliamentary system , where the military authority was held by the President of the Council of Ministers . During World War I , the many visits to the trenches by the elderly statesman Georges Clemenceau impressed the soldiers and earned him the nickname Father of Victory ( French : Le Père de la Victoire ) . During World War II , Maréchal Philippe Pétain assumed power and held the supreme authority in Vichy France , while Général Charles De Gaulle , acting on behalf of the previous regime , founded the Free French Forces , upon which he held supreme authority all through the war . The following and short - lived Fourth Republic was a parliamentary system , which was replaced by the present Fifth Republic , a semi-presidential system . Ghana ( edit ) Prior 1992 Commander - in - chief of the Ghana Armed Forces ( GAF ) military rank was held by GAF military personnel until the ratification of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana ratified by Ghana Air Force ( GHF ) Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings and in accordance to the Constitution of Ghana , The Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana is the Commander - in - chief of GAF . The incumbent Commander - in - chief of GAF ( Ghana Armed Forces ) is Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana John Dramani Mahama . Guyana ( edit ) According to the Guyanese constitution , the President is Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces . Unusually ; there is a rank insignia for the position . India ( edit ) Supreme command of the Indian Armed Forces is vested in the President of India , although effective executive power and responsibility for national defence resides with the Cabinet of India headed by the Prime Minister . This is discharged through the Ministry of Defence , headed by the Minister of Defence , which provides the policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country . On 15 August 1947 , each service was placed under its own commander - in - chief . In 1955 , the three service chiefs were re-designated as the Chief of the Army Staff ( rank of general ) , the Chief of the Naval Staff ( rank of vice-admiral ) and the Chief of the Air Staff ( rank of air marshal ) with the president as the supreme commander . The Chief of the Air Staff was raised to the rank of air chief marshal in 1965 and the Chief of the Naval Staff raised to the rank of admiral in 1968 . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces According to Article 10 of the Constitution of Indonesia , the President of Indonesia holds the supreme command of the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Day - to - day operations of the Armed Forces is handled by the commander of the Armed Forces ( Indonesian : Panglima TNI , a 4 - star officer whom can be General ( Army / Marine ) , Admiral ( Navy ) , or Air Chief Marshal ( Air Force ) ) . Indonesian Armed Forces has three service branches : Indonesian Army , Indonesian Navy ( including Indonesian Marine Corps ) , and Indonesian Air Forces . Each service branch is headed by a Chief of Staff ( also a 4 - star officer ) who has the task of developing soldier professionalism in each branch . However , the commanding authority is held by Commander of Indonesian National Armed Forces . Commanders have direct commanding authority to Main Combatants Command ( Indonesian : Komando Utama Tempur ) from all service branches such as Army Special Forces Command , Army Strategic Reserve Command , Military Area Command , Fleet Command , Military Sea Traffic Command , National Air Defense Command and Air - Force Operational Command . The Commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the president from active Chiefs of Staff ( Army , Navy , or Air Force ) and must get approval from the House of Representatives . Chief of Staff is also appointed by the president from senior military officers . The president as commander - in - chief also has authority in senior military officer mutation and promotion in tour of duty . Minister of Defense has responsibility to assist the president in defense issues and create policies about authorization use of military force , manage defense budget , etc . For authorization use of military forces or declaration of war , the president must get approval from House of Representatives . The Commander of Armed Forces gives recommendations to the Minister of Defense in creating national defense policies . Iran ( edit ) Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei , the commander - in - chief of the Iranian Armed Forces Before 1979 , the Shah was the commander - in - chief in Iran . After the inception of the Islamic Republic , the President of Iran was initially appointed that task , with Abolhassan Bani Sadr being the first commander - in - chief . However , Abolhassan Bani Sadr was impeached on 22 June 1981 . It was after this event that the role of commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran was given to the Supreme Leader of Iran . Ireland ( edit ) The Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces is the President of Ireland , but in practice the Minister for Defence acts on the President 's behalf and reports to the Government of Ireland . The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence . The Defence Forces are organised under the Chief of Staff , a three star officer , and are organised into three service branches , the Army , Naval Service , and Air Corps . Italy ( edit ) The Constitution of Italy , in article 87 , states that the President of the Republic : `` is the commander of the armed forces and chairman of the supreme defense council constituted by law ; he declares war according to the decision of the parliament '' . Kenya ( edit ) Chapter 131 of the Constitution of Kenya identifies the President as the Commander - in - Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces and the chairperson of the National Security Council . The President appoints a chief of general staff , known as the Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces , who acts as the principal military adviser to the President and the National Security Council . The Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces is drawn from one of the branches of the Armed Forces , the Kenya Army , the Kenya Navy or the Kenya Air Force . Malaysia ( edit ) In accordance with Article 41 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia , the Yang di - Pertuan Agong is Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces . As such , he is the highest - ranking officer in the military establishment , with the power to appoint the Chief of Staff ( on the advice of the Armed Forces Council ) . He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the military . The Federal Constitution establishes that the office of Supreme Commander is attached to the person of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong as the Federation 's head of state : Federal Constitution , Article 41 - The Yang di - Pertuan Agong shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Federation . The Federal Parliament passed the Federal Armed Forces Act to consolidate in one law all regulations that govern the three services ( Army , Navy , and Air Force ) . It establishes the function and duties of the Federal Head of State in the capacity as Supreme Commander . Mauritius ( edit ) In the Republic of Mauritius , the President of the Republic is the commander - in - chief , according to Article 28 of the Constitution . After independence in 1968 , Mauritius continued to recognise the Queen of Mauritius , as represented by the Governor - General of Mauritius , as commander - in - chief . After the country was proclaimed a Commonwealth Republic in 1992 , the new constitution stipulated that a President would assume the position of the head of state and commander - in - chief . Nigeria ( edit ) In accordance with the Nigerian Constitution , the President of Nigeria is the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . Norway ( edit ) Harald V , King of Norway , officially retains executive power . Article 25 of the constitution states : `` The King is commander - in - chief of the armed forces of the realm '' However , following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government , the duties of the Monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government . Accordingly , the Monarch is commander - in - chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces , and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity . Pakistan ( edit ) In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , before the 1973 Constitution , the head of the army , i.e. , the Chief of the Army Staff , was referred as Commander - in - Chief . The term was replaced by Chief of Army Staff on 20 March 1972 The Chief of Army Staff is a four - star general whose term is 3 years , but can be extended or renewed once . The Chief of Army Staff is chosen by the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Philippines ( edit ) The President of the Philippines is both head of state and head of government , and is mandated by Article VII , Section 18 of the 1987 Constitution to be Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . During the Fourth Republic , the 1973 Constitution introduced by Ferdinand Marcos created a semi-presidential system that split the Executive into two , with the prime minister retaining the office of commander - in - chief and the president reduced to a figurehead . The wording of Article VII , Section 9 in the previous constitution enabled Marcos as commander - in - chief to declare Martial Law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus on 21 September 1972 . Marcos also issued an edict , conferring the rank of five - star general in the military to the President , as Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . He consequently sat as both president and prime minister until 1981 , when Cesar Virata succeeded him to the latter office . Salvador Laurel was the country 's last prime minister when the office was abolished after the 1986 People Power Revolution , and the position 's powers ( including military authority ) were again merged with the Presidency . The current Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is President Rodrigo Duterte , serving as the supreme commander of all Filipino military units in the Philippines . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , the President is Commander - in - Chief of the Polish Armed Forces . However , the art . 134 ust. 4 of the constitution states : The President of the Republic , for a period of war , shall appoint the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces on request of the Prime Minister . He may dismiss the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces in accordance with the same procedure . The authority of the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces , as well as the principle of his subordination to the constitutional organs of the Republic of Poland , shall be specified by statute . During the interbellum period , the General Inspector of the Armed Forces was appointed the commander - in - chief for the time of war ( Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces ) . However , after the war this function ceased to exist -- thus it is likely that if Poland formally participates in a war , Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces will be appointed Supreme Commander . Portugal ( edit ) The President of the Portuguese Republic is the constitutional Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces ( in Portuguese : Comandante Supremo das Forças Armadas ) . However , the operational command is delegated in the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces . In the Portuguese military parlance , the term `` Commander - in - Chief '' ( in Portuguese : comandante - em - chefe or simply comandante - chefe ) refers to the unified military commander of all the land , naval and air forces in a theater of operations . Republic of China ( edit ) As stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic of China , the President is also the Commander - in - Chief of the ROC Armed Forces ( including the Military Police ) , the Special Forces , and the National Space Organization . Russia ( edit ) The ceremony of passing the Cheget ( i.e. the nuclear briefcase ) from Dmitry Medvedev 's military aide to Vladimir Putin 's military aide during the 2012 presidential inauguration . According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation , ( Chapter 4 , Article 87 , Section 1 ) the President is the Supreme Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . The President approves the military doctrine and appoints the defense minister and the chief and other members of the general staff . The Russian Armed Forces is divided into three services : the Russian Ground Forces , the Russian Navy , and the Russian Air Force . In addition there are three independent arms of service : Strategic Missile Troops , Russian Aerospace Defense Forces , and the Russian Airborne Troops . The Air Defence Troops , the former Soviet Air Defence Forces , have been subordinated into the Air Force since 1998 . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) Article 60 of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states : `` The King is the commander - in - chief of all the armed forces . He appoints officers and puts an end to their duties in accordance with the law . '' Article 61 further states : `` The King declares a state of emergency , general mobilization and war , and the law defines the rules for this . '' Lastly , Article 62 states : `` If there is a danger threatening the safety of the Kingdom or its territorial integrity , or the security of its people and its interests , or which impedes the functioning of the state institutions , the King may take urgent measures in order to deal with this danger And if the King considers that these measures should continue , he may then implement the necessary regulations to this end . '' Serbia ( edit ) In accordance with the law , the President of Serbia is Commander - in - chief of Armed Forces and in command of the military . He appoints , promotes and recalls officers of the Army of Serbia . Slovenia ( edit ) In Slovenia , the commander - in - chief is formally the President of Slovenia , although he or she does not exercise this position in peacetime . Instead , this role is usually assumed by the Minister of Defence . Spain ( edit ) King Felipe VI at the Naval NCO Academy in 2014 . As with most remaining European monarchies , the position of the Spanish monarch as the nominal head of the armed forces is deeply rooted in traditions going centuries back . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 gives the King in article 62 ( h ) : supreme command of the Armed Forces However , article 64 require that all official acts of the King must be countersigned , by the President of the Government or other competent minister , for them to become valid . Furthermore , article 97 stipulates that ; The Government shall conduct domestic and foreign policy , civil and military administration and the defence of the State And article 98 furthermore specifies the composition of the Government ( which the King is not a member of ) . No provision in the constitution requires the King / Government to seek approval from the Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad . Since 1984 , the Chief of the Defence Staff is the professional head of the armed forces and , under the authority of the Minister of Defence , is responsible for military operations and military organisation . Sri Lanka ( edit ) As head of state , the President of Sri Lanka , is nominally the commander - in - chief of the armed forces . The National Security Council , chaired by the president is the authority charged with formulating and executing defence policy for the nation . The highest level of military headquarters is the Ministry of Defence , since 1978 except for a few rare occasions the president retained the portfolio defence , thus being the Minister of Defence . The ministry and the armed forces have been controlled by the during these periods by either a Minister of State , Deputy Minister for defence , and of recently the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Defence . Prior to 1978 the prime minister held the portfolio of Minister of Defence and External Affairs , and was supported by a Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs . Responsibility for the management of the forces is Ministry of Defence , while the planning and execution of combined operations is the responsibility of the Joint Operations Command ( JOC ) . The JOC is headed by the Chief of the Defence Staff who is the most senior officer in the Armed Forces and is an appointment that can be held by an Air Chief Marshal , Admiral , or General . The three services have their own respective professional chiefs : the Commander of the Army , the Commander of the Navy and the Commander of the Air Force , who have much autonomy . Suriname ( edit ) In Suriname , the constitution gives the president `` supreme authority over the armed forces and all of its members '' . Swaziland ( edit ) The King is Commander in Chief of the Umbufto Swazi Defence Force Thailand ( edit ) See also : Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces The `` Head of the Thai Armed Forces '' ( Thai : จอมทัพ ไทย ; RTGS : Chom Thap Thai ) is a position vested in the Thai monarch , most recently held by King Bhumibol Adulyadej until his death in October 2016 , who as sovereign and head of state is the commander - in - chief of the Royal Thai Armed Forces . Turkey ( edit ) Founder President of Turkey and Commander - in - chief of Turkish Armed Forces Mareşal Mustafa Kemal Pasha ( center ) , General Mehmet Emin Pasha ( left ) , General Ali Sait Pasha ( right ) at İnebolu in 1925 . President of the Republic of Turkey has the constitutional right to represent the Supreme Military Command of the Turkish Armed Forces , on behalf of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , and to decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces , to appoint the Chief of the General Staff , to call the National Security Council to meet , to preside over the National Security Council , to proclaim martial law or state of emergency , and to issue decrees having the force of law , upon a decision of the Council of Ministers meeting under his / her chairmanship . With all these issues above written in the Constitution of Turkey , the executive rights are given to the President of the Republic of Turkey to be represented as the commander - in - chief of the nation . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Crown and H.M. Government ( edit ) The British monarch is the `` Head of the Armed Forces '' and has also been described as `` commander in chief of the armed forces of the Crown '' . Long - standing constitutional convention , however , has vested de facto executive authority , by the exercise of Royal Prerogative powers , in the prime minister and the Secretary of State for Defence . The Prime Minister ( acting with the support of the Cabinet ) makes the key decisions on the use of the armed forces . The Queen , however , remains the `` ultimate authority '' of the military , with officers and personnel swearing allegiance only to the monarch . A new constitutional convention appears to have become enshrined since the 2003 war in Iraq , whereby the UK will only take military action ( other than in circumstances of having to immediately react defensively ) with the consent of the House of Commons . Ultimately however The Queen remains the `` ultimate authority '' and can exercise such at will . As well as the Military the UK Police forces also swear allegiance only to the Monarch , not the Government . This is to ensure that Government Officials ( including the Prime Minister ) can be arrested for committing indictable offences just as any normal citizen , and are therefore not ' above the law ' unlike the Monarch . The Ministry of Defence is the Government department and highest level of military headquarters charged with formulating and executing defence policy for the Armed Forces ; it employed 103,930 civilians in 2006 . The department is controlled by the Secretary of State for Defence ( or `` the Defence Secretary '' ) and contains three deputy appointments : Minister of State for the Armed Forces , Minister for Defence Procurement , and Minister for Veterans ' Affairs . Responsibility for the management of the forces is delegated to a number of committees : the Defence Council , Chiefs of Staff Committee , Defence Management Board , and three single - service boards . The Defence Council , composed of senior representatives of the services and the Ministry of Defence , provides the `` formal legal basis for the conduct of defence '' . The three constituent single - service committees ( Admiralty Board , Army Board , and Air Force Board ) are chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence . The Chief of the Defence Staff is the professional head of the Armed Forces and is an appointment that can be held by an Admiral , General or Air Chief Marshal ( four - star officers ) . Before the practice was discontinued in the 1990s , those who were appointed to the position of CDS ( professional head of the Armed Forces ) had been elevated to the most senior rank in their respective service ( a five - star officer ) . The CDS , along with the Permanent Under Secretary , are the principal advisers to the departmental minister . The three services have their own respective professional chiefs ( likewise four - star officers ) : the First Sea Lord who is also Chief of Naval Staff , the Chief of the General Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff . Historic office of Commander - in - Chief ( edit ) Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the Forces From 1660 until 1904 the professional head of the Army was known as the Commander - in - Chief and as such had significant independence and power . Under the Commonwealth Government , the Commander - in - chief was a de facto head of state . Naval , military and Air commands ( edit ) Until 2012 each of the three services also had one or more commands with a ( four - star ) commander - in - chief in charge of operations . These were , latterly : Commander - in - Chief Fleet ( CINCFLEET -- sharing a Command HQ with Commander - in - Chief Naval Home Command ( CINCNAVHOME ) ) , Commander - in - Chief , Land Forces ( CINCLAND ) and Commander - in - Chief Air ( CINCAIR ) . ( At one time there were many more Naval , Military and Air Commands , each with ( in many cases ) their own Commanders - in - Chief . ) Since 2012 , however , full operational command has been vested in the three Chiefs of Staff , and the appointment of distinct Commanders - in - Chief has been discontinued . This change was implemented in response to the 2011 Levene report , which advised that it would serve to `` streamline top - level decision - making , simplify lines of accountability ... , remove duplication between the posts and also provide impetus to the leaning of the senior leadership '' . New three - star appointments ( Fleet Commander , Commander Land Forces ) mirror the old ones , but these are subordinate officers with delegated command responsibility , rather than Commanders - in - Chief . King George II at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 , by John Wootton . It remains the last time a British monarch personally led his troops into battle . King George V inspecting the British 29th Division prior to the division 's departure for Gallipoli in 1915 . The division commander , Major General Aylmer Hunter - Weston , rides alongside the King at the right of the photo . Queen Elizabeth II posing for a photograph with soldiers from the Household Cavalry , at Combermere Barracks in 2012 . A warning sign posted `` By Command of the Defence Council '' . Colonial governors ( edit ) In the colonies of the English Empire , and subsequently the British Empire , the duties of Lords Lieutenant were generally performed by the Commander - in - Chief or the Governor . Both offices may have been occupied by the same person . By way of an example , this is still the case in Britain 's second , and oldest remaining , where the Royal Navy 's headquarters , main base , and dockyard for the North America and West Indies Station was established following independence of the United States of America . The colony had raised Militia and Volunteer forces since official settlement in 1612 ( with a troop - of - horse added later ) , and a small force of regular infantry from 1701 to 1783 . A large regular army garrison was built up after 1794 , and the reserve forces faded away following the conclusion of the American War of 1812 as the local government lost interest in paying for their upkeep . From this point until the 1960s , Governors were almost exclusively senior officers of the Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers who were also military Commanders - in - Chief ( and initially also Vice Admirals ) . Attempts to rekindle the militia without a Militia Act or funds from the colonial government were made throughout the century under the authorisation of the Governor and Commander - in - Chief , but none proved lasting . The colonial government was finally compelled to raise militia and volunteer forces ( the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps by act in the 1890s ( the Bermuda Cadet Corps , Bermuda Volunteer Engineers , and Bermuda Militia Infantry were added at later dates ) , and these fell under the Governor and Commander - in - Chief , as well as under operational control of his junior , the Brigadier in charge of the Bermuda Command ( or Bermuda Garrison , which included the regular as well as the part - time military ( as opposed to naval ) forces in the colony . Although the Royal Naval and the regular army establishments have been withdrawn from Bermuda , the Governor of Bermuda remains the Commander - in - Chief ( though most recent office holders have not been career army officers ) of the Royal Bermuda Regiment ( a 1965 amalgam of the BMA and BVRC , which had both been re-organised in line with the Territorial Army after the First World War ) . United states ( edit ) Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces According to Article II , Section 2 , Clause I of the Constitution , the President of the United States is `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States . '' Since the National Security Act of 1947 , this has been understood to mean all United States Armed Forces . U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions , with the President possessing ultimate authority , but no rank , maintaining a civilian status , other than the title of Commander in Chief . The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the President as Commander in Chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history , with Congress at various times granting the President wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority . The amount of military detail handled personally by the President in wartime has varied dramatically . George Washington , the first U.S. president , firmly established military subordination under civilian authority . In 1794 , Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the Whiskey Rebellion -- a conflict in western Pennsylvania involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay excise tax on spirits . According to historian Joseph Ellis , this was the `` first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field '' , though James Madison briefly took control of artillery units in defense of Washington D.C. during the War of 1812 . Abraham Lincoln was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day - to - day operations during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as Ulysses S. Grant . On the other extreme , Woodrow Wilson paid very little attention to operational military details of World War I and had very little contact with the War Department or with General John J. Pershing , who had a high degree of autonomy as commander of the armies in France . As President in World War II , Franklin D. Roosevelt worked closely with his generals , and admirals , and assigned Admiral William D. Leahy as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief . Harry S. Truman believed in a high amount of civilian leadership of the military , making many tactical and policy decisions based on the recommendations of his advisors -- including the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan , to commit American forces in the Korean War , and to terminate Douglas MacArthur from his command . Lyndon B. Johnson kept a very tight personal control of operations during the Vietnam War , which some historians have sharply criticized . In 1990 , the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the ensuing Gulf War in 1991 , saw George H.W. Bush assemble and lead one of the largest military coalitions of nations in modern times . Confronting a major constitutional issue of murky legislation that left the wars in Korea and Vietnam without official declarations of war , Congress quickly authorized sweeping war - making powers for Bush . The leadership of George W. Bush during the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War achieved mixed results . In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks by al - Qaeda , the subsequent War on Terror that followed , and the 2003 invasion of Iraq due to Iraq 's sponsorship of terrorism and alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction , the speed at which the Taliban and Ba'ath Party governments in both Kabul and Baghdad were toppled by an overwhelming superiority of American and allied forces defied the predictions of many military experts . However , insufficient post-war planning and strategy by Bush and his advisors to rebuild those nations were costly . Before 1947 , the President was the only common superior of the Army ( under the Secretary of War ) and the Navy and Marine Corps ( under the Secretary of the Navy ) . The National Security Act of 1947 , and the 1949 amendments to the same act , created the Department of Defense and the services ( Army , Navy , Marine Corps and Air Force ) became subject to the `` authority , direction and control '' of the Secretary of Defense ; the civilian cabinet - level official serving as the head of the Department of Defense and who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate . The Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 codified the default operational chain of command : running from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commander . While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff outranks all other military officers , he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces . However , the chairman does assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of their command functions . During the 20th century , certain area commanders came to be called `` Commander - in - chief '' . As of 2011 , there are nine combatant commanders : six have regional responsibilities , and three have functional responsibilities . Before 2002 , the combatant commanders were referred to in daily use as `` Commanders - in - chief '' ( for instance : `` Commander in chief , U.S. Central Command '' ) , even though the offices were in fact already designated as `` combatant commander '' ( CCDR ) in the law specifying the positions . On 24 October 2002 , Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced his decision that the use of `` Commander - in - chief '' would thereafter be reserved for the President only . A painting depicting President George Washington and his troops before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania , 1794 . President Abraham Lincoln and Major General George B. McClellan in a military tent after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . President Lyndon B. Johnson awards the Distinguished Service Cross to First Lieutenant Marty A. Hammer in Vietnam , 1966 . The Football is a briefcase , carried by an aide - de-camp , which gives the President the ability to access the Gold Codes and to launch a nuclear attack while away from a fixed command center . Admiral Mike Mullen and Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates attend a meeting of combatant commanders with President George W. Bush in the Cabinet Room at the White House , 2008 . President Donald Trump ( third from right ) , as commander - in - chief , meets with Marine Gen. Joseph F. Dunford Jr. , chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Army Gen. Joseph Votel , commander of U.S. Central Command Commander , and Gen. Raymond A. `` Tony '' Thomas , U.S. Special Operations Command Commander at USCENTCOM headquarters on MacDill Air Force Base , 2017 . U.S. states ( edit ) In U.S. states , the governor also serves as the commander - in - chief of the National Guard , State Militia , and State Defense Forces . In the Commonwealth of Kentucky , for example , KRS 37.180 states : `` The Governor shall be commander in chief of the Kentucky active militia , and the adjutant general shall be the executive officer and shall be responsible to the Governor for the proper functioning of the Kentucky active militia , and he is hereby authorized and empowered to take necessary action to perfect and maintain an efficient organization for the purposes herein set out . He shall have charge of all matters of administration and organization , which shall be in all respects , insofar as necessary and applicable , the same as that of the National Guard . '' Similarly , Section 7 of Article 5 of the Constitution of the State of California states : `` The Governor is commander in chief of a militia that shall be provided by statute . The Governor may call it forth to execute the law . '' Venezuela ( edit ) According to the Venezuelan constitution , the President is Commander in chief of the Armed Forces . The office of the Venezuelan military supreme commander in chief has always been held by the President of Venezuela as per constitutional requirements . However , with a new law sanctioned in 2008 , the `` Comandante en Jefe '' rank is not only a function attributed to the executive branch but a full military rank given to the president upon taking office . Upon assumption he receives a saber , epaulette , shoulder knot , shoulder board and sleeve insignia and full military uniform to be used in military events while performing the duties as president . The shoulder insignia mirrors Cuban practice but is derived from the German - styled officer rank insignia . Vietnam ( edit ) The commander - in - chief of the armed forces is the President of Vietnam , through his post as Chairman of National Defense and Security Council . Though this position is nominal and real power is assumed by the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam . The Secretary of Central Military Commission ( usually the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam ) is the de facto Commander . The Minister of Defence oversees operations of the Ministry of Defence , and the Vietnam People 's Army . He also oversees such agencies as the General Staff and the General Logistics Department . However , military policy is ultimately directed by the Central Military Commission of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam . Other officeholders as commanders - in - Chief or other situations ( edit ) Ethiopia ( edit ) The 1995 Constitution designates the Prime Minister of Ethiopia as `` Commander - in - Chief of the national armed forces '' in Article 74 ( 1 ) . Germany ( edit ) Present , Federal Republic ( 1956 - ) ( edit ) New recruits standing in front of the Reichstag building , before taking the Bundeswehr oath . Due to its infamous history of the 20th century , and before Prussian militarism ; Germany of today puts a strong emphasis on having armed forces compatible with a parliamentary system . Upon the re-militarization of West Germany in 1955 , when it joined NATO , the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was amended in 1956 to include constitutional provisions for the command of the armed forces . In peacetime , under Article 65a , the Federal Minister of Defence ( German : Bundesminister der Verteidigung ) holds the supreme command authority ( German : Inhaber der Befehls - und Kommandogewalt - IBuK ) over the Bundeswehr . If the Bundestag declares the state of defence ( German : Verteidigungsfall ) , the Federal Chancellor , under Article 115b , assumes the command authority over the armed forces . As of 2018 , this has never happened . The President of Germany has thus no role in the command of the forces , although he continues to receive the ceremonial honors due to his position as a head of state . Werner von Blomberg ( left ) saluting Adolf Hitler ( right ) with a baton at the 1937 Nuremberg Rally . The rationale for placing the command authority over the armed forces directly with the responsible minister in charge of the military establishment , and thus breaking with the longstanding German constitutional tradition in both earlier monarchical and republican systems of placing it with the head of state , was that in a democratic parliamentary system the command authority should directly reside where it would be exercised and where it is subject to the parliamentary control of the Bundestag at all times . By assigning it directly to the responsible minister , instead of with the Federal Chancellor , this also meant that military affairs is but one of the many integrated responsibilities of the government ; in stark contrast of earlier times when the separate division of the military establishment from the civil administration allowed the former to act as a state within a state ( in contrast to the Federal Republic , the Weimar Republic began with the Ebert -- Groener pact , which kept the military establishment as an autonomous force outside the control of politics ; the 1925 election of Paul von Hindenburg as Reichpräsident , surrounded by his camarilla and the machinations of Kurt von Schleicher , did little to reverse the trend ) . East Germany ( 1960 - 1990 ) ( edit ) The legislature of the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , the Volkskammer , enacted on 13 February 1960 the Law on the Formation of the National Defense Council of the GDR , which established a council consisting of a chairman and at least 12 members . This was later incorporated into the GDR Constitution in April 1968 . The National Defense Council held the supreme command of the National People 's Army ( including the internal security forces ) , and the Council 's chairman ( usually the General Secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ) was considered the GDR 's commander - in - chief . The GDR joined with the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990 , upon which the GDR 's constitution and armed forces were abolished . Before 1945 ( edit ) During the Kingdom of Prussia , German Empire , Weimar Republic and the Nazi era , whoever was the head of state -- the King of Prussia / German Emperor ( under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia / Constitution of the German Empire ) to 1918 , the Reichspräsident ( under the Weimar Constitution ) to 1934 , and the Führer from 1934 to 1945 -- was the Head of the Armed Forces ( German : Oberbefehlshaber : literally `` Supreme Commander '' ) . Below the level of the Head of State , each military branch ( German : Teilstreitkraft ) had its own head who reported directly to the Head of State and held the highest rank in his service ; in the Reichsheer - Generalfeldmarschall , and in the Reichsmarine - Grossadmiral . After Chancellor Adolf Hitler assumed power as Führer ( after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg ) , he would later grant his war minister , Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg , the title of Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces in 1935 , when conscription was reintroduced . However , in 1938 due to the Blomberg -- Fritsch Affair , Hitler withdrew the Commander - in - Chief title , abolished the war ministerial post and assumed personal command of the Armed Forces . The war ministerial post was de facto overtaken by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht , which was headed by Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel until the German surrender . Greece ( edit ) According to Article 45 of the Greek Constitution , the President is the Head of the Greek Armed Forces , but their administration is exercised by the Government . The Prime Minister , the Minister for National Defence and the Chief of the General Staff are the ones who command the Armed Forces . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , the applicable basic law states that the ultimate authority over the Israel Defense Forces rests with the Government of Israel ( chaired by the Prime Minister ) as a collective body . The authority of the Government is exercised by the Minister of Defense on behalf of the Government . However , the Commander - in - Chief of the IDF is the Chief of General Staff who , despite being subordinate to the Minister of Defense , holds the highest level of command within the military . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , prior to the Meiji Restoration the role of the commander - in - chief was vested in the shōgun ( the most militarily powerful samurai daimyō ) . After the dissolution of the Tokugawa shogunate the role of the commander - in - chief , resided with the Emperor of Japan . The present - day constitutional role of the Emperor is that of a ceremonial figurehead without any military role . After Japan 's move towards democracy , the position of Commander - in - Chief of the Japanese Self - Defence Forces is held by the Prime Minister of Japan . Military authority runs from the Prime Minister to the cabinet - level Minister of Defense of the Japanese Ministry of Defense . Malta ( edit ) The Malta Armed Forces Act does not directly establish the President of Malta as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . However , Maltese law allows the President to raise by voluntary enlistment and maintain an armed force . Likewise , the law allows the President to issue orders in order to the administrate the armed forces . It is important to note that the Armed Forces do not swear allegiance to the President of Malta but rather to the Republic of Malta . On this basis , there is no direct link between the head of state and the armed forces . For this reason , this link is mediated by the Minister responsible for defence . Nonetheless , the Presidential Palaces are guarded by the Armed Forces as a symbolic gesture of social cohesion . Myanmar ( edit ) See also Tatmadaw Myanmar Commander - in Chief , Senior General Min Aung Hlaing Netherlands ( edit ) The Royal insignia ( Dutch : distinctief ) worn by King Willem - Alexander , instead of a regular military rank , whenever he wears a Dutch military uniform . The Constitution of the Netherlands states , in article 97 , that `` the Government shall have supreme authority over the armed forces '' . Article 42 defines the Government as the Monarch and the ministers , and that only ministers are responsible for acts of government . Article 45 further defines the ministers as constituting the Cabinet , chaired by the Prime Minister , with `` authority to decide upon overall government policy '' . Before a constitution change took place in 1983 , even though the equivalent section stated that : `` The King shall have supreme authority over the armed forces '' ; that did not give the monarch any autonomous command authority . The Minister of Defence has the primary ministerial responsibility for the armed forces , which are formally a part of the Ministry of Defence . The Chief of Defence is the highest ranked professional military officer , and serves as an intermediary between the Minister of Defence and the Armed Forces , and is responsible to the Minister for military - strategic planning , operations and deployment of the Armed Forces . North Korea ( edit ) Flag of the Supreme Commander The Constitution of North Korea is ambiguous about which official really is the country 's head of state . Is it the Eternal President of the Republic , the late Kim Il - sung , designated as such in the preamble ; is it the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly , who under article 117 of the constitution directs the work of the Presidium , represents the State , and accredits North Korean diplomats and receives credentials from foreign diplomats ; or is it the Chairman of the National Defence Commission who in article 100 is described as the `` highest military leading organ of State power and an organ for general control over national defense of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' ? In any case , the North Korean constitution , in article 102 , is quite explicit regarding which official commands the armed forces : The Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea is the supreme commander of the whole armed forces of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea and commands and directs all the armed forces of the State . The Chairman is formally elected by the Supreme People 's Assembly ( article 91 : 5 ) and serves for terms of office of five years ( articles 101 & 90 : 1 ) ; but in practice , the office is hereditary within the Kim Dynasty , as the late Kim Jong - il was posthumously designated as `` Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission '' , while his son , Kim Jong - un , was appointed as the `` First Chairman of the National Defence Commission '' . Sweden ( edit ) The Swedish Monarch ( King Carl XVI Gustaf ) is no longer the Commander - in - Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces , although he continues to receive treatment befitting a head of state . In Sweden , with the Ordinance of Alsnö in 1280 , nobles were exempted from land taxation if they provided cavalrymen to the King 's service . Following the Swedish War of Liberation ( 1521 -- 53 ) from the Kalmar Union , a Guards Regiment was formed under the King and from there the modern Swedish Army has its roots . During the age of the Swedish Empire , several kings -- Gustavus Adolphus , Charles X , Charles XI & Charles XII -- personally led their forces into battle . Under the Instrument of Government of 1809 , which was in force until the current Instrument of Government of 1974 went into force on 1 January 1975 ; the Monarch was in § § 14 - 15 explicitly designated as the Commander - in - Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces ( Swedish : Högste befälhavare ) . At present , the Government ( Swedish : Regeringen ) as a collective body , chaired and formed by the Prime Minister of Sweden , holds the highest Executive Authority , subject to the will of the Riksdag ; and is thus the present day closest equivalent of a command - in - chief , although not explicitly designated as such . The reason for this change was , apart from the fact that the King was since 1917 no longer expected to make political decisions without ministerial advice , that the new Instrument of Government was intended to be made as descriptive on the workings of the State as possible , and reflective on how decisions are actually made . Minister of Justice Lennart Geijer further remarked in the government bill that any continued pretensions of royal involvement in government decisions would be of a `` fictitious nature '' and `` highly unsatisfactory '' . Certain Government decisions regarding the Armed Forces ( Swedish : Särskilda regeringsbeslut ) may be delegated to the Minister for Defence , under the supervision of the Prime Minister and to the extent laid down in ordinances . To add to some confusion to the above , the title of the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and highest ranked commissioned officer on active duty , is actually Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces ( Swedish : Överbefälhavaren ) . However , the Monarch ( as of present King Carl XVI Gustaf ) , is still a four - star general and admiral à la suite in the Swedish Army , Navy and Air Force and is by unwritten convention regarded as the foremost representative of the Swedish Armed Forces . The King has , as part of his court , a military staff . The military staff is headed by a senior officer ( usually a general or admiral , retired from active service ) and is composed of active duty military officers serving as aides to the King and his family . Switzerland ( edit ) The epaulet for the wartime - only office and rank of General . Supreme authority over the military belongs to the Federal Council , which is the Swiss collegial head of state . Nothwithstanding the previous sentence , under the Constitution , the Federal Council can only , in the operational sense , command a maximum of 4,000 soldiers , with a time limit of three weeks of mobilisation . For it to field more service personnel , the Federal Assembly must elect a General ( see below ) who is given four stars . Thus , the General is elected by the Federal Assembly to give him the same democratic legitimacy as the Federal Council . In peacetime , the Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces ( Chef der Armee ) , who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence , Civil Protection and Sports and to the Federal Council as a whole . The Chief of the Armed Forces has the rank of Korpskommandant or Commandant de corps ( OF - 8 in NATO equivalence ) . In a time of declared war or national emergency , however , the Federal Assembly , assembled as the United Federal Assembly , specifically for the purpose of taking on the war - time responsibilities elect a General as Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces under Article 168 of the Constitution . While The General acts as the highest military authority with a high degree of autonomy , he is still subordinate to the Federal Council ( See Articles 58 , 60 , 174 , 177 , 180 & 185 ) . The Federal Assembly retains the sole power to dismiss the General , but the General remains subordinate to the Federal Council by the Council 's ability to demobilise and hence making the position of General redundant . Four generals were appointed in Swiss history , General Henri Dufour during the Swiss Civil War , General Hans Herzog during the Franco - Prussian War , General Ulrich Wille during the First World War , and General Henri Guisan during the Second World War ( `` la Mob '' , `` the Mobilisation '' ) . Although Switzerland remained neutral during the latter three conflicts , the threat of having its territory used as a battlefield by the much bigger war parties of Germany and France required mobilization of the army . See also ( edit ) Within NATO and the European Union , the term Chief of Defence ( CHOD ) is usually used as a generic term for the highest - ranked office held by a professional military officer on active duty , irrespective of their actual title or powers . 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About Wikipedia	who is the commander in chief of the usa	[ "According to Article II, Section 2, Clause I of the Constitution, the President of the United States is “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.”[59]\nSince the National Security Act of 1947, this has been understood to mean all United States Armed Forces.\nU.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions, with the President possessing ultimate authority, but no rank, maintaining a civilian status, other than the title of Commander in Chief.[60]\nThe exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the President as Commander in Chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history, with Congress at various times granting the President wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority.[61]\n" ]	[ "the President of the United States" ]
-8246223756050325485	Salvadoran colón	Salvadoran colón - wikipedia Salvadoran colón Jump to : navigation , search Salvadoran colón colón salvadoreño ( in Spanish ) ISO 4217 Code SVC Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 centavo Plural colones Symbol ₡ Banknotes 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 25 , 50 , 100 , 200 colones Coins 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 25 , 50 centavos , 1 , 5 colón Demographics User ( s ) El Salvador Issuance Central bank Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete . The colón was the currency of El Salvador between 1892 and 2001 , until it was replaced by the U.S. Dollar . It was subdivided into 100 centavos and its ISO 4217 code was SVC . The plural is colones in Spanish and was named after Christopher Columbus , known as Cristóbal Colón in Spanish . Contents ( hide ) 1 Currency symbol 2 History 2.1 Post colonial currency 3 Coins 4 Banknotes 5 References Currency symbol ( edit ) The symbol for the colón is a c with two slashes . The symbol `` ₡ '' has Unicode code point U + 20A1 , and the decimal representation is 8353 . In HTML it can be entered as & # 8353 ; . The colón sign is not to be confused with the cent sign ( ¢ ) , which has a code point U + 00A2 in Unicode ( or 162 in decimal ) , or with the cedi sign ₵ , which has a code point U + 20B5 in Unicode ( or 8373 in decimal ) . Nonetheless , the commonly available cent symbol ' ¢ ' is frequently used locally to designate the colón in price markings and advertisements . History ( edit ) On October 1 , 1892 , the government of President Carlos Ezeta , decided that the Salvadoran peso be called ' Colon ' , in homage to the `` discoverer '' of America . The colón replaced the peso at par in 1919 . It was initially pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 2 colones = 1 dollar . El Salvador left the gold standard in 1931 and its value floated . On June 19 , 1934 the Central Bank was created as the government body responsible for monetary policy and the sole body authorized to issue currency in the nation . On January 1 , 2001 under the government of President Francisco Flores , the Law of Monetary Integration went into effect and allowed the free circulation of U.S. dollar in the country ( see dollarization ) , with a fixed exchange rate of 8.75 colones . The colon has not officially ceased to be legal tender . Post colonial currency ( edit ) In the mid-19th century , farms produced tin sheets ( property sheets ) with the farm 's name and were used as payment to employees , the sheets only had value in the farm store that issued it , so it created a kind of monopoly . During the existence of the Central American Federation , the monetary system did not change with respect to the colonial system and continued using silver by weight as the main currency with circulation of macaques and property sheets . Once the federation dissolved , the Salvadoran government decreed the issuance of the first national currency , `` Reales '' , gold coins engraved with an `` R '' and the `` Escudos ( Shields ) '' were silver coins with an `` E '' engraved . In 1883 , under the presidency of Dr. Rafael Zaldívar , the First Monetary Law was adopted using `` Peso ( weight ) '' as a monetary unit , discarding the Spanish system of division into 8 reales . The new law served as a basis for the metric system , where the peso was equivalent to 10 reales . At the end of the 19th century , new paper money began to play an important role as an instrument of change as a unit of measure of the value of goods and as an element of savings . The job of issuing bank notes was decreed to private banks licensed by the government . The first bank to issue banknotes was the Banco International ( International Bank ) , founded in 1880 , this bank was granted exclusive issuing , but then lost exclusivity to Banco Occidental and Banco Agricola Comercial . Under the presidency of Carloz Ezeta , the Mint was inaugurated on August 28 of 1892 . On October 1 of that year as a tribute to Christopher Columbus in the Discovery of America , the Legislature reformed the monetary law and changed the name to `` Colón '' . The exchange rate from US dollar at that time was 2 colones for a dollar . In 1919 Currency laws were amended stipulating that the coins with daily wear would be withdrawn from circulation and coins with cuts or punched out parts would not be accepted as legal tender . The amendment also prohibited the using of cards , vouchers or counterparts to replace the official currency . Furthermore , it gave the Ministry of Finance the power to control the circulation of the currency . Despite the relative economic prosperity of the 1920s , the worldwide depression of 1929 , the global drop in coffee prices and the government deregulation of the monetary system caused a national economic crisis . The main problem was the lack of a specialized institution dedicated to ensuring that currency retained its value by controlling banking activity . In response , the government of General Maximiliano Hernández Martínez hired an Englishman named Frederick Francis Joseph Powell to analyze and structure the Salvadoran banking body . In its final report , it was recommended that the banking system should be organized around a central bank to protect the currency and its value , and issue the currency and credit control . Thus through the presidential initiative on June 19 , 1934 , the Legislature approved the creation of the Central Bank of El Salvador , an institution whose objectives are set to control the volume of credit and demand of currency , and was also conferred the exclusive power to issue monetary kind . Coins ( edit ) Because the colón replaced the peso at par , 1 and 5 centavos coins issued before 1919 continued to be issued without design change after the colón 's introduction . In 1921 , cupro - nickel 10 centavos were introduced , followed by silver 25 centavos in 1943 . In 1953 , silver 50 centavos were introduced alongside smaller silver 25 centavos . Both were replaced by nickel coins in 1970 . In 1974 , nickel - brass 2 and 3 centavos coins were introduced , followed by 1 colón coins in 1984 . Banknotes ( edit ) On August 31 , 1934 , the new banking institution put into circulation the first family of banknotes in Salvadoran history . Until 1934 , paper money was issued by private banks . Three banks issued notes , the Banco Agricola Comercial , the Banco Occidental and the Banco Salvadoreño . They were issued in one , five , ten , twenty - five and one hundred colones , adding two and fifty colones banknotes in 1955 . The last 2 colones notes were dated 1976 and the last 1 colón note was issued in 1982 . 200 colones banknotes were introduced in 1997 . El Salvador 10 Colones banknote of 1959 . Colón banknotes Image Value Main Color Description Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse ₡ 1 Red Christopher Columbus Presa 5 de Noviembre ₡ 2 Magenta Christopher Columbus Colonial church in Panchimalco ₡ 5 Green Christopher Columbus Palacio Nacional ₡ 10 Blue Christopher Columbus Volcán de Izalco ( Izalco volcano ) ₡ 25 Cyan Christopher Columbus Pirámide de San Andres ₡ 50 Purple Christopher Columbus Lago de Coatepeque ₡ 100 Olive Green Christopher Columbus Pirámide del Tazumal ₡ 200 Orange Christopher Columbus Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo ( Monument to the Divine Savior of the World ) For table standards , see the banknote specification table . References ( edit ) Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . Pick , Albert ( 1990 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : Specialized Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 6th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 149 - 8 . Jump up ^ Currency Symbols Jump up ^ Martínez , Néstor . Las venas abiertas de los indígenas en El Salvador Jump up ^ Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador . ¿ Qué es el Dinero ? 2000 Jump up ^ Banknotes of Salvadoran colón . Archived June 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( hide ) El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender Inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Salvadoran_colón&oldid = 804059594 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Economy of El Salvador Currencies of North America Modern obsolete currencies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Тоҷикӣ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 13 : 25 . About Wikipedia	when did el salvador start using the dollar	[ "The colón was the currency of El Salvador between 1892 and 2001, until it was replaced by the U.S. Dollar. It was subdivided into 100 centavos and its ISO 4217 code was SVC. The plural is colones in Spanish and was named after Christopher Columbus, known as Cristóbal Colón in Spanish." ]	[ "2001" ]
-2206372951528148090	Transformers (film series)	Transformers ( film series ) - wikipedia Transformers ( film series ) Transformers Franchise logo for the first three films Directed by Michael Bay ( 1 -- 5 ) Travis Knight ( Bumblebee ) Produced by Ian Bryce Tom DeSanto Lorenzo di Bonaventura Don Murphy Michael Bay ( Bumblebee ) Based on Transformers by Hasbro Starring See list for cast members Music by Steve Jablonsky ( 1 -- 5 ) Dario Marianelli ( Bumblebee ) Production companies di Bonaventura Pictures ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Angry Films ( 2007 -- 2017 ) Hasbro Studios ( 2009 -- 2018 ) Allspark Pictures ( Bumblebee ) Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) Paramount Pictures Release date 2007 -- 2018 Running time 766 minutes ( 5 films ) Country United States Language English Budget $972 million Box office $4.38 billion Transformers is a series of American science fiction fantasy action films based on the toys created by Hasbro and Tomy . Michael Bay has directed the first five films : Transformers ( 2007 ) , Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) , Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) and The Last Knight ( 2017 ) . A spin - off entitled Bumblebee , directed by Travis Knight and produced by Michael Bay , is scheduled for December 21 , 2018 . The series has been distributed by Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks . The live - action film series has received mixed - to - negative reception , with criticism of the plots , sophomoric humor , overuse of product placements and the lengths of the films , but praise of the visual effects , action sequences and music . It is the 11th - highest - grossing film series , with a total of $4.3 billion ; two films in the series have individually grossed over $1 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Transformers ( 2007 ) 1.2 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) 1.3 Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) 1.4 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) 1.5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) 1.6 Bumblebee ( 2018 ) 1.7 Future and cancelled shared universe 2 In other media 3 Additional crew & film details 4 Reception 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical and public reception 4.3 Academy Awards 5 Cast and characters 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Transformers July 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 03 ) Michael Bay Roberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman John Rogers , Roberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman Don Murphy , Tom DeSanto , Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Ian Bryce Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen June 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) Ehren Kruger and Robert Orci & Alex Kurtzman Transformers : Dark of the Moon June 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) Ehren Kruger Transformers : Age of Extinction June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) Transformers : The Last Knight June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) Art Marcum & Matt Holloway & Ken Nolan Akiva Goldsman , Art Marcum & Matt Holloway & Ken Nolan Bumblebee December 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 21 ) Travis Knight Christina Hodson Michael Bay , Stephen Davis , Tom DeSanto and Lorenzo di Bonaventura Transformers ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers ( film ) For the first film , producer Don Murphy was planning a G.I. Joe film adaptation , but when the U.S. launched the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 , Hasbro suggested adapting the Transformers franchise instead . Tom DeSanto joined Murphy because he was a fan of the series . They met with comic book writer Simon Furman , and cited the Generation 1 cartoon and comics as their main influence . They made the Creation Matrix their plot device , though Murphy had it renamed because of the film series The Matrix . DeSanto chose to write the treatment from a human point of view to engage the audience , while Murphy wanted it to have a realistic tone , reminiscent of a disaster film . The treatment featured the Autobots Optimus Prime , Ironhide , Jazz , Prowl , Arcee , Ratchet , Wheeljack , and Bumblebee , and the Decepticons Megatron , Starscream , Soundwave , Ravage , Laserbeak , Rumble , Skywarp and Shockwave . Steven Spielberg , a fan of the comics and toys , signed on as executive producer in 2004 . John Rogers wrote the first draft , which pitted four Autobots against four Decepticons , and featured the Ark spaceship . Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman , fans of the cartoon , were hired to rewrite the script in February 2005 . Spielberg suggested that `` a boy and his car '' should be the focus . This appealed to Orci and Kurtzman because it conveyed themes of adulthood and responsibility , `` the things that a car represents in the United States '' . The characters of Sam and Mikaela were the sole point of view given in Orci and Kurtzman 's first draft . The Transformers had no dialogue , as the producers feared talking robots would look ridiculous . The writers felt that even if it would look silly , not having the robots speak would betray the fanbase . The first draft also had a battle scene in the Grand Canyon . Spielberg read each of Orci and Kurtzman 's drafts and gave notes for improvement . The writers remained involved throughout production , adding additional dialogue for the robots during the sound mixing ( although none of this was kept in the final film , which ran fifteen minutes shorter than the initial edit ) . Furman 's The Ultimate Guide , published by Dorling Kindersley , remained as a resource to the writers throughout production . Prime Directive was used as a fake working title . This was also the name of Dreamwave Productions ' first Transformers comic book . Michael Bay was asked to direct by Spielberg on July 30 , 2005 , but he dismissed the film as a `` stupid toy movie '' . Nonetheless , he wanted to work with Spielberg , and gained a new respect for the mythology upon visiting Hasbro . Bay considered the first draft `` too kiddie '' , so he increased the military 's role in the story . The writers sought inspiration from G.I. Joe for the soldier characters , being careful not to mix the brands . Because Orci and Kurtzman were concerned the film could feel like a military recruitment commercial , they chose to make the military believe nations like Iran were behind the Decepticon attack as well as making the Decepticons primarily military vehicles . Bay based Lennox 's struggle to get to the Pentagon phone line while struggling with an unhelpful operator from a real account he was given by a soldier when working on another film . Orci and Kurtzman experimented with numerous robots from the franchise , ultimately selecting the characters most popular among the filmmakers to form the final cast . Bay acknowledged that most of the Decepticons were selected before their names or roles were developed , as Hasbro had to start designing the toys . Some of their names were changed because Bay was upset that they had been leaked . Optimus , Megatron , Bumblebee and Starscream were the only characters present in each version of the script . Arcee was a female Transformer introduced by Orci and Kurtzman , but she was cut because they found it difficult to explain robotic gender ; Bay also disliked her motorcycle form , which he found too small . An early idea to have the Decepticons simultaneously strike multiple places around the world was also dropped , being used later in the film 's sequels . Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen In September 2007 , Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to Transformers . A major hurdle that was overcome during the film 's production was the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , as well as possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild . Bay began creating animatics of action sequences featuring characters rejected for the 2007 film ; this would allow animators to complete sequences if the Directors Guild of America went on strike in July 2008 , which ultimately did not happen . The director considered making a small project in between Transformers and its sequel , but knew `` you have your baby and you do n't want someone else to take it '' . The film was given a $200 million budget , which was $50 million more than the 2007 film , and some of the action scenes rejected for the original were written into the sequel , such as the way Optimus is reintroduced in this film . Lorenzo di Bonaventura said the studio proposed filming two sequels simultaneously , but he and Bay concurred that was not the right direction for the series . Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman originally passed on the sequel because of a busy schedule . The studio began courting other writers in May 2007 , but as they were unimpressed with their pitches , they convinced Orci and Kurtzman to return . The studio also signed on Ehren Kruger , as he impressed Bay and Hasbro president Brian Goldner with his knowledge of the Transformers mythology , and because he was friends with Orci and Kurtzman . The writing trio were paid $8 million . Screenwriting was interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , but to avoid production delays the writers spent two weeks writing a treatment , which they handed in the night before the strike began , and Bay expanded the outline into a sixty - page scriptment , fleshing out the action , adding more jokes , as well as selecting the majority of new characters . The three writers spent four months finishing the screenplay while `` locked '' in two hotel rooms by Bay : Kruger wrote in his own room and the trio would check on each other 's work twice a day . Orci described the film 's theme as `` being away from home '' , with the Autobots contemplating living on Earth as they can not restore Cybertron , while Sam goes to college . He wanted the focus between the robots and humans `` much more evenly balanced '' , `` the stakes ( to ) be higher '' , and the science fiction elements more prominent . Lorenzo di Bonaventura said that in total , there are around forty robots in the film , while ILM 's Scott Farrar has said there are actually sixty . Orci added that he wanted to `` modulate '' the humor more , and felt he managed the more `` outrageous '' jokes by balancing them with a more serious plot approach to the Transformers ' mythology . Bay concurred that he wanted to please fans by making the tone darker , and that `` moms will think its safe enough to bring the kids back out to the movies '' despite his trademark sense of humor . Before Transformers was released , producer DeSanto had `` a very cool idea '' to introduce the Dinobots , while Bay was interested in an aircraft carrier , which was dropped from the 2007 film . Orci claimed they did not incorporate these characters into Revenge of the Fallen because they could not think of a way to justify the Dinobots ' choice of form , and were unable to fit in the aircraft carrier . Orci also admitted he was also dismissive of the Dinobots because he does not like dinosaurs . `` I recognize I am weird in that department '' , he said , but he became fonder of them during filming because of their popularity with fans . He added `` I could n't see why a Transformer would feel the need to disguise himself in front of a bunch of lizards . Movie-wise , I mean . Once the general audience is fully on board with the whole thing , maybe Dinobots in the future . '' However , Michael Bay said he hated the Dinobots and they had never been in consideration for being featured in the movies . It is the last film in the series to be distributed by DreamWorks . Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Dark of the Moon For the third film , as a preemptive measure before the release of Revenge of the Fallen , Michael Lucchi and Paramount announced on March 16 , 2009 , that a third film would be released in IMAX 3D on July 1 , 2011 , which earned a surprised response from director Bay : I said I was taking off a year from Transformers . Paramount made a mistake in dating Transformers 3 -- they asked me on the phone -- I said yes to July 1 -- but for 2012 -- whoops ! Not 2011 ! That would mean I would have to start prep in September . No way . My brain needs a break from fighting robots . Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman , who had worked on the two previous Transformers films , declined to return for the third film , with Kurtzman declaring that `` the franchise is so wonderful that it deserves to be fresh , all the time . We just felt like we 'd given it a lot and did n't have an insight for where to go with it next '' . Revenge of the Fallen 's co-writer Ehren Kruger became the sole screenwriter for Dark of the Moon . Kruger had frequent meetings with Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) visual effects producers , who suggested plot points such as the scenes in Chernobyl . On October 1 , 2009 , Bay revealed that Dark of the Moon had already gone into pre-production , and its planned release was back to its originally intended date of July 1 , 2011 , rather than 2012 . Due to the revived interest in 3 - D technology brought in by the success of Avatar , talks between Paramount , ILM , and Bay had considered the possibility of the next Transformers film being filmed in 3 - D , and testing was performed to bring the technology into Bay 's work . Bay originally was not much interested in the format as he felt it did not fit his `` aggressive style '' of filmmaking , but he was convinced after talks with Avatar director James Cameron , who even offered the technical crew from that film . Cameron reportedly told Bay about 3 - D , `` You got ta look at it as a toy , it 's another fun tool to help get emotion and character and create an experience . '' Bay was reluctant to film with 3 - D cameras since in test he found them to be too cumbersome for his filming style , but he did not want to implement the technology in post production either since he was not pleased with the results . In addition to using the 3 - D Fusion camera rigs developed by Cameron 's team , Bay and the team spent nine months developing a more portable 3 - D camera that could be brought into location . On the day of the film 's release , Shia LaBeouf announced that Dark of the Moon will be his last Transformers film . In a hidden extra for the Blu - ray release of Revenge of the Fallen , Bay expressed his intention to make Transformers 3 not necessarily larger than Revenge of the Fallen , but instead deeper into the mythology , to give it more character development , and to make it darker and more emotional . Unicron is briefly shown in a secret Transformers 3 preview feature in the Revenge of the Fallen Blu - ray Disc . Ultimately , the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet - eating Transformer , and no further comments were ever made on the subject . Having been called Transformers 3 up to that point , the film 's final title was revealed to be Dark of the Moon in October 2010 . After Revenge of the Fallen was almost universally panned by critics , Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script , having blamed the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems . Bay promised to not have the `` dorky comedy '' from the last film . On March 19 , 2010 , the script was said to be finished . Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : Age of Extinction In February 2012 , producer di Bonaventura stated that a fourth film was in the works , aiming for a 2014 release , with Michael Bay to direct and produce . On the same day , Paramount Pictures and Michael Bay announced a June 27 , 2014 release date for a fourth film . Ehren Kruger would pen the script and Steve Jablonsky would score the film , as each had for the previous film . The film is set five years after the events in Transformers : Dark of the Moon . Shia LaBeouf did not return in any future installments . Mark Wahlberg was instead cast in the lead role . In November 2012 , casting began to search for two more leads . Isabelle Cornish , Nicola Peltz , Gabriella Wilde and Margaret Qualley were all considered to play the daughter of Mark Wahlberg 's character , while Luke Grimes , Landon Liboiron , Brenton Thwaites , Jack Reynor and Hunter Parrish were all considered to play the race - car - driving boyfriend . Bay announced on his website that Reynor would be the boyfriend and that the fourth film would start the next installment in the overall series ; the film was to be a darker sequel to Dark of the Moon and have a different feeling . Peter Cullen , who voiced Optimus Prime in the films , was to reprise his role . Tyrese Gibson was in talks to reprise his role . Glenn Morshower stated that he was contracted for two films and he was to reprise his role , but it was later confirmed that Morshower would not be returning . With a budget of $165 million , filming was expected to take place in London between April and November 2013 -- once Pain & Gain , another film that Bay was directing , had finished editing . On January 8 , 2013 , it was announced that Reynor was joining Wahlberg in the lead . On March 20 , 2013 , the film 's plot read : `` As humanity picks up the pieces , following the conclusion of Transformers : Dark of the Moon , Autobots and Decepticons have all but vanished from the face of the planet . However , a group of powerful , ingenious businessman and scientists attempt to learn from past Transformer incursions and push the boundaries of technology beyond what they can control -- all while an ancient , powerful Transformer menace sets Earth in his crosshairs . The epic adventure and battle between good and evil , freedom and enslavement ensues . '' But this plot summary was later found to be inaccurate . On March 26 , 2013 , Nicola Peltz was cast as the female lead . Bay confirmed that the movie was to be in 3D . Bay revealed to Collider that actor Stanley Tucci had joined the cast , and that the film would be the first feature film to be shot using smaller digital IMAX 3D cameras . On May 1 , 2013 , actor Kelsey Grammer was cast as the lead human villain named `` Harold Attinger '' . On May 6 , 2013 , actress Sophia Myles was cast in a major supporting role . That same month , Chinese actress Li Bingbing and comedian T.J. Miller joined the cast . Actor T.J. Miller would be playing the best friend of Wahlberg 's character who is a mechanic . Also revealed were two Autobots who would have the following alternate modes -- a black - and - blue 2013 Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse named `` Drift '' , and a green 2014 C7 Corvette Stingray concept named Crosshairs . A truck from Western Star Trucks would be Optimus Prime 's new alternate mode for the movie . Bumblebee 's new alternate mode was revealed to be a modified vintage 1967 Chevrolet Camaro , which later transforms into a 2014 Chevrolet Camaro concept . A green military vehicle ( later confirmed to be Hound ) and a white emergency response vehicle were also revealed . Filming began in June 2013 , in Detroit , Chicago , Austin , Los Angeles , and Hong Kong . The last Knight ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformers : The Last Knight In March 2015 , Deadline Hollywood reported that Paramount Pictures was in talks with Akiva Goldsman to pitch new ideas for the Transformers franchise 's future installments . The studio intends to do what James Cameron and 20th Century Fox have been doing in planning three Avatar sequels , and what Disney has done to revive Star Wars , with sequels and spin - offs . Paramount wants to have their own cinematic universe for Transformers , similar to Marvel 's / Disney 's Marvel Cinematic Universe ( which had been one of Paramount 's previous film series ) , and DC Comics / Warner Bros . ' DC Extended Universe . Goldsman is the head of the future projects , and worked with franchise director Michael Bay , executive producer Steven Spielberg , and producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura to organize a `` writers ' room '' that incubates ideas for potential Transformers sequels , prequels and spin - offs . The writers ' room members include : Christina Hodson , Lindsey Beer , Andrew Barrer , and Gabriel Ferrari ( Ant - Man ) , Robert Kirkman ( The Walking Dead ) , Art Marcum & Matt Holloway , Zak Penn ( Pacific Rim Uprising ) , Jeff Pinkner ( The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ) , Ken Nolan , and Geneva Robertson - Dworet . Kirkman left the room after just one day to undergo throat surgery . In July 2015 , Akiva Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner were announced as the fifth Transformers film 's screenwriters . However , on November 20 , due to Goldsman 's commitments creating a writers ' room for G.I. Joe and Micronauts properties , Paramount began to negotiate with Art Marcum and Matt Holloway ( Iron Man ) , as well as Ken Nolan ( Black Hawk Down ) , to write the film . Lindsey Beer and Geneva Robertson - Dworet were also brought aboard for writing duties . After Transformers : Age of Extinction , Bay had decided not to direct any future Transformers films . But in early January 2016 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , he stated that he would return to direct the fifth film , and that it will be his last Transformers film . Paramount Pictures spent $80 million on production in Michigan , in return for $21 million in state incentives , under agreements entered into before the state legislature eliminated the film office incentive program in July 2015 . In April 2016 , Paramount hired cinematographer Jonathan Sela . On May 17 , Bay revealed the official title of the film to be The Last Knight on his Instagram account , where he also posted a production video showing a close - up of Optimus Prime 's face with purple eyes instead of blue , and his face mostly discolored . The official Twitter account showed a 19 - second short video in morse code that translates to `` I 'm coming for you May 31 '' . On May 31 , it was revealed that Megatron would return in the sequel . Bumblebee ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bumblebee ( film ) Bumblebee is an upcoming American science fiction film directed by Travis Knight with a screenplay by Christina Hodson . It is a spin - off of the live - action Transformers film series , based on the Transformers ' character of the same name , and is a prequel to 2007 Transformers film . Bumblebee stars Hailee Steinfeld , John Cena , Jorge Lendeborg Jr. , Rachel Crow , and Pamela Adlon . Principal photography on the film began on July 31 , 2017 , in Los Angeles and San Francisco , California . Future and cancelled shared Universe ( edit ) On March 28 , 2013 , during the release of G.I. Joe : Retaliation , producer di Bonaventura announced that he is open to doing a G.I. Joe / Transformers crossover . On July 26 , 2013 , G.I. Joe : Retaliation director Jon M. Chu stated that he is also interested in directing a Transformers / G.I. Joe crossover film . Despite di Bonaventura having stated on June 23 , 2014 , that a crossover was not likely to happen , he later stated that a crossover was still a possibility . In March 2015 , Akiva Goldsman was tasked to create a `` Transformers Cinematic Universe '' , as to oversee the development of a multi-part sequel , along with prequels and spin - off films in a `` writer 's room '' style brain trust . In May 2015 , Deadline reported that Robert Kirkman , Zak Penn , Art Marcum and Matt Holloway , Jeff Pinkner , Andrew Barrer , Gabriel Ferrari , Christina Hodson , Lindsey Beer , Ken Nolan , Geneva Robertson - Dworet , and Steven DeKnight are to write spin - offs , potentially titled Beast Wars and Transformers One , and sequels for the franchise . In June 2015 , at least 12 films are to be pitched for the `` Transformers Cinematic Universe '' . On September 17 , 2015 , Deadline reported that Barrer and Ferrari are to write film that will explore the origins in Cybertron , with a working title Transformers One . In April 2017 , Michael Bay stated that , as a result of the writers ' room , there are fourteen stories completed for potential future Transformers films . On February 16 , 2018 , it was reported that Hasbro 's previous plans for Transformers 6 have been postponed , as confirmed by John Warden , senior designer for the brand . On May 23 , 2018 , Paramount announced it had pulled Transformers 6 off its release schedule , leaving the future of the film series in question . In other media ( edit ) Main articles : Transformers ( film comic series ) and List of Transformers video games § Games based on the film series In addition to the films , the film series has a promotional expanded series that is set both before and after the events of the films . This includes comic books , video games , and novels . While the novels are partially based on the films themselves , and the video games are n't in the same continuity as the films , the comic books and graphic novels are in the same continuity and fill in several parts of the stories from the films . Additional crew & film details ( edit ) Credit Transformers Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Transformers : Dark of the Moon Transformers : Age of Extinction Transformers : The Last Knight Bumblebee Editor ( s ) Paul Rubell Glen Scantlebury Tom Muldoon Tom Muldoon Paul Rubell Roger Barton Joel Negron Roger Barton William Goldenberg Joel Negron Roger Barton William Goldenberg Paul Rubell Mark Sanger John Refoua Debra Neil - Fisher Roger Barton Adam Gerstel Calvin Wimmer Paul Rubell Cinematography Mitchell Amundsen Ben Seresin Amir Mokri Jonathan Sela Matthew Libatique Composer Steve Jablonsky Dario Marianelli Production companies di Bonaventura Pictures , Hasbro Studios , Angry Films di Bonaventura Pictures , Hasbro Studios , Allspark Pictures Distributor DreamWorks Pictures Paramount Pictures Paramount Pictures Walt Disney Pictures Running time 143 minutes 150 minutes 154 minutes 165 minutes 154 minutes Release date July 3 , 2007 June 24 , 2009 June 29 , 2011 June 27 , 2014 June 21 , 2017 December 21 , 2018 MPAA rating PG - 13 Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Ref North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Worldwide Transformers July 3 , 2007 $319.2 million $390.5 million $709.7 million # 36 # 114 # 95 $150 million Revenge of the Fallen June 24 , 2009 $402.1 million $434.2 million $836.3 million # 18 # 81 # 60 $200 million Dark of the Moon June 29 , 2011 $352.4 million $771.4 million $1.12 billion # 27 # 129 # 15 $195 million Age of Extinction June 27 , 2014 $245.4 million $858.6 million $1.10 billion # 91 # 18 $210 million The Last Knight June 21 , 2017 $130.2 million $475.2 million $605.4 million # 428 # 130 $260 million Total $ 7000145000000000000 ♠ 1.45 billion $ 7000293000000000000 ♠ 2.93 billion $ 7000438000000000000 ♠ 4.38 billion $972 million List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical and public reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Transformers 57 % ( 223 reviews ) 61 ( 35 critics ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 19 % ( 246 reviews ) 35 ( 32 critics ) B+ Transformers : Dark of the Moon 35 % ( 253 reviews ) 42 ( 37 critics ) Transformers : Age of Extinction 18 % ( 197 reviews ) 32 ( 38 critics ) A − Transformers : The Last Knight 16 % ( 209 reviews ) 27 ( 47 critics ) B+ Academy Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards Film Transformers ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of Transformers film series cast and characters and List of Transformers film series characters See also ( edit ) The Transformers : The Movie , a 1986 animated film based on the TV series Transformers : The Ride 3D , an amusement ride based on the film series G.I. Joe film series ( soon to be a shared cinematic universe with ROM , M.A.S.K. , Visionaries and Micronauts ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Michael Bay will direct the next ' Transformers , ' but first he 's pumped for ' Pain and Gain ' '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bay To Direct ' Transformers 4 , ' Producer Confirms '' . Movienight.mtv.ca . February 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Producer Lorenzo Di Bonaventura Says ' Transformers 4 ' Coming For Summer 2014 The Playlist '' . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Kellvin Chavez ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) . `` On Set Interview : Producer Don Murphy On Transformers '' . Latino Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : The Cast , The History , The Movie '' . Entertainment News International . 2007 - 06 - 15 . 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Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 Storyline -- Powerful Businessmen And Ingenious Scientists Will Be The Death Of Us '' . Bleedingcool.com . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicola Peltz cast as Transformers 4 female lead '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 will be in 3D '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Michael Bay Reveals TRANSFORMERS 4 Will Shoot the ' Showcase Scenes ' With the New IMAX 3D Digital Camera '' . Collider . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kelsey Grammer Lands Lead ( Human ) Villain In ' Transformers ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Myles to Join Mark Wahlberg in Michael Bay 's ' Transformers 4 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Li Bingbing Boards ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller Joins ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` T.J. Miller joins Transformers 4 Cast '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Optimus Prime in Transformers 4 feat Autobots -- First Look Photos '' . MOVIETAROT . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 Bumblebee New Vehicle Mode Confirmed -- Official Photo Revealed '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Transformers 4 Set Images Featuring New Vehicles '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 4 filming in Detroit '' . Detroit Free Press . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Enlisting Akiva Goldsman To Ramp Up ' Transformers ' Output '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allison Keene ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Kirkman Reveals He Was Only in the ' Transformers ' Writers Room for One Day '' . Collider . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Daredevil 's Steven DeKnight on the Transformers Writers Room and Planning Ahead '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Akiva Goldsman ' Transformers ' Writers Room Leads Paramount & Hasbro To Set One For ' G.I. Joe , ' ' Micronauts ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Eells ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` 13 Hours ' : Can Michael Bay Pull Off a Gritty Movie About Benghazi ? '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tribune news services ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Transformers 5 ' receives $21 million incentive to shoot in Detroit '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Caranicas ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Fast 8 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' To the Bone , ' ' MacGyver ' and ' Altered Carbon ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers 5 ' : Director Michael Bay Reveals Sequel 's Official Title '' . Yahoo ! Movies . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # TRANSFORMERS on Twitter : `` Something wicked this way comes . # transformers '' `` . Twitter . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon M. Chu Likes the idea of a G.I. Joe / Transformers Crossover Movie '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe And Transformers Crossover ? The Producer Tells Us How It Could Happen '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` G.I. Joe / Transformers Movie Crossover Not Likely to Happen , Says Producer . '' June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' and ' G.I. Joe ' Crossover Movie Is Possible , Says Producer '' . fashiontimes.com . July 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Enlisting Akiva Goldsman To Ramp Up ' Transformers ' Output '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Spinoff & Sequel Scribes Set : ' Walking Dead 's Robert Kirkman & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Ant - Man ' Scribes Andrew Barrer & Gabriel Ferrari Join ' Transformers ' Writers Room : Cybertron Pic In Offing ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` No Boys Club In ' Transformers ' Writer Room : Christina Hodson , Lindsey Beer Join Brain Trust '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Akiva Goldsman ' Transformers ' Writers Room As Paramount Adds Scribe Pair '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil 's Steven DeKnight Rounds Out ' Transformers ' Writers Room '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount 's Transformers Story Room will pitch at least a Dozen New Movies '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Writers Room Wraps : Akiva Goldsman Scripting ' T5 ' , Animated Film By ' Ant - Man ' Scribes Barrer & Ferrari '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ ExVee ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Bay Reveals A Staggering Number Of Potential Transformers Sequels '' . TFormers.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Warden Comments On Transformers Movie Franchise Future '' . tfw2005.com . February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Officially Pulls the Next ' Transformers ' Sequel from Their Release Date Schedule '' . May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark Side of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Reviews '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Age Of Extinction Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Last Knight Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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About Wikipedia	what's the name of the newest transformers movie	[ "\n\nFilm\nU.S. release date\nDirector\nScreenwriter(s)\nStory by\nProducer(s)\n\n\nTransformers\nJuly 3, 2007 (2007-07-03)\nMichael Bay\nRoberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman\nJohn Rogers, Roberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman\nDon Murphy, Tom DeSanto, Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Ian Bryce\n\n\nTransformers: Revenge of the Fallen\nJune 24, 2009 (2009-06-24)\nEhren Kruger and Robert Orci & Alex Kurtzman\n\n\nTransformers: Dark of the Moon\nJune 29, 2011 (2011-06-29)\nEhren Kruger\n\n\nTransformers: Age of Extinction\nJune 27, 2014 (2014-06-27)\n\n\nTransformers: The Last Knight\nJune 21, 2017 (2017-06-21)\nArt Marcum & Matt Holloway & Ken Nolan\nAkiva Goldsman, Art Marcum & Matt Holloway & Ken Nolan\n\n\nBumblebee\nDecember 21, 2018 (2018-12-21)\nTravis Knight\nChristina Hodson\nMichael Bay, Stephen Davis, Tom DeSanto and Lorenzo di Bonaventura\n\n" ]	[ "Bumblebee" ]
-2160387001825240653	History of rail transport in India	History of rail transport in India - wikipedia History of rail transport in India Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series . This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The history of rail transport in India began in the early nineteenth century . Contents ( hide ) 1 1832 -- 1852 : Industrial railways 2 1853 -- 1924 : Passenger railways and expansion 3 1925 -- 1950 : Electrification and further expansion 4 1951 -- 1983 : Zonal re-organisation and further developments 5 1984 -- present : Rapid transit and later developments 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 1832 -- 1852 : industrial Railways ( edit ) The first proposals for railways in India were made in Madras in 1832 . The first train in India ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837 . It was called Red Hill Railway . It was hauled by a rotary steam engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery . It was built by Sir Arthur Cotton . It was primarily used for transporting granite stones for road building work in Madras . In 1845 , a railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry . It was called Godavari Dam Construction Railway . It was also built by Arthur Cotton . It was used to supply stones for construction of a dam over Godavari . On 8 May 1845 , Madras Railway was incorporated . In the same year , the East India Railway company was incorporated . On 1 August 1849 , Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an Act of Parliament . `` Guarantee System '' providing free land and guaranteed rates of return ( 5 % ) to the private English companies willing to work on building railways was finalized on 17 August 1849 . In 1851 , a railway was built in Roorkee . It was called Solani Aqueduct Railway . It was hauled by steam locomotive Thomason , named after a British officer in - charge of same name . It was used for transporting construction materials for building of aqueduct over Solani river . In 1852 , the `` Madras Guaranteed Railway Company '' was incorporated . 1853 -- 1924 : passenger Railways and expansion ( edit ) India 's first passenger train between Bombay and Thane in 1853 The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay ( Bori Bunder ) and Thane on 16 April 1853 . The 14 - carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives : Sahib , Sindh and Sultan . It ran for about 34 kilometers between these two cities carrying 400 people . The line was built and operated by GIPR . This railway line was built in 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , which became the standard for the railways in the country . The first passenger railway train in eastern India ran from Howrah , near Calcutta to Hoogly , for distance of 24 miles , on 15 August 1854 . The line was built and operated by EIR . In May 1854 , the Bombay - Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building bridge over `` Dapoorie viaduct '' over Ulhas river . This was also the first railway bridge in India . In the same year GIPR started its first workshops in Byculla . In 1855 , BB&CI Railway was incorporated . In August 1855 , EIR ' Express ' and Fairy Queen steam locomotives started hauling trains . The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram / Veyasarapady ( Madras ) to Wallajah Road ( Arcot ) on 1 July 1856 , for a distance of 60 miles . It was built and operated by Madras Railway . In the same year , first workshop was set up by the Madras Railway at Perambur , near Madras . The Bombay - Thane line was extended to Khopoli in same year . In 1858 , Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated . On 24 February 1873 , the first tramway ( a horse - drawn tramway ) opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street , a distance of 3.8 km . In 1874 , GSIR and Carnatic Rly . merged to form the South Indian Railway . On 9 May 1874 , horse - drawn tramway began operations in Bombay between Colaba and Parel . In 1880 , Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated . In 1890 , East Coast State Railway was incorporated . In 1897 , lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies . In 1902 , the Jodhpur Railway became the first to introduce electric lights as standard fixtures . In 1920 , electric lighting of signals was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay . Railway map of India in 1865 Railway map of India in 1871 Railway map of India in 1893 Railway map of India in 1909 1925 -- 1950 : Electrification and further expansion ( edit ) On 3 February 1925 , first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria terminus and Kurla . It ran on 1500V DC overhead traction . Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik companies provided the locomotives for the same . In the same year VT - Bandra section was also electrified and electric services began there , with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road . In the same year , the Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with EIR . The first railway budget was also presented in 1925 . East Indian Railway Company and Great Indian Peninsular Railway were taken over by the state in the same year . In 1926 , Kurla - Kalyan section was electrified with 1500 V DC . Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri ( both 1500V DC ) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed in the same year . Charbagh railway station in Lucknow was built in the same year . On Jan 1928 , Bandra - Virar section was electrified with 1500V DC . In the same year , the Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar. and first automatic colour - light signals became operational in India , on GIPR 's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla . In the same year , Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations were inaugurated . In 1929 , the Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore , Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore . Automatic colour - light signalling was extended to the Byculla - Kurla section in the same year . On 1 June 1930 , the Deccan Queen began running , hauled by a WCP - 1 ( No. 20024 , old number EA / 1 4006 ) and with 7 coaches , on the GIPR 's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona ( Pune ) . In the same year , Hyderabad Godavary Valley Rly . was merged into Nizam 's State Rly . In the same year , the route of the Grand Trunk Exp . was changed to Delhi - Madras . 1951 -- 1983 : zonal re-organisation and further developments ( edit ) The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951 . On 14 April 1951 , Southern Railway was created . On 5 November , Central Railway and Western Railway were created . In the same year , the post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making the seniormost member Chairman of the board . In the same year , the government of West Bengal entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Co. to take over its administrative functions . On 14 April 1952 , Northern Railway , Eastern Railway and North - Eastern Railway were created . In the same year , fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodation and sleeping accommodation was introduced in coaches . On 1 August 1955 , Eastern Railway was split to form new South - Eastern Railway . In 1956 , divisional system of administration was set up for the various regional zones . Also in 1956 , the first fully air - conditioned train was introduced between Howrah and Delhi . In 1957 , after successful trials in France , SNCF proposed 25kV AC electrification for railways . Railways took a decision to adopt 25kV AC electrification and chose SNCF as technical consultant . An organisation , Main Line Electrification Project ( which later became the Railway Electrification Project and still later the Central Organization for Railway Electrification ) was established in the same year . In 1958 , the North - Eastern Railway split to form a new Northeast Frontier Railway . In 1959 , the Raj Kharswan - Dongoposi section became the first section to be electrified with 25kV AC traction . The first scheduled train using 25kV AC traction ran on Raj Kharswan - Dongoposi section on 11 August 1960 . In 1966 , first containerized freight services were started , between Bombay and Ahmedabad . In the same year , electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi , Madras and Calcutta was completed with the 25 kV AC system . In 1979 , Main Line Electrification Project was reconstituted into Central Organization for Railway Electrification ( CORE ) . 1984 -- Present : rapid transit and later developments ( edit ) Railway network schematic map , 2009 On October 24 1984 , first metro train ran in India between Esplanade to Bhowanipur ( now the Netaji Bhawan station ) in Calcutta . Thus Calcutta Metro became the first metro in the country . In 1986 , computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in India , for the first time , at New Delhi . In 1988 , The first Shatabdi Express was introduced in the country between New Delhi and Jhansi ( later extended to Bhopal ) , and also became the fastest train at the time . In 1990 , first Self - Printing Ticket Machine ( SPTM ) was introduced , at New Delhi . In 1993 , AC 3 - tier coaches were introduced for the first time in India . In the same year , Sleeper Class was introduced on IR for the first time , separate from Second Class . On 16 January 1995 , first regularly scheduled services on trains hauled by locos using the 2 * 25kV system of traction started on Bina - Katni . In September 1996 , CONCERT system of computerized reservations was fully deployed at New Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai . In 1998 , Coupon Validating Machines ( CVMs ) were introduced at Mumbai CST . The complete networked nationwide CONCERT system became operational on 18 April , 1999 . In the same year , South East Central was constituted . Credit cards were started being accepted for booking tickets and reservations in some stations also in 1999 . In February 2000 , Indian Railways web site was deployed . On 6 July 2002 , the East Coast , South Western , South East Central , North Central , and West Central zones were created . On 3 August 2002 , IR began online train reservations and ticketing over the Internet . On 1 Dec 2002 , Internet ticket booking was extended to many cities . On 5 February 2012 , WR switched completely to 25kV AC traction , ending its use of 1.5 kV DC traction . On 26 September 2013 , Tatkal system of ticketing extended to ordinary trains . On 5 April 2016 , Gatiman Express , India 's fastest train with the maximum speed of 160 km / h , made its maiden journey from Delhi to Agra . On 11 April 2016 , CR completely switched to 25 kV AC traction , ending the use of DC traction completely in Mumbai area as well as on entire main - line rail network in the country . On 31 March 2017 , IR announced that the entire rail network in the country will be electrified by 2022 . See also ( edit ) Trains portal India portal Rail transport in India Indian Railways References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ( IRFCA ) India 's First Railways '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` 164 Years Ago On This Day , India 's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane '' . Jump up ^ `` India 's 1st train : When Sahib , Sindh & Sultan blew steam - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` ( IRFCA ) Indian Railways FAQ : IR History : Early Days - 1 '' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Indian Railways that will surprise you ! '' . 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Railway '' . www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Queen '' . www.irctctourism.com . Jump up ^ `` Legacy of First Railway Station of South India '' . RailNews Media India Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Bengal Railway - Graces Guide '' . www.gracesguide.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata 's trams -- A ride through history '' . 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - The Calcutta Tramways Company ( 1978 ) Ltd . '' . calcuttatramways.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ indiainfoline.com . `` History of Indian Railway Budget '' . Jump up ^ http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369423822-operating.pdf Jump up ^ `` Frontier Mail '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Signalling in India - Past and Present '' . signalbox.org . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Trunk Express '' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Queen Facts - General Knowledge for Kids - Mocomi '' . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` History of Railways '' . www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf Jump up ^ `` 160 years of Indian Railways : Here 's how AC trains were kept cool '' . 2 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE '' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` History of Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation - KMRC '' . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Shatabdi Express - Shatabdi Express Train , Shatabadi Express Timetable , Shatabadi Express Schedule Booking India '' . www.iloveindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway '' . www.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal '' . www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System '' . www.irctc.co.in . Jump up ^ UK , DVV Media . `` Mumbai switches from DC to AC '' . Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-in-targeted-99-minutes/1/635554.html Jump up ^ `` End of an era : Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local '' . 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 48 per cent rail tracks electrified , aim to double it in 5 years : Govt '' . 31 March 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrew , W.P. ( 1884 ) . Indian Railways . London : WH Allen . Awasthi , A. ( 1994 ) . History and Development of Railways in India . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . Bhandari , R.R. ( 2006 ) . Indian railways : Glorious 150 Years ( 2nd ed . ) . New Delhi : Publications Division , Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , Govt. of India . ISBN 8123012543 . Ghosh , S. ( 2002 ) . Railways in India -- A Legend . Kolkata : Jogemaya Prokashani . Government of India Railway Board ( 1919 ) . History of Indian Railways Constructed and In Progress corrected up to 31st March 1918 . India : Government Central Press . Hurd , John ; Kerr , Ian J. ( 2012 ) . India 's Railway History : A Research Handbook . Handbook of Oriental Studies . Section 2 , South Asia , 27 . Leiden ; Boston : Brill . ISBN 9789004230033 . Huddleston , George ( 1906 ) . History of the East Indian Railway . Calcutta : Thacker , Spink and Co . Kerr , Ian J. ( 1995 ) . Building the Railways of the Raj . Delhi : Oxford University Press . Kerr , Ian J. ( 2001 ) . Railways in Modern India . Oxford in India Readings . New Delhi ; New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195648285 . Kerr , Ian J. ( 2007 ) . Engines of Change : the railroads that made India . Engines of Change series . Westport , Conn , USA : Praeger . ISBN 0275985644 . Khosala , Guradiala Si ? gha ( 1988 ) . A History of Indian Railways . New Delhi : Ministry of Railways , Railway Board , Government of India . OCLC 311273060 . Law Commission ( England and Wales ) ( 2007 ) `` Consultation Paper : Indian Railways Repeal Proposals '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.62 MiB ) Rao , M.A. ( 1999 ) . Indian Railways ( 3rd ed . ) . New Delhi : National Book Trust , India . ISBN 8123725892 . Sahni , Jogendra Nath ( 1953 ) . Indian Railways : One Hundred Years , 1853 to 1953 . New Delhi : Ministry of Railways ( Railway Board ) . OCLC 3153177 . Satow , M. & Desmond R. ( 1980 ) . Railways of the Raj . London : Scolar Press . South Indian Railway Co. ( 1900 ) . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company , Including the Mayavaram - Mutupet and Peralam - Karaikkal Railways . Madras : Higginbotham . -- ( 1910 ) . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company . London . -- ( 2004 ) ( 1926 ) . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1889 - 0 . Vaidyanathan , K.R. ( 2003 ) . 150 Glorious Years of Indian Railways . Mumbai : English Edition Publishers and Distributors ( India ) . ISBN 8187853492 . Westwood , J.N. ( 1974 ) . Railways of India . Newton Abbot , Devon , UK ; North Pomfret , Vt , USA : David & Charles . ISBN 071536295X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of rail transport in India . `` History of the Indian railways in chronological order '' . IRFC server . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Roychoudhury , S. ( 2004 ) . `` A chronological history of India 's railways '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Rail Enquiry ( hide ) History of rail transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_India&oldid=801057715 '' Categories : History of rail transport in India Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from July 2017 All articles needing copy edit Use British English from July 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the first passenger train in india run between bombay and then when was this	[ "The first passenger train in India ran between Bombay (Bori Bunder) and Thane on 16 April 1853. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: Sahib, Sindh and Sultan. It ran for about 34 kilometers between these two cities carrying 400 people. The line was built and operated by GIPR.[2][3] This railway line was built in 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge, which became the standard for the railways in the country. The first passenger railway train in eastern India ran from Howrah, near Calcutta to Hoogly, for distance of 24 miles, on 15 August 1854. The line was built and operated by EIR.[4] In May 1854, the Bombay-Thane line was extended to Kalyan by building bridge over \"Dapoorie viaduct\" over Ulhas river.[5] This was also the first railway bridge in India. In the same year GIPR started its first workshops in Byculla. In 1855, BB&CI Railway was incorporated.[6] In August 1855, EIR 'Express' and Fairy Queen steam locomotives started hauling trains.[7] The first passenger train in South India ran from Royapuram / Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road (Arcot) on 1 July 1856, for a distance of 60 miles. It was built and operated by Madras Railway.[8] In the same year, first workshop was set up by the Madras Railway at Perambur, near Madras. The Bombay-Thane line was extended to Khopoli in same year. In 1858, Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated.[9] On 24 February 1873, the first tramway (a horse-drawn tramway) opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street, a distance of 3.8 km.[10] In 1874, GSIR and Carnatic Rly. merged to form the South Indian Railway. On 9 May 1874, horse-drawn tramway began operations in Bombay between Colaba and Parel. In 1880, Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated.[11] In 1890, East Coast State Railway was incorporated. In 1897, lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies. In 1902, the Jodhpur Railway became the first to introduce electric lights as standard fixtures. In 1920, electric lighting of signals was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay." ]	[ "16 April 1853" ]
-3577091739341739804	Gregor Clegane	Gregor Clegane - Wikipedia Gregor Clegane Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Gregor Clegane '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregor Clegane A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane in the promotional image for the fourth season of Game of Thrones First appearance Novel : A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) Television : `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' ( 2011 ) Created by George R.R. Martin Portrayed by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson ( season 4 -- present ) Ian Whyte ( season 2 ) Conan Stevens ( season 1 ) ( Game of Thrones ) Information Aliases The Mountain That Rides The Mountain Tywin Lannister 's Mad Dog The Great Dog The Enormity That Rides Robert Strong Gender Male Title Ser Knight of Clegane 's Keep Family House Clegane Relatives Sandor Clegane ( brother ) Kingdom The Westerlands Gregor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Mountain That Rides '' or simply `` The Mountain '' , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . In the books , the character is initially introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones . He subsequently appeared in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) , A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and in A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) . An infamous knight and retainer to House Lannister , he is well known for his size , prowess in battle , extremely cruel nature , and uncontrollable temper . He is also the older brother of Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane ; the two are mortal enemies ever since Gregor gruesomely scarred Sandor by shoving his face into a brazier when they were children . He later becomes the personal bodyguard of Cersei Lannister under the name Robert Strong . In the HBO television adaptation , Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one , and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two ; Icelandic actor and strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role from season four onwards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character description 2 Overview 3 Storylines 3.1 In the books 3.2 In the show 4 References Character description ( edit ) Ser Gregor Clegane , known as the Mountain That Rides , or simply the Mountain , is the older brother of Sandor Clegane and is a vassal to Tywin Lannister . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for brutality . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier for using his toy , gruesomely scarring him . Over the course of his service to House Lannister , he has committed numerous war crimes , but he is most infamous for the rape and murder of the Targaryen royal family . Clegane was one of the first Lannister soldiers to enter King 's Landing during its sack at the end of Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . He raped and murdered Princess Elia , and murdered her children Rhaenys and Aegon , a grudge House Martell still bears at the onset of A Game of Thrones . Overview ( edit ) Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens in season one , by Ian Whyte in season two , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson in seasons four , five , six , and seven . Gregor Clegane is not a point of view character in the novels , so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people , such as Cersei Lannister . Gregor is mostly a background character in the novels . Storylines ( edit ) Coat of arms of House Clegane In the books ( edit ) In A Game of Thrones , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands in retaliation for Catelyn Stark 's abduction of Tyrion . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor , but Gregor ambushes and kills him . He and his men continue raiding the Riverlands throughout A Clash of Kings . When Tyrion Lannister demands a trial by combat , the accuser Cersei Lannister chooses Gregor as her champion . Elia 's brother Oberyn Martell is named Tyrion 's champion for his own agenda to expose Gregor as a murderer . Oberyn wounds him with a poisoned spear , but the Mountain is ultimately victorious as he admits to murdering Elia and Aegon before crushing Oberyn 's skull . Gregor 's body is given to Qyburn for experimentation and he is reported to be dead with his head sent to Dorne as a peace offering to Doran Martell in the wake of his brother 's death . But following Cersei 's walk of atonement , she gains a bodyguard named Ser Robert Strong who is of similar enormous stature as Gregor , and whose body is completely covered in armor . In the show ( edit ) In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn inflicts several serious injuries on Clegane with his poisoned spear , but Clegane eventually kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In season 6 , Gregor continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for torturing her during her time in prison . In season 7 , Gregor is still with Cersei as a member of the Queensguard . He is confronted by his brother Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the season finale , where Sandor conveys an ominous message that he ( Gregor ) already knows who is coming for him and that he has always known . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Mountain in Belfast , and Game of Thrones filming in Split continues despite flooding '' . Watchers On The Wall . September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` HBO : Game of Thrones : Bio '' . HBO . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Game of Thrones , Appendix . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' adds Fintan McKeown , Ian Whyte to cast '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . HBO . Jump up ^ A Game of Thrones , Chapter 43 : Eddard XI . George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Clegane&oldid=821255409 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional bodyguards Fictional knights Fictional mass murderers Fictional serial killers Fictional rapists Fictional child killers Fictional swordsmen Fictional undead Fictional zombies and revenants Psychopathy in fiction Literary villains Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2017 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 09 : 38 . About Wikipedia	who played sir gregor in game of thrones	[ "In the HBO television adaptation, Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one, and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two; Icelandic actor and strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role from season four onwards.[2]", "In the HBO television adaptation, Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one, and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two; Icelandic actor and strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role from season four onwards.[2]", "In the HBO television adaptation, Clegane was originally portrayed by Australian actor Conan Stevens in season one, and by Welsh actor Ian Whyte in season two; Icelandic actor and strongman Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson took over the role from season four onwards.[2]" ]	[ "Conan Stevens", "Ian Whyte", "Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson" ]
-5349312484027738779	112 (emergency telephone number)	112 ( emergency telephone number ) - wikipedia 112 ( emergency telephone number ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the emergency telephone number . For other uses , see 112 ( disambiguation ) . 112 ( emergency telephone number ) 112 is the common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and , in some countries , fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services ( ambulance , fire and rescue , police ) . 112 is a part of the GSM standard and all GSM - compatible telephone handsets are able to dial 112 even when locked or , in some countries , with no SIM card present . It is also the common emergency number in India and in nearly all member states of the European Union as well as several other countries of Europe and the world . 112 is often available alongside other numbers traditionally used in the given country to access emergency services . In some countries , calls to 112 are not connected directly but forwarded by the GSM network to local emergency numbers ( e.g. , 911 in North America or 000 in Australia ) . Available in North America but people normally use 911 there . 112 is not always supported by VoIP operators or on non-GSM networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Implementation 3 Adoption 4 E112 5 European 112 Day 6 Expert Group on Emergency Access ( EGEA ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origins ( edit ) A `` cocaine alert '' sign posted by GGD Amsterdam : the sign reminds people to `` Call 112 for an ambulance . '' 112 was first standardised by a Recommendation by the CEPT in 1972 and later by a decision of the EU Council in 1991 and subsequently reaffirmed in 2002 by article 26 of the Universal Service Directive and its subsequent amendments . This choice of number has the following advantages : Different digits : with the numeric keypads used universally today , using at least two different digits instead of the same digit repeatedly significantly reduces the risk of accidental calls . Young children , vibrations , defective keys and collisions with other objects are much more likely to press the same key repeatedly than a particular sequence of different keys , particularly with a button - operated keypad . Accidental calls to emergency centres from mobile phones , which can dial emergency numbers even with locked keypad , are a particular problem with same - digit numbers , such as the UK 's 999 . Low digits : in the days of rotary dial telephones , using only those digits that require the least dial rotation ( 1 and 2 ) permitted a dial lock in hole 3 to effectively disable unauthorised access to the telephone network without preventing access to the emergency number 112 . The same choice also maximised dialling speed . Additionally , telephone systems used pulse dialling instead of later DTMF tones ; briefly activating the hook once has the same effect as dialling `` 1 '' , so repeatedly pushing the hook might result in calling 1 - 1 - 1 . For this reason , Germany 's police emergency number was changed from 111 to 110 . With numeric keypads , pressing only the first and second button on the keypad is marginally easier in a difficult situation than other keys . Implementation ( edit ) 112 on a lifeguard tower in Morro Jable , Spain The countries which use the 112 number for emergencies include : Azerbaijan ( alongside 102 for Police , 112 for every emergency situations , 103 for Ambulance ) Albania ( alongside 129 for Police , 127 for Ambulance and 128 for Fire ) Andorra ( Ambulance and Fire , alongside 118 for same services and 110 for Police ) Australia ( redirects to 000 from mobile phones ) Austria ( Police only ; alongside 122 for Fire , 133 for Police , and 144 for Ambulance ; 059 133 is the non-emergency number for any local police department ) Belarus ( Fire only ; alongside 101 for Fire , 102 for Police , and 103 for Ambulance ) Belgium ( Ambulance and Fire ; alongside 100 for same services and 101 for Police ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( alongside 122 for Police , 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance ) Brazil ( redirects to 190 -- Militar Police -- alongside 193 for Fire , 190 for Militar Police , and 192 for Ambulance ) Bulgaria ( alongside 150 for Ambulance , 160 for Fire and 166 for Police automatically redirected to 112 ) Canada ( redirects to 911 on mobile phones ) China ( provides information in English about emergency numbers ) Colombia ( Police only ; alongside 123 for all emergencies , 125 for Ambulance and 119 for Fire ) Costa Rica ( alongside 911 ) Croatia ( alongside 192 for Police , 193 for Fire , 194 for Ambulance and 195 for Maritime search and rescue ) Cyprus ( alongside 199 ) Czech Republic ( alongside 155 for Ambulance , 158 for Police and 150 for Fire ) Denmark ( including Greenland , Faroe Islands ) . ( 114 for nearest police station ) Dominican Republic ( alongside 911 ) East Timor Egypt ( alongside 122 for Police , 123 for Ambulance and 180 for Fire ) Estonia Finland ( including Åland ) France ( alongside 15 for Ambulance , 17 for Police and 18 for Fire ) Germany ( alongside 110 for Police ) Gibraltar ( alongside 190 for Fire and Ambulance and 199 for Police ) Georgia Single emergency number in Georgia 112 Greece ( alongside 100 for the police , 108 for port police , 166 for Ambulance and 199 for the fire service ) Hong Kong ( Redirects to 999 on mobile phones ) Hungary ( alongside 104 for Ambulance , 105 for Fire and 107 for Police ; 911 is redirected to 112 on mobile phones ) Iceland India ( alongside police ( 100 ) , fire brigade ( 101 ) , ambulance ( 102 ) and Emergency Disaster Management ( 108 ) ) Indonesia ( Mobile phones -- Police only ; alongside 110 for Police , 118 for Ambulance and 113 for Fire ) Iran ( alongside 110 for Police , 115 for Ambulance , 112 for Hilal Ahmar Ambulance and 125 for Fire ; 911 is redirected to 112 on mobile phones ) Ireland ( alongside 999 ) Israel ( Redirects to 100 -- Police -- and will serve the planned unified center . alongside 100 for Police , 101 for Ambulance and 102 for Fire ) . Italy ( alongside where NUE112 still not implemented : 113 for National Police , 115 for Fire and 118 for Ambulance ) Jordan ( alongside 911 ) Kazakhstan ( alongside 101 for Fire , 102 for Police and 103 for Ambulance ) Kosovo ( alongside 192 for Police , 193 for Fire and 194 for Ambulance ) Kuwait Latvia ( alongside 110 or 02 for Police , 113 or 03 for Ambulance and 114 or 04 for Emergency gas service , 01 for fire brigade ) Lebanon ( Police only ; alongside 160 for Police , 140 for Ambulance and 175 for Fire ) Liechtenstein ( Police only ; alongside 117 for Police , 144 for Ambulance and 118 for Fire ) Lithuania ( alongside 011 for Fire , 022 for Police and 033 for Ambulance ) Luxembourg ( alongside 113 for Police ) Macau ( alongside 999 ) Macedonia ( alongside 192 for Police , 193 for Fire , 194 for Ambulance ) Malta Malaysia ( Redirects to 999 on mobile phones ) Mauritius ( Police only ; alongside 114 for Ambulance and 115 for Fire ) Moldova ( Redirects to 902 on mobile phones ; alongside 901 for Fire , 902 for Police and 903 for Ambulance ) Monaco ( alongside 15 for Ambulance , 17 for Police and 18 for Fire ) Montenegro ( alongside 122 for Police , 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance ) Nepal ( Police only ; alongside 100 for Police , 101 for Fire and 102 for Ambulance ) Netherlands ( 0900 - 8844 is the non-emergency number for any local police department ) ( In the Caribbean Netherlands , 112 redirects to 911 whereas in the European Netherlands , 911 redirects to 112 ) New Zealand ( redirects to 111 ) Nigeria Norway ( Police only , 110 for Fire and 113 for Ambulance. 02800 is the non-emergency number for any local police department ) Panama ( alongside 911 ; 104 for Police and 103 for Fire ) Poland ( alongside 999 for Ambulance , 998 for Fire , and 997 for Police ) Portugal ( 117 for reporting forest fires ) Romania Russia ( alongside 101 for Fire , 102 for Police , 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service ) Rwanda ( Police and fire brigade ; 912 for Ambulance ) San Marino Saudi Arabia ( alongside 911 ) Serbia ( alongside 192 for Police , 193 for Fire , and 194 for Ambulance ) Senegal ( alongside 17 for Police , 18 for Fire , and 15 for Ambulance ) Slovakia ( alongside 155 for Ambulance , 158 for Police , 150 for Fire and 18300 for Mountain Rescue Service ) Slovenia ( alongside 113 for Police ) South Korea ( Police only ; alongside 119 for Ambulance and Fire ) Spain ( alongside 091 for Police , 061 for Ambulance and 080 for Fire ) Sri Lanka ( Police only ; alongside 119 for Police and 110 for Ambulance and Fire ) Sweden Switzerland ( alongside 117 for Police , 144 for Ambulance and 118 for Fire ) Syria ( Police only ; alongside 110 for Ambulance and 113 for Fire ) Taiwan ( Republic of China ) ( alongside 110 for Police , 119 for Ambulance and Fire brigade ) Turkey ( Applied in 2 provinces , in the remaining 79 provinces 112 used for ambulance only ; a pilot project is under way for all emergency calls. ; alongside 110 for Fire and 155 for Police ) Ukraine ( alongside 101 for Fire , 102 for Police , 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service ) United Arab Emirates ( alongside 999 for Police , 998 for Ambulance and 997 for Fire ) United Kingdom ( alongside 999 ) United States ( alongside 911 , 112 forwards to 911 on GSM carriers only , including AT&T and T - Mobile . ) Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City ( alongside 113 for National Police , 115 for Fire and 118 for Ambulance ) In many countries , emergency numbers previously used also continue to be available ; e.g. 061 and 112 in Spain , 999 and 112 both function in Ireland and the UK . In the United States , only some carriers , including AT&T will map the number 112 to its emergency number 9 - 1 - 1 . Adoption ( edit ) 112 is managed and financed in the European Union by each member state ( country ) which also decide on the organization of the emergency call centres . The number is also adopted in the candidates for EU accession and members of the EEA agreement . The International Telecommunications Union recommends that member states that are selecting a primary or secondary emergency number choose either 911 , 112 or both . 112 is one of two numbers ( the other being the region 's own emergency number ) that can be dialed on most GSM phones even if the phone is locked . E112 ( edit ) E112 is a location - enhanced version of 112 . The telecom operator transmits the location information to the emergency centre . The EU Directive E112 ( 2003 ) requires mobile phone networks to provide emergency services with whatever information they have about the location a mobile call was made . This directive is based on the FCC 's Enhanced 911 ruling in 2001 . The new eCall project for automated emergency calls from cars is based on E1000 . European 112 Day ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 2009 and a tripartite convention signed by the European Commission , the European Parliament and the Council of the EU , 11 February ( 11 / 2 ) is the European 112 Day . At this occasion , events take place to promote the existence and the appropriate use of the EU emergency number . The European Emergency Number Association has published some of the actions that were taken in European countries on their website . Expert group on emergency access ( EGEA ) ( edit ) Getting 112 to work across the EU is a complex task . It requires in particular coordination between civil protection administrations ( the emergency authorities who handle the call ) and electronic communications administrations ( who have to make sure that a 112 call reaches the emergency operator ) . That is why the Commission decided to act at European level and set up the Expert Group on Emergency Access ( EGEA ) at the end of 2005 . The objective of the group is to deal with practical issues Member States are facing to provide an efficient and effective 112 service to citizens . This group seeks practical solutions to problems experienced by the emergency services at local , regional or national levels and deals with issues related to the application of new technologies for communication with emergency services . The European Commission decided that EGEA would not be renewed for the year 2014 . The European Commission noted that in case the work by the working group would appear necessary during the course of this period , this work would be fully covered and dealt with during regular Communication Committee ( COCOM ) meetings , or if needed , the composition of any of these groups could be called for a dedicated meeting back to back with a regular COCOM meeting . See also ( edit ) 112 Georgia Emergency phone number eCall Emergency telephone In case of emergency ( ICE ) entry in the mobile phone book International Mobile Satellite Organization Single Non-Emergency Number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 91 / 396 / EEC : Council Decision of 29 July 1991 on the introduction of a single European emergency call number '' . eur-lex.europa.edu. 29 July 1991 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2002 / 22 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users ' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services ( Universal Service Directive ) '' . eur-lex.europa.edu . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2009 / 136 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 '' . eur-lex.europa.edu. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mobiles blamed for emergency calls , BBC News , 2000 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Such locks were commonly used , e.g. `` ABUS Telefonschloß T70 für Wählscheiben '' in Germany . Jump up ^ 112 in Turkey Jump up ^ `` Guidelines to select Emergency Number for public telecommunications networks '' ( PDF ) . International Telecommunications Union . 15 May 2008 . p. 4 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( June 2002 ) , 3rd Generation Partnership Project ; Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects ; Man - Machine Interface ( MMI ) of the Mobile Station ( MS ) ; Service description , Stage 1 ( Release 1998 ) ( PDF ) , 3GPP TS 02.30 V7. 1.1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 112 ( emergency telephone number ) . The European Emergency Number Association 112 ( EENA ) ( hide ) Emergency telephone numbers 000 ( Australia ) 108 ( India ) 110 ( Iran ; Police ) 111 ( New Zealand ) 1122 ( Pakistan ) 112 ( EU and various others ) 119 ( parts of Asia and Jamaica ) 120 ( China ) 911 ( North America E-911 system , Philippines ) 999 ( UK and various others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=112_(emergency_telephone_number)&oldid=808780868 '' Categories : Emergency telephone numbers Three - digit telephone numbers Telecommunications - related introductions in 1972 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 03 : 25 . About Wikipedia	what is the emergency number to call from a mobile	[ "112 is the common emergency telephone number that can be dialed free of charge from most mobile telephones and, in some countries, fixed telephones in order to reach emergency services (ambulance, fire and rescue, police)." ]	[ "112" ]
5743355532984244856	Samsung Galaxy Note Edge	Samsung Galaxy Note Edge - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Samsung Galaxy Note Edge Samsung Galaxy Note Edge in White Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan The Edge Of Brilliance Series Galaxy Note First released 14 November 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 11 - 14 ) Predecessor Samsung Galaxy Round Successor Samsung Galaxy Note 5 Related Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Type Capacitive touchscreen smartphone Form factor Slate , phablet International & Korea Variant : 82.4 x 151.3 x 8.3 mm Japan Variant : 82 x 151 x 8.5 mm Weight International & Korea Variant : 174 g Japan Variant : 177 g Operating system Android ( operating system ) Original : Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' Current : Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' System on chip Samsung Exynos 5 Octa 5433 ( South Korea version ) Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( international version ) CPU Quad - core 1.3 GHz Cortex - A53 & quad - core 1.9 GHz Cortex - A57 ( South Korea version ) 2.7 GHz Krait 450 quad - core ( international version ) GPU ARM Mali T760 GPU ( South Korea version ) Adreno 420 ( international version ) Memory 3 GB LPDDR3 Storage 32 / 64 GB flash memory Removable storage microSDXC up to 128 GB Battery 3000 mAh Data inputs List ( show ) Multi-touch touch screen 3 push buttons Headset controls Proximity sensor Ambient light sensors 3 - axis gyroscope Magnetometer Accelerometer Barometer Hall effect sensor Hygrometer Magnetometer Gesture sensor aGPS GLONASS BeiDou RGB light sensor S Pen ( stylus ) / pen Display 142 mm ( 5.6 in ) Super AMOLED 524 ppi 2560 × 1600 16 : 10 aspect ratio Rear camera 16 - megapixel , with autofocus , BSI , 1080p and 4K video recording Front camera 3.7 megapixel Connectivity List ( show ) Wi - Fi : 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 , or 5 GHz ) Wi - Fi Direct Wi - Fi hotspot DLNA Miracast GPS / GLONASS / BeiDou NFC Bluetooth 4.1 Infrared USB 2.0 micro-B port USB OTG 1.3 MHL 3.0 HDMI ( TV - out , via MHL A \ V link ) 3.5 millimetres ( 0.14 in ) headphone jack Website Official website The Samsung Galaxy Note Edge is an Android phablet produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled during a Samsung press conference at IFA Berlin on September 3 , 2014 alongside its sister , the Galaxy Note 4 , it is distinguished by a display that curves across the right side of the device , which can be used as a sidebar to display application shortcuts , notifications , and other information . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development and release 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware and design 2.2 Software 3 References 4 External links Development and release ( edit ) At the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show , Samsung presented `` Youm '' -- concept prototypes for smartphones that incorporated flexible displays . One prototype had a screen curved along the right edge of the phone , while the other had a screen curved around the bottom of the phone . Samsung explained that the additional `` strip '' could be used to display additional information alongside apps , such as notifications or a news ticker . The Youm concept would surface as part of the Galaxy Note Edge , which was unveiled alongside the Galaxy Note 4 on September 4 , 2014 . Samsung strategist Justin Denison explained that the company liked to take risks in its products , going on to say that `` We 're not a company that does one - offs ( ... ) We like to do things big and get behind it . '' Specifications ( edit ) Hardware and design ( edit ) The Galaxy Note Edge is similar in design to the Galaxy Note 4 ( which is in turn an evolution of the Galaxy Note 3 ) , with a metallic frame and a plastic leather rear cover . The device features either an Exynos 5 Octa 5433 ( South Korea Version ) or Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 ( International Version ) system - on - chip , 3 GB of RAM , and 32 or 64 GB of expandable storage . As with other Galaxy Note series devices , it includes an S Pen stylus which can be used for pen input , drawing , and handwriting . Similarly to other recent Samsung flagship devices , it also includes a heart rate sensor and fingerprint scanner . The Galaxy Note Edge features a 5.6 - inch `` Quad HD + '' Super AMOLED display , which contains an additional 160 pixel wide column that wraps around the side of the device on a curve . The device includes a 16 megapixel rear camera with a back - illuminated sensor , optical image stabilization , and 4K video recording , and a 3.7 megapixel front - facing camera . In 2017 , the original Edge is still obtainable on the used market , and sometimes in new condition , and is one of the last phones with a replaceable battery . Software ( edit ) The Galaxy Note Edge ships with Android 4.4. 4 `` KitKat '' and Samsung 's TouchWiz interface and software suite , and is similar to that of the Note 4 . The curved edge of the screen is used as a sidebar for various purposes : it can be used to display different panels , including shortcuts to frequent applications , displays of notifications , news , stocks , sports , social networks , playback controls for the music and video players , camera controls , data usage , and minigames . Tools are also available through the panel , including a ruler , stopwatch , timer , voice recorder , and flashlight button . A software development kit is available for developers to code panels ; additional panels can be obtained through Galaxy Apps . The `` Night Clock '' mode allows the edge screen to , during a pre-determined timeframe , display a digital clock while not in use . Due to the nature of AMOLED displays , which render black by not turning on the pixel at all , this mode does not significantly consume battery power , but per software limitations it can not be active for more than 12 hours at a time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Josh Lowensohn ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Eyes - on : Samsung 's Youm flexible - display tech at CES 2013 '' . CNET . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Warman ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` CES 2013 : Samsung flexible phone prototype unveiled '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Dante D'Orazio ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Samsung shows off flexible AMOLED phone prototype ( hands - on ) '' . The Verge . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Galaxy Note Edge : Samsung 's first smartphone with a bent display '' . Engadget . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` With Galaxy Note Edge , Samsung returns to comfort zone : hardware '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review : The other side '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jessica Dolcourt ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy Note Edge review '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the galaxy note edge come out	[ "Samsung Galaxy Note Edge\n\nSamsung Galaxy Note Edge in WhiteManufacturer\nSamsung ElectronicsSlogan\nThe Edge Of BrillianceSeries\nGalaxy NoteFirst released\n14 November 2014; 3 years ago (2014-11-14)Predecessor\nSamsung Galaxy RoundSuccessor\nSamsung Galaxy Note 5Related\nSamsung Galaxy Note 4Type\nCapacitive touchscreen smartphoneForm factor\nSlate, phabletDimensions\nInternational & Korea Variant : 82.4 x 151.3 x 8.3 mm Japan Variant : 82 x 151 x 8.5 mmWeight\nInternational & Korea Variant : 174 g Japan Variant : 177 gOperating system\nAndroid (operating system) Original: Android 4.4 \"KitKat\" Current: Android 6.0 \"Marshmallow\"[1]System on chip\nSamsung Exynos 5 Octa 5433 (South Korea version) Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 (international version)CPU\nQuad-core 1.3 GHz Cortex-A53 & quad-core 1.9 GHz Cortex-A57 (South Korea version) 2.7 GHz Krait 450 quad-core (international version)GPU\nARM Mali T760 GPU (South Korea version)\n\nAdreno 420 (international version)Memory\n3 GB LPDDR3Storage\n32/64 GB flash memoryRemovable storage\nmicroSDXC up to 128 GBBattery\n3000 mAhData inputs\n\nList[show]\n Multi-touch touch screen\n 3 push buttons\n Headset controls\n Proximity sensor\n Ambient light sensors\n 3-axis gyroscope\n Magnetometer\n Accelerometer\n Barometer\n Hall effect sensor\n Hygrometer\n Magnetometer\n Gesture sensor\n aGPS\n GLONASS\n BeiDou\n RGB light sensor\n S Pen (stylus)/pen\n \nDisplay\n142 mm (5.6 in) Super AMOLED 524 ppi 2560×1600 16:10 aspect ratioRear camera\n16-megapixel, with autofocus, BSI, 1080p and 4K video recordingFront camera\n3.7 megapixelConnectivity\n\nList[show]\n Wi-Fi: 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac (2.4, or 5 GHz)\n Wi-Fi Direct\n Wi-Fi hotspot\n DLNA\n Miracast\n GPS/GLONASS/BeiDou\n NFC\n Bluetooth 4.1\n Infrared\n USB 2.0 micro-B port\n USB OTG 1.3\n MHL 3.0\n HDMI (TV-out, via MHL A\\V link)\n 3.5 millimetres (0.14 in) headphone jack\n \nWebsite\nOfficial website" ]	[ "14 November 2014" ]
-4390452605129161926	Cruise ship pollution in the United States	Cruise ship pollution in the United States - wikipedia Cruise ship pollution in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The cruise ship industry is a significant and growing contributor to the United States economy , providing more than $32 billion in benefits annually and generating more than 330,000 U.S. jobs , but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many . Although cruise ships represent a small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide , public attention to their environmental impacts comes in part from the fact that cruise ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry 's desire to promote a positive image . Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to `` floating cities , '' and the volume of wastes that they produce is comparably large , consisting of sewage ; wastewater from sinks , showers , and galleys ( graywater ) ; hazardous wastes ; solid waste ; oily bilge water ; ballast water ; and air pollution . The waste streams generated by cruise ships are governed by a number of international protocols ( especially MARPOL ) and U.S. domestic laws ( including the Clean Water Act and the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships ) , regulations , and standards , but there is no single law or rule . Some cruise ship waste streams appear to be well regulated , such as solid wastes ( garbage and plastics ) and bilge water . But there is overlap of some areas , and there are gaps in others . In 2000 , the U.S. Congress enacted legislation restricting cruise ship discharges in U.S. navigable waters within the state of Alaska . California , and Maine have enacted state - specific laws concerning cruise ship pollution , and a few other states have entered into voluntary agreements with industry to address management of cruise ship discharges . Meanwhile , the cruise industry has voluntarily undertaken initiatives to improve pollution prevention , by adopting waste management guidelines and procedures and researching new technologies . Concerns about cruise ship pollution raise issues for Congress in three broad areas : adequacy of laws and regulations , research needs , and oversight and enforcement of existing requirements . Legislation to regulate cruise ship discharges of sewage , graywater , and bilge water nationally was introduced in the 109th Congress , but there was no further congressional action . This article describes the several types of waste streams that cruise ships may discharge and emit . It identifies the complex body of international and domestic laws that address pollution from cruise ships . It then describes federal and state legislative activity concerning cruise ships in Alaskan waters and activities in a few other states , as well as current industry initiatives to manage cruise ship pollution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Cruise ship waste streams 3 International laws and regulations 4 Federal laws and regulations 4.1 Sewage 4.2 Greywater 4.3 Solid waste 4.4 Hazardous waste 4.5 Bilge water 4.6 Cruise Ship Efforts to Reduce Pollution 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) More than 46,000 commercial vessels -- tankers , bulk carriers , container ships , barges , and passenger ships -- travel the oceans and other waters of the world , carrying cargo and passengers for commerce , transport , and recreation . Their activities are regulated and scrutinized in a number of respects by international protocols and U.S. domestic laws , including those designed to protect against discharges of pollutants that could harm marine resources , other parts of the ambient environment , and human health . However , there are overlaps of some requirements , gaps in other areas , geographic differences in jurisdiction based on differing definitions , and questions about the adequacy of enforcement . Public attention to the environmental impacts of the maritime industry has been especially focused on the cruise industry , in part because its ships are highly visible and in part because of the industry 's desire to promote a positive image . It represents a relatively small fraction of the entire shipping industry worldwide . As of January 2008 , passenger ships ( which include cruise ships and ferries ) composed about 12 % of the world shipping fleet . The cruise industry is a significant and growing contributor to the U.S. economy , providing more than $32 billion in total benefits annually and generating more than 330,000 U.S. jobs , but also making the environmental impacts of its activities an issue to many . Since 1980 , the average annual growth rate in the number of cruise passengers worldwide has been 8.4 % , and in 2005 , cruises hosted an estimated 11.5 million passengers . Cruises are especially popular in the United States . In 2005 , U.S. ports handled 8.6 million cruise embarcations ( 75 % of global passengers ) , 6.3 % more than in 2004 . The worldwide cruise ship fleet consists of more than 230 ships , and the majority are foreign - flagged , with Liberia and Panama being the most popular flag countries . Foreign - flag cruise vessels owned by six companies account for nearly 95 % of passenger ships operating in U.S. waters . Each year , the industry adds new ships to the total fleet , vessels that are bigger , more elaborate and luxurious , and that carry larger numbers of passengers and crew . Over the past two decades , the average ship size has been increasing at the rate of roughly 90 feet ( 27 m ) every five years . The average ship entering the market from 2008 to 2011 will be more than 1,050 feet ( 320 m ) long and will weigh more than 130,000 tons . To the cruise ship industry , a key issue is demonstrating to the public that cruising is safe and healthy for passengers and the tourist communities that are visited by their ships . Cruise ships carrying several thousand passengers and crew have been compared to `` floating cities , '' in part because the volume of wastes produced and requiring disposal is greater than that of many small cities on land . During a typical one - week voyage , a large cruise ship ( with 3,000 passengers and crew ) is estimated to generate 210,000 US gallons ( 790,000 L ) of sewage ; 1 million US gallons ( 3,800 m ) of graywater ( wastewater from sinks , showers , and laundries ) ; more than 130 US gallons ( 490 L ) of hazardous wastes ; 8 tons of solid waste ; and 25,000 US gallons ( 95 m ) of oily bilge water . Passengers can , singlehandedl , produce up to 7.7 pounds of waste in a single day aboard a cruise ship . Those wastes , if not properly treated and disposed of , can pose risks to human health , welfare , and the environment . Environmental advocates have raised concerns about the adequacy of existing laws for managing these wastes , and suggest that enforcement of existing laws is weak . A 2000 Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) report focused attention on problems of cruise vessel compliance with environmental requirements . GAO found that between 1993 and 1998 , foreign - flag cruise ships were involved in 87 confirmed illegal discharge cases in U.S. waters . A few of the cases included multiple illegal discharge incidents occurring over the six - year period . GAO reviewed three major waste streams ( solids , hazardous chemicals , and oily bilge water ) and concluded that 83 % of the cases involved discharges of oil or oil - based products , the volumes of which ranged from a few drops to hundreds of gallons . The balance of the cases involved discharges of plastic or garbage . GAO judged that 72 % of the illegal discharges were accidental , 15 % were intentional , and 13 % could not be determined . The 87 cruise ship cases represented 4 % of the 2,400 illegal discharge cases by foreign - flag ships ( including tankers , cargo ships and other commercial vessels , as well as cruise ships ) confirmed during the six years studied by GAO . Although cruise ships operating in U.S. waters have been involved in a relatively small number of pollution cases , GAO said , several have been widely publicized and have led to criminal prosecutions and multimillion - dollar fines . In 2000 , a coalition of 53 environmental advocacy groups petitioned the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to take regulatory action to address pollution by cruise ships . The petition called for an investigation of wastewater , oil , and solid waste discharges from cruise ships . In response , EPA agreed to study cruise ship discharges and waste management approaches . As part of that effort , EPA issued a background document in 2000 with preliminary information and recommendations for further assessment through data collection and public information hearings . The agency released its final Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report in 2009 . The report summarized findings of recent data collection activities , especially from cruise ships operating in Alaskan waters . Concurrently , litigation regarding the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) permit program led to a 2008 decision by the Ninth Circuit Court , ruling that EPA could not exclude vessel discharges from NPDES requirements . Subsequently EPA issued an initial Vessel General Permit ( VGP ) with an effective date of February 6 , 2009 . Cruise ship waste streams ( edit ) Main article : Cruise ship pollution Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can result in discharges to the marine environment , including sewage , graywater , hazardous wastes , oily bilge water , ballast water , and solid waste . They also emit air pollutants to the air and water . These wastes , if not properly treated and disposed of , can be a significant source of pathogens , nutrients , and toxic substances with the potential to threaten human health and damage aquatic life . Cruise ships represent a small -- although highly visible -- portion of the entire international shipping industry , and the waste streams described here are not unique to cruise ships . However , particular types of wastes , such as sewage , graywater , and solid waste , may be of greater concern for cruise ships relative to other seagoing vessels , because of the large numbers of passengers and crew that cruise ships carry and the large volumes of wastes that they produce . Further , because cruise ships tend to concentrate their activities in specific coastal areas and visit the same ports repeatedly ( especially Florida , California , New York City , Galveston , Seattle , and the waters of Alaska ) , their cumulative impact on a local scale could be significant , as can impacts of individual large - volume releases ( either accidental or intentional ) . International laws and regulations ( edit ) See also : MARPOL 73 / 78 and Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships MARPOL 73 / 78 is one of the most important treaties regulating pollution from ships . Six Annexes of the Convention cover the various sources of pollution from ships and provide an overarching framework for international objectives . In the U.S. , the Convention is implemented through the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships . Under the provisions of the Convention , the United States can take direct enforcement action under U.S. laws against foreign - flagged ships when pollution discharge incidents occur within U.S. jurisdiction . When incidents occur outside U.S. jurisdiction or jurisdiction can not be determined , the United States refers cases to flag states , in accordance with MARPOL . These procedures require substantial coordination between the Coast Guard , the State Department , and other flag states , and the response rate from flag states has been poor . Federal laws and regulations ( edit ) Main article : Regulation of ship pollution in the United States In the United States , several federal agencies have some jurisdiction over cruise ships in U.S. waters , but no one agency is responsible for or coordinates all of the relevant government functions . The U.S. Coast Guard and EPA have principal regulatory and standard - setting responsibilities . Cruise ships that are 79 feet ( 24 m ) in length or greater , are subject to the requirements of the EPA Vessel General Permit ( VGP ) . The most recent VGP was published in 2013 . EPA issued a separate permit for smaller cruise ships , however this permit currently only applies to ballast water . A Congressionally - imposed moratorium applies to other wastestreams for these vessels until December 18 , 2017 . The Department of Justice prosecutes violations of federal laws . In addition , the Department of State represents the United States at meetings of the IMO and in international treaty negotiations and is responsible for pursuing foreign - flag violations . Other federal agencies have limited roles and responsibilities . For example , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA , Department of Commerce ) works with the Coast Guard and EPA to report on the effects of marine debris . The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( APHIS ) is responsible for ensuring quarantine inspection and disposal of food - contaminated garbage ( these APHIS responsibilities are part of the Department of Homeland Security ) . In some cases , states and localities have responsibilities as well . Sewage ( edit ) Commercial vessels are required to obtain NPDES permits pursuant to Section 402 of the Clean Water Act . Section 312 of the Act prohibits the dumping of untreated or inadequately treated sewage from vessels into the navigable waters of the United States ( defined in the act as within 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) of shore ) . Cruise ships are subject to this prohibition . Commercial and recreational vessels with installed toilets are required to have marine sanitation devices , which are designed to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage . Beyond 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) , raw sewage can be discharged . On some cruise ships , especially many of those that travel in Alaskan waters , sewage is treated using Advanced Wastewater Treatment ( AWT ) systems that generally provide improved screening , treatment , disinfection , and sludge processing as compared with traditional MSDs . AWTs are believed to be very effective in removing pathogens , oxygen - demanding substances , suspended solids , oil and grease , and particulate metals from sewage , but only moderately effective in removing dissolved metals and nutrients ( ammonia , nitrogen and phosphorus ) . States may also establish no - discharge zones ( NDZs ) for vessel sewage , under section 312 . A state may completely prohibit the discharge of both treated and untreated sewage from all vessels with installed toilets into some or all waters over which it has jurisdiction ( up to 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from land ) . As of 2017 , this designation has been used for 72 areas representing part or all of the waters of 26 states , including a number of inland states . Greywater ( edit ) Graywater discharges from large cruise ships are regulated by the 2013 VGP . Graywater discharges from small cruise ships are currently exempt from the EPA Small Vessel General Permit ( `` sVGP '' ) , due to the Congressional moratorium . Pursuant to a state law in Alaska , greywater must be treated prior to discharge into that state 's waters . Solid waste ( edit ) Cruise ship discharges of solid waste are governed by two laws . Title I of the Marine Protection , Research and Sanctuaries Act makes it illegal to transport garbage from the United States for the purpose of dumping it into ocean waters without a permit or to dump material from outside the U.S. into U.S. waters . Beyond U.S. waters , no MPRSA permit is required for a cruise ship to discharge solid waste . The routine discharge of effluent incidental to the propulsion of vessels is explicitly exempted from the definition of dumping in the MPRSA. 28 The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships prohibits the discharge of all garbage within 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ) of shore , certain types of garbage within 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) offshore , and plastic anywhere . It applies to all vessels operating in U.S. navigable waters and the Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) . Hazardous waste ( edit ) The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( RCRA ) is the primary federal law that governs hazardous waste management . The owner or operator of a cruise ship may be a generator and / or a transporter of hazardous waste , and thus subject to RCRA rules . Issues that the cruise ship industry may face relating to RCRA include ensuring that hazardous waste is identified at the point at which it is considered generated ; ensuring that parties are properly identified as generators , storers , treaters , or disposers ; and determining the applicability of RCRA requirements to each . Hazardous waste generated onboard cruise ships are stored onboard until the wastes can be offloaded for recycling or disposal in accordance with RCRA . A range of activities on board cruise ships generate hazardous wastes and toxic substances that would ordinarily be presumed to be subject to RCRA . Cruise ships are potentially subject to RCRA requirements to the extent that chemicals used for operations such as ship maintenance and passenger services result in the generation of hazardous wastes . However , it is not entirely clear what regulations apply to the management and disposal of these wastes . RCRA rules that cover small - quantity generators ( those that generate more than 100 kilograms but less than 1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste per month ) are less stringent than those for large - quantity generators ( generating more than 1,000 kilograms per month ) , and it is unclear whether cruise ships are classified as large or small generators of hazardous waste . Moreover , some cruise companies argue that they generate less than 100 kilograms per month and therefore should be classified in a third category , as `` conditionally exempt small - quantity generators , '' a categorization that allows for less rigorous requirements for notification , recordkeeping , and the like . In addition to RCRA , hazardous waste discharges from cruise ships are subject to Section 311 of the Clean Water Act , which prohibits the discharge of hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon the navigable waters of the United States , adjoining shorelines , or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone . Bilge water ( edit ) Section 311 of the Clean Water Act , as amended by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 , applies to cruise ships and prohibits discharge of oil or hazardous substances in harmful quantities into or upon U.S. navigable waters , or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone , or which may affect natural resources in the U.S. EEZ ( extending 200 miles ( 320 km ) offshore ) . Coast Guard regulations prohibit discharge of oil within 12 miles ( 19 km ) from shore , unless passed through a 15 - ppm oil water separator , and unless the discharge does not cause a visible sheen . Beyond 12 miles ( 19 km ) , oil or oily mixtures can be discharged while a vessel is proceeding en route and if the oil content without dilution is less than 100 ppm . Vessels are required to maintain an Oil Record Book to record disposal of oily residues and discharges overboard or disposal of bilge water . In addition to Section 311 requirements , the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships ( APPS ) implements MARPOL Annex I concerning oil pollution . APPS applies to all U.S. flagged ships anywhere in the world and to all foreign flagged vessels operating in the navigable waters of the United States , or while at a port under U.S. jurisdiction . To implement APPS , the Coast Guard has promulgated regulations prohibiting the discharge of oil or oily mixtures into the sea within 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) of the nearest land , except under limited conditions . However , because most cruise lines are foreign registered and because APPS only applies to foreign ships within U.S. navigable waters , the APPS regulations have limited applicability to cruise ship operations . In addition , most cruise lines have adopted policies that restrict discharges of machinery space waste within three miles ( 5 km ) from shore . Cruise ship efforts to reduce pollution ( edit ) After the intervention of the GAO , or Government Accountability Office , from 2003 to 2008 , twelve cruise ship companies who violated pollution regulations implemented new environmental strategies . Several cruise lines within this group and others who have not been found guilty of previous violations have sought to ameliorate their pollution of marine waters . Some of these have reduced their waste production by transferring over from single use plastic packaging to reusable plastic containers for food being prepared on board and cutlery being used on the pool decks . Princess Cruises as well as the Royal Caribbean Cruise Line are two cruise lines that have acknowledged the waste problem , and have adopted reusable items to work towards a resolution. Recycling programs have also been implemented , and , because of the use of compactors on ships , plastics and aluminums are condensed and made easily recyclable upon ships return to port . The United States , alone , gains upward of 18,000 pounds of recycled goods from these practices . Some cruise lines have also taken it upon themselves to reduce air pollution , by using alternative , cleaner energy sources which has positive implications for marine waters as well . Battery power , fuel cells , and liquified natural gas are two such sources that are being explored . Carnival Corporation is one example of a cruise liner that is currently pursuing cleaner energies . The company has agreed to partner with Shell and utilize liquefied natural gas , LNG , to power their next two ships . Liquefied natural gas , although still a fossil fuel , is a much cleaner source of energy than oil and also much less expensive to the benefit of cruise companies . Transitioning away from oil will help cruise liners combat their problems with bilge pollution . Cruise ships efforts to reduce their waste , recycle , and find more renewable energies will help alleviate their current rate of pollution of marine waters . See also ( edit ) Environmental issues in the United States Marine Environmental Protection References ( edit ) This article is based on a public domain Congressional Research Service report : Copeland , Claudia . `` Cruise Ship Pollution : Background , Laws and Regulations , and Key Issues '' ( Order Code RL32450 ) . Congressional Research Service ( Updated February 6 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's Maritime Information Services , on the website of the Maritime International Secretaries Services , Shipping and World Trade Facts . Jump up ^ International Council of Cruise Lines , `` The Cruise Industry , 2005 Economic Summary . '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , `` Cruise Ship White Paper , '' August 22 , 2000 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bell , Tom , `` Experts : Mega-birth Needed for Cruise Ships , '' Portland Press Herald , Sept. 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Transportation Statistics , Department of Transportation , `` Summary of Cruise Ship Waste Streams . '' Accessed 28 - Jul - 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/CSTLpdfs/CSTLcruise.pdf ^ Jump up to : U.S. General Accounting Office , Marine Pollution : Progress Made to Reduce Marine Pollution by Cruise Ships , but Important Issues Remain , GAO / RCED - 00 - 48 , February 2000 . 70 pp . Jump up ^ Bluewater Network , Petition to the Administrator , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , March 17 , 2000 . The petition was amended in 2000 to request that EPA also examine air pollution from cruise ships ; see discussion below . Jump up ^ Cruise Ship Discharge Assessment Report ( Report ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 2008 - 12 - 29 . EPA 842 - R - 07 - 005 . Jump up ^ Northwest Environmental Advocates et al. v. EPA , 537 F. 3d 1006 ( 9th Cir. 2008 ) . Decided 2008 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of a Vessel . '' Federal Register , 73 FR 79473 . ^ Jump up to : EPA ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of a Vessel . '' Federal Register . 78 FR 21938 . Jump up ^ EPA ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) . Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) Small Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels Less Than 79 Feet . Federal Register . 79 FR 53702 . Jump up ^ `` Vessels - sVGP '' . NPDES . EPA . 2016 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Howard Coble Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2014 , Pub. L. 113 -- 281 . Approved 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` No - Discharge Zones by State '' . Vessels , Marinas and Ports . EPA . 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ United States . Oil Pollution Act of 1990 , Pub. L. 101 -- 380 , 33 U.S.C. § 2701 . Approved 1990 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ U.S. Coast Guard . `` Part 151 -- Vessels Carrying Oil , Noxious Liquid Substances , Garbage , Municipal or Commercial Waste , and Ballast Water . '' Control of Oil Discharges . Code of Federal Regulations , 33 C.F.R. 151.10 . Jump up ^ http://www.gao.gov/products/RCED-00-48 Jump up ^ http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/CSTLpdfs/CSTLcruise.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-magazine/feature-magazine-articles/16199-winter-2016-2017-alternative-fuels-technology-progress.html Jump up ^ https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/carnival-corporation-signs-agreement-with-shell-to-fuel-worlds-first-lng-powered-cruise-ships-300337817.html Jump up ^ http://www.uhero.hawaii.edu/news/view/276 External links ( edit ) Friends of the Earth - Cruise Ship Report Card `` Vessels , Marinas and Ports '' - EPA regulatory information and studies `` NPDES Program -- Vessels : Incidental Discharge Permitting '' - EPA VGP and sVGP information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruise_ship_pollution_in_the_United_States&oldid=812853200 '' Categories : Water pollution in the United States Cruise ships Environmental impact of shipping Ocean pollution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does all the human waste go on a cruise ship	[ "Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can result in discharges to the marine environment, including sewage, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, and solid waste. They also emit air pollutants to the air and water. These wastes, if not properly treated and disposed of, can be a significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and toxic substances with the potential to threaten human health and damage aquatic life. Cruise ships represent a small — although highly visible — portion of the entire international shipping industry, and the waste streams described here are not unique to cruise ships. However, particular types of wastes, such as sewage, graywater, and solid waste, may be of greater concern for cruise ships relative to other seagoing vessels, because of the large numbers of passengers and crew that cruise ships carry and the large volumes of wastes that they produce. Further, because cruise ships tend to concentrate their activities in specific coastal areas and visit the same ports repeatedly (especially Florida, California, New York City, Galveston, Seattle, and the waters of Alaska), their cumulative impact on a local scale could be significant, as can impacts of individual large-volume releases (either accidental or intentional)." ]	[ "waste streams" ]
6126688442798834387	Billie Burke	Billie Burke - wikipedia Billie Burke For other uses , see Billy Burke . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billie Burke Billie Burke in 1933 Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1884 Washington , D.C. , U.S. May 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1903 -- 1960 Spouse ( s ) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m . 1914 ; d . 1932 ) Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , on radio , early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series . Her high - pitched , wavering , aristocratic voice was her trademark , which made her a frequent choice to play dim - witted , spoiled society types . Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. , of Ziegfeld Follies fame , from 1914 until his death in 1932 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio and television 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 Performance career 6 Radio 7 Broadway 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Billie Burke was born Mary Burke , the daughter of William `` Billy '' Burke and Blanche ( née Beatty ; 1844 -- 1921 ) , in Washington , D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father , who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus . Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End . In 1903 , she began acting on stage , making her debut in London in The School Girl . Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic ( 1903 ) and The Blue Moon ( 1904 ) . She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies . Career ( edit ) Billie Burke in the Broadway production of Arthur Wing Pinero 's The `` Mind the Paint '' Girl ( 1912 ) Burke with daughter Patricia ( 1917 ) Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot , Suzanne , The Runaway , The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913 , along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Amazons . There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld , marrying him in 1914 . Two years later they had a daughter , Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson ( 1916 -- 2008 ) . Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy ( 1915 ) . Her success was phenomenal , and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time . She followed her first feature with the 15 - part serial Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) , another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle . By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans , rivaling Mary Pickford , Lillian Gish , Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle . Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies , similar in theme to The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , her most successful American play . The star 's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability , and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns , furs and jewelry , her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences . Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) , The Mysterious Miss Terry , Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) , Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) , Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) . The actress 's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s . During this time , much of her wardrobe ( on screen and off ) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile ( in private life Lady Duff Gordon ) , whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities . Despite her success in film , Burke eventually returned to the stage , appearing in Caesar 's Wife ( 1919 ) , The Intimate Strangers ( 1921 ) , The Marquise ( 1927 ) and The Happy Husband ( 1928 ) . When the family 's investments were wiped out in the Wall Street Crash the following year , she resumed screen acting to aid her husband . Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932 , when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement , which was directed by George Cukor . She played Katharine Hepburn 's mother in the film , which was Hepburn 's debut . Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film 's production , she resumed acting shortly after his funeral . Billie Burke as Glinda with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. ( 1939 ) In 1933 , Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan , a scatterbrained high - society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight , directed by George Cukor , co-starring with Lionel Barrymore , Marie Dressler , John Barrymore , Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery . The movie was a great success and revitalized her career and she subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals , typecast as a ditzy , fluffy and feather - brained upper - class matron with her high - pitched voice . In 1936 , MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld ( The Great Ziegfeld ) , a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld 's common - law wife , Anna Held ) . William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke , which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself , but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part of her younger self , despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise . In 1937 , Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films , about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts ( played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett ) , in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper . Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) resulted in her only Oscar nomination . In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North , in the musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , directed by Victor Fleming , which starred Judy Garland . She had previously worked with Garland in the film , Everybody Sing , in which she played Judy 's histrionically hysterical actress - mother . Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews , a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a `` Billie Burke - ish manner '' with `` the same zany feeling '' . Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy , Joan Bennett , and Elizabeth Taylor . Burke wrote two autobiographies , both with Cameron Van Shippe , With a Feather on My Nose ( Appleton 1949 ) and With Powder on My Nose ( Coward McCann , 1959 ) . Radio and television ( edit ) Burke joined the cast of Eddie Cantor 's radio show in 1948 . On CBS Radio , The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3 , 1943 until September 21 , 1946 . Sponsored by Listerine , this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year . Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived `` in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane , '' she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood . She worked often in early television , appearing in the short - lived sitcom Doc Corkle ( 1952 ) . She was a guest star on several TV and radio series , including Duffy 's Tavern . On television , Burke starred in her own talk show , At Home With Billie Burke , which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952 . She was one of the first female talk show hosts , after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice ( 1949 -- 50 ) and Fashions on Parade ( 1948 -- 49 ) which both included some talk show segments . Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage . She starred in two short - lived productions : This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X . Although she got good reviews , the plays did not . She appeared in several plays in California as well , although her mind became clouded , and she had trouble remembering lines . In the late 1950s , her failing memory led to her retirement from show business , although her explanation for that was , `` Acting just was n't any fun anymore . '' Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) , a Western directed by John Ford . Personal life ( edit ) Memorial statue at Burke 's grave in Kensico Cemetery Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr . Burke resided in Beverly Hills , California . She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14 , 1970 , at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery , Valhalla , Westchester County , New York . Legacy ( edit ) For many years , Burke 's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York 's Ziegfeld Theatre , but it vanished after renovations . However , an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl ( Sir Arthur Wing Pinero ) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan . For her contributions to the film industry , Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard . On November 4 , 2015 , a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her . Performance career ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) Burke early in her career The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932 Doubting Thomas - 1935 Good News of 1939 -- 1938 The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939 The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939 The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940 -- 41 The Pepsodent Show -- 1941 The Billie Burke Show -- 1943 -- 1946 Duffy 's Tavern -- 1944 The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944 Mail Call -- 1944 The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944 -- 47 Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945 The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945 Show Stoppers -- 1946 The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946 WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947 Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948 The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948 Family Theater -- 1948 -- 52 This Is Show Business -- CBS - TV , 1949 The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949 The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949 Stagestruck -- 1954 Biography in Sound -- 1955 -- 56 Broadway ( edit ) Burke in the February 1920 issue of Vanity Fair in a portrait by Adolf de Meyer Burke with Shelley Hull in The Land of Promise , 1913 . My Wife -- 1907 Love Watches -- 1908 Mrs. Dot -- 1910 Suzanne -- 1910 The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911 The Runaway -- 1911 The Amazons -- 1913 The Land of Promise -- 1913 Jerry -- 1914 The Rescuing Angel -- 1917 A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918 Caesar 's Wife -- 1919 The Intimate Strangers -- 1921 Rose Briar -- 1922 Annie Dear -- 1924 The Marquise -- 1927 The Happy Husband -- 1928 Family Affairs -- 1929 The Truth Game -- 1930 Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936 This Rock -- 1943 Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943 Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944 Filmography ( edit ) Silent Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Herself ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate ( Her Final Film Role ) Pepe ( 1960 ) as Herself ( Cameo ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Academy of Music / Riviera Theatre List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The School Girl a Hit '' . The New York Times , May 10 , 1903 , accessed February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Mrs. Ziegfeld : The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hampton 's magazine , Volume 26 , Page 362 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson , Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario '' . Jazz News . April 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 2014 ) . The Making of Gone With the Wind . University of Texas Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 76126 - 1 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Various issues , 1951 - 52 . Jump up ^ Paley Center For Media recording . Jump up ^ Radice , Michael L. Glinda 's Ruby Slippers , Manuscript Draft , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Owens , Legendary Hollywood Stars at Home , Architectural Digest Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , May 20 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Billie Burke '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billie Burke . Billie Burke on IMDb Billie Burke at the Internet Broadway Database AllMovie.com Billie Burke still photos from several Billie plays and lost Billie silent films Univ. of Washington Sayre collection Billie Burke photos Univ. of Louisville Macauley Collection Flo Ziegfeld - Billie Burke Papers , 1907 - 1984 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Digital Image Gallery , Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Collection , held by the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center , Boston University Literature on Billie Burke Billie Burke at Find a Grave Billie Burke with one of her motorcars , a Rolls - Royce Ziegfeld Follies Shows Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Radio The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air Films Glorifying the American Girl The Great Ziegfeld Ziegfeld Girl Ziegfeld Follies People Florenz Ziegfeld Jr . Billie Burke Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Related articles Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld girl Book BIBSYS : 6067937 BNE : XX4792312 BNF : cb139302489 ( data ) GND : 136289819 ISNI : 0000 0001 1631 6948 LCCN : n85151807 MusicBrainz : 73123cdd - d609 - 44a9 - b39a - 087a9111f36c SNAC : w6dn4mhs SUDOC : 162467516 VIAF : 44487813 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Burke&oldid=854541417 '' Categories : 1884 births 1970 deaths 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. Actresses from Beverly Hills , California American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American radio personalities American silent film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Deaths from dementia Vaudeville performers Burials at Kensico Cemetery Ziegfeld girls Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 03 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played glinda the good witch wizard of oz	[ "Mary William Ethelbert Appleton \"Billie\" Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, on radio, early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz (1939).\n" ]	[ "Mary William Ethelbert Appleton \"Billie\" Burke" ]
-6945402691614364811	History of the electric vehicle	History of the electric vehicle - wikipedia History of the electric vehicle This article is about history of all - electric vehicles . For the history of plug - in hybrid electric vehicles , hybrid electric vehicles that use plug - in rechargeable batteries , see history of plug - in hybrids . The General Motors EV1 , one of the cars introduced due to the California Air Resources Board mandate , had a range of 260 km ( 160 miles ) with NiMH batteries in 1999 . The Tesla Model 3 was a car that got over pre-orders 518,000 at its peak . The long range version had a range of 500 km ( 310 miles ) . The car began shipping in 2017 . Electric vehicles first appeared in the mid-19th century . An electric vehicle held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900 . The high cost , low top speed , and short range of battery electric vehicles , compared to later internal combustion engine vehicles , led to a worldwide decline in their use ; although electric vehicles have continued to be used in the form of electric trains and other niche uses . At the beginning of the 21st century , interest in electric and other alternative fuel vehicles has increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon - fueled vehicles , including damage to the environment caused by their emissions , and the sustainability of the current hydrocarbon - based transportation infrastructure as well as improvements in electric vehicle technology . Since 2010 , combined sales of all - electric cars and utility vans achieved 1 million units delivered globally in September 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Electric model cars 1.2 Electric locomotives 2 First practical electric cars 3 Golden age 4 Decline 5 1960s : Revival of interest 6 2000s : Modern highway - capable electric cars 7 2010s to present 7.1 Electric bicycle 8 Select historical production vehicles 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early History ( edit ) Electric Model cars ( edit ) The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people . In 1828 , Ányos Jedlik , a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor , created a small model car powered by his new motor . In 1834 , Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built a similar contraption which operated on a short , circular , electrified track . In 1834 , Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen , the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small - scale electrical car , powered by non-rechargeable primary cells . Electric locomotives ( edit ) The first known electric car was built in 1837 , in Scotland by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen . It was powered by galvanic cells ( batteries ) . Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani , exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841 . The 7,100 - kilogram ( 7 - long - ton ) vehicle had two direct - drive reluctance motors , with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle , and simple commutators . It hauled a load of 6,100 kilograms ( 6 long tons ) at 6.4 kilometres per hour ( 4 mph ) for a distance of 2.4 km ( 1.5 miles ) . It was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year , but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use . It was destroyed by railway workers , who saw it as a threat to their security of employment . Between 1832 and 1839 , Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electrical carriage . A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840 , and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847 . First practical electric cars ( edit ) Electric car built by Thomas Parker , photo from 1895 Flocken Elektrowagen , 1888 ( reconstruction , 2011 ) Columbia Electric 's ( 1896 - 99 ) `` Victoria '' electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave. , Washington D.C. , seen from Lafayette Park in 1905 . German electric car , 1904 , with the chauffeur on top Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859 , with the invention of the lead -- acid battery by French physicist Gaston Planté . Camille Alphonse Faure , another French scientist , significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881 ; his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale . An early electric - powered two - wheel cycle was put on display at the 1867 World Exposition in Paris by the Austrian inventor Franz Kravogl , but it was regarded as a curiosity and could not drive reliably in the street . Another cycle , this time with three wheels , was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor Gustave Trouvé English inventor Thomas Parker , who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the London Underground , overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham , and the smokeless fuel coalite , built the first production electric car in London in 1884 , using his own specially designed high - capacity rechargeable batteries . Parker 's long - held interest in the construction of more fuel - efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles . He also may have been concerned about the malign effects smoke and pollution were having in London . Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell - Parker Company , established in 1882 for the construction and sale of electric trams . The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation ; this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s . The company manufactured the first electric ' dog cart ' in 1896 . France and the United Kingdom were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles . The first electric car in Germany was built by the engineer Andreas Flocken in 1888 . Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of mines , as their motors did not use up precious oxygen . Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion engines , electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records . Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) speed barrier , by Camille Jenatzy on 29 April 1899 in his ' rocket - shaped ' vehicle Jamais Contente , which reached a top speed of 105.88 km / h ( 65.79 mph ) . Also notable was Ferdinand Porsche 's design and construction of an all - wheel drive electric car , powered by a motor in each hub , which also set several records in the hands of its owner E.W. Hart . The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890 - 91 by William Morrison of Des Moines , Iowa ; the vehicle was a six - passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 23 kilometres per hour ( 14 mph ) . It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles , after A.L. Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U.S. , by which point Europeans had been making use of electric tricycles , bicycles , and cars for almost 15 years . Golden age ( edit ) Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s . Electric battery - powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century . In London , Walter C. Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London in 1897 . They were soon nicknamed `` Hummingbirds '' due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made . In the same year in New York City , the Samuel 's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs . The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company . Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913 Electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early - 1900s competitors . They did not have the vibration , smell , and noise associated with gasoline cars . They also did not require gear changes . ( While steam - powered cars also had no gear shifting , they suffered from long start - up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings . ) The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start , as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine . Electric cars found popularity among well - heeled customers who used them as city cars , where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage . Electric cars were often marketed as suitable vehicles for women drivers due to their ease of operation ; in fact , early electric cars were stigmatized by the perception that they were `` women 's cars '' , leading some companies to affix radiators to the front to disguise the car 's propulsion system . 1912 Detroit Electric advertisement Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure , but by 1912 , many homes were wired for electricity , enabling a surge in the popularity of the cars . In the United States by the turn of the century , 40 percent of automobiles were powered by steam , 38 percent by electricity , and 22 percent by gasoline . A total of 33,842 electric cars were registered in the United States , and America became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance . Most early electric vehicles were massive , ornate carriages designed for the upper - class customers that made them popular . They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials . Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s . In order to overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles , and the lack of recharging infrastructure , an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896 . The concept was first put into practice by Hartford Electric Light Company through the GeVeCo battery service and initially available for electric trucks . The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company ( GVC , a subsidiary of the General Electric Company ) without a battery and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through an exchangeable battery . The owner paid a variable per - mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover maintenance and storage of the truck . Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange . The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles . Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries . Decline ( edit ) East German electric vans of the Deutsche Post in 1953 After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century , the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market . A number of developments contributed to this situation . By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure required vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars . Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide availability of affordable gasoline , making gas - powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances . Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed ( no more than 24 -- 32 km / h or 15 -- 20 mph . ) and low range ( 30 -- 40 miles or 50 -- 65 km ) , and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics . Gasoline cars became even easier to operate thanks to the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912 , which eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline engine , and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more bearable thanks to the use of the muffler , which Hiram Percy Maxim had invented in 1897 . Finally , the initiation of mass production of gas - powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down . By contrast , the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise ; by 1912 , an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car . The Henney Kilowatt , a 1961 production electric car Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s . Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems . Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923 . In Europe , especially the United Kingdom , milk floats were powered by electricity , and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world 's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats . Electric golf carts were produced by Lektro as early as 1954 . By the 1920s , the early heyday of electric cars had passed , and a decade later , the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared . Michael Brian examines the social and technological reasons for the failure of electric cars in his book Taking Charge : The Electric Automobile in America . Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars . Fuel - starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British milk floats and the French Breguet Aviation car , but overall , while ICE development progressed at a brisk pace , electric vehicle technology stagnated . In the late 1950s , Henney Coachworks and the National Union Electric Company , makers of Exide batteries , formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car , the Henney Kilowatt , based on the French Renault Dauphine . The car was produced in 36 - volt and 72 - volt configurations ; the 72 - volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km / h ( 60 mph ) and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge . Despite the Kilowatt 's improved performance with respect to previous electric cars , consumers found it too expensive compared to equivalent gasoline cars of the time , and production ended in 1961 . 1960s : revival of interest ( edit ) In 1959 , American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a `` self - charging '' battery . AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate nickel - cadmium batteries that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead - acid versions . That same year , Nu - Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one - piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960 . In the mid 1960s a few battery - electric concept cars appeared , such as the Scottish Aviation Scamp ( 1965 ) , and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car , the Electrovair ( 1966 ) . None of them entered production . The 1966 Enfield 8000 did make it into small - scale production , 112 were eventually produced.In 1967 , AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk . A nickel - cadmium battery supplied power to an all - electric 1969 Rambler American station wagon . Other `` plug - in '' experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the Amitron ( 1967 ) and the similar Electron ( 1977 ) . The three lunar rovers are currently parked on the moon On 31 July 1971 , an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first manned vehicle to drive on the Moon ; that car was the Lunar rover , which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission . The `` moon buggy '' was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics ( co-founded by Kettering ) featured a DC drive motor in each wheel , and a pair of 36 - volt silver - zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries . After years outside the limelight , the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market . General Motors created a concept car of another of their gasoline cars , the Electrovette ( 1976 ) . At the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show , General Motors President Roger Smith unveiled the GM Impact electric concept car , along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public . The Honda EV Plus , one of the cars introduced as a result of the CARB ZEV mandate In the early 1990s , the California Air Resources Board ( CARB ) , the government of California 's `` clean air agency '' , began a push for more fuel - efficient , lower - emissions vehicles , with the ultimate goal being a move to zero - emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles . In response , automakers developed electric models , including the Chrysler TEVan , Ford Ranger EV pickup truck , GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup , Honda EV Plus hatchback , Nissan lithium - battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV . The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market , while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars , all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB 's mandate . GM 's program came under particular scrutiny ; in an unusual move , consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s , but were instead asked to sign closed - end leases , meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period , with no option to purchase , despite leasee interest in continuing to own the cars . Chrysler , Toyota , and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court , leading to the eventual neutering of CARB 's ZEV Mandate . After public protests by EV drivers ' groups upset by the repossession of their cars , Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4 - EVs for sale to the general public during six months , up until 22 November 2002 . Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by their manufacturers . Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4 - EV in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage . GM famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums . Throughout the 1990s , interest in fuel - efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States , who instead favored sport utility vehicles , which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices . Domestic U.S. automakers chose to focus their product lines around the truck - based vehicles , which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan . Th ! nk City and Buddy in Oslo , Norway Most electric vehicles on the world roads are low - speed , low - range neighborhood electric vehicles ( NEVs ) . Pike Research estimated there were almost 479,000 NEVs on the world roads in 2011 . As of July 2006 , there were between 60,000 and 76,000 low - speed battery - powered vehicles in use in the United States , up from about 56,000 in 2004 . North America 's top selling NEV is the Global Electric Motorcars ( GEM ) vehicles , with more than 50,000 units sold worldwide by mid 2014 . The world 's two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States , with 14,737 units sold , and France , with 2,231 units . Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the Kewet , since 1991 , and replaced by the Buddy , launched in 2008 . Also the Th ! nk City was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties . Production restarted in Finland in December 2009 . The Th ! nk was sold in several European countries and the U.S. In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted . Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011 . A total of 200,000 low - speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013 , most of which are powered by lead - acid batteries . These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns , and consequently , do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal plug - in electric cars . 2000s : modern highway - capable electric cars ( edit ) California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster , which was first delivered to customers in 2008 . The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all - electric car to use lithium - ion battery cells , and the first production all - electric car to travel more than 320 km ( 200 miles ) per charge . Since 2008 , Tesla sold approximately 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012 . Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012 , when its supply of Lotus Elise gliders ran out , as its contract with Lotus Cars for 2,500 gliders expired at the end of 2011 . Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011 , and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe , Asia and Australia . The next Tesla vehicle , the Model S , was released in the U.S. on 22 June 2012 and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013 . Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014 . The next model was the Tesla Model X . In November 2014 Tesla delayed one more time the start of deliveries to retail customers , and announced the company expects Model X deliveries to begin in the third quarter of 2015 . The Mitsubishi i - MiEV was launched in Japan in 2009 The Mitsubishi i - MiEV was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009 , and for individual customers in April 2010 , followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010 , and Australia in July 2010 via leasing . The i - MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010 , including a rebadged version sold in Europe as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C - Zero . The market launch in the Americas began in Costa Rica in February 2011 , followed by Chile in May 2011 . Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2011 . Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand , Mitsubishi reports around 27,200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012 , including the minicab MiEVs sold in Japan , and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C - Zero in the European market . Senior leaders at several large automakers , including Nissan and General Motors , have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent - up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles . In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker , GM vice-chairman Bob Lutz was quoted as saying , `` All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium - ion technology is 10 years away , and Toyota agreed with us -- and boom , along comes Tesla . So I said , ' How come some tiny little California startup , run by guys who know nothing about the car business , can do this , and we ca n't ? ' That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam . '' 2010s to present ( edit ) The first Nissan Leaf delivered in the U.S. went to a customer in the San Francisco Bay Area The Nissan Leaf , introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010 , became the first modern all - electric , zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer . As of January 2013 , the Leaf is also available in Australia , Canada and 17 European countries . The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model . The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark . Better Place launched its first battery - swapping station in Israel , in Kiryat Ekron , near Rehovot in March 2011 . The battery exchange process took five minutes . As of December 2012 , there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car . By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties , and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non-core activities in North America , as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets . On 26 May 2013 , Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel . The company 's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure , about US $850 million in private capital , and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi . Less than 1,000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark . The Smart electric drive , Wheego Whip LiFe , Mia electric , Volvo C30 Electric , and the Ford Focus Electric were launched for retail customers during 2011 . The BYD e6 , released initially for fleet customers in 2010 , began reatail sales in Shenzhen , China in October 2011 . The Bolloré Bluecar was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the Autolib ' carsharing service in Paris . Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Île - de-France area . In February 2011 , the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than of more than 10,000 units , including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C - Zero and Peugeot . The record was officially registered by Guinness World Records . Several months later , the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all - electric car ever , and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50,000 unit mark . Models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the BMW ActiveE , Coda , Renault Fluence Z.E. , Tesla Model S , Honda Fit EV , Toyota RAV4 EV , Renault Zoe , Roewe E50 , Mahindra e2o , Chevrolet Spark EV , Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive , Fiat 500e , Volkswagen e-Up ! , BMW i3 , and Kandi EV . Toyota released the Scion iQ EV in the U.S. ( Toyota eQ in Japan ) in 2013 . The car production is limited to 100 units . The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California , Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle - Network Enabled Transport ( ZEV - NET ) carsharing fleet . Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan . The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013 , after selling only about 100 units in California . Its manufacturer , Coda Automotive , filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 1 May 2013 . The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing . The Tesla Model S ranked as the top selling plug - in electric car in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold , ahead of the Chevrolet Volt ( 4,421 ) and the Nissan Leaf ( 3,695 ) . European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Oslo in August 2013 , and during its first full month in the market , the Model S ranked as the top selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered , representing a market share of 5.1 % of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013 , becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country , and contributing to a record all - electric car market share of 8.6 % of new car sales during that month . In October 2013 , an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row . This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold , representing a 5.6 % of new car sales that month . Retail deliveries of the BMW i3 began in Europe in November 2013 The i3 ranked as the third best selling all - electric car in 2014 . The Renault -- Nissan Alliance reached global sales of 100,000 all - electric vehicles in July 2013 . The 100,000 th customer was a U.S. student who bought a Nissan Leaf . In mid January 2014 , global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100,000 unit milestone , representing a 45 % market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010 . The 100,000 th car was delivered to a British customer . As of June 2014 , there were over 500,000 plug - in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world , with the U.S. leading plug - in electric car sales with a 45 % share of global sales . In September 2014 , sales of plug - in electric cars in the United States reached the 250,000 unit milestone . Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2014 . In November 2014 the Renault -- Nissan Alliance reached 200,000 all - electric vehicles delivered globally , representing a 58 % share of the global light - duty all - electric market segment . The world 's top selling all - electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf ( 61,507 ) , Tesla Model S ( 31,655 ) , BMW i3 ( 16,052 ) , and the Renault Zoe ( 11,323 ) . Accounting for plug - in hybrids , the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondinly among the world 's top 10 selling plug - in electric cars . All - electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E , Chery eQ , Geely - Kandi Panda EV , Zotye Zhidou E20 , Kia Soul EV , Volkswagen e-Golf , Mercedes - Benz B - Class Electric Drive , and Venucia e30 . Global sales of the Renault Zoe , released in 2012 , achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016 . General Motors unveiled the Chevrolet Bolt EV concept car at the 2015 North American International Auto Show . The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a model year 2017 . GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an all - electric range more than 320 km ( 200 miles ) , with pricing starting at US $37,500 before any applicable government incentives . The European version , marketed as the Opel Ampera - e , will go into production in 2017 . In May 2015 , global sales of highway legal all - electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500,000 unit milestone , accounting for sales since 2008 . Out these , Nissan accounts for about 35 % , Tesla Motors about 15 % , and Mitsubishi about 10 % . Also in May 2015 , the Renault Zoe and the BMW i3 passed the 25,000 unit global sales milestone . In June 2015 , worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75,000 unit milestone in June 2015 . By early June 2015 , the Renault -- Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all - electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250,000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light - duty all - electric market segment . Nissan sales totaled 185,000 units , which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e-NV200 van . Renault has sold 65,000 electric vehicles , and its line - up includes the ZOE passenger car , the Kangoo Z.E. van , the SM3 Z.E. ( previously Fluence Z.E. ) sedan and the Twizy heavy quadricycle . As of December 2016 , the world 's two best selling all - electric cars in history are the Nissan Leaf ( left ) , with more than 250,000 global sales , and the Tesla Model S ( right ) , with over 158,000 units delivered . By mid-September 2015 , the global stock of highway legal plug - in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone , with the pure electrics capturing about 62 % of global sales . The United States is the plug - in segment market leader with a stock of over 363,000 plug - in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015 , representing 36.3 % of global sales . The tate of California is the largest plug - in car regional market , with more than 158,000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015 , representing 46.5 % of all plug - in cars sold in the U.S. Until December 2014 , California not only had more plug - in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation , but also more than any other country . As of August 2015 , China ranked as the world 's second top selling country plug - in market , with over 157,000 units sold since 2011 ( 15.7 % ) , followed by Japan with more than 120,000 plug - in units sold since 2009 ( 12.1 % ) . As of June 2015 , over 310,000 light - duty plug - in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010 . European sales are led by Norway , followed by the Netherlands , and France . In the heavy - duty segment , China is the world 's leader , with over 65,000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015 . As of December 2015 , global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200,000 units sold making the Leaf the world 's top selling highway - capable electric car in history . The Tesla Model S , with global deliveries of more than 100,000 units , is the world 's second best selling all - electric car of all - time . The Model S ranked as the world 's best selling plug - in electric vehicle in 2015 , up from second best in 2014 . The Model S was also the top selling plug - in car in the U.S. in 2015 . Most models released in the world 's markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug - in hybrids . The only new series production all - electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the BYD e5 and the Tesla Model X , together with several variants of the Tesla Model S line - up . The Tesla Model 3 was unveiled on 31 March 2016 . With pricing starting at US $35,000 and an all - electric range of 345 km ( 215 miles ) , the Model 3 is Tesla Motors first vehicle aimed for the mass market . Before the unveiling event , over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3 . As of 7 April 2016 , one week after the event , Tesla Motors reported over 325,000 reservations , more than triple the 107,000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015 . These reservations represent potential sales of over US $14 billion . As of 31 March 2016 , Tesla Motors has sold almost 125,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008 . Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of 15 May 2016 , after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators . The first Chevrolet Bolt EVs were delivered to customers in the San Francisco Bay Area in December 2016 The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016 , and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market . The Renault - Nissan Alliance achieved the milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016 , and also set an industry record of 100,000 electric vehicle sold in a single year . Nissan global electric vehicle sales passed the 250,000 unit milestone also in August 2016 . Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in early September 2016 . Global sales of the Tesla Model X passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016 , with most cars delivered in the United States . Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016 . Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016 , four years and five months after its introduction , and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone . Norway achieved the milestone of 100,000 all - electric vehicles registered in December 2016 . Retail deliveries of the 383 km ( 238 miles ) Chevrolet Bolt EV began in the San Francisco Bay Area on 13 December 2016 . In December 2016 , Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km ( 1.9 billion miles ) driven collectively through November 2016 , saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg ( 1,100 million lb ) of CO emissions . Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250,000 units delivered in December 2016 . The Tesla Model S was the world 's best - selling plug - in electric car in 2016 for the second year running , with 50,931 units delivered globally . In December 2016 , Norway became the first country where 5 % of all registered passenger cars was a plug - in electric . When new car sales in Norway are breakdown by powertrain or fuel , nine of the top ten best - selling models in 2016 were electric - drive models . The Norwegian electric - drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40.2 % of new passenger car sales in 2016 , consisting of 15.7 % for all - electric cars , 13.4 % for plug - in hybrids , and 11.2 % for conventional hybris . The highest - ever monthly market share for the plug - in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37.5 % of new car sales ; the plug - in hybrid segment reached a 20.0 % market share of new passenger cars , and the all - electric car segment had a 17.5 % market share . Also in January 2017 , the electrified passenger car segment , consisting of plug - in hybrids , all - electric cars and conventional hybrids , for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine , with a market share of 51.4 % of new car sales that month . For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50 % , and have several other benefits , such as use of bus lanes and free parking . Many of these perks have been extended to 2020 . In February 2017 Consumer Reports named Tesla as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers . Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018 . Electric bicycle ( edit ) Main article : Electric bicycle The principal manufacturer of e-bikes globally is China , with 2009 seeing the manufacturer of 22.2 million units . In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E-bikes . Pedego is the best selling in the U.S. China accounts for nearly 92 % of the market worldwide . In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010 . Jiangsu Yadea , an electric bicycle producer of renown in China , leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council ( CNLIC ) electric bicycle industry for three years . It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year . In 1997 , Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U.S. company to come out with a pedelec . Select historical production vehicles ( edit ) See also : Electric car use by country , list of modern production plug - in electric vehicles , and list of production battery electric vehicles Selected list of battery electric vehicles include ( in chronological order ) : Name Production years Number produced Top Speed Cost Range mpg US L / 100 km ( City ) mpg US L / 100 km ( Hwy ) Baker Electric 1899 -- 1915 ? 14 mph 23 km / h US $2300 or € 1,700 80 km ( 50 miles ) Studebaker Electric 1902 -- 1912 ? ? ? ? Detroit Electric 1907 -- 1939 13,000 20 mph 32 km / h > US $3,000 or € 2,250 depending on options 130 km ( 80 miles ) Henney Kilowatt 1958 -- 1960 < 100 60 mph 97 km / h ? ? Enfield 8000 1966 -- 1976 112 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) GB £ 2,000 40 -- 90 km ( 25 -- 56 miles ) Sebring - Vanguard Citicar 1974 -- 1982 4,444 including variants 38 mph 61 km / h ? Approximately 65 km ( 40 miles ) Sinclair C5 1985 14,000 15 mph 24 km / h £ 399 30 km ( 20 miles ) Škoda Favorit ELTRA 151L & 151 Pick - Up 1992 -- 1994 < 1,100 , perhaps 20 surviving 50 mph 80 km / h ( limiter ) < US $20,000 , without subsidy 80 km ( 50 miles ) General Motors EV1 1996 -- 2003 1,117 80 mph 129 km / h ~ US $40,000 or € 30,000 , without subsidies 255 km ( 160 miles ) Chevrolet S10 EV 1997 -- 1998 492 73 mph 118 km / h ~ US $40,000 or € 30,000 , without subsidies 145 km ( 90 miles ) Honda EV Plus 1997 -- 1999 ~ 300 80 + mph 130 + km / h US $455 or € 340 / month for 36 - month lease ; or $53,000 or € 40,000 without subsidies 130 -- 175 km ( 80 -- 110 miles ) Toyota RAV4 EV 1997 -- 2002 1,249 78 mph 125 km / h US $40,000 or € 30,000 without subsidies 140 km ( 87 miles ) 125 1.88 100 2.35 Ford Ranger EV 1998 -- 2002 1,500 , perhaps 200 surviving ~ US $50,000 or € 37,600 ; subsidized down to $20,000 or € 15,000 120 km ( 74 miles ) TH ! NK City 1999 -- 2002 1,000 + 56 mph 90 km / h 85 km ( 53 miles ) 106 1.59 83 2.83 REVAi 2001 -- 2012 4,000 + 45 mph 72 km / h £ 8,000 , US $15,000 or € 11,900 80 km ( 50 miles ) ZAP Xebra 2006 -- 2009 700 + 40 mph 65 km / h , $100 $10,000 or € 7,500 40 km ( 25 miles ) Tesla Roadster 2008 -- 2012 2,500 130 mph 210 km / h US $109,000 or € 99,000 base price 355 km ( 220 miles ) less than 2 cents / mile off peak recharge Modern series production electric cars Mitsubishi i MiEV ( Peugeot iOn / Citroën C - Zero ) 2009 -- ~ 37,600 as of June 2016 80 mph 130 km / h US $29,125 base price 160 km ( 100 miles ) ( Japanese cycle ) 100 km ( 62 miles ) ( EPA cycle ) Nissan Leaf 2010 -- 300,000 as of January 2018 175 km ( 109 miles ) ( New European Driving Cycle ) BYD e6 2010 -- 34,862 in China as of December 2016 Renault Kangoo Z.E. 2011 -- 25,205 as of December 2016 Bolloré Bluecar 2011 -- 5,524 as of July 2016 ( in France ) Ford Focus EV 2012 - 6764 as of Nov 2016 US $39,995 base price ( 2012 ) US $29,120 base price ( 2017 ) 160 km ( 100 miles ) 118 MPGe / 1.99 l / 100 km 96 MPGe / 2.45 l / 100 km Smart ED ( 2nd and 3rd gen ) 2012 -- ~ 9,000 as of June 2014 Tesla Model S 2012 -- 158,159 as of December 2016 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) for 90 + kWh version US $69,900 base price with 60 kW h battery pack 485 km ( 300 miles ) 89 Combined 2.64 Combined Renault Zoe 2013 -- 61,205 as of December 2016 Volkswagen e-Up ! 2013 -- 9,157 as of October 2015 BMW i3 2013 -- ~ 65,500 as of December 2016 130 to 160 km ( 80 to 100 miles ) Kia Soul EV 2014 -- 150 km ( 93 miles ) Volkswagen e-Golf 2014 -- 12,653 in Europe as of October 2015 and 3,980 in the U.S. as of November 2015 . 130 to 190 kilometres ( 81 to 118 mi ) Mercedes - Benz B - Class Electric Drive 2014 -- 140 km ( 87 miles ) Tesla Model X 2015 -- 25,524 as of December 2016 237 to 289 BYD e5 2015 -- 17,065 in China as of December 2016 BYD Qin EV300 2016 -- 10,656 in China as of December 2016 Tesla Model 3 2017 -- 1,550 in USA as of December 2017 145 mph for LR version US $35,000 base price with Standard battery pack 355 km ( 220 miles ) with Standard version , 500 km ( 310 miles ) with Long Range version 126 MPGe Combined See also ( edit ) History of the automobile History of plug - in hybrids History of electric motorcycles and scooters List of modern production plug - in electric vehicles Country specific Electric car use by country Plug - in electric vehicles in Japan Plug - in electric vehicles in the Netherlands Plug - in electric vehicles in Norway Plug - in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom Plug - in electric vehicles in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tesla saw about 63,000 cancellations of Model 3 preorders '' . 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Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Westbrook , Michael Hereward ( 2001 ) . The Electric Car . Institute of Engineering & Technology . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 013 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Goodstein , Judith ( 2004 ) . `` Godfather of the Hybrid '' ( PDF ) . Engineering & Science . California Institute of Technology . LXVII ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel and Deborah Gordon ( 2009 ) , Two billion cars : driving toward sustainability , Oxford University Press , New York , pp. 24 and 189 -- 191 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537664 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Who Killed the Electric Car ? Directed by Chris Paine , Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics Jump up ^ King , Danny ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Sales To Climb '' . Edmunds Auto Observer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Saranow , Jennifer ( 27 July 2006 ) , `` The Electric Car Gets Some Muscle '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Polaris GEM Introduces 2015 Models '' . The Wall Street Journal . 2014 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hurst and Clint Wheelock , Dave ( 2011 ) . `` Executive Summary : Neighborhood Electric Vehicles -- Low Speed Electric Vehicles for Consumer and Fleet Markets '' ( PDF ) . Pike Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Historien bak Buddy ( in Norwegian ) Jump up ^ `` Think Begins Production of New TH ! NK City EV '' . Green Car Congress . 2007 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Montavalli , Jim ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Think Restarts Production in Finland '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` THINK Begins EV Sales in Finland '' . Green Car Congress . 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Eric ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Think kicks off sales of City electric vehicle in Finland '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bolduc , Douglas A. ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Norwegian EV maker Think files for bankruptcy '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Doggett , Scott ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Think Announces $36,495 MSRP for City EV '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Xueqing , Jiang ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) . `` New - energy vehicles ' turning the corner ' '' . China Daily . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` We have begun regular production of the Tesla Roadster '' . Tesla Motors . 2008 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Shahan , Zachary ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Electric Car Evolution '' . Clean Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . 2008 : The Tesla Roadster becomes the first production electric vehicle to use lithium - ion battery cells as well as the first production electric vehicle to have a range of over 200 miles on a single charge . Jump up ^ `` SEC Form 10 - K for Fiscal Year Ended Dec 31 , 2012 , Commission File Number : 001 - 34756 , Tesla Motors , Inc '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . 2016 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 25 . As of December 31 , 2012 , we had delivered approximately 2,450 Tesla Roadsters to customers in over 30 countries . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Chris ( 2011 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Tesla boasts about electric car deliveries , plans for sedan '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Garthwaite , Josie ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Tesla Prepares for a Gap as Roadster Winds Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dillow , Clay ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Farewell Roadster : Tesla Will Stop Taking Orders for its Iconic EV in Two Months '' . Popular Science . US . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Valdes - Dapena , Peter ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Tesla Roadster reaches the end of the line '' . CNN Money . US . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ King , Danny ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Tesla continues Roadster sales with tweaks in Europe , Asia and Australia '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gordon - Bloomfield , Nikki ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Tesla Updates Roadster For 2012 . There 's Just One Catch ... '' Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Boudreau , John ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) . `` In a Silicon Valley milestone , Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) . `` First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America -- In Oslo '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Makinen , Julie ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China ; delays upset some '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Tesla Model X delayed , again , but Musk says Model S demand remains high '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Motors Begins Production of i - MiEV ; Targeting 1,400 Units in Fiscal 2009 '' . Green Car Congress . 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kageyama , Yuri ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Japanese Start Buying Affordable Electric Cars '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kim , Chang - Ran ( 2010 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Mitsubishi Motors lowers price of electric i - MiEV '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Begins Sales of i - MiEV to Individuals in Hong Kong ; First Individual Sales Outside of Japan '' . Green Car Congress . 2010 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Motors to Begin Shipping i - MiEV to Australia in July ; 2nd Market Outside Japan '' . Green Car Congress . 2010 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The i - MiEV goes on sale in 15 European countries ; near - term plan to boost that to 19 '' . GreenCarCongress. 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Halvorson , Bengt ( 2011 - 10 - 04 ) . `` 2012 Mitsubishi i : First Drive , U.S. - Spec MiEV '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi To Launch Its Electric Car First in Costa Rica '' . InsideCostaRica. 2010 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ibarra , Alejandro Marimán ( 2011 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Mitsubishi i - MIEV : Lanzado oficialmente en Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . Yahoo Chile . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Chris ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Mitsubishi delivers its first ' i ' electric car '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mitsubishi Motors North America ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Mitsubishi Motors , Governor of Hawaii and Cutter Mitsubishi Hand Over Keys to First 2012 Mitsubishi i - MiEV Retail Customer '' . ABC Action News ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Mitsubishi sets Canadian i - MiEV price at $32,998 '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Mitsubishi i - MiEV Electric Cars Recalled To Fix Braking Problem '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friend , Tad ( 2009 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Elon Musk and electric cars '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Doggett , Scott ( 2010 - 12 - 11 ) . `` First Production Nissan Leaf Electric Vehicle Delivered to Customer '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Rolls Out Leaf Electric Car in Japan '' . Associated Press . 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan LEAF Smashes 50,000 Global Sales Milestone '' ( Press release ) . Nissan Media Room . 2013 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Renault Fluence ZE '' . Better Place . 2010 - 10 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Udasin , Sharon ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Better Place launches 1st Israeli battery - switching station '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Better Place Delivers For Demanding Amsterdam Taxi Drivers '' . Better Place . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ McCowen , David ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . `` The rise and fall of Better Place '' . Drive.com.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Beissmann , Tim ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Renault Fluence Z.E. launch delayed due to infrastructure hold - ups '' . Car Advice . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Better Place winding down ops in North America and Australia , to focus on Denmark and Israel '' . Green Car Congress . 2013 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Better Place Electric - Car Service Files For Bankruptcy '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Israeli Venture Meant to Serve Electric Cars Is Ending Its Run '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Elis , Niv ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Death of Better Place : Electric car co. to dissolve '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` First Pure - Electric Vehicle now available for Consumers in China '' . BYD Company . 2011 - 10 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lord , Richard ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Autolib ' electric car sharing service launches in Paris , France '' . Sustainable Guernsey . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lepsch , Laurent ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Louez une Bluecarpour 500 € par mois '' ( Lease a Bluecar for € 500 per month ) ( in French ) . Auto News . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Best - selling electric car '' . Guinness World Records . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` UC Irvine 's car - sharing program charges ahead '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Irvine . 2013 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Car Maker Files for Bankruptcy Protection '' . The New York Times . Reuters. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ohnsman , Alan ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Tesla Posts First Quarterly Profit on Model S Deliveries '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . During Q1 2013 a total of 4,900 Model S cars were delivered in North America ( mostly in the U.S. and a few units delivered in Canada . Volt and Leaf sales correspond to the U.S. and Canada combined . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) . `` First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America -- In Oslo '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil '' ( Norway 's best selling car in September is an electric vehicle ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gasnier , Mat ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Norway September 2013 : Tesla Model S in pole position ! '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct. car sales , beats Toyota Auris , VW Golf '' . Automotive News Europe . Reuters. 2013 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gasnier , Mat ( 2013 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Norway October 2013 : Nissan Leaf new leader ! '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The new BMW i3 - Press pack '' . BMW Group ( Press release ) . 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` 2014 's Top - 10 Global Best - Selling Plug - in Cars '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Renault Media ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Renault - Nissan sells its 100,000 th electric car '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Renault - Nissan sells its 100,000 th Zero - Emission car '' . Renault Media ( Press release ) . 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nissan News Release ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Nissan LEAF global sales reach 100,000 units '' . Automotive World ( Press release ) . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Plug - In Car Sales Cross Global Half - Million Mark '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz - BMW Battle Shifts To Plug - In Electric Vehicles In The U.S. '' Forbes . 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Americans Buy Their 250,000 th Plug - In Car '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Tesla Due To Sell 75,000 th Model S This Month '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Renault - Nissan Alliance sells its 200,000 th electric vehicle '' ( Press release ) . Paris and Yokohama : Renault Media . 2014 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50,000 Sales Club '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . As of June 2016 , cumulative global sales of the top selling plug - in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf ( about 225,000 ) , Tesla Model S ( over 129,000 ) , BYD Qin ( 56,191 ) , Renault Zoe ( 51,193 ) , and BMW i3 ( almost 50,000 ) . Jump up ^ Turkus , Brandon ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Chevrolet Bolt EV Concept foreshadows an affordable , 200 - mile EV future ( w / videos ) '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet Commits to Bolt EV Production '' ( Press release ) . General Motors Media . 2015 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thevenot , Brian ; Hirsch , Jerry ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Chevy Bolt electric car targets Tesla with low price , long range '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Korosec , Kirsten ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` GM Unveils an All - Electric Car for Europe '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Renault - Nissan And Leaf Lead All In Global EV Proliferation '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 14 . About 510,000 battery electric cars and light - duty vans have been sold worldwide by May 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Three More Plug - in Cars Cross 25,000 Sales Milestone '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Groupe Renault ( June 2015 ) . `` Ventes Mensuelles '' ( Monthly Sales ) ( in French ) . Renault.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Includes passenger and light utility variants . Click on `` Ventes mensuelles ( mai 2015 ) '' to download the files `` XLSX - 187 Ko '' for CYTD 2015 sales through May , and open the tab `` Sales by Model '' . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Tesla Model S Is World 's Best - Selling Plug - in Car For Second Year In A Row '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) . `` One Million Global Plug - In Sales Milestone Reached '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . Cumulative global sales totaled about 1,004,000 highway legal plug - in electric passenger cars and light - duty vehicles by mid-September 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Californians Bought More Plug - in Cars Than China Last Year '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ohnsman , Alan ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Californians Propel Plug - In Car Sales With 40 % of Market '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2014 : New Light Vehicle Registrations Likely to Exceed 1.9 million units in 2015 '' ( PDF ) . California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) . February 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Registrations through December 2014 since 2010 . Jump up ^ `` California New Vehicle Market Continues to Post Impressive Gains '' ( PDF ) . California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) . August 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 10 . Registrations through June 2015 since 2011 . Revised figures for 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jennifer ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Jerry Brown Seeks More Electric Cars in California '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` California charges ahead with electric vehicles '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Schreffler , Roger ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) . `` PSA , Toyota Lead Way as European Cars Get Cleaner '' . Ward 's Auto . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Cumulative plug - in hybrid and all - electric sales in Europe totaled 233,022 units as of December 2014 . Jump up ^ Amiot , Maxime ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Quand l'hybride rechargeable fait de l'ombre à la voiture électrique '' ( When the plug - in hybrid overshadows the electric car ) . Les Échos ( in French ) . France . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . A total of 77,259 plug - in electric cars were sold in Europe during the first half of 2015 , consisting of 40,558 all - electric cars and 36,701 plug - in hybrids . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Tesla Model S Crossed 100,000 Sales Milestone This Month '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Accounting for global cumulative sales by December 2015 , plug - in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf ( 200,000 ) , followed by the Tesla Model S ( 100,000 ) . As of November 2015 , Mitsubishi i - MiEV family ( ~ 50,000 ) , BYD Qin ( 45,275 ) , BMW i3 ( 38,581 ) , Renault Zoe ( 36,040 ) , and the Ford Fusion Energi ( 26,742 ) . Combines sales of the top 10 PEV models represent almost 50 % of cumulative global PEV sales through November 2015 ) Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Tesla Model S Was World 's Best - Selling Plug - in Car in 2015 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) . `` 2014 's Top - 10 Global Best - Selling Plug - in Cars '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide in 2014 . Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled 56,782 Model S cars by the end of 2014 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Mike ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Tesla CEO Musk launches Model X electric SUV : `` safest SUV ever '' `` . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stoll , John ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Tesla 's Musk : Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115,000 Within 24 Hours '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Tesla Says It Received More Than 325,000 Model 3 Reservations '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Tesla Motors had sold 107,000 Model S cars by the end of 2015 Jump up ^ Young , Angelo ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Motors ( TSLA ) 1Q 2016 Sales : 14,820 Model S , Model X Cars Were Delivered In First Three Months ; Model S Sales Jumped 45 % '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jay ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Tesla , Musk Plan $2 Billion Stock Sale To Build Model 3 , 373,000 People Reserved '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Tesla to Sell $1.4 Billion in Shares for Expanded Production '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff . `` First Chevy Bolt EVs Delivered Today '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai 's Ioniq EV sales top 1,000 units '' . Yonhap News Agency . 2016 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Renault - Nissan Alliance hits milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold , maintains position as global EV leader '' ( Press release ) . Paris / Yokohama : Renault - Nissan Alliance . 2016 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 . The Alliance has sold its 350,000 th electric vehicle since December 2010 , when the Nissan LEAF went on sale . The milestone was achieved in August 2016 . The Alliance also set an industry record of 100,000 EVs sold in a single year . Jump up ^ `` Renault hands over the key to its 100,000 th electric vehicle '' ( Press release ) . Oslo : Groupe Renault . 2016 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Tesla Model X Crosses The 10,000 Sold Mark '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Tesla Model S Is Second Plug - in Car To Cross 150,000 Sales Milestone '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . The Volt / Ampera family of vehicles is the world 's all - time third best selling plug - in electric car after the Nissan Leaf ( 240,000 ) , and the Tesla Model S ( over 150,000 ) , with 130,500 vehicles sold globally through November 2016 . Jump up ^ Frydenlund , Ståle ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Norway now has 100,000 electric cars '' . Norsk Elbilforening ( Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New Nissan Electric Café opens in Paris as the brand celebrates three billion EV kilometres worldwide '' ( Press release ) . Paris : Nissan Newsroom Europe . 2016 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Intelligent Mobility at CES '' ( Press release ) . Las Vegas : Nissan USA . 2017 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Nissan 's Quarter - Millionth Leaf Means It 's The Best - Selling Plug - in Car In History '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . As of December 2016 , the Nissan Leaf is the world 's best - selling plug - in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered , followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales through November 2016 . These are the only plug - in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales . Jump up ^ Sharan , Zachary ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Model S & Nissan LEAF Clocked As World 's Best - Selling Electric Cars In 2016 '' . EV Volumes . CleanTechnica.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Top 10 Plug - in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bilåret 2016 -- status og trender '' ( Car sales 2016 - status and trends ) ( PDF ) . Norwegian Road Federation ( OFV ) ( in Norwegian ) . 2017 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilsalget i januar '' ( Car sales in January ) . Norwegian Road Federation ( OFV ) ( in Norwegian ) . February 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . A total of 5,457 plug - in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in January 207 , consisting of : 2,289 new electric cars , 494 used imported all - electric cars , 2,609 new plug - in hybrid cars , 54 new all - electric vans , and 11 used imported all - electric vans . Sales of new plug - in hybrids achieved a market share of 20.0 % , all - electric cars 17.5 % ( excluding FCVs ) , conventional hybrids 13.9 % , diesel cars excluding hybrids 23.9 % and gasoline cars excluding hybrids 24.7 % . Jump up ^ Moberg , Knut ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Bilsalget i januar 2017 - BMW foran Toyota '' ( Car sales in January 2017 - BMW surpassed Toyota ) . Dinside.no ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Mirani , Leo ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Norway 's electric - car incentives were so good they had to be stopped '' . Quartz . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Brown , Bruce ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) . `` How long will new electric car purchase incentive programs be needed ? '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bartlett , Jeff S. ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Which Car Brands Make the Best Vehicles ? '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan delivers 300,000 th Nissan LEAF '' ( Press release ) . Yokohama : Nissan . 2018 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Full Size Electric Vehicles Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The first electric car ; it was reputedly easy to drive Jump up ^ Studebaker Electrics were available in a variety of body styles , many of which mimicked the bodies that it had long produced for its lucrative passenger carriage line . These included the Stanhope , Victoria , and Surrey . A four - passenger model was introduced in 1904 . Jump up ^ Sold mainly to women and physicians . Jump up ^ Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` All - Electric Sports Car Coming Next Month From Detroit Startup ? '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ The first modern ( transistor - based ) electric car and outfitted with modern hydraulic brakes . Jump up ^ `` Electric car for the average Joe not far away '' . Wheels.ca. 2012 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Czech - built ( first electric car prog . for eastern block mfr . ) , exported to Europe and N. America . Lead acid batt. 15 kW h pack nominal ; 84 V system with regen . Jump up ^ For lease only , all recovered from customers by General Motors and most destroyed Jump up ^ Fleet vehicle only . General Motors collected and destroyed most Jump up ^ First BEV from a major automaker without lead - acid batteries . 24 twelve volt NiMH batteries Jump up ^ Some leased and sold on US east and west coasts , supported . Toyota agreed to stop crushing . Jump up ^ Some sold , most leased ; almost all recovered and most destroyed . Ford allowed reconditioning and sale of a limited quantity to former leaseholders by lottery . Jump up ^ Indian - built city car ( sold in England as the `` G - Wiz '' ) . Jump up ^ Sharma , Praveena ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales '' . Daily News & Analysis India . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Chinese built sedan and truck Jump up ^ Xebra Electric Sedan Reservation Archived 2010 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 650 scheduled for delivery in 2008 , first one delivered 1 February 2008 Jump up ^ Tesla Roadster ' Signature One Hundred ' Series Sells Out Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tesla to open five dealer outlets Archived 16 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Global 10 Best - Selling Plug - In Cars Are Accelerating Forward '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . As of June 2016 , cumulative global sales of the top selling plug - in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf ( over 228,000 ) , followed by the Tesla Model S ( 129,393 ) , BYD Qin ( 56,191 ) , Renault Zoe ( 51,193 ) , BMW i3 ( around 49,500 ) , Mitsubishi i - MiEV family ( about 37,600 ) and BYD Tang ( 37,509 ) . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Chris ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Mitsubishi delivers its first ' i ' electric car '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) . `` China 's BYD Becomes World 's Third - Largest Plug - in Car Maker '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best - selling China - made EVs in 2016 '' . China Auto Web . 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Three BYD Auto models topped the Chinese ranking of best - selling new energy passenger cars in 2016 . The BYD Tang SUV was the top selling plug - in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold , followed by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold , and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with 20,605 units . Jump up ^ `` Ventes Mensuelles '' ( Monthly Sales ) ( in French ) . Groupe Renault . January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Includes passenger and light utility variants . Click on `` ( décembre 2016 ) '' to download the file `` XLSX - 239 Ko '' for CYTD sales in 2016 , and open the tab `` Sales by Model '' . Click on `` + Voir plus '' ( See more ) to download the files `` Ventes mensuelles du groupe ( décembre 2011 ) ( xls , 183 Ko ) '' `` Ventes mensuelles ( décembre 2012 ) ( xls , 289 Ko ) '' - Ventes mensuelles ( décembre 2013 ) ( xlsx , 227 Ko ) '' - `` XLSX - 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles ( décembre 2014 ) '' - `` Ventes mensuelles ( décembre 2015 ) '' to download the file `` XLSX - 227 Ko '' for 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 sales . Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report Jump up ^ Autoactu.com . `` Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France '' ( Sales figures & electric car registrations in France ) ( in French ) . Automobile Propre . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . See `` Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016 / 2015 / 2014 / 2013 / 2012 / 2011 . '' Jump up ^ `` Monthly Plug - In Sales Scorecard '' . insideevs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Focus Electric View Focus Electric Highlights Ford.com '' . www.ford.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ford Focus Electric Reviews - Ford Focus Electric Price , Photos , and Specs - Car and Driver '' . www.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jeffrey N. ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Smart ForTwo Electric Drive will be cheapest EV at $25,000 * '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) . `` World Top 20 December 2013 ( Special Edition ) '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . A total of 4,130 third generation Smart EDs sold worldwide in 2013 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` World Top 20 June 2014 ( Special Edition ) '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . A total of 2,384 Smart EDs were sold worldwide in the first half of 2014 . Jump up ^ Tesla Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Europe December 2013 '' . EVSales.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . A total of 1,465 e-ups ! were sold in Europe 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan LEAF is the Best - Selling Electric Car in Europe For Fourth Year in a Row '' ( Press release ) . Rolle , Switzerland : Nissan GB . 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . A total of 5,365 e-ups ! were sold in Europe in 2014 ... Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2015 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Europe October 2015 '' . EVSales.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jay ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) . `` BMW i3 Range Extender To Offer Up to 87 More Miles , Decreases Performance '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) . `` 2015 Kia Soul Electric '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Europe December 2014 '' . EVSales.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Why Europe Has Passed the US As Number One In Plug - in Electrified Vehicles '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . The top selling plug - in car in Europe during the first ten months of 2015 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P - HEV with 22,061 units . During this period the VW GTE sold 11,691 units and the Volvo V60 PHEV sold 4,185 units . As of October 2015 , the Outlander P - HEV ranks as the all - time best selling PEV in Europe with over 50,000 units sold . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` November 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . See sections : `` December 2014 Plug - in Hybrid Car Sales Numbers '' and `` December 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers '' Jump up ^ VW Media Services ( 2014 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Volkswagen launches the battery - electric e-Golf in Germany ; `` Das e-Auto '' `` . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) . `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz B - Class Electric Drive '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sales Ranking of China - made Pure - electric Cars in 2015 '' . China Auto Web . 2016 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tesla Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) External links ( edit ) Alternative Fuel Vehicles Timeline An Extensive Electric Vehicle History Hybrid-Vehicle.org : Early Electric Cars Analysis by Richard H. Schallenberg for the IEEE Transactions on Education 1997 Dissertation by David A. Kirsch , Stanford University `` 1955 Business Analysis of Early Electric Vehicles '' , John B. Rae , Associate Professor of History , MIT History And Directory Of Electric Cars From 1834 to 1987 Short Electric , And Other Vehicle History Mikes Railway History , 1935 : Electric Traction some Electric information as well SVE Website Electric Car Society EV World - US Internet Journal about EVs Timeline : History of the Electric Car , Public Broadcasting Service . Watch how much electric cars have changed over time in one GIF , Tech Insider , May 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_electric_vehicle&oldid=848095709 '' Categories : Electric vehicles Historic electric vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first electric car made in the usa	[ "Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electrical carriage.[11] A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840, and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847.[12]\n" ]	[ "1847" ]
8508805007749680695	Tennis Masters Series records and statistics	Tennis Masters Series records and statistics - wikipedia Tennis Masters Series records and statistics hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In tennis , the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 is a term applied to a series of nine men 's tennis tournaments that are ranked below the four Majors and Year - End Championships and are the most prestigious tournaments on the ATP World Tour . The circuit began in 1970 , two years after the Open Era when tennis became professional , and has undergone several name changes and slight alterations to the format , in line with overhauls of the tour by the Association of Tennis Professionals . A number of players hold records for winning the tournaments multiple times , while other records are achieved for successive tournament wins , mini-combination victories amongst others . Ivan Lendl and Novak Djokovic are the only players to win all nine events during their careers . However , since the creation of the `` Masters 1000 '' in 2009 , Novak Djokovic is the only player to claim all nine ATP Masters 1000 events . Winning all nine events during a career has been called a `` Career ' Golden Masters ' '' . Rafael Nadal has won the most number of ATP Masters 1000 singles titles . He has won 33 titles to date . Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan have won the most doubles titles of all - time with 38 . Contents 1 History 2 Tournament winners 2.1 Singles 2.2 Doubles 3 Titles matrix 3.1 Singles 3.2 Doubles 4 Records 4.1 Singles 4.1. 1 Total titles and finals 4.1. 2 Consecutive records 4.1. 3 Season records 4.1. 4 Most consecutive matches won 4.1. 5 Most consecutive years of title success 4.1. 6 Successful title defenses 4.1. 7 Age records 4.1. 8 Most titles at one tournament 4.1. 9 Tournament variety records 4.1. 10 Combinations of tournaments 4.1. 11 Opponent records 4.1. 12 Seeding records 4.1. 13 Chronological list of cumulative titles leaders 4.2 Doubles 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The circuit began in 1970 with the inception of the Grand Prix Tour Championship Series ( 1970 -- 1989 ) . However , with the advent of the ATP Tour in 1990 the events became known as the ATP Championship Series , Single Week for six years from 1990 to 1995 . From 1996 through 1999 , the series was known as the Mercedes - Benz Super 9 . In 2000 , the name was changed to the Tennis Masters Series and then changed to ATP Masters Series in 2004 . The present name , ATP World Tour Masters 1000 , took effect in 2009 . Tournament winners ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Philadelphia Sydney Johannesburg Monte Carlo Rome Boston Los Angeles London Stockholm 1970 Laver ( 1 / 9 ) Laver ( 2 / 9 ) Laver ( 3 / 9 ) Franulović ( 1 / 1 ) Năstase ( 1 / 7 ) Roche ( 1 / 1 ) Laver ( 4 / 9 ) Laver ( 5 / 9 ) Smith ( 1 / 4 ) 1971 Newcombe ( 1 / 2 ) Dent ( 1 / 1 ) Rosewall ( 1 / 2 ) Năstase ( 2 / 7 ) Laver ( 6 / 9 ) Rosewall ( 2 / 2 ) Gonzales ( 1 / 1 ) Năstase ( 3 / 7 ) Ashe ( 1 / 2 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Boston Canada Los Angeles Stockholm Johannesburg 1972 Laver ( 7 / 9 ) Năstase ( 4 / 7 ) Newcombe ( 2 / 2 ) Orantes ( 1 / 6 ) Lutz ( 1 / 1 ) Năstase ( 5 / 7 ) Smith ( 2 / 4 ) Smith ( 3 / 4 ) Richey ( 1 / 1 ) 1973 Smith ( 4 / 4 ) Năstase ( 6 / 7 ) Gottfried ( 1 / 1 ) Năstase ( 7 / 7 ) Connors ( 1 / 17 ) Okker ( 1 / 1 ) Connors ( 2 / 17 ) Gorman ( 1 / 1 ) Connors ( 3 / 17 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Indianapolis Canada Boston Stockholm Johannesburg Laver ( 8 / 9 ) Pattison ( 1 / 1 ) Laver ( 9 / 9 ) Borg ( 1 / 15 ) Connors ( 4 / 17 ) Vilas ( 1 / 7 ) Borg ( 2 / 15 ) Ashe ( 2 / 2 ) Connors ( 5 / 17 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Washington Indianapolis Canada Boston Stockholm Riessen ( 1 / 1 ) Orantes ( 2 / 6 ) Tanner ( 1 / 2 ) Ramírez ( 1 / 2 ) Vilas ( 2 / 7 ) Orantes ( 3 / 6 ) Orantes ( 4 / 6 ) Borg ( 3 / 15 ) Panatta ( 1 / 2 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Washington Indianapolis Boston Stockholm London 1976 Connors ( 6 / 17 ) Vilas ( 3 / 7 ) Connors ( 7 / 17 ) Panatta ( 2 / 2 ) Connors ( 8 / 17 ) Connors ( 9 / 17 ) Borg ( 4 / 15 ) Cox ( 1 / 1 ) Connors ( 10 / 17 ) 1977 Stockton ( 1 / 1 ) Borg ( 5 / 15 ) Connors ( 11 / 17 ) Gerulaitis ( 1 / 3 ) Vilas ( 4 / 7 ) Orantes ( 5 / 6 ) Orantes ( 6 / 6 ) Mayer ( 1 / 1 ) Borg ( 6 / 15 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Hamburg Rome Canada Tokyo Stockholm London 1978 Connors ( 12 / 17 ) Ramírez ( 2 / 2 ) Solomon ( 1 / 2 ) Vilas ( 5 / 7 ) Borg ( 7 / 15 ) Dibbs ( 1 / 1 ) Borg ( 8 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 1 / 19 ) McEnroe ( 2 / 19 ) 1979 Connors ( 13 / 17 ) Borg ( 9 / 15 ) Borg ( 10 / 15 ) Higueras ( 1 / 2 ) Gerulaitis ( 2 / 3 ) Borg ( 11 / 15 ) Borg ( 12 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 3 / 19 ) McEnroe ( 4 / 19 ) 1980 Connors ( 14 / 17 ) Borg ( 13 / 15 ) Borg ( 14 / 15 ) Solomon ( 2 / 2 ) Vilas ( 6 / 7 ) Lendl ( 1 / 22 ) Connors ( 15 / 17 ) Borg ( 15 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 5 / 19 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo London 1981 Tanner ( 2 / 2 ) Connors vs Vilas ( Abandoned -- rain ) Lendl ( 2 / 22 ) McNamara ( 1 / 1 ) Clerc ( 1 / 1 ) Lendl ( 3 / 22 ) McEnroe ( 6 / 19 ) Van Patten ( 1 / 1 ) Connors ( 16 / 17 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Forest Hills Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo London 1982 McEnroe ( 7 / 19 ) Vilas ( 7 / 7 ) Lendl ( 4 / 22 ) Higueras ( 2 / 2 ) Gómez ( 1 / 2 ) Gerulaitis ( 3 / 3 ) Lendl ( 5 / 22 ) McEnroe ( 8 / 19 ) McEnroe ( 9 / 19 ) McEnroe ( 10 / 19 ) Wilander ( 1 / 8 ) McEnroe ( 11 / 19 ) Noah ( 1 / 2 ) Arias ( 1 / 1 ) Lendl ( 6 / 22 ) Wilander ( 2 / 8 ) Lendl ( 7 / 22 ) McEnroe ( 12 / 19 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Hamburg Forest Hills Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo Stockholm 1984 McEnroe ( 13 / 19 ) Sundström ( 1 / 1 ) Aguilera ( 1 / 2 ) McEnroe ( 14 / 19 ) Gómez ( 2 / 2 ) McEnroe ( 15 / 19 ) Wilander ( 3 / 8 ) Connors ( 17 / 17 ) McEnroe ( 16 / 19 ) 1985 McEnroe ( 17 / 19 ) Lendl ( 8 / 22 ) Mečíř ( 1 / 3 ) Lendl ( 9 / 22 ) Noah ( 2 / 2 ) McEnroe ( 18 / 19 ) Becker ( 1 / 13 ) Lendl ( 10 / 22 ) McEnroe ( 19 / 19 ) Philadelphia Miami Monte Carlo Rome Canada Cincinnati Hamburg Tokyo Stockholm 1986 Lendl ( 11 / 22 ) Lendl ( 12 / 22 ) Nyström ( 1 / 1 ) Lendl ( 13 / 22 ) Becker ( 2 / 13 ) Wilander ( 4 / 8 ) Leconte ( 1 / 1 ) Becker ( 3 / 13 ) Edberg ( 1 / 8 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo Stockholm Becker ( 4 / 13 ) Mečíř ( 2 / 3 ) Wilander ( 5 / 8 ) Lendl ( 14 / 22 ) Wilander ( 6 / 8 ) Lendl ( 15 / 22 ) Edberg ( 2 / 8 ) Edberg ( 3 / 8 ) Edberg ( 4 / 8 ) 1988 Becker ( 5 / 13 ) Wilander ( 7 / 8 ) Lendl ( 16 / 22 ) Carlsson ( 1 / 1 ) Lendl ( 17 / 22 ) Lendl ( 18 / 22 ) Wilander ( 8 / 8 ) Becker ( 6 / 13 ) Becker ( 7 / 13 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Paris Stockholm 1989 Mečíř ( 3 / 3 ) Lendl ( 19 / 22 ) Mancini ( 1 / 2 ) Lendl ( 20 / 22 ) Mancini ( 2 / 2 ) Lendl ( 21 / 22 ) Gilbert ( 1 / 1 ) Becker ( 8 / 13 ) Lendl ( 22 / 22 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stockholm Paris 1990 Edberg ( 5 / 8 ) Agassi ( 1 / 17 ) Chesnokov ( 1 / 2 ) Aguilera ( 2 / 2 ) Muster ( 1 / 8 ) Chang ( 1 / 7 ) Edberg ( 6 / 8 ) Becker ( 9 / 13 ) Edberg ( 7 / 8 ) 1991 Courier ( 1 / 5 ) Courier ( 2 / 5 ) Bruguera ( 1 / 2 ) Nováček ( 1 / 1 ) Sánchez ( 1 / 1 ) Chesnokov ( 2 / 2 ) Forget ( 1 / 2 ) Becker ( 10 / 13 ) Forget ( 2 / 2 ) 1992 Chang ( 2 / 7 ) Chang ( 3 / 7 ) Muster ( 2 / 8 ) Edberg ( 8 / 8 ) Courier ( 3 / 5 ) Agassi ( 2 / 17 ) Sampras ( 1 / 11 ) Ivanišević ( 1 / 2 ) Becker ( 11 / 13 ) 1993 Courier ( 4 / 5 ) Sampras ( 2 / 11 ) Bruguera ( 2 / 2 ) Stich ( 1 / 2 ) Courier ( 5 / 5 ) Pernfors ( 1 / 1 ) Chang ( 4 / 7 ) Stich ( 2 / 2 ) Ivanišević ( 2 / 2 ) 1994 Sampras ( 3 / 11 ) Sampras ( 4 / 11 ) Medvedev ( 1 / 4 ) Medvedev ( 2 / 4 ) Sampras ( 5 / 11 ) Agassi ( 3 / 17 ) Chang ( 5 / 7 ) Becker ( 12 / 13 ) Agassi ( 4 / 17 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 1995 Sampras ( 6 / 11 ) Agassi ( 5 / 17 ) Muster ( 3 / 8 ) Medvedev ( 3 / 4 ) Muster ( 4 / 8 ) Agassi ( 6 / 17 ) Agassi ( 7 / 17 ) Muster ( 5 / 8 ) Sampras ( 7 / 11 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris Chang ( 6 / 7 ) Agassi ( 8 / 17 ) Muster ( 6 / 8 ) Carretero ( 1 / 1 ) Muster ( 7 / 8 ) Ferreira ( 1 / 2 ) Agassi ( 9 / 17 ) Becker ( 13 / 13 ) Enqvist ( 1 / 3 ) 1997 Chang ( 7 / 7 ) Muster ( 8 / 8 ) Ríos ( 1 / 5 ) Medvedev ( 4 / 4 ) Corretja ( 1 / 2 ) Woodruff ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 8 / 11 ) Korda ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 9 / 11 ) 1998 Ríos ( 2 / 5 ) Ríos ( 3 / 5 ) Moyá ( 1 / 3 ) Costa ( 1 / 1 ) Ríos ( 4 / 5 ) Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) Krajicek ( 1 / 2 ) Rusedski ( 1 / 1 ) 1999 Philippoussis ( 1 / 1 ) Krajicek ( 2 / 2 ) Kuerten ( 1 / 5 ) Ríos ( 5 / 5 ) Kuerten ( 2 / 5 ) Johansson ( 1 / 1 ) Sampras ( 10 / 11 ) Enqvist ( 2 / 3 ) Agassi ( 10 / 17 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Hamburg Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris 2000 Corretja ( 2 / 2 ) Sampras ( 11 / 11 ) Pioline ( 1 / 1 ) Norman ( 1 / 1 ) Kuerten ( 3 / 5 ) Safin ( 1 / 5 ) Enqvist ( 3 / 3 ) Ferreira ( 2 / 2 ) Safin ( 2 / 5 ) 2001 Agassi ( 11 / 17 ) Agassi ( 12 / 17 ) Kuerten ( 4 / 5 ) Ferrero ( 1 / 4 ) Portas ( 1 / 1 ) Pavel ( 1 / 1 ) Kuerten ( 5 / 5 ) Haas ( 1 / 1 ) Grosjean ( 1 / 1 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Hamburg Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2002 Hewitt ( 1 / 2 ) Agassi ( 13 / 17 ) Ferrero ( 2 / 4 ) Agassi ( 14 / 17 ) Federer ( 1 / 27 ) Cañas ( 1 / 1 ) Moyá ( 2 / 3 ) Agassi ( 15 / 17 ) Safin ( 3 / 5 ) 2003 Hewitt ( 2 / 2 ) Agassi ( 16 / 17 ) Ferrero ( 3 / 4 ) Mantilla ( 1 / 1 ) Coria ( 1 / 2 ) Roddick ( 1 / 5 ) Roddick ( 2 / 5 ) Ferrero ( 4 / 4 ) Henman ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 2 / 27 ) Roddick ( 3 / 5 ) Coria ( 2 / 2 ) Moyá ( 3 / 3 ) Federer ( 3 / 27 ) Federer ( 4 / 27 ) Agassi ( 17 / 17 ) Safin ( 4 / 5 ) Safin ( 5 / 5 ) 2005 Federer ( 5 / 27 ) Federer ( 6 / 27 ) Nadal ( 1 / 33 ) Nadal ( 2 / 33 ) Federer ( 7 / 27 ) Nadal ( 3 / 33 ) Federer ( 8 / 27 ) Nadal ( 4 / 33 ) Berdych ( 1 / 1 ) 2006 Federer ( 9 / 27 ) Federer ( 10 / 27 ) Nadal ( 5 / 33 ) Nadal ( 6 / 33 ) Robredo ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 11 / 27 ) Roddick ( 4 / 5 ) Federer ( 12 / 27 ) Davydenko ( 1 / 3 ) 2007 Nadal ( 7 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 1 / 32 ) Nadal ( 8 / 33 ) Nadal ( 9 / 33 ) Federer ( 13 / 27 ) Djokovic ( 2 / 32 ) Federer ( 14 / 27 ) Nalbandian ( 1 / 2 ) Nalbandian ( 2 / 2 ) 2008 Djokovic ( 3 / 32 ) Davydenko ( 2 / 3 ) Nadal ( 10 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 4 / 32 ) Nadal ( 11 / 33 ) Nadal ( 12 / 33 ) Murray ( 1 / 14 ) Murray ( 2 / 14 ) Tsonga ( 1 / 2 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Madrid Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2009 Nadal ( 13 / 33 ) Murray ( 3 / 14 ) Nadal ( 14 / 33 ) Nadal ( 15 / 33 ) Federer ( 15 / 27 ) Murray ( 4 / 14 ) Federer ( 16 / 27 ) Davydenko ( 3 / 3 ) Djokovic ( 5 / 32 ) Ljubičić ( 1 / 1 ) Roddick ( 5 / 5 ) Nadal ( 16 / 33 ) Nadal ( 17 / 33 ) Nadal ( 18 / 33 ) Murray ( 5 / 14 ) Federer ( 17 / 27 ) Murray ( 6 / 14 ) Söderling ( 1 / 1 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2011 Djokovic ( 6 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 7 / 32 ) Nadal ( 19 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 8 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 9 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 10 / 32 ) Murray ( 7 / 14 ) Murray ( 8 / 14 ) Federer ( 18 / 27 ) 2012 Federer ( 19 / 27 ) Djokovic ( 11 / 32 ) Nadal ( 20 / 33 ) Federer ( 20 / 27 ) Nadal ( 21 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 12 / 32 ) Federer ( 21 / 27 ) Djokovic ( 13 / 32 ) Ferrer ( 1 / 1 ) 2013 Nadal ( 22 / 33 ) Murray ( 9 / 14 ) Djokovic ( 14 / 32 ) Nadal ( 23 / 33 ) Nadal ( 24 / 33 ) Nadal ( 25 / 33 ) Nadal ( 26 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 15 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 16 / 32 ) 2014 Djokovic ( 17 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 18 / 32 ) Wawrinka ( 1 / 1 ) Nadal ( 27 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 19 / 32 ) Tsonga ( 2 / 2 ) Federer ( 22 / 27 ) Federer ( 23 / 27 ) Djokovic ( 20 / 32 ) 2015 Djokovic ( 21 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 22 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 23 / 32 ) Murray ( 10 / 14 ) Djokovic ( 24 / 32 ) Murray ( 11 / 14 ) Federer ( 24 / 27 ) Djokovic ( 25 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 26 / 32 ) 2016 Djokovic ( 27 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 28 / 32 ) Nadal ( 28 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 29 / 32 ) Murray ( 12 / 14 ) Djokovic ( 30 / 32 ) Čilić ( 1 / 1 ) Murray ( 13 / 14 ) Murray ( 14 / 14 ) 2017 Federer ( 25 / 27 ) Federer ( 26 / 27 ) Nadal ( 29 / 33 ) Nadal ( 30 / 33 ) Zverev ( 1 / 2 ) Zverev ( 2 / 3 ) Dimitrov ( 1 / 1 ) Federer ( 27 / 27 ) Sock ( 1 / 1 ) 2018 del Potro ( 1 / 1 ) Isner ( 1 / 1 ) Nadal ( 31 / 33 ) Zverev ( 3 / 3 ) Nadal ( 32 / 33 ) Nadal ( 33 / 33 ) Djokovic ( 31 / 32 ) Djokovic ( 32 / 32 ) Events are shown in chronological order , except Sydney 1971 ( held before Philadelphia ) , Las Vegas 1972 ( held after Rome ) , Johannesburg 1972 ( held after Monte Carlo ) , and Cincinnati 1996 ( held before Canada ) Doubles ( edit ) Philadelphia Sydney Johannesburg Monte Carlo Rome Boston Los Angeles London Stockholm 1970 Năstase ( 1 / 9 ) Țiriac ( 1 / 4 ) Rosewall ( 1 / 3 ) Stolle ( 1 / 2 ) Hewitt ( 1 / 9 ) McMillan ( 1 / 10 ) Riessen ( 1 / 7 ) Taylor ( 1 / 1 ) Năstase ( 2 / 9 ) Țiriac ( 2 / 4 ) Emerson ( 1 / 4 ) Laver ( 1 / 5 ) Okker ( 1 / 10 ) Riessen ( 2 / 7 ) Rosewall ( 2 / 3 ) Smith ( 1 / 10 ) Ashe ( 1 / 4 ) Smith ( 2 / 10 ) 1971 Tournament suspended Alexander ( 1 / 5 ) Dent ( 1 / 5 ) Rosewall ( 3 / 3 ) Stolle ( 2 / 2 ) Năstase ( 3 / 9 ) Țiriac ( 3 / 4 ) Newcombe ( 1 / 3 ) Roche ( 1 / 2 ) Emerson ( 2 / 4 ) Laver ( 2 / 5 ) Alexander ( 2 / 5 ) Dent ( 2 / 5 ) Hewitt ( 2 / 9 ) McMillan ( 2 / 10 ) Gorman ( 1 / 1 ) Smith ( 3 / 10 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Boston Los Angeles Stockholm London Johannesburg 1972 Ashe ( 2 / 4 ) Lutz ( 1 / 6 ) Beust ( 1 / 1 ) Contet ( 1 / 1 ) Emerson ( 3 / 4 ) Laver ( 3 / 5 ) Năstase ( 4 / 9 ) Țiriac ( 4 / 4 ) Newcombe ( 2 / 3 ) Roche ( 2 / 2 ) Connors ( 1 / 4 ) Gonzales ( 1 / 1 ) Okker ( 2 / 10 ) Riessen ( 3 / 7 ) No tournament Hewitt ( 3 / 9 ) McMillan ( 3 / 10 ) 1973 Gottfried ( 1 / 10 ) Stockton ( 1 / 2 ) Gisbert , Sr. ( 1 / 2 ) Năstase ( 5 / 9 ) Gottfried ( 2 / 10 ) Stockton ( 2 / 2 ) Newcombe ( 3 / 3 ) Okker ( 3 / 10 ) Smith ( 4 / 10 ) Van Dillen ( 1 / 1 ) Kodeš ( 1 / 3 ) Zedník ( 1 / 1 ) Connors ( 2 / 4 ) Năstase ( 6 / 9 ) Cox ( 1 / 1 ) Davidson ( 1 / 1 ) Ashe ( 3 / 4 ) Okker ( 4 / 10 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Indianapolis Boston Stockholm London Johannesburg Cramer ( 1 / 1 ) Estep ( 1 / 1 ) Alexander ( 3 / 5 ) Dent ( 3 / 5 ) Emerson ( 4 / 4 ) Laver ( 4 / 5 ) Gottfried ( 3 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 1 / 10 ) Connors ( 3 / 4 ) Năstase ( 7 / 9 ) Lutz ( 2 / 6 ) Smith ( 5 / 10 ) Okker ( 5 / 10 ) Riessen ( 4 / 7 ) Connors ( 4 / 4 ) Năstase ( 8 / 9 ) Hewitt ( 4 / 9 ) McMillan ( 4 / 10 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Rome Washington Indianapolis Boston Stockholm London Gottfried ( 4 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 2 / 10 ) Hewitt ( 5 / 9 ) McMillan ( 5 / 10 ) Alexander ( 4 / 5 ) Dent ( 4 / 5 ) Gottfried ( 5 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 3 / 10 ) Lutz ( 3 / 6 ) Smith ( 6 / 10 ) Gisbert , Sr. ( 2 / 2 ) Orantes ( 1 / 1 ) Gottfried ( 6 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 4 / 10 ) Hewitt ( 6 / 9 ) McMillan ( 6 / 10 ) Fibak ( 1 / 7 ) Meiler ( 1 / 2 ) 1976 Laver ( 5 / 5 ) Ralston ( 1 / 1 ) Fibak ( 2 / 7 ) Meiler ( 2 / 2 ) Ashe ( 4 / 4 ) Pasarell ( 1 / 1 ) Gottfried ( 7 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 5 / 10 ) Gottfried ( 8 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 6 / 10 ) Gottfried ( 9 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 7 / 10 ) Ruffels ( 1 / 1 ) Stone ( 1 / 1 ) Hewitt ( 7 / 9 ) McMillan ( 7 / 10 ) Smith ( 7 / 10 ) Tanner ( 1 / 1 ) 1977 Hewitt ( 8 / 9 ) McMillan ( 8 / 10 ) Jauffret ( 1 / 1 ) Kodeš ( 2 / 3 ) Lutz ( 4 / 6 ) Smith ( 8 / 10 ) Gottfried ( 10 / 10 ) Ramírez ( 8 / 10 ) Alexander ( 5 / 5 ) Dent ( 5 / 5 ) Cornejo ( 1 / 1 ) J Fillol ( 1 / 2 ) Lutz ( 5 / 6 ) Smith ( 9 / 10 ) Fibak ( 3 / 7 ) Okker ( 6 / 10 ) Mayer ( 1 / 2 ) McMillan ( 9 / 10 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Hamburg Rome Canada Tokyo Stockholm London 1978 Hewitt ( 9 / 9 ) McMillan ( 10 / 10 ) Fleming ( 1 / 15 ) Šmíd ( 1 / 9 ) A Fillol ( 1 / 1 ) J Fillol ( 2 / 2 ) Fibak ( 4 / 7 ) Okker ( 7 / 10 ) Pecci ( 1 / 2 ) Prajoux ( 1 / 1 ) Fibak ( 5 / 7 ) Okker ( 8 / 10 ) Case ( 1 / 1 ) Masters ( 1 / 1 ) Fibak ( 6 / 7 ) Okker ( 9 / 10 ) Fleming ( 2 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 1 / 15 ) 1979 Fibak ( 7 / 7 ) Okker ( 10 / 10 ) Năstase ( 9 / 9 ) Ramírez ( 9 / 10 ) Riessen ( 5 / 7 ) Stewart ( 1 / 7 ) Kodeš ( 3 / 3 ) Šmíd ( 2 / 9 ) Fleming ( 3 / 15 ) Šmíd ( 3 / 9 ) Fleming ( 4 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 2 / 15 ) Riessen ( 6 / 7 ) Stewart ( 2 / 7 ) Fleming ( 5 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 3 / 15 ) Fleming ( 6 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 4 / 15 ) 1980 Fleming ( 7 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 5 / 15 ) Bertolucci ( 1 / 1 ) Panatta ( 1 / 1 ) Lutz ( 6 / 6 ) Smith ( 10 / 10 ) Gildemeister ( 1 / 1 ) Gómez ( 1 / 7 ) Edmondson ( 1 / 3 ) Warwick ( 1 / 3 ) Manson ( 1 / 1 ) Teacher ( 1 / 1 ) Amaya ( 1 / 3 ) Pfister ( 1 / 2 ) Günthardt ( 1 / 5 ) McNamee ( 1 / 2 ) Fleming ( 8 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 6 / 15 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Las Vegas Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo London 1981 Riessen ( 7 / 7 ) Stewart ( 3 / 7 ) Günthardt ( 2 / 5 ) Taróczy ( 1 / 4 ) Fleming ( 9 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 7 / 15 ) Gildemeister ( 1 / 4 ) Gómez ( 2 / 7 ) Gildemeister ( 2 / 4 ) Gómez ( 3 / 7 ) Ramírez ( 10 / 10 ) Taygan ( 1 / 4 ) McEnroe ( 8 / 15 ) Taygan ( 2 / 4 ) Amaya ( 2 / 3 ) Pfister ( 2 / 2 ) Stewart ( 4 / 7 ) Taygan ( 3 / 4 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Forest Hills Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo London 1982 Fleming ( 10 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 9 / 15 ) McNamara ( 1 / 1 ) McNamee ( 2 / 2 ) Delatte ( 1 / 2 ) Kriek ( 1 / 2 ) Složil ( 1 / 2 ) Šmíd ( 4 / 9 ) Günthardt ( 3 / 5 ) Taróczy ( 2 / 4 ) Denton ( 1 / 2 ) Edmondson ( 2 / 3 ) Fleming ( 11 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 10 / 15 ) Gullikson ( 1 / 2 ) Gullikson ( 1 / 1 ) Fleming ( 12 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 11 / 15 ) Curren ( 1 / 2 ) Denton ( 2 / 2 ) Günthardt ( 4 / 5 ) Taróczy ( 3 / 4 ) Delatte ( 2 / 2 ) Kriek ( 2 / 2 ) Günthardt ( 5 / 5 ) Taróczy ( 4 / 4 ) González ( 1 / 2 ) Pecci ( 2 / 2 ) Mayer ( 2 / 2 ) Taygan ( 4 / 4 ) Amaya ( 3 / 3 ) Gullikson ( 2 / 2 ) Edmondson ( 2 / 3 ) Stewart ( 5 / 7 ) Fleming ( 13 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 12 / 15 ) Philadelphia Monte Carlo Hamburg Forest Hills Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo Stockholm 1984 Fleming ( 14 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 13 / 15 ) Edmondson ( 3 / 3 ) Stewart ( 6 / 7 ) Edberg ( 1 / 5 ) Järryd ( 1 / 9 ) Dowlen ( 1 / 1 ) Odizor ( 1 / 1 ) Flach ( 1 / 9 ) Seguso ( 1 / 8 ) Fleming ( 15 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 14 / 15 ) González ( 2 / 2 ) Mitchell ( 1 / 1 ) Giammalva ( 1 / 1 ) Giammalva ( 1 / 1 ) Leconte ( 1 / 2 ) Šmíd ( 5 / 9 ) 1985 Nyström ( 1 / 1 ) Wilander ( 1 / 2 ) Flach ( 2 / 9 ) Seguso ( 2 / 8 ) Edberg ( 2 / 5 ) Järryd ( 2 / 9 ) Flach ( 3 / 9 ) Seguso ( 3 / 8 ) Složil ( 2 / 2 ) Šmíd ( 6 / 9 ) Järryd ( 3 / 9 ) Wilander ( 2 / 2 ) Flach ( 4 / 9 ) Seguso ( 4 / 8 ) Forget ( 1 / 9 ) Gómez ( 4 / 7 ) Gildemeister ( 3 / 4 ) Gómez ( 5 / 7 ) Philadelphia Miami Monte Carlo Rome Canada Cincinnati Hamburg Tokyo Stockholm 1986 Davis ( 1 / 2 ) Pate ( 1 / 2 ) Gilbert ( 1 / 1 ) Van Patten ( 1 / 1 ) Forget ( 2 / 9 ) Noah ( 1 / 4 ) Forget ( 3 / 9 ) Noah ( 2 / 4 ) Hooper ( 1 / 1 ) Leach ( 1 / 1 ) Kratzmann ( 1 / 2 ) Warwick ( 2 / 3 ) Casal ( 1 / 5 ) E Sánchez ( 1 / 6 ) Donnelly ( 1 / 1 ) De Palmer ( 1 / 1 ) Stewart ( 7 / 7 ) Warwick ( 3 / 3 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Tokyo Stockholm Forget ( 4 / 9 ) Noah ( 3 / 4 ) Annacone ( 1 / 2 ) van Rensburg ( 1 / 1 ) Gildemeister ( 4 / 4 ) Gómez ( 6 / 7 ) Mečíř ( 1 / 1 ) Šmíd ( 7 / 9 ) Forget ( 5 / 9 ) Noah ( 4 / 4 ) Cash ( 1 / 1 ) Edberg ( 3 / 5 ) Flach ( 5 / 9 ) Seguso ( 5 / 8 ) Dyke ( 1 / 1 ) Nijssen ( 1 / 1 ) Edberg ( 4 / 5 ) Järryd ( 4 / 9 ) 1988 Becker ( 1 / 4 ) Forget ( 6 / 9 ) Fitzgerald ( 1 / 4 ) Järryd ( 5 / 9 ) Casal ( 2 / 5 ) E Sánchez ( 2 / 6 ) Cahill ( 1 / 2 ) Warder ( 1 / 2 ) Lozano ( 1 / 2 ) Witsken ( 1 / 5 ) Flach ( 6 / 9 ) Seguso ( 6 / 8 ) Leach ( 1 / 5 ) Pugh ( 1 / 2 ) Gómez ( 7 / 7 ) Živojinović ( 1 / 1 ) Curren ( 2 / 2 ) Grabb ( 1 / 2 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Paris Stockholm 1989 Becker ( 2 / 4 ) Hlasek ( 1 / 4 ) Hlasek ( 2 / 4 ) Järryd ( 6 / 9 ) Šmíd ( 8 / 9 ) Woodforde ( 1 / 15 ) E Sánchez ( 3 / 6 ) J Sánchez ( 1 / 3 ) Courier ( 1 / 4 ) Sampras ( 1 / 1 ) Evernden ( 1 / 1 ) Witsken ( 2 / 5 ) Flach ( 7 / 9 ) Seguso ( 7 / 8 ) Fitzgerald ( 2 / 4 ) Järryd ( 7 / 9 ) Lozano ( 2 / 2 ) Witsken ( 3 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stockholm Paris 1990 Becker ( 3 / 4 ) Forget ( 7 / 9 ) Leach ( 2 / 5 ) Pugh ( 2 / 2 ) Korda ( 1 / 3 ) Šmíd ( 9 / 9 ) Bruguera ( 1 / 1 ) Courier ( 2 / 4 ) Casal ( 3 / 5 ) E Sánchez ( 4 / 6 ) Annacone ( 2 / 2 ) Wheaton ( 1 / 1 ) Cahill ( 2 / 2 ) Kratzmann ( 2 / 2 ) Forget ( 8 / 9 ) Hlasek ( 3 / 4 ) Davis ( 2 / 2 ) Pate ( 2 / 2 ) 1991 Courier ( 3 / 4 ) J Sánchez ( 2 / 3 ) W Ferreira ( 1 / 6 ) Norval ( 1 / 2 ) Jensen ( 1 / 1 ) Warder ( 2 / 2 ) Casal ( 4 / 5 ) E Sánchez ( 5 / 6 ) Camporese ( 1 / 1 ) Ivanišević ( 1 / 1 ) Galbraith ( 1 / 5 ) Witsken ( 4 / 5 ) Flach ( 8 / 9 ) Seguso ( 8 / 8 ) Fitzgerald ( 3 / 4 ) Järryd ( 8 / 9 ) Fitzgerald ( 4 / 4 ) Järryd ( 9 / 9 ) 1992 DeVries ( 1 / 1 ) Macpherson ( 1 / 1 ) Flach ( 9 / 9 ) Witsken ( 5 / 5 ) Becker ( 4 / 4 ) Stich ( 1 / 1 ) Casal ( 5 / 5 ) E Sánchez ( 6 / 6 ) Hlasek ( 4 / 4 ) Rosset ( 1 / 1 ) Galbraith ( 2 / 5 ) Visser ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 1 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 2 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 2 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 3 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 15 / 15 ) McEnroe ( 1 / 1 ) 1993 Forget ( 9 / 9 ) Leconte ( 2 / 2 ) Krajicek ( 1 / 1 ) Siemerink ( 1 / 2 ) Edberg ( 5 / 5 ) Korda ( 2 / 3 ) Haarhuis ( 1 / 10 ) Koevermans ( 1 / 1 ) Eltingh ( 1 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 2 / 10 ) Courier ( 4 / 4 ) Knowles ( 1 / 17 ) Agassi ( 1 / 1 ) Korda ( 3 / 3 ) Woodbridge ( 3 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 4 / 15 ) B Black ( 1 / 5 ) Stark ( 1 / 2 ) 1994 Connell ( 1 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 3 / 5 ) Eltingh ( 2 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 3 / 10 ) Kulti ( 1 / 2 ) Larsson ( 1 / 1 ) Melville ( 1 / 1 ) Norval ( 2 / 2 ) Kafelnikov ( 1 / 7 ) Rikl ( 1 / 4 ) B Black ( 2 / 5 ) Stark ( 2 / 2 ) O'Brien ( 1 / 5 ) Stolle ( 1 / 4 ) Woodbridge ( 4 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 5 / 15 ) Eltingh ( 3 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 4 / 10 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Essen Paris 1995 Ho ( 1 / 1 ) Steven ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 5 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 6 / 15 ) Eltingh ( 4 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 5 / 10 ) W Ferreira ( 2 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 2 / 7 ) Suk ( 1 / 2 ) Vacek ( 1 / 1 ) Kafelnikov ( 3 / 7 ) Olhovskiy ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 6 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 7 / 15 ) Eltingh ( 5 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 6 / 10 ) Connell ( 2 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 4 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris Woodbridge ( 7 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 8 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 8 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 9 / 15 ) E Ferreira ( 1 / 4 ) Siemerink ( 2 / 2 ) Knowles ( 2 / 17 ) Nestor ( 1 / 28 ) B Black ( 3 / 5 ) Connell ( 3 / 3 ) Galbraith ( 5 / 5 ) Haarhuis ( 7 / 10 ) Knowles ( 3 / 17 ) Nestor ( 2 / 28 ) Lareau ( 1 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 2 / 5 ) Eltingh ( 6 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 8 / 10 ) 1997 Knowles ( 4 / 17 ) Nestor ( 3 / 28 ) Woodbridge ( 9 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 10 / 15 ) Johnson ( 1 / 2 ) Montana ( 1 / 2 ) Lobo ( 1 / 1 ) J Sánchez ( 3 / 3 ) Knowles ( 5 / 17 ) Nestor ( 4 / 28 ) Bhupathi ( 1 / 16 ) Paes ( 1 / 13 ) Woodbridge ( 10 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 11 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 11 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 12 / 15 ) Eltingh ( 7 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 9 / 10 ) 1998 Björkman ( 1 / 15 ) Rafter ( 1 / 2 ) E Ferreira ( 2 / 4 ) Leach ( 3 / 5 ) Eltingh ( 8 / 8 ) Haarhuis ( 10 / 10 ) Johnson ( 2 / 2 ) Montana ( 2 / 2 ) Bhupathi ( 2 / 16 ) Paes ( 2 / 13 ) Damm ( 1 / 4 ) Grabb ( 2 / 2 ) Knowles ( 6 / 17 ) Nestor ( 5 / 28 ) Lareau ( 2 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 3 / 5 ) Bhupathi ( 3 / 16 ) Paes ( 3 / 13 ) 1999 W Black ( 1 / 5 ) Stolle ( 2 / 4 ) W Black ( 2 / 5 ) Stolle ( 3 / 4 ) Delaître ( 1 / 1 ) Henman ( 1 / 2 ) Arthurs ( 1 / 3 ) Kratzmann ( 1 / 1 ) E Ferreira ( 3 / 4 ) Leach ( 4 / 5 ) Björkman ( 2 / 15 ) Rafter ( 2 / 2 ) Björkman ( 3 / 15 ) B Black ( 4 / 5 ) Björkman ( 4 / 15 ) B Black ( 5 / 5 ) Lareau ( 3 / 4 ) O'Brien ( 4 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Hamburg Canada Cincinnati Stuttgart Paris 2000 O'Brien ( 5 / 5 ) Palmer ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 12 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 13 / 15 ) W Ferreira ( 3 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 4 / 7 ) Damm ( 2 / 4 ) Hrbatý ( 1 / 1 ) Woodbridge ( 13 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 14 / 15 ) Lareau ( 4 / 4 ) Nestor ( 6 / 28 ) Woodbridge ( 14 / 18 ) Woodforde ( 15 / 15 ) Novák ( 1 / 3 ) Rikl ( 2 / 4 ) Kulti ( 2 / 2 ) Mirnyi ( 1 / 16 ) 2001 W Ferreira ( 4 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 5 / 7 ) Novák ( 2 / 3 ) Rikl ( 3 / 4 ) Björkman ( 5 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 15 / 18 ) W Ferreira ( 5 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 6 / 7 ) Björkman ( 6 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 16 / 18 ) Novák ( 3 / 3 ) Rikl ( 4 / 4 ) Bhupathi ( 4 / 16 ) Paes ( 4 / 13 ) Mirnyi ( 2 / 16 ) Stolle ( 4 / 4 ) E Ferreira ( 4 / 4 ) Leach ( 5 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Hamburg Canada Cincinnati Madrid Paris 2002 Knowles ( 7 / 17 ) Nestor ( 7 / 28 ) Knowles ( 8 / 17 ) Nestor ( 8 / 28 ) Björkman ( 7 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 17 / 18 ) Damm ( 3 / 4 ) Suk ( 2 / 2 ) Bhupathi ( 5 / 16 ) Gambill ( 1 / 1 ) Bryan ( 1 / 38 ) Bryan ( 1 / 38 ) Blake ( 1 / 1 ) Martin ( 1 / 1 ) Knowles ( 9 / 17 ) Nestor ( 9 / 28 ) Escudé ( 1 / 1 ) Santoro ( 1 / 3 ) 2003 W Ferreira ( 6 / 6 ) Kafelnikov ( 7 / 7 ) Federer ( 1 / 1 ) Mirnyi ( 3 / 16 ) Bhupathi ( 6 / 16 ) Mirnyi ( 4 / 16 ) Arthurs ( 2 / 3 ) Hanley ( 1 / 3 ) Knowles ( 10 / 17 ) Nestor ( 10 / 28 ) Bhupathi ( 7 / 16 ) Mirnyi ( 5 / 16 ) Bryan ( 2 / 38 ) Bryan ( 2 / 38 ) Bhupathi ( 8 / 16 ) Mirnyi ( 6 / 16 ) Arthurs ( 3 / 3 ) Hanley ( 2 / 3 ) Clément ( 1 / 2 ) Grosjean ( 1 / 1 ) W Black ( 3 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 1 / 5 ) Henman ( 2 / 2 ) Zimonjić ( 1 / 15 ) Bhupathi ( 9 / 16 ) Mirnyi ( 7 / 16 ) W Black ( 4 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 2 / 5 ) Bhupathi ( 10 / 16 ) Paes ( 5 / 13 ) Knowles ( 11 / 17 ) Nestor ( 11 / 28 ) Knowles ( 12 / 17 ) Nestor ( 12 / 28 ) Björkman ( 8 / 15 ) Woodbridge ( 18 / 18 ) 2005 Knowles ( 13 / 17 ) Nestor ( 13 / 28 ) Björkman ( 9 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 8 / 16 ) Paes ( 6 / 13 ) Zimonjić ( 2 / 15 ) Llodra ( 1 / 3 ) Santoro ( 2 / 3 ) Björkman ( 10 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 9 / 16 ) W Black ( 5 / 5 ) Ullyett ( 3 / 5 ) Björkman ( 11 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 10 / 16 ) Knowles ( 14 / 17 ) Nestor ( 14 / 28 ) Bryan ( 3 / 38 ) Bryan ( 3 / 38 ) 2006 Knowles ( 15 / 17 ) Nestor ( 15 / 28 ) Björkman ( 12 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 11 / 16 ) Björkman ( 13 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 12 / 16 ) Knowles ( 16 / 17 ) Nestor ( 16 / 28 ) Hanley ( 3 / 3 ) Ullyett ( 4 / 5 ) Bryan ( 4 / 38 ) Bryan ( 4 / 38 ) Björkman ( 14 / 15 ) Mirnyi ( 13 / 16 ) Bryan ( 5 / 38 ) Bryan ( 5 / 38 ) Clément ( 2 / 2 ) Llodra ( 2 / 3 ) 2007 Damm ( 4 / 4 ) Paes ( 7 / 13 ) Bryan ( 6 / 38 ) Bryan ( 6 / 38 ) Bryan ( 7 / 38 ) Bryan ( 7 / 38 ) Santoro ( 3 / 3 ) Zimonjić ( 3 / 15 ) Bryan ( 8 / 38 ) Bryan ( 8 / 38 ) Bhupathi ( 11 / 16 ) Vízner ( 1 / 1 ) Erlich ( 1 / 2 ) Ram ( 1 / 3 ) Bryan ( 9 / 38 ) Bryan ( 9 / 38 ) Bryan ( 10 / 38 ) Bryan ( 10 / 38 ) 2008 Erlich ( 2 / 2 ) Ram ( 2 / 3 ) Bryan ( 11 / 38 ) Bryan ( 11 / 38 ) Nadal ( 1 / 3 ) Robredo ( 1 / 1 ) Bryan ( 12 / 38 ) Bryan ( 12 / 38 ) Nestor ( 17 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 4 / 15 ) Nestor ( 18 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 5 / 15 ) Bryan ( 13 / 38 ) Bryan ( 13 / 38 ) Fyrstenberg ( 1 / 2 ) Matkowski ( 1 / 2 ) Björkman ( 15 / 15 ) Ullyett ( 5 / 5 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Rome Madrid Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2009 Fish ( 1 / 1 ) Roddick ( 1 / 1 ) Mirnyi ( 14 / 16 ) Ram ( 3 / 3 ) Nestor ( 19 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 6 / 15 ) Nestor ( 20 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 7 / 15 ) Nestor ( 21 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 8 / 15 ) Bhupathi ( 12 / 16 ) Knowles ( 17 / 17 ) Nestor ( 22 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 9 / 15 ) Benneteau ( 1 / 2 ) Tsonga ( 1 / 1 ) Nestor ( 23 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 10 / 15 ) López ( 1 / 3 ) Nadal ( 2 / 3 ) Dlouhý ( 1 / 1 ) Paes ( 8 / 13 ) Nestor ( 24 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 11 / 15 ) Bryan ( 14 / 38 ) Bryan ( 14 / 38 ) Bryan ( 15 / 38 ) Bryan ( 15 / 38 ) Bryan ( 16 / 38 ) Bryan ( 16 / 38 ) Bryan ( 17 / 38 ) Bryan ( 17 / 38 ) Melzer ( 1 / 1 ) Paes ( 9 / 13 ) Bhupathi ( 13 / 16 ) Mirnyi ( 15 / 16 ) Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Canada Cincinnati Shanghai Paris 2011 Dolgopolov ( 1 / 1 ) Malisse ( 1 / 1 ) Bhupathi ( 14 / 16 ) Paes ( 10 / 13 ) Bryan ( 18 / 38 ) Bryan ( 18 / 38 ) Bryan ( 19 / 38 ) Bryan ( 19 / 38 ) Isner ( 1 / 3 ) Querrey ( 1 / 1 ) Llodra ( 3 / 3 ) Zimonjić ( 12 / 15 ) Bhupathi ( 15 / 16 ) Paes ( 11 / 13 ) Mirnyi ( 16 / 16 ) Nestor ( 25 / 28 ) Bopanna ( 1 / 4 ) Qureshi ( 1 / 2 ) 2012 López ( 2 / 3 ) Nadal ( 3 / 3 ) Paes ( 12 / 13 ) Štěpánek ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 20 / 38 ) Bryan ( 20 / 38 ) Fyrstenberg ( 2 / 2 ) Matkowski ( 2 / 2 ) Granollers ( 1 / 1 ) López ( 3 / 3 ) Bryan ( 21 / 38 ) Bryan ( 21 / 38 ) Lindstedt ( 1 / 1 ) Tecău ( 1 / 2 ) Paes ( 13 / 13 ) Štěpánek ( 2 / 2 ) Bhupathi ( 16 / 16 ) Bopanna ( 2 / 4 ) 2013 Bryan ( 22 / 38 ) Bryan ( 22 / 38 ) Qureshi ( 2 / 2 ) Rojer ( 1 / 2 ) Benneteau ( 2 / 2 ) Zimonjić ( 13 / 15 ) Bryan ( 23 / 38 ) Bryan ( 23 / 38 ) Bryan ( 24 / 38 ) Bryan ( 24 / 38 ) Peya ( 1 / 2 ) Soares ( 1 / 2 ) Bryan ( 25 / 38 ) Bryan ( 25 / 38 ) Dodig ( 1 / 4 ) Melo ( 1 / 8 ) Bryan ( 26 / 38 ) Bryan ( 26 / 38 ) 2014 Bryan ( 27 / 38 ) Bryan ( 27 / 38 ) Bryan ( 28 / 38 ) Bryan ( 28 / 38 ) Bryan ( 29 / 38 ) Bryan ( 29 / 38 ) Nestor ( 26 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 14 / 15 ) Nestor ( 27 / 28 ) Zimonjić ( 15 / 15 ) Peya ( 2 / 2 ) Soares ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 30 / 38 ) Bryan ( 30 / 38 ) Bryan ( 31 / 38 ) Bryan ( 31 / 38 ) Bryan ( 32 / 38 ) Bryan ( 32 / 38 ) 2015 Pospisil ( 1 / 1 ) Sock ( 1 / 3 ) Bryan ( 33 / 38 ) Bryan ( 33 / 38 ) Bryan ( 34 / 38 ) Bryan ( 34 / 38 ) Bopanna ( 3 / 4 ) Mergea ( 1 / 1 ) Cuevas ( 1 / 2 ) Marrero ( 1 / 1 ) Bryan ( 35 / 38 ) Bryan ( 35 / 38 ) Nestor ( 28 / 28 ) Roger - Vasselin ( 1 / 1 ) Klaasen ( 1 / 2 ) Melo ( 2 / 8 ) Dodig ( 2 / 4 ) Melo ( 3 / 8 ) 2016 Herbert ( 1 / 6 ) Mahut ( 1 / 6 ) Herbert ( 2 / 6 ) Mahut ( 2 / 6 ) Herbert ( 3 / 6 ) Mahut ( 3 / 6 ) Rojer ( 2 / 2 ) Tecău ( 2 / 2 ) Bryan ( 36 / 38 ) Bryan ( 36 / 38 ) Dodig ( 3 / 4 ) Melo ( 4 / 8 ) Dodig ( 4 / 4 ) Melo ( 5 / 8 ) Isner ( 2 / 3 ) Sock ( 2 / 3 ) Kontinen ( 1 / 2 ) Peers ( 1 / 2 ) 2017 Klaasen ( 2 / 2 ) Ram ( 1 / 1 ) Kubot ( 1 / 3 ) Melo ( 6 / 8 ) Bopanna ( 4 / 4 ) Cuevas ( 2 / 2 ) Kubot ( 2 / 3 ) Melo ( 7 / 8 ) Herbert ( 4 / 6 ) Mahut ( 4 / 6 ) Herbert ( 5 / 6 ) Mahut ( 5 / 6 ) Herbert ( 6 / 6 ) Mahut ( 6 / 6 ) Kontinen ( 2 / 2 ) Peers ( 2 / 2 ) Kubot ( 3 / 3 ) Melo ( 8 / 8 ) 2018 Isner ( 3 / 3 ) Sock ( 3 / 3 ) Bryan ( 37 / 38 ) Bryan ( 37 / 38 ) Bryan ( 38 / 38 ) Bryan ( 38 / 38 ) Mektić ( 1 / 1 ) Peya ( 3 / 3 ) Cabal ( 1 / 1 ) Farah ( 1 / 1 ) Events are shown in chronological order , except Las Vegas 1972 ( held after Rome ) , Johannesburg 1972 ( held after Monte Carlo ) , and Cincinnati 1996 ( held before Canada ) . Titles matrix ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Players with 4 or more titles since 1970 : # Player HA IW MI MC RO WA TO CA CI LA LO PH ST IN LV FH BO PA JO SY ES MA SH # Winning span Rafael Nadal -- 11 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- 33 2005 -- 2018 ( 14 ) Novak Djokovic -- 5 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 32 2007 -- 2018 ( 12 ) Roger Federer 5 -- -- -- -- 7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 27 2002 -- 2017 ( 16 ) Ivan Lendl -- -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 22 1980 -- 1989 ( 10 ) 5 John McEnroe -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 19 1978 -- 1985 ( 8 ) 6 Jimmy Connors -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 1973 -- 1984 ( 12 ) = Andre Agassi -- 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 1990 -- 2004 ( 15 ) 8 Björn Borg -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 1974 -- 1980 ( 7 ) 9 Andy Murray -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 14 2008 -- 2016 ( 9 ) 10 Boris Becker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 1985 -- 1996 ( 12 ) 11 Pete Sampras -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11 1992 -- 2000 ( 9 ) 12 Rod Laver -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1970 -- 1974 ( 5 ) 13 Stefan Edberg -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 1986 -- 1992 ( 7 ) = Thomas Muster -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 1990 -- 1997 ( 8 ) = Mats Wilander -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 1983 -- 1988 ( 6 ) 16 Michael Chang -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1990 -- 1997 ( 8 ) = Ilie Năstase -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1970 -- 1973 ( 4 ) = Guillermo Vilas -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1974 -- 1982 ( 9 ) 19 Manuel Orantes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 1972 -- 1977 ( 6 ) 20 Jim Courier -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1991 -- 1993 ( 3 ) = Marcelo Ríos -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1995 -- 2003 ( 9 ) = Gustavo Kuerten -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1999 -- 2001 ( 3 ) = Marat Safin -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 2000 -- 2004 ( 5 ) = Andy Roddick -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 2003 -- 2010 ( 8 ) 25 Stan Smith -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1970 -- 1973 ( 4 ) = Andriy Medvedev -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 -- 1997 ( 4 ) = Juan Carlos Ferrero -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2001 -- 2003 ( 3 ) Active players in boldface . Most titles per tournament underlined . Doubles ( edit ) Players with 5 or more titles since 1970 : Player name HA IW MI MC RO WA TO CA CI LA LO PH ST IN LV FH BO PA JO SY ES MA SH # Winning span Bob Bryan 5 5 -- -- 5 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 37 2002 -- 2018 ( 17 ) = Mike Bryan 5 5 -- -- 5 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 37 2002 -- 2018 ( 17 ) Daniel Nestor -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 28 1996 -- 2015 ( 20 ) Todd Woodbridge -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 1992 -- 2003 ( 12 ) 5 Mark Knowles -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 1993 -- 2009 ( 17 ) 6 Max Mirnyi -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 2000 -- 2011 ( 12 ) = Mahesh Bhupathi -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 1997 -- 2012 ( 16 ) 8 Jonas Björkman -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 1998 -- 2008 ( 11 ) = Mark Woodforde -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 1989 -- 2000 ( 12 ) = Peter Fleming -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 1978 -- 1984 ( 7 ) = John McEnroe -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 1978 -- 1984 ( 7 ) = Nenad Zimonjić -- -- 5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 2004 -- 2014 ( 11 ) 13 Leander Paes -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 1997 -- 2012 ( 16 ) 14 Brian Gottfried -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1973 -- 1977 ( 5 ) = Paul Haarhuis -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1993 -- 1998 ( 6 ) = Frew McMillan -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1970 -- 1978 ( 9 ) = Tom Okker -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1971 -- 1979 ( 9 ) = Raúl Ramírez -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1974 -- 1977 ( 4 ) = Stan Smith -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 1970 -- 1977 ( 8 ) 20 Ken Flach -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1984 -- 1989 ( 6 ) = Guy Forget -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1985 -- 1993 ( 9 ) = Bob Hewitt -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1970 -- 1978 ( 9 ) = Anders Järryd -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1984 -- 1991 ( 8 ) = Ilie Năstase -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1970 -- 1979 ( 10 ) = Tomáš Šmíd -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 1978 -- 1991 ( 14 ) = Marcelo Melo -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 2013 -- 2018 ( 5 ) 27 Jacco Eltingh -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 1993 -- 1998 ( 6 ) = Robert Seguso -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 1984 -- 1991 ( 8 ) 29 Wojciech Fibak -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1975 -- 1979 ( 5 ) = Andrés Gómez -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1980 -- 1987 ( 8 ) = Yevgeny Kafelnikov -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1994 -- 2003 ( 10 ) = Marty Riessen -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1970 -- 1981 ( 12 ) = Sherwood Stewart -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 1979 -- 1986 ( 8 ) 34 Wayne Ferreira -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 1991 -- 2003 ( 13 ) = Bob Lutz -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 1972 -- 1980 ( 9 ) = Emilio Sánchez -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 1986 -- 1992 ( 7 ) 37 John Alexander -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1971 -- 1975 ( 5 ) = Byron Black -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1993 -- 1999 ( 7 ) = Wayne Black -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1999 -- 2005 ( 7 ) = Sergio Casal -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1986 -- 1992 ( 7 ) = Phil Dent -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1971 -- 1975 ( 5 ) = Stefan Edberg -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1984 -- 1993 ( 10 ) = Patrick Galbraith -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1991 -- 1996 ( 6 ) = Heinz Günthardt -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1980 -- 1983 ( 4 ) = Rod Laver -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1970 -- 1974 ( 5 ) = Alex O'Brien -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1994 -- 2000 ( 7 ) = Rick Leach -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1988 - 2001 ( 14 ) = Kevin Ullyett -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 2004 -- 2008 ( 5 ) = Todd Witsken -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 1988 -- 1992 ( 5 ) = Pierre - Hugues Herbert -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 2016 -- 2017 ( 2 ) = Nicolas Mahut -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 2016 -- 2017 ( 2 ) Active players in boldface . Most titles per tournament underlined . Records ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) Total titles and finals ( edit ) Titles # 1 . Rafael Nadal 33 2 . Novak Djokovic 32 3 . Roger Federer 27 4 . / Ivan Lendl 22 5 . John McEnroe 19 6 . Jimmy Connors 17 Andre Agassi 8 . Björn Borg 15 9 . Andy Murray 14 10 . Boris Becker 13 Finals # 1 . Rafael Nadal 49 2 . Roger Federer 48 3 . Novak Djokovic 46 4 . / Ivan Lendl 33 5 . Jimmy Connors 29 6 . John McEnroe 26 7 . Andre Agassi 23 8 . Boris Becker 21 Andy Murray 10 . Björn Borg 20 Consecutive records ( edit ) Most consecutive titles ( single season ) 4 : Nadal ( 2013 -- Madrid , Rome , Montreal , Cincinnati ) 3 : Nadal ( 2010 -- Monte Carlo , Madrid , Rome ) 3 : Djokovic ( 2011 -- Madrid , Rome , Montreal ) 3 : Djokovic ( 2015 -- Indian Wells , Miami , Monte Carlo ) Most consecutive titles ( across seasons ) 4 : Djokovic ( 2013 -- Shanghai , Paris , 2014 -- Indian Wells , Miami ) 4 : Djokovic ( 2014 -- Paris , 2015 -- Indian Wells , Miami , Monte Carlo ) 4 : Djokovic ( 2015 -- Shanghai , Paris , 2016 -- Indian Wells , Miami ) Most consecutive finals 7 : Djokovic ( Rome 2015 -- Miami 2016 ) 5 : Nadal ( 2011 ) 5 : Nadal ( 2013 ) Most consecutive titles allowing for skipped tournaments ( min . 5 ) 7 : Lendl ( Monte Carlo 1988 -- Stockholm 1989 ( DNP 9 ) ) 5 : Djokovic ( Indian Wells -- Montreal 2011 ( DNP Monte Carlo ) ) 5 : Djokovic ( Paris 2014 -- Rome 2015 ( DNP Madrid ) ) Most consecutive finals allowing for skipped tournaments 11 : Djokovic ( Paris 2014 -- Miami 2016 ( DNP Madrid 2015 ) ) 9 : Lendl ( Montreal 1987 -- Stockholm 1989 ( DNP 13 ) ) Season records ( edit ) Most tournaments won in one season Player # Year 1 . Novak Djokovic 6 2015 2 . Rod Laver 5 1970 Jimmy Connors 1976 Novak Djokovic 2011 Rafael Nadal 2013 6 . Björn Borg 1979 John McEnroe 1984 / Ivan Lendl 1989 Roger Federer 2005 Rafael Nadal 2005 Roger Federer 2006 Novak Djokovic 2014 Novak Djokovic 2016 Most finals reached in one season Player # Year 1 . Novak Djokovic 8 2015 2 . Rod Laver 6 1970 Roger Federer 2006 Novak Djokovic 2011 Novak Djokovic 2012 Rafael Nadal 2013 7 . Jimmy Connors 5 1976 Stefan Edberg Stefan Edberg 1990 Rafael Nadal 2005 Roger Federer 2007 Rafael Nadal 2007 Rafael Nadal 2009 Novak Djokovic 2009 Rafael Nadal 2011 Roger Federer 2014 Novak Djokovic 2016 Andy Murray 2016 Most consecutive matches won ( edit ) Player # Year 1 . Novak Djokovic 31 2011 2 . Novak Djokovic 30 2014 -- 15 3 . Roger Federer 29 2005 -- 06 4 . Rafael Nadal 23 2013 Novak Djokovic 2013 -- 14 Most consecutive years of title success ( edit ) Titles / yr Player Years 1 + Rafael Nadal 10 2005 -- 2014 2 + Rafael Nadal 6 2005 -- 2010 Novak Djokovic 2011 -- 2016 3 + Novak Djokovic 6 2011 -- 2016 4 + Novak Djokovic 2014 -- 2016 Successful title defenses ( edit ) Hardcourt Tournament Player # Successive titles Canada / Ivan Lendl 1987 -- 89 John McEnroe 1984 -- 85 Andre Agassi 1994 -- 95 Andy Murray 2009 -- 10 Novak Djokovic 2011 -- 12 Cincinnati Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 2014 -- 15 Mats Wilander 1983 -- 84 Boris Becker 1987 -- 88 Michael Chang 1993 -- 94 Andre Agassi 1995 -- 96 Indian Wells Roger Federer 2004 -- 06 Novak Djokovic 2014 -- 16 Pete Sampras 1994 -- 95 Michael Chang 1996 -- 97 Lleyton Hewitt 2002 -- 03 Johannesburg Jimmy Connors 1973 -- 74 Las Vegas Jimmy Connors 1976 -- 77 Björn Borg 1978 -- 79 Miami Andre Agassi 1995 -- 96 2001 -- 03 Novak Djokovic 2011 -- 12 2014 -- 16 Pete Sampras 1993 -- 94 Roger Federer 2005 -- 06 Paris Novak Djokovic 2013 -- 15 Shanghai Andy Murray 2010 -- 11 Novak Djokovic 2012 -- 13 Stockholm John McEnroe 1978 -- 79 1984 -- 85 Stefan Edberg 1986 -- 87 Clay Tournament Player # Successive titles Boston Björn Borg 1974 -- 76 Forest Hills John McEnroe 1983 -- 84 Hamburg Andriy Medvedev 1994 -- 95 Roger Federer 2004 -- 05 Madrid Rafael Nadal 2013 -- 14 Monte Carlo Rafael Nadal 9 2005 -- 12 2016 -- 18 Ilie Năstase 1971 -- 73 Björn Borg 1979 -- 80 Thomas Muster 1995 -- 96 Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 -- 03 Rome Rafael Nadal 2005 -- 07 2009 -- 10 2012 -- 13 Jim Courier 1992 -- 93 Thomas Muster 1995 -- 96 Novak Djokovic 2014 -- 15 Carpet Tournament Player # Successive titles London John McEnroe 1978 -- 80 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia John McEnroe 1982 -- 85 Jimmy Connors 1978 -- 80 Stockholm Boris Becker 1990 -- 91 Tokyo Björn Borg 1978 -- 79 Novak Djokovic has retained six different tournaments . Rafael Nadal has retained a tournament on 14 occasions . Roger Federer has won Cincinnati tournament twice without having serve broken or losing a set . Age records ( edit ) Youngest ( 1990 -- ) Winner First title Age 1 . Michael Chang Toronto 1990 18 years , 157 days 2 . Rafael Nadal Monte Carlo 2005 18 years , 318 days 3 . Andriy Medvedev Monte Carlo 1994 19 years , 236 days 4 . Novak Djokovic Miami 2007 19 years , 314 days 5 . Andre Agassi Miami 1990 19 years , 330 days Finalist First final Age 1 . Michael Chang Toronto 1990 18 years , 157 days 2 . Rafael Nadal Miami 2005 18 years , 304 days 3 . Richard Gasquet Hamburg 2005 18 years , 331 days 4 . Andriy Medvedev Paris 1993 19 years , 68 days 5 . Lleyton Hewitt Stuttgart 2000 19 years , 255 days Oldest ( 1990 -- ) Winner Last title Age 1 . Roger Federer Shanghai 2017 36 years , 68 days 2 . Andre Agassi Cincinnati 2004 34 years , 101 days 3 . John Isner Miami 2018 32 years , 342 days 4 . Rafael Nadal Toronto 2018 32 years , 70 days 5 . Novak Djokovic Shanghai 2018 31 years , 145 days Finalist Last final Age 1 . Roger Federer Cincinnati 2018 37 years , 11 days 2 . Andre Agassi Montreal 2005 35 years , 107 days 3 . Ivan Lendl Cincinnati 1992 32 years , 162 days 4 . David Ferrer Cincinnati 2014 32 years , 137 days 5 . Rafael Nadal Toronto 2018 32 years , 70 days Most titles at one tournament ( edit ) Player # Tournament Span 1 . Rafael Nadal 11 Monte Carlo 2005 -- 2018 2 . Rafael Nadal 8 Rome 2005 -- 2018 3 . Roger Federer 7 Cincinnati 2005 -- 2015 4 . / Ivan Lendl 6 Canada 1980 -- 1989 Andre Agassi Miami 1990 -- 2003 Novak Djokovic Miami 2007 -- 2016 5 . Roger Federer 5 Indian Wells 2004 -- 2017 Novak Djokovic Indian Wells 2008 -- 2016 Rafael Nadal Madrid 2005 -- 2017 Most consecutive titles at one tournament 8 : Nadal ( Monte Carlo : 2005 -- 2012 ) Most hard court ( Indoor / Outdoor ) titles in one season 4 : Roger Federer ( 2006 - Indian Wells , Miami , Canada , Madrid ) 4 : Novak Djokovic ( 2015 - Indian Wells , Miami , Shanghai , Paris ) Most titles at one tournament on different surfaces 3 : Roger Federer ( Madrid : 2006 - Hard Indoor , 2009 - Red Clay , 2012 - Blue Clay ) Tournament variety records ( edit ) Most different tournaments won 11 / 12 : Lendl ( missing Paris ) 9 / 10 : Djokovic ( missing Hamburg ) 9 / 19 : Connors ( missing MC , RO , CA , ST , HA , CI , FH , MI , IW & PA ) 8 / 12 : Borg ( missing Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Los Angeles & Hamburg ) 7 / 9 : Federer ( missing Monte Carlo , Rome ) 7 / 9 : Nadal ( missing Miami & Paris ) 7 / 10 : Murray ( missing Hamburg , Indian Wells & Monte Carlo ) 7 / 11 : Laver ( missing Boston , Monte Carlo , Stockholm & Canada ) 7 / 11 : Agassi ( missing Monte Carlo , Stockholm , Essen / Stuttgart & Hamburg ) 7 / 12 : Becker ( missing Philadelphia , Monte Carlo , Hamburg , Rome & Miami ) 7 / 17 : McEnroe ( missing LV , WA , IN , BO , MC , RO , IW , MI , HA & PA ) Most different tournament finals played 14 / 19 : Connors ( missing Rome , Canada , Forest Hills , Indian Wells & Paris ) 11 / 12 : Lendl ( missing Paris ) 10 / 10 : Nadal 10 / 11 : Federer ( missing Stuttgart ) 10 / 12 : Borg ( missing Los Angeles & Hamburg ) 10 / 12 : Becker ( missing Philadelphia & Miami ) 9 / 10 : Djokovic ( missing Hamburg ) 8 / 10 : Laver ( missing Stockholm & Canada ) 8 / 10 : Murray ( missing Hamburg & Monte Carlo ) 8 / 12 : Edberg ( missing Philadelphia , Rome , Monte Carlo & Essen / Stuttgart ) Combinations of tournaments ( edit ) Triple Winner Year Johannesburg -- Philadelphia -- Sydney ( 3 surface ) Rod Laver 1970 Johannesburg -- Indianapolis -- London ( 3 surface ) Jimmy Connors Philadelphia -- Las Vegas -- Washington ( 3 surface ) Jimmy Connors 1976 Monte Carlo -- Montreal -- Tokyo ( 3 surface ) Björn Borg 1979 London -- Philadelphia -- Tokyo ( `` The Carpet Triple '' ) John McEnroe 1982 Indian Wells -- Miami -- Cincinnati ( `` The Hard Triple '' ) Roger Federer 2005 Indian Wells -- Miami -- Toronto ( `` The Hard Triple '' ) Roger Federer 2006 Monte -- Carlo -- Rome -- Madrid ( `` The Clay Triple '' ) Rafael Nadal Indian Wells -- Montreal -- Cincinnati ( `` The Hard Triple '' ) Rafael Nadal 2013 Indian Wells -- Miami -- Montreal ( `` The Hard Triple '' ) Novak Djokovic 2011 Indian Wells -- Miami -- Toronto ( `` The Hard Triple '' ) Novak Djokovic 2016 Hard Double Winner Year Canada -- Cincinnati Andre Agassi 1995 Canada -- Cincinnati Patrick Rafter 1998 Canada -- Cincinnati Andy Roddick 2003 Canada -- Cincinnati Rafael Nadal 2013 Canada -- Stockholm John McEnroe 1979 Canada -- Stockholm John McEnroe 1985 Cincinnati -- Madrid Andy Murray 2008 Cincinnati -- Shanghai Andy Murray 2011 Cincinnati -- Shanghai Roger Federer 2014 Cincinnati -- Shanghai Novak Djokovic 2018 Indian Wells -- Stockholm Boris Becker 1988 Indian Wells -- Miami Pete Sampras 1994 Indian Wells -- Miami Marcelo Ríos 1998 Indian Wells -- Miami Roger Federer 2005 Indian Wells -- Miami Roger Federer 2006 Indian Wells -- Miami Novak Djokovic 2011 Indian Wells -- Miami Novak Djokovic 2014 Indian Wells -- Miami Novak Djokovic 2015 Indian Wells -- Miami Novak Djokovic 2016 Indian Wells -- Miami Roger Federer 2017 Madrid -- Paris David Nalbandian 2007 Miami -- Canada Ivan Lendl 1988 Miami -- Canada Andre Agassi 1995 Miami -- Canada Andre Agassi Miami -- Canada Roger Federer 2006 Miami -- Canada Novak Djokovic 2007 Miami -- Canada Andy Murray 2009 Miami -- Canada Novak Djokovic 2011 Miami -- Canada Novak Djokovic 2012 Miami -- Canada Novak Djokovic 2016 Shanghai -- Paris Novak Djokovic 2013 Shanghai -- Paris Novak Djokovic 2015 Shanghai -- Paris Andy Murray 2016 Clay Double Winner Year Monte Carlo -- Hamburg Andrei Medvedev 1994 Monte Carlo -- Hamburg Rafael Nadal 2008 Madrid -- Rome Novak Djokovic 2011 Madrid -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2013 Monte Carlo -- Madrid Rafael Nadal 2017 Monte Carlo -- Rome Ilie Năstase 1973 Monte Carlo -- Rome Mats Wilander Monte Carlo -- Rome Ivan Lendl 1988 Monte Carlo -- Rome Alberto Mancini 1989 Monte Carlo -- Rome Thomas Muster 1995 Monte Carlo -- Rome Thomas Muster Monte Carlo -- Rome Gustavo Kuerten 1999 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2005 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2006 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2007 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2009 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal Monte Carlo -- Rome Novak Djokovic 2015 Monte Carlo -- Rome Rafael Nadal 2018 Monte Carlo -- Forest Hills Ivan Lendll 1985 Indianapolis -- Washington Jimmy Connors 1976 Indianapolis -- Washington Manuel Orantes 1977 Carpet Double Winner Year London -- Philadelphia Rod Laver 1970 London -- Philadelphia Jimmy Connors 1976 London -- Philadelphia John McEnroe Tokyo -- Philadelphia Jimmy Connors 1980 Winners of the four North American series tournaments on hard Player Venue / Year of first title ( # ) Indian Wells Miami Canada Cincinnati Michael Chang 1992 ( 3 ) 1992 ( 1 ) 1990 ( 1 ) 1993 ( 2 ) Andre Agassi 2001 ( 1 ) 1990 ( 6 ) 1992 ( 3 ) 1995 ( 3 ) Roger Federer 2004 ( 5 ) 2005 ( 3 ) 2004 ( 2 ) 2005 ( 7 ) Novak Djokovic 2008 ( 5 ) 2007 ( 6 ) 2007 ( 4 ) 2018 ( 1 ) Winners of the three European series tournaments on clay Player Venue / Year of first title ( # ) Monte Carlo Hamburg / Madrid Rome Guillermo Vilas 1976 ( 2 ) 1978 ( 1 ) 1980 ( 1 ) / Ivan Lendl 1985 ( 2 ) 1987 ( 2 ) 1986 ( 2 ) Marcelo Ríos 1997 ( 1 ) 1999 ( 1 ) 1998 ( 1 ) Gustavo Kuerten 1999 ( 2 ) 2000 ( 1 ) 1999 ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal 2005 ( 11 ) 2008 ( 5 ) 2005 ( 7 ) Novak Djokovic 2013 ( 2 ) 2011 ( 2 ) 2008 ( 4 ) Winners of the series tournaments on the three surfaces Player Surface / First title Hard ( 1970 - On ) Clay ( 1970 - On ) Carpet ( 1970 - 2006 ) All three ( 1970 - 2006 ) Rod Laver Johannesburg ' 70 Rome ' 71 Philadelphia ' 70 -- Jimmy Connors Boston ' 73 Washington ' 76 Philadelphia ' 76 1976 Björn Borg Las Vegas ' 79 Rome ' 74 London ' 77 1979 John McEnroe Stockholm ' 78 Forest Hills ' 83 London ' 78 1984 / Ivan Lendl Toronto ' 80 Forest Hills ' 82 Tokyo ' 83 1986 , 1989 Stefan Edberg Stockholm ' 86 Hamburg ' 92 Tokyo ' 87 -- Pete Sampras Cincinnati ' 92 Rome ' 94 Paris ' 95 Thomas Muster Miami ' 97 Rome ' 90 Essen ' 95 Andre Agassi Miami ' 90 Rome ' 02 Paris ' 94 Winners of the series tournaments on four continents Player First series title per continent N. America ( 1970 -- On ) Europe ( 1970 -- On ) Oceania / Asia ( 1970 -- 71 / 1978 -- 88 , 2009 -- On ) Africa ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Rod Laver Philadelphia 1970 London 1970 Sydney 1970 Johannesburg 1970 Jimmy Connors Boston 1973 London 1976 Tokyo 1980 Johannesburg 1973 Winners of the singles and doubles titles at the same tournament in the same year Player Tournament Year ( s ) Ilie Năstase Rome 1970 Monte Carlo 1971 Stan Smith Stockholm 1970 Phil Dent Sydney 1971 Ken Rosewall Johannesburg 1971 Brian Gottfried Las Vegas 1973 Rod Laver Las Vegas Jimmy Connors Indianapolis Raúl Ramírez Rome Manuel Orantes Indianapolis John McEnroe London 1978 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 Stockholm 1979 Cincinnati 1981 Philadelphia 1982 , 1984 Toronto 1984 Stefan Edberg Stockholm Boris Becker Indian Wells 1988 Jim Courier Indian Wells 1991 Rafael Nadal Monte Carlo 2008 Opponent records ( edit ) Players who played the most finals against each other Players # 1 . Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal 12 Rafael Nadal Roger Federer 3 . Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 10 4 . Novak Djokovic Roger Federer 8 5 . John McEnroe / Ivan Lendl 6 Boris Becker Stefan Edberg 7 . Andre Agassi Pete Sampras 5 8 . Björn Borg Jimmy Connors Arthur Ashe Jimmy Connors All countrymen in final Year Event Country Winner Runner - up 1990 Toronto USA Michael Chang Jay Berger 1991 Miami USA Jim Courier David Wheaton 1992 Toronto USA Andre Agassi Ivan Lendl Cincinnati USA Pete Sampras Ivan Lendl 1994 Miami USA Pete Sampras Andre Agassi 1995 Indian Wells USA Pete Sampras Andre Agassi Miami USA Andre Agassi Pete Sampras Montreal USA Andre Agassi Pete Sampras Cincinnati USA Andre Agassi Michael Chang Hamburg ESP Roberto Carretero Àlex Corretja Cincinnati USA Andre Agassi Michael Chang 1998 Hamburg ESP Albert Costa Àlex Corretja Year Event Country Winner Runner - up 2001 Indian Wells USA Andre Agassi Pete Sampras Miami USA Andre Agassi Jan - Michael Gambill Hamburg ESP Albert Portas Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 Monte Carlo ESP Juan Carlos Ferrero Carlos Moyá 2003 Hamburg ARG Guillermo Coria Agustín Calleri Cincinnati USA Andy Roddick Mardy Fish Monte Carlo ESP Rafael Nadal Fernando Verdasco Rome ESP Rafael Nadal David Ferrer 2011 Monte Carlo ESP Rafael Nadal David Ferrer 2014 Monte Carlo SUI Stan Wawrinka Roger Federer 2017 Indian Wells SUI Roger Federer Stan Wawrinka Monte Carlo ESP Rafael Nadal Albert Ramos Viñolas Players from only four countries have played an `` All countrymen final '' . Those countries are the United States ( 13 times ) , Spain ( 8 times ) , Switzerland ( 2 times ) and Argentina ( 1 time ) . An `` All countrymen semifinal '' has occurred once ; 2003 Hamburg -- ARG : Calleri d . Nalbandian & Coria d . Gaudio . Seeding records ( edit ) No. 1 vs. No. 2 seeds in final ( 1990 -- ) Year Event Top Seed W / L Second Seed 1990 Stockholm Stefan Edberg Boris Becker Paris Stefan Edberg Boris Becker 1991 Stockholm Stefan Edberg Boris Becker 1995 Indian Wells Pete Sampras Andre Agassi Miami Pete Sampras Andre Agassi Montreal Andre Agassi Pete Sampras 1999 Cincinnati Pete Sampras Pat Rafter Hamburg Roger Federer Guillermo Coria Toronto Roger Federer Andy Roddick 2005 Indian Wells Roger Federer Lleyton Hewitt 2006 Monte Carlo Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Rome Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2007 Monte Carlo Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Hamburg Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2008 Monte Carlo Roger Federer Rafael Nadal Hamburg Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2009 Madrid Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Year Event Top Seed W / L Second Seed Madrid Roger Federer Rafael Nadal 2011 Miami Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Madrid Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Rome Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2012 Monte Carlo Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Rome Novak Djokovic Rafael Nadal Cincinnati Roger Federer Novak Djokovic 2014 Miami Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic Rome Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic 2015 Indian Wells Novak Djokovic Roger Federer Rome Novak Djokovic Roger Federer Montreal Novak Djokovic Andy Murray Cincinnati Novak Djokovic Roger Federer Paris Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 2016 Madrid Novak Djokovic Andy Murray Rome Novak Djokovic Andy Murray 2017 Shanghai Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Top 4 seeds in semifinals Year Event Seeds 1999 Cincinnati 1 . Pete Sampras 2 . Patrick Rafter 3 . Andre Agassi 4 . Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2008 Monte Carlo 1 . Roger Federer 2 . Rafael Nadal 3 . Novak Djokovic 4 . Nikolay Davydenko 2009 Cincinnati 1 . Roger Federer 2 . Rafael Nadal 3 . Andy Murray 4 . Novak Djokovic Toronto 1 . Rafael Nadal 2 . Novak Djokovic 3 . Roger Federer 4 . Andy Murray 2012 Shanghai 1 . Roger Federer 2 . Novak Djokovic 3 . Andy Murray 4 . Tomáš Berdych Top 8 seeds in quarterfinals Year Event Seeds 2009 Montreal 1 . Roger Federer 2 . Rafael Nadal 3 . Andy Murray 4 . Novak Djokovic 5 . Andy Roddick 6 . Juan Martín del Potro 7 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 8 . Nikolay Davydenko Qualifiers who played the final ( 1990 -- ) Year Event Qualifier W / L Opponent 1991 Rome Alberto Mancini Emilio Sánchez Hamburg Roberto Carretero Àlex Corretja 2000 Toronto Harel Levy Marat Safin 2001 Hamburg Albert Portas Juan Carlos Ferrero Stuttgart Max Mirnyi Tommy Haas Paris Radek Štěpánek Marat Safin 2005 Hamburg Richard Gasquet Roger Federer 2007 Miami Guillermo Cañas Novak Djokovic 2012 Paris Jerzy Janowicz David Ferrer 2017 Paris Filip Krajinović Jack Sock No seeds in final ( 1990 -- ) 1996 Hamburg : Roberto Carretero d . Àlex Corretja 2003 Paris : Tim Henman d . Andrei Pavel Winners who did n't play a seed in the tournament ( 1990 -- ) Emilio Sánchez ( 1991 Rome ) Michael Chang ( 1992 Indian Wells ) Cédric Pioline ( 2000 Monte Carlo ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 Monte Carlo ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 Indian Wells ) Guillermo Coria ( 2003 Hamburg ) Chronological list of cumulative titles leaders ( edit ) Years Player Titles 1970 -- 1976 Rod Laver 1 -- 9 1976 -- 1985 Jimmy Connors 9 -- 17 1985 -- 1989 John McEnroe 17 -- 19 1989 -- 2013 / Ivan Lendl 19 -- 22 2013 -- 2016 Rafael Nadal 22 -- 27 2016 -- 2017 Novak Djokovic 27 -- 30 2017 -- Rafael Nadal 30 -- 33 Ilie Năstase equalled Rod Laver 's then record of 7 titles in 1973 . Björn Borg shared the record at 14 and 15 titles with Jimmy Connors . Rafael Nadal shared the record at 28 titles with Novak Djokovic . Doubles ( edit ) Winners of 4 or more series tournaments on clay 5 : Ramírez ( Rome ' 74 , Boston ' 75 , Washington ' 76 , Indianapolis ' 76 , Monte Carlo ' 79 ) 4 : Gottfried ( Rome ' 74 , Boston ' 75 , Washington ' 76 , Indianapolis ' 76 ) Washington , Indianapolis and Boston ceased as series events after 1977 Winners of the 3 European series tournaments on clay Šmíd ( Monte Carlo ' 78 , Hamburg ' 79 , Rome ' 79 ) Gómez ( Hamburg ' 80 , Rome ' 81 , Monte Carlo ' 87 ) Gildemeister ( Hamburg ' 81 , Rome ' 81 , Monte Carlo ' 87 ) Günthardt ( Monte Carlo ' 81 , Rome ' 82 , Hamburg ' 83 ) Taróczy ( Monte Carlo ' 81 , Rome ' 82 , Hamburg ' 83 ) Casal ( Hamburg ' 86 , Monte Carlo ' 88 , Rome ' 90 ) E. Sánchez ( Hamburg ' 86 , Monte Carlo ' 88 , Rome ' 90 ) Haarhuis ( Rome ' 93 , Hamburg ' 94 , Monte Carlo ' 95 ) Kafelnikov ( Rome ' 94 , Hamburg ' 95 , Monte Carlo ' 00 ) W. Ferreira ( Hamburg ' 95 , Monte Carlo ' 00 , Rome ' 01 ) Bhupathi ( Rome ' 98 , Hamburg ' 02 , Monte Carlo ' 03 ) Mirnyi ( Monte Carlo ' 03 , Rome ' 04 , Hamburg ' 05 ) B. Bryan ( Monte Carlo ' 07 , Hamburg ' 07 , Rome ' 08 ) M. Bryan ( Monte Carlo ' 07 , Hamburg ' 07 , Rome ' 08 ) Zimonjić ( Monte Carlo ' 04 , Rome ' 07 , Hamburg ' 08 ) Nestor ( Hamburg ' 96 , Rome ' 97 , Monte Carlo ' 09 ) Winner of the 4 North American series tournaments Nestor ( Cincinnati ' 96 , Indian Wells ' 97 , Canada ' 00 , Miami ' 02 ) Knowles ( Canada ' 93 , Cincinnati ' 96 , Indian Wells ' 97 , Miami ' 02 ) Björkman ( Indian Wells ' 98 , Canada ' 99 , Cincinnati ' 99 , Miami ' 05 ) Paes ( Canada ' 97 , Cincinnati ' 01 , Indian Wells ' 07 , Miami ' 10 ) B. Bryan ( Canada ' 02 , Cincinnati ' 03 , Miami ' 07 , Indian Wells ' 13 ) M. Bryan ( Canada ' 02 , Cincinnati ' 03 , Miami ' 07 , Indian Wells ' 13 ) Winners of the 5 European series tournaments Haarhuis ( Rome ' 93 , Hamburg ' 93 , Paris ' 94 , Monte Carlo ' 95 , Essen ' 95 ) Bhupathi ( Rome ' 98 , Paris ' 98 , Hamburg ' 01 , Monte Carlo ' 03 , Madrid ' 03 ) Mirnyi ( Paris ' 00 , Stuttgart ' 01 , Monte Carlo ' 02 , Rome ' 04 , Hamburg ' 05 ) B. Bryan ( Paris ' 05 , Madrid ' 06 , Monte Carlo ' 07 , Hamburg ' 07 , Rome ' 08 ) M. Bryan ( Paris ' 05 , Madrid ' 06 , Monte Carlo ' 07 , Hamburg ' 07 , Rome ' 08 ) Nestor ( Hamburg ' 96 , Rome ' 97 , Monte Carlo ' 09 , Madrid ' 02 , Paris ' 09 ) Teams that won the `` Indian Wells -- Miami double '' Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde ( 1996 ) Wayne Black and Sandon Stolle ( 1999 ) Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor ( 2002 ) Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2014 ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut ( 2016 ) Teams that won the `` Miami -- Canada double '' Jiří Novák and David Rikl ( 2001 ) Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2015 ) Teams that won the `` Canada -- Stockholm double '' Peter Fleming and John McEnroe ( 1979 ) Teams that won the `` Canada -- Cincinnati double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2010 ) Ivan Dodig and Marcelo Melo ( 2016 ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert and Nicolas Mahut ( 2017 ) Teams that won the `` Cincinnati -- Stuttgart double '' Jonas Björkman and Byron Black ( 1999 ) Teams that won the `` Cincinnati -- Madrid double '' Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor ( 2004 ) Teams that won the `` Cincinnati -- Shanghai double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2014 ) Teams that won the `` Stockholm -- Paris double '' John Fitzgerald and Anders Järryd ( 1991 ) Teams that won the `` Madrid -- Paris double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2007 ) Teams that won the `` Shanghai -- Paris double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2014 ) Teams that won the `` Monte Carlo -- Rome double '' Guy Forget and Yannick Noah ( 1986 ) Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić ( 2009 ) Teams that won the `` Monte Carlo -- Madrid double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2011 ) Teams that won the `` Madrid -- Rome double '' Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2010 , 2012 ) Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić ( 2014 ) Teams that won the `` Rome -- Hamburg double '' Hans Gildemeister and Andrés Gómez ( 1981 ) Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić ( 2009 ) Teams that won the `` Rome -- Washington double '' Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez ( 1976 ) Teams that won the `` Washington -- Indianapolis double '' Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez ( 1976 ) Most overall titles 36 : Bob and Mike Bryan Most overall finals 54 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 36 -- 18 ) Most consecutive titles 4 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2010 -- Rome , Madrid , Canada , Cincinnati ) 4 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2013 -- Paris , 2014 -- Indian Wells , Miami , Monte Carlo ) Most consecutive finals 4 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2010 -- Rome , Madrid , Canada , Cincinnati ) 4 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2013 -- Paris , 2014 -- Indian Wells , Miami , Monte Carlo ) Most titles at one tournament 5 : Fleming and McEnroe ( London 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 ) 5 : Bhupathi ( Canada 1997 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2009 ) 5 : Zimonjić ( Monte Carlo 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) 5 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( Madrid 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 ) 5 : Nestor ( Madrid 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2014 ) 5 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( Cincinnati 2003 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 ) 5 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( Monte Carlo 2007 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 5 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( Canada 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 ) 5 : Nestor ( Cincinnati 1996 , 1998 , 2004 , 2009 , 2015 ) Most consecutive wins at one tournament 4 : Gottfried and Ramírez ( Rome 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 ) 3 : McEnroe and Fleming ( London 1978 , 1979 , 1980 ) 3 : Woodbridge and Woodforde ( Stockholm 1992 , 1993 , 1994 ) 3 : Woodbridge and Woodforde ( Miami 1995 , 1996 , 1997 ) Most different tournaments won 12 : Bob and Mike Bryan Most different tournament finals played 12 : Bob and Mike Bryan Most tournaments won in one season 6 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2014 ) Most finals reached in one season 7 : Bob and Mike Bryan ( 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles # Masters tournaments List of men 's Grand Slam , Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series singles champions List of men 's Grand Slam , Olympic and ATP Tour Finals and Masters Series doubles champions ATP Finals ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ATP Masters Series Grand Prix Super Series Grand Prix tennis circuit WTA Premier tournaments WTA Tier I tournaments Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Player records refer only to tournaments entered while they held Masters 1000 - equivalent status . Since 1970 , 23 tournaments have held such status at some time . Jump up ^ The 5th Masters Series tournament was played in Hamburg through 2008 . Beginning in 2009 , the Madrid tournament switched from indoor hard courts to clay and replaced Hamburg as the fifth tournament in the schedule . Jump up ^ Rod Laver won 1970 Dunlop Open , Sydney on grass . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joe Kay ( August 19 , 2018 ) . `` Djokovic makes history , becomes first - ever player to win career ' Golden Masters ' '' . Pittsburgh 's Action 4 News . Jump up ^ Ian Thomsen ( November 20 , 1997 ) . `` ATP Tour Promises to Reinvent Itself as a Much Richer Sport '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) ATP World Tour Official Site ATP World Tour Masters 1000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Predecessors : Grand Prix Super Series ( 1970 -- 1989 ) ATP Masters Series ( 1990 -- 2008 ) Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Ranking per country Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( since 2009 ) 2009 -- present Indian Wells Miami Monte Carlo Madrid Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Shanghai Paris ATP Championship Series , Single - Week ( 1990 -- 1995 ) / ATP Super 9 ( 1996 -- 1999 ) / ATP Tennis Masters Series ( 2000 -- 2003 ) / ATP Masters Series ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Regular 1990 -- 2008 : Indian Wells Key Biscayne / Miami Monte Carlo Hamburg Rome Toronto / Montreal Cincinnati Paris Irregular 1990 -- 1994 : Stockholm 1995 : Essen 1996 -- 2001 : Stuttgart 2002 -- 2008 : Madrid Predecessor : Grand Prix Super Series ( 1970 -- 1989 ) Successor : ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( since 2009 ) Grand Prix Super Series ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 -- 71 : Sydney 1970 -- 73 : Los Angeles 1970 -- 74 : Johannesburg 1970 -- 77 : Boston 1970 -- 80 , 1984 -- 89 : Stockholm 1970 -- 71 , 1976 -- 89 : London 1970 -- 86 : Philadelphia 1970 -- 89 : Monte Carlo Rome 1972 -- 81 : Las Vegas 1973 -- 77 : Indianapolis 1974 -- 77 : Washington 1978 -- 89 : Hamburg Montreal / Toronto 1978 -- 88 : Tokyo Indoor 1981 -- 89 : Cincinnati 1982 -- 85 : Forest Hills 1986 -- 89 : Miami 1987 -- 89 : Indian Wells 1989 : Paris Successors : ATP Masters Series ( 1990 -- 2008 ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 ( since 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennis_Masters_Series_records_and_statistics&oldid=864273865 '' Categories : ATP Masters Series Tennis records and statistics Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from November 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most masters tennis titles	[ "Ivan Lendl and Novak Djokovic are the only players to win all nine events during their careers. However, since the creation of the \"Masters 1000\" in 2009, Novak Djokovic is the only player to claim all nine ATP Masters 1000 events. Winning all nine events during a career has been called a \"Career 'Golden Masters'\".[1] Rafael Nadal has won the most number of ATP Masters 1000 singles titles. He has won 33 titles to date. Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan have won the most doubles titles of all-time with 38.\n" ]	[ "Rafael Nadal" ]
-6362426423191480113	Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution	Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` Twenty - fifth Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twenty - fifth Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twenty - fifth Amendment ( Amendment XXV ) to the United States Constitution deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to Presidential disabilities . It supersedes the ambiguous wording of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the Constitution , which does not expressly state whether the Vice President becomes the President or Acting President if the President dies , resigns , is removed from office , or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the presidency . The Twenty - fifth Amendment was adopted on February 10 , 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Keating -- Kefauver proposal 2.2 Kennedy assassination 2.3 Bayh -- Celler proposal 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Effect 4.1 Section 1 : Presidential succession 4.2 Section 2 : Vice Presidential vacancy 4.3 Section 3 : Presidential declaration 4.4 Section 4 : Vice Presidential -- Cabinet declaration 4.4. 1 Proposed replacing of Cabinet 5 Invocations 5.1 Succession to presidency 5.2 Filling vice presidential vacancies 5.2. 1 1973 : Appointment of Gerald Ford as Vice President 5.2. 2 1974 : Appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President 5.3 Acting Presidents 5.3. 1 1985 : George H.W. Bush 5.3. 2 2002 : Dick Cheney 5.3. 3 2007 : Dick Cheney 6 Considered Section 4 invocations 6.1 1981 : Reagan assassination attempt 6.2 1987 : Reagan 's alleged incapacity 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . Section 2 . Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President , the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress . Section 3 . Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office , and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary , such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President . Section 4 . Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide , transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office , the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President . Thereafter , when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists , he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide , transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office . Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue , assembling within forty - eight hours for that purpose if not in session . If the Congress , within twenty - one days after receipt of the latter written declaration , or , if Congress is not in session , within twenty - one days after Congress is required to assemble , determines by two - thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office , the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President ; otherwise , the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office . Background ( edit ) The Twenty - fifth Amendment in the National Archives Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 of the Constitution states : In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President , and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal , Death , Resignation or Inability , both of the President and Vice President , declaring what Officer shall then act as President , and such Officer shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected . That clause was unclear regarding Presidential succession and inability ; it did not state who had the power to declare a President incapacitated . Also , it did not provide a mechanism for filling a Vice Presidential vacancy before the next Presidential election . The vagueness of this clause caused difficulties many times before the Twenty - fifth Amendment 's adoption : In 1841 , President William Henry Harrison became the first U.S. President to die in office . Representative John Williams had previously suggested that the Vice President should become Acting President upon the death of the President . John Tyler asserted that he had succeeded to the presidency , as opposed to only obtaining its powers and duties . He also declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as `` Acting President '' . Although he felt his vice presidential oath negated the need for the presidential oath , Tyler was persuaded that being formally sworn - in would clear up any doubts about his right to the office . Having done so , he then moved into the White House and assumed full presidential powers . Tyler 's claim was not formally challenged , and both houses of Congress adopted a resolution confirming that Tyler was the tenth President of the United States , without any qualifiers . The precedent of full succession was thus established . This became known as the `` Tyler Precedent '' . There had been occasions when a President was incapacitated . For example , following Woodrow Wilson 's stroke no one officially assumed the Presidential powers and duties , in part because the First Lady , Edith Wilson , together with the White House Physician , Cary T. Grayson , covered up President Wilson 's condition . The office of Vice President had been vacant sixteen times due to the death or resignation of the Vice President or his succession to the presidency . For example , there was no Vice President for nearly four years after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . During the impeachment of Andrew Johnson there was no Vice President to succeed him . At that time , the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 provided that the President pro tempore of the Senate would succeed Johnson if he was removed from office . Had the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson resulted in Johnson being removed from office , Senator Benjamin Wade , then the President pro tempore of the Senate , would have become acting president pending a special presidential election . After having been temporarily incapacitated by several severe health problems , President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to clarify procedures through a signed agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon , drafted by Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr ... However , this agreement did not have legal authority . Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 and intestinal problems requiring emergency surgery in July 1956 . Each time until Eisenhower was able to resume his duties , Nixon presided over Cabinet meetings and , along with Eisenhower aides , kept the executive branch functioning and assured the public that the situation was under control . However , Nixon never made any effort to formally assume the status of Acting President or President . All of these incidents made it evident that clearer guidelines were needed . There were two proposals for providing those guidelines . Keating -- Kefauver proposal ( edit ) In 1963 , Senator Kenneth Keating of New York proposed a Constitutional amendment which would have enabled Congress to enact legislation providing for how to determine when a President is `` unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office '' , rather than , as the Twenty - fifth Amendment does , having the Constitution so provide . This proposal was based upon a recommendation of the American Bar Association in 1960 . The text of the proposal read : In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the said office shall devolve on the Vice President . In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the said powers and duties shall devolve on the Vice President , until the inability be removed . The Congress may by law provide for the case of removal , death , resignation or inability , both of the President and Vice President , declaring what officer shall then be President , or , in case of inability , act as President , and such officer shall be or act as President accordingly , until a President shall be elected or , in case of inability , until the inability shall be earlier removed . The commencement and termination of any inability shall be determined by such method as Congress shall by law provide . Senators raised concerns that the Congress could either abuse such authority or neglect to enact any such legislation after the adoption of this proposal . Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver , the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee 's Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments , a long - time advocate for addressing the disability question , spearheaded the effort until he died of a heart attack on August 10 , 1963 . Senator Keating was defeated in the 1964 election , but Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska took up Keating 's cause as a new member of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments . Kennedy assassination ( edit ) The assassination of John F. Kennedy showed the need for a clear way for determining presidential disability in the context of the Cold War . The new President , Lyndon B. Johnson , had once suffered a heart attack and -- with the office of Vice President to remain vacant until the next term began on January 20 , 1965 -- the next two people in the line of succession were the 71 - year - old Speaker of the House John McCormack and the 86 - year - old Senate President pro tempore Carl Hayden . Senator Birch Bayh succeeded Kefauver as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments and set about advocating for a detailed amendment dealing with presidential disability . Bayh -- Celler proposal ( edit ) On January 6 , 1965 , Senator Birch Bayh proposed S.J. Res. 1 in the Senate and Representative Emanuel Celler ( Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee ) proposed H.J. Res. 1 in the House of Representatives . Their proposal specified the process by which a President could be declared `` unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office '' , thereby making the Vice President an Acting President , and how the President could regain the powers of his office . Also , their proposal provided a way to fill a vacancy in the office of Vice President before the next presidential election . This was as opposed to the Keating -- Kefauver proposal , which neither provided for filling a vacancy in the office of Vice President prior to the next presidential election nor provided a process for determining presidential disability . In 1964 , the American Bar Association endorsed the type of proposal which Bayh and Celler advocated . On January 28 , 1965 , President Johnson endorsed S.J. Res. 1 in a statement to Congress . Their proposal received bipartisan support . On February 19 , the Senate passed the amendment , but the House passed a different version of the amendment on April 13 . On April 22 , it was returned to the Senate with revisions . There were four areas of disagreement between the House and Senate versions : the Senate official who was to receive any written declaration under the amendment the period of time during which the Vice President and Cabinet must decide whether they disagree with the President 's declaration that he is fit to resume his duties the time before Congress meets to resolve the issue between the President , Vice President , and the Cabinet the time limit for Congress to reach a decision On July 6 , after a conference committee ironed out differences between the versions , the final version of the amendment was passed by both Houses of the Congress and presented to the states for ratification . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) The Congress proposed the Twenty - fifth Amendment on July 6 , 1965 , and the amendment was ratified by the following states : Nebraska ( July 12 , 1965 ) Wisconsin ( July 13 , 1965 ) Oklahoma ( July 16 , 1965 ) Massachusetts ( August 9 , 1965 ) Pennsylvania ( August 18 , 1965 ) Kentucky ( September 15 , 1965 ) Arizona ( September 22 , 1965 ) Michigan ( October 5 , 1965 ) Indiana ( October 20 , 1965 ) California ( October 21 , 1965 ) Arkansas ( November 4 , 1965 ) New Jersey ( November 29 , 1965 ) Delaware ( December 7 , 1965 ) Utah ( January 17 , 1966 ) West Virginia ( January 20 , 1966 ) Maine ( January 24 , 1966 ) Rhode Island ( January 28 , 1966 ) Colorado ( February 3 , 1966 ) New Mexico ( February 3 , 1966 ) Kansas ( February 8 , 1966 ) Vermont ( February 10 , 1966 ) Alaska ( February 18 , 1966 ) Idaho ( March 2 , 1966 ) Hawaii ( March 3 , 1966 ) Virginia ( March 8 , 1966 ) Mississippi ( March 10 , 1966 ) New York ( March 14 , 1966 ) Maryland ( March 23 , 1966 ) Missouri ( March 30 , 1966 ) New Hampshire ( June 13 , 1966 ) Louisiana ( July 5 , 1966 ) Tennessee ( January 12 , 1967 ) Wyoming ( January 25 , 1967 ) Washington ( January 26 , 1967 ) Iowa ( January 26 , 1967 ) Oregon ( February 2 , 1967 ) Minnesota ( February 10 , 1967 ) Nevada ( February 10 , 1967 ) Ratification was completed on February 10 , 1967 . The following states subsequently ratified the amendment : Connecticut ( February 14 , 1967 ) Montana ( February 15 , 1967 ) South Dakota ( March 6 , 1967 ) Ohio ( March 7 , 1967 ) Alabama ( March 14 , 1967 ) North Carolina ( March 22 , 1967 ) Illinois ( March 22 , 1967 ) Texas ( April 25 , 1967 ) Florida ( May 25 , 1967 ) The following states have not ratified the amendment : Georgia North Dakota South Carolina Six days after its submission , Nebraska and Wisconsin were the first states to ratify the amendment . On February 10 , 1967 , Minnesota and Nevada were the 37th and 38th states to ratify , respectively . On February 23 , 1967 , in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House , General Services Administrator Lawson Knott certified the amendment 's adoption . Effect ( edit ) Section 1 : presidential succession ( edit ) John Tyler , first to succeed to the office of President . His succession was initially contested and it was unknown whether he should be considered to be president or acting president . Section 1 codified the `` Tyler Precedent '' regarding when a President is removed from office , dies , or resigns . In any of these situations , the Vice President immediately becomes President . Section 2 : Vice presidential vacancy ( edit ) Further information : Vice President of the United States § Vacancies Prior to the Twenty - fifth Amendment 's adoption , a Vice Presidential vacancy remained until the start of the next presidential term . The Vice Presidency has been vacant several times due to death , resignation , or succession to the Presidency . Often these vacancies lasted for several years . Under Section 2 , whenever there is a vacancy in the office of Vice President , the President nominates a successor who becomes Vice President if confirmed by a majority vote of both Houses of the Congress . Section 3 : presidential declaration ( edit ) Section 3 provides that when the President transmits a written declaration to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives , stating that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Presidency , and until the President sends another written declaration to the aforementioned officers declaring himself able to resume discharging those powers and duties , the Vice President discharges those powers and duties as Acting President . Section 4 : Vice presidential -- Cabinet declaration ( edit ) Section 4 is the only part of the amendment that has never been invoked . It allows the Vice President , together with a `` majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide '' , to declare the President `` unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office '' by submitting a written declaration to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . As with Section 3 , the Vice President would become Acting President . Section 4 is meant to be invoked should the President 's incapacitation prevent him from discharging his duties , but he is unable or unwilling to provide the written declaration called for by Section 3 . The President may resume exercising the Presidential duties by sending a written declaration to the President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House . Should the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet believe the President is still `` unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office '' , they may within four days of the President 's declaration submit another declaration that the President is incapacitated . If not already in session , the Congress must then assemble within 48 hours . The Congress has 21 days to decide the issue . If within the 21 days two - thirds of each house of Congress vote that the President is incapacitated , the Vice President would `` continue '' to be Acting President . Should the Congress resolve the issue in favor of the President , or make no decision within the 21 days allotted , then the President would `` resume '' discharging the powers and duties of his office . The use of the words `` continue '' and `` resume '' imply that the Vice President remains Acting President while Congress deliberates . However , the President may again submit a written declaration of recovery to the President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House . That declaration could be responded to by the Vice President and a majority of the Cabinet in the same way as stated earlier . The specified 21 - day Congressional procedure would start again . Proposed replacing of Cabinet ( edit ) On April 14 , 2017 , Representative Earl Blumenauer introduced the Oversight Commission on Presidential Capacity Act . This bill would replace the Cabinet as the body that , together with the Vice President , determines whether Section 4 should be invoked . Under the bill , an eleven - member commission would conduct an examination of the President when directed to do so by a concurrent resolution of the Congress . According to Blumenauer : It is hard to imagine a better group to work with the vice president to examine whether the president is able to discharge the duties of the office . When there are questions about the president 's ability to fulfill his or her constitutional responsibilities , it is in the country 's best interest to have a mechanism in place that works effectively . Invocations ( edit ) ( L -- R ) : President Richard Nixon , First Lady Pat Nixon , Betty Ford and Gerald Ford , after President Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to be Vice President ( The White House , October 13 , 1973 ) Further information : Acting President of the United States § Invocations of Twenty - fifth Amendment The Twenty - fifth Amendment has been invoked six times since its ratification . The first three times were applications of Sections 1 and 2 in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon Administration . The latter three were applications of Section 3 regarding Presidents undergoing a medical procedure requiring general anesthesia . Succession to Presidency ( edit ) Nixon 's resignation letter , August 9 , 1974 . President Richard Nixon resigned on August 9 , 1974 , resulting in Vice President Gerald Ford succeeding to the office of President . Gerald Ford is the only person ever to be Vice President , and later President , without being elected to either office . Filling Vice presidential vacancies ( edit ) 1973 : appointment of Gerald Ford as Vice President ( edit ) On October 12 , 1973 , following Vice President Spiro Agnew 's resignation two days earlier , President Richard Nixon nominated Representative Gerald Ford of Michigan to succeed Agnew as Vice President . The United States Senate voted 92 -- 3 to confirm Ford on November 27 and , on December 6 , the House of Representatives did the same by a vote of 387 -- 35 . Ford was sworn in later that day before a joint session of the United States Congress . 1974 : appointment of Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President ( edit ) When Gerald Ford became President , the office of Vice President became vacant . On August 20 , 1974 , after considering Melvin Laird and George H.W. Bush , President Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to be the new vice president . On December 10 , 1974 , Rockefeller was confirmed 90 -- 7 by the Senate . On December 19 , 1974 , Rockefeller was confirmed 287 -- 128 by the House and sworn into office later that day in the Senate chamber . Acting Presidents ( edit ) 1985 : George H.W. Bush ( edit ) On July 12 , 1985 , President Ronald Reagan underwent a colonoscopy , during which a villous adenoma ( a pre-cancerous lesion ) was discovered . When told by his physician ( Dr. Edward Cattau ) that he could undergo surgery immediately or in two to three weeks , Reagan elected to have it removed immediately . That afternoon , Reagan consulted with White House counsel Fred Fielding by telephone , debating whether to invoke the amendment and , if so , whether such a transfer would set an undesirable precedent . Fielding and White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan recommended that Reagan transfer power and two letters doing so were drafted : the first letter specifically invoked Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment ; the second only mentioned that Reagan was mindful of this provision . At 10 : 32 a.m. on July 13 , Reagan signed the second letter and ordered its delivery to the appropriate officers as required under the amendment . Vice President George H.W. Bush was Acting President from 11 : 28 a.m. until 7 : 22 p.m. , when Reagan transmitted a second letter to resume the powers and duties of the office . Books such as The President Has Been Shot : Confusion , Disability and the 25th Amendment , by Herbert Abrams , and Reagan 's autobiography , An American Life , argue President Reagan 's intent to transfer power to Vice President Bush was clear . Fielding himself adds : I personally know he did intend to invoke the amendment , and he conveyed that to all of his staff and it was conveyed to the VP as well as the President of the Senate . He was also very firm in his wish not to create a precedent binding his successor . 2002 : Dick Cheney ( edit ) On June 29 , 2002 , President George W. Bush underwent a colonoscopy and chose to invoke Section 3 of the amendment , temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Dick Cheney . The medical procedure began at 7 : 09 a.m. EDT and ended at 7 : 29 a.m. EDT . Bush woke up twenty minutes later , but did not resume his presidential powers and duties until 9 : 24 a.m. EDT after the president 's physician , Richard Tubb , conducted an overall examination . Tubb said he recommended the additional time to make sure the sedative had no aftereffects . Unlike Reagan 's 1985 letter , Bush 's 2002 letter specifically cited Section 3 as the authority for the transfer of power . 2007 : Dick Cheney ( edit ) On July 21 , 2007 , President Bush again invoked Section 3 in response to having to undergo a colonoscopy , temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Cheney . President Bush invoked Section 3 at 7 : 16 a.m. EDT . He reclaimed his powers at 9 : 21 a.m. EDT . As happened in 2002 , Bush specifically cited Section 3 when he transferred the Presidential powers to the Vice President and when he reclaimed those powers . Considered Section 4 Invocations ( edit ) There have been two instances in which invoking Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was considered . Both involved the 40th President of the United States , Ronald Reagan . 1981 : Reagan assassination Attempt ( edit ) Following the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan on March 30 , 1981 , Vice President George H.W. Bush did not assume the presidential powers and duties as Acting President . Reagan was unable to invoke Section 3 , because he was in surgery . Bush did not invoke Section 4 , because he was on a plane returning from Texas . Reagan was out of surgery by the time Bush arrived in Washington . In 1995 , Birch Bayh , the primary sponsor of the amendment in the Senate , wrote that Section 4 should have been invoked . 1987 : Reagan 's alleged incapacity ( edit ) Upon becoming the White House Chief of Staff in 1987 , Howard Baker was advised by his predecessor 's staff to be prepared for a possible invocation of the Twenty - fifth Amendment due to Reagan 's perceived laziness and ineptitude . According to the PBS program American Experience , What Baker 's transition team was told by Donald Regan 's staff that weekend shocked them . Reagan was `` inattentive , inept '' , and `` lazy '' , and Baker should be prepared to invoke the 25th Amendment to relieve him of his duties . Reagan biographer Edmund Morris stated in an interview aired on the program , The incoming Baker people all decided to have a meeting with him on Monday , their first official meeting with the President , and to cluster around the table in the Cabinet room and watch him very , very closely to see how he behaved , to see if he was indeed losing his mental grip . Morris went on to explain , Reagan who was , of course , completely unaware that they were launching a death watch on him , came in stimulated by the press of all these new people and performed splendidly . At the end of the meeting , they figuratively threw up their hands realizing he was in perfect command of himself . See also ( edit ) Acting President of the United States Presidential Succession Act United States presidential line of succession References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Convention '' . amendment25.com . ^ Jump up to : Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . ussconstitution.net . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office . `` Presidential Vacancy and Disability Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Oliver . John Tyler : Champion of the Old South . American Political Biography Press , 1990 , p. 206 Jump up ^ `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Schlimgen , Joan ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson -- Strokes and Denial '' . Arizona Health Sciences Library . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Act of March 1 , 1792 , ch. 8 , § 9 , 1 Stat. 239 Jump up ^ Act of March 1 , 1792 , ch. 8 , § 10 , 1 Stat. 239 ^ Jump up to : `` 25th Constitutional Amendment '' . The Great Society Congress . Association of Centers for the Study of Congress . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , p. 345 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , p. 350 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , p. 30 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` 101.9 WKRP '' . ^ Jump up to : How JFK 's assassination led to a constitutional amendment , National Constitution Center , Accessed January 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ What is the 25th Amendment and When Has It Been Invoked ? History News Network , Accessed January 6 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Presidential Succession During the Johnson Administration Archived 2014 - 01 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . LBJ Library , Accessed January 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , pp. 348 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Presidential Disability : An Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . July 12 , 1999 . p. 6 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amendment 25 '' . Jump up ^ One Heartbeat Away by Birch Bayh ( 1968 ) , pp. 354 -- 58 Jump up ^ `` With Ratification of Amendment Two Gaps in Constitution Plugged '' . The Florence Times . 11 February 1967 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Amendment 25 '' . Jump up ^ H.R. 1987 ^ Jump up to : Marcos , Cristina ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` House Democrat introduces bill to amend presidential removal procedures '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Fifth Amendment -- U.S. Constitution '' . FindLaw . Jump up ^ Memorial Services in the Congress of the United States and Tributes in Eulogy of Gerald R. Ford , Late a President of the United States . Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 35 . ISBN 9780160797620 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum '' . Jump up ^ Altman , Lawrence ( July 18 , 1985 ) . `` Report that Early Test was Urged Stirs Debate on Reagan Treatment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Historical Invocations of the 25th Amendment Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Baker , James ( speaker ) . `` Remembering the Assassination Attempt on Ronald Reagan '' . Larry King Live , March 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Birch Bayh , `` The White House Safety Net '' , The New York Times , April 8 , 1995 Jump up ^ The White House Chief of Staff has no formal role in the Twenty - fifth Amendment being invoked . ^ Jump up to : `` WGBH American Experience -- Reagan '' . ^ Jump up to : Linkins , Jason ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Happy 50th Birthday To The 25th Amendment To The Constitution '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Constitution of the United States of America Bayh , Birch ( 1968 ) . One Heartbeat Away . ASIN 0672511606 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Gant , Scott ( 1999 ) . `` Presidential Inability and the Twenty - Fifth Amendment 's Unexplored Removal Provisions '' . Michigan State Law Review : 791 . Kilman , Johnny & Costello , George Costello ( Eds ) ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation ' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) `` Transcript of White House press briefing re G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney '' . CNN . June 29 , 2002 . Retrieved June 4 , 2006 . CNN Story of White House statement regarding G.W. Bush temporary transfer of power to VP Cheney July 21 , 2007 . Presidential Inability and Subjective Meaning by Adam R.F. Gustafson , Yale Law & Policy Review , Vol. 27 ( 2009 ) , p. 459 . Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment by John Feerick , Fordham Law Review , Vol. 79 ( 2011 ) , p. 908 . The Twenty - Fifth Amendment : Its Complete History and Applications , Third Edition by John Feerick ( Fordham University Press , 2013 ) . 25th Constitutional Amendment The Great Society Congress , Association of Centers for the Study of Congress ( URL accessed April 6 , 2016 ) . Twenty - Fifth Amendment Archive Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History ( URL accessed February 22 , 2017 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . CRS Annotated Constitution : Twenty - fifth Amendment Amendment25.com The Great Society Congress Twenty - Fifth Amendment Archive ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 179128286 LCCN : n97009365 GND : 4630548 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=809069545 '' Categories : 1967 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States presidential succession Vice Presidency of the United States 1967 in American politics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 23 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who decides if the president is incompetent to serve	[ "Section 4 is the only part of the amendment that has never been invoked.[25] It allows the Vice President, together with a \"majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide\", to declare the President \"unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office\" by submitting a written declaration to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. As with Section 3, the Vice President would become Acting President." ]	[ "the Vice President, together with a \"majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide\"" ]
-1355967954454234682	List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union	List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union - wikipedia List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United States with names and borders of states The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government . Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside , due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government . Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names . States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution , such as regulating intrastate commerce , running elections , creating local governments , and ratifying constitutional amendments . Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles , and government consisting of executive , legislative , and judicial branches . All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . Each state is represented by two Senators , while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census . Additionally , each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College , the body that elects the President of the United States , equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state . Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union . Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 , the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50 . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states . The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood . The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence , and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781 , upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation , its first constitution . ( A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates . ) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution , thus joining the present federal Union of states . The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of U.S. states 2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links List of U.S. states ( edit ) State Date ( admitted or ratified ) Formed from Delaware 000000001787 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1787 ( ratified ) Colony of Delaware Pennsylvania 000000001787 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1787 ( ratified ) Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania New Jersey 000000001787 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1787 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Jersey Georgia 000000001788 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Georgia 5 Connecticut 000000001788 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Connecticut 6 Massachusetts 000000001788 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay 7 Maryland 000000001788 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1788 ( ratified ) Proprietary Province of Maryland 8 South Carolina 000000001788 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of South Carolina 9 New Hampshire 000000001788 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Hampshire 10 Virginia 000000001788 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia 11 New York 000000001788 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New York 12 North Carolina 000000001789 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1789 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of North Carolina 13 Rhode Island 000000001790 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1790 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 14 Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 ( admitted ) Vermont ! Vermont Republic 15 Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 ( admitted ) Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) 16 Tennessee 000000001796 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1796 ( admitted ) Southwest Territory 17 Ohio 000000001803 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1803 ( admitted ) Northwest Territory ( part ) 18 Louisiana 000000001812 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1812 ( admitted ) Orleans ! Territory of Orleans 19 Indiana 000000001816 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1816 ( admitted ) Indiana Territory 20 Mississippi 000000001817 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1817 ( admitted ) Mississippi Territory 21 Illinois 000000001818 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1818 ( admitted ) Illinois Territory ( part ) 22 Alabama 000000001819 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1819 ( admitted ) Alabama Territory 23 Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 ( admitted ) Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) 24 Missouri 000000001821 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1821 ( admitted ) Missouri Territory ( part ) 25 Arkansas 000000001836 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1836 ( admitted ) Arkansas Territory 26 Michigan 000000001837 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1837 ( admitted ) Michigan Territory 27 Florida 000000001845 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1845 ( admitted ) Florida Territory 28 Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 ( admitted ) Texas ! Republic of Texas 29 Iowa 000000001846 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1846 ( admitted ) Iowa Territory ( part ) 30 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1848 ( admitted ) Wisconsin Territory ( part ) 31 California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 ( admitted ) Unorganized ! unorganized territory ( part ) 32 Minnesota 000000001858 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1858 ( admitted ) Minnesota Territory ( part ) 33 Oregon 000000001859 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1859 ( admitted ) Oregon Territory ( part ) 34 Kansas 000000001861 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1861 ( admitted ) Kansas Territory ( part ) 35 West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 ( admitted ) Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) 36 Nevada 000000001864 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1864 ( admitted ) Nevada Territory 37 Nebraska 000000001867 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1867 ( admitted ) Nebraska Territory 38 Colorado 000000001876 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1876 ( admitted ) Colorado Territory 39 North Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 40 South Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 41 Montana 000000001889 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1889 ( admitted ) Montana Territory 42 Washington 000000001889 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1889 ( admitted ) Washington Territory 43 Idaho 000000001890 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1890 ( admitted ) Idaho Territory 44 Wyoming 000000001890 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1890 ( admitted ) Wyoming Territory 45 Utah 000000001896 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1896 ( admitted ) Utah Territory 46 Oklahoma 000000001907 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1907 ( admitted ) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory 47 New Mexico 000000001912 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1912 ( admitted ) New Mexico Territory 48 Arizona 000000001912 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1912 ( admitted ) Arizona Territory 49 Alaska 000000001959 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1959 ( admitted ) Alaska ! Territory of Alaska 50 Hawaii 000000001959 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1959 ( admitted ) Hawaii ! Territory of Hawaii Articles of Confederation ratification dates ( edit ) The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . On March 4 , 1789 , the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution . State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Missouri Compromise , 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri ( a slave state ) and Maine ( a free state ) into the Union Toledo War , 1835 -- 36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory , which delayed Michigan 's admission to the Union Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Compromise of 1850 , a package of congressional acts , one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union Bleeding Kansas , a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood , 1854 -- 61 Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii List of states and territories of the United States Federalism in the United States Proposals for a 51st state Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states ( Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Tennessee , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas ) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America , nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union , or each state 's `` readmission to representation in Congress '' after the war , as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union . Also , the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union , but the Supreme Court held that a state can not unilaterally do so in Texas v. White ( 1869 ) . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware '' . Delaware became a state on June 15 , 1776 , when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware 's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of `` the Government of the Counties of New Castle , Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware '' . Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting `` New Hampshire Grants '' dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys , and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the State and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear . On April 30 , 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act `` authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government , and admission of Ohio into the Union '' ( Sess. 1 , ch. 40 , 2 Stat. 173 ) . On February 19 , 1803 the same Congress passed an act `` providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio '' ( Sess. 2 , ch. 7 , 2 Stat. 201 ) . Neither act , however , set a formal date of statehood . An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953 , when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution `` for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union '' , ( Pub. L. 83 -- 204 , 67 Stat. 407 , enacted August 7 , 1953 ) which designated March 1 , 1803 , as that date . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the State ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state . Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents . No one knows which state he signed into existence first . North Dakota 's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large , as it is first in alphabetical order . ^ Jump up to : Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day , North and South Dakota are the nation 's only twin - born states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erler , Edward . `` Essays on Amendment XIV : Citizenship '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature '' . Minnesota State Legislature . Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett . `` Congressional Apportionment ( 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR - 08 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce , Economics and Statistics Administration . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer R. `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Electors '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) '' . Justia.com . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 658 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Government '' . Delaware.gov . Government Information Center , Delaware Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776 - 1861 : Independence to the Civil War '' . PA.gov . Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission . Jump up ^ `` 1787 Convention Minutes '' . NJ.gov . New Jersey Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 9 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : July 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 21 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Square Historic Site '' . Danville / Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` State History Timeline '' . TN.gov . Tennessee Department of State . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blue , Frederick J. ( Autumn 2002 ) . `` The Date of Ohio Statehood '' . Ohio Academy of History Newsletter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio 's Admission to Statehood Jump up ^ `` About Louisiana : quick facts '' . louisiana.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission '' . Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : December 3 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Alabama History Timeline : 1800 - 1860 '' . alabama.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : March 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 10 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 20 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 1 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ MacPherson , James ; Burbach , Kevin ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` At 125 years of Dakotas statehood , rivalry remains '' . Bismarck Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in History : November 2 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( ed . ) . `` Montana '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Thatcher , Linda Thatcher ( 2016 ) . `` Struggle For Statehood Chronology '' . historytogo.utah.gov . State of Utah . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 16 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutstatehoodat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` U.S. States Videos '' . History.com . `` Dates of statehood '' . 50states.com . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union&oldid=828158541 '' Categories : Lists of states of the United States United States geography - related lists United States history - related lists United States history timelines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Ilokano Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 13 . 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About Wikipedia	what is the 20th state of the united states	[ "\n\nState\nDate\n(admitted or ratified)\nFormed from\n\n\n1\n Delaware\n000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]\n(ratified)\nColony of Delaware[b]\n\n\n2\n Pennsylvania\n000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Pennsylvania\n\n\n3\n New Jersey\n000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Jersey\n\n\n4\n Georgia\n000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Georgia\n\n\n5\n Connecticut\n000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Connecticut\n\n\n6\n Massachusetts\n000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Massachusetts Bay\n\n\n7\n Maryland\n000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nProprietary Province of Maryland\n\n\n8\n South Carolina\n000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of South Carolina\n\n\n9\n New Hampshire\n000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Hampshire\n\n\n10\n Virginia\n000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony and Dominion of Virginia\n\n\n11\n New York\n000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New York\n\n\n12\n North Carolina\n000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of North Carolina\n\n\n13\n Rhode Island\n000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\n\n\n14\n Vermont\n000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]\n(admitted)\nVermont !Vermont Republic[c]\n\n\n15\n Kentucky\n000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])\n\n\n16\n Tennessee\n000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]\n(admitted)\nSouthwest Territory\n\n\n17\n Ohio\n000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]\n(admitted)\nNorthwest Territory (part)\n\n\n18\n Louisiana\n000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]\n(admitted)\nOrleans !Territory of Orleans\n\n\n19\n Indiana\n000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816\n(admitted)\nIndiana Territory\n\n\n20\n Mississippi\n000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]\n(admitted)\nMississippi Territory\n\n\n21\n Illinois\n000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]\n(admitted)\nIllinois Territory (part)\n\n\n22\n Alabama\n000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]\n(admitted)\nAlabama Territory\n\n\n23\n Maine\n000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]\n(admitted)\nMassachusetts (District of Maine[f])\n\n\n24\n Missouri\n000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]\n(admitted)\nMissouri Territory (part)\n\n\n25\n Arkansas\n000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]\n(admitted)\nArkansas Territory\n\n\n26\n Michigan\n000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]\n(admitted)\nMichigan Territory\n\n\n27\n Florida\n000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845\n(admitted)\nFlorida Territory\n\n\n28\n Texas\n000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845\n(admitted)\nTexas !Republic of Texas\n\n\n29\n Iowa\n000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846\n(admitted)\nIowa Territory (part)\n\n\n30\n Wisconsin\n000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]\n(admitted)\nWisconsin Territory (part)\n\n\n31\n California\n000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]\n(admitted)\nUnorganized !unorganized territory (part)\n\n\n32\n Minnesota\n000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]\n(admitted)\nMinnesota Territory (part)\n\n\n33\n Oregon\n000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859\n(admitted)\nOregon Territory (part)\n\n\n34\n Kansas\n000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]\n(admitted)\nKansas Territory (part)\n\n\n35\n West Virginia\n000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])\n\n\n36\n Nevada\n000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864\n(admitted)\nNevada Territory\n\n\n37\n Nebraska\n000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867\n(admitted)\nNebraska Territory\n\n\n38\n Colorado\n000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]\n(admitted)\nColorado Territory\n\n\n39[h]\n North Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n40\n South Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n41\n Montana\n000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]\n(admitted)\nMontana Territory\n\n\n42\n Washington\n000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]\n(admitted)\nWashington Territory\n\n\n43\n Idaho\n000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890\n(admitted)\nIdaho Territory\n\n\n44\n Wyoming\n000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890\n(admitted)\nWyoming Territory\n\n\n45\n Utah\n000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]\n(admitted)\nUtah Territory\n\n\n46\n Oklahoma\n000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]\n(admitted)\nOklahoma Territory and Indian Territory\n\n\n47\n New Mexico\n000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912\n(admitted)\nNew Mexico Territory\n\n\n48\n Arizona\n000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912\n(admitted)\nArizona Territory\n\n\n49\n Alaska\n000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959\n(admitted)\nAlaska !Territory of Alaska\n\n\n50\n Hawaii\n000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959\n(admitted)\nHawaii !Territory of Hawaii\n\n" ]	[ "Mississippi" ]
-2274513852036399472	2018 US Open – Women's Singles final	2018 US Open -- women 's singles final - wikipedia 2018 US Open -- women 's singles final 2018 US Open Women 's Final Naomi Osaka ( 20 ) vs. Serena Williams ( 17 ) Set Naomi Osaka 6 6 Serena Williams Date Saturday , 8 September 2018 Tournament US Open Location New York City Previous head - to - head results Osaka 1 -- 0 S. Williams An exterior view of Arthur Ashe Stadium , where the match took place . Main articles : 2018 US Open ( tennis ) and 2018 US Open -- Women 's Singles The 2018 US Open Women 's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Women 's Singles tournament at the 2018 US Open . It was contested between Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka , seeded 17th and 20th respectively . Osaka defeated Williams in straight sets , 6 - 2 , 6 - 4 in one hour and 19 minutes . The match was historically significant for both players . It was Williams ' first US Open after a 12 - month hiatus to give birth to her first child in September 2017 , and second attempt since her pregnancy ( after that year 's Wimbledon ) to equal Margaret Court 's all - time record of 24 Grand Slam titles . Osaka was the first Japanese player to contest a Grand Slam women 's singles final , and was attempting to become the first able - bodied Japanese player , male or female , to win a Grand Slam singles title . The match generated significant controversy due to a series of altercations between Williams and chair umpire Carlos Ramos during the second set . Williams ' on - court behavior and Ramos ' disciplinary actions , and Williams ' responses , particularly her invocation of perceived sexism during her arguments with Ramos and officials , and following the match , polarised the tennis community and media worldwide . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Williams 1.2 Osaka 2 Match 2.1 First set 2.2 Second set 3 Statistics 4 Aftermath 5 Reaction 6 References Background ( edit ) The pair met only once previously , with Osaka winning in straight sets in the first round of the 2018 Miami Open . Williams ( edit ) At the start of the tournament , Williams had won 23 Grand Slam championships , the most in the Open Era , and second-most of all time , and was attempting to equal Margaret Court 's all - time record of 24 Grand Slam championships , which required her to best her own record of being the oldest female Grand Slam women 's singles champion at the time set at the 2017 Australian Open . 2018 marked a highly anticipated comeback for Williams since giving birth in September 2017 . Her prior successes , and consequent status as one of the greatest tennis players of all time , attracted significant media interest in her pregnancy and motherhood , where she openly revealed almost suffering near - fatal childbirth - related complications as a result of an emergency Caesarian section , requiring five surgeries and leaving her bedridden for six weeks . She used her struggle to cast light on the issue , consequently being hailed as an inspiration for mothers overall , further adding to public anticipation towards her return to tour . Williams ' return was , however , difficult . Originally intending to return for the 2018 Australian Open , complications from her pregnancy caused her to miss the tournament , leaving her unable to defend her title from the previous year , and delay her return until the Indian Wells Masters that February , where she lost to older sister Venus in the third round . In the Miami Open two weeks later , Williams would face Osaka for the first time , and only time until their US Open match , in the first round , where Osaka upset Williams in straight sets - Williams ' earliest ever exit from the Miami Open in her career . Williams ' first Grand Slam campaign since her return at the French Open ended disappointingly , as she withdrew before her fourth round match against Maria Sharapova . However , her Wimbledon campaign the following month was more successful , reaching the final . Despite losing to Angelique Kerber in straight sets , her feat of reaching the final in the first place was seen as both a return to form -- Sonia Oxley of BBC Sport quipping that `` she still has the stamina , spirit and shots to carry on collecting Grand Slam titles '' , and 2016 men 's singles champion Andy Murray noting that `` It is tough to bet against her now she 's got this far '' -- and a reinforcement of her status as an icon of motherhood and women 's empowerment . Osaka ( edit ) Osaka at the 2018 French Open , where she was seeded at a Major for the first time in her career . Osaka was relatively unknown , beginning the year ranked No. 68 , having only entered the top 50 briefly in 2016 , and having neither been seeded in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament nor advanced beyond the third round . She had , however , made a break at the 2017 US Open , upsetting defending champion Angelique Kerber in the first round , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 . She improved upon her Grand Slam record at the 2018 Australian Open , advancing to the fourth round where she lost to world No. 1 and eventual runner - up Simona Halep in straight sets , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 . Following her 2018 Australian Open campaign , Osaka earned the biggest win of her career at Indian Wells , during which she defeated former World No. 1s Maria Sharapova and Karolína Plíšková , and avenged her Australian Open loss to Halep in the semi-final , before defeating Daria Kasatkina in the final to claim her biggest championship yet . Subsequently , she entered the 2018 French Open seeded 21st , the first Grand Slam tournament in which she was seeded in the main draw . By mid-August 2018 , Osaka attained the highest ranking yet of her career at World No. 17 , and was the youngest player in the WTA 's top 20 . Osaka entered the main draw of the US Open seeded 20th ; however , early round losses on her side of the draw , including those of Australian Open champion Caroline Wozniacki and Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová , meant that Osaka did not face any player seeded above her until her semi-final with Madison Keys . Osaka qualified for the final having only dropped one set during the entire tournament ( in the fourth round against Aryna Sabalenka ) , and by beating Keys in the semi-final 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 , a match during which she saved all 13 break points she faced . Osaka was the first player from Japan to contest a Grand Slam women 's singles final ( the second Japanese able - bodied player overall after Kei Nishikori at the 2014 US Open , and fourth player overall after Nishikori , Yui Kamiji and Shingo Kunieda ) , and was attempting to become the first able - bodied Japanese player , male or female , to win a Grand Slam singles title . Osaka 's personal admiration for Williams as a primary inspiration for her tennis career was a focal point of the media 's interest in her rise . Upon defeating Maria Sharapova in her successful 2018 Indian Wells campaign , Osaka quipped , `` There are three people I wanted to play , Venus , ( Sharapova ) and Serena . Now I 'm just waiting to play Serena . '' Williams has been described as Osaka 's `` hero '' and `` idol '' , and the US Open final matchup as Osaka 's childhood dream ; Osaka 's focus has been described as `` solely on becoming the next Serena '' , Osaka herself remarking that , during challenging scenarios on court , she thinks `` What would Serena do ? '' Interviewed following her semi-final victory over Keys , Osaka commented on her thoughts during the match , `` I was just thinking that I really wanted to play Serena , because she is Serena , '' and when asked what her message to Serena would be , simply said , `` I love you . '' Match ( edit ) Carlos Ramos , pictured during the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , oversaw the fifth Grand Slam final of his umpiring career . The match began at 4 : 20 pm local time . Carlos Ramos of Portugal was the chair umpire for the match . First set ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2018 ) The first set passed by without any major incident , with Osaka breaking twice en route to winning it 6 -- 2 . Second set ( edit ) With Williams leading the second set , 1 -- 0 , 15 - 40 , chair umpire Ramos gave Williams an official warning for alleged coaching , a code violation under International Tennis Federation rules . Television replays showed her coach , Patrick Mouratoglou , gesturing to Serena with his hands and nodding , apparently signalling her to move forward towards the net . Mouratoglou admitted after the match that he did signal some form of coaching from the players ' box , but of which he believed Williams was unaware . In response , Williams approached Ramos and told him , `` If he 's giving me a thumbs up , he 's telling me to come on . We do n't have any code , and I know you do n't know that , and I understand why you thought that was coaching but I 'm telling you it 's not . I do n't cheat to win . I 'd rather lose . I 'm just letting you know . '' Osaka won the next point to level the second set , 1 -- 1 . During the following court change , leading 2 - 1 , Williams brought up the matter again with Ramos , saying `` it 's not something I would do but I could understand why you may have thought that but just know I 've never cheated . '' Ramos assured Williams that he understood her , the on - court microphone picking him up telling Williams `` I understood your reaction as well '' , which Williams thanked him for ; however , the ruling was upheld . After breaking Osaka 's serve for the first time in the match , Williams was serving at 3 -- 1 , at 30 - 15 , however double faulted two points in a row to bring up break point , 30 - 40 . Osaka broke back Williams ' serve on the next point to bring the set back on serve , 3 -- 2 , as Williams hit the ball into the net on a backhand unforced error , turned to her box in frustration saying ( according to on - court commentator Luke Jensen ) `` I ca n't get over the top of the ball '' , and smashed her racquet on the court . Ramos issued her a second code violation , this time for racquet abuse . As her second violation , she was penalised a point , and thus the next game started 15 - 0 to Osaka 's advantage . Upon hearing of this , Williams raised the issue of her first code violation again with Ramos , insisting `` this is unbelievable . Every time I play here I have problems . '' Williams insisted that Ramos `` make an announcement that I did n't get coaching ... you owe me an apology , I have never cheated in my life ! '' Invoking her recent pregnancy , she further remonstrated that `` I have a daughter and I stand for what is right for her '' and that `` you will never do another one of my matches . '' Osaka held serve the following game to level the set at 3 -- 3 , before breaking Williams ' serve a second time in the set with a forehand winner to lead 4 -- 3 . At the following change of ends , Williams continued to furiously berate Ramos , accusing him of attacking her character by insinuating that she cheated via being coached . She continued to demand an apology from Ramos , asserting to him that `` you will never , ever , ever , be on another court of mine as long as you live . '' The exchange culminated in Williams calling the umpire a `` liar '' and a `` thief '' for , as she perceived , unjustly `` stealing '' a point following the racket abuse incident . Ramos judged this to be a further code violation for verbal abuse ; as the third code violation of the match against Williams , Osaka was awarded the next game by default , bringing the score to 5 -- 3 and Osaka one game away from victory . Williams then demanded to speak to tournament referee Brian Earley and WTA supervisor Donna Kelso , to whom Williams indignantly claimed that such incidents have `` happened to me too many times '' , she was being unfairly penalized because she was a woman , and that male players had `` do a lot worse '' without penalty , and that `` it happened to me at this tournament every single year '' ( Williams had previously been subject to code violations on several occasions at the US Open , including in 2004 against Jennifer Capriati , 2009 against Kim Clijsters , and 2011 against Sam Stosur ) . Following this exchange , Williams held her serve to love ( at 5 -- 4 ) , and continued to remonstrate with Kelso after the game . Osaka , however , held serve in the following game to win the set 6 -- 4 and the match . Statistics ( edit ) S. Williams Osaka 1st serve % 30 / 55 ( 55 % ) 40 / 55 ( 73 % ) 1st serve points won 19 of 30 = 63 % 29 of 40 = 73 % 2nd serve points won 11 of 25 = 44 % 6 of 15 = 40 % Total service points won 30 of 55 = 54.54 % 35 of 55 = 63.64 % Aces 6 Double faults 6 Winners 21 16 Unforced errors 21 14 Net points won 6 of 8 = 75 % 0 of 1 = 0 % Break points converted 1 of 6 = 17 % 4 of 5 = 80 % Return points won 20 of 55 = 36 % 25 of 55 = 46 % Total points won 50 60 Source Aftermath ( edit ) Upon defeat , Williams embraced Osaka , but refused to shake Ramos ' hand as per game etiquette , instead pointing at him and reasserting , `` You owe me an apology . '' As Ramos left the court , the crowd booed ; Osaka , after greeting her team , did not acknowledge the crowd but immediately returned to her bench and hid her face with her towel . The crowd continued booing as the trophy presentation commenced , interrupting both MC Tom Rinaldi and USTA president Katrina Adams several times . Ramos was not present to receive his token of appreciation as is normally the case in Grand Slam finals , and Osaka hid her face under her visor and wept as Williams consoled her . Upon accepting her runner - up plate , Williams , also in tears , attempted to stay positive and encourage the crowd by congratulating Osaka and pleading the crowd not to boo anymore , after which the crowd began to cheer . Upon receiving the trophy , Rinaldi asked Osaka for her thoughts on playing and defeating her idol . Osaka , still in tears , deferred from his question to address the crowd , saying , `` I know everyone was cheering for her and I 'm sorry it had to end like this , '' before acknowledging her family , team , and Williams . Williams , in her post-match press conference , raised the gender issue again , saying that the violations made her `` feel like it was a sexist remark '' , reasserting that men have said worse things on court without violation , and drawing upon an earlier controversy in the tournament where Alizé Cornet was given a code violation for taking off her on - court ( an action male players frequently do ) , as an example of double standards between men and women in tennis . She alluded to her actions being part of her role to stand up for women 's rights and equality , and vowed to continue , a statement which drew both isolated applause and murmurs from the attendees . Reaction ( edit ) the WTA believes there should be no difference in the standards of tolerance provided to the emotions expressed by men vs women . We are committed to working with the sport to ensure all players are treated the same . We do not believe this was done . WTA chief executive , Steve Simon The on - court incidents of the second set polarised opinions among current and retired tennis players worldwide . Chris Evert ( whose Open Era record of 6 US Open women 's singles titles Williams would have broken had Williams won ) , while commentating the match for ESPN , claimed that while first and second code violations were common for similar incidents , it was unprecedented to issue a third code violation ( and therefore game penalty ) for verbal abuse . Immediately following the match , interviewed while still in the player 's box , Mouratoglou admitted to coaching Williams , but doubted whether Williams saw his gestures . Mouratoglou added that `` 100 % of coaches on 100 % of matches '' still commit such actions , calling the response a `` hypocrite thing '' and the act of Williams breaking her racquet a normal human emotional reaction to the situation . Evert later agreed with Mouratoglou that `` every coach coaches '' despite it being a violation of rules , and with Williams ' point that men have said worse things , including profanities ( which Williams did not say ) , without penalty , but added that Williams ' adamant insistence upon an apology aggravated the situation . Billie Jean King , former US Open Champion and founder of the Women 's Tennis Association , was initially supportive of Williams , tweeting following the match : `` When a woman is emotional , she 's ' hysterical ' and she 's penalised for it . When a man does the same , he 's ' outspoken ' and there are no repercussions . Thank you , Serena Williams , for calling out this double standard . More voices are needed to do the same . '' ( 1 ) However , being interviewed by Christiane Amanpour three days later , King softened her criticism of the perceived double standard , admitting that Ramos did the right thing and could not apologise as Williams demanded in the situation , and placing some responsibility on Williams , saying that `` No one was saying she was a good sport , if they are they 're crazy . She was totally out of line . '' King , however , agreed with Evert , that Ramos could have been less strict and given Williams a softer warning prior to any disciplinary actions . In an op - ed for The New York Times , 4 - time US Open champion Martina Navratilova claimed Williams ' behaviour was not excused by the question of whether a male player would have avoided penalty , and added that while Mouratoglou was partly right in saying that coaching was widespread , so is the issuing of penalties for doing so . Worldwide opinion was divided following the match , with many branding Williams ' behaviour `` embarrassing '' and `` ridiculous '' , while others claimed she was a victim of blatant sexism . The decision to penalise Williams was also criticized by many , including 2003 men 's champion Andy Roddick and two - time US Open finalist Victoria Azarenka , among others . Former world number one Ana Ivanovic , though , stayed away from the controversy , commending Osaka for her composed performance throughout the match while also praising Williams for being the champion she is . However , Williams also received support from WTA chief executive Steve Simon , as well as United States Tennis Association president Katrina Adams , who had been ridiculed for hailing Williams ' `` class and sportsmanship '' during the post-match presentation . The International Tennis Federation later issued a statement supporting Carlos Ramos ' umpiring during the match , stating : `` Mr Ramos ' decisions were in accordance with the relevant rules and were reaffirmed by the US Open 's decision to fine Serena Williams for the three offences . Mr Ramos acted at all times with professionalism and integrity . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.stevegtennis.com/head-to-head/women/Naomi_Osaka/Serena_Williams/ Jump up ^ `` US Open : Naomi Osaka beats Serena Williams in controversial women 's singles final '' . ABC News . 9 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Open : Serena Williams says she was treated more harshly because she is a woman '' . ABC News . 9 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2018 : Serena Williams accuses umpire of sexism after outbursts in final '' . BBC Sport. 9 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serena draws Osaka in blockbuster Miami opener '' . WTA Tennis. 18 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Bonnie ( 22 March 2018 ) . `` If Serena Williams did n't know who Naomi Osaka was , she does now '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serena Williams loses to Naomi Osaka in straight sets at Miami Open '' . ESPN . 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` History is on the line as Venus Williams tries to become oldest women 's Grand Slam winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Serena ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams : What my life - threatening experience taught me about giving birth ( Opinion ) '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams : I almost died after giving birth to my daughter '' . The Guardian . 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Hinsliff , Gaby ( 7 August 2018 ) . `` Motherhood is n't easy - even for a warrior like Serena Williams '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( 16 August 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams Opens Up About Her Complicated Comeback '' . TIME . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Rob ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` Serena Williams on Pregnancy , Power , and Coming Back to Center Court '' . Vogue . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Haskell , Rob ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams on Motherhood , Marriage , and Making Her Comeback '' . Vogue . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Oxley , Sonia ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams into final with win over Camilla Giorgi '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Robert , Yola ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` What We Can All Learn From Serena Williams ' Loss At Wimbledon '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Larmer , Brook ( 23 August 2018 ) . `` Naomi Osaka 's Breakthrough Game '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Pantic , Nina ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` In slugfest win over Sharapova , Naomi Osaka shows a veteran 's mettle '' . Tennis.com . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 8 September 2018 ) . `` US Open 2018 : Serena Williams to face Naomi Osaka in Flushing Meadows final '' . The Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Open 2018 : Serena Williams final ' a dream ' - Osaka '' . BBC Sport. 7 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Osaka to take on idol Serena Williams in final '' . The Japan Times . 7 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Bodo , Peter ( 9 September 2018 ) . `` US Open tennis - About that no - coaching rule in Grand Slam tennis , let 's change it '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( 9 September 2018 ) . `` Sexism ? Selfishness ? It Was Surreal . And Serena Stands at Center of Ugliest Grand Slam Finish Ever '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Healy , Jon ( 9 September 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams 's US Open final breakdown blow - by - blow '' . ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Osaka Lost Her Moment of Triumph . Let 's Not Forget Her Match '' . New York Times . 10 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Serena Williams unleashes furious rant at umpire as she loses US Open 2018 final to Naomi Osaka -- The Telegraph Jump up ^ Highlights US Open 2018 Women 's final : Naomi Osaka beats Serena Williams to win first Grand Slam championship -- Firstpost Jump up ^ Williams rebukes chair umpire ; Osaka wins US Open final -- PBS Newshour Jump up ^ At U.S. Open , power of Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka is overshadowed by an umpire 's power play -- Washington Post Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams accuses umpire of sexism and vows to ' fight for women ' '' . Guardian . 10 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Osaka receives US Open trophy in tears after boos greet presentation ceremony '' . The Telegraph . 9 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brenner , Steve ( 10 September 2018 ) . `` Serena Williams backed by women 's tennis bosses as she claims US Open umpire was sexist '' . The Sun . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Evert , Chris ( 9 September 2018 ) . 2018 US Open Highlights : Serena Williams ' dispute overshadows Naomi Osaka 's final win ( Live sports broadcast ) . New York City : ESPN . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Evert , Chris ( 9 September 2018 ) . 2018 US Open analysis : Was Serena Williams ' penalty vs Naomi Osaka deserved ? ( Live sports broadcast ) . New York City : ESPN . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2018 : Serena Williams ' out of line ' in US Open final but umpire ' blew it ' , says Billie Jean King '' . BBC Sport. 11 September 2018 . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Billie Jean ( 11 September 2018 ) . `` Billie Kean King : No one free from blame at US Open Final '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Christiane Amanpour . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Navratilova , Martina ( 10 September 2018 ) . `` What Serena Got Wrong '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Matt ( 10 September 2018 ) . `` US Open Women 's Final : World reacts to fiery finals clash '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 US Open : The tournament that was '' . The Roar . 11 September 2018 . Retrieved 11 September 2018 . Serena Williams Entourage Oracene Price ( mother / coach ) Richard Williams ( father / coach ) Venus Williams ( sister / doubles partner ) Patrick Mouratoglou ( coach ) Career Achievements Statistics World No. 1 ranking United States Fed Cup team Williams sisters Rivalries Rivalry with Justine Henin Rivalry with Martina Hingis Rivalry with Venus Williams Seasons Early career 1999 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Open titles Singles 2003 2005 2007 2009 2015 2017 Doubles 2003 2009 Mixed Doubles None French Open titles Singles 2002 2013 2015 Doubles 1999 Mixed Doubles None Wimbledon Championships titles Singles 2002 2003 2009 2012 2015 2016 Doubles 2000 2002 2008 2009 2012 2016 Mixed Doubles 1998 US Open titles Singles 1999 2002 2008 2012 2013 2014 Doubles 1999 2009 Mixed Doubles 1998 Olympics Gold Singles 2012 Doubles 2000 2008 2012 Mixed Doubles None Fed Cup titles 1999 Notable matches 2018 US Open final Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_US_Open_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles_final&oldid = 861995684 '' Categories : 2018 US Open ( tennis ) 2018 scandals Controversies in the United States September 2018 sports events in the United States Serena Williams Sports scandals in the United States Tennis controversies Tennis matches Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from September 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 14 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won this year's women's us open	[ "The 2018 US Open Women's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Women's Singles tournament at the 2018 US Open. It was contested between Serena Williams and Naomi Osaka, seeded 17th and 20th respectively. Osaka defeated Williams in straight sets, 6-2, 6-4 in one hour and 19 minutes.[2]\n" ]	[ "Naomi Osaka" ]
8784250300878976425	Pyramidion	Pyramidion - wikipedia Pyramidion Jump to : navigation , search Main hall of the Egyptian Museum , which holds four granite pyramidions . Close - up of the Pyramidion of the Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Dahshur . The renovated pyramidion of the Red Pyramid at Dashur , on display beside the pyramid . A pyramidion ( plural pyramidia ) is the uppermost piece or capstone of an Egyptian pyramid or obelisk , in archaeological parlance . They were called benbenet in the Ancient Egyptian language , which associated the pyramid as a whole with the sacred benben stone . During Egypt 's Old Kingdom , pyramidia were generally made of diorite , granite , or fine limestone , which were then covered in gold or electrum ; during the Middle Kingdom and through the end of the pyramid - building era , they were built from granite . A pyramidion was `` covered in gold leaf to reflect the rays of the sun '' ; during Egypt 's Middle Kingdom , they were often `` inscribed with royal titles and religious symbols . '' Very few pyramidia have survived into modern times . Most of those that have are made of polished black granite , inscribed with the name of the pyramid 's owner . Four pyramidia -- the world 's largest collection -- are housed in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . Among them are the pyramidia from the so - called Black Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Dahshur and of the Pyramid of Khendjer at Saqqara . A badly damaged white Tura limestone pyramidion , thought to have been created for the Red Pyramid of Sneferu at Dahshur , has been reconstructed and is on open - air display beside that pyramid ; it presents a minor mystery , however , as its angle of inclination is steeper than that of the edifice it was apparently created to surmount . Contents ( hide ) 1 Private brick pyramids with pyramidia 1.1 Scribe Moses pyramidion 1.2 Ptahemwia pyramidion 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Private brick pyramids with pyramidia ( edit ) Pyramidion of Nesnubhotep , top of a limestone chapel monument . A scarab and adoring baboons in relief . 26th Dynasty . From Abydos , Egypt . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Pyramidion of Nebamun . Possibly top of a stela . Limestone . 19th Dynasty . From Egypt . Bought in the Thebaid ( Thebais ) but probably it came from Deir el - Medina . The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology , London Private tomb pyramidion made of limestone , at the Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum During the New Kingdom , some private underground tombs were marked on the surface by small brick pyramids that terminated in pyramidia . The four lateral sides included texts and scenes related to the cult of the Sun God ( as the representation of Pharaoh ) . The scenes typically depict the course of the sun , rising on one lateral face , setting on the opposite face , and traveling , through the night , through the underworld , ruled by Osiris . Scribe Moses pyramidion ( edit ) Scribe Moses / / Mes , S in hieroglyphs The pyramidion of the scribe Moses ( mes , s , New Kingdom , 19th Dynasty , c. 1250 BC , limestone , 53 cm tall ) depicts himself making an offering , with his name on two opposite faces . The adjacent opposite faces feature a baboon : `` Screeching upon the rising of the Sun , and the Day '' . ( The baboon is also the god - scribe representation of the Scribe , for the god Thoth . ) Ptahemwia pyramidion ( edit ) The pyramidion of Ptahemwia ( 19th Dynasty , Ramesside Period , c. 1200 BC , limestone , 28 cm wide , 42 cm tall ) likewise displays sun - related scenes . The Sun God , Re-Horakhti , and the god of the Underworld , Osiris , are shown on one lateral face . Facing the two gods , on the adjacent lateral face , is the deceased Ptahemwia , standing in an offering pose , facing three columns of hieroglyphs . See also ( edit ) Washington Monument , which has a solid aluminum pyramidion that serves as a lightning rod References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pyramidion - Definition of Pyramidion by Merriam - Webster '' . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Toby Wilkinson , The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt , Thames & Hudson , 2005 . p. 197 Jump up ^ Ermann , Grapow , Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache 1 , 459.13 - 14 Jump up ^ Pyramidia by Alan Winston ^ Jump up to : editors Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel ( w / 34 contributing Authors ) , Egypt , The World of the Pharaohs , Konemann , Germany : 1998 . Amenemhat III , 1842 -- 1797 BC Jump up ^ Zuberbühler , Franz Löhner , Teresa . `` How was the pyramidion put on top of the pyramid of Khufu ? '' . www.cheops-pyramide.ch . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Peck , William . Splendors of Ancient Egypt , William H. Peck , The Detroit Institute of Arts , ( University Lithoprinters Inc. , Ann Arbor , Mich . ) , c. 1997 , ( p. 67 ) . ( Moses Pyramidion from `` Roemer and Pelizaeus Museum , Hildesheim , Germany '' . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramidia . Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Nyuserre Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons GND : 4176436 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramidion&oldid=827727761 '' Categories : Ancient Egyptian pyramids Architectural elements Egyptian artefact types Hidden categories : Egypt articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 03 . About Wikipedia	what is the top of a pyramid called	[ "A pyramidion (plural pyramidia) is the uppermost piece or capstone of an Egyptian pyramid or obelisk,[1] in archaeological parlance.[2] They were called benbenet in the Ancient Egyptian language,[3] which associated the pyramid as a whole with the sacred benben stone.[2] During Egypt's Old Kingdom, pyramidia were generally made of diorite, granite, or fine limestone, which were then covered in gold or electrum; during the Middle Kingdom and through the end of the pyramid-building era, they were built from granite.[4] A pyramidion was \"covered in gold leaf to reflect the rays of the sun\"; during Egypt's Middle Kingdom, they were often \"inscribed with royal titles and religious symbols.\"[2]" ]	[ "pyramidion" ]
-1640012594512606920	Ruby Turner	Ruby Turner - wikipedia Ruby Turner Jump to : navigation , search Ruby Turner Turner performing live at GuilFest , in 2012 Background information ( 1958 - 06 - 22 ) 22 June 1958 ( age 59 ) Montego Bay , Jamaica Origin Birmingham , England , United Kingdom Genres R&B pop soul Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter actress Instruments Vocals Years active 1983 -- present Labels Jive Indigo Associated acts Alexis Korner Culture Club Bryan Ferry UB40 Steve Winwood Jools Holland Mick Jagger Lulu Yazz Maxi Priest Boz Burrell Bobby Tench Jonathan Butler The Four Tops The Temptations Jimmy Ruffin Stan Webb Steel Pulse Zoot Money Website Official website Francella Ruby Turner MBE ( born 22 June 1958 ) is a British Jamaican R&B and soul singer , songwriter , and actress . In a music career spanning more than 30 years , Turner is best known for her albums and single releases in Europe and North America . She is also known for her work as a session backing vocalist , artists she has worked with include Bryan Ferry , UB40 , Steel Pulse , Steve Winwood , Jools Holland , and Mick Jagger . She has written songs that have been covered by artists including Lulu , Yazz and Maxi Priest . Turner achieved the rare feat , for a British singer , of reaching no . 1 on the US R&B chart , with `` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' in February 1990 . Between 1986 and 1995 , eight of her singles appeared in the UK Singles Chart with `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' being the most successful , reaching no . 24 in 1987 . Turner performed at the Birmingham Heart Beat 86 concert , which featured George Harrison ; and also sang on BBC Television 's Jools ' Annual Hootenanny , from 2007 to 2016 inclusive . She has also appeared as an actress on stage , film and television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Music career 1.3 Acting 2 Personal life 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.2 Singles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Ruby Turner was born in Montego Bay , Jamaica , and moved at the age of nine with her family to Handsworth , Birmingham , England , in 1967 . Turner came from a musical family as her grandfather sang the lead in one of Jamaica 's gospel groups . In the early 1980s , she worked with blues musician Alexis Korner , and in 1983 she recorded with UB40 . In the mid-1980s , Turner 's major break came when she was asked to sing with Culture Club at the height of their popularity . She received an offer of a solo recording contract soon afterward and signed to Jive Records , part of the Zomba Group . Music career ( edit ) Turner achieved her solo recording contract with Jive Records after singing backing vocals on Culture Club 's From Luxury to Heartache . She released four albums and a `` Best of '' Compilation Album over the next few years . Her first solo album Women Hold Up Half the Sky , was released in 1986 to critical acclaim and produced hit singles such as a cover version of the Staple Singers song `` If You 're Ready ( Come Go with Me ) '' , a duet with Jonathan Butler , and the Etta James standard `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' . In March 1987 , Turner sang on the Ferry Aid single , `` Let It Be '' . Around this time she also released the album , The Motown Songbook , on which she performed with Motown and others including the Four Tops , the Temptations and Jimmy Ruffin . In 1988 , Turner appeared on Corey Hart 's album , Young Man Running on the duet `` Spot You in a Coalmine '' . Turner achieved a no . 1 R&B chart success in the US in February 1990 with `` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' , becoming one of the few British artists to top that chart . Four other US R&B chart entries followed in 1990 and 1991 , including `` Paradise '' from the movie Dancin ' thru the Dark . In 1998 , she recorded the album , Call Me by My Name , with British rhythm and blues veterans Boz Burrell , Zoot Money , Bobby Tench , and Stan Webb . On New Year 's Eve 1999 , she sang the National Anthem for Queen Elizabeth II , Prime minister Tony Blair and other dignitaries at the opening of the Millennium Dome , in London . Turner sang backing vocals on Mick Jagger 's 2001 album , Goddess in the Doorway , and performed `` Nobody But You '' on the 2002 album Jools Holland 's Big Band Rhythm & Blues . In 2007 , Turner presented a documentary Shout Sister Shout about Sister Rosetta Tharpe for BBC Radio 2 . She sang on Seasick Steve 's album , I Started Out with Nothin and I Still Got Most of It Left ( 2008 ) . In September 2009 , Turner released her first gospel music album , I 'm Travelling On . Her rendition of `` Jesus on the Mainline '' appears on a compilation CD that accompanied the book British Black Gospel by Steve Alexander Smith . On 4 June 2012 , Turner was one of the performers at the Diamond Jubilee Concert outside Buckingham Palace in London , where she joined Jools Holland on stage . Turner was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to music . Acting ( edit ) As an actress , Turner has appeared in productions of A Streetcar Named Desire , Carmen Jones , and Fame . She has also appeared in One Love , by Kwame Davies , at the London 's Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith . She appeared in a successful run in the London West End production of the musical Simply Heavenly , which was nominated for ' Outstanding Musical ' at the 2005 Laurence Olivier Awards . Turner has appeared in a number of films , including Love Actually ( 2003 ) , Reggae Britannia ( 2011 ) and Famous Fred ( 1996 ) . In 2006 Turner made an appearance in Little Britain Abroad , where she played the Sheriff Judy . On 12 October 2007 , she appeared as a guest star ( as herself ) in the BBC One soap opera Doctors . The episode title was entitled `` Raising The Roof '' . In 2009 , Turner appeared in the BBC drama Hotel Babylon . In 2011 , Turner narrated the BBC Four documentary Reggae Britannia , which chronicled the history of British reggae music . In 2012 , Turner , along with Ralph Allwood and Manvinder Rattan , was a judge on the BBC Two series The Choir : Sing While You Work . In 2013 , Turner was a guest judge on the BBC Songs of Praise gospel choir competition . In 2015 , it was announced that she would appear as Mrs. Blip in the made - for - TV movie The Land of Sometimes . Personal life ( edit ) Turner has been engaged twice , but not married and has said `` Many women I know , must have a man in their life ... They seem programmed to find a man and must get married . Marriage is a priority for them . Not for me . I am not built that way . '' Her parents are separated and her father lives in the US . Her mother Violetta lives near Turner and sang on her 2009 album I 'm Travelling On . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Year Title UK Albums Chart US Billboard 200 1986 Women Hold Up Half the Sky 47 - 1986 Ruby Turner Live at Glastonbury - - 1988 The Motown Songbook 22 - Paradise 74 194 1991 The Other Side - - The Best of Ruby Turner ( compilation ) - - 1993 Responsible - - 1993 With Love ( compilation ) - - 1994 Restless Moods - - 1995 The Best of Ruby Turner ( compilation ) - - Guilty - - 1998 Call Me by My Name - - Live in Bristol - - 2005 So Amazing - - 2007 Live at Ronnie Scott 's ( double live album ) - - 2008 The Informer ( Jools Holland ) - - 2009 I 'm Travelling On - - 2014 All That I Am - - 2015 Jools & Ruby ( with Jools Holland ) 39 - Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK NZ US R&B `` Every Soul '' - - - single only 1986 `` If You 're Ready ( Come Go with Me ) '' ( feat . Jonathan Butler ) 30 58 Women Hold Up Half The Sky `` I 'm in Love '' 61 9 - `` Bye Baby '' 52 10 - `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' 24 21 - `` I 'm in Love '' ( UK re-issue ) 57 - - `` In My Life ( It 's Better To Be In Love ) '' ( UK only ) 95 - - 1988 `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' 77 8 - The Motown Song Book `` What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted '' ( feat . Jimmy Ruffin ) 87 41 - `` Nowhere To Run ( Nowhere To Hide ) '' ( US only ) - - - `` Soul Jet ( Baby I Need Your Loving ) '' - - - `` It 's Gonna Be Alright '' 57 39 Paradise `` Paradise '' ( feat . Ecstasy of Whodini ) - 36 22 `` It 's a Crying Shame '' - - 29 1991 `` The Other Side '' ( US only ) - - 34 The Other Side `` The Vibe Is Right '' ( UK / Europe only ) - - - `` Rumours '' - - 80 1994 `` Stay with Me Baby '' 39 - - Restless Moods `` Living For The City '' 92 28 - 1995 `` Never Ever Gonna Give You Up '' - - - `` Change '' - - - `` The Club Diamonds EP '' 84 - - `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released . See also ( edit ) R&B number - one hits of 1990 ( USA ) List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart List of performers on Top of the Pops References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Ruby Turner Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 569 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Film & TV Database HEART BEAT 86 ( 1986 ) '' . BFI. 16 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Turner Discography '' . discogs. 22 June 1958 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.rubyturner.com/biography Jump up ^ `` Ferry Aid '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ruby Turner Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Pete ( April 2008 ) . `` Ruby Turner : Ruby , Ruby , Ruby '' . Blues & Soul . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger ( 8 January 2002 ) . `` Jools Holland 's Big Band Rhythm & Blues - Jools Holland Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ruby Turner biography '' . Rubyturner.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Black Gospel : The Foundations of This Vibrant UK Sound : Amazon.co.uk : Noel Robinson , Steve Alexander Smith : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee Concert '' , Joolsholland.com , retrieved 9 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` No. 61608 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2016 . p . B24 . Jump up ^ Waistell , Joe ( 25 December 2006 ) . `` Little Britain : Little Britain Abroad ( 1 ) Episode Summary '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Turner , Film and TV credits '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Butcher , David ( September 2012 ) . `` The Choir : Sing While You Work : Series 1 Episode 5 '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Turner : Biography '' . Rubyturner.com. 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Turner : Fame 's Not the Turner Prize '' , Bluesandsoul.com , retrieved 9 September 2015 Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Ruby Turner - New Zealand Chart '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ruby Turner - US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( 1 ) / Official YouTube Channel ) Ruby Turner interview by Pete Lewis , Blues & Soul , July 2009 Ruby Turner on IMDb Ruby Turner at Allmusic An interview with Ruby Turner at Soul Express in December 2014 VIAF : 76503580 LCCN : n92044978 ISNI : 0000 0000 7245 8142 GND : 134543440 BNF : cb13932762q ( data ) MusicBrainz : feb799ee - 51fc - 4ef9 - a66d - 59407461bf84 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Turner&oldid=800014265 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people Jamaican emigrants to the United Kingdom British female singers British soul singers British film actresses British stage actresses British television actresses British songwriters Black British singers People from Montego Bay Musicians from Birmingham , West Midlands Members of the Order of the British Empire Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Galego Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	soul singer who dueted with jools holland on 2015 album	[ "Francella Ruby Turner MBE (born 22 June 1958) is a British Jamaican R&B and soul singer, songwriter, and actress." ]	[ "Francella Ruby Turner" ]
-5675145846241573460	Three Mile Island accident	Three Mile Island accident - wikipedia Three Mile Island accident Jump to : navigation , search Three Mile Island accident President Jimmy Carter touring the TMI - 2 control room on April 1 , 1979 , with NRR Director Harold Denton , Governor of Pennsylvania Dick Thornburgh and James Floyd , supervisor of TMI - 2 operations Date March 28 , 1979 Time 4 : 00 ( Eastern Time Zone UTC - 5 ) Location Three Mile Island , Dauphin County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Historical Marker Designated March 25 , 1999 The Three Mile Island accident occurred on March 28 , 1979 , in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station ( TMI - 2 ) in Dauphin County , Pennsylvania , United States . It was the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history . The incident was rated a five on the seven - point International Nuclear Event Scale : Accident with wider consequences . The accident began with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system , followed by a stuck - open pilot - operated relief valve in the primary system , which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape . The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss - of - coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors , such as human - computer interaction design oversights relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant 's user interface . In particular , a hidden indicator light led to an operator manually overriding the automatic emergency cooling system of the reactor because the operator mistakenly believed that there was too much coolant water present in the reactor and causing the steam pressure release . The accident crystallized anti-nuclear safety concerns among activists and the general public , resulted in new regulations for the nuclear industry , and has been cited as a contributor to the decline of a new reactor construction program that was already underway in the 1970s . The partial meltdown resulted in the release of radioactive gases and radioactive iodine into the environment . Worries were expressed by anti-nuclear movement activists ; however , epidemiological studies analyzing the rate of cancer in and around the area since the accident , determined there was a small statistically non-significant increase in the rate and thus no causal connection linking the accident with these cancers has been substantiated . Cleanup started in August 1979 , and officially ended in December 1993 , with a total cleanup cost of about $1 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Accident 1.1 Stuck valve 1.2 Human factors : confusion over valve status 1.3 Consequences of stuck valve 2 Emergency declared 2.1 Release of radioactive material 3 Aftermath 3.1 Voluntary evacuation 3.2 Investigations 3.3 Effect on nuclear power industry 3.4 Cleanup 3.5 Health effects and epidemiology 3.6 Activism and legal action 3.7 Lessons learned 3.8 Comparison to U.S. Navy operations 4 The China Syndrome 5 Current status 6 Timeline 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Accident ( edit ) Stuck valve ( edit ) Simplified schematic diagram of the TMI - 2 plant In the nighttime hours preceding the incident , the TMI - 2 reactor was running at 97 % of full power , while the companion TMI - 1 reactor was shut down for refueling . The main chain of events leading to the partial core meltdown began at 4 : 37 am EST on March 28 , 1979 , in TMI - 2 's secondary loop , one of the three main water / steam loops in a pressurized water reactor ( PWR ) . The initial cause of the accident happened eleven hours earlier , during an attempt by operators to fix a blockage in one of the eight condensate polishers , the sophisticated filters cleaning the secondary loop water . These filters are designed to stop minerals and impurities in the water from accumulating in the steam generators and increasing corrosion rates in the secondary side . Blockages are common with these resin filters and are usually fixed easily , but in this case the usual method of forcing the stuck resin out with compressed air did not succeed . The operators decided to blow the compressed air into the water and let the force of the water clear the resin . When they forced the resin out , a small amount of water forced its way past a stuck - open check valve and found its way into an instrument air line . This would eventually cause the feedwater pumps , condensate booster pumps , and condensate pumps to turn off around 4 : 00 am , which would in turn cause a turbine trip . With the steam generators no longer receiving feedwater , heat and pressure increased in the reactor coolant system , causing the reactor to perform an emergency shutdown ( SCRAM ) . Within eight seconds , control rods were inserted into the core to halt the nuclear chain reaction . The reactor continued to generate decay heat and , because steam was no longer being used by the turbine , heat was no longer being removed from the reactor 's primary water loop . Once the secondary feedwater pumps stopped , three auxiliary pumps activated automatically . However , because the valves had been closed for routine maintenance , the system was unable to pump any water . The closure of these valves was a violation of a key Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) rule , according to which the reactor must be shut down if all auxiliary feed pumps are closed for maintenance . This was later singled out by NRC officials as a key failure . The loss of heat removal from the primary loop and the failure of the auxiliary system to activate caused the primary loop pressure to increase , triggering the pilot - operated relief valve at the top of the pressurizer -- a pressure active - regulator tank -- to open automatically . The relief valve should have closed when the excess pressure had been released , and electric power to the solenoid of the pilot was automatically cut , but the relief valve stuck open because of a mechanical fault . The open valve permitted coolant water to escape from the primary system , and was the principal mechanical cause of the primary coolant system depressurization and partial core disintegration that followed . Human factors : confusion over valve status ( edit ) Critical human factors and user interface engineering problems were revealed in the investigation of the reactor control system 's user interface . Despite the valve being stuck open , a light on the control panel ostensibly indicated that the valve was closed . In fact the light did not indicate the position of the valve , only the status of the solenoid being powered or not , thus giving false evidence of a closed valve . As a result , the operators did not correctly diagnose the problem for several hours . The design of the pilot - operated relief valve indicator light was fundamentally flawed . The bulb was simply connected in parallel with the valve solenoid , thus implying that the pilot - operated relief valve was shut when it went dark , without actually verifying the real position of the valve . When everything was operating correctly , the indication was true and the operators became habituated to rely on it . However , when things went wrong and the main relief valve stuck open , the unlighted lamp was actually misleading the operators by implying that the valve was shut . This caused the operators considerable confusion , because the pressure , temperature and coolant levels in the primary circuit , so far as they could observe them via their instruments , were not behaving as they would have if the pilot - operated relief valve were shut . This confusion contributed to the severity of the accident because the operators were unable to break out of a cycle of assumptions that conflicted with what their instruments were telling them . The problem was not correctly diagnosed until a fresh shift came in who did not have the mindset of the first shift of operators . By this time major damage had occurred . The operators had not been trained to understand the ambiguous nature of the pilot - operated relief valve indicator and to look for alternative confirmation that the main relief valve was closed . There was a temperature indicator downstream of the pilot - operated relief valve in the tail pipe between the pilot - operated relief valve and the pressurizer that could have told them the valve was stuck open , by showing that the temperature in the tail pipe remained higher than it should have been had the pilot - operated relief valve been shut . This temperature indicator , however , was not part of the `` safety grade '' suite of indicators designed to be used after an incident , and the operators had not been trained to use it . Its location on the back of the seven - foot - high instrument panel also meant that it was effectively out of sight of the operators . Consequences of stuck valve ( edit ) As the pressure in the primary system continued to decrease , reactor coolant continued to flow , but it was boiling inside the core . First , small bubbles of steam formed and immediately collapsed , known as nucleate boiling . As the system pressure decreased further , steam pockets began to form in the reactor coolant . This departure from nucleate boiling ( DNB ) into the regime of `` film boiling '' caused steam voids in coolant channels , blocking the flow of liquid coolant and greatly increasing the fuel cladding temperature . The overall water level inside the pressurizer was rising despite the loss of coolant through the open pilot - operated relief valve , as the volume of these steam voids increased much more quickly than coolant was lost . Because of the lack of a dedicated instrument to measure the level of water in the core , operators judged the level of water in the core solely by the level in the pressurizer . Since it was high , they assumed that the core was properly covered with coolant , unaware that because of steam forming in the reactor vessel , the indicator provided misleading readings . Indications of high water levels contributed to the confusion , as operators were concerned about the primary loop `` going solid , '' ( i.e. no steam pocket buffer existing in the pressurizer ) which in training they had been instructed to never allow . This confusion was a key contributor to the initial failure to recognize the accident as a loss - of - coolant accident , and led operators to turn off the emergency core cooling pumps , which had automatically started after the pilot - operated relief valve stuck and core coolant loss began , due to fears the system was being overfilled . With the pilot - operated relief valve still open , the pressurizer relief tank that collected the discharge from the pilot - operated relief valve overfilled , causing the containment building sump to fill and sound an alarm at 4 : 11 am . This alarm , along with higher than normal temperatures on the pilot - operated relief valve discharge line and unusually high containment building temperatures and pressures , were clear indications that there was an ongoing loss - of - coolant accident , but these indications were initially ignored by operators . At 4 : 15 am , the relief diaphragm of the pressurizer relief tank ruptured , and radioactive coolant began to leak out into the general containment building . This radioactive coolant was pumped from the containment building sump to an auxiliary building , outside the main containment , until the sump pumps were stopped at 4 : 39 am . After almost 80 minutes of slow temperature rise , the primary loop 's four main reactor coolant pumps began to cavitate as a steam bubble / water mixture , rather than water , passed through them . The pumps were shut down , and it was believed that natural circulation would continue the water movement . Steam in the system prevented flow through the core , and as the water stopped circulating it was converted to steam in increasing amounts . About 130 minutes after the first malfunction , the top of the reactor core was exposed and the intense heat caused a reaction to occur between the steam forming in the reactor core and the Zircaloy nuclear fuel rod cladding , yielding zirconium dioxide , hydrogen , and additional heat . This reaction melted the nuclear fuel rod cladding and damaged the fuel pellets , which released radioactive isotopes to the reactor coolant , and produced hydrogen gas that is believed to have caused a small explosion in the containment building later that afternoon . NRC graphic of TMI - 2 core end - state configuration . At 6 am , there was a shift change in the control room . A new arrival noticed that the temperature in the pilot - operated relief valve tail pipe and the holding tanks was excessive and used a backup valve -- called a `` block valve '' -- to shut off the coolant venting via the pilot - operated relief valve , but around 32,000 US gal ( 120,000 l ) of coolant had already leaked from the primary loop . It was not until 165 minutes after the start of the problem that radiation alarms activated as contaminated water reached detectors ; by that time , the radiation levels in the primary coolant water were around 300 times expected levels , and the general containment building was seriously contaminated . Emergency declared ( edit ) At 6 : 57 am , a plant supervisor declared a site area emergency , and less than 30 minutes later station manager Gary Miller announced a general emergency , defined as having the `` potential for serious radiological consequences '' to the general public . Metropolitan Edison ( Met Ed ) notified the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency ( PEMA ) , which in turn contacted state and local agencies , Governor Richard L. Thornburgh and lieutenant governor William Scranton III , to whom Thornburgh assigned responsibility for collecting and reporting on information about the accident . The uncertainty of operators at the plant was reflected in fragmentary , ambiguous , or contradictory statements made by Met Ed to government agencies and to the press , particularly about the possibility and severity of off - site radioactivity releases . Scranton held a press conference in which he was reassuring , yet confusing , about this possibility , stating that though there had been a `` small release of radiation ... no increase in normal radiation levels '' had been detected . These were contradicted by another official , and by statements from Met Ed , who both claimed that no radioactivity had been released . In fact , readings from instruments at the plant and off - site detectors had detected radioactivity releases , albeit at levels that were unlikely to threaten public health as long as they were temporary , and providing that containment of the then highly contaminated reactor was maintained . Angry that Met Ed had not informed them before conducting a steam venting from the plant , and convinced that the company was downplaying the severity of the accident , state officials turned to the NRC . After receiving word of the accident from Met Ed , the NRC had activated its emergency response headquarters in Bethesda , Maryland and sent staff members to Three Mile Island . NRC chairman Joseph Hendrie and commissioner Victor Gilinsky initially viewed the accident , in the words of NRC historian Samuel Walker , as a `` cause for concern but not alarm '' . Gilinsky briefed reporters and members of Congress on the situation and informed White House staff , and at 10 : 00 a.m. met with two other commissioners . However , the NRC faced the same problems in obtaining accurate information as the state , and was further hampered by being organizationally ill - prepared to deal with emergencies , as it lacked a clear command structure and the authority to tell the utility what to do , or to order an evacuation of the local area . In a 2009 article , Gilinsky wrote that it took five weeks to learn that `` the reactor operators had measured fuel temperatures near the melting point '' . He further wrote : `` We did n't learn for years -- until the reactor vessel was physically opened -- that by the time the plant operator called the NRC at about 8 : 00 a.m. , roughly half of the uranium fuel had already melted . '' It was still not clear to the control room staff that the primary loop water levels were low and that over half of the core was exposed . A group of workers took manual readings from the thermocouples and obtained a sample of primary loop water . Seven hours into the emergency , new water was pumped into the primary loop and the backup relief valve was opened to reduce pressure so that the loop could be filled with water . After 16 hours the primary loop pumps were turned on once again , and the core temperature began to fall . A large part of the core had melted , and the system was still dangerously radioactive . On the third day following the accident , a hydrogen bubble was discovered in the dome of the pressure vessel , and became the focus of concern . A hydrogen explosion might not only breach the pressure vessel , but , depending on its magnitude , might compromise the integrity of the containment vessel leading to large - scale release of radioactive material . However , it was determined that there was no oxygen present in the pressure vessel , a prerequisite for hydrogen to burn or explode . Immediate steps were taken to reduce the hydrogen bubble , and by the following day it was significantly smaller . Over the next week , steam and hydrogen were removed from the reactor using a catalytic recombiner and , controversially , by venting straight to the atmosphere . Release of radioactive material ( edit ) The release occurred when the cladding was damaged while the pilot - operated relief valve was still stuck open . Fission products were released into the reactor coolant . Since the pilot - operated relief valve was stuck open and the loss of coolant accident was still in progress , primary coolant with fission products and / or fuel was released , and ultimately ended up in the auxiliary building . The auxiliary building was outside the containment boundary . This was evidenced by the radiation alarms that eventually sounded . However , since very little of the fission products released were solids at room temperature , very little radiological contamination was reported in the environment . No significant level of radiation was attributed to the TMI - 2 accident outside of the TMI - 2 facility . According to the Rogovin report , the vast majority of the radioisotopes released were the noble gases xenon and krypton . The report stated , `` During the course of the accident , approximately 2.5 MCi ( 93 PBq ) of radioactive noble gases and 15 Ci ( 560 GBq ) of radioiodines were released . '' This resulted in an average dose of 1.4 mrem ( 14 μSv ) to the two million people near the plant . The report compared this with the additional 80 mrem ( 800 μSv ) per year received from living in a high altitude city such as Denver . As further comparison , a patient receives 3.2 mrem ( 32 μSv ) from a chest X-ray -- more than twice the average dose of those received near the plant . Measures of beta radiation were excluded from the report . Within hours of the accident , the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) began daily sampling of the environment at the three stations closest to the plant . Continuous monitoring at 11 stations was not established until April 1 , and was expanded to 31 stations on April 3 . An inter-agency analysis concluded that the accident did not raise radioactivity far enough above background levels to cause even one additional cancer death among the people in the area , but measures of beta radiation were not included . The EPA found no contamination in water , soil , sediment or plant samples . Researchers at nearby Dickinson College -- which had radiation monitoring equipment sensitive enough to detect Chinese atmospheric atomic weapons - testing -- collected soil samples from the area for the ensuing two weeks and detected no elevated levels of radioactivity , except after rainfalls ( likely due to natural radon plate - out , not the accident ) . Also , white - tailed deer tongues harvested over 50 mi ( 80 km ) from the reactor subsequent to the accident were found to have significantly higher levels of cesium - 137 than in deer in the counties immediately surrounding the power plant . Even then , the elevated levels were still below those seen in deer in other parts of the country during the height of atmospheric weapons testing . Had there been elevated releases of radioactivity , increased levels of iodine - 131 and cesium - 137 would have been expected to be detected in cattle and goat 's milk samples . Yet elevated levels were not found . A later scientific study noted that the official emission figures were consistent with available dosimeter data , though others have noted the incompleteness of this data , particularly for releases early on . According to the official figures , as compiled by the 1979 Kemeny Commission from Metropolitan Edison and NRC data , a maximum of 480 PBq ( 13 MCi ) of radioactive noble gases ( primarily xenon ) were released by the event . However , these noble gases were considered relatively harmless , and only 481 -- 629 GBq ( 13.0 -- 17.0 Ci ) of thyroid cancer - causing iodine - 131 were released . Total releases according to these figures were a relatively small proportion of the estimated 370 EBq ( 10 GCi ) in the reactor . It was later found that about half the core had melted , and the cladding around 90 % of the fuel rods had failed , with 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) of the core gone , and around 20 short tons ( 18 t ) of uranium flowing to the bottom head of the pressure vessel , forming a mass of corium . The reactor vessel -- the second level of containment after the cladding -- maintained integrity and contained the damaged fuel with nearly all of the radioactive isotopes in the core . Anti-nuclear political groups disputed the Kemeny Commission 's findings , claiming that independent measurements provided evidence of radiation levels up to five times higher than normal in locations hundreds of miles downwind from TMI . Arnie Gundersen , a nuclear engineer and former nuclear industry executive , said `` I think the numbers on the NRC 's website are off by a factor of 100 to 1,000 '' . Some other insiders , including Arnie Gundersen , a former nuclear industry executive who is now an expert witness in nuclear safety issues , make the same claim ; Gundersen offers evidence , based on pressure monitoring data , for a hydrogen explosion shortly before 2 : 00 p.m. on March 28 , 1979 , which would have provided the means for a high dose of radiation to occur . Gundersen cites affidavits from four reactor operators according to which the plant manager was aware of a dramatic pressure spike , after which the internal pressure dropped to outside pressure . Gundersen also notes that the control room shook and doors were blown off hinges . However official NRC reports refer merely to a `` hydrogen burn . '' The Kemeny Commission referred to `` a burn or an explosion that caused pressure to increase by 28 pounds per square inch in the containment building '' . The Washington Post reported that `` At about 2 : 00 pm , with pressure almost down to the point where the huge cooling pumps could be brought into play , a small hydrogen explosion jolted the reactor . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Voluntary evacuation ( edit ) A sign dedicated in 1999 in Middletown , Pennsylvania near the plant describing the accident and the evacuation of the residents in the area . Twenty - eight hours after the accident began , William Scranton III , the lieutenant governor , appeared at a news briefing to say that Metropolitan Edison , the plant 's owner , had assured the state that `` everything is under control '' . Later that day , Scranton changed his statement , saying that the situation was `` more complex than the company first led us to believe . '' There were conflicting statements about radioactivity releases . Schools were closed and residents were urged to stay indoors . Farmers were told to keep their animals under cover and on stored feed . Governor Dick Thornburgh , on the advice of NRC chairman Joseph Hendrie , advised the evacuation `` of pregnant women and pre-school age children ... within a five - mile radius of the Three Mile Island facility . '' The evacuation zone was extended to a 20 - mile radius on Friday , March 30 . Within days , 140,000 people had left the area . More than half of the 663,500 population within the 20 - mile radius remained in that area . According to a survey conducted in April 1979 , 98 % of the evacuees had returned to their homes within three weeks . Post-TMI surveys have shown that less than 50 % of the American public were satisfied with the way the accident was handled by Pennsylvania State officials and the NRC , and people surveyed were even less pleased with the utility ( General Public Utilities ) and the plant designer . Investigations ( edit ) Several state and federal government agencies mounted investigations into the crisis , the most prominent of which was the President 's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island , created by Jimmy Carter in April 1979 . The commission consisted of a panel of twelve people , specifically chosen for their lack of strong pro - or anti-nuclear views , and headed by chairman John G. Kemeny , president of Dartmouth College . It was instructed to produce a final report within six months , and after public hearings , depositions , and document collection , released a completed study on October 31 , 1979 . The investigation strongly criticized Babcock & Wilcox , Met Ed , GPU , and the NRC for lapses in quality assurance and maintenance , inadequate operator training , lack of communication of important safety information , poor management , and complacency , but avoided drawing conclusions about the future of the nuclear industry . The heaviest criticism from the Kemeny Commission concluded that `` fundamental changes were necessary in the organization , procedures , practices ' and above all -- in the attitudes ' of the NRC ( and the nuclear industry . ) '' Kemeny said that the actions taken by the operators were `` inappropriate '' but that the workers `` were operating under procedures that they were required to follow , and our review and study of those indicates that the procedures were inadequate '' and that the control room `` was greatly inadequate for managing an accident . '' The Kemeny Commission noted that Babcock & Wilcox 's pilot - operated relief valve had previously failed on 11 occasions , nine of them in the open position , allowing coolant to escape . More disturbing , however , was the fact that the initial causal sequence of events at TMI had been duplicated 18 months earlier at another Babcock & Wilcox reactor , the Davis - Besse Nuclear Power Station owned at that time by Toledo Edison . The only difference was that the operators at Davis - Besse identified the valve failure after 20 minutes , where at TMI it took 80 minutes , and the Davis - Besse facility was operating at 9 % power , against TMI 's 97 % . Although Babcock engineers recognized the problem , the company failed to clearly notify its customers of the valve issue . Upon his return to Dartmouth , Kemeny addressed Dartmouth college students . When asked what caused the meltdown , he replied that the proximate cause would probably never be known . The Government Affairs Vice President confirmed that the Metropolitan Edison Company , which operated the company , had shortly before received a warning from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) that Babcock & Wilcox reactor valves were vulnerable to failure under certain conditions . He said he had sent it on to the Vice President of Engineering , who confirmed that he had read it . Shortly after that , the two men met at the water cooler where the Government Affairs VP asked the Engineering VP a question . The Government Affairs VP remembered the question as `` Is there a problem here ? '' The Engineering VP thought the question was `` Have you solved the problem ? '' Both VPs agreed that the answer was `` no . '' One walked away believing that the problem was solved . The other believed that he had informed his bosses that there was a problem . The issue was never resolved . Kemeny told the students that he believed it never would be . The proximate cause of the meltdown remains unknown and no proof of negligence was ever uncovered . The Pennsylvania House of Representatives conducted its own investigation , which focused on the need to improve evacuation procedures . In 1985 , a television camera was used to see the interior of the damaged reactor . In 1986 , core samples and samples of debris were obtained from the corium layers on the bottom of the reactor vessel and analyzed . Effect on nuclear power industry ( edit ) Global history of the use of nuclear power . The Three Mile Island accident is one of the factors cited for the decline of new reactor construction . According to the IAEA , the Three Mile Island accident was a significant turning point in the global development of nuclear power . From 1963 -- 1979 , the number of reactors under construction globally increased every year except 1971 and 1978 . However , following the event , the number of reactors under construction in the U.S. declined every year from 1980 -- 1998 . Many similar Babcock & Wilcox reactors on order were canceled ; in total , 51 U.S. nuclear reactors were canceled from 1980 -- 1984 . The 1979 TMI accident did not initiate the demise of the U.S. nuclear power industry , but it did halt its historic growth . Additionally , as a result of the earlier 1973 oil crisis and post-crisis analysis with conclusions of potential overcapacity in base load , forty planned nuclear power plants already had been canceled before the TMI accident . At the time of the TMI incident , 129 nuclear power plants had been approved , but of those , only 53 ( which were not already operating ) were completed . During the lengthy review process , complicated by the Chernobyl Disaster seven years later , Federal requirements to correct safety issues and design deficiencies became more stringent , local opposition became more strident , construction times were significantly lengthened and costs skyrocketed . Until 2012 , no U.S. nuclear power plant had been authorized to begin construction since the year before TMI . Globally , the end of the increase in nuclear power plant construction came with the more catastrophic Chernobyl disaster in 1986 ( see graph ) . Cleanup ( edit ) A clean - up crew working to remove radioactive contamination at Three Mile Island Three Mile Island Unit 2 was too badly damaged and contaminated to resume operations ; the reactor was gradually deactivated and permanently closed . TMI - 2 had been online only 13 months but now had a ruined reactor vessel and a containment building that was unsafe to walk in . Cleanup started in August 1979 and officially ended in December 1993 , with a total cleanup cost of about $1 billion . Benjamin K. Sovacool , in his 2007 preliminary assessment of major energy accidents , estimated that the TMI accident caused a total of $2.4 billion in property damages . Initially , efforts focused on the cleanup and decontamination of the site , especially the defueling of the damaged reactor . Starting in 1985 , almost 100 short tons ( 91 t ) of radioactive fuel were removed from the site . The first major phase of the cleanup was completed in 1990 , when workers finished shipping 150 short tons ( 140 t ) of radioactive wreckage to Idaho for storage at the Department of Energy 's National Engineering Laboratory . However , the contaminated cooling water that leaked into the containment building had seeped into the building 's concrete , leaving the radioactive residue too impractical to remove . In 1988 , the Nuclear Regulatory Commission announced that , although it was possible to further decontaminate the Unit 2 site , the remaining radioactivity had been sufficiently contained as to pose no threat to public health and safety . Accordingly , further cleanup efforts were deferred to allow for decay of the radiation levels and to take advantage of the potential economic benefits of retiring both Unit 1 and Unit 2 together . Health effects and epidemiology ( edit ) Main article : Three Mile Island accident health effects In the aftermath of the accident , investigations focused on the amount of radioactivity released by the accident . In total approximately 2.5 megacuries ( 93 PBq ) of radioactive gases , and approximately 15 curies ( 560 GBq ) of iodine - 131 was released into the environment . According to the American Nuclear Society , using the official radioactivity emission figures , `` The average radiation dose to people living within ten miles of the plant was eight millirem , and no more than 100 millirem to any single individual . Eight millirem is about equal to a chest X-ray , and 100 millirem is about a third of the average background level of radiation received by US residents in a year . '' Based on these emission figures , early scientific publications , according to Mangano , on the health effects of the fallout estimated no additional cancer deaths in the 10 mi ( 16 km ) area around TMI . Disease rates in areas further than 10 miles from the plant were never examined . Local activism in the 1980s , based on anecdotal reports of negative health effects , led to scientific studies being commissioned . A variety of epidemiology studies have concluded that the accident had no observable long term health effects . The Radiation and Public Health Project , an organization with little credibility amongst epidemiologists , cited calculations by its member Joseph Mangano -- who has authored 19 medical journal articles and a book on Low Level Radiation and Immune Disease -- that reported a spike in infant mortality in the downwind communities two years after the accident . Anecdotal evidence also records effects on the region 's wildlife . For example , according to one anti-nuclear activist , Harvey Wasserman , the fallout caused `` a plague of death and disease among the area 's wild animals and farm livestock '' , including a sharp fall in the reproductive rate of the region 's horses and cows , reflected in statistics from Pennsylvania 's Department of Agriculture , though the Department denies a link with TMI . John Gofman used his own , non-peer reviewed low - level radiation health model to predict 333 excess cancer or leukemia deaths from the 1979 Three Mile Island accident . A peer - reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979 -- 1985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI ; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably `` thousands of times greater '' than the NRC 's estimates . A retrospective study of Pennsylvania Cancer Registry found an increased incidence of thyroid cancer in counties south of TMI and in high - risk age groups but did not draw a causal link with these incidences and to the accident . The Talbott lab at the University of Pittsburgh reported finding only a few , small , mostly statistically non-significant , increased cancer risks within the TMI population , such as a non-significant excess leukemia among males being observed . The ongoing TMI epidemiological research has been accompanied by a discussion of problems in dose estimates due to a lack of accurate data , as well as illness classifications . Activism and legal action ( edit ) See also : List of anti-nuclear groups in the United States § Three Mile Island Alert Anti-nuclear protest following the Three Mile Island accident , Harrisburg , 1979 . The TMI accident enhanced the credibility of anti-nuclear groups , who had predicted an accident , and triggered protests around the world . ( President Carter -- who had specialized in nuclear power while in the United States Navy -- told his cabinet after visiting the plant that the accident was minor , but reportedly declined to do so in public in order to avoid offending left - wing Democrats who opposed nuclear power . ) Members of the American public , concerned about the release of radioactive gas from the accident , staged numerous anti-nuclear demonstrations across the country in the following months . The largest demonstration was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved 200,000 people , with speeches given by Jane Fonda and Ralph Nader . The New York rally was held in conjunction with a series of nightly `` No Nukes '' concerts given at Madison Square Garden from September 19 -- 23 by Musicians United for Safe Energy . In the previous May , an estimated 65,000 people -- including California Governor Jerry Brown -- attended a march and rally against nuclear power in Washington , D.C. In 1981 , citizens ' groups succeeded in a class action suit against TMI , winning $25 million in an out - of - court settlement . Part of this money was used to found the TMI Public Health Fund . In 1983 , a federal grand jury indicted Metropolitan Edison on criminal charges for the falsification of safety test results prior to the accident . Under a plea - bargaining agreement , Met Ed pleaded guilty to one count of falsifying records and no contest to six other charges , four of which were dropped , and agreed to pay a $45,000 fine and set up a $1 million account to help with emergency planning in the area surrounding the plant . According to Eric Epstein , chair of Three Mile Island Alert , the TMI plant operator and its insurers paid at least $82 million in publicly documented compensation to residents for `` loss of business revenue , evacuation expenses and health claims '' . Also according to Harvey Wasserman , hundreds of out - of - court settlements have been reached with alleged victims of the fallout , with a total of $15 million paid out to parents of children born with birth defects . However , a class action lawsuit alleging that the accident caused detrimental health effects was rejected by Harrisburg U.S. District Court Judge Sylvia Rambo . The appeal of the decision to U.S. Third Circuit Court of Appeals also failed . Lessons learned ( edit ) The Three Mile Island accident inspired Charles Perrow 's Normal Accident Theory , in which an accident occurs , resulting from an unanticipated interaction of multiple failures in a complex system . TMI was an example of this type of accident because it was `` unexpected , incomprehensible , uncontrollable and unavoidable . '' Perrow concluded that the failure at Three Mile Island was a consequence of the system 's immense complexity . Such modern high - risk systems , he realized , were prone to failures however well they were managed . It was inevitable that they would eventually suffer what he termed a ' normal accident ' . Therefore , he suggested , we might do better to contemplate a radical redesign , or if that was not possible , to abandon such technology entirely . `` Normal '' accidents , or system accidents , are so - called by Perrow because such accidents are inevitable in extremely complex systems . Given the characteristic of the system involved , multiple failures which interact with each other will occur , despite efforts to avoid them . Such events appear trivial to begin with before unpredictably cascading through the system to create a large event with severe consequences . Normal Accidents contributed key concepts to a set of intellectual developments in the 1980s that revolutionized the conception of safety and risk . It made the case for examining technological failures as the product of highly interacting systems , and highlighted organizational and management factors as the main causes of failures . Technological disasters could no longer be ascribed to isolated equipment malfunction , operator error or acts of God . Comparison to U.S. Navy operations ( edit ) Following the Three Mile Island ( TMI ) power plant 's partial core melt on March 28 , 1979 , President Jimmy Carter commissioned a study , Report of the President 's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island ( 1979 ) . Subsequently , Admiral Hyman G. Rickover was asked to testify before Congress in the general context of answering the question as to why naval nuclear propulsion ( as used in submarines ) had succeeded in achieving a record of zero reactor - accidents ( as defined by the uncontrolled release of fission products to the environment resulting from damage to a reactor core ) as opposed to the dramatic one that had just taken place at Three Mile Island . In his testimony , he said : Over the years , many people have asked me how I run the Naval Reactors Program , so that they might find some benefit for their own work . I am always chagrined at the tendency of people to expect that I have a simple , easy gimmick that makes my program function . Any successful program functions as an integrated whole of many factors . Trying to select one aspect as the key one will not work . Each element depends on all the others . The China Syndrome ( edit ) On March 16 , 1979 , twelve days before the accident , the movie The China Syndrome premiered , and was initially met with backlash from the nuclear power industry , claiming it to be `` sheer fiction '' and a `` character assassination of an entire industry . '' In the film , television reporter Kimberly Wells ( Jane Fonda ) and her cameraman Richard Adams ( Michael Douglas ) secretly filmed a major accident at a nuclear power plant while taping a series on nuclear power . Plant supervisor Jack Godell ( Jack Lemmon ) discovers potentially catastrophic safety violations at the plant and with Wells ' assistance attempts to raise public awareness of these violations . After the release of the film , Fonda began lobbying against nuclear power . In an attempt to counter her efforts , the then elderly Edward Teller , a nuclear physicist and long - time government science adviser best known for contributing to the Teller - Ulam design breakthrough that made `` hydrogen bombs '' possible , personally lobbied in favor of nuclear power . Teller , who suffered a heart attack from the stress of countering the increase in anti-nuclear momentum that followed the film , joked that he was the only person whose health was affected by the TMI incident . Current status ( edit ) Viewed from the east , Three Mile Island currently uses only one nuclear generating station , TMI - 1 , which is on the right . TMI - 2 , to the left , has not been used since the accident . TMI - 2 as of February 2014 . The cooling towers are on the left . The spent fuel pool with containment building of the reactor are on the right . Unit 1 had its license temporarily suspended following the incident at Unit 2 . Although the citizens of the three counties surrounding the site voted by an overwhelming margin to retire Unit 1 permanently in an unbinding resolution in 1982 , it was permitted to resume operations in 1985 following a 4 - 1 vote by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . General Public Utilities Corporation , the plant 's owner , formed General Public Utilities Nuclear Corporation ( GPUN ) as a new subsidiary to own and operate the company 's nuclear facilities , including Three Mile Island . The plant had previously been operated by Metropolitan Edison Company ( Met - Ed ) , one of GPU 's regional utility operating companies . In 1996 , General Public Utilities shortened its name to GPU Inc . Three Mile Island Unit 1 was sold to AmerGen Energy Corporation , a joint venture between Philadelphia Electric Company ( PECO ) , and British Energy , in 1998 . In 2000 , PECO merged with Unicom Corporation to form Exelon Corporation , which acquired British Energy 's share of AmerGen in 2003 . Today , AmerGen LLC is a fully owned subsidiary of Exelon Generation and owns TMI Unit 1 , Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station , and Clinton Power Station . These three units , in addition to Exelon 's other nuclear units , are operated by Exelon Nuclear Inc. , an Exelon subsidiary . General Public Utilities was legally obliged to continue to maintain and monitor the site , and therefore retained ownership of Unit 2 when Unit 1 was sold to AmerGen in 1998 . GPU Inc. was acquired by FirstEnergy Corporation in 2001 , and subsequently dissolved . FirstEnergy then contracted out the maintenance and administration of Unit 2 to AmerGen . Unit 2 has been administered by Exelon Nuclear since 2003 , when Exelon Nuclear 's parent company , Exelon , bought out the remaining shares of AmerGen , inheriting FirstEnergy 's maintenance contract . Unit 2 continues to be licensed and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in a condition known as Post Defueling Monitored Storage ( PDMS ) . The TMI - 2 reactor has been permanently shut down with the reactor coolant system drained , the radioactive water decontaminated and evaporated , radioactive waste shipped off - site , reactor fuel and core debris shipped off - site to a Department of Energy facility , and the remainder of the site being monitored . The owner planned to keep the facility in long - term , monitoring storage until the operating license for the TMI - 1 plant expired , at which time both plants would be decommissioned . In 2009 , the NRC granted a license extension which allowed the TMI - 1 reactor to operate until April 19 , 2034 . In 2017 it was announced that operations would cease by 2019 due to financial pressure from cheap natural gas . Timeline ( edit ) Date Event 1968 -- 1970 Construction April 1974 Reactor - 1 online Feb 1978 Reactor - 2 online Mar. 1979 TMI - 2 accident occurred . Containment coolant released into environment . April 1979 Containment steam vented to the atmosphere in order to stabilize the core . July 1980 Approximately 1,591 TBq ( 43,000 curies ) of krypton were vented from the reactor building . July 1980 The first manned entry into the reactor building took place . Nov. 1980 An Advisory Panel for the Decontamination of TMI - 2 , composed of citizens , scientists , and State and local officials , held its first meeting in Harrisburg , PA . Dec. 1980 U.S. 96th Congressional session passes U.S. legislation establishing a five - year nuclear safety , research , demonstration , and development program . July 1984 The reactor vessel head ( top ) was removed . Oct. 1985 Defueling began . July 1986 The off - site shipment of reactor core debris began . Aug. 1988 GPU submitted a request for a proposal to amend the TMI - 2 license to a `` possession - only '' license and to allow the facility to enter long - term monitoring storage . Jan. 1990 Defueling was completed . July 1990 GPU submitted its funding plan for placing $229 million in escrow for radiological decommissioning of the plant . Jan. 1991 The evaporation of accident - generated water began . April 1991 NRC published a notice of opportunity for a hearing on GPU 's request for a license amendment . Feb. 1992 NRC issued a safety evaluation report and granted the license amendment . Aug. 1993 The processing of accident - generated water was completed involving 2.23 million gallons . Sept. 1993 NRC issued a possession - only license . Sept. 1993 The Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI - 2 held its last meeting . Dec. 1993 Post-Defueling Monitoring Storage began . Oct. 2009 TMI - 1 license extended from April 2014 until 2034 . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Forked River Nuclear Power Plant List of civilian nuclear accidents Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents Nuclear energy policy of the United States Nuclear safety and security Nuclear safety in the United States Process control Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective Three Mile Island : Thirty Minutes to Meltdown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PHMC Historical Markers Search '' ( Searchable database ) . Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident Jump up ^ Spiegelberg - Planer , Rejane . `` A Matter of Degree : A revised International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale ( INES ) extends its reach . '' . IAEA.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ; Kenji Hall and Mark Magnier ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` In Japan , workers struggling to hook up power to Fukushima reactor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minutes to Meltdown : Three Mile Island -- National Geographic Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Michael Levi on Nuclear Policy , in video `` Tea with the Economist '' , 1 : 55 -- 2 : 10 , on http://audiovideo.economist.com/ , retrieved April 6 , 2011 , 3.24 pm . ^ Jump up to : Gofman John W. , Tamplin , Arthur R. ( December 1 , 1979 ) . Poisoned power : the case against nuclear power plants before and after Three Mile Island ( updated edition of Poisoned Power ( 1971 ) ed . ) . Emmaus , PA : Rodale Press . p. xvii . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ( In 1979 Foreword :) `` ... we arrive at 333 fatal cancers or leukemias . '' ^ Jump up to : Maureen C. Hatch ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Cancer near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant : Radiation Emissions '' . American Journal of Epidemiology . Oxford Journals. 132 ( 3 ) : 397 -- 412 . PMID 2389745 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R.J. ( 2008 ) . `` Incidence of thyroid cancer in residents surrounding the three - mile island nuclear facility '' . Laryngoscope. 118 ( 4 ) : 618 -- 628 . PMID 18300710 . doi : 10.1097 / MLG. 0b013e3181613ad2 . Thyroid cancer incidence has not increased in Dauphin County , the county in which TMI is located . York County demonstrated a trend toward increasing thyroid cancer incidence beginning in 1995 , approximately 15 years after the TMI accident . Lancaster County showed a significant increase in thyroid cancer incidence beginning in 1990 . These findings , however , do not provide a causal link to the TMI accident . ^ Jump up to : Levin R.J. ; De Simone N.F. ; Slotkin J.F. ; Henson B.L. ( August 2013 ) . `` Incidence of thyroid cancer surrounding Three Mile Island nuclear facility : the 30 - year follow - up '' . Laryngoscope. 123 ( 8 ) : 2064 -- 71 . PMID 23371046 . doi : 10.1002 / lary. 23953 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Han YY ; Youk AO ; Sasser H ; Talbott EO. ; Youk , A.O. ; Sasser , H ; Talbott , E.O. ( November 2011 ) . `` Cancer incidence among residents of the Three Mile Island accident area : 1982 -- 1995 '' . Environ Res. 111 ( 8 ) : 1230 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2011ER ... 111.1230 H. PMID 21855866 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envres. 2011.08. 005 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Hatch MC , Wallenstein S , Beyea J , Nieves JW , Susser M ; Wallenstein ; Beyea ; Nieves ; Susser ( June 1991 ) . `` Cancer rates after the Three Mile Island nuclear accident and proximity of residence to the plant '' . American Journal of Public Health . 81 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 724 . PMC 1405170 . PMID 2029040 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 81.6. 719 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.uvm.edu/~vlrs/Energy/NuclearPower.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` 14 - Year Cleanup at Three Mile Island Concludes '' . New York Times . August 15 , 1993 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fact Sheet on the Three Mile Island Accident '' . U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 71 . Jump up ^ INPO ICES Report # 4810 ( Three Mile Island Unit 2 ) Small Break LOCA Results in Core Damage . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` A Pump Failure and Claxon Alert '' . www.washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post Company . 1979 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Apparently the valves were closed for routine maintenance , in violation of one of the most stringent rules that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has . The rule states simply that auxiliary feed pumps can never all be down for maintenance while the reactor is running . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Norman , Donald ( 1988 ) . The Design of Everyday Things . New York : Basic Books . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06710 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rogovin , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Walker , J. Samuel ( 2004 ) . Three Mile Island : a nuclear crisis in historical perspective . Berkeley , Calif . ; London : University of California Press . p. 74 . ISBN 9780520239401 . Jump up ^ Kemeny , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Rogovin , p. 16 , Walker , pp. 76 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Kemeny , p. 96 ; Rogovin , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Kemeny , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Kemeny , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Rogovin , p. 19 ; Walker , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 80 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Walker , p. 87 . Jump up ^ NRC : Victor Gilinsky Jump up ^ Walker , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Gilinsky , Victor ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Three Mile Island '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rogovin , pp. 25 , 153 . Jump up ^ http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/risk.htm Jump up ^ EPA 's Role At Three Mile Island EPA History US EPA . Epa.gov . Retrieved on March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 3 . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Field , RW ( June 1993 ) . `` 137Cs levels in deer following the Three Mile Island accident '' . Health Phys. 64 ( 6 ) : 671 -- 4 . PMID 8491625 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 199306000 - 00015 . Jump up ^ http://www.threemileisland.org/downloads/210.pdf Jump up ^ Hatch ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Comments on `` A Re-Evaluation of Cancer Incidence Near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Plant '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 105 ( 1 ) : 12 . PMC 1469856 . PMID 9074862 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 9710512 . Jump up ^ Wing , S ; Richardson , D ; Armstrong , D ( March 1997 ) . `` Reply to comments on `` A reevaluation of cancer incidence near the Three Mile Island '' . Environ . Health Perspect. 105 : 266 -- 8 . PMC 1469992 . PMID 9171981 . doi : 10.2307 / 3433255 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Sturgis , Sue ( 2 April 2009 ) . `` Investigation : Revelations about Three Mile Island disaster raise doubts over nuclear plant safety '' . www.facingsouth.org . The Institute for Southern Studies . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Arnie Gundersen -- a nuclear engineer and former nuclear industry executive turned whistle - blower -- has done his own analysis , which he shared for the first time at a symposium in Harrisburg last week . `` I think the numbers on the NRC 's website are off by a factor of 100 to 1,000 , '' he said . Jump up ^ Kemeny , p. 30 . Jump up ^ McEvily , Jr. ; A.J. ; Le May , I. ( 2002 ) . `` The accident at Three Mile Island '' . Materials science research international . 8 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Happened and What Did n't in the TMI - 2 Accident '' . American Nuclear Society . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mangano , Joseph ( September -- October 2004 ) . `` Three Mile Island : Health Study Meltdown '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Metapress. 60 ( 5 ) : 30 -- 35 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . doi : 10.2968 / 060005010 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thompson ; Bear ( 1995 ) . `` TMI Assessment ( Part 2 ) - Releases of radiation to the environment '' ( PDF ) . www.facingsouth.org . The Institute for Southern Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Video : TMI and Community Health -- Gundersen 30th anniversary testimony for the Pennsylvania Legislature . Jump up ^ Who We Are Fairewinds Associates , Inc . Fairewinds.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2011 . Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kemeny , John G. , ( Chairman , 1979 ) , President 's Commission : The Need For Change : The Legacy Of TMI Jump up ^ The Washington Post The Tough Fight to Confine the Damage ^ Jump up to : A Decade Later , TMI 's Legacy Is Mistrust The Washington Post , March 28 , 1989 , p . A01 . ^ Jump up to : Stephanie Cooke ( 2009 ) . In Mortal Hands : A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age , Black Inc. , p. 294 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Cutter and Barnes , Evacuation behavior and Three Mile Island , Disasters , vol. 6 , 1982 , pp. 116 - 124 . Jump up ^ People & Events : Dick Thornburgh Jump up ^ 1975 estimate . Jump up ^ Office of Technology Assessment . ( 1984 ) . Public Attitudes Toward Nuclear Power p. 231 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 209 -- 210 Jump up ^ Walker , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Walker , pp. 211 -- 212 . Jump up ^ Kemeney Commission report to the President Overview , Overall Conclusion , 1st paragraph . Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island , 1979 Year in Review . '' Jump up ^ Hopkins , A. ( 2001 ) , `` Was Three Mile Island a ' normal accident ' ? '' , Journal of contingencies and crisis management , vol : 9 , iss. 2 , pp. 65 - 72 . Jump up ^ `` Examination of relocated fuel debris adjacent to the lower head of the TMI - 2 reactor vessel '' Jump up ^ `` 50 Years of Nuclear Energy '' ( PDF ) . IAEA . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cancelled Nuclear Units Ordered in the United States Jump up ^ Jon Gertner , Atomic Balm ? , New York Times , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NRC Approves Vogtle Reactor Construction -- First New Nuclear Plant Approval in 34 Years '' . Jump up ^ Sovacool , Benjamin K. ( 2008 ) . `` The costs of failure : A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents , 1907 -- 2007 '' . Energy Policy . 36 : 1807 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2008.01. 040 . Jump up ^ Rogovin , pp. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Three - Mile Island cancer rates probed '' . BBC News . November 1 , 2002 . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ R.J. Levin ( 2008 ) , `` Incidence of thyroid cancer in residents surrounding the three - mile island nuclear facility '' , Laryngoscope 118 ( 4 ) , pp. 618 -- 628 `` These findings , however , do not provide a causal link to the TMI accident . '' Jump up ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/158526327/Settlement-of-Medical-Claims Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( November 11 , 2003 ) . `` In Baby Teeth , a Test of Fallout ; A Long - Shot Search for Nuclear Peril in Molars and Cuspids '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Teather , David ( April 13 , 2004 ) . `` US nuclear industry powers back into life '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harvey Wasserman , CounterPunch , March 24 , 2009 , People Died at Three Mile Island . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wing S , Richardson D , Armstrong D , Crawford - Brown D ( January 1997 ) . `` A reevaluation of cancer incidence near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant : the collision of evidence and assumptions '' . Environ Health Perspect. 105 ( 1 ) . 105 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 7 . PMC 1469835 . PMID 9074881 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 9710552 . Jump up ^ Wing S , Richardson DB , Hoffmann W ( April 2011 ) . `` Cancer risks near nuclear facilities : the importance of research design and explicit study hypotheses '' . Environ Health Perspect. 119 ( 4 ) . 119 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 21 . PMC 3080920 . PMID 21147606 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1002853 . Jump up ^ Luther J. Carter `` Political Fallout from Three Mile Island '' , Science , 204 , April 13 , 1979 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mark Hertsgaard ( 1983 ) . Nuclear Inc . The Men and Money Behind Nuclear Energy , Pantheon Books , New York , pp. 95 , 97 . Jump up ^ Evans , Rowland ; Novak , Robert ( April 6 , 1979 ) . `` What Carter Found at Three Mile Island '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 9 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Interest Group Politics In America p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Social Protest and Policy Change p. 45 . Jump up ^ Herman , Robin ( September 24 , 1979 ) . `` Nearly 200,000 Rally to Protest Nuclear Energy '' . New York Times . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Gayle Greene The Woman Who Knew Too Much : Alice Stewart Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island operator falsified tests : jury '' . Ottawa Citizen . November 8 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island plant operator faked leak records but '' . Ottawa Citizen . February 29 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Three Mile Island : 30 years of what if ... Pittsburgh Tribune Review , March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harvey Wasserman , April 1 , 2009 , CounterPunch , Cracking the Media Silence on Three Mile Island Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island : 1979 '' . World Nuclear Association . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Perrow , C. ( 1982 ) , ' The President 's Commission and the Normal Accident ' , in Sils , D. , Wolf , C. and Shelanski , V. ( Eds ) , Accident at Three Mile Island : The Human Dimensions , Westview , Boulder , pp. 173 -- 184 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Pidgeon ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` In retrospect : Normal accidents '' . Nature . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Perrow , Charles . Normal Accidents : Living with High - Risk Technologies New York : Basic Books , 1984 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Daniel E Whitney ( 2003 ) . `` Normal Accidents by Charles Perrow '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ `` The Accident at Three Mile Island '' ( PDF ) . Threemileisland.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.navy.mil/navydata/testimony/safety/bowman031029.txt Jump up ^ Nuclear Experts Debate ' The China Syndrome ' David Burnham The New York Times 18 March 1979 Jump up ^ Melvin A Benarde ( 2007 ) . Our Precarious Habitat -- It 's in Your Hands . Wiley InterScience . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 74065 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Edward Teller Jump up ^ Walsh , Edward ( 1983 ) . `` Three Mile Island : meltdown of democracy ? '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Jump up ^ O'Toole , Thomas ( May 30 , 1985 ) . `` NRC Votes to Restart Three Mile Island '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NRC : Three Mile Island -- Unit 2 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island 1 -- Pressurized Water Reactor '' . Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DiSavino , Scott ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` NRC renews Exelon Pa . Three Mile Isl reactor license '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Three Mile Island Power Plant May Close in Face of Cheap Gas '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Halden , Grace . ( June 2017 ) . Three Mile Island : The Meltdown Crisis and Nuclear Power in American Popular Culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 91764 - 4 . Kemeny , John G. ( October 1979 ) . Report of The President 's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island : The Need for Change : The Legacy of TMI ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : The Commission . ISBN 0 - 935758 - 00 - 3 . Rogovin , Mitchell ( 1980 ) . Three Mile Island : A report to the Commissioners and to the Public , Volume I ( PDF ) . Nuclear Regulatory Commission , Special Inquiry Group . Walker , J. Samuel ( 2004 ) . Three Mile Island : A Nuclear Crisis in Historical Perspective . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23940 - 7 . ( Google Books ) Ford , Daniel ( 1982 ) . Three Mile Island : Thirty Minutes to Meltdown . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 006048 - 5 . Osif , Bonnie A. , Anthony Baratta , Thomas W. Conkling ( 2004 ) . TMI 25 Years Later : The Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Accident and Its Impact . Conkling . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02383 - X . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Dick Thornburgh ( 2010 ) . Where the Evidence Leads . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 6112 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Mile Island accident . TMI web page from the US Department of Energy 's Energy Information Administration `` Three Mile Island 1979 Emergency '' -- website about the accident , with many reports and other documents relating to the accident , created by nearby Dickinson College Step - By - Step account of the accident with illustrations from pbs.org Three Mile Island Alert , the watchdog group that warned the public for nearly two years that reactor No. 2 was dangerously faulty . What 's wrong with the `` fact sheet '' purports to correct errors in the NRC report . EFMR citizens radiation monitoring group for the Three Mile Island and Peach Bottom nuclear plants Annotated bibliography for Three Mile Island from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Video and audio relating to the Three Mile Island accident , from the Dick Thornburgh Papers at University of Pittsburgh . Killing Our Own a review of subsequent casualties by Harvey Wasserman and Norman Solomon with Robert Alveraez and Eleanore Walters Three Mile Island -- Failure Of Science Or Spin ? , Science Daily Crisis at Three Mile Island by The Washington Post Three Mile Island Research and Document Guide at Penn State University Libraries . `` Three Mile Island : The Most Studied Nuclear Accident in History '' ( PDF ) . www.gaonet.gov . U.S. Government Accountability Office . September 9 , 1980 . OCLC 7975712 . Radioactive Releases ... The Music of Three Mile Island -- A growing collection of over 300 songs inspired by the TMI accident . Coordinates : 40 ° 09 ′ 12 '' N 76 ° 43 ′ 31 '' W / 40.153293 ° N 76.72534 ° W / 40.153293 ; - 76.72534 ( hide ) Nuclear power in the United States Reactors NRC Region I ( Northeast ) Beaver Valley Calvert Cliffs FitzPatrick Ginna Hope Creek Indian Point Units 2 and 3 Limerick Millstone Units 2 and 3 Nine Mile Point Oyster Creek Peach Bottom Pilgrim Salem Seabrook Susquehanna Three Mile Island Unit 1 NRC Region II ( South ) Browns Ferry Brunswick Catawba Farley Harris Hatch McGuire North Anna Oconee Robinson Sequoyah St. Lucie Summer Surry Turkey Point Vogtle Watts Bar NRC Region III ( Midwest ) Braidwood Byron Clinton Cook DAEC Davis -- Besse Dresden Fermi LaSalle Monticello Palisades Perry Point Beach Prairie Island Quad Cities NRC Region IV ( West ) Arkansas Callaway Columbia Comanche Peak Cooper Diablo Canyon Grand Gulf Palo Verde River Bend South Texas Waterford Wolf Creek Converted Midland ( natural gas ) Somerset ( coal ) Zimmer ( coal ) Closed Big Rock Point Connecticut Yankee Crystal River CVTR EBR I EBR II Elk River Fort Calhoun Fort St. Vrain Hallam Hanford Site Humboldt Bay Indian Point Unit 1 Kewaunee La Crosse Maine Yankee Millstone Unit 1 Pathfinder Piqua Rancho Seco San Onofre Sodium Reactor Experiment Saxton ANPP SL - 1 SM - 1 ML - 1 PM - 1 PM - 3A SM - 1A MH - 1A Shippingport Shoreham Three Mile Island Unit 2 Trojan Vallecitos Vermont Yankee Yankee Rowe Zion Canceled ( incomplete list , whole plants only ) Allens Creek Atlantic Bailly Barton Bell Bend Bellefonte Black Fox Blue Hills Bodega Bay Cherokee Clinch River Erie Forked River Galena Greene County Hartsville Haven Marble Hill Montague Offshore Sears Isle Skagit / Hanford South River Stanislaus Sundesert Victoria WPPSS 5 MM - 1 Yellow Creek Summer - 2 / 3 Lee Levy County Future North Anna - 3 ( COL issued ) Turkey Point - 6 / 7 ( COLs under review ) Under construction Vogtle - 3 Vogtle - 4 NRC regions Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Nuclear history of the United States List of United States nuclear reactors List of canceled nuclear plants in the United States Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States Nuclear safety in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Mile_Island_accident&oldid=800543734 '' Categories : Three Mile Island accident Civilian nuclear power accidents 1979 disasters in the United States 1979 industrial disasters 1979 in Pennsylvania 1979 in the environment Nuclear accidents and incidents Nuclear history of the United States Environment of Pennsylvania History of Dauphin County , Pennsylvania Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Disasters in Pennsylvania Susquehanna River March 1979 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 05 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	three mile island was the site of which disaster	[ "The Three Mile Island accident occurred on March 28, 1979, in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI-2) in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.[2] The incident was rated a five on the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale: Accident with wider consequences.[3][4]" ]	[ "Three Mile Island accident" ]
4311258658221995209	Alaskan Bush People	Alaskan Bush People - wikipedia Alaskan Bush People Jump to : navigation , search Alaskan Bush People Genre Reality Starring Billy Brown Ami Brown Matt Brown Bam Brown Gabe Brown Bear Brown Noah Brown Bird Brown Rainy Brown Narrated by Asa Siegel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 70 Production Location ( s ) Chichagof Island , Alaska Coordinates 57 ° 57'31 `` N , 135 ° 38'05.77 '' W Running time Approx. 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Park Slope Productions Release Original network Discovery Channel Original release May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) -- present Alaskan Bush People is an American reality television series . The series premiered on the Discovery Channel on May 6 , 2014 . Filmed on location near Hoonah , Alaska and Chichagof Island , it follows the extended Brown family 's life in the Alaskan wilderness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 List of Family Members 3 Background 4 Residency issues 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2014 - 2015 ) 5.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 5.4 Season 4 ( 2015 - 2016 ) 5.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 5.6 Season 6 ( 2016 - 2017 ) 5.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 5 May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 9 December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 11 May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 10 November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 5 13 April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 6 13 December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 7 13 June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) List of Family Members ( edit ) Relationship Name Full Name Birthdate Father Billy Brown Billy Bryan Brown December 3 , 1952 Mother Ami Brown Amora Lee Branson Brown August 28 , 1963 Son Matt Brown Matthew Jeremiah Brown September 7 , 1982 Son Bam Bam Brown Joshua Bam Bam Brown September 18 , 1984 Son Bear Brown Solomon Isaiah Freedom `` Bear '' Brown June 10 , 1987 Son Gabe Brown Gabriel Starbuck Brown December 15 , 1989 Son Noah Brown Noah Darkcloud Brown July 18 , 1993 Daughter Birdy Brown Amora Jean Snowbird `` Birdy '' Brown November 18 , 1994 Daughter Rain Brown Merry Christmas Katherine Raindrop `` Rainy '' Brown November 23 , 2002 Background ( edit ) The Brown family is introduced shortly after their home was burned down by the Alaskan authorities for being on public land . The earliest episodes show the family travelling to different areas of Alaska to build temporary shelters and establish a new homestead . Later , they establish a new community on Chichagof Island and barter their labor , wood and transportation services to achieve independent living without reliance on generator fuel for their electrical needs . Residency issues ( edit ) On October 3 , 2014 , following an investigation by the Alaska Department of Revenue , a Juneau grand jury indicted the Browns with 60 counts of first - degree unsworn falsification regarding Permanent Fund Dividend forms for their residency and first - and second - degree theft that took place between 2009 and 2012 . Billy was charged with 24 of those counts , which occurred from 2010 to 2013 as well as for the theft of more than $13,000 in dividend money for himself and others . The charges meant that the state believed the family spent more than 180 days a year living outside of Alaska and lied about it on their applications . On November 18 , 2015 , Billy and Joshua pleaded guilty to lying on PFD forms . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Raised Wild '' May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) N / A `` Human Wolf Pack '' May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) N / A `` Blindsided '' May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) N / A `` Fight or Flight '' May 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 27 ) N / A 5 5 `` The Wild Life '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) N / A Season 2 ( 2014 - 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 6 `` A Very Bush Christmas '' December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) N / A 7 `` Breaking Free '' January 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) N / A 8 `` Return to the Wild '' January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) N / A 9 `` Welcome to Browntown '' January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) N / A 10 5 `` Birdy Get Your Gun '' January 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) N / A 11 6 `` Pile It On '' January 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) N / A 12 7 `` On the Prowl '' February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) N / A 13 8 `` Home Alone '' February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) N / A 14 9 `` Now or Never '' February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) N / A Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` Wild Times '' May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) N / A 16 `` A Wolfpack Divided '' May 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 29 ) N / A 17 `` Rise of Browntown '' June 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) N / A 18 `` Divide and Conquer '' June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) N / A 19 5 `` Bloodlines '' June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) N / A 20 6 `` A Big Gamble '' June 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) N / A 21 7 `` Rocky Seas '' July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) N / A 22 8 `` Sink or Swim '' July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) N / A 23 9 `` Never Give Up '' July 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) N / A 24 10 `` Lost Footage '' July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) N / A 25 11 `` A Wild Year '' August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 3.98 M Season 4 ( 2015 - 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 26 `` Endless Summer '' November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) N / A 27 `` Block & Tackle '' November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3.985 M 28 `` Shots Fired '' November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) N / A 29 `` Rock , Paper , Skipper '' November 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 25 ) 3.629 M 30 5 `` Ballad of Billy Brown '' December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) N / A 31 6 `` Dock - u-Drama '' December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3.767 M 32 7 `` Dead in the Water '' December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) N / A 33 8 `` Alarmed & Dangerous '' December 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) 3.931 M 34 9 `` Bush Heart '' January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 3.845 M 35 10 `` Paradise Lost ( Special ) '' January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 1.221 M Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36 `` Browntown or Bust '' April 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) N / A 37 `` The Wolfpack Returns '' May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) N / A 38 `` Driving Miss Rainy '' May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) N / A 39 `` Winter Watch '' May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) N / A 40 5 `` Growing the Wolfpack '' May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) N / A 41 6 `` Surviving the Lower 48 '' June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) N / A 42 7 `` High Tide Housing '' June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) N / A 43 8 `` Shots in the Dark '' June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) N / A 44 9 `` Judgement Day '' June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) N / A 45 10 `` Released to the Wild '' July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) N / A 46 11 `` Back in Browntown '' July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) N / A 47 12 `` Browns Down South '' July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) N / A 48 13 `` Made in the Wild '' July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) N / A Season 6 ( 2016 - 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 49 `` A Browntown Christmas '' December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) N / A 50 `` Browntown Bound '' December 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 28 ) N / A 51 `` All That Matters '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) N / A 52 `` Bear With Us '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) N / A 53 5 `` Browntown Boom '' January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) N / A 54 6 `` Dead in the Water '' January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) N / A 55 7 `` One Brown Down '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) N / A 56 8 `` All Falls Down '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) N / A 57 9 `` Field of Dreams '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) N / A 58 10 `` Wind and a Prayer '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) N / A 59 11 `` Harsh Wilderness '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) N / A 60 12 `` Forever Browntown '' March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) N / A 61 13 `` Heart of the Browns '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) N / A Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 62 `` Faith and Family '' June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) N / A 63 `` The Long Road '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) N / A 64 `` Strength In Numbers '' July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) N / A 65 `` Unanchored '' July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) N / A 66 5 `` Weight of the Wolfpack '' July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) N / A 67 6 `` Bush Code '' August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) N / A 68 7 `` A New Chapter '' August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Discovery 's New Series Follows a Remarkable Family Off the Beaten Path and Into the Wild Alaskan Wilderness '' ( Press release ) . Discovery ( Channel ) . April 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Ancell , Alycia ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Alaskan Bush People : '' . Inquistr ( webzine ) . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Emily ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Brown says he 's headed to rehab on ' Alaskan Bush People ' '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Brown Fanpage '' . Facebook . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hanlon , Tegan ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Stars of Alaska reality TV show charged with PFD fraud '' . Alaskan Dispatch News . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Tegan ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Alaskan Bush People ' stars plead guilty to lying on PFD forms '' . Alaskan Dispatch News . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People ( a Titles & Air Dates Guide ) '' . Epguides . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 2 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 3 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/discovery-channels-alaskan-bush-people-is-tvs-1-prime-telecast-in-men-and-earns-its-best-special-yet-in-persons-and-men/ Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 4 Full Episodes '' . Discovery Go . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-nov-11-2015/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-nov-25-2015/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-dec-9-2015/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-dec-30-2015/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/wednesday-cable-ratings-jan-6-2016/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-cable-ratings-june-10-2016/ Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 5 Full Episodes '' . Discovery Go . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 6 Full Episodes '' . Discovery Go . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaskan Bush People Season 7 Full Episodes '' . Discovery Go . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Discovery Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Discover Magazine ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The FBI Files ( 1998 -- 2006 ) 2000s debuts Biker Build - Off ( 2002 -- 07 ) MythBusters ( 2003 -- 16 ) American Chopper ( 2003 -- 10 ) Dinosaur Planet ( 2003 ) Extreme Engineering ( 2003 -- 11 ) Dirty Jobs ( 2003 -- 12 ) American Hot Rod ( 2004 -- 08 ) Animal Face - Off ( 2004 ) Big ! ( 2004 ) American Casino ( 2004 -- 05 ) Cash Cab ( 2005 -- 12 , 2017 ) Firehouse USA : Boston ( 2005 ) Discovery Atlas ( 2006 -- 08 ) Everest : Beyond the Limit ( 2006 -- 08 ) Fight Quest ( 2007 -- 08 ) Destroyed in Seconds ( 2008 -- 09 ) The Colony ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Auction Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brew Masters ( 2010 ) Flying Wild Alaska ( 2011 -- 12 ) Swamp Brothers ( 2011 -- 12 ) Curiosity ( 2011 -- 13 ) American Guns ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ragin ' Cajuns ( 2012 ) Dealers ( 2012 , United Kingdom ) Amish Mafia ( 2012 -- 15 ) The Big Brain Theory ( 2013 ) Manhunt : Unabomber ( 2017 ) Current Daily Planet ( since 2005 , Canada ) Deadliest Catch ( since 2005 ) Dual Survival ( since 2010 ) Gold Rush ( since 2010 ) Alaska : The Last Frontier ( since 2011 ) Moonshiners ( since 2011 ) Bering Sea Gold ( since 2012 ) Fast N ' Loud ( since 2012 ) Yukon Men ( since 2012 ) You Have Been Warned ( since 2013 ) Street Outlaws ( since 2013 ) Naked and Afraid ( since 2013 ) Vegas Rat Rods ( since 2014 ) Alaskan Bush People ( since 2014 ) Misfit Garage ( since 2014 ) Edge of Alaska ( since 2014 ) Naked and Afraid XL ( since 2015 ) Treasure Quest : Snake Island ( since 2015 ) Diesel Brothers ( since 2016 ) The Last Alaskans ( since 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaskan_Bush_People&oldid=802195863 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2014 American television series debuts Discovery Channel shows Television shows set in Alaska Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Galego Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is bam from alaskan bush people's real name	[ "\n\nRelationship\nName\nFull Name\nBirthdate\n\n\nFather\nBilly Brown\nBilly Bryan Brown\nDecember 3, 1952\n\n\nMother\nAmi Brown\nAmora Lee Branson Brown\nAugust 28, 1963\n\n\nSon\nMatt Brown\nMatthew Jeremiah Brown\nSeptember 7, 1982\n\n\nSon\nBam Bam Brown\nJoshua Bam Bam Brown\nSeptember 18, 1984\n\n\nSon\nBear Brown\nSolomon Isaiah Freedom \"Bear\" Brown\nJune 10, 1987\n\n\nSon\nGabe Brown\nGabriel Starbuck Brown\nDecember 15, 1989\n\n\nSon\nNoah Brown\nNoah Darkcloud Brown\nJuly 18, 1993\n\n\nDaughter\nBirdy Brown\nAmora Jean Snowbird \"Birdy\" Brown\nNovember 18, 1994\n\n\nDaughter\nRain Brown\nMerry Christmas Katherine Raindrop \"Rainy\" Brown\nNovember 23, 2002\n\n" ]	[ "Joshua" ]
-5472259403974355440	Turbocharged direct injection	Turbocharged direct injection - wikipedia Turbocharged direct injection TDI badge TDI embossed on the engine cover Volkswagen Marine 3.0 - litre V6 TDI 265 - 6 marine engine Volkswagen Group products which feature a TDI engine display a TDI badge Turbocharged direct injection or TDI is a design of turbodiesel engines featuring turbocharging and cylinder - direct fuel injection that was developed and produced by the Volkswagen Group ( VW AG ) . These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles made by the company ( particularly those sold in Europe ) . They are also used as marine engines in Volkswagen Marine and Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications . TDI engines installed in 2009 to 2015 model year Volkswagen Group cars sold through 18 September 2015 had an emissions defeat device , which activated emissions controls only during emissions testing . The emissions controls were suppressed otherwise , allowing the TDI engines to exceed legal limits on emissions . VW has admitted to using the illegal device in its TDI diesel cars . In many countries , TDI is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG . The TDI designation has also been used on vehicles powered by Land Rover - designed diesel engines . These are unrelated to Volkswagen Group engines . Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Emissions testing falsification 3 Motor racing 4 Fuel 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The TDI engine uses direct injection , where a fuel injector sprays atomised fuel directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder , rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used indirect injection . The engine also uses forced induction by way of a turbocharger to increase the amount of air which is able to enter the engine cylinders , and most TDI engines also feature an intercooler to lower the temperature ( and therefore increase the density ) of the ' charged ' , or compressed air from the turbo , thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted . These , in combination , allow for greater engine efficiency , and therefore greater power outputs ( from a more complete combustion process compared to indirect injection ) , while also decreasing emissions and providing more torque than the non-turbo and non-direct injection petrol engined counterpart from VAG . Similar technology has been used by other automotive companies , but `` TDI '' specifically refers to these Volkswagen Group engines . Naturally aspirated direct - injection diesel engines ( those without a turbocharger ) made by Volkswagen Group use the Suction Diesel Injection ( SDI ) label . Because these engines are relatively low displacement and quite compact , they have a low surface area . The resulting reduced surface area of the direct injection diesel engine reduces heat losses , and thereby increases engine efficiency , at the expense of slightly increased combustion noise . A direct injection engine is also easier to start when cold , because of more efficient placing and usage of glowplugs . Direct injection turbodiesel engines are frequent winners of various prizes in the International Engine of the Year Awards . In 1999 in particular , six out of twelve categories were won by direct injection engines : three were Volkswagen , two were BMW , and one Audi . Notably that year , the Volkswagen Group 1.2 TDI 3 L beat the Toyota Prius to win `` Best Fuel Economy '' in its class . The TDI engine has won `` Green Car of the Year '' award in the years 2009 ( Volkswagen Jetta 2.0 - litre common - rail TDI clean diesel ) and 2010 ( Audi A3 TDI clean diesel ) beating other various electric cars . History ( edit ) The Fiat Croma The first passenger car to be powered by direct injection was the 1986 Fiat Croma 2.0 TD i.d. ( The Turbo Diesel iniezione diretta pump was developed by Bosch in accordance with Fiat 's engineering specifications ) . Rover introduced its MDI turbocharged direct injection diesel developed with Perkins , ( also known as the Perkins Prima ) in 1988 in the Rover Montego . It was also sold in marine form by Volvo . It used a Bosch VE injection pump . The engine had been launched in naturally aspirated form for commercial vehicles in 1986 . The first Volkswagen Group TDI engine was the Audi - developed 2.5 - litre R5 TDI -- an inline five - cylinder engine ( R5 ) , introduced in the Audi 100 in 1989 -- and this variant is still used today in Volkswagen Marine applications . The TDI arrangement has been enhanced through various stages of development -- by improving the efficiency of the turbocharger , increasing the pressure at which fuel can be injected , and more precisely timing when the injection of fuel takes place . There have been a few major ' generations ' , starting with what are known as `` VE '' , and `` VP '' ( German : VerteilerPumpe ) engines , which use a distributor - type injection pump . In 2000 , the Pumpe Düse ( PD , variously translated `` pump nozzle '' , `` unit injector '' , `` pump injector '' ) TDI engine began to appear in Europe , eventually coming to North America a few years later . The Pumpe Düse design was a reaction to the development of high - pressure common rail fuel injection systems by competitors -- an attempt by Volkswagen Group to create an in - house technology of comparable performance that would not require any royalties to be paid . While Pumpe Düse engines had a significantly higher injection pressure than older engines , they are slightly less refined when compared to the very latest common rail and , with the original solenoid - operated unit injectors , were not able to control injection timing as precisely ( a major factor in improving emissions ) . Some current PD TDI engines now use piezoelectric unit injectors , allowing far greater control of injection timing and fuel delivery . From the 2009 model year onwards , TDI engines using the common rail ( CR ) technique , again with piezoelectric injectors , are now used in various Volkswagen Group models . The CR engines are available in many sizes , including 1.2 , 1.6 , 2.0 , 2.7 , 3.0 , 4.2 and 6.0 litres , with outputs from 55 to 368 kW ( 75 to 500 PS ) from these engines . Emissions testing falsification ( edit ) Main article : Volkswagen emissions scandal On 18 September 2015 the US EPA and California Air Resources Board served notice to VW that approximately 480,000 VW and Audi automobiles equipped with 2.0 TDI engines sold in the US between 2009 and 2015 had an emissions compliance defeat device installed . The defeat device , in the form of specially crafted engine management unit firmware , detects emissions testing conditions , and in such conditions will cause the vehicle to comply with emissions regulations by properly activating all emissions controls . However , under normal driving conditions , the emissions controls are suppressed , allowing the engine to produce more torque and get better fuel economy , at the expense of emitting up to 40 times more nitrogen oxides than allowed by law . Such NOx emission levels are not in compliance with US regulations . VW has since admitted to these allegations , and said that the illegal software was in use in its diesel cars worldwide , affecting some 11 million vehicles . Audi R10 TDI LMP race car SEAT León Mk2 TDI race car Motor racing ( edit ) A motor racing version of the common rail TDI engine made an impact in March 2006 when it was used in the Le Mans Prototype ( LMP ) Audi R10 TDI , and made its debut win in the 12 Hours of Sebring race . This victory was followed three months later by another one in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race , becoming the first diesel - powered car to win these prestigious endurance races . Fuel economy was a significant factor , as the car did not have to refuel as often as petrol engined race cars in the race . The car was fueled with a special synthetic V - Power diesel from Shell . The Audi R10 , R15 and R18 TDIs have won at Le Mans seven times in eight years , from 2006 to 2011 , with only the 2009 race being won by Peugeot 's 908 HDi FAP , which is also a diesel powered car . In 2007 , SEAT -- with the León Mk2 TDI at the Motorsport Arena Oschersleben in Germany -- became the first manufacturer to win a round of the World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC ) series in a diesel car , only a month after announcing it will enter the FIA World Touring Car Championship with the León TDI . SEAT 's success with the León TDI was continued , and resulted in winning consecutively 2008 World Touring Car Championship and 2009 World Touring Car Championship both titles ( for drivers as well as for manufacturers ) . In 2008 , SEAT -- with the León Mk2 TDI at Donington Park in England -- became the first manufacturer to win a round of the British Touring Car Championship ( BTCC ) in a diesel - powered car . Jason Plato won race 1 of the weekend and Darren Turner won race 3 . Fuel ( edit ) The fuels required for TDI engines include diesel fuel ( also known as petrodiesel ) , or B5 , B20 , or B99 biodiesel , depending on emissions equipment , location dependent . A 2007 Volkswagen Jetta Mk5 with a 1.9 TDI engine and a five - speed manual transmission achieves 5.2 litres per 100 kilometres ( 54 mpg ; 45 mpg ) on the European combined - cycle test ( a US EPA test of the same vehicle would achieve around 34 MPG ) , while a six - speed direct - shift gearbox ( DSG ) automatic version reaches 5.9 litres per 100 kilometres ( 48 mpg ; 40 mpg ) . Newer TDI engines , with higher injection pressures , are less forgiving of poor - quality fuel than their 1980s ancestors . Volkswagen Group 's warranty does not cover damage due to bad fuel ( diesel or bio ) , and has in the past recommended that only mixtures up to 5 % biodiesel ( B5 ) be used . Volkswagen Group has recently permitted mixes up to B20 , and has recommended B5 be used in place of 100 % petroleum - based diesel because of biodiesel 's improved lubricating properties . In North America , No. 2 diesel fuel is recommended , since it has a higher cetane number than No. 1 fuel , and has lower viscosity ( better ability to flow ) than heavier fuel oils . Some owners in North America , where cetane levels are generally poor ( as low as 40 ) , use additives , or premium diesel , to get cetane numbers closer to the standard levels found in the European market ( at least 51 ) where the engine is designed . Improved cetane reduces emissions while improving performance , and may increase fuel economy . New ultra low - sulphur petroleum - only diesels are known to cause some seals to shrink , and may cause fuel pump failures in TDI engines used in 2006 to 2009 models . TDI engines from 2009 on and before 2006 are designed to use ULSD exclusively ; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure . See also ( edit ) SDI ( engine ) Diesel engine Turbodiesel Common rail Diesel automobile racing List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Technology -- TDI -- Super-efficient diesel engines for power with economy '' . Volkswagen.co.uk . Volkswagen UK . 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen AG -- TDI Technical Glossary '' . Volkswagen.com . Volkswagen AG . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TB 20 addendum -- Technical Bulletin for Volkswagen Group timing belt renewal intervals '' ( PDF ) . Gates.com . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Marine > Engines < '' . www.vw-m.de . Volkswagen Group . 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine -- Self - study programme M001 -- Design and function '' ( PDF ) . www.vw-m.de . Volkswagen Marine . April 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boat engines from Volkswagen Marine -- Self - study programme M002 -- Design and Operation '' ( PDF ) . www.vw-m.de . Volkswagen Marine . August 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The SDI 1.9 Industrial Engine '' ( PDF ) , www.mi-uk.com , Volkswagen AG , March 2005 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 July 2011 , retrieved 4 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : Phillip A. Brooks ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` VW Notice of Violation , Clean Air Act ( 18 September 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EPA , California Notify Volkswagen of Clean Air Act Violations '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jack Ewing and Coral Davenport ( 20 September 2015 ) . `` Volkswagen to Stop Sales of Diesel Cars Involved in Recall '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volkswagen Says 11 Million Cars Worldwide Are Affected in Diesel Deception '' . The New York Times . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ TDI engines - Operation of these engines . Jump up ^ `` Self - study programme 316 The 2.0 ltr . ( sic ) TDI engine '' ( PDF ) . Volkswagen AG . Jump up ^ `` 12 Hours of Sebring '' . Audi Canada website . Audi Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Audi R10 '' . topspeed.com car reviews . TopSpeed.com . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bosch Clean Diesel Helps Audi Dominate American Le Mans Series '' . Bosch website . Bosch NA . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Richards , Giles ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Audi is first manufacturer to take Le Mans 24 Hours race with hybrid '' . guardian.co.uk website . London : The guardian . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audi R10 TDI -- a history maker '' . Audi UK website . audi.co.uk . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audi on course for a 10th victory ? '' . Auto News -- Site officiel du Mans . Lemans.org . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Audi R10 '' . Stories by Audi , edited by Supercars.net . Supercars.net . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shell V - Power Diesel race fuel takes Audi R10 TDI to historic victory at Sebring '' . Shell website . Shell . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROUNDS 15 & 16 -- OSCHERSLEBEN , GERMANY RACE 1 REPORT '' ( PDF ) . WTCC Beru Race of Germany -- Motorsport Arena , Oschersleben -- 25 / 26 August 2007 . FIA World Touring Car Championship . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First victory for SEAT León TDI '' . SEAT motorsport . www.volkswagen-group-motorsport.info . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEAT Leon TDI : A double - double world champion '' . WTCC season review . London : The guardian . 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Year by year SEAT 's racing history '' . SEAT sport website . SEAT sport . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BTCC race reports 04 / May / 2008 '' . BTCC Donington Park . BTCC . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jetta engines '' . Volkswagen Passenger Cars . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Biodiesel FAQ '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chevron paper Archived February 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volkswagen engines . VolkswagenAG.com -- Volkswagen Group corporate website Volkswagen Group Ownership Porsche SE State of Lower Saxony Qatar Holding LLC Capital Group Companies Divisions and subsidiaries Passenger cars Audi ( 99.55 % ) Audi Sport Bentley Motors Bugatti Lamborghini Porsche SEAT Škoda Volkswagen Commercial vehicles MAN Truck & Bus Navistar International ( 16.6 % ) Scania Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Motorcycles Ducati Engines MAN Diesel & Turbo Services Italdesign Giugiaro Geographic Volkswagen Group of America ( Electronics Research Laboratory ) Volkswagen do Brasil Volkswagen Group China Volkswagen Group Sales India Shareholdings FAW - Volkswagen ( 40 % ) Here ( 33.3 % ) IAV ( 50 % ) MAN ( 75.56 % ) Navistar International ( 16.6 % ) SAIC Volkswagen ( 50 % ) Products and technologies Platforms Vehicles Engines Diesel : current / discontinued Petrol : current / discontinued North America Technologies BlueMotion Digifant DSG ETKA FSI Pumpe Düse SDI TDI VAG - COM Discontinued brands Auto Union DKW Horch NSU Wanderer Places Autostadt Ehra - Lessien Factories People Ferdinand Porsche ( founder ) Carl Hahn ( Chairman Emeritus ) Ivan Hirst ( former Managing Director ) Rudolf Leiding ( former CEO ) Kurt Lotz ( former CEO ) Heinrich Nordhoff ( former Managing Director ) Ferdinand Piëch ( Chairman of the Supervisory Board ) Bernd Pischetsrieder ( former CEO ) Toni Schmücker ( former CEO ) Martin Winterkorn ( former Chairman of the Board of Management ) Porsche family ( owner ) Motorsport Teams : Rally teams Series : Formula Volkswagen Germany Jetta TDI Cup Scirocco R - Cup Other Volkswagen emissions testing scandal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbocharged_direct_injection&oldid=839437007 '' Categories : Volkswagen Group engines Diesel engines Turbochargers Engine technology Fuel injection systems Marine engines Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2009 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles containing German - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 12 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does tdi stand for in vw jetta	[ "Turbocharged direct injection or TDI[1] is a design of turbodiesel engines featuring turbocharging and cylinder-direct fuel injection[1] that was developed and produced by the Volkswagen Group (VW AG).[2] These TDI engines are widely used in all mainstream Volkswagen Group marques of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles made by the company[3] (particularly those sold in Europe). They are also used as marine engines in Volkswagen Marine[4][5][6] and Volkswagen Industrial Motor[7] applications.\n" ]	[ "Turbocharged direct injection" ]
7522013792862543596	PFA Players' Player of the Year	PFA Players ' player of the Year - wikipedia PFA Players ' player of the Year Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's award . For the women 's award , see PFA Women 's Players ' Player of the Year . Mohamed Salah won the award in 2018 for his performances for Liverpool The Professional Footballers ' Association Players ' Player of the Year ( often called the PFA Players ' Player of the Year , the Players ' Player of the Year , or simply the Player of the Year ) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the year in English football . The award has been presented since the 1973 -- 74 season and the winner is chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players ' trade union , the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) . The current holder is Mohamed Salah , who won the award on 22 April 2018 for his displays throughout the 2017 -- 18 season , representing Liverpool . The first winner of the award was Leeds United defender Norman Hunter . As of 2017 , only Mark Hughes , Alan Shearer , Thierry Henry , Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale have won the award on two occasions , and only Henry and Ronaldo have won the award in consecutive seasons . Of the five , only Shearer won his awards playing for two different teams . Although there is a separate PFA Young Player of the Year award for players under the age of 23 , young players remain eligible to win the senior award , and on three occasions the same player has won both awards for a season , Andy Gray in 1976 -- 77 , Ronaldo in 2006 -- 07 and Bale in 2012 -- 13 Every spring , each member of the association votes for two players . A shortlist of nominees is published in April and the winner of the award , along with the winners of the PFA 's other annual awards , is announced at a gala event in London a few days later . The award is regarded by the players themselves as extremely prestigious , with Teddy Sheringham describing it in 2001 as `` the biggest personal award you can get in the game '' , and John Terry stating in 2005 that he considered it `` the ultimate accolade to be voted for by your fellow professionals whom you play against week - in and week - out '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Breakdown of winners 2.1 By country 2.2 By club 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Winners ( edit ) The award has been presented on 45 occasions as of 2018 , with 40 different winners . The table also indicates where the winning player also won one or more of the other major `` player of the year '' awards in English football , namely the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award ( FWA ) , the PFA Fans ' Player of the Year award ( FPY ) , the PFA Young Player of the Year award ( YPY ) , and the Football Supporters ' Federation Player of the Year award ( FSF ) . Andy Gray was the first player to win the Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year awards in the same season . Mark Hughes was the first player to win the Player of the Year award twice . Thierry Henry was the first player to win the award in two consecutive seasons . Cristiano Ronaldo won the award for two consecutive years . He was also the first to win all four major awards in the same year . Year Player Club Also won Notes 1973 -- 74 ENG ! Hunter , Norman Norman Hunter Leeds United 1974 -- 75 ENG ! Todd , Colin Colin Todd Derby County 1975 -- 76 NIR ! Jennings , Pat Pat Jennings Tottenham Hotspur 1976 -- 77 SCO ! Gray , Andy Andy Gray Aston Villa YPY 1977 -- 78 ENG ! Shilton , Peter Peter Shilton Nottingham Forest 1978 -- 79 IRE ! Brady , Liam Liam Brady Arsenal 1979 -- 80 ENG ! McDermott , Terry Terry McDermott Liverpool FWA 1980 -- 81 SCO ! Wark , John John Wark Ipswich Town 1981 -- 82 ENG ! Keegan , Kevin Kevin Keegan Southampton 1982 -- 83 SCO ! Dalglish , Kenny Kenny Dalglish Liverpool FWA 1983 -- 84 WAL ! Rush , Ian Ian Rush Liverpool FWA 1984 -- 85 ENG ! Reid , Peter Peter Reid Everton 1985 -- 86 ENG ! Lineker , Gary Gary Lineker Everton FWA 1986 -- 87 ENG ! Allen , Clive Clive Allen Tottenham Hotspur FWA 1987 -- 88 ENG ! Barnes , John John Barnes Liverpool FWA 1988 -- 89 WAL ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes Manchester United 1989 -- 90 ENG ! Platt , David David Platt Aston Villa 1990 -- 91 WAL ! Hughes , Mark Mark Hughes ( 2 ) Manchester United 1991 -- 92 ENG ! Pallister , Gary Gary Pallister Manchester United 1992 -- 93 IRE ! McGrath , Paul Paul McGrath Aston Villa 1993 -- 94 FRA ! Cantona , Eric Eric Cantona Manchester United 1994 -- 95 ENG ! Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 ENG ! Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Newcastle United 1996 -- 97 ENG ! Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 2 ) Newcastle United 1997 -- 98 NED ! Bergkamp , Dennis Dennis Bergkamp Arsenal FWA 1998 -- 99 FRA ! Ginola , David David Ginola Tottenham Hotspur FWA 1999 -- 2000 IRE ! Keane , Roy Roy Keane Manchester United FWA 2000 -- 01 ENG ! Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Manchester United FWA 2001 -- 02 NED ! van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Manchester United FPY 2002 -- 03 FRA ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal FWA , FPY 2003 -- 04 FRA ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 2 ) Arsenal FWA , FPY 2004 -- 05 ENG ! Terry , John John Terry Chelsea 2005 -- 06 ENG ! Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard Liverpool 2006 -- 07 POR ! Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United FWA , FPY , YPY 2007 -- 08 POR ! Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2 ) Manchester United FWA , FPY 2008 -- 09 Wales ! Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs Manchester United 2009 -- 10 ENG ! Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United FWA , FPY 2010 -- 11 Wales ! Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Tottenham Hotspur 2011 -- 12 Netherlands ! van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal FWA , FPY 2012 -- 13 Wales ! Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale ( 2 ) Tottenham Hotspur FWA , YPY 2013 -- 14 Uruguay ! Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Liverpool FWA , FSF 2014 -- 15 Belgium ! Hazard , Eden Eden Hazard Chelsea FWA 2015 -- 16 Mahrez , Riyad Riyad Mahrez Leicester City FPY 2016 -- 17 Kanté , N'Golo N'Golo Kanté Chelsea FWA 2017 -- 18 Salah , Mohamed Mohamed Salah Liverpool FWA , FPY Breakdown of winners ( edit ) By country ( edit ) Country Number of wins Winning years England 18 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1977 -- 78 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Wales 6 1983 -- 84 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 France 5 1993 -- 94 , 1998 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2016 -- 17 Scotland 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1982 -- 83 Republic of Ireland 1978 -- 79 , 1992 -- 93 , 1999 -- 2000 Netherlands 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2011 -- 12 Portugal 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Northern Ireland 1975 -- 76 Uruguay 2013 -- 14 Belgium 2014 -- 15 Algeria 2015 -- 16 Egypt 2017 -- 18 By club ( edit ) Club Number of wins Winning years Manchester United 11 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 1999 -- 00 , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 Liverpool 7 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1987 -- 88 , 2005 -- 06 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Tottenham Hotspur 5 1975 -- 76 , 1986 -- 87 , 1998 -- 99 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsenal 5 1978 -- 79 , 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Aston Villa 1976 -- 77 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 Everton 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 Newcastle United 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 Leeds United 1973 -- 74 Derby County 1974 -- 75 Nottingham Forest 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1980 -- 81 Southampton 1981 -- 82 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 See also ( edit ) Premier League Player of the Season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Player Honours -- Professional Footballers ' Association Players ' Players of the Year '' . England Football Online . 19 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo picks up the double '' . The Daily Mail . London . 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC . 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United trio lead nominations for PFA award '' . The Times . London . 16 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sheringham wins second award '' . BBC . 29 April 2001 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Terry claims player of year award '' . BBC . 24 April 2005 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Only here for the peers '' . BBC . 20 April 2001 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC . 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC . 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rooney is PFA player of the year '' . BBC . 25 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` England -- Players Awards '' . RSSSF. 4 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PFA 's Official Fan 's Player of the Year : Previous Winners '' . The Professional Footballers ' Association . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Frank Keogh ( 20 April 2001 ) . `` Too much too young ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The FSF Awards in association with William Hill ( Monday 16th Dec ) '' . Football Supporters ' Federation . 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ First non -- English winner , also first player to win both the PFA and FWA awards , having won the FWA award in 1973 . Jump up ^ First player to win two awards in a single season . Jump up ^ First winner from outside the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ First player to win both PFA and FWA awards in the same season . Jump up ^ First player to win the award twice . Jump up ^ First winner of the award from outside the British Isles . Jump up ^ First player to win the award with two different clubs . Jump up ^ First player to win three awards in a single season . Jump up ^ First player to win the award in two consecutive seasons . Jump up ^ First player to win four awards in a single season . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC . 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Mikey ( 26 April 2009 ) . `` Ryan Giggs pays tribute to manager after adding another trophy to cabinet '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs ' Gareth Bale wins PFA player of the year award '' . BBC . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal striker Robin van Persie named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC . 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale wins PFA Player of Year and Young Player awards '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ First South American and non-European player to win the award . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 's Eden Hazard named PFA Player of the Year '' . Goal.com. 26 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Riyad Mahrez : Leicester City forward named PFA Player of the Year '' . BBC . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea Midfielder N'Golo Kanté named PFA player of the year '' . Evening Standard . 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mohamed Salah : Liverpool forward voted PFA Player of the Year 2017 - 18 '' . BBC . 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The official website of the Professional Footballers ' Association PFA Players ' Player of the Year 1974 : Hunter 1975 : Todd 1976 : Jennings 1977 : Gray 1978 : Shilton 1979 : Brady 1980 : McDermott 1981 : Wark 1982 : Keegan 1983 : Dalglish 1984 : Rush 1985 : Reid 1986 : Lineker 1987 : Allen 1988 : Barnes 1989 : Hughes 1990 : Platt 1991 : Hughes 1992 : Pallister 1993 : McGrath 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Shearer 1996 : Ferdinand 1997 : Shearer 1998 : Bergkamp 1999 : Ginola 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Henry 2004 : Henry 2005 : Terry 2006 : Gerrard 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Giggs 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Bale 2012 : Van Persie 2013 : Bale 2014 : Suárez 2015 : Hazard 2016 : Mahrez 2017 : Kanté 2018 : Salah Awards in English football All time 100 League Legends Hall of Fame Premier League Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Winning players Golden Boot Golden Glove 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards English Football League ( EFL ) EFL Awards Championship Top Scorer Golden Glove Manager of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Player of the Month : Championship League One League Two First Division ( defunct ) Second Division ( defunct ) Third Division ( defunct ) Young Player of the Month Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) Players ' Player of the Year Women 's Players ' Player of the Year Fans ' Player of the Year Young Player of the Year Women 's Young Player of the Year Team of the Year Merit Award Football Supporters ' Federation ( FSF ) Player of the Year League Managers Association ( LMA ) Manager of the Year Football Writers ' Association ( FWA ) Footballer of the Year Tribute Award League Football Education ( LFE ) Football League Apprentice of the Year Match of the Day ( BBC Television ) Goal of the Month Goal of the Season British honours system Football personalities with British honours Football players and officials awarded knighthoods National Footballer of the Year award UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium GS PFA ES Bosnia - Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia VL - HNS SN SD Czech Republic FA ČR KSN Czechoslovakia Denmark East Germany England PFA FWA Premier League Player of the Season Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Player of the Year Ilta - Sanomat Award France UNFP Ligue 1 FF OM Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Serie A Italian Footballer of the Year Serie A Footballer of the Year Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland FWA Ulster Norway Poland Portugal LPFP CNID PGB Romania Russia `` Sport - Express '' `` Futbol '' San Marino Scotland PFA Scotland SFWA Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain LFP `` Don Balón '' `` Marca '' Sweden Switzerland `` Sport '' ASF - SFV Turkey Ukraine Wales Yugoslavia AFC Australia A-League PFA China Hong Kong Indonesia Iran Japan Maldives Singapore South Korea K - League MVP Players ' Player of the Year Thailand UAE Uzbekistan Vietnam CAF Algeria Ballon d'or APFA Maracana Foot DZFoot d'Or Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya South Africa SAFA PSL Zimbabwe CONMEBOL Argentina Brazil Bola de Ouro Craque do Brasileirão Chile Paraguay CONCACAF Canada Mexico Suriname United States USSF MLS NWSL ESPY Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFA_Players%27_Player_of_the_Year&oldid=842266183 '' Categories : English football trophies and awards Association football player of the year awards Awards established in 1974 1974 establishments in England Annual events in England Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 10 : 11 . 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About Wikipedia	who has won pfa player of the year 2018	[ "The Professional Footballers' Association Players' Player of the Year (often called the PFA Players' Player of the Year, the Players' Player of the Year, or simply the Player of the Year) is an annual award given to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the year in English football.[1] The award has been presented since the 1973–74 season and the winner is chosen by a vote amongst the members of the players' trade union, the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA).[2] The current holder is Mohamed Salah, who won the award on 22 April 2018 for his displays throughout the 2017–18 season, representing Liverpool." ]	[ "Mohamed Salah" ]
4928474589487289519	Road speed limits in the United Kingdom	Road speed limits in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Road speed limits in the United Kingdom Speed limit sign on a single - carriageway road indicating a speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) Road speed limits in the United Kingdom are used to define the maximum legal speed ( which may be variable ) for vehicles using public roads in the UK , and are one of the measures available to attempt to control traffic speeds . The speed limit in each location is indicated on a nearby traffic sign or by the presence of street lighting . Signs show speed limits in miles per hour ( mph ) or use the Clearway ( or national speed limit ( NSL ) ) symbol . The national speed limit is 70 mph ( 112 km / h ) on motorways , 70 mph ( 112 km / h ) on dual carriageways , 60 mph ( 96 km / h ) on single carriageways and generally 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in areas with street lighting ( restricted roads ) . These limits may be changed by road signs and apply to cars , motorcycles , car - derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight ( MLW ) , and to motorhomes or motor caravans not more than 3.05 tonnes maximum unladen weight . Other classes of vehicles are subject to lower limits on some roads . Speed limits in the UK are used to define maximum desirable traffic speeds for the purposes of road safety ( to reduce the number of road casualties ) , to reduce negative environmental effects of traffic , to increase fuel use efficiency and to satisfy local community wishes . Enforcement of UK road speed limits was traditionally done using police ' speed traps ' set up and operated by the police who now increasingly use speed guns , automated in - vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras . Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters . Ever since they have been introduced , speed limits have been controversial . They are both opposed or supported from various sources ; including motoring advocacy groups , anti-motoring groups and others who either consider them to be irrelevant , set too low or set too high . Contents 1 Current regulations 1.1 National speed limits 1.2 Speed limiters 2 Types of speed limit 2.1 Fixed speed limits 2.2 Variable speed limits 2.3 Minimum speed limits 3 Justification 3.1 Safety 3.2 Environmental and accessibility 4 Effectiveness 4.1 20 mph speed limits and zones 4.1. 1 20 mph speed limits 4.1. 2 20 mph zones 4.1. 3 Shared space 4.2 The introduction of the 70 mph speed limit 5 Enforcement 6 Advocacy 7 History 7.1 Early years 7.2 World War II 7.3 1945 -- 1969 7.4 1973 oil crisis 7.5 1977 -- present 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading Current regulations ( edit ) National speed limits ( edit ) NSL sign on a single - track road implying a speed limit of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) or 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) depending on vehicle type Default maximum speed limits apply to all roads where no specific lower numeric speed limit is already in force . The default speed limit is known as the national speed limit ( NSL ) . The NSLs vary by road type and for vehicle types . National speed limits by vehicle type and road type Restricted road Single - track road Single carriageway Dual carriageway Motorway Cars and motorcycles ( including car - derived vans up to 2 tonnes max laden weight ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) Vehicles towing caravans or trailers inc cars , motorcycles , goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Buses , coaches , minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( in England and Wales ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( in Scotland , except A9 Perth to Inverness ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW ( on A9 Perth to Inverness ) 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) n / a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) n / a Speed limiters ( edit ) Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means . Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds . New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows : Buses and coaches , including minibuses : 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) HGVs : 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) or 85 km / h ( 53 mph ) depending on class . Mopeds : 45 km / h ( 28 mph ) Some other vehicles , especially light commercial or service vehicles , may be voluntarily fitted with limiters by their owners ( either private businesspeople or company fleets ) , generally set at 90 , 97 , 100 , 110 or 113 km / h ( 56 , 60 , 62 , 68 or 70 mph ) , though some ultralight citybound service vehicles may be limited to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) or less . In all cases , a warning sticker must be displayed on the rear of the vehicle . Types of speed limit ( edit ) Fixed speed limits ( edit ) 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) sign on a dual - carriageway road Speed limit road signs are used to inform road users where speed limits other than the applicable national speed limit apply . For some types of vehicles , on some types of road , speed limits lower than the signed limit apply . Numeric speed limit exceptions by vehicle type and road type Signed Vehicle type Speed limit if other than signed Single carriageway Dual carriageway Motorway 20 - 50 ( special cases only ) 60 Any Vehicle under 7.5 tonnes towing caravans or trailers ; buses , coaches and minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 70 Buses , coaches and minibuses up to 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW ( modern vehicles also have speed limiters which limit speed further - see below ) n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Cars , motorcycles and Goods vehicles up to 7.5 tonnes MLW and towing caravans or trailers n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Goods vehicles over 7.5 tonnes MLW n / a * 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) a small , decreasing number of single - carriageway motorways do exist , both technical / `` secret '' and overtly signed , but they are almost universally either subject to a signed limit below 70 mph , or too short for any but the most powerful vehicles to exceed 60 mph for any significant distance . Variable speed limits ( edit ) An advisory maximum speed sign . Variable speed limits are used on some major traffic roads . These can be changed in response to weather , traffic levels , time of day or for other reasons with the currently applicable speed limit is displayed using an electronic road sign . Signs with the speed shown in a red circle are compulsory , signs where the speed is not within a red circle are advisory and exceeding these speeds while driving safely within the applicable national speed limit is not in itself an offence . Variable speed limits were introduced on some congested major routes as an element of controlled motorway techniques to improve traffic flows for given prevailing conditions . Part - time variable speed limits may also be used outside schools . Minimum speed limits ( edit ) Rarely , minimum speed limits are used , such as through the Mersey Tunnels , to maintain free flow and safe passage through otherwise hazardous or enclosed areas . Circular blue signs with white numbers indicate the start of these limits , and similar signs with a red diagonal line indicate their end . Contrary to popular belief , there is no minimum speed limit on motorways , although certain classes of slow vehicles ( as well as those of any class that can not maintain 25 mph on the level whilst unladen ) are prohibited on safety grounds and drivers are expected to not cause unnecessary obstruction by driving unusually slowly . Justification ( edit ) According to the government , speed limits are used to help achieve appropriate traffic speeds for safety , and environmental and accessibility reasons . The Department for Transport state that `` speed limits play a fundamental role '' in the effective management of traffic speeds in relation to the safety of both drivers and all other road users . Safety ( edit ) See also : Reported Road Casualties Great Britain and Road Traffic Safety The 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limit in built - up areas was introduced in 1930 in response to high casualty levels . The 70 mph ( 112 km / h ) limit on previously unrestricted roads was introduced in 1965 following a number of serious motorway accidents in fog earlier the same year . The Department for Transport believes that effective speed management involves many components but that speed limits play a ' fundamental role ' and are ' a key source of information to road users ' particularly as an indicator of the nature and risks posed by that road to both themselves and other motorised and non-motorised road users . The Parliamentary Select Committee for Transport Safety published a report entitled ' The Ending the Scandal of Complacency ' in 2007 which highlighted how casualty levels rise with increasing speed and recommended reducing speed limits on streets with high pedestrian populations and on dangerous rural roads . The report highlights that when two cars crash at 60 mph a driver there is a 90 % chance of death which falls to 65 % at 50 mph . While recommending 20 mph speed zones the committee noted that these zones ' should not rely on heavy - handed enforcement measures ' . The World Health Organisation published a report in 2004 highlighting that a total of 22 % of all ' injury mortality ' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002 and that the speed of vehicles was ' at the core of the problem Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 -- 19 years of age ( 260,000 children die a year , 10 million are injured ) . In 2008 14 % of collisions reported to the police had a speed related contributory factor ( either `` exceeding the speed limit '' or `` travelling too fast for conditions '' ) reported rising to 24 % for fatal accidents and 25 % of all road deaths . `` Exceeding the speed limit '' was reported as a contributory factor in 5 % of collisions and 14 % of fatal collisions . `` Travelling too fast for conditions '' ( but within the prevailing speed limit ) was recorded as one of the contributory factors in a further 8 % of all collisions ( and 9 % of all fatal , 9 % of all serious and 8 % of all slight accidents ) , The UK government publishes Reported Road Casualties Great Britain ( RRCGB ) each year , based on road traffic casualties data ( STATS19 ) reported to the police , which has been collected since 1949 , and with additional data going back to 1926 . The highest number of road fatalities recorded in a single year in GB was 9,196 in 1941 . The highest number of fatalities during peacetime was 7,985 for 1966 , following the introduction of the national 70 mph speed limit in 1965 and the year before the legal drink drive limit and the associated Breathalyzer laws were introduced . The 2009 edition also summarised the characteristics of speed related fatal collisions as typically occurring on unclassified rural 60 mph speed limit roads , the driver being a male under the age of 30 , with the collision types being head - on , lost control or cornering and the cause being loss of control whilst cornering or overtaking and the contributory factors being excess or inappropriate speed , loss of control , aggressive , careless or reckless behaviour or in a hurry . Environmental and accessibility ( edit ) Speed limits are also used where reduced vehicle speeds are desired to help reduce vehicle emissions and traffic noise , and to improve the accessibility conditions for more vulnerable road users such as pedestrians and cyclists and to reduce the perceived traffic risk for local people . During the 1973 oil crisis a temporary maximum national speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) was introduced on all roads , including motorways to reduce fuel consumption , which was later progressively raised on Motorways ( to 70 mph ) and dual carriageways ( to 60 mph ) , before a final change to single and dual carriageway non-motorway roads that produced the current NSL situation . Effectiveness ( edit ) Parliament estimates that `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 % of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits '' . DfT guidance makes it clear that setting speed limits in isolation , or setting ones that are `` unrealistically low '' may be ineffective and lead to disrespect for the speed limit . Bath and North East Somerset Council say that speed limits on their own do not necessarily reduce traffic speeds and should be supported by enforcement to target `` irresponsible drivers '' or traffic calming . 20 mph speed limits and zones ( edit ) The Department for Transport encourages the use of either ' 20 mph speed limits ' or ' 20 mph speed limit zones ' in urban situations where vulnerable road users are at particular risk . In 1998 the TRL reported that signed 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limits only reduced traffic speeds by about 1 mph and delivered no discernible reduction in accident numbers but that 20 mph zones achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph with child pedestrian accident reductions of 70 % and child cyclist accident reductions of 48 % . The report noted that the cost of wide area traffic calming was prohibitive . 20 mph speed limits ( edit ) 20 mph speed limits are based on signage alone and are used where 85th percentile speeds are already below 24 mph . A report published in 2010 by the Department for Transport regarding Portsmouth City Council 's 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limit on 410 km ( 250 mi ) of the city 's 438 km ( 272 mi ) of roads found a small ( 1.3 mph ) reduction in traffic speed and a small 8 % increase in the number of serious accidents -- neither of which were statistically significant -- and a 21 % reduction in the number of accidents . There was a 6 % increase in the numbers killed or seriously injured ( KSI ) -- also not statistically significant due to the small numbers involved -- and a 22 % reduction in the total number of road casualties . 20 mph zones ( edit ) Road sign used to mark the start of a 20 mph zone In places where 20 mph speeds are desired but where excessive speeds ( 85th percentile speed of 24 mph or above ) occur , 20 mph zones are recommended . These have to use traffic calming measures to reduce speeds to below 20 mph . In 1992 David Harding - Price a parish councillor in Barrow - Upon - Humber proposed a 20 mph speed limit outside the local school . This was rejected by the council . By August 2002 , Kingston upon Hull had introduced 112 20 - mph zones and 190 km ( 120 mi ) of roads subject to a 20 mph limit covering 26 % of the city 's streets which they described as contributing to `` dramatic reductions in road casualties '' . Total collisions were reduced by 56 % , collisions involving death and serious injury were reduced by 90 % , collisions involving child casualties were reduced by 64 % , all pedestrian collisions were reduced by 54 % , and total child pedestrian collisions reduced by 74 % . A report published in 2008 estimated that following the introduction of 20 mph zones in London , a reduction of casualties by 45 % and KSI by 57 % occurred . Shared space ( edit ) Research carried out for the Department for Transport , to provide supporting evidence for Local Transport Note 1 / 11 on shared space , showed that in all of the ten shared space sites that were studied , that although they all had speed limits of 30 mph , that the average speeds on them was around 20 mph . The introduction of the 70 mph speed limit ( edit ) 70mph speed limit sign In 1966 , at the end of the 4 - month trial of a blanket 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit on previously unrestricted roads and motorways , speed checks on the M6 in Cheshire suggested that although cars were actually being driven about 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) faster , they were still usually travelling at speeds below the new limit . The crash rate was lower on the M6 in Staffordshire ( the better weather was noted too ) and continued to fall on the M5 in Worcestershire as it had before the new limit was imposed , and there was no change in the crash rate on the M6 in Cheshire or on the M1 in Northamptonshire . Enforcement ( edit ) Main article : Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Speed limit enforcement is used to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limits . Methods used include Fixed speed cameras , Average speed cameras and also police operated LIDAR speed guns and older radar speed guns . In addition Vehicle activated sign and Community Speed Watch groups also encourage compliance . For lower speed limits , physical Traffic Calming is normally required . Fixed speed cameras are controversial with various advocacy groups supporting and opposing their use . The Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved `` virtually complete compliance '' on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras , and across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations their KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % . Advocacy ( edit ) Since they have been introduced various groups have campaigned on the subject who either consider them to be irrelevant , set too low or set too high . Advocacy groups include Association of British Drivers , The Automobile Association , Living Streets ( The Pedestrians ' Association ) , RAC Foundation , RoadPeace , Royal Automobile Club ( originally the Automobile Club ) , Twenty is Plenty ( 20 's Plenty for Us ) , Safe Speed and others . History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) The first speed limits in the United Kingdom were set by a series of restrictive Locomotive Acts ( in 1861 , 1865 and 1878 ) . The 1861 Act introduced a 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) limit ( powered passenger vehicles were then termed `` light locomotives '' ) . The 1865 ' Red Flag Act ' reduced the speed limit to 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) in the country and 2 mph ( 3 km / h ) in towns and required a man with a red flag or lantern to walk 60 yards ( 50 m ) ahead of each vehicle , and warn horse riders and horse drawn traffic of the approach of a self - propelled machine . The 1878 Act removed the need for the flag and reduced the distance of the escort to 20 yards ( 20 m ) . Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts , including Harry J. Lawson of the Daimler Company the most restrictive parts of the acts were lifted by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 . which raised the speed limit to 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) and removed the need for the escort . A celebratory run from London to Brighton was held soon after the act was passed and has been commemorated each year since 1927 by the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run . 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) repeater sign as used to remind drivers of the speed limit on a road without street lighting . On built - up roads with street lighting , the lights themselves serve as the 30 mph reminder and repeater signs are prohibited . The speed limit for motor cars was raised to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) by the Motor Car Act 1903 which stood until 1 January 1931 when all speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 . Lord Buckmaster 's opinion at the time was that the speed limit was removed because `` the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt '' . Between 1930 and 1935 the number of annual road fatalities dropped from 7,305 to 6,502 . The same act also introduced a 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limits for UK coach services , UK bus services and most HGVs . Buses were not necessarily fitted with Speedometers at this stage . A ' Road traffic ( speedometer ) bill ' was debated in 1933 relating only to vehicles to which current speed limits applied . The Road Traffic Act 1934 , created by Leslie Hore - Belisha , the then Minister of Transport , introduced a speed limit of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in built - up areas for cars and motorcycles which came into effect on 18 March 1935 . The definition of a built - up area was based on the presence of street lighting , which had previously been mandated by the Public Health Act 1875 . The re-introduction of a speed limit for cars was in response to concern at increased road casualties . The number of fatalities had increased to 7,343 deaths , half of the deaths were pedestrians and of three - quarters of these occurred in built - up areas . Between 1935 and 1940 the number of annual road fatalities increased from 6,502 to 8,609 . Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937 . World War II ( edit ) A 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) night - time speed limit for built - up areas was introduced in 1940 as an attempt to halt the increase in the number of road casualties occurring during the World War II blackouts . Following the introduction of blackouts fatalities rose on speed - limited roads from 289 in March 1939 to 325 in March 1940 . For October 1940 the total number of deaths during daylight ( when the speed limit did n't apply ) fell , in relation to those for October 1939 , from 511 to 462 , whereas the figures for the black - out hours ( when the speed limit did apply ) rose from 501 to 684 . The highest number of deaths in any one year in the UK occurred the following year ( 9,196 people in 1941 ) . 1945 -- 1969 ( edit ) On 1 October 1956 , the 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limit for built - up areas became permanent under the Road Traffic Act 1956 . The speed limit , introduced on a trial basis in 1935 , had relied on being renewed by Parliament each year . The maximum speed limit for goods vehicles was raised from 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) to 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) in 1957 . In addition , around 1958 some 30 mph roads had the limit raised to 40 mph to improve transit times , an early example being on Croydon Road in Mitcham , Surrey , saving , it was estimated , 33 seconds in journey time across Mitcham common . Following a series of serious motorway multiple crashes in the fog in 1965 , Tom Fraser , the then Minister of Transport , following consultations in early November with the police and with the National Road Safety Advisory Council ( NRSAC ) , concluded that the crashes were caused by vehicles travelling too fast for the prevailing conditions . The NRSAC advised that a 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) motorway speed limit should be imposed on motorway stretches affected by fog and that a general speed limit of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) should be experimentally applied for the winter months . On 25 November 1965 the government announced that a temporary 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) speed limit would be applied to sections of motorway ( there were 350 miles ( 560 km ) of it at that time ) affected by fog , ice or snow and that a general maximum speed limit of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) would be applied to all otherwise unrestricted roads , including motorways , for a trial period of four months starting just before Christmas . The four - month trial 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit on 100,000 miles ( 160,000 km ) of previously unrestricted roads and motorways was introduced at noon on 22 December 1965 . Also on that day , the power for the police to apply advisory speed limits of 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) to motorways affected by bad weather was also introduced . The advisory limit was activated by the use of flashing amber lights placed at 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) intervals along the motorways . In April 1966 Barbara Castle , the new Minister of Transport , decided to extend the experimental 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) limit for a further two months to allow the Road Research Laboratory ( RRL ) time to collect data as there was still no conclusive evidence of its effectiveness . In May 1966 Barbara Castle extended the experimental period by a further fifteen months to 3 September 1967 as `` the case is not proven '' but there were signs of crash rate reduction . In July 1966 the speed limit for `` public service vehicles '' ( notably buses ) was raised from 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . During 1966 , the highest number of fatalities during peacetime at 7,985 deaths , was recorded . In July 1967 , Castle announced that 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) was to become the permanent maximum speed limit for all roads and motorways . She had accepted RRL evidence that the speed limit had reduced the number of casualties on motorways . She ruled out minimum speed limits for motorways which would also reduce the danger of slow traffic as being too difficult to enforce and likely to increase congestion off the motorways . The two major motoring organisations at the time , The Automobile Association and the R.A.C. welcomed the maximum speed limits for all - purpose roads , but the R.A.C. would have preferred more flexibility for motorways . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents suggested that a lower speed limit would be more appropriate for all - purpose roads and the Pedestrian 's Association for Road Safety condemned the new limits as being too high , preferring 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) limits for all roads . Castle 's decision and acceptance of the RRL research at face value was controversial . Peter Walker 's motion in Parliament to annul the speed limit on motorways was negatived . 1973 oil crisis ( edit ) Due to the 1973 oil crisis , a temporary maximum national speed limit of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) for all roads , including motorways , was introduced on 8 December 1973 . The 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) limit was restored on motorways in March 1974 and on all other roads on 8 May 1974 . As an initiative to reduce energy consumption , the national speed limits for otherwise unrestricted single - carriageway and dual - carriageway roads were temporarily reduced to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) respectively ( motorway speed limits were left unchanged at 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ) from 14 December 1974 . In November 1976 the temporary speed limits were extended at least until the end of May 1977 . In April 1977 , the government announced that the national speed limits for single - carriageway roads was to be increased to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) and that the 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit was to be restored on dual - carriageways on 1 June 1977 . 1977 -- present ( edit ) A speed limiter requirement for mopeds was introduced in 1977 , with the speed cap being progressively redefined from 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) , to 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) , back up to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and finally to 45 km / h ( 28 mph ) in the late 2000s . The 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) speed limit was made permanent in 1978 . The Road Traffic Regulation Act , which was passed in 1984 , includes legislation relating to speed limits . Part VI of the Act defines the default speed limit for ' regularly ' - lit roads , gives local authorities powers to create ' speed limit orders ' , and exempts emergency vehicles from speed limits ; the Act also defines speeding offences . The first 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limits for residential areas were introduced in 1991 and then speed limiters for buses and coaches set at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) and also for HGVs set at 56 mph ( 90 km / h ) in 1994 . It was made easier for local authorities to introduce a 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) limit in 1999 . In March 2009 the Government consulted on reducing speed limits on rural roads ( on which 52 % of fatalities had occurred in the previous year ) to 50 mph . It explained that ' crashes were more likely on rural parts of the road network , upon most of which the national speed limit of 60 mph applies ' . The Conservative opposition party and the AA were both opposed . The president of the AA said that speed limits that are too low can result in a greater number of accidents and that a `` blanket reduction of speed limits would not make roads safer , given that many accidents on rural roads involved only one car '' . In February 2010 the Department for Transport undertook a consultation to set a 65 mph speed limit for all buses , minibuses and coaches with more than eight passenger seats . These proposals were not taken up . In April 2015 the speed limit for Heavy Goods Vehicles over 7.5 tonnes was increased from 40 to 50 mph on single carriageways and from 50 mph to 60 mph on dual carriageways in England and Wales , but not Scotland except the A9 between Perth and Inverness . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 181 `` Speed limiter settings lowered to 65 mph for new buses and coaches and to 56 mph for HGVs . '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 179 `` Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed '' Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 34 fig 2.1 Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 76 Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 41 `` Fourteen per cent of accidents had a speed related contributory factor reported , either exceeding the speed limit or travelling too fast for conditions . This increased to 24 % for fatal accidents , accounting for 25 % of all road deaths . '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 45 `` Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 % of all accidents . However , the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident . It was reported in 14 % of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities , 15 % of all deaths ... The factor travelling too fast for conditions was a contributory factor in 8 % of accidents . Again , the proportion of accidents where it was reported rose with the severity of the accident and 9 % of fatal resulting in 224 fatalities , 10 % of all deaths ( Excluding accidents and casualties in accidents which had exceeding the speed limit reported as a contributory factor ) '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 `` The highest record road death figure was 9,196 in 1941 '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 table 2 Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2010 ) , pdf p. 91 , table 7a Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 106 `` The highest record road death figure was 9,196 in 1941 '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 179 `` 60 and 70 mph speed limits are made permanent '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 180 `` First 20mph zones introduced '' References ( edit ) Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section Department for Transport ( 2009 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Department for Transport ( 2010 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2009 Annual Report '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) . `` World report on road traffic injury prevention '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Other references for article Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits '' . GOV.UK . UK Government . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 124 : Speed Limits '' . The Official Highway Code . TSO. 2007 . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 552814 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-29708280 Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO SPEED LIMITER REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Light signals controlling traffic '' ( PDF ) . Direct Gov . Jump up ^ `` Variable Speed Limits '' . UK government . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Tunnel Byelaws '' ( PDF ) . Mersey Tunnels . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic signs '' ( PDF ) . Highway Code . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limits - how they are set '' . UK government . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Speed limits are an important part of achieving appropriate speeds on the road and are adopted for safety , environmental and accessibility reasons . ^ Jump up to : `` DfT Circular 1 / 06 , new guidance on setting local speed limits '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Effective speed management involves many components designed to work together to encourage , help and require road users to adopt appropriate and safe speeds . Speed limits play a fundamental role . They are a key source of information to road users , particularly as an indicator of the nature and risks posed by that road to both themselves and other motorised and non-motorised road users . Speed limits should , therefore , be evidence - led , self - explaining and seek to reinforce people 's assessment of what is a safe speed to travel . They should also encourage self - compliance and not be seen by drivers as being a target speed at which to drive in all circumstances . ^ Jump up to : `` Road accidents '' . Hansard. 1934 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . I presume that my hon. and gallant Friend refers to the weekly records of persons killed or injured in road accidents which have been obtained since the middle of March . I regret that the most recent returns have shown an increase in the number of accidents , but while I do not wish to detract from the seriousness of the situation it must be borne in mind , in comparing the figures for successive weeks , that there is now a seasonal increase in the amount of traffic on the roads combined with an increase in the number of new registrations . ^ Jump up to : `` 70 M.P.H. Limit For Four Months '' . The Times . 1965 - 11 - 25 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Ending the Scandal of Complacency : Road Safety beyond 2010 : Further Government Response to the Committee 's Eleventh Report of Session 2007 -- 08 '' ( PDF ) . PACT . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . The proposals in our consultation document aimed at achieving lower speeds in streets with high pedestrian populations and on the more dangerous rural single carriageways with poor casualty records , for example , are based on problems which we have identified in the system ( p. 4 ) ... For example , in a head - on collision in which two cars crashed at 60 mph a driver has a 90 % chance of dying . This is reduced to 65 % at 50 mph . That is why we are making sure that highway authorities have the accurate risk information and the support they need to alter speed limits and zones where this is the right thing to do . Jump up ^ `` UN raises child accidents alarm '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Road Casualties Great Britain : 2006 - Annual Report '' . Department for Transport . p. 92 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roads - Speed Limits '' . Bath & North East Somerset Council . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . It is recognised that speed limits on their own do not necessarily reduce the speed of vehicles , particularly if they are set at a level substantially below that at which the majority of drivers would choose to drive . Therefore , lower speed limits do not necessarily result in lower speeds . To effect this , the character of the road needs to be altered . Measures other than signing are required if speeds are to be reduced to a level where drivers understand and accept the need for the limit . Police enforcement can then target those irresponsible drivers . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving over 50 mph banned from tonight '' . The Times . 1973 - 12 - 07 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report - Introduction '' . Parliament . The problem is that : `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits Jump up ^ DfT Circular 01 / 2006 : Setting Local Speed Limits ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . 2006 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 31 . Indeed , if a speed limit is set in isolation , or is unrealistically low , it is likely to be ineffective and lead to disrespect for the speed limit . As well as requiring significant , and avoidable , enforcement costs , this may also result in substantial numbers of drivers continuing to travel at unacceptable speeds , thus increasing the risk of collisions and injuries . ^ Jump up to : DfT Circular 01 / 2006 Setting Local Speed Limits ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ TRL363 Urban speed management methods ( PDF ) ( Report ) . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions : Road Accidents '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 2003 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 ( TRL Report 363 ) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs . Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales . However , the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 % reduction in child pedestrian accidents and a 48 % reduction in child cyclist accidents . Jump up ^ Atkins ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) . Interim Evaluation of the Implementation of 20 mph Speed Limits in Portsmouth : Final Report ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` 20 mph speed limits and zones - Traffic Advisory Leaflet 9 / 99 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum by Kingston upon Hull City Council ( RTS 152 ) '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` London Road Safety Unit : Safety Research Report No. 2 - Review of 20 mph Zones in London Boroughs '' ( PDF ) . allowing for background changes in KSI casualty frequencies , the installation of 20 mph zones has reduced the frequency of road user casualties within the zones by about 45 % and reduced the frequency of fatal or serious ( KSI ) casualties by about 57 % . Jump up ^ `` 2.16 '' . Local Transport Note 1 / 11 : Shared Space ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Department for Transport . October 2011 . p. 14 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` M6 Radar Shows Faster Family Driving '' . The Times . 1967 - 04 - 27 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties '' . BMJ . However , owing to the highly controversial nature of the debate about speed cameras in high income countries , we would expect any published negative studies to be highly publicised . Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras '' . Icons of England . Speed cameras are highly controversial and attacks on them regularly make the news . Jump up ^ `` Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT '' . A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city Jump up ^ `` Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % Jump up ^ `` MVRUS - Legislation : A summary of important legislation '' . UK Department of the Environment . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Highways and Locomotives ( Amendment ) Act 1878 section 29 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . shall precede by at least twenty yards the locomotive on foot Jump up ^ `` The early years of the automobile in Britain '' . Dailmer . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Meanwhile British Motor Syndicate began a public relations campaign to lobby for the repeal of the `` Highways and Locomotive Act '' , still the main obstacle to the introduction of the car in Britain ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . London to Brighton Veteran Car Run 2010 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Motoring Law '' . The Times . 1930 - 12 - 01 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . It is sufficient to say that the reason why the speed limit was abolished was not that anybody thought the abolition would tend to the greater security of foot passengers , but that the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt Jump up ^ `` Road traffic Act 1930 '' ( PDF ) . opsi . p. 102 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . My Lords , the Motion that stands in my name is directed to secure that motor vehicles that are now under statutory restriction as to the pace at which they are permitted to travel should be compelled to carry a trustworthy speedometer so that the driver of the vehicle may know when he is exceeding the limit . Jump up ^ `` ROAD TRAFFIC ( SPEEDOMETER ) BILL '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit To - Day '' . The Times . 1935 - 03 - 18 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` DfT Circular 01 / 2006 : Setting Local Speed Limits '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` History - Government and Public Health '' . BBC Bitesize . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How the Thirties saw Britain fall in love with the car ... and become a nation of road hogs '' . Daily Mail . London . 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety History 1922 - 1937 '' . RoadSafetyUK . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Pensioner booked for speeding ... in a 1923 Model T Ford that does n't even have a speedo '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Limit in Black - Out '' . The Times . 1940 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` More Deaths on the Road : Disappointing Result of Speed Limit '' . The Times . 1940 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Death - Rate on the Roads : 1,146 Persons Killed Last Month '' . The Times . 1940 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` New road rules next week '' . The Times . 1956 - 09 - 28 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Grahame Boyes ( May 2004 ) . `` The British Road Haulage Industry since 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Railway and Canal Historical Society . Railway & Canal Historical Society : 514 -- 524 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Croydon Road , Mitcham , 40mph speed limit signs '' . Merton Memories Photographic Archive. 20 March 1958 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saving motorists from themselves '' . The Times . 1965 - 11 - 11 . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Drivers Stay Within 70 M.P.H. Limit '' . The Times . 1965 - 12 - 23 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` More Experience Needed '' . The Times . 1966 - 04 - 07 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` 70 M.P.H. limit for another 15 months '' . The Times . 1966 - 05 - 18 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Safer by bus ? '' . Autocar . Vol. 127 ( nbr 3744 ) . 16 November 1967 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` 60 M.P.H. limit for some roads ? '' . The Times . 1967 - 07 - 13 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Effectiveness of 70 mph limit '' . The Times . 1967 - 11 - 07 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` 50 mph limit to end '' . The Times . 1974 - 05 - 07 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Slower driving '' . The Times . 1974 - 12 - 13 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh look at 50 mph - 60 mph speed limits '' . The Times . 1976 - 11 - 18 . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Speed limits will be raised from June 1 '' . The Times . 1977 - 04 - 07 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Speed : Know your limits '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , part IV : Speed Limits ; accessed 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ A road 's speed limit is 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) if the road 's street lights are `` ( not placed ) more than 200 yards apart '' in England and Wales or `` not more than 185 metres '' in Scotland ; a local authority can choose whether or not a ' restricted road ' remains as such ( for a road within the aforementioned street lighting requirements ) -- cf . Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , section 82 : What roads are restricted roads . Jump up ^ Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 , section 89 : Speeding offences generally ; accessed 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Advisory Leaflet 9 / 99 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . June 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sadie ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Rural speed limits may be reduced to 50mph '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` DfT releases consultation on simplification of speed limit rules for buses , coaches and heavy goods '' . CIHT. 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to bus and coach speed limits proposed '' . Coach Broker . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New higher speed limits for lorries in England and Wales '' . highwaycodeuk.co.uk . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the speed limit on a motorway uk	[ "The national speed limit is 70 mph (112 km/h) on motorways, 70 mph (112 km/h) on dual carriageways, 60 mph (96 km/h) on single carriageways and generally 30 mph (48 km/h) in areas with street lighting (restricted roads). These limits may be changed by road signs and apply to cars, motorcycles, car-derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight (MLW), and to motorhomes or motor caravans not more than 3.05 tonnes maximum unladen weight. Other classes of vehicles are subject to lower limits on some roads.[1]\n" ]	[ "70 mph (112 km/h)" ]
-8348171572956663301	Hyundai Motor India Limited	Hyundai Motor India Limited - wikipedia Hyundai Motor India Limited Jump to : navigation , search Hyundai Motor India Ltd new thinking new possibilities Type Subsidiary Industry Automotive Founded 6 May 1996 ; 21 years ago ( 6 May 1996 ) Headquarters Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India Key people Mr. Y.K. Koo ( CEO ) Products Automobiles Parent Hyundai Motor Company Website www.hyundai.co.in Hyundai Motor India Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Hyundai Motor Company in India . It is the second largest automobile manufacturer in India . Hyundai Santro Xing / Atos Prime ( Discontinued - 2014 ) was manufactured only by Hyundai Motor India Limited . Hyundai Motor India Limited was formed on 6 May 1996 by the Hyundai Motor Company of South Korea . When Hyundai Motor Company entered the Indian Automobile Market in 1996 the Hyundai brand was almost unknown throughout India . During the entry of Hyundai in 1996 , there were only five major automobile manufacturers in India , i.e. Maruti , Hindustan , Premier , Tata and Mahindra . Daewoo had entered the Indian automobile market with Cielo just three years back while Ford , Opel and Honda had entered less than a year back . For more than a decade till Hyundai arrived , Maruti Suzuki had a near monopoly over the passenger cars segment because Tata Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra were solely utility and commercial vehicle manufacturers , while Hindustan and Premier both built outdated and uncompetitive products . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Manufacturing Facilities 3 R&D Centre 4 Global Quality Centre 5 Models 5.1 Manufactured Locally 5.2 Imported 5.3 Discontinued 6 Sales and Service Network 7 Exports 8 Sales Performance 9 Awards and Achievements 10 Brand Ambassador 11 See Also 12 External Links 13 References History ( edit ) HMIL 's first car , the Hyundai Santro was launched on 23 September 1998 and was a runaway success . Within a few months of its inception HMIL became the second largest automobile manufacturer and the largest automobile exporter in India . Hyundai Motor India Limited ( HMIL ) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company ( HMC ) , South Korea and is the largest passenger car exporter and the second largest car manufacturer in India . HMIL presently markets 10 models - Eon , Grand i10 , Xcent , Elite i20 , i20 Active , Verna , Elantra , Creta , Tucson and SantaFe HMC has set up a research and development facility ( Hyundai Motor India Engineering - HMIE ) in the cyber city of Hyderabad . As HMC 's global export hub for compact cars , HMIL is the first automotive company in India to achieve the export of 10 lakh cars in just over a decade . HMIL currently exports cars to more than 87 countries across EU , Africa , Middle East , Latin America , Asia and Australia . It has been the number one exporter of passenger cars of the country for the eighth year in a row . To support its growth and expansion plans , HMIL currently has 475 strong dealer network and more than 1,226 strong service points across India , which will see further expansion in 2017 . In July 2012 , Arvind Saxena , the Director of Marketing and Sales stepped down from the position after serving the company for 7 years . Manufacturing facilities ( edit ) The Hyundai i10 ( Discontinued - 2016 ) was exclusively manufactured only by HMIL . HMIL has two manufacturing plants in Irungattukottai , Sriperumbudur , Chennai , Tamil Nadu. HMIL 's manufacturing plant near Chennai claims to have the most advanced production , quality and testing capabilities in the country . To cater to rising demand , HMIL commissioned its second plant in February 2008 , which produces an additional 300,000 units per annum , raising HMIL 's total production capacity to 600,000 units per annum . Current Production Capacity with these 2 plants in Irungattukottai , Sriperumbudur , Chennai increased to 7 , 00,000 cars per year . R&D centre ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Engineering ( HMIE ) is a fully owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company , South Korea , which is located at Hyderabad , Telangana . HMIL established HMIE in November 2006 and contributed to the development of Hyundai Motors ' popular new models for the Indian market starting with the Eon and followed now by the `` i '' series , and also in SUV segments like the Creta . Hyundai Motors ' other overseas R&D centres are located in the United States , Germany , Japan , Korea , and China . Global quality centre ( edit ) Named Indian Quality Centre ( INQC ) , The centre is one of the five quality Centre worldwide after the U.S , China , Europe and Middle East . The India centre located at Faridabad , Haryana will conduct durablity study of existing models and benchmark parts and systems for constant improvement . The key activity of India quality Centre would be to `` contribute in new car development from pilot stage to create quality product with zero defect '' . Besides , the centre will also be responsible for ensuring `` top level safety quality `` through proactive customer oriented management system and understanding feedback from them to eliminate potential risks . The centre also has an objective to study market conditions and other Asia Pacific regions to develop new cars and adapt strategies for continuous product quality improvement . The company also opened a training centre at same facility . It will have its own body and paint unit , The new service training will ensure overall skill development of entire service profile of dealer manpower Models ( edit ) Hyundai Eon Hyundai Grand i10 Hyundai Fluidic Verna Hyundai Santa Fe ( Third Generation ) Hyundai i20 Manufactured Locally ( edit ) Hyundai Eon ( Launched 2011 ) Hyundai Grand i10 Facelift ( Launched Feb - 2017 ) Hyundai Xcent Facelift ( Launched April - 2017 ) Hyundai Elite i20 ( Launched 2014 ) Hyundai i20 Active ( Launched 2015 ) Hyundai Elantra ( Launched 2016 ) Hyundai Creta ( Launched 2015 ) Hyundai Tucson ( Launched 2016 ) Hyundai 3rd Gen - Verna ( Launched 2017 ) Imported ( edit ) Hyundai Santa Fe Third Generation ( Launched 2014 ) Discontinued ( edit ) Hyundai Santro ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Hyundai Santro Xing ( 2003 - 2014 ) Hyundai Accent GTX ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Hyundai Sonata Gold ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Hyundai Sonata ( Launched 2012 ) Hyundai Accent Viva ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hyundai Accent CRDi ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Hyundai Terracan ( 2003 - 2007 ) Hyundai Getz ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Hyundai Accent GLS ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Hyundai Sonata Embera ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Hyundai Accent GLE ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Hyundai Verna ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Getz Prime ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Hyundai i10 ( 2007 - 2010 ) Hyundai Verna Transform ( 2010 - 2011 ) Hyundai Elantra ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Tucson ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Hyundai Sonata Transform ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Hyundai Santa Fe Second Generation ( 2010 - 2013 ) Hyundai Accent Executive ( 2011 - 2013 ) Hyundai i20 ( 2008 - 2014 ) Hyundai Verna ( 2011 - 2015 ) Hyundai Elantra ( 2012 - 2016 ) Hyundai i10 ( 2010 - 2016 ) Hyundai Grand i10 ( 2013 - 2017 ) Hyundai 4S Fluidic Verna ( 2015 - 2017 ) Sales and service network ( edit ) HMIL has 475 dealers and more than 1,226 service points across India . HMIL also operates its own dealerships known as Hyundai Motor Plazas in large metros across India . HMIL has the second largest sales and service network in India after Maruti Suzuki . Hyundai Motor India Limited Annual Sales Year Domestic sales Exports Total 1998 8,447 0 8,447 1999 17,627 20 17,647 2000 82,896 3,823 86,719 87,175 6,092 93,267 2002 1 , 02,806 8,245 111,051 2003 1 , 20,325 30,416 150,741 1 , 39,759 75,871 215,630 2005 1 , 56,291 96,560 252,851 2006 1 , 86,174 1 , 13,339 299,513 2007 2 , 00,411 1 , 26,749 327,160 2008 2 , 45,397 2 , 43,919 489,316 2009 2 , 89,863 2 , 70,017 559,880 3 , 56,717 2 , 47,102 603,819 2011 3 , 73,709 2 , 42,330 616,039 2012 3 , 91,276 2 , 50,005 641,281 2013 3 , 80,000 2 , 33,260 613,260 2014 4 , 10,000 1 , 91,221 601,221 2015 4 , 76,001 1 , 67,268 643,269 2016 5 , 00,537 1 , 61,517 662,054 Exports ( edit ) HMIL currently exports vehicles to over 92 countries across Africa , Middle East , Latin America , Australia and Asia . It has been India 's number one exporter for the last 10 years consecutively . HMIL has been consecutively awarded `` Top Exporter Of The Year '' for 10 years by EEPC. The Highest Exported volume was 2 , 70,017 in year 2009 . Sales performance ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Ltd ( HMIL ) , the country 's second largest car manufacturer and the largest passenger car exporter , registered 4.6 % growth in exports for the month of May 2013 . The domestic sales accounted for 32,102 units and exports stood at 24,754 units . sales 476000 in 2015 domestic sales 17.1 % market share . In 2016 It sold 30K units more thereby hitting the 5 lakh mark . Hence domestic sales stood at 500537 which is an increase by 5.2 % compared to last year , with 17.13 % market share . `` 2016 has been an Year of Excellence for Hyundai in India achieving various milestones - Celebrating 20 years in India , the roll out of 7 Millionth car in November'16 , crossing the 5 lakh domestic sales in CY2016 and the fastest 50,000 unit sales in the month of October , '' YK Koo , MD & CEO , Hyundai Motor India said , in a statement . Hyundai 's Holy trinity - the Grand - i10 , Elite - i20&Creta has cumulatively achieved 1.3 Million sales in less than 4 years which includes 1.1 Million domestic and 0.29 Million for exports . With exceeding 2 , 50,000 sales in first quarter of 2017 Hyundai aims to target half million sales in domestic market in 2017 . Awards and achievements ( edit ) Indian Car Of The Year ( ICOTY ) 2008 -- Hyundai i10 2014 -- Hyundai Grand i10 2015 -- Hyundai Elite i20 2016 -- Hyundai Creta JD Power Appeal Awards 2016 demonstrating excellence of ' Made In India ' Products as per global standards for Grand - i10 , Elite - i20 & Creta . Brand ambassador ( edit ) The carmaker gets Shah Rukh Khan on board as its brand ambassador for the Hyundai Xcent , the company 's recently launched sub-compact sedan in India . Back in 1998 , SRK shot his first TVC for the Hyundai Santro , and his association with the car brand has now turned 19 . In 2010 Shah Rukh Khan won the `` Brand Ambassador of the Year '' for Hyundai i10 at NDTV Profit Car and Bike Awards . SRK also promotes the `` Be The Better Guy '' road safety campaign for Hyundai . In , July - 2017 Hyundai India extended the contract of Shah Rukh Khan for 2 Years . See Also ( edit ) Hyundai Motor Company Hyundai Kia Automotive Group Automobile industry in India External Links ( edit ) Hyundai Motor India Limited Hyundai history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://motorbash.com/eight-years-counting-hyundai-india-is-the-top-exporter-of-the-year/ Jump up ^ http://www.telegraphindia.com/external/display.jsp?mode=details&id=38739 Jump up ^ `` Arvind Saxena resigns from Hyundai '' . 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2016-05-06/news/72886399_1_rd-centre-koo-hmil Jump up ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/hyundai-s-price-jolt-for-maruti-114031201116_1.html Jump up ^ http://www.hyundai.com/in/en/AboutUs/HyundaiMotorIndia/WhoWeAre/index.html Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Exports up by 4.6 % - BigGaddi.com News '' . BigGaddi.com . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan as brand ambassador for Hyundai Xcent in India '' . CarAndMe.com . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Rukh Khan as brand ambassador for Hyundai Xcent in India '' . ZigWheels.com . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . 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About Wikipedia	when was hyundai verna first launched in india	[ "\nHyundai Santro (1998–2003)\nHyundai Santro Xing (2003-2014)\nHyundai Accent GTX (1999–2002)\nHyundai Sonata Gold (2001–2005)\nHyundai Sonata (Launched 2012)\nHyundai Accent Viva (2002–2004)\nHyundai Accent CRDi (2002–2006)\nHyundai Terracan (2003-2007)\nHyundai Getz (2004–2007)\nHyundai Accent GLS (2004–2005)\nHyundai Sonata Embera (2005–2009)\nHyundai Accent GLE (2006–2011)\nHyundai Verna (2006–2010)\nHyundai Getz Prime (2007–2010)\nHyundai i10 (2007-2010)\nHyundai Verna Transform (2010-2011)\nHyundai Elantra (2004–2010)\nHyundai Tucson (2005–2010)\nHyundai Sonata Transform (2010–2011)\nHyundai Santa Fe Second Generation (2010-2013)\nHyundai Accent Executive (2011-2013)\nHyundai i20 (2008-2014)\nHyundai Verna (2011-2015)\nHyundai Elantra (2012-2016)\nHyundai i10 (2010-2016)\nHyundai Grand i10 (2013-2017)\nHyundai 4S Fluidic Verna(2015-2017)\n" ]	[ "2006" ]
6356509130031183711	Tanks in World War I	Tanks in World War I - wikipedia Tanks in World War I A British Mark V ( Male ) tank History of the tank Era World War I Interwar World War II Cold War Post-Cold War Country Australia United Kingdom Cuba China Canada New Zealand Czechoslovakia France Germany Italy Israel Japan Poland North Korea South Korea Soviet Union Spain United States Type Light tank Medium tank Heavy tank Super-heavy tank Cruiser tank Infantry tank Main battle tank Tank destroyer Tankette Assault gun Self - propelled gun Self - propelled anti-aircraft weapon Self - propelled artillery Self - propelled mortar Multiple rocket launcher A British Mark V * tank -- carries an unditching beam on the roof that could be attached to the tracks and used to free itself from muddy trenches and shell craters 1916 : a British tank destroyed by the Germans in the Western Front during WWI The development of tanks in World War I was a response to the stalemate that had developed on the Western Front . Although vehicles that incorporated the basic principles of the tank ( armour , firepower , and all - terrain mobility ) had been projected in the decade or so before the War , it was the alarmingly heavy casualties of the start of its trench warfare that stimulated development . Research took place in both Great Britain and France , with Germany only belatedly following the Allies ' lead . In Great Britain , an initial vehicle , nicknamed Little Willie , was constructed at William Foster & Co. , during August and September 1915 . The prototype of a new design that became the Mark I tank was demonstrated to the British Army on February 2 1916 . Although initially termed `` Landships '' by the Landship Committee , production vehicles were named `` tanks '' , to preserve secrecy . The term was chosen when it became known that the factory workers at William Foster referred to the first prototype as `` the tank '' because of its resemblance to a steel water tank . The French fielded their first tanks in April 1917 and ultimately produced far more tanks than all other combatants combined . The Germans , on the other hand , began development only in response to the appearance of Allied tanks on the battlefield . Whilst the Allies manufactured several thousand tanks during the War , Germany deployed only 20 of her own . The first tanks were mechanically unreliable . There were problems that caused considerable attrition rates during combat deployment and transit . The heavily shelled terrain was impassable to conventional vehicles , and only highly mobile tanks such as the Mark and FTs performed reasonably well . The Mark I 's rhomboid shape , caterpillar tracks , and 26 - foot ( 8 m ) length meant that it could negotiate obstacles , especially wide trenches , that wheeled vehicles could not . Along with the tank , the first self - propelled gun ( the British Gun Carrier Mk I ) and the first armoured personnel carrier ( the British Mk IX ) were also constructed in World War I . Contents 1 Conceptual roots of the tank 2 The Landships Committee 3 First Deployments 4 French developments 5 German developments 6 Battle of Cambrai 7 Whippet 8 Villers - Bretonneux : Tank against tank 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 Further reading 12 External links Conceptual roots of the tank ( edit ) See also : History of the tank Mark 3II ; tank no . 799 captured near Arras on 11 April 1917 A German - captured British tank in 1917 1917 : British tanks captured by the Germans being transported by rail German forces using captured British Mark IVs during the Second Battle of the Marne The conceptual roots of the tank go back to ancient times , with siege engines which were able to provide protection for troops moving up against stone walls or other fortifications . With the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the demonstrable power of steam , James Cowan presented a proposal for a Steam Powered Land Ram in 1855 , towards the end of the Crimean War . Looking like a helmet on ' footed ' Boydell wheels , early forerunners of the Pedrail wheel , it was essentially an armoured steam tractor equipped with cannon and rotating scythes sprouting from the sides . Lord Palmerston is said to have dismissed it as ' barbaric ' . Hornsby tractor Artillery tractors ( here a Holt tractor ) were in use in the French Army in 1914 - 1915 . Here , in the Vosges , spring 1915 From 1904 to 1909 , David Roberts , the engineer and managing director of Hornsby & Sons of Grantham , built a series of tractors using his patented ' chain - track ' which were put through their paces by the British Army , a ( small ) section of which wanted to evaluate artillery tractors . At one point in 1908 , Major William E. Donohue of the Mechanical Transport Committee remarked to Roberts that he should design a new machine with armour , capable of carrying its own gun . But , disheartened by years of ultimately fruitless tinkering for the Army , Roberts did not take up the idea . In later years he expressed regret at not having pursued it . An engineer in the Austro - Hungarian Army , Lieutenant Gunther Burstyn , inspired by Holt tractors , designed a tracked armoured vehicle in 1911 carrying a light gun in a rotating turret ; equipped also with hinged ' arms ' , two in front and two at the rear , carrying wheels on the ends to assist with obstacles and trenches , it was a very forward - looking design , if rather small . The Austrian government said it would be interested in evaluating it if Burstyn could secure commercial backing to produce a prototype . Lacking the requisite contacts , he let it drop . An approach to the German government was similarly fruitless . In 1912 , a South Australian , Lancelot De Mole , submitted a proposal to the British War Office for a `` chain - rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches '' . De Mole made more proposals to the War Office in 1914 and 1916 , with a culminating proposal in late 1917 , accompanied by a huge one - eighth scale model , yet all fell on substantially deaf ears . De Mole 's proposal already had the climbing face , so typical of the later World War I British tanks , but it is unknown whether there was some connection . Inquiries to the government of Australia , after the war , yielded polite responses that Mr. De Mole 's ideas had unfortunately been too advanced for the time to be properly recognised at their just value . The Commission on Awards to Inventors in 1919 , which adjudicated all the competing claims to the development of the tank , recognised the brilliance of De Mole 's design , even considering that it was superior to the machines actually developed , but due to its narrow remit , could only make a payment of £ 987 to De Mole to cover his expenses . De Mole noted in 1919 that he was urged by friends before the war to approach the Germans with his design , but declined to do so for patriotic reasons . French armored car : the Charron - Girardot - Voigt 1902 Before World War I , motorized vehicles were still relatively uncommon , and their use on the battlefield was initially limited , especially of heavier vehicles . Armoured cars soon became more commonplace with most belligerents , especially in more open terrain . On August 23 , 1914 , the French Colonel Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne , later a major proponent of tanks , declared : Messieurs , la victoire appartiendra dans cette guerre à celui des deux belligérants qui parviendra le premier à placer un canon de 75 sur une voiture capable de se mouvoir en tout terrain ( `` Gentlemen , the victory will belong , in this war , to the one of the two belligerents who will be the first to succeed in mounting a 75 mm gun on a vehicle capable of moving in all types of terrain '' ) . Armored cars did indeed prove useful in open land such as in deserts , but were not very good at crossing obstacles ( e.g. trenches , barriers ) or in more challenging terrain . The other issue was that it was very hard to add much protection or armament . The main limitation was the wheels , which gave a high ground pressure for the vehicle 's weight . This could be solved by adding more wheels , but unless they also were driven , the effect was to reduce traction on the powered wheels . Driving extra wheels meant more drive train weight , in turn requiring a larger and heavier engine to maintain performance . Even worse , none of this extra weight was put into an improvement of armor or armament carried , and the vehicles were still incapable of crossing very rough terrain . The adoption of caterpillar tracks offered a new solution to the problem . The tracks spread the weight of the vehicles over a much greater area , which was all used for traction to move the vehicle . The limitation on armor and firepower was no longer ground pressure but the power and weight of the power - plant . Swinton ( now Colonel ) with Benjamin Holt in Stockton , California , relaying gratitude to the inventor for his company 's contribution to the war effort The remaining issue was how to utilise and configure a vehicle . Major Ernest Dunlop Swinton RE , was the official British war correspondent serving in France in 1914 . He recounts in his book Eyewitness how the idea of using caterpillar tracks to drive an armoured fighting vehicle came to him on October 19 , 1914 , while he was driving through northern France . In July 1914 he had received a letter from a friend , Hugh Marriott , a mining engineer , drawing his attention to a Holt caterpillar tractor that Marriott had seen in Belgium . Marriott thought it might be useful for transport over difficult ground , and Swinton had passed the information on to the appropriate departments . Now Swinton suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the military authorities , by sending a proposal to Lieutenant - Colonel Maurice Hankey . Hankey in turn tried to interest Lord Kitchener in the idea ; when this failed he sent a memorandum in December to the Committee of Imperial Defence , of which he was himself the secretary ; Winston Churchill the First Lord of the Admiralty was one of the members of the committee . Hankey proposed to build a gigantic steel roller , pushed by tracked tractors , to shield the advancing infantry . Churchill in turn wrote a note on January 5 to the Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , in which he warned that the Germans might any moment introduce a comparable system . A worried Asquith now ordered Kitchener to form a committee , headed by General Scott - Moncrieff , to study the feasibility of Swinton 's idea ; however , after trials with a Holt 75 h.p. machine the committee concluded in February 1915 that the idea was impractical . The Landships committee ( edit ) Winston Churchill however decided that if the Army would n't take up the idea , the Navy should proceed independently , even if it were to exceed the limits of his authority . He created the Landships Committee in February 1915 , initially to investigate designs for a massive troop transporter . As a truer picture of front - line conditions was developed the aims of the investigation changed . A requirement was formulated for an armoured vehicle capable of 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) , climbing a 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) high parapet , crossing an 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) wide gap , and armed with machine guns and a light artillery piece . A similar proposal was working its way through the Army GHQ in France , and in June the Landships Committee was made a joint service venture between the War Office and the Admiralty . The Naval involvement in Armoured Fighting Vehicle ( AFV ) design had originally come about through the Royal Naval Air Service Armoured Car Division , the only British unit fielding AFVs in 1914 ; surprisingly , until the end of the war most experimentation on heavy land vehicles was conducted by Royal Naval Air Service Squadron 20 . The Russian Tsar Tank At first , protecting heavy gun tractors with armour appeared the most promising line of development . Alternative early ' big wheel ' designs on the lines of the Russian tsar tank of 1915 were soon understood to be impractical . However , adapting the existing Holt Company caterpillar designs -- the only robust tracked tractors available in 1915 -- into a fighting machine , as France and Germany did , was decided against . While armour and weapon systems were easy to acquire , other existing caterpillar and suspension units were too weak , existing engines were underpowered for the vehicles that the designers had in mind , and trench - crossing ability was poor because of the shortness of the wheelbase . The Killen - Strait tractor with three tracks was used for the first experiments in June but was much too small to be developed further . The large Pedrail monotrack vehicle was proposed in a number of different configurations , but non were adopted . Trials to couple two American Bullock tractors failed . There also were considerable differences of opinion between the several committee members . Col R.E.B. Crompton , a veteran military engineer and electrical pioneer , drafted numerous designs with Lucien Legros for armoured troop carrying vehicles and gun - armed vehicles , to have used either Bullock tracks or variants of the Pedrail . At the same time , Lt Robert Macfie , of the RNAS , and Albert Nesfield , an Ealing - based engineer , devised a number of armoured tracked vehicles , which incorporated an angled front ' climbing face ' to the tracks . The two men fell out bitterly as their plans came to nought ; Macfie in particular pursued a vendetta against the other members of the Landships Committee after the war . Little Willie showing its rear steering wheels To resolve the threatened dissipation of effort , it was ordered in late July that a contract was to be placed with William Foster & Co. Ltd , a company having done some prewar design work on heavy tractors and known to Churchill from an earlier experiment with a trench - crossing supply vehicle , to produce a proof - of - concept vehicle with two tracks , based on a lengthened Bullock tractor chassis . Construction work began three weeks later . A Mark I tank , moving from left to right . The rhomboidal shape allowed it to climb parapets and cross trenches . Photo by Ernest Brooks . Fosters of Lincoln built the 14 ton `` Little Willie '' , which first ran on 8 September . Powered by a 105 hp ( 78 kW ) Daimler engine , the 10 - foot - high ( 3.0 m ) armoured box was initially fitted with a low Bullock caterpillar . A rotating top turret was planned with a 40 mm gun but abandoned due to weight problems , leaving the final vehicle unarmed and little more than a test - bed for the difficult track system . Difficulties with the commercial tracks supplied led to Tritton designing a completely new track system different from , and vastly more robust than , any other system then in use . The next design by Lieutenant Walter Gordon Wilson RNAS , a pre-war motor engineer , added a larger track frame to the hull of `` Little Willie '' . In order to achieve the demanded gap clearance a rhomboidal shape was chosen -- stretching the form to improve the track footprint and climbing capacity . To keep a low centre of gravity the rotating turret design was dropped in favour of sponsons on the sides of the hull fitted with naval 6 - pounder ( 57 mm ) guns . A final specification was agreed on in late September for trials in early 1916 , and the resulting 30 ton `` Big Willie '' ( later called `` Mother '' ) together with `` Little Willie '' underwent trials at Hatfield Park on 29 January and 2 February . Attendees at the second trial included Lord Kitchener , Lloyd George , Reginald McKenna and other political luminaries . On 12 February an initial order for 100 `` Mother '' type vehicles was made , later expanded to 150 . Crews never called tanks `` Willies '' ; at first they referred to them as `` landships '' , and later informally `` buses '' . Although landship was a natural term coming from an Admiralty committee , it was considered too descriptive and could give away British intentions . The committee therefore looked for an appropriate code term for the vehicles . Factory workers assembling the vehicles had been told they were producing `` mobile water tanks '' for desert warfare in Mesopotamia . Water Container was therefore considered but rejected because the committee would inevitably be known as the WC Committee ( WC meaning water closet was a common British term for a toilet ) . The term tank , as in water tank , was in December 1915 finally accepted as its official designation . From then on , the term `` tank '' was established among British and also German soldiers . While in German Tank specifically refers to the World War I type ( as opposed to modern Panzer ) , in English , Russian and other languages the name even for contemporary armoured vehicles is still based on the word tank . A captured British tank in German hands destroying a tree It is sometimes mistakenly stated that , after completion , the tanks were shipped to France in large wooden crates . For secrecy and in order to not arouse any curiosity , the crates and the tanks themselves were then each labelled with a destination in Russian , `` With Care to Petrograd '' . In fact the tanks were never shipped in crates : the inscription in Russian was applied on the hull for their transport from the factory to the first training centre at Thetford . The first fifty had been delivered to France on 30 August . They were ' male ' or ' female ' , depending upon whether their armament comprised two 6 - pounder cannon and three Hotchkiss machine guns or four Vickers machine guns and one Hotchkiss . It had a crew of eight , four of whom were needed to handle the steering and drive gears . The tanks were capable of , at best , 6 km / h ( 4 mph ) , matching the speed of marching infantry with whom they were to be integrated to aid in the destruction of enemy machine guns . In practice , their speed on broken ground could be as little as 1 mph . After the war the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided that the principal inventors of the Tank were Sir William Tritton , managing director of Fosters , and Major Walter Gordon Wilson . First deployments ( edit ) The Schneider CA1 , the first French tank The first use of tanks on the battlefield was the use of British Mark I tanks at the Battle of Flers - Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with mixed results ; many broke down , but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through . Of the forty - nine tanks shipped to the Somme , only thirty - two were able to begin the first attack in which they were used and only nine made it across `` no man 's land '' to the German lines . The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough ( against Churchill 's and Ernest Swinton 's wishes ) and the number was small but their use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks , the soundness of the concept , and their potential to affect the course of the war . On the other hand , the French Army was critical of the British employment of small numbers of tanks at this battle . They felt the British had sacrificed the secrecy of the weapon while employing it in numbers too small to be decisive . Considering that the British attack was part of an Anglo - French offensive while the Russians were also attacking at the same time , Haig felt justified in making a maximum effort , regardless of the limitations of the tank force . The Mark Is were capable of performing on the real battlefield of World War I , one of the most difficult battlefield terrains ever . They did have reliability problems , but when they were working they could cross trenches or craters of 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) and drive right through barbed wire . It was still common for them to get stuck , especially in larger bomb craters , but overall the rhomboid shape allowed for extreme terrain mobility . Splatter mask used by tank crews in World War One Tank crews who had read press reports depicting the new weapon driving through buildings and trees , and crossing wide rivers , were disappointed . Most World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace at best . Their steel armour could stop small arms fire and fragments from high - explosive artillery shells . However they were vulnerable to a direct hit from artillery and mortar shells . The environment inside was extremely unpleasant ; as ventilation was inadequate the atmosphere was heavy with poisonous carbon monoxide from the engine and firing the weapons , fuel and oil vapours from the engine and cordite fumes from the weapons . Temperatures inside could reach 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . Entire crews lost consciousness inside the tanks , or collapsed when again exposed to fresh air . Crews learned how to create and leave behind supply dumps of fuel , motor oil , and tread grease , and converted obsolete models into supply vehicles for newer ones . To counter the danger of bullet splash or fragments knocked off the inside of the hull , the crew wore helmets with goggles and chainmail masks . Fragments were not as dangerous as fire , because of explosive fumes and the large amount of fuel aboard ; smoking was prohibited inside and within 20 yards outside tanks . Gas masks were also standard issue , as they were to all soldiers at this point in the war due to the use of chemical warfare . The side armour of 8 mm initially made them largely immune to small arms fire , but could be penetrated by the recently developed armour - piercing K bullets . There was also the danger of being overrun by infantry and attacked with grenades . The next generation had thicker armour , making them nearly immune to the K bullets . In response , the Germans developed a larger purpose - made anti-tank rifle , the 3.7 cm TAK 1918 anti-tank gun , and also a Geballte Ladung ( `` Bunched Charge '' ) -- several regular stick grenades bundled together for a much bigger explosion . Engine power was a primary limitation on the tanks ; the roughly one hundred horsepower engines gave a power - to - weight ratio of 3.3 hp / ton ( 2.5 kW / ton ) . By the end of the 20th century , power - to - weight ratios exceeded 20 hp / ton ( 15 kW / ton ) . Many feel that because the British Commander Field Marshal Douglas Haig was himself a horse cavalryman , his command failed to appreciate the value of tanks . In fact , horse cavalry doctrine in World War I was to `` follow up a breakthrough with harassing attacks in the rear '' , but there were no breakthroughs on the Western Front until the tanks came along . Despite these supposed views of Haig , he made an order for 1,000 tanks shortly after the failure at the Somme and always remained firmly in favour of further production . In 1919 , Major General Sir Louis Jackson said : `` The tank was a freak . The circumstances which called it into existence were exceptional and not likely to recur . If they do , they can be dealt with by other means . '' French developments ( edit ) Renault FT tanks being operated by the US Army in France . Light tanks with a crew of only two , these were mass - produced during World War I . France at the same time developed its own tracked AFVs , but the situation there was very different . In Britain a single committee had coordinated design , and had to overcome the initial resistance of the Army , while the major industries remained passive . Almost all production effort was thus concentrated into the Mark I and its direct successors , all very similar in shape . In France , on the other hand , there were multiple and conflicting lines of development which were badly integrated , resulting in three major and quite disparate production types . A major arms producer , Schneider , took the lead in January 1915 and tried to build a first armoured vehicle based on the Baby Holt tractor but initially the development process was slow until in July they received political , even presidential , support by combining their project with that of a mechanical wire cutter devised by engineer and politician Jean - Louis Bréton . In December 1915 , the influential Colonel Estienne made the Supreme Command very enthusiastic about the idea of creating an armoured force based on these vehicles ; strong Army support for tanks was a constant during the decades that followed . Already in January and February 1916 quite substantial orders were made , at that moment with a total number of 800 much larger than the British ones . French Saint - Chamond tanks had long bodies with a lot of the vehicle projecting forward off of the short caterpillar tracks , making them more liable to get ditched in trenches . Army enthusiasm and haste had its immediate drawbacks however . As a result of the involvement of inexperienced army officers ordered to devise a new tank based on the larger 75 hp Holt chassis in a very short period of time , the first French tanks were poorly designed with respect to the need to cross trenches and did not take the sponson - mounting route of the British tanks . The first , the Char Schneider CA equipped with a short 75 mm howitzer , had poor mobility due to a short track length combined with a hull that overhung front and rear . It was unreliable as well ; a maximum of only about 130 of the 400 built were ever operational at the same time . Then industrial rivalry began to play a detrimental role : it created the heavy Char St Chamond , a parallel development not ordered by the Army but approved by government through industrial lobby , which mounted much more impressive weaponry -- its 75 mm was the most powerful gun fielded by any operational tank up till 1941 -- but also combined many of the Schneider CA 's faults with an even larger overhanging body . Its innovative petro - electrical transmission , while allowing for easy steering , was insufficiently developed and led to a large number of breakdowns . The Renault FT , the first `` modern '' tank But industrial initiative also led to swift advances . The car industry , already used to vehicle mass production and having much more experience in vehicle layout , in 1916 designed the first practical light tanks , a class largely neglected by the British . It was Renault 's excellent small tank design , the FT , incorporating a proper climbing face for the tracks , that was the first tank to incorporate a top - mounted turret with a full 360 ° traverse capability . In fact the FT was in many respects the first truly ' modern ' tank having a layout that has been followed by almost all designs ever since : driver at the front ; main armament in a fully rotating turret on top ; engine at the rear . Previous models had been `` box tanks '' , with a single crowded space combining the role of engine room , fighting compartment , ammunition stock and driver 's cabin . ( A very similar Peugeot prototype , with a fixed casemate mounting a short 75mm cannon , was trialled in 1918 but the idea was not pursued ) . The FT had the largest production run of any tank of the war , with over 3700 built , more numerous than all British tanks combined . That this would happen was at first far from certain ; some in the French army lobbied for the alternative mass production of super-heavy tanks . Much design effort was put in this line of development resulting in the gigantic Char 2C , the most complex and technologically advanced tank of its day . Its very complexity ensured it being produced too late to participate in World War I and in the very small number of just ten , but it was the first tank with a three - man turret ; the heaviest to enter service until late in World War II and still the largest ever operational . French production at first lagged behind the British . After August 1916 however , British tank manufacture was temporarily halted to wait for better designs , allowing the French to overtake their allies in numbers . When the French used tanks for the first time on 16 April 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , they had four times more tanks available . But that did not last long as the offensive was a major failure ; the Schneiders were badly deployed and suffered 50 % losses from German long - range artillery . The Saint - Chamond tanks , first deployed on 5 May , proved to be so badly designed that they were unable to cross the first line of German trenches . German developments ( edit ) Germany concentrated more on the development of anti-tank weapons than on development of tanks themselves . They only developed one type of tank which saw combat in the war . The A7V Sturmpanzerwagen was designed in 1917 and was used in battle from March 1918 . It was manned by a crew of 18 , and had eight machine guns and a 57mm cannon . Only 20 A7Vs were produced during the war . Battle of Cambrai ( edit ) British - operated FT tank attached to Canadian troops The first battle in which tanks made a great impact was the Battle of Cambrai in 1917 . British Colonel J.F.C. Fuller , chief of staff of the Tank Corps , was responsible for the tanks ' role in the battle . They made an unprecedented breakthrough but , as ever on the Western front , the opportunity was not exploited . Ironically , it was the soon - to - be-supplanted horse cavalry that had been assigned the task of following up the motorised tank attack . Tanks became more effective as the lesson of the early tanks was absorbed . The British produced the Mark IV in 1917 . Similar to the early Marks in appearance , its construction was considered to produce a more reliable machine , the long - barrelled naval guns were shortened ( the barrels of the earlier , longer guns were prone to digging in the mud when negotiating obstacles ) and armour was increased just enough to defeat the standard German armour - piercing bullet . The continued need for four men to drive the tank was solved with the Mark V which used Wilson 's epicyclic gearing in 1918 . Also in 1918 the French produced the Renault FT , the result of a co-operation between Estienne and Louis Renault . As mentioned before , it had the innovative turret position , and was operated by two men . At just 8 tons it was half the weight of the Medium A Whippet but the version with the cannon had more firepower . It was conceived for mass production , and the FT became the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin , with over 3,000 delivered to the French Army . Large numbers were used by the Americans and several were also lent to the British . In July 1918 , the French used 480 tanks ( mostly FTs ) at the Battle of Soissons , and there were even larger assaults planned for the next year . In Plan 1919 , the Entente hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year . Whippet Tank Whippet ( edit ) Finally , in a preview of later developments , the British developed the Whippet . This tank was specifically designed to exploit breaches in the enemy front with its relatively higher speed ( around 8mph vs 3 - 4mph for the British heavy tanks ) . The Whippet was faster than most other tanks , although it carried only machine gun armament , meaning it was not suited to combat with armoured vehicles but instead with infantry . Postwar tank designs reflected this trend towards greater tactical mobility . Villers - Bretonneux : tank against tank ( edit ) German A7V tank at Roye on March 21 , 1918 . Play media Film clip of World War I - era tanks . Main article : Second Battle of Villers - Bretonneux The German General Staff did not have enthusiasm for the tanks , but allowed the development of anti-tank weapons . Regardless , development of a German tank was under way . The only project to be produced and fielded was the A7V , although only twenty were built . The majority of the fifty or so tanks fielded by Germany were captured British vehicles . A7Vs were captured by the Allies , but they were not used , and most ended up being scrapped . The first tank - versus - tank battles took place 24 April 1918 . It was an unexpected engagement between three German A7Vs and three British Mk . IVs at Villers - Bretonneux . Fuller 's Plan 1919 , involving massive use of tanks for an offensive , was never used because the blockade of Germany and the entry of the US brought an end to the war . See also ( edit ) Tank portal History of tanks Comparison of World War I tanks Tanks of the interwar period Tanks in World War II Comparison of early World War II tanks Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williamson Murray , `` Armored Warfare : The British , French , and German Experiences , '' in Murray , Williamson ; Millet , Allan R , eds. ( 1996 ) . Military Innovation in the Interwar Period . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63760 - 0 . Jump up ^ Harvey , A.D. ( 1 January 1992 ) . `` Collision of Empires : Britain in Three World Wars , 1793 - 1945 '' . A&C Black -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Watson , Greig ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Hotel where warfare changed forever '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Showalter , D.E. `` More Than Nuts And Bolts : Technology And The German Army , 1870 -- 1945 . '' Historian 65.1 ( Fall 2002 ) : 123 - 143 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 16 Feb. 2012 . Jump up ^ The Devil 's Chariots : The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks . John Glanfield ( Sutton Publishing , 2001 ) p16 ^ Jump up to : Littledale , Harold A. ( December 1918 ) . `` With the Tanks -- I. Anatomy and Habitat '' . The Atlantic . pp. 836 -- 848 . Jump up ^ `` Sensing that tanks would only be effective if they involved an element of surprise , he pressed the government not to use them in small numbers in the Battle of the Somme . As he had put it in a memorandum in 1915 , ' None should be used until all can be used at once ' . Despite his objections , thirty - five ( sic ) tanks were used in September 1916 , but to very little effect . ' My poor `` land battleships '' have been let off prematurely and on a petty scale , ' he wrote . '' Havardi , J. The Greatest Briton : Essays on Winston Churchill 's Life and Political Philosophy . Shepheard - Walwyn , 2010 . ISBN 0856832650 Jump up ^ Macpherson WG , Herringham WP , Elliot TR , Balfour A. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents : Medical Services Diseases of the War . Vol 2 . London , England : His Majesty 's Stationery Office ; 1923 . in Weyandt , Timothy B. and Charles David Ridgely . `` Carbon Monoxide . '' Occupational Health : The Soldier and the Industrial Base . 1993 : Office of the Surgeon General , U.S. Department of the Army . p. 402 - 403 . Web . 16 Feb 2012 Jump up ^ Military Blunders , page 152 Jump up ^ A.J. Smithers , Cambrai : The First Great Tank Battle ( 2014 ) Glanfield , John ( 2001 ) Devil 's Chariots : the birth and secret battles of the first tanks . Stroud : Sutton Tucker , Spencer C. World War I : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection . Vol. 4 . R-Z. 1536 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , LLC , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles River Editors and Colin Fluxman . The Tanks of World War I : The History and Legacy of Tank Warfare during the Great War ( 2017 ) Foley , Michael . Rise of the Tank : Armoured Vehicles and their use in the First World War ( 2014 ) Townsend , Reginald T. ( December 1916 ) . `` '' Tanks '' And `` The Hose Of Death '' `` . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time : 195 -- 207 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Kaplan , Lawrence M. ed . Pershing 's Tankers : Personal Accounts of the AEF Tank Corps in World War I ( University Press of Kentucky ; 314 pages ) primary sources ; memoirs . Smithers , A.J. Cambrai : The First Great Tank Battle ( 2014 ) Zaloga , Steven J. and Tony Bryan . French Tanks of World War I ( 2010 ) External links ( edit ) Lancelot De Mole 's tank models WW1 Tanks ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Kennedy , Michael David : Tanks and Tank Warfare 1914 - 1918 Online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War World War I armoured fighting vehicles List British Little Willie `` Female '' tank `` Male '' tank Mks I , II , III Mk IV Mk V Mk VI Mark VII Mk VIII Mk IX Medium Mk A `` Whippet '' Medium Mk B Medium Mk C Flying Elephant Killen - Strait Armoured Tractor Lancelot de Mole 's proposal * ( 1912 ) French Schneider CA1 Saint - Chamond Renault FT Breton - Prétot machine Boirault machine Frot - Laffly landship Souain prototype Levavasseur * ( 1903 ) German A7V K - Wagen LK I LK II Oberschlesien Überlandwagen Armoured Cars : Büssing A5P Ehrhardt E-V / 4 Austro - Hungarian Günther Burstyn 's Motorgeschütz * ( 1911 ) Austro Daimler armoured car ( 1905 ) Italian Fiat 2000 Fiat 3000 Lancia 1Z Lancia 1ZM American M1917 light tank Ford 3 - Ton M1918 Holt Gas - Electric Skeleton tank Steam tank Steam Wheel Tank CLB 75 Tank Russian Tsar Tank Vezdekhod Mendeleev Tank * Rybinsk tank * Belgian Minerva Armoured Car Canadian Armoured Autocar Italics -- experimental prototypes ; * concept only Tank history classification WWI Interwar WWII Cold War Post -- Cold War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanks_in_World_War_I&oldid=865585190 '' Categories : World War I tanks Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Hrvatski Bahasa Melayu Norsk Polski Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 20 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	why did the british introduce the tank in world war i	[ "The development of tanks in World War I was a response to the stalemate that had developed on the Western Front. Although vehicles that incorporated the basic principles of the tank (armour, firepower, and all-terrain mobility) had been projected in the decade or so before the War, it was the alarmingly heavy casualties of the start of its trench warfare that stimulated development.[1][2] Research took place in both Great Britain and France, with Germany only belatedly following the Allies' lead.\n" ]	[ "a response to the stalemate that had developed on the Western Front" ]
-781093260497391936	Regional Maritime University	Regional Maritime University - wikipedia Regional Maritime University Jump to : navigation , search Regional Maritime University Motto Centre of Excellence Type Private Established 2007 Location Accra , Greater Accra Region , Ghana Campus Urban area Colours Medium blue , Black and White Affiliations University of Ghana Website http://www.rmu.edu.gh The Regional Maritime University ( RMU ) , is an international tertiary institution and private university in Accra , Ghana . RMU attained full University status on 25 October 2007 and was launched as such by John Agyekum Kufuor , former President of the Republic of Ghana . It was first called Regional Maritime Academy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Organization 2.1 Regional Maritime University 3 Notes 4 External links History ( edit ) On 1 October 1982 , the Government of Ghana promulgated the Regional Maritime Law 1982 , which was followed by the signing of the instrument of transfer , handing over the college to the then Ministerial Conference of West and Central African States on Maritime Transport ( MINCONMAR ) , now known as Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa ( MOWCA ) , which negotiated for its regionalization . The college was then renamed The Regional Maritime Academy ( RMA ) . The formal inauguration of the RMA took place 26 May 1983 with Ghana as a founding member . Regionalization of the academy was for cooperation , particularly with regard to the training of personnel to ensure the sustained growth and development of maritime industries in the sub-region and beyond . The academy in Ghana serves the Anglophone countries while a sister academy in Ivory Coast ( L'Académie Régionale des Sciences et Techniques de la Mer -- ARSTM ) serves the Francophone countries . Organization ( edit ) Regional Maritime University ( edit ) The Regional Maritime University ( RMU ) , Accra , Ghana , is an international tertiary institution and private university . The RMU occupies the premises of the old Ghana Nautical College which was established in 1958 to train ratings for the erstwhile State Shipping Corporation ( Black Star Line ) . On 1 October 1982 , the Government of Ghana promulgated the Regional Maritime Law 1982 which was followed by the signing of the instrument of transfer , handing over the College to the then Ministerial Conference of West and Central African States on Maritime Transport ( MINCONMAR ) , now known as Maritime Organization of West and Central Africa ( MOWCA ) , which negotiated for its regionalization . The College was then renamed The Regional Maritime Academy ( R.M.A. ) . The overall objective for the establishment of RMU was to promote regional co-operation in the maritime industry focusing on the training to ensure the sustained growth and development of the industry . The RMU is a branch of the World Maritime University , Malmö , Sweden and an affiliate of the University of Ghana , in Legon . The University has working relations with other universities in the sub-region . The RMA has since December , 2004 been given Institutional Accreditation by the National Accreditation Board , Ghana . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Us : Profile of the University '' . University of Ghana . Archived from the original on 10 February 2007 . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . External links ( edit ) Official website Regional Maritime University - WMU Branch Ghana Universities in Ghana Public university University of Ghana University of Professional Studies , Accra ( UPSA ) Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology University of Cape Coast University of Education , Winneba University for Development Studies University of Mines and Technology University of Health and Allied Sciences University Of Energy And Natural Resources University of Sustainable Environmental Studies and Applied Research Private university Valley View University Regional Maritime University University college African University College of Communications All Nations University Ashesi University College Baptist University College Catholic University College of Ghana Central University College Christian Service University College Evangelical Presbyterian University College Garden City University College Ghana Christian University College Ghana Telecom University College Islamic University College , Ghana Meridian University College Methodist University College Ghana Pentecost University College Presbyterian University College Regent University College of Science and Technology University College of Management Studies Wisconsin International University College Zenith University College Accra Institute of Technology Ghana Institute of Journalism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_Maritime_University&oldid=799910422 '' Categories : Maritime colleges International universities Universities and colleges in Ghana Education in Accra Hidden categories : Instances of Infobox university using image size Ghana articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 15 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is regional maritime university located in ghana	[ "The Regional Maritime University (RMU), is an international tertiary institution and private university in Accra, Ghana. RMU attained full University status on 25 October 2007 and was launched as such by John Agyekum Kufuor, former President of the Republic of Ghana. It was first called Regional Maritime Academy." ]	[ "Accra" ]
-5674813891900168649	Zachary Quinto	Zachary Quinto - wikipedia Zachary Quinto Jump to : navigation , search Zachary Quinto Quinto at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International Zachary John Quinto ( 1977 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Residence Manhattan , New York , U.S. Alma mater Carnegie Mellon University Occupation Actor , producer Years active 2000 -- present Zachary John Quinto ( / ˈkwɪntoʊ / ; born June 2 , 1977 ) is an American actor and film producer . He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , Spock in the reboot Star Trek ( 2009 ) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) and Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story : Asylum . He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous , The Slap , and 24 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Quinto was born in Pittsburgh , and grew up in Green Tree , Pennsylvania . He attended Saints Simon and Jude Catholic School ( defunct as of 2010 ) . His mother , Margaret J. `` Margo '' ( née McArdle ) , worked at an investment firm and later at a magistrate 's office . His father , Joseph John `` Joe '' Quinto , a barber , died of cancer when Quinto was seven years old . Quinto and his brother , Joe , were subsequently raised by their mother . He grew up Catholic . His father was of Italian descent , while his mother is of Irish ancestry . Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995 , where he participated in their musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor , and then attended Carnegie Mellon University 's School of Drama , from which he graduated in 1999 . Career ( edit ) Quinto first appeared on television in the short - lived television series The Others , and appeared as a guest star on shows including CSI , Touched by an Angel , Charmed , Six Feet Under , Lizzie McGuire , and L.A. Dragnet . In 2003 , during the theatrical run of Endgame by Samuel Beckett , directed by Kristina Lloyd at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles playing the role of Clov , he landed a recurring role as computer expert Adam Kaufman on the Fox series 24 ; Quinto appeared in 23 episodes of the third season . Quinto at the premiere party of Heroes ' third season in 2008 In 2006 , Quinto played the role of Sasan : the haughty , gay Iranian - American best friend of Tori Spelling on her VH1 series So NoTORIous . Later that year , he joined the cast of Heroes as Gabriel Gray , better known as the serial killer Sylar . He worked on the series until its cancellation in 2010 after four seasons . His casting as a young Spock in the J.J. Abrams - directed reboot of the Star Trek film franchise was officially announced at the 2007 Comic - Con . Speaking alongside Leonard Nimoy at a press conference to promote the new Star Trek film , Quinto revealed that Nimoy had been given casting approval over who would play the role of the young Spock . `` For me Leonard 's involvement was only liberating , frankly , '' says Quinto . `` I knew that he had approval over the actor that would play young Spock , so when I got the role I knew from the beginning it was with his blessing . '' In a September 2008 interview , Abrams said of Quinto 's performance as Spock : `` Zachary brought a gravity and an incredible sense of humor , which is a wonderful combination because Spock 's character is deceivingly complicated . The revelation for me watching the movie , when I finally got to watch the whole thing after working on sequences , was that he is extraordinary . He was doing things I did n't even realize while we were shooting -- these amazing things to track his story . '' Quinto also made references to Star Trek 's historical record for diversity and inclusiveness in its casting and storylines , and said that he hoped the looming election of Barack Obama would build that dynamic towards the film 's May 2009 release date . After Star Trek , he appeared in the comedy short Boutonniere ( 2009 ) . It `` ... was a movie written and directed by my former landlady and friend , ( actress Coley Sohn ) . She called up and said , ' Would you do me a favor and be in my short film ? ' '' Karl Urban , Quinto , J.J. Abrams , and Chris Pine at the Star Trek Into Darkness Australian movie premiere in Sydney , April 2013 In 2008 , Quinto joined with Corey Moosa and Neal Dodson to form Before the Door Pictures . The company produced projects in film , television , new media , and published two graphic novels in a deal with comic book publisher Archaia Entertainment : they published a graphic novel called Mr. Murder is Dead , created by writer Victor Quinaz , closely followed by LUCID : A Matthew Dee Adventure written by writer / actor Michael McMillian . Quinto also starred in several comedy shorts . He played a strangely lovable kidnapper in `` Hostage : A Love Story '' , written by the comedy duo HoltandSteele , for Before the Door Pictures and www.FunnyOrDie.com . He also played a prospective dog adopter ( based on Quinto 's own experience ) in `` Dog Eat Dog '' , written and directed by Sian Heder , and premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival in 2012 . Quinto has also kept up his theatre experience , which includes roles in a variety of productions , including classics such as Samuel Beckett 's Endgame at the Los Angeles Odyssey Theatres in 2003 , Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing at the Los Angeles Shakespeare Festival and Intelligent Design of Jenny Chow at the Old Globe Theatre . From October 2010 to February 2011 , Quinto played the lead role of Louis Ironson in an Off - Broadway revival of Tony Kushner 's Angels in America at the Signature Theatre , New York City . For this role , Quinto received the Theatreworld Outstanding Debut Performance award . Quinto at a Midtown Comics signing in 2011 In 2013 , Quinto played the role of Tom Wingfield in the American Repertory Theatre 's production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams . He was also in the Broadway reprisal of the production , in 2014 . In February 2016 , Zachary will appear in the New York premiere of MCC Theater 's Smokefall . In 2010 , Quinto 's company Before the Door Pictures produced Margin Call , an independent film about the financial crisis . Quinto played the role of Peter Sullivan in the film , in a cast that included Jeremy Irons , Kevin Spacey , Stanley Tucci , Penn Badgley and Demi Moore . Margin Call premiered in January 2011 at the Sundance Film Festival . Margin Call received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay , by J.C. Chandor . Quinto was an executive producer for Chandor 's next film All Is Lost ( 2013 ) with Robert Redford as the sole actor . Not leaving television behind , in October 2011 , Quinto began a recurring role on the FX series American Horror Story as Chad , former owner of the house . Quinto returned for the second season in one of the lead roles , as Dr. Oliver Thredson . In 2014 , Zachary and his Before the Door partners produced a Chris Moore project , The Chair , a documentary series on Starz that shows the process of two directors bringing their first feature to the screen . In 2015 , Quinto was a guest on the acclaimed TV series Girls and Hannibal . Movie-wise , Quinto reprised his role of Spock in Star Trek Into Darkness in 2013 and in Star Trek Beyond , released in 2016 . In addition , he played John Smith in Hitman : Agent 47 in 2015 . At the other end of the spectrum from the action - oriented Agent 47 , Quinto appeared opposite James Franco in the drama I Am Michael ( 2015 ) , a film that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival . In 2016 , he portrayed journalist Glenn Greenwald in the Edward Snowden biopic Snowden , narrated , as space scientist Pascal Lee , in the documentary film Passage to Mars , and appeared as himself in the documentary film For the Love of Spock . He has modeled for magazines including GQ and August . Personal life ( edit ) Quinto publicly came out as gay in October 2011 . He explained that , after the suicide of bisexual teenager Jamey Rodemeyer , he realized `` that living a gay life without publicly acknowledging it is simply not enough to make any significant contribution to the immense work that lies ahead on the road to complete equality . '' Prior to his coming out , Quinto had long been an active supporter of gay rights and organizations , including the Trevor Project . In 2009 , he appeared in the one - night production Standing on Ceremony : The Gay Marriage Plays , a benefit stage reading in response to the passing of Proposition 8 , as well as in the play The Laramie Project : 10 Years Later , about the 1998 murder of Matthew Shepard . In 2010 , Quinto contributed a video to the It Gets Better Project , an Internet - based campaign that aims to prevent suicide among LGBT youth . In 2012 Quinto campaigned on behalf of Barack Obama , including appearing in the video Obama Pride : LGBT Americans For Obama . Quinto began dating model and painter Miles McMillan in the summer of 2013 . In early 2015 , the couple moved into an apartment in Manhattan they purchased together . In November 2015 Vogue magazine called them `` a power couple whose domain extends across the film , fashion , and art scene . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Star Trek Spock 2011 Margin Call Peter Sullivan Also producer Girl Walks into a Bar Nicolas `` Nick '' What 's Your Number ? Rick 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Spock 2014 We 'll Never Have Paris Jameson 2015 I Am Michael Bennett Hitman : Agent 47 John Smith 2016 Tallulah Andreas Star Trek Beyond Spock Snowden Glenn Greenwald Passage to Mars Pascal Lee Voice 2017 Aardvark Josh Norman TBA Hotel Artemis Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Others , The The Others Tony Episode : `` Unnamed '' Touched by an Angel Mike Episode : `` When Sunny Gets Blue '' 2002 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Mitchell Sullivan Episode : `` Anatomy of a Lye '' Off Centre Smudge Episode : `` Diddler on the Roof '' Lizzie McGuire Director Episode : `` Party Over Here '' Haunted Paul Kingsley Episode : `` Grievous Angels '' Agency , The The Agency Jay Lambert Episode : `` Air Lex '' 2003 Six Feet Under Hip Student Episode : `` The Eye Inside '' Charmed Warlock Episode : `` Cat House '' Miracles Messenger Episode : `` Battle at Shadow Ridge '' 2003 -- 2004 24 Adam Kaufman 23 episodes Dragnet Howard Simms Episode : `` Frame of Mind '' Hawaii Loomis Episode : `` No Man Is an Island '' Joan of Arcadia Pretentious Filmmaker God Episode : `` P.O.V. '' 2005 Blind Justice Scott Collins Episode : `` In Your Face '' 2006 Crossing Jordan Leo Fulton , Jr . Episode : `` Code of Ethics '' Twins Jason Episode : `` When I Move , You Move '' So NoTORIous Sasan 10 episodes 2006 -- 2010 Heroes Sylar 60 episodes 2008 Robot Chicken Archimedes Q. Porter / Sylar ( voice ) Episode : `` Bionic Cow '' 2011 American Horror Story : Murder House Chad Warwick 4 episodes 2012 -- 2013 American Horror Story : Asylum Oliver Thredson 12 episodes 2014 The Chair Himself 10 episodes 2015 The Slap Harry Apostolou 7 episodes Girls Ace 2 episodes Hannibal Neal Frank 2 episodes Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Angels in America Louis Ironson Signature Theatre Company Off - Broadway 2013 Glass Menagerie , The The Glass Menagerie Tom Wingfield American Repertory Theater Boston , MA 2013 The Glass Menagerie Tom Wingfield Booth Theatre Broadway 2016 Smokefall Footnote / Fetus Two / Samuel MCC Theater Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2000 Code Blue Monty Rodriguez 2006 24 : The Game Adam Kaufman Star Trek Online Khitomer Emergency Medical Hologram 2013 Star Trek Spock Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor The Pirates of Penzance Won 1995 Gene Kelly Award for Best Lead Actor 1776 Nominated 2007 TV Land Award for Future Classic Award Heroes Won Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated 2008 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated 2009 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Villain Nominated Teen Choice Award for Best Rumble ( shared with Chris Pine ) Star Trek Nominated Critics ' Choice Award for Best Cast Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association for Best Ensemble Nominated People 's Choice Award for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor Nominated SFX Award for Best Actor Heroes , Star Trek Won 2011 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Angels in America Nominated Theatre World Award Won Tina Award for Best Actor ( Play ) Won Tina Award for Best Ensemble ( Play ) Won Tina Award for Best Stage Duo ( shared with Christian Borle ) Won Gotham Award for Best Ensemble Performance Margin Call Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Acting Nominated 2012 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble Nominated AACTA International Award for Best Film ( as producer ) Nominated Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature ( as producer ) Won Robert Altman Award Won Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television American Horror Story Nominated 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries American Horror Story : Asylum Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated PAAFTJ Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie N / A PAAFTJ Television Award for Best Cast in a Miniseries or TV Movie N / A People 's Choice Award Favorite Movie Duo ( shared with Chris Pine ) Star Trek Into Darkness Nominated Elliot Norton Award for Outstanding Ensemble The Glass Menagerie Won 2014 Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance Nominated Broadway.com Audience Choice Award for Favorite Leading Actor in a Play Nominated BroadwayWorld.com Award for Best Leading Actor in a Play Nominated 2017 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Film Star Trek Beyond Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keck , William ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Celeb Watch : For Quinto , the next step is the final frontier '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries -- McArdle , Joseph A . '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Biography '' . Tvguide.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sven Schumann ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` Zachary Quinto -- The Talks '' . The Talks . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` The Insiders : 4 / 2 / 06 '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Zachary Quinto rides a wave of professional , personal growth '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Margin Call '' . Carnegie Mellon University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh CLO Education -- Gene Kelly Awards Alumni '' . Pittsburghclo.org . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kristina Lloyd , Director : ENDGAME with Zachary Quinto in LA . December 26 , 2007 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Life as absurdist comic ballet '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sylar coming back next season on ' Heroes ' '' . msnbc.msn.com . July 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con : Zachary Quinto Is Spock '' . Empire Online . July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Quinto as Spock deal almost done '' . Trekmovie.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto : The Two Faces of Spock '' . SuicideGirls.com . May 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams on TV 's Fringe '' . SuicideGirls.com . September 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank . `` Zachary Quinto is ' Spock ' in new ' Star Trek ' '' , Newsday.com , May 6 , 2009 . Extended online version of print article , p . B4 Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` A Stars Trek ' '' , April 2009 . Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Before The Door Pictures official website , July 2009 . Archived October 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` zachary quinto endgame 2003 -- Google Search '' . Jump up ^ Bio . `` Zachary Quinto Official Website -- Bio '' . Zacharyquinto.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Angels in America ' at Peter Norton Space -- Review '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dziemianowicz , Joe ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Angels in America ' review : Zachary Quinto flies high in perfect revival of Tony Kushner play '' . Daily News . New York . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` 67th Annual Theatre World Awards Presented June 7 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cherry Jones , Zachary Quinto & Celia Keenan - Bolger to Lead THE GLASS MENAGERIE at A.R.T. in February '' . broadwayworld.com . October 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadway 's Glass Menagerie recoups investment , nytimes.com , January 7 , 2014 ; accessed May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto to Lead Cast of MCC Theater 's ' Smokefall ' Tip of the week '' . www.siamtrick.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Institute '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Returning to FX 's ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Wilkinson and Zachary Quinto to appear in Snowden , theguardian.com ; accessed May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verne , Jules . `` Passage to Mars '' . julesverne.org . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tribeca Tune In '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GQ TV '' . Gq-magazin.de . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto website '' . Joequinto.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto on His Financial Crisis Movie Margin Call , Playing the Villain , and Occupy Wall Street '' . New York Magazine . October 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Zachary Quinto Comes Out As Gay in New York Magazine '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Quiet on Gay Rumors '' . The Advocate . October 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wells , Duane ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Wed Alert '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Quinto Comes Out as an Activist '' . The Advocate . October 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alex Godfrey ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Zachary Quinto on American Horror Story , Spock , and filthy slash fiction '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sauvalle , Julien ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Is Zach Quinto Dating Model Miles McMillan ? '' . Out.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Zachary Quinto and Miles MacMillan Buy Loft in Downtown Manhattan '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The interview : Zachary Quinto '' . Jump up ^ Barasch , Emily . `` Zachary Quinto , Miles McMillan , Jessica Joffe , and Olympia Scarry Toast the Dia Art Foundation 's Contribution '' . Vogue.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chair '' . Starz . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Pennsylvania portal Film portal Television portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zachary Quinto . Official website Zachary Quinto on IMDb Zachary Quinto at the TCM Movie Database Zachary Quinto at AllMovie ( hide ) Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Zachary Quinto ( 2013 ) Matt Bomer ( 2014 ) Bill Murray ( 2015 ) Jesse Plemons ( 2016 ) Sterling K. Brown ( 2016 ) VIAF : 9632017 LCCN : no2007105108 ISNI : 0000 0000 7729 647X SUDOC : 143116851 BNF : cb167675622 ( data ) BNE : XX4895877 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zachary_Quinto&oldid=802595140 '' Categories : 1977 births Living people Male actors of Italian descent 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Activists from Pennsylvania American film producers American male film actors American male television actors American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Pennsylvania LGBT producers LGBT rights activists from the United States LGBT Roman Catholics Male actors from Pittsburgh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played mr spock in the new star trek	[ "Zachary John Quinto (/ˈkwɪntoʊ/; born June 2, 1977) is an American actor and film producer. He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes (2006–2010), Spock in the reboot Star Trek (2009) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016), as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story: Asylum. He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous, The Slap, and 24." ]	[ "Zachary John Quinto" ]

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