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-1577021178511649331	Peter Pan (2003 film)	Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) - Wikipedia Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 49.146. 38.212 ( talk ) at 04 : 04 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Critical response ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 04 , 28 August 2017 by 49.146. 38.212 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Critical response ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peter Pan North American theatrical release poster Directed by P.J. Hogan Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Patrick McCormick Screenplay by P.J. Hogan Michael Goldenberg Based on Peter and Wendy by J.M. Barrie Starring Jason Isaacs Jeremy Sumpter Rachel Hurd - Wood Olivia Williams Lynn Redgrave Ludivine Sagnier Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Donald McAlpine Edited by Garth Craven Michael Kahn Production companies Revolution Studios Red Wagon Entertainment Allied Stars Ltd Distributed by North America : Universal Pictures International : Columbia Pictures Release date 22 November 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 22 ) ( Australia ) 24 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 24 ) ( UK ) 25 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 25 ) ( US / Canada ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Australia Language English Budget $130 million Box office $122 million Peter Pan is a 2003 American - British - Australian fantasy adventure film released by Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and Revolution Studios . It was the first authorized and faithful film or television adaptation of J.M. Barrie 's play Peter Pan , or The Boy Who Would n't Grow Up in half a century , after Disney 's version in 1953 . P.J. Hogan directed a screenplay co-written with Michael Goldenberg which is based on the play and novel by J.M. Barrie . Jason Isaacs plays the dual roles of Captain Hook and George Darling , Olivia Williams plays Mrs. Darling , while Jeremy Sumpter plays Peter Pan , Rachel Hurd - Wood plays Wendy Darling , and Ludivine Sagnier plays Tinker Bell . Lynn Redgrave plays a supporting role as Aunt Millicent , a new character created for the film . Contrary to the traditional stage casting , the film featured a young boy in the title role . Since the first stage production of the story , the title role has usually been played by a woman , a tradition followed in the first film adaptation . Two subsequent animated adaptations have featured a male voice actor as Peter Pan , and a Soviet live - action film adaptation for television cast a boy to play the role . This film was the first live - action theatrical release with a boy playing the part . The casting of a single actor to play both George Darling and Captain Hook follows a tradition also begun in the first staging of the play . Peter Pan received positive reviews from critics , but was a box office bomb , grossing $48.5 million in the United States and $122 million worldwide from a $130 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Deleted epilogue 5 Merchandise 6 Release 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 8 Accolades 8.1 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films 8.2 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 8.3 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 8.4 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 8.5 Visual Effects Society Awards 8.6 Young Artist Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the nursery of the Darling household located in Edwardian era London , Wendy Darling tells her younger brothers John and Michael the story of Cinderella , who went to the ball and found herself surrounded by pirates . Life is disrupted when their Aunt Millicent arrives to visit . Judging Wendy to be an `` almost '' full - grown woman , Aunt Millicent advises Mr. and Mrs. Darling to think of Wendy 's future , saying that Wendy should spend less time in the nursery , and more time with herself , to become a grown woman . The very idea frightens the children . At school , Wendy daydreams about having seen Peter in the night , and , after being caught with a drawing of him over her bed , is in trouble with the teacher , who sends a letter by a boy messenger to Wendy 's father at the bank , and as she tries to stop him , along with the family 's `` nurse '' dog Nana , embarrasses her father in front of his superiors . As a punishment , Mr. Darling chains Nana outside and declares it time for Wendy to grow up . Peter visits the nursery again looking for his shadow , which Nana had bitten off , and introduces himself . After being acquainted , Wendy sews his shadow back on and is enchanted by Peter 's ability to fly and his description of Never land and how nicely he talks about girls . She asks Peter if she can kiss him , but because he does not know what a kiss is , ends up giving him a thimble instead . He returns the `` kiss '' by plucking an acorn from his shirt and giving it to her . Peter invites her to tell stories to his gang of Lost Boys . She asks to bring her brothers , John and Michael , to which Peter agrees . He grabs Tinker Bell and shakes fairy dust on the children and tells them to think of happy thoughts . Nana , having escaped her chain , leads Mr. and Mrs. Darling back home from a party , but they arrive too late to stop the children . The Children fly over London and then to Neverland . They observe Captain Hook 's ( Isaacs ) ship from a cloud . The pirates spot them and attack with their cannons . One knocks Wendy far away and the other causes Michael and John to fall towards the island below . Peter tells Tinker Bell to find Wendy while he takes care of Hook . But Tinker Bell reaches the hideout as Wendy is still falling from the sky , and out of jealousy , tricks the Lost Boys into shooting Wendy with an arrow . The boys learn the truth and confess to Peter but Wendy is revealed not to have been killed as the arrow hit the acorn necklace hung around her neck . Angry , Peter banishes Tinker Bell and ends their friendship . When Wendy finally awakens she finds the Lost Boys on their knees begging her to be their mother , which she accepts . They blindfold her and lead her to their hideout , and she finally realizes her brothers are missing . Michael and John stumble across the crocodile that ate Hook 's hand then encounter the Native American princess Tiger Lily ( Carsen Gray ) . All three are then captured by Hook and taken to the Black Castle to use as bait for Peter Pan . Wendy and Peter visit the mermaids ' lagoon to ask the dark and mysterious creatures to help in locating John and Michael , and learn that Hook has her brothers . Peter and Hook engage in a duel but it is stopped when the ticking crocodile arrives and tries to eat Hook , allowing the children to all escape . That night , after a celebration at the Indians ' camp , Peter shows Wendy the fairies ' home and the two share a dance . Hook spies on the two and soon comes across Tinker Bell , who is still hurt and upset from being banished , and charms her into telling him more about Peter and Wendy . Peter becomes upset with Wendy after she tries to get him to express his feelings and that he will never love and never grow up , and tells her to go home and grow up if she 's not happy . Wendy , hurt , leaves to be alone . Hook has the sleeping Wendy carried to his ship . There , he entices her to become a pirate but sends a spy to follow her to the Lost Boys ' underground hideout afterwards . Wendy soon comes to her senses and tells her brothers that the three of them will be going home , which upsets Peter . The Lost Boys ask if they can go too , upsetting Peter even more . Wendy tries to say goodbye to Peter but he turns away in sadness . She leaves him a cup of `` medicine '' and tells him not to forget to take it . The pirates capture the boys outside and Hook goes down into the tree and puts a drop of poison in Peter 's medicine . He is about to drink the medicine , but Tinker Bell intervenes and drinks the poison herself . Peter telepathically reaches out to children sleeping around the world , the Darlings , Aunt Millicent , the Lost Boys , and even the pirates to assert their belief in fairies , which brings Tinker Bell back to life . Peter and Tinker Bell save Wendy and the boys from walking the plank by making the pirates think the crocodile is on board , and a battle soon breaks out . Hook sprinkles himself with Tinker Bell 's fairy dust and fights Peter in a duel while flying . Hook taunts him about Wendy abandoning him and forgetting all about him when she grows up . Weakened by those thoughts and unable to fight , Peter gives in to his inevitable death . Seeing this as goodbye , Wendy gives Peter her hidden kiss , which gives him the strength to recover . Peter reengages Hook , who loses his confidence and falls into the waiting jaws of the crocodile . With the ship covered in fairy dust , Peter flies Wendy and the boys back to London . Mr. and Mrs. Darling are overjoyed at the return of their children , and adopt the Lost Boys . Slightly , who got lost on the way to London and arrives at the house too late , is adopted by the lonely Aunt Millicent . Peter promises never to forget Wendy and to return someday before heading back to Neverland with Tinker Bell . According to the adult Wendy , she never saw Peter again , but she continues to tell his story to her own children and grandchildren so that his legacy will last forever . Cast ( edit ) Jeremy Sumpter as Peter Pan : A young boy who does not want to grow up , and lives in Neverland . He is brave , determined , cocky , and optimistic as he is only able to think happy thoughts . He develops romantic feelings for Wendy , clearly evident when Hook torments him by insinuating Wendy will forget about him and he will be replaced by a husband . He cares about Tink even though he gets angry at her , and attempts to revive her after she drinks the poison to save his life . He wants to always be a young boy who has everlasting fun and adventure . Unlike other versions , Peter Pan 's own feelings , emotions and even mere presence affect various aspects of the weather . Jason Isaacs as Mr. George Darling and Captain Hook : George is the Darling children 's father and a banker who knows the cost of everything , even a hug . Captain Hook , is Peter Pan 's archenemy since Peter cut off his hand and fed it to a crocodile which has followed him ever since . He is the Captain of the Jolly Roger and many of his happy thoughts are murderous . He admits his hook can be quite useful , but mourns the loss of his right hand . Rachel Hurd - Wood as Wendy Darling : The eldest child of the Darling family . She is a motherly figure to the Lost Boys and her younger brothers , John and Michael . Initially she does not want to grow up , but eventually , accepts she must and returns home . She takes up the title name , Red - handed Jill at one point , before returning home . She cares for Peter 's safety and wellbeing and reciprocates his romantic feelings for her . Saffron Burrows , plays the adult Wendy , who narrates film , recounting the story 's events . Burrows appears in the deleted epilogue . Lynn Redgrave as Aunt Millicent : The maternal aunt of the three Darling children , who wants to help Wendy grow into becoming an adult . Richard Briers as Mr. Smee : Hook 's humorous first - mate . Olivia Williams as Mrs. Mary Darling : The matriarch of the Darling family who is the loveliest lady in Bloomsbury . She is said to have a kiss that Wendy can never get and that is perfectly conspicuous on the right hand corner of her mouth . Harry Newell as John Darling : The second - oldest child of the Darling family . Tiger Lily gives him a kiss which gives him strength to open the gate . Freddie Popplewell as Michael Darling : The youngest child of the Darling family , who carries a teddy bear with him . Ludivine Sagnier as Tinker Bell : A tinker fairy , and Peter Pan 's friend . She is jealous of Wendy and cares so deeply for Peter that she willingly sacrifice her life for him . Rebel as Nana : The dog nurse of the Darling family . Carsen Gray as Tiger Lily : The daughter of a Native American chief captured by Hook along with John and Michael as bait for Peter Pan Mathew Waters as the Messenger Boy . Theodore Chester as Slightly : One of the Lost Boys . Rupert Simonian as Tootles : One of the Lost Boys . George MacKay as Curly : One of the Lost Boys . Harry Eden as Nibs : One of the Lost Boys . Patrick Gooch and Lachlan Goochas as twin members of the Lost Boys . Production ( edit ) After the script was written , Stephen Cox , Chief Press Officer for Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust , gave the hospital 's approval , saying , `` We have read the script by P.J. Hogan and Michael Goldenberg and are delighted to report that we feel that it is in keeping with the original work whilst communicating to an audience with modern sensibilities . '' The visual effects in the film are a mixture of practical and digital . The fairies that appear in the film are actors composited into the film with some digital enhancements . According to actor Jason Isaacs , the filmmakers were impressed with actress Ludivine Sagnier 's performance and decided to abandon their plans to make Tinker Bell entirely computer animated . The film also features a large , computer - generated crocodile . Another character , an animatronic parrot , appears in some scenes on the pirate ship . A complex harness was built to send the live - action actors rotating and gliding through the air for the flight sequences . They were then composited into the shots of London and Never Land , although they are sometimes replaced with computer - generated figures . One other aspect of bringing the story to life was the complex sword - fighting sequences , for which the actors were trained . Sumpter said that , `` I had to train for five months before the shoot . I had to do harness training to learn how to fly and learn how to swordfight , '' and that , `` I got stabbed a couple of times with a sword . '' Hogan says that the flying scenes were very difficult to accomplish , but that , `` it was tougher on the kids than it was for me . They were up there on the harness 12 ' off the ground , having to make it look like flying is easy and fun . '' Sumpter grew several inches over the course of the film 's production , requiring staging tricks to retain Hook 's height advantage over Peter in face - to - face scenes late in the process . Hollywood - based producer Lucy Fisher also said that , `` The window he flies out of had to be enlarged twice . '' The film is dedicated to Dodi Al - Fayed , who was executive producer of the 1991 film Hook . Al - Fayed planned to produce a live action version of Peter Pan , and shared his ideas with Princess Diana ( who was President of Great Ormond St Hospital ) , who said she `` could not wait to see the production once it was underway . '' Al - Fayed 's father , Mohammed Al - Fayed , co-produced the 2003 adaptation of the tale after his son died in the car crash which also killed Princess Diana . Finding Neverland , a film about J.M. Barrie and the creation of Peter Pan , was originally scheduled to be released in 2003 , but the producers of this film -- who held the screen rights to the story -- refused permission for that film to use scenes from the play unless its release was delayed until the following year . Filming , which lasted about twelve months and ended in June 2003 , took place entirely inside sound stages on Australia 's Gold Coast , Queensland . According to Fisher , the decision to shoot in Australia was based on the low value of the Australian dollar at that time . Hogan had originally planned on filming in a variety of locations such as Tahiti , New Zealand , and London but abandoned this idea after scouting some of the locations . Filming on sound stages did help `` retain some of the theatricality of the original play '' , something which Hogan thought was important . Universal distributed in France and in all countries where English was the primary language ( including the US and Canada ) , while Columbia released the film in the rest of the world . Deleted epilogue ( edit ) An alternate , extended ending based on Barrie 's epilogue is featured on the DVD , but with unfinished special effects and no music . In this version , Peter returns to the London house years later , finding an adult Wendy . He is deeply hurt when she tells him she has grown up , and walks over to her own daughter , asleep in bed . His sobbing awakes the little girl , and she introduces herself as Jane . Peter grins excitedly at Wendy , and with her mother 's permission , Jane flies away with Peter to Neverland as Wendy watches them through the window . Merchandise ( edit ) For the promotion of the film , the original novel of Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie was released with the cover that was the same look as the teaser poster . A video game was also released only for the Game Boy Advance on November 4 , 2003 . In it players can fly , fight , and solve various puzzles and collect special objects for special prizes and bonus points . The game received mixed reviews overall with Gamezone giving it a 6.4 / 10 , Cubed3 giving it a 5.2 / 10 , and Nintendo Power giving it a 2.2 / 5 . Cubed3 criticised the game for the bad dialogue and repetitive and rushed gameplay , but praising the graphics and sound . Release ( edit ) This film was released in theaters on November 22 , 2003 in Australia , on December 24 , 2003 in the United Kingdom and on December 25 , 2003 in the United States of America and Canada . On March 2004 , The film was released on VHS and DVD on May 4 , 2004 . This film had airs on Encore Starz on Demand with Babe : Pig in the City , Casper , The Borrowers and The Little Rascals since March 2004 and on HDNet Movies since July 2005 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from film critics , praising its faithfulness to J.M. Barrie 's original novel and its darker aspects . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 77 % based on 141 reviews with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 , the site 's critical consensus reads : `` Solid if far from definitive , this version of Peter Pan is visually impressive , psychologically complex and faithful to its original source . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of four stars . MovieGuide has also favourably reviewed the film , calling it `` a wonderfully crafted , morally uplifting movie that intentionally emphasizes the fantasy elements of the story both in dialogue and design of the film . '' Box office ( edit ) Peter Pan earned $48,462,608 at the box office in the United States and another $73.5 million outside the US , which brings the worldwide total to nearly $122 million . It faced competition from the highly anticipated The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King released the week before , and Cheaper by the Dozen , which opened on the same day . Accolades ( edit ) Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance by a Younger Actor Won Best Fantasy Film Nominated Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Janet Patterson Best Costumes Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Peter Pan Best Family Film - Live Action Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Youth in Film Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Peter Pan Best Live Action Family Film Nominated Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role - Male Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2003 Yusei Uesugi Giles Hancock Outstanding Matte Painting in a Motion Picture Nominated Ludivine Sagnier Outstanding Performance by a Male or Female Actor in an Effects Film Nominated Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2004 Jeremy Sumpter Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Won Peter Pan Best Family Feature Film - Drama Won Rachel Hurd - Wood Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Nominated Harry Newell Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Nominated Carsen Gray Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) : Full Production Credits '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 9 December 2003 . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gigli 's ' Real Price Tag -- Or , How Studios Lie About Budgets '' . The Wrap . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Peter Pan '' Soars Again `` . About.com. 24 June 2002 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( 7 August 2003 ) . `` A Mature Peter Pan '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with `` Peter Pan '' Star , Jeremy Sumpter `` . about.com . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Director PJ Hogan Discovers Neverland With `` Peter Pan '' `` . about.com . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dodi Al - Fayed -- Peter Pan '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2011 . The first step was for Dodi to negotiate an extension of the rights granted by the hospital to his father . He was in the process of doing that when he was killed . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Peter ( 23 December 2003 ) . `` Dark days loom for Aussie film industry '' . The Age . Australia : The Age Company Ltd . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( 29 December 2003 ) . `` Latest ' Pan ' film lets boys be boys , preserves spirit of classic '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 16 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ramshaw , Mark . `` Peter Pan : Hook , Line and Tinker '' . VFXWorld . AWN , Inc . Retrieved 15 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 24 December 2003 ) . `` Peter Pan Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PETER PAN Movieguide Movie Reviews for Christians '' . Movieguide The Family & Christian Guide to Movie Reviews . 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316396/awards?ref_=tt_awd External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Peter Pan ( 2003 film ) Peter Pan on IMDb ( show ) J.M. Barrie 's Peter Pan Characters and setting Main Peter Pan Wendy Darling Captain Hook Mr. Smee Tinker Bell Tiger Lily Other Neverland Lost Boys Pixie Hollow Cast members Literary adaptations Official books / plays The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens Peter and Wendy ( play , book ) Peter Pan in Scarlet Starcatchers books Peter and the Starcatchers Peter and the Shadow Thieves Peter and the Secret of Rundoon Peter and the Sword of Mercy The Bridge to Never Land Never Land Books Film adaptations Peter Pan films Peter Pan ( 1924 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Peter Pan ( 1988 ) Hook Return to Never Land Neverland Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Pan Tinker Bell films Tinker Bell Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue Pixie Hollow Games Secret of the Wings Pixie Hollow Bake Off The Pirate Fairy Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Adaptations Television 1976 musical The Adventures of Peter Pan Peter Pan & the Pirates Jake and the Never Land Pirates Once Upon a Time Neverland Peter Pan Live ! Peter and Wendy Stage 1950 musical 1954 musical Peter Pan : A Musical Adventure Peter and the Starcatcher Peter Pan 360 Peter and Alice Finding Neverland ( musical ) Wendy & Peter Pan Peter Pan Goes Wrong Disney 's Peter Pan Jr . Video games Peter Pan and the Pirates Peter Pan : Adventures in Never Land Kingdom Hearts Hook Prose The Child Thief Graphic novels Peter Pank Lost Girls Marvel Fairy Tales Music Albums The Wendy Trilogy Faith , Trust , and Pixie Dust `` Lost Boy '' ( Ruth B song ) Somewhere in Neverland `` Peter Pan '' ( Kelsea Ballerini song ) Attractions Disney on Ice Fantasmic ! Peter Pan 's Flight ( ride ) Pixie Hollow Allusions Never Never Land Biographies The Lost Boys Finding Neverland Related Llewelyn Davies boys Peter Pan syndrome / Wendy dilemma Peter Pan copyright Disney franchise Peter Pan statue Category ( show ) Films directed by P.J. Hogan Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) Unconditional Love ( 2002 ) Peter Pan ( 2003 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Mental ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Pan_(2003_film)&oldid=797599665 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s fantasy films American films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy adventure films Films based on plays Films set in 1904 Peter Pan films Pirate films American fantasy films Films set in London Films shot in Australia Films based on multiple works Mermaids in film Nonlinear narrative films Film scores by James Newton Howard Screenplays by Michael Goldenberg Films directed by P.J. Hogan Universal Pictures films Columbia Pictures films Revolution Studios films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 EngvarB from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikiquote العربية Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays captain hook in peter pan 2003	[ "Peter Pan is a 2003 American-British-Australian fantasy adventure film released by Universal Pictures, Columbia Pictures, and Revolution Studios. It was the first authorized and faithful film or television adaptation of J.M. Barrie's play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up in half a century, after Disney's version in 1953. P. J. Hogan directed a screenplay co-written with Michael Goldenberg which is based on the play and novel by J. M. Barrie. Jason Isaacs plays the dual roles of Captain Hook and George Darling, Olivia Williams plays Mrs. Darling, while Jeremy Sumpter plays Peter Pan, Rachel Hurd-Wood plays Wendy Darling, and Ludivine Sagnier plays Tinker Bell. Lynn Redgrave plays a supporting role as Aunt Millicent, a new character created for the film." ]	[ "Jason Isaacs" ]
-2820771738217155890	Dennis Locorriere	Dennis Locorriere - wikipedia Dennis Locorriere Jump to : navigation , search Dennis Michael Locorriere ( born June 13 , 1949 ; Union City , New Jersey , United States ) is the American former lead vocalist and guitarist of the soft rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show , later Dr. Hook . He continues as a solo artist , session musician and songwriter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Discography and DVD 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Live albums 3.3 Compilation albums 3.4 DVDs 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Locorriere , as a founding member of Dr. Hook , was the recipient of more than 60 gold and platinum albums , gaining No. 1 chart status in more than 42 countries . He is also a songwriter , whose songs having been recorded by Bob Dylan , Crystal Gayle , BJ Thomas , Helen Reddy , Willie Nelson , Southside Johnny and by Jerry Lee Lewis , on his 2006 release , Last Man Standing . Locorriere 's company retains the rights to the trademark name , Dr. Hook , although it is licensed to Ray Sawyer for touring purposes . Locorriere tours as `` The Voice of Dr. Hook , '' as referenced to the fact that his voice was most prominent on the majority of Dr. Hook hits . Locorriere has contributed his vocals to the albums of others , such as Randy Travis ' Always and Forever album ( 1987 ) . His solo performances includes songs from his past , as well as newer material from his solo period . Locorriere has released three solo albums , Out of the Dark ( 2000 ) , One of the Lucky Ones ( 2005 ) and Post Cool ( 2010 ) . A compilation album , Alone in the Studio / The Lost Tapes , was released in 2008 . Locorriere released a live CD , Dennis Locorriere - Live in Liverpool ( 2004 ) , as well as a concert DVD of his solo show , Alone With Dennis Locorriere ( 2002 ) . In November 2000 , he toured his Voice of Dr. Hook concert in Australia and New Zealand ; and is touring there again in May 2015 . In 2007 , Locorriere and his band embarked on the Dennis Locorriere Celebrates Dr. Hook Hits and History tour . In early 2008 , Locorriere toured the United Kingdom , as member of Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings . In early 2010 , Locorriere again toured in the United Kingdom , promoting his new Post Cool album , accompanied by Andy Fairweather Low as his `` special guest '' . In 2014 , he toured in Australia for the first time in nearly 15 years . Personal life ( edit ) Locorriere has resided in England for a number of years , maintaining a residence in Worthing , Sussex . Discography and DVD ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Out of the Dark ( Track Records , 2000 ) One of the Lucky Ones ( Track Records , 2005 ) Post Cool ( 2010 ) Live albums ( edit ) Alone with ... ( 2002 ) Live in Liverpool ( 2004 ) Post Cool Live ( 2011 ) Compilation albums ( edit ) Alone in the Studio / The Lost Tapes ( 2008 ) Retrospection ( 2011 ) DVDs ( edit ) Alone with Dennis Locorriere ( 2006 ) Hits and History Tour Live ( 2007 ) Post Cool Live ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bonitto , Brian ( 2014 ) `` Hooking up with Dennis Locorriere '' , Jamaica Observer , June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.dennislocorriere.com/tour-dates.htm Jump up ^ http://www.drhookofficial.dennislocorriere.com/#!post-cool-dennis-locorriere/c35z Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3430600030.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Dennis Locorriere 's website Twitter.com/DrHookOfficial facebook.com/DrHookOfficial instagram.com/DrHookOfficial drhookofficial.com BNF : cb13965025x ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0003 7189 0541 MusicBrainz : e0852756 - 9497 - 4c70 - 9595 - e8f058bf2cf2 VIAF : 46953118 ( hide ) Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show Billy Francis Ray Sawyer George Cummings Bobby Dominguez Jimmy Allen Dennis Locorriere Popeye Phillips Joseph Oliver John David Rik Elswit Jance Garfat John Wolters Bob `` Willard '' Henke Rod Smarr Walter Hartman Studio albums Sloppy Seconds ( 1972 ) Pleasure and Pain ( 1978 ) Sometimes You Win ( 1979 ) Compilations Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) Singles `` Sylvia 's Mother '' `` The Cover of Rolling Stone '' `` The Ballad of Lucy Jordan '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` A Little Bit More '' `` Walk Right In '' `` Sharing the Night Together '' `` When You 're in Love with a Beautiful Woman '' `` Better Love Next Time '' `` Sexy Eyes '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Locorriere&oldid=824233380 '' Categories : 1949 births American expatriates in the United Kingdom American male singers American singers Living people American country guitarists American male guitarists American rock guitarists People from Union City , New Jersey People from Sussex Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show members American people of French - Canadian descent 20th - century American guitarists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 03 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the lead singer in dr hook	[ "Dennis Michael Locorriere (born June 13, 1949; Union City, New Jersey, United States) is the American former lead vocalist and guitarist of the soft rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show, later Dr. Hook.[1] He continues as a solo artist, session musician and songwriter." ]	[ "Dennis Michael Locorriere" ]
3811370920299408180	RuPaul's Drag Race	RuPaul 's Drag Race - Wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 9 ) . RuPaul 's Drag Race Genre Reality competition Directed by Nick Murray Judges RuPaul Merle Ginsberg Santino Rice Michelle Visage Billy Brasfield Ross Mathews Carson Kressley Theme music composer RuPaul Opening theme `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' theme ( season 1 -- present ) Ending theme `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass In Your Walk ) '' ( season 1 ) `` Jealous of My Boogie '' ( season 2 ) `` Main Event '' ( season 3 ) `` The Beginning '' ( season 4 -- 5 ) `` Dance with U '' ( season 6 ) `` Fly Tonight '' ( season 7 ) `` Die Tomorrow '' ( season 8 ) `` Be Someone '' & `` Kitty Girl '' ( season 9 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Fenton Bailey Randy Barbato Tom Campbell RuPaul Steven Corfe Pamela Post Mandy Salangsang Chris McKim Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) World of Wonder Distributor Passion Distribution Release Original network Logo VH1 Picture format NTSC 480i HDTV 1080i Original release February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars RuPaul 's Drag U External links Website www.rupaulsdragrace.com RuPaul 's Drag Race is an American reality competition television series produced by World of Wonder for Logo TV and , beginning with the ninth season , VH1 . The show documents RuPaul in the search for `` America 's next drag superstar . '' RuPaul plays the role of host , mentor , and head judge for this series , as contestants are given different challenges each week . RuPaul 's Drag Race employs a panel of judges , including RuPaul , Michelle Visage , Ross Mathews , Carson Kressley , and a host of other guest judges , who critique contestants ' progress throughout the competition . The title of the show is a play on drag queen and drag racing , and the title sequence and song `` Drag Race '' both have a drag - racing theme . RuPaul 's Drag Race has spanned nine seasons and inspired the spin - off shows RuPaul 's Drag U and RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars . The show has become the highest - rated television program on Logo TV , and airs internationally , including in Australia , Canada , UK and Israel . The show earned RuPaul a 2016 Emmy for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program , and the show itself was awarded as an Outstanding Reality Program at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards . It has been nominated for 4 Critics ' Choice Television Award including Best Reality Series -- Competition and Best Reality Show Host for RuPaul , and was nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Make - up for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) . In April 2017 , RuPaul 's Drag Race was renewed for a tenth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Mini challenges 1.2 Main challenges 1.3 Judging 1.4 Untucked 2 Seasons 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 2.10 Season 10 3 Music 3.1 Runway 3.2 The Covergurlz & Covergurlz 2 3.3 Other music 4 Related media 5 DVD releases 6 Awards and nominations 7 Criticism 8 International airings 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) Casting calls are announced online , where prospective contestants submit audition tapes in hopes of being cast . All contestants selected must be 21 years of age or older at the time of taping . Applications of any sexual orientation or gender identity are accepted , although most contestants to date have been gay men . Transgender women are eligible to compete and have become more common as seasons have progressed . Sonique , a season two contestant , became the first openly transgender contestant ; she came out as transgender during the Season 2 reunion special . Monica Beverly Hillz , from season five , became the first transgender woman to reveal her status during the competition . Other transgender contestants have begun transitioning after their elimination . Carmen Carrera , a season three contestant , announced her transition during an episode of ABC 's Primetime : What Would You Do ? Season 4 contestant Kenya Michaels announced her own transition via Facebook and Twitter . Other transgender contestants include Stacy Layne Matthews , Jiggly Caliente , Gia Gunn , and Peppermint . RuPaul plays dual roles in the show . USA Today 's Lifeline explains : `` RuPaul the drag queen will be the final word in judging and eliminations , while RuPaul the man will offer guidance to contestants for each challenge . '' RuPaul 's Drag Race uses progressive elimination to reduce the number of drag queens in the competition from the initial field of fourteen contestants ( the maximum a season has started with ) down to the final three or four , who will compete in the final challenge . In Seasons 1 , 2 , and 3 , the contestants were narrowed down to a final two , with a winner being selected the final episode . Each episode ( with the exception of the casting special , `` recap '' episode , and reunion special ) follows a format consisting of a mini challenge , a main challenge , a runway walk ( where the contestants model fashion on a runway , usually with a theme based on the main challenge ) , the judging panel , and the elimination of a contestant . There have been some exceptions to episodes , including double - elimination episodes , no - elimination episodes , disqualifications of a contestant , and the removal of a contestant due to an injury . Mini challenges ( edit ) In the mini challenge , each contestant is asked to perform a different task with varying requirements and time limitations . Certain mini challenges are repeated from season to season . For instance , the first mini challenge of the first six seasons is a photo shoot with the photographer Mike Ruiz that includes some kind of special twist ( such as being doused with water while in full drag , having a high - powered fan turned on during the shoot , or being photographed while jumping on a trampoline ) . Another recurring mini challenge is dedicated to `` reading , '' a drag term for making insulting observations about one 's peers for comedic effect . The winner of a mini challenge is sometimes rewarded with some kind of advantage in the main challenge . Though most episodes have a mini challenge , select episodes do not and progress straight to the main challenge . Main challenges ( edit ) The requirements of the main challenge vary across each episode , and can be individual or group challenges , and initially grant immunity to the winner in the next challenge ( until RuPaul announces the discontinuation of that policy mid-season ) . However , as of season 6 , immunity is no longer granted to challenge winners . The winner of the main challenge also receives a `` special '' prize for their win . In the past , challenge winners have been rewarded with prizes including custom designer clothing , vacations , cruises , and quality cosmetic items . The final main challenge of every season is where the contestants star in RuPaul 's music video , with the exception of season 9 . The goal of each main challenge involves a new theme and outcome . Contestants are often asked to design and construct a custom outfit , sometimes incorporating unconventional materials . Other challenges focus on the contestants ' ability to present themselves on camera , perform with music , or perform humorously . Some challenges become a tradition across seasons . Judging ( edit ) Judges on RuPaul 's Drag Race Judge Season 5 6 7 8 9 RuPaul Main Merle Ginsberg Main Guest Santino Rice Main Guest Michelle Visage Main Billy B Main Ross Mathews Guest Main Carson Kressley Main Beginning with the seventh season , Michelle Visage , Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley are the staple judges alongside RuPaul . Visage joined the show at the start of season 3 , while Mathews and Kressley joined at the start of season 7 , and each joins RuPaul and Visage on alternate episodes . Past fixtures on the panel include Merle Ginsberg , who was a regular judge in the first two seasons , and Santino Rice , who held his position from the first season until the conclusion of the sixth . Until season 8 , Rice was the only person , apart from RuPaul , to take part in every season of the show , serving as a main judge for seasons one through six , and all stars 1 , and guest judging for season seven . In certain instances , Rice was absent and replacement judging has been provided by make - up artist Billy Brasfield ( better known as Billy B ) , Mike Ruiz , Jeffrey Moran ( Absolut Vodka marketing executive ) , or Lucian Piane . However , due to Brasfield 's numerous appearances in seasons three and four , including appearing in the Reunited episodes both seasons , Rice and Billy B are considered to have been alternates for the same seat at the judges table throughout the two seasons . Prior to the grande finale , the three main judges are joined by two celebrity guest judges each week . Guest judges have included Paula Abdul , Pamela Anderson , Eve , Ariana Grande , Neil Patrick Harris , Kathy Griffin , Khloé Kardashian , La Toya Jackson , Adam Lambert , Demi Lovato , Bob Mackie , Rose McGowan , Olivia Newton - John , Rebecca Romijn , Gigi Hadid , Sharon Osbourne , Dan Savage , John Waters , Michelle Williams , Candis Cayne and Lady Gaga . The judges each provide their opinion on the contestants ' performances in the main challenge and on the runway before RuPaul announces which queen is the episode 's winner and which two had the weakest performances . The day before judging , the contestants are all provided with a song by a female artist to which they must learn the lyrics . The contestants deemed as being the bottom two must `` lip sync for their lives '' to the song in a final attempt to impress RuPaul . After the lip sync , RuPaul alone decides who stays and who leaves . RuPaul describes the qualities the contestants must have to be crowned the winner of the show as `` Charisma , Uniqueness , Nerve , and Talent ... These are people who have taken adversity and turned it into something that is beautiful and something powerful . '' The phrase `` charisma , uniqueness , nerve , and talent '' is used repeatedly on the show , the acronym of which is CUNT . On the first All Stars season , `` synergy '' was added to provide an explanation behind the contestants being sorted into teams ( expanding the acronym into CUNTS ) . Untucked ( edit ) The first season of Drag Race was accompanied by a seven - episode web series , titled Under the Hood of RuPaul 's Drag Race . LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race . In this companion series , RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants ' conversation in the green room , replays pertinent moments from Drag Race , and airs deleted footage . Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010 , Logo reformatted Under the Hood , increased its production budget , moved it from the web to television , and re-titled it to RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . Logo broadcast an episode of Untucked after each episode of Drag Race . Untucked replaces the basic green room of Under the Hood with two decorated rooms that were until season 6 sponsored by Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions , Inc. : the Interior Illusions Lounge and the Gold Bar . FormDecor sponsored the Lounge for season 6 . These two backstage areas allow for separated group conversation . At the start of the seventh season of the Drag Race , Untucked reverted to a webseries , as part of the World of Wonder YouTube page . Instead of two decorated rooms , Untucked was moved back to the one room , an empty backstage space that connects to the main stage and work room , with couches for contestants to chat on . The newly renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show , documenting them packing their belongings and leaving the set . The webseries format continued for the eighth and ninth season . For the show 's tenth season , it was announced that Untucked would return to television . Seasons ( edit ) Season Premiere Date Finale Date No. of Queens Winner Runner ( s ) - up Miss Congeniality Winner Prizes February 2 , 2009 March 23 , 2009 9 BeBe Zahara Benet Nina Flowers Nina Flowers $20,000 , courtesy of the V&S Group ( producers of Absolut Vodka ) and MAC Cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A photo - spread in Paper magazine A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels February 1 , 2010 April 26 , 2010 12 Tyra Sanchez Raven Pandora Boxx $25,000 A lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of NYXCosmetics.com Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka Appearance in an advertising campaign for L.A. Eyeworks A one - year contract with LGBT public relations firm Project Publicity A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 24 , 2011 May 2 , 2011 13 Raja Manila Luzon Yara Sofia $75,000 A lifetime supply of Kryolan make - up Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels January 30 , 2012 April 30 , 2012 13 Sharon Needles Chad Michaels Phi Phi O'Hara Latrice Royale $100,000 A lifetime supply of NYX cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 5 January 28 , 2013 May 6 , 2013 14 Jinkx Monsoon Alaska Roxxxy Andrews Ivy Winters $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics Top billing in Logo TV 's Drag Race Tour , sponsored by Absolut Vodka A holiday courtesy of ALandCHUCK.travel A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 6 February 24 , 2014 May 19 , 2014 14 Bianca Del Rio Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme $100,000 A collection of ColorEvolution cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 7 March 2 , 2015 June 1 , 2015 14 Violet Chachki Ginger Minj Pearl Katya $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 8 March 7 , 2016 May 16 , 2016 12 Bob the Drag Queen Kim Chi Naomi Smalls Cynthia Lee Fontaine $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown from Fierce Drag Jewels 9 March 24 , 2017 June 23 , 2017 14 Sasha Velour Peppermint Valentina $100,000 A one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics A crown and scepter from Shandar Fashion Accessories & Shoes Season 1 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , later referred as The Lost Season , premiered in the United States on February 2 , 2009 , on Logo . Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics , was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign , joined the Logo Drag Race tour , and won a cash prize of $20,000 . One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul 's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show 's official website . The results were announced in early September 2008 . The contestant to win this honor was Nina Flowers from Bayamón , Puerto Rico ( currently residing in Denver , Colorado ) . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Cover Girl '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet , with Nina Flowers winning Miss Congeniality . In late 2013 , Logo re-aired the first season , which was titled RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Lost Season Ru - Vealed , and featured commentary from RuPaul Season 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 2 ) For season two , the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve , and the prizes were slightly modified : a lifetime supply of Nyx Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com , an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity , be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign , join the Logo Drag Race tour , and a cash prize of $25,000 . A new tradition of writing a farewell message , in lipstick on their workstation mirror , was started by the first eliminated queen of the season . The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is `` Jealous of My Boogie '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . Each week 's episode is followed by a behind - the - scenes show , RuPaul 's Drag Race Untucked . The winner of the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Tyra Sanchez , with Pandora Boxx winning Miss Congeniality . On December 6 , 2011 , Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program . Season 3 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 3 ) This season had Michelle Visage replacing Merle Ginsberg at the judge 's table and Billy Brasfield ( better known as Billy B ) , Mike Ruiz , and Jeffrey Moran ( courtesy of Absolut Vodka ) filling in for Santino Rice 's absence during several episodes . Billy B , celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation , appeared as a judge in five episodes . Whereas Mike Ruiz only judged for two episodes , and Jeffrey Moran for one , Moran only appearing for promotional reasons . Due to Billy B 's continued appearances , he and Rice are now considered to have been alternate judges for the same seat at the judges table . Other changes made included the introduction of a wildcard contestant from the past season , Shangela Laquifa Wadley ; an episode with no elimination ; and a contestant , Carmen Carrera , being brought back into the competition after having been eliminated a few episodes prior . A new pit crew was also introduced consisting of Jason Carter and Shawn Morales . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was changed to `` Champion '' while the song playing during the credits is `` Main Event '' , both from RuPaul 's album Champion . As with the previous season , each week 's episode was followed by a behind - the - scenes show , RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked . The winner of the third season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Raja , with Yara Sofia winning Miss Congeniality . On December 6 , 2011 Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program . Season 4 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 4 ) The fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 30 , 2012 , with cast members announced November 13 , 2011 . The winner of season four will headline Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka , wins a one - of - a-kind trip , a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics , a cash prize of $ 100,000 , and the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' Like the last season , Santino Rice & Billy B ( Billy Brasfield ) , celebrity makeup artist and star of the HGTV mini-series Hometown Renovation , shared the same seat at the judges table alternatively , Brasfield filling in for Rice when needed . Both judges appeared side - by - side in the audience during the `` Reunited '' episode . The winner of the fourth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Sharon Needles , with Latrice Royale winning Miss Congeniality . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Glamazon '' and the song played during the credits was `` The Beginning '' , both from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . Season 5 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 5 ) The fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on January 28 , 2013 , with a 90 - minute premiere episode . It had the most contestants since the creation of the show with fourteen . Season five 's winner walked away with the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' along with a lifetime supply of Colorevolution Cosmetics , a one - of - a-kind trip courtesy of AlandChuck.travel , a headlining spot on Logo 's Drag Race Tour featuring Absolut Vodka and a cash prize of $100,000 . Santino Rice and Michelle Visage were back as judges at the panel . The theme song playing during the runway every episode is `` I Bring the Beat '' , while the song playing during the credits is `` The Beginning '' , both songs are from RuPaul 's album Glamazon . The winner of the fifth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Jinkx Monsoon , with Ivy Winters winning Miss Congeniality . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 6 ) The sixth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing February 24 , 2014 . Like the fifth season , the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' . For the first time in the show 's history , the season premiere was split into two episodes ; the fourteen queens are split into two groups and the seven queens into each group compete against each other before being united as one group for the third episode . Santino Rice and Michelle Visage are back as judges at the panel . Two new pit crew members , Miles Moody and Simon Sherry - Wood , joined Jason Carter and Shawn Morales . The winner of this season won a prize package that included a supply from Colorevolution Cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . This was also the first season where Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions , Inc. were not sponsors for the show , more specifically for the Untucked episodes . The Interior Illusions Lounge is now simply known as the Silver Lounge or FormDecor Lounge . The theme song played during the runway segment every episode was `` Sissy That Walk '' while the song playing during the credits is `` Dance With U '' , both from the album Born Naked . The winner of the sixth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Bianca Del Rio , with BenDeLaCreme winning Miss Congeniality . Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 7 ) The seventh season of RuPaul 's Drag Race began airing on March 2 , 2015 . Returning judges included RuPaul and Michelle Visage , while the space previously occupied by Santino Rice was filled by new additions Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley . Mathews and Kressley were both present for the season premiere and then took turns sharing judging responsibilities . Shawn Morales , a member of the Pit Crew since the third season and Simon Sherry - Wood , a member in the sixth season , did not appear this season and were replaced by Bryce Eilenberg . Like the previous two seasons of RuPaul 's Drag Race , the season featured 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The season premiere debuted with a live and same - day viewership of 348,000 , a 20 % increase from the previous season . On March 20 , 2015 , it was announced that LogoTV had given the series an early renewal for an eighth season . The winner of the seventh season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Violet Chachki , with Katya winning Miss Congeniality . Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 8 ) On January 14 , 2016 , it was announced that the cast for the eighth season will be revealed during the 2016 New Now Next Honors on February 1 , 2016 , followed by the season premiere on March 7 , 2016 . The first episode celebrated the 100th taping of the show , and the 100th drag queen to enter the work room . Michelle Visage returned as a main judge , while Carson Kressley and Ross Mathews returned as rotating main judges . Similar to the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , the season featured 12 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The winner of the eighth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Bob the Drag Queen , with Cynthia Lee Fontaine winning Miss Congeniality . Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 9 ) On February 2 , 2017 , the cast for the ninth season was announced . On March 1 , 2017 , it was announced that the ninth season would premiere on March 24 , the ninth season features 14 contestants competing for the title of `` America 's Next Drag Superstar '' , a one - year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000 . The ninth season aired on VH1 , with encore presentations continuing to air on Logo . This season featured the return of Cynthia Lee Fontaine , who previously participated in the series ' eighth season . The ninth season featured a top four in the finale episode , as opposed to the top three , which was previously established in the fourth season . The winner of the ninth season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Sasha Velour , with Valentina winning Miss Congeniality . Season 10 ( edit ) On April 13 , 2017 , VH1 renewed the series for a tenth season , tentatively scheduled to begin airing in 2018 . Eureka O'Hara , who was removed from the ninth season due to medical reasons , has accepted an open invitation she was granted to return to the competition for the next season . On August 21 , 2017 , VH1 announced that the tenth season of Drag Race would premiere sometime in spring 2018 , alongside the televised return of Untucked . Music ( edit ) Main article : RuPaul discography Almost all music used in the series comes from RuPaul 's albums : Champion , Glamazon , Born Naked and Realness . Exceptions are songs used during the lip - sync portion of the show . Runway ( edit ) Songs used while the contestants walk the runway have been : `` Cover Girl '' from Champion ( season 1 ) `` Jealous of My Boogie '' ( Gomi & RasJek Mix ) from Jealous of My Boogie - The RuMixes ( season 2 ) `` Champion '' ( DJ BunJoe 's Olympic Mix ) from Champion ( season 3 ) `` Glamazon '' from Glamazon ( season 4 ) `` I Bring the Beat '' from Glamazon ( season 5 ) `` Sissy That Walk '' from Born Naked ( season 6 -- 7 ) `` The Realness '' from Realness ( season 8 ) `` Snapshot ( 2017 version ) '' from Remember Me : Essential , Vol. 1 ( season 9 ) The CoverGurlz & CoverGurlz 2 ( edit ) RuPaul confirmed on Twitter that a new album , in which each of the Season 6 contestants covered a song from his catalog , would be released . The album , titled RuPaul Presents : The CoverGurlz , was released on January 28 , 2014 Similar to Season 6 , each of the season 7 's contestants covered a song that was previously recorded by RuPaul . The album is titled RuPaul Presents : CoverGurlz2 and was released on February 3 , 2015 . The album also features the single `` New York City Beat '' , a song by RuPaul featuring Michelle Visage . Other music ( edit ) Four promotional singles have been released from the show 's respective casts . The first single , titled `` Can I Get an Amen '' was released in 2013 , and featured the eight remaining contestants of the season 5 cast . `` Can I Get an Amen '' was a parody of the charity single `` We Are the World '' , and featured Alaska , Alyssa Edwards , Coco Montrese , Detox , Ivy Winters , Jade Jolie , Jinkx Monsoon , and Roxxxy Andrews . The second single to surface from the show was a rap song titled `` Oh No She Better Do n't , '' and was released in 2014 . The single featured the remaining nine contestants of the season 6 cast : Adore Delano , BenDeLaCreme , Bianca Del Rio , Courtney Act , Darienne Lake , Joslyn Fox , Laganja Estranja , Milk , and Trinity K. Bonet . The third single , `` Read U Wrote U '' , was released in 2016 . It featured the top 4 contestants from All Stars 2 ; Alaska , Katya , Detox & Roxxxy Andrews . The fourth single , `` Category Is '' , was released in 2017 , and featured the top 4 contestants from season 9 ; Peppermint , Sasha Velour , Trinity Taylor , & Shea Couleé . Following Drag Race , many contestants from the show have delved into music careers , with some garnering moderate success . Albums released by the shows alumni include PG - 13 by season 4 winner Sharon Needles and Till Death Do Us Party by season 6 runner - up Adore Delano . Related Media ( edit ) RuPaul 's Drag U ( 2010 -- 2012 ) RuPaul 's Drag U is a spin - off that ran from 2010 to 2012 . In each episode , three women are paired with former Drag Race contestants ( `` Drag Professors '' ) , who give them drag makeovers and help them to access their `` inner divas '' . Since each episode was taped in Los Angeles over a period of one month , most of the professors were queens living in Southern California . RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars ( 2012 -- ) RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars is a recurring miniseries in which past contestants compete for a spot in the Drag Race Hall of Fame . The show 's format is similar to that of RuPaul 's Drag Race , with challenges and a panel of judges . The first All Stars started six months after the conclusion of Drag Race 's fourth season . 12 queens from the first four seasons competed in six - episode . The second All Stars competition aired in 2016 , a few months after the season eight finale . The Switch ( 2015 -- ) The Switch is a licensed glocalization of Drag Race that premiered in October 2015 on Chilean television channel Mega . As in Drag Race , queens compete in `` mini challenges '' and a main challenge , and are evaluated by a panel of judges . Similarly to Drag Race , The Switch requires contenstants to lip sync , dance , and perform impersonations . Beyond Belief ( TBD ) In April 2013 , RuPaul confirmed that he plans to executive - produce a spin - off of Drag Race that stars season - five contestant Alyssa Edwards . Alyssa Edwards has confirmed that the spin - off 's title is Beyond Belief , and that his dance company in Mesquite , Texas is the setting . British localization ( TBD ) In April 2014 , chat show host and television presenter Jonathan Ross told the Daily Star that a UK version of the show was being planned , fronted by Jodie Harsh instead of RuPaul . Ross said , `` I 've been working with Jodie on a UK version of RuPaul 's Drag Race . Unfortunately , we have had to take a break because of some family issues . But we 're hoping to pick it up again in the near future . I am definitely serving ' middle - aged - realness ! ' '' RuPaul has since explained , `` I think that because truTV has brought all the seasons of Drag Race to the UK I think that that might be something that will happen much sooner ... . I think that people will fall so in love with the show , I think that the hunger and the thirst for a UK version will probably happen . That 's my prediction . '' To coincide with TruTV airing new seasons of the show in the UK , RuPaul hosted a competition to find a UK Ambassador for RuPaul 's Drag Race with judges Jonathan Ross and Katie Price in May 2015 . The Vivienne , a drag queen from Liverpool , won the competition and created vlogs to accompany Drag Race episodes on truTV as well as visiting the set for the eighth season of Drag Race in the US . Feature film ( TBD ) In August 2015 , RuPaul revealed that a movie featuring all of the contestants was in the works . `` We 've got a director for it , we 've got a light script , but it just needs a little more retooling and scheduling . '' DVD releases ( edit ) Season Release date Special features Discs December 6 , 2011 Bonus scenes Interviews with contestants Extended reunion moments December 6 , 2011 Bonus scenes Interviews with contestants Extended reunion moments June 26 , 2012 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked Episodes of Drag Ya Later with Jon & John 5 5 June 10 , 2013 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked 5 6 October 21 , 2014 Bonus scenes Episodes of Untucked 5 7 June 8 , 2016 Bonus scenes RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Ru - les Episodes of Whatcha Packin ' 8 July 29 , 2016 Bonus scenes Episodes of Whatcha Packin ' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated artist / work Result 2009 NewNowNext Award Most Addictive Reality Star Ongina Won GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Reality Program RuPaul 's Drag Race Won NewNowNext Award Best New Indulgence RuPaul 's Drag Race Won Most Addictive Reality Star Jujubee Nominated 2011 NewNowNext Award Most Addictive Reality Star Carmen Carrera Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Reality Series -- Competition RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated 2012 NewNowNext Award Most Addictive Reality Star Willam Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Reality Show Host RuPaul Nominated TV.com 's Best of 2012 Awards Best Reality Show Judge / Host RuPaul Won Best Reality Competition Series RuPaul 's Drag Race Won 2013 RyanSeacrest. com 's Favorite TV Show Awards Best Reality Series RuPaul 's Drag Race Won POPrepublic.tv Awards Favourite International TV Shows RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Reality Show Host RuPaul Nominated TCA Award Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming RuPaul 's Drag Race Won NewNowNext Award Best New TV Personality Bianca Del Rio Won 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Mathu Andersen ( for `` ShakesQueer '' ) Nominated 2016 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program RuPaul Won Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Program Zaldy ( for `` Keeping It 100 ! '' ) Nominated 4th Reality Television Awards Competition Show RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated Creative Challenge RuPaul 's Drag Race Won Host Rupaul Won 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Reality Competition RuPaul 's Drag Race Won Best Host RuPaul Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality - Competition Program RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program RuPaul Won Outstanding Casting for a Reality Program Doron Ofir Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Program Zaldy , Perry Meek ( for `` Oh . My . Gaga ! '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Hector Pocasangre ( for `` Oh . My . Gaga ! '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jen Fregozo , Nicole Faulkner , Natasha Marcelina ( for `` Oh . My . Gaga ! '' ) Nominated Outstanding Picture Editing for a Structured or Competition Reality Program Jamie Martin , John Lim , Michael Roha ( for `` Oh . My . Gaga ! '' ) Won Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program Randy Barbato , Fenton Bailey , Tom Campbell , RuPaul Charles and Steven Corfe , executive producers ; Kenneth Leslie , co-executive producer ( for `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked '' ) Nominated Criticism ( edit ) RuPaul 's Drag Race has been criticized for appearing to favor glamorous drag queens over comedic or camp queens . For example , Popbytes commented Drag Race has been accused numerous times of keeping some of the more unpleasant but feminine queens in the competition for the sake of keeping the drama high . However , Common Sense Media commented , `` RuPaul 's Drag Race combines the fashion design drama of Project Runway with the modeling excitement of America 's Next Top Model to create an entertainingly voyeuristic glimpse into the performance art world of drag queens . There 's plenty of over-the - top stuff , but rather than simply treating drag performers as people to be laughed at and / or scorned , the show also focuses on the hard work and talent that goes into drag performances . '' Entertainment Weekly cited the elimination of comedian and eventual season two fan favorite Pandora Boxx as the season 's most controversial . In March 2014 , Drag Race sparked controversy over the use of the term `` She - male '' in the season 6 Mini-challenge `` Female or She - male ? '' . Logo has since removed the episode from all platforms and has addressed the allegations of transphobia by removing the `` You 've got she - mail '' intro from new episodes of the series . This was replaced with , `` She done already done had herses ! '' International airings ( edit ) Australia : In Australia , lifestyle channel LifeStyle YOU regularly shows and re-screens seasons 1 - 7 , including Untucked . In addition , free - to - air channel SBS2 began screening the first season on August 31 , 2013 . On March 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Stan will fast track season 9 ( including Untucked ) . Additionally , Stan streams all episodes from seasons 2 - 8 . Brazil : In January 2011 , VH1 Brasil aired season 2 followed by season 1 , season 3 , and season 4 . The season 7 was aired on the Multishow cable network every Monday at 11 : 30pm in August 2015 . The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central . All seasons are also available on Netflix . Canada : The series airs on OutTV in Canada at the same time as the US airing . Unlike Logo , OutTV continues to broadcast Untucked immediately after each Drag Race episode . Germany : During summer 2009 , TIMM -- a former gay television channel from Germany -- aired the first season every Friday night . Hungary : In Hungary , the show aired on FEM3 channel as RuPaul -- Drag Queen leszek ! ( `` RuPaul -- I 'll be Drag Queen ! '' ) . Ireland : In Ireland , season 2 to season 8 of the programme are available on Netflix . Netflix has started airing season 9 episodes one day after they air in the USA . Latin America : In January 2011 , VH1 Latin America aired season 2 followed by season 1 , season 3 , and season 4 . The season 8 was premiered on April 2017 in Comedy Central . Spain : On 19 September 2016 , free - to - air channel TEN began screening the series from season 5 . Sweden : Season 8 of the series currently airs on OutTV on Thursdays at 20 : 00 . The Philippines : The Philippines aired season 3 on the Velvet cable network every Tuesday at 11 pm with RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked , airing directly after the show . Season 4 started airing on April 17 , 2012 . UK : E4 aired season 1 in 2009 , followed by season 2 in 2010 . Since its success on Netflix in the UK , TruTV acquired the broadcast rights for all eight seasons of the show including Untucked episodes . In June 2015 , TruTV started airing two episodes of the show a week , starting with season 4 , followed by All Stars , then season 5 . Currently on truTV on Monday nights at 9pm , season 8 is broadcast with Untucked being on the truTV UK YouTube account . As of 2017 , seasons 2 - 9 are available to stream on Netflix UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hughes , Scarlett ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` '' RuPaul 's Drag Race `` ! '' . Right TV . Right TV . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Mainstream Is Jumping the Shark '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Carlton . `` Kylie ' Sonique ' Love transitioning into woman she was born to be '' . Albany Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nichols , JamesMichael ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Carmen Carrera And Monica Beverly Hillz Address ' Drag Race ' Transphobia Allegations '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Drag Race 's Carmen Carrera Comes Out As Trans on ABC 's What Would You Do '' . Queerty . Queerty . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lang , Nico ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Breaking ground : An interview with Precious Jewel on RuPaul 's Drag Race '' . WBEZ91. 5 . Chicago Public Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former `` Drag Race '' Contestant Gia Gunn Comes Out As Trans `` . LOGO News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Trans Queen Peppermint : I Feel ' Loved and Accepted ' After Coming Out '' . EW.com. 2017 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gia Gunn Is One of 7 Trans Women of ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' '' . Hornet Stories. 2017 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul Leads Hopefuls in ' Drag Race . ' '' . USA Today . December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ep. 16 , Episode 16 , Season 3 : Reunited ! '' . Logo TV . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's Drag Race Insider Clip ( October 8 , 2008 ) . `` WOW TV '' . Wow.wowtv.tv . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corfe , Steven ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Under the Hood of RuPaul 's Drag Race '' . The WOW Report . World of Wonder . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Gentlemen , Re-Start Your Engines ... and May the Best Woman Win ... Again ! '' . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Callie , dear ... '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race Facebook page . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Callie , dear ... Jump up ^ Kline , Dill . `` Rupauls ' Drag Race Season 2 Pre-Orders '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brasfield , Billy . `` Billy Brasfield Official Biography '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ep. 16 , Episode 16 , Season 3 : Reunited ! '' . Logo TV . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kline , Dill . `` RuPauls Drag Race Season 3 '' . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Polly , John ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 4 Judges : Think Glee , Modern Family ! '' . NewNowNext . Logo . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rupaul 's Drag Race Season 4 '' . Logo . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` HALLELOO ! `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' RETURNS TO LOGO FOR A NEW SEASON OF OUTRAGEOUS REALITY COMPETITION IN JANUARY 2012 `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` '' THE QUEENS OF `` RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' SEASON FIVE BEGIN THEIR BATTLE FOR THE CROWN ON MONDAY , JANUARY 28 ON LOGO `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Meet RuPaul 's Drag Race 's New , Bulgier Pit Crew '' . out.com , Popnography . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` '' LET THE TRANSFORMATIONS BEGIN ! ... `` RUPAULS DRAG RACE '' RETURNS TO LOGO TV FOR A SIXTH SEASON ON MONDAY , FEBRUARY 24TH AT 9 PM ET / PT `` . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Adds New Judges , Will Premiere March 2 '' . Huffington Post . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Renewed for Season 8 at Logo '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Avery , Dan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Cast Of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 8 Will Be Announced At New Now Next Honors '' . New Now Next . United States : Viacom International Inc . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Moves From Logo To VH1 , More Viacom Show Shifts To Come ? '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race Gets Season 9 Premiere Date -- and a New Network ! '' . TVGuide . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` VH1 Renews RuPaul 's Drag Race , Picks Up Ricky Martin Reality Series -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Drag Race 's Surprise Eliminee : ' I 'm Definitely Going Back ' for Season 10 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bellino , Damian ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` VH1 Greenlights RuPaul 's Drag Race All Stars Season Three and Brings Untucked After Show Back to TV '' . VH1 . United States : Viacom Media Networks . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - RuPaul Presents the CoverGurlz by RuPaul '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - RuPaul Presents CoverGurlz2 by RuPaul '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Rupaul 's Drag U '' . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Sarah Anne . `` Whoa Rupaul Took Alyssa Edwards to the MTV Movie Awards '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update on Alyssa Edwards ' New Spin - Off ' Beyond Belief ' '' . Drag Official . Jump up ^ Renzi , Dan . `` No T No Shade Alyssa Edwards Takes Her Next Step '' . Queerty . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Ross starts hunt for Britain 's next drag starstar - Wired - Latest Celebrity Gossip , Controversy & News - Daily Star '' . Dailystar.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : Carl Greenwood ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` RuPaul reveals RuPaul 's Drag Race MOVIE in new magazine dedicated to all things drag '' . mirror . Jump up ^ Carl Greenwood ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` RuPaul 's Drag Race UK : Jonathan Ross joins search for a drag queen superstar to represent us '' . mirror . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul Crowns First Ever UK Drag Ambassador : The Vivienne '' . out.com . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 2 '' . LOGOOnline Shop . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 3 '' . LOGOOnline Shop . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 4 '' . LogoTV Shop . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 5 Uncensored '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Spargo , Chris ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Get ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' Season 5 On DVD Now Hunties '' . NewNowNext . newnownext.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 6 '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 7 '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race : Season 8 '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` True Detective and Game of Thrones dominate TCA awards shortlist '' . The Guardian . May 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Official 2016 Nominations ^ Jump up to : THE REALITY TV AWARDS OFFICIAL 2016 WINNERS Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' . commonsensemedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Page not found -- EW.com '' . Jump up ^ Nichols , JamesMichael ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Carmen Carrera And Monica Beverly Hillz Address ' Drag Race ' Transphobia Allegations '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ James Nichols ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' To Refrain From Using ' Transphobic Slur ' In Wake Of Controversy '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ RuPaul 's Drag Race at lifestyleyou.com.au . Jump up ^ `` ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' season 9 is being fast tracked to Australia '' . Jump up ^ `` Airdate : RuPaul 's Drag Race '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul , a drag queen mais famosa do mundo , apresenta a competição mais colorida da televisão . Quintas , às 21h , '' . www.facebook.com/vh1brasil . Jump up ^ `` O reality RuPaul 's Drag Race chega em agosto no Multishow '' . multishow.globo.com . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race vem aí ! '' . comedycentral.com.br . Jump up ^ `` New owners , CEO for Canadian LGBT net '' . TBI Vision , January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burkhard H. Timm - Startseite '' . Burkhard H. Timm . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul - Drag Queen leszek ! '' . PORT.hu . Jump up ^ `` VH1 SHOWS - RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' . VH1 Latin America . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Central - RUPAUL 'S DRAG RACE '' . Comedy Central Latin America . Jump up ^ `` LA 5a TEMPORADA DE ' RUPAUL : REINAS DEL DRAG ' LLEGA A TEN ESTE LUNES , 19 DE SEPTIEMBRE '' . El Español . Jump up ^ `` RuPauls dragrace '' . OUTtv Sverige . Jump up ^ `` Velvet Channel - Timeline Photos - Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Start your engines ! RuPaul 's Drag Race returns to the UK on truTV '' . Channel 4 . Jump up ^ `` Which RuPaul Drag Queen are you ? Find out with our quiz '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RuPaul 's Drag Race coming to truTV UK in June '' . digitalspy.co.uk . External links ( edit ) Official website RuPaul 's Drag Race on IMDb RuPaul 's Drag Race on Facebook VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ? 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( since 2016 ) Upcoming Ricky Martin : Behind the Vegas Residency ( 2017 ) 90s ' House ( 2017 ) Scared Famous ( 2017 ) Love & Hip Hop : Miami ( 2018 ) Black Ink Crew : Atlanta ( TBA ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U Snatch Game Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul RuPaul Discography Studio albums Supermodel of the World Foxy Lady Ho Ho Ho Red Hot Champion Glamazon Born Naked Realness Slay Belles Butch Queen Remember Me : Essential , Vol. 1 American Singles `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' `` House of Love '' `` Back to My Roots '' `` Snapshot '' `` A Little Bit of Love '' `` Looking Good , Feeling Gorgeous '' `` WorkOut '' `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' `` Jealous of My Boogie '' Television The RuPaul Show RuPaul 's Drag Race RuPaul 's Drag U RuPaul 's Drag Race : All Stars Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul Filmography RuPaul Is : Starbooty ! Starrbooty Books Lettin ' It All Hang Out Contestants of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 ( 2009 ) BeBe Zahara Benet Tammie Brown Nina Flowers Season 2 ( 2010 ) Tyra Sanchez Raven Jujubee Pandora Boxx Jessica Wild Sahara Davenport Morgan McMichaels Shangela Season 3 ( 2011 ) Raja Manila Luzon Alexis Mateo Yara Sofia Carmen Carrera Mimi Imfurst Season 4 ( 2012 ) Sharon Needles Chad Michaels Latrice Royale Willam Season 5 ( 2013 ) Jinkx Monsoon Alaska Roxxxy Andrews Detox Coco Montrese Alyssa Edwards Honey Mahogany Monica Beverly Hillz Season 6 ( 2014 ) Bianca Del Rio Adore Delano Courtney Act BenDeLaCreme Laganja Estranja Kelly Mantle Season 7 ( 2015 ) Violet Chachki Pearl Katya Trixie Mattel Miss Fame Season 8 ( 2016 ) Bob the Drag Queen Kim Chi Cynthia Lee Fontaine Season 9 ( 2017 ) Sasha Velour Peppermint Farrah Moan Charlie Hides GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Reality Program Queer Eye for the Straight Guy ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Real World : Philadelphia ( 2005 ) `` Straight Man in a Gay World '' ( 2006 ) Project Runway ( 2007 , 2011 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( 2008 ) I Want to Work for Diddy ( 2009 ) Transamerican Love Story ( 2009 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2010 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2012 ) The Amazing Race ( 2013 ) Big Freedia : Queen of Bounce ( 2014 ) R&B Divas : Atlanta ( 2015 ) I Am Cait ( 2016 ) I Am Jazz ( 2016 ) Strut ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Reality Programming The Amazing Race ( 2011 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2012 ) Shark Tank ( 2013 ) RuPaul 's Drag Race ( 2014 ) The Chair ( 2015 ) Making a Murderer ( 2016 ) Leah Remini : Scientology and the Aftermath ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race&oldid=803454551 '' Categories : 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 2009 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Logo original programs Transgender in television RuPaul 's Drag Race MuchMoreMusic television series Drag ( clothing ) LGBT - related reality television series Television series by World of Wonder ( production company ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 17 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does ru pauls drag race season 10 start	[ "On April 13, 2017, VH1 renewed the series for a tenth season, tentatively scheduled to begin airing in 2018.[32] Eureka O'Hara, who was removed from the ninth season due to medical reasons, has accepted an open invitation she was granted to return to the competition for the next season.[33] On August 21, 2017, VH1 announced that the tenth season of Drag Race would premiere sometime in spring 2018, alongside the televised return of Untucked.[34]" ]	[ "spring 2018" ]
-5884502044117884976	Latrodectus geometricus	Latrodectus geometricus - wikipedia Latrodectus geometricus Jump to : navigation , search Latrodectus geometricus Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Infraorder : Araneomorphae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Latrodectus Species : L. geometricus Binomial name Latrodectus geometricus Koch , 1841 Synonyms Theridium zickzack Karsch , 1878 Latrodectus concinnus O. Pickard - Cambridge , 1904 Chacoca distincta Badcock , 1932 Latrodectus geometricus , commonly known as the brown widow , brown button spider , grey widow , brown black widow , house button spider or geometric button spider , is one of the widow spiders in the genus Latrodectus . As such , it is a ' cousin ' to the more infamous Latrodectus mactans ( black widow ) . Orange hourglass marking on the belly of a brown widow A brown widow 's egg sac Brown widow spider found in Cairo , Egypt Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Geographic distribution 3 Toxicology 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) L. geometricus is slightly smaller and generally lighter in color than the black widow species ; the color can range from tan to dark brown to black , with shades of grey also possible . Like the black widow species in the United States , L. geometricus has a prominent hourglass - shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen ; the brown widow 's hourglass , however , is usually a vivid orange or a yellowish color . Unlike the black widow , L. geometricus has a black - and - white geometric pattern on the dorsal side of its abdomen . Although the Latin name comes from this pattern , a spider 's coloring can and does darken over time and the pattern may become obscured . Also , they have stripes on their legs . Brown widows are often preyed on by mud daubers and sometimes by digger wasps . Brown widows can be located by finding their egg sacs , which are easily identifiable . They resemble a sandspur , having pointed projections all over , and they are sometimes described as `` tufted '' , `` fluffy '' , or `` spiky '' in appearance . Eggs hatch in approximately 20 days . Female brown widows `` lay about 120 - 150 eggs per sac and can make 20 egg sacs over a lifetime . '' Similar widows include the L. rhodesiensis , a brown - colored relative of L. geometricus which is native to Zimbabwe . Both species are collectively known as brown button spiders throughout southern Africa . Brown button spiders are known to have a lifespan of about two years . Geographic distribution ( edit ) The brown widow has a cosmopolitan distribution . It is thought by some researchers to originate in South Africa , although this is uncertain , as specimens were discovered in both Africa and South America . They are usually found around buildings in tropical areas . They can compete with populations of the black widow spider . It is found in many areas of South Africa , the United States ( including Hawaii ) , Australia , Afghanistan , China , Japan , Dominican Republic , Cyprus , Costa Rica , El Salvador , and Brazil , and there have been sightings in the United Arab Emirates , Pakistan , India ( Ahmedabad ) and Thailand . As of 2012 , researchers at the University of California , Riverside , suggested that the brown widow spider , newly established in Southern California , may in fact be displacing black widow spiders from the region , competing and / or fighting for territory . While certainly not definitive , this evidence does suggest that the brown widow is likely to be more hostile and aggressive towards its relative , the black widow , than the black widow is towards it . If that proves to be true , humans may be positively affected because , over time , brown widows will aggressively eradicate and replace the black widows from the areas they inhabit , and since brown widows are less venomous than black widows , this may have the effect of making those areas safer . Toxicology. ( edit ) Main article : Latrodectism Like all Latrodectus species , L. geometricus has a neurotoxic venom . The venom acts on nerve endings causing the very unpleasant symptoms of latrodectism . However , brown widow bites are usually not very dangerous ; usually much less dangerous than those of L. mactans , the black widow . The effects of the toxin are usually confined to the bite area and surrounding tissue , unlike the black widow 's . Mere toxicity of the venom is not the only factor in dangerousness . Brown widow bites are minor compared to black widow bites because they can not deliver the same amount of venom as the black widow . The LD of L. geometricus venom has been measured in mice as 0.43 mg / kg , and separately again as 0.43 mg / kg ( with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.31 - 0.53 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Taxon details Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch , 1841 '' . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter , Richard S. ( 2013 ) . `` The brown widow spider , Latrodectus geometricus '' . Department of Entomology , Center for Invasive Species Research , University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reagan , Mark ( 12 August 2011 ) . `` It 's officially confirmed : There 's a new spider in southwest Kansas '' . Dodge City Daily Globe . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Santana , Fred ( 2007 ) . `` Brown Widow Spiders '' . Sarasota County , Florida : Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences , University of Florida . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackman , JA ( 2006 ) . `` Spiders '' , Texas Agricultural Extension Service . Jump up ^ Murphy , Chris ( 4 March 2012 ) . `` Welcome to your nightmares : Meet the spider so tough it eats SNAKES for breakfast '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Eryn ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Brown widow spiders ' taking over ' in Southern California '' . Science Now . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ono , H ( 1995 ) . `` Records of Latrodectus geometricus ( Araneae : Theridiidae ) from Japan '' . Acta Arachnologica. 44 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 170 . doi : 10.2476 / asjaa. 44.167 . Jump up ^ `` Hallan araña Viuda Marrón en Salinas de Baní '' ( in Spanish ) . El Nacional. 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Are Brown Widow Spiders Displacing Black Widows ? http://www.entsoc.org/press-releases/are-brown-widow-spiders-displacing-black-widows ^ Jump up to : Vetter , Richard S. ; Vincent , Leonard S. ; Danielsen , Douglas W.R. ; Reinker , Kathryn I. ; Clarke , Daniel E. ( July 2012 ) . `` The Prevalence Of Brown Widow And Black Widow Spiders In Urban Southern California . '' . Journal of Medical Entomology. 49 : 947 -- 51 . PMID 22897057 . doi : 10.1603 / me11285 . Jump up ^ Rauber , Albert ( 1 January 1983 ) . `` Black Widow Spider Bites '' . Clinical Toxicology. 21 ( 4 - 5 ) : 473 -- 485 . PMID 6381753 . doi : 10.3109 / 15563658308990435 . Jump up ^ McCrone , J.D. ( 1 December 1964 ) . `` Comparative lethality of several Latrodectus venoms '' . Toxicon. 2 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 203 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 64 ) 90023 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latrodectus geometricus . Wikispecies has information related to : Latrodectus geometricus Sexual Cannibalism in the Brown Widow Spider ( Latrodectus geometricus ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus_geometricus&oldid=795774174 '' Categories : Latrodectus Venomous spiders Cosmopolitan spiders Animals described in 1841 Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Koch Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Deutsch Español فارسی Français Nederlands 日本語 Русский Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	grey spider that looks like a black widow	[ "Latrodectus geometricus, commonly known as the brown widow,[2][3] brown button spider, grey widow, brown black widow,[3] house button spider or geometric button spider, is one of the widow spiders in the genus Latrodectus. As such, it is a 'cousin' to the more infamous Latrodectus mactans (black widow)." ]	[ "Latrodectus geometricus" ]
-4546486870306486008	27th Infantry Regiment (United States)	27th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) - Wikipedia 27th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see 27th Regiment . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 27th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms Active 1901 -- present Country United States Branch United States Army Type Infantry Nickname ( s ) `` Wolfhounds '' ( special designation ) Motto ( s ) Nec aspera terrent ( Frightened by no difficulties / No fear on Earth ) March Wolfhound March Mascot ( s ) `` Kolchak '' A pure bred Russian wolfhound Anniversaries Organization Day ( Victory at the Battle of Bayan ) 2 May Engagements Philippine -- American War Banana Wars Russian Civil War Siberian Expedition World War II Battle of Pearl Harbor Guadalcanal Campaign New Georgia Campaign Philippines Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Korean War Battle of Pusan Perimeter Vietnam War Tet Offensive Operation Golden Pheasant Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraq War Afghanistan War Commanders Notable commanders Lewis Millett Insignia Distinctive unit insignia U.S. Infantry Regiments Previous Next 26th Infantry Regiment 28th Infantry Regiment The 27th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed the `` Wolfhounds '' , is a unit of the United States Army established in 1901 , that served in the Philippine -- American War , in the Siberian Intervention after World War I , and as part of the 25th Infantry Division ( `` Tropic Lightning '' ) during World War II , the Korean War , and later the Vietnam War . More recently the regiment deployed to Afghanistan for the second time , following two deployments to Iraq . The regimental march is the Wolfhound March . Contents ( hide ) 1 Service history 2 Medal of Honor recipients 2.1 Honorable mention 3 Regimental distinctive insignia 4 Charitable activities 5 Battalion commanders 6 Campaign credits 7 Decorations 8 Depictions in media 9 References 10 External links Service History ( edit ) 27th Infantry `` Wolfhounds '' on parade in Vladivostok , August 1918 The 27th Infantry Regiment was established by act of Congress on 4 February 1901 and saw its first combat action while serving as part of the American force sent to quell the Philippine Insurrection on the island of Mindanao . During the Russian Civil War , the 27th Infantry served in the American Expeditionary Force sent to Siberia in 1918 . This campaign has become an integral part of unit 's history . The tenacious pursuit tactics of the regiment won the respect of the Bolsheviks , who gave them the name `` Wolfhounds . '' This emblem continues to serve as the symbol of the 27th Infantry Regiment . On 1 March 1921 , the 27th Infantry Regiment was assigned to the Hawaiian Division . It served in the Hawaiian Division for over twenty years until it was relieved on 26 August 1941 , and assigned to the 25th Infantry Division . Stationed in Hawaii , they were some of first to fire back at attacking Japanese war planes during Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbor . The film and book by James Jones From Here to Eternity was based on some of the Wolfhound regimental life . After seeing extensive action in the Pacific theater during World War II , especially on the island of Guadalcanal during the Battle of Mount Austen , the Galloping Horse , and the Sea Horse , it fought in the last days of the New Georgia Campaign on the right flank on the advance on Munda , Solomon Islands , later during the Battle of Luzon and the ensuing occupation of Japan , the 27th Infantry Regiment earned the nickname `` Gentle Wolfhounds '' for their support of the Holy Family Home orphanage . Occupation duties were cut short in July , 1950 , when the 27th Infantry Regiment departed for Pusan , Korea , to assist in holding the Pusan perimeter at the onset of the Korean War . The unit saw heavy action throughout the war , where they were considered the `` fire brigade '' for the 25th Infantry Division -- in essence , making first combat contact with enemy forces . They saw significant fighting at Sandbag Castle . The commander of the 27th Infantry Regiment offered David Hackworth command of a new volunteer raider unit ; Hackworth created the 27th Wolfhound Raiders and led them from August to November 1951 . The 27th earned ten campaign streamers and three Presidential Unit Citations . Upon conclusion of hostilities in Korea , the unit returned to Schofield Barracks . The 2nd Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , entered the Vietnam War in January , 1966 . During their five - year stay in Vietnam , the unit earned two valorous unit citations , and proved to be one of the last 25th Infantry Division units to return home . The regiment participated in Operation Junction City and fought during the Tet Offensive . The regiment finally returned to Hawaii in April , 1971 . On 10 June 1987 , the 2nd Battalion was relieved from their assignment to the 25th Infantry Division , and assigned to the 7th Infantry Division at Fort Ord , California . During their tour at Fort Ord the 2nd and 3rd Battalions were deployed to Honduras in 1988 in support of `` Operation Golden Pheasant '' and in 1989 they were deployed to Panama in support of `` Operation Just Cause . '' On 15 September 1993 , the battalion was inactivated and relieved from assignment to the 7th Infantry Division . The 2nd Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , was again activated on 31 August 1995 , and this unit again carries its thirty battle streamers and twelve unit citations on its colors . The motto `` Nec Aspera Terrent '' translates to `` Frightened by no Difficulties , '' as `` Aspera '' is Latin for `` Work '' or `` Difficulty '' and `` Terrent '' is Latin for `` Fear , '' the same root as `` Terror . '' It is often stated as `` No Fear on Earth . '' The 4th Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment , was active in the 3rd Brigade , 25th Infantry Division ( L ) at Schofield Barracks on the island of Oahu in Hawaii during the late 1980s and early 1990s . Also assigned to the 3rd Brigade was the 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment . Elements of 4th Battalion were deployed during Operation Desert Storm and served as guards for Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf during their deployment . They also participated in clearing operations in Kuwait and a security element for later peace talks . Medal of Honor recipients ( edit ) Spanish -- American War Medal of Honor recipients include : Charles G. Bickham , 1st Lieutenant , 27th IN George C. Shaw , Brigadier General ( Then 1st Lt . ) , 27th IN World War II Medal of Honor recipients include : Charles W. Davis , Captain , 2nd Battalion 's executive officer , 27th IN Raymond H. Cooley , Staff Sergeant , Company B , 27th IN Korean War Medal of Honor recipients include : John W. Collier , Corporal , Company C , 27th IN Reginald B. Desiderio , Captain , Company E , 27th IN Benito Martinez , Corporal , Company A , 27th IN Lewis L. Millett , Captain , Company E , 27th IN Jerome A. Sudut , Second Lieutenant , Company B , 27th IN Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipients include : John F. Baker , Jr. , Sergeant ( Then Pfc . ) , Company A , 2nd Battalion , 27th IN Charles C. Fleek , Sergeant , Company C , 1st Battalion , 27th IN Robert F. Foley , Captain , Company A , 2nd Battalion , 27th IN Paul R. Lambers , Staff Sergeant , Company A , 2nd Battalion , 27th IN Riley L. Pitts , Captain , Company C , 2nd Battalion , 27th IN Honorable mention ( edit ) Colonel David Hackworth - Recipient of two Distinguished Service Crosses and ten Silver Stars . Regimental distinctive insignia ( edit ) The 27th Infantry Regiment consists of two battalions ; the 1 / 27 and 2 / 27 . While some might believe that there are actually two separate distinctive unit insignia ( DUI ) , one for the 1st Battalion wolfhound unit crest which has the wolfhound facing to the left and 2nd Battalion wolfhound crest has the wolfhound facing to the right on the crest , the wolfhound crests are issued in pairs . While in a Class A uniform a coordinated pair of the two different crests is worn , one on each shoulder with the motto toward the shoulder seam and the head of the wolfhound facing forward . Charitable activities ( edit ) Both battalions of the 27th Infantry have entered the 50th year of the regiment 's relationship with the children and staff of the Holy Family Home Orphanage , Osaka , Japan . During Christmas 1949 , Wolfhounds visited the orphanage to deliver gifts and hold a Christmas party for the children . Recognizing the needs of the children , and the then - limited capacity for self - help in postwar Japan , the regiment turned what was to have been a one - time occurrence into flow of supplies , food , building materials , and medical assistance from American soldiers and their families to the orphans . Soldiers from 1st and 2nd Battalions return to Japan every Christmas , and two children from the orphanage have visited Schofield Barracks annually since 1957 . The relationship was recognized by Hollywood in 1956 when members of the regiment were profiled in the 1955 film , Three Stripes In The Sun , starring Aldo Ray . Battalion commanders ( edit ) 1st Battalion 2016 -- present LTC Valent P. Bernat III 2014 -- 2016 LTC Neal Mayo ( Transition to Light Infantry ) 2012 -- 2014 LTC Charles Bergman 2011 -- 2012 LTC Todd Fox 2009 -- 2011 LTC Brown 2006 -- 2009 LTC Rich `` Flip '' Wilson ( Strykers ) 2005 -- 2006 LTC Bryan Lee Rudacille ( Transition to Strykers ) 2002 -- 2005 LTC C. Scott Leith 1998 -- 2000 LTC William B. Garrett III 1991 - 1993 LTC Paul Herbert 1989 -- 1991 LTC Roland Carter 1985 -- 1987 LTC William Crittinden 1982 -- 1985 LTC Howard Thacher Linke 1981 -- 1982 LTC William Peterson 1979 -- 1981 LTC Fred Peters 2nd Battalion 2016 -- present LTC Glen T. Helberg 2014 -- 2016 LTC Kevin J. Williams 2012 -- 2014 LTC Barrett M. Bernard 2010 -- 2012 LTC Daniel Wilson 2008 -- 2010 LTC Raul E. Gonzalez 2005 -- 2008 LTC Drew Meyerowich 2003 -- 2005 LTC Walter E. Piatt 2001 -- 2003 LTC Tom Guthrie 1999 -- 2001 LTC Lee Rudacille 1997 -- 1999 LTC Jon Smart 1996 -- 1997 LTC Greg Lynch 1991 -- 1993 LTC Randy Glass 1988 -- 1991 LTC Alan J. Rock 1986 -- 1988 LTC Joe Trez 1984 -- 1986 LTC Edward Chamberlain 3rd Battalion 1991 - 1993 LTC William R. Phillips ( previously Executive Officer of 3rd Battalion and S3 and XO of 2nd Brigade , 7th Infantry Division ( Light ) 1989 -- 1991 LTC Scott Hutchison 1989 -- 1990 Col Lynwood Burney ( Cold Steel ) Note -- Col Burney was 2nd Brigade Cdr 7th ID ( Light ) which consisted of 2 / 27 , 3 / 27 , and 5 / 21 1987 -- 1989 LTC Joseph Hunt 4th Battalion ( inactive ) 1995 -- 1996 LTC Greg Lynch ( Battalion Reflagged from 4th Battalion to 2nd Battalion in 1996 ) 1993 -- 1995 LTC William B. Caldwell , IV 1991 -- 1993 LTC Danny R. McKnight 1989 -- 1991 LTC Michael A. Thompson Campaign credits ( edit ) 27th Infantry `` Wolfhounds '' advance past dead Chinese soldier , south of Seoul during Task Force ' Punch ' , February 1951 Philippine Insurrection : Mindanao World War I : Siberia 1918 ; Siberia 1919 World War II : Central Pacific ; Guadalcanal ; Northern Solomons ( with arrowhead ) ; Luzon Korean War : UN Defensive ; UN Offensive ; CCF Intervention ; First UN Counteroffensive ; CCF Spring Offensive ; UN Summer -- Fall Offensive ; Second Korean Winter ; Korea , Summer -- Fall 1952 ; Third Korean Winter ; Korea , Summer 1953 Vietnam : Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase II ; Counteroffensive , Phase III ; Tet Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase IV ; Counteroffensive , Phase V ; Counteroffensive , Phase VI ; Tet 69 / Counteroffensive ; Summer -- Fall 1969 ; Winter -- Spring 1970 ; Sanctuary Counteroffensive ; Counteroffensive , Phase VII Armed Forces Expeditions : Panama Decorations ( edit ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for SANGNYONG - NI Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for TAEGU Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for HAN RIVER Presidential Unit Citation ( Army ) for 19 July 1966 Valorous Unit Award for CU CHI DISTRICT Valorous Unit Award for SAIGON Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945 Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for MASAN - CHINJU Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for MUNSAN - NI Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation for KOREA Meritorious Unit Award Operation Iraqi Freedom 2007 -- 2009 Valorous Unit Award Operation Enduring Freedom 2011 -- 2012 Depictions in media ( edit ) James Jones wrote From Here to Eternity and The Thin Red Line based on his experiences in Schofield Barracks , Hawaii during the Attack of Pearl Harbor and Guadalcanal during the Battle of Mount Austen , the Galloping Horse , and the Sea Horse as a member of the 27th Infantry Regiment . The movie Three Stripes in the Sun ( 1955 ) is based on the New Yorker magazine article `` The Gentle Wolfhound '' by Ely Jacques Kahn , Jr . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Special Unit Designations '' . United States Army Center of Military History . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History . `` Medal of Honor Recipients - Philippine Insurrection '' . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Unit Citation '' ( PDF ) . Headquarters , Department of the Army . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Three Stripes in the Sun '' . 29 November 1955 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` THE GENTLE WOLFHOUND '' . newyorker.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 27th Infantry Regiment ( United States ) . 1st Battalion , 27th Infantry Regiment -- US Army website Wolfhounds Website / 27th Infantry Regimental Historical Society A 1987 U.S. Army news archive about Wolfhounds training at the Jungle Operations Training Center . The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66 - 2B ( 1966 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document `` 27th Infantry Lineage and Honors '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=27th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)&oldid=832554746 '' Categories : Infantry regiments of the United States Army Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Military units and formations established in 1901 Military units and formations of the Philippine -- American War United States Army regiments in World War II United States Army units and formations in the Korean War Military units and formations of the United States Army in the Vietnam War Hidden categories : Use American English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does nec aspera terrent mean in english	[ "The 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment, was again activated on 31 August 1995, and this unit again carries its thirty battle streamers and twelve unit citations on its colors. The motto \"Nec Aspera Terrent\" translates to \"Frightened by no Difficulties,\" as \"Aspera\" is Latin for \"Work\" or \"Difficulty\" and \"Terrent\" is Latin for \"Fear,\" the same root as \"Terror.\" It is often stated as \"No Fear on Earth.\"", "The 2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment, was again activated on 31 August 1995, and this unit again carries its thirty battle streamers and twelve unit citations on its colors. The motto \"Nec Aspera Terrent\" translates to \"Frightened by no Difficulties,\" as \"Aspera\" is Latin for \"Work\" or \"Difficulty\" and \"Terrent\" is Latin for \"Fear,\" the same root as \"Terror.\" It is often stated as \"No Fear on Earth.\"" ]	[ "often stated as \"No Fear on Earth.\"", "translates to \"Frightened by no Difficulties,\"" ]
-2224814183993330188	Heisei period	Heisei period - wikipedia Heisei period Jump to : navigation , search `` Heisei '' redirects here . For the current Japanese emperor who will be known as Heisei after his death , see Akihito . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of Japan Mount Fuji and Tokyo Skytree Periods ( hide ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Heisei period ( Japanese : 平成時代 , Hepburn : Heisei jidai ) is the current era in Japan . The Heisei period started on 8 January 1989 , the day after the death of the Emperor Hirohito . His son , the 125th Emperor Akihito , acceded to the throne . In accordance with Japanese customs , Hirohito was posthumously renamed the 124th `` Emperor Shōwa '' on 31 January 1989 . Thus , 1989 corresponds to Shōwa 64 until 7 January , and Heisei 1 ( 平成元年 , Heisei gannen , gannen means `` first year '' ) since 8 January . To convert a Gregorian calendar year ( after 1989 ) to Heisei , 1988 needs to be subtracted from the year in question ( e.g. 2018 − 1988 = Heisei 30 ) ( 2018 = Heisei 30 ) . The Heisei period will likely end on 30 April 2019 ( Heisei 31 ) , the date on which Emperor Akihito is expected to abdicate the Chrysanthemum Throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and meaning 2 Events 3 Conversion table 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History and meaning ( edit ) Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko with family ( 2013 ) On 7 January 1989 , at 07 : 55 JST , the Grand Steward of Japan 's Imperial Household Agency , Shōichi Fujimori , announced Emperor Hirohito 's death , and revealed details about his cancer for the first time . Shortly after the death of the Emperor , Keizō Obuchi , then Chief Cabinet Secretary and later Prime Minister of Japan , announced the end of the Shōwa era , and heralded the new era name `` Heisei '' for the new Emperor , and explained its meaning . According to Obuchi , the name `` Heisei '' was taken from two Chinese history and philosophy books , namely Records of the Grand Historian ( 史記 Shiki ) and the Classic of History ( 書経 Shokyō ) . In the Shiki , the sentence `` 内平外成 '' ( nèi píng wài chéng ; Kanbun : 内平かに外成る Uchi tairaka ni soto naru ) appears in a section honoring the wise rule of the legendary Chinese Emperor Shun . In the Shokyō , the sentence `` 地平天成 '' ( dì píng tiān chéng ; Kanbun : 地平かに天成る Chi tairaka ni ten naru ) appears . By combining both meanings , Heisei is intended to mean `` peace everywhere '' . The Heisei era went into effect immediately upon the day after Emperor Akihito 's succession to the throne on 7 January 1989 . In August 2016 , Emperor Akihito gave a televised address to the nation , in which he expressed concern that his age would one day stop him from fulfilling his official duties . This was an implication of his wish to retire . The Japanese Diet passed a law in June 2017 to allow the throne to pass to Akihito 's son , Naruhito . After meeting with members of the Imperial House Council , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced that 30 April 2019 would be the date set for Akihito 's abdication . The Era of Naruhito 's reign will begin the next day . Events ( edit ) 1989 marked the culmination of one of the most rapid economic growth spurts in Japanese history . With a strong yen and a favorable exchange rate with the US dollar , the Bank of Japan kept interest rates low , sparking an investment boom that drove Tokyo property values up 60 percent within that year . Shortly before New Year 's Day , the Nikkei 225 reached its record high of 39,000 . By 1992 , it had fallen to 15,000 , signifying the end of Japan 's famed `` bubble economy '' . Subsequently , Japan experienced the `` Lost Decade '' , which actually consisted of more than ten years of price deflation and largely stagnant GDP as Japan 's banks struggled to resolve their bad debts and companies in other sectors struggled to restructure . The Recruit scandal of 1988 had already eroded public confidence in the Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) , which had controlled the Japanese government for 38 years . In 1993 , the LDP was ousted by a coalition led by Morihiro Hosokawa . However , the coalition collapsed as parties had gathered only to overthrow LDP , and lacked a unified position on almost every social issue . The LDP returned to the government in 1994 , when it helped to elect Japan Socialist ( later Social Democrat ) Tomiichi Murayama as prime minister . In 1995 , there was a large 6.8 earthquake in Kobe , Hyōgo and sarin gas terrorist attacks were carried out on the Tokyo Metro by the doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo . Failure of the Japanese government to react to these events promptly led to the formation of non-government organisations which have been playing an increasingly important role in Japanese politics since . During this period , Japan reemerged as a military power . In 1991 , Japan pledged billions of U.S. dollars for the Gulf War , but constitutional arguments prevented a participation in actual war , leading Iran to criticise Japan for just pledging money and did not appreciate the way Japan co-operated in the Gulf War . However , after the war , Japanese Minesweepers were sent as a part of the reconstruction effort . Following the Iraq War , in 2003 , Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi 's Cabinet approved a plan to send about 1,000 soldiers of the Japan Self - Defense Forces to help in Iraq 's reconstruction , the biggest overseas troop deployment since World War II without the sanction of the UN . On 23 October 2004 , the Heisei 16 Niigata Prefecture Earthquakes rocked the Hokuriku region , killing 52 and injuring hundreds ( see 2004 Chūetsu earthquake ) . After an election defeat , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe resigned suddenly , and in Autumn 2007 Yasuo Fukuda became Prime Minister . Fukuda in turn resigned on September 2008 citing political failings , and Taro Aso was selected by his party . In August 2009 , for the first time , the Democratic Party of Japan ( DPJ ) won 308 seats in the lower house election , which ended 50 years of political domination by the LDP . As a result of the election , Taro Aso resigned as leader of the LDP , and Yukio Hatoyama , president of DPJ became Prime Minister on 16 September 2009 . However , DPJ soon became mired in party financing scandals , particularly involving aides close to Ichirō Ozawa . Naoto Kan was chosen by the DPJ as the next Prime Minister , but he soon lost a working majority in the House of Councillors election , and the 2010 Senkaku boat collision incident caused increased tension between Japan and China . The 2009 -- 2010 Toyota vehicle recalls also took place during this time . In 2011 , a sumo tournament was cancelled for the first time in 65 years over a match fixing scandal . On 11 March 2011 , Japan suffered the strongest recorded earthquake in its history , affecting places in the northeast of Honshū , including the Tokyo area . The quake 's magnitude of 9.0 approached that of the severe 2004 megathrust earthquake . A tsunami with waves of up to 10 meters ( 32.5 feet ) flooded inland areas several kilometers from shore , causing a large number of considerable fires . The epicenter of the quake lay so close to coastal villages and towns that thousands could not flee in time , despite a tsunami warning system . At the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and three other nuclear power plants , there occurred serious problems with the cooling systems , ultimately leading to the most serious case of radioactive contamination since the Chernobyl disaster ( see Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ) , as well as ongoing electric power shortages . Following the earthquake , for the first time , the Emperor addressed the nation in a pre-recorded television broadcast . In August 2011 , Kan resigned , and Yoshihiko Noda became Prime Minister . Later that year Olympus Corporation admitted major accounting irregularities . ( See Tobashi scheme . ) Noda pushed for Japan to consider joining the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership , but was defeated in an election in 2012 , being replaced by Shinzō Abe . Abe sought to end deflation , but Japan entered recession again in 2014 largely due to a rise in sales tax to 8 % . Abe called an election in December , and promised to delay further sales tax hikes to 2018 . He won the election . In September 2015 , after much controversy and debate , the National Diet gave final approval to legislation expanding the Japanese military 's role overseas . Conversion table ( edit ) A rail pass valid during the year Heisei 18 ( which means 2006 ) Shōwa 62 63 64 Gregorian 1989 Heisei 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Gregorian 1989 1991 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 Heisei 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Gregorian 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 See also ( edit ) 1989 in Japan 1990s in Japan 2000s in Japan 2010 in Japan , 2011 in Japan , 2012 in Japan , 2013 in Japan , 2014 in Japan , 2015 in Japan , 2016 in Japan , 2017 in Japan , 2018 in Japan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's emperor to abdicate on April 30 , 2019 : gov 't source '' . english.kyodonews.net . Kyodo News . 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyodo , Jiji ( 3 December 2017 ) . `` Japan 's publishers wait in suspense for next era name '' . The Japan Times Online . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Martin Fackler , Kevin Drew : Devastation as Tsunami Crashes Into Japan . The New York Times , 11 March 2011 Jump up ^ USGS analysis as of 12 March 2011 Archived 13 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Massive tsunami caused by quake 's shallow focus . The Hamilton Spectator , 12 March 2011 Jump up ^ Japan 's catastrophes -- Nature strikes back -- Can fragile Japan endure this hydra - headed disaster ? The Economist , 17 March 2011 Jump up ^ K.N.C. , H.T. , A.N. : Containing the nuclear crisis Jump up ^ Obe , Mitsuru ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Parliament Approves Overseas Military Expansion '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Flath , David . The Japanese Economy ( 2nd ed. 2005 ) excerpt and text search Hanson , Marta E. The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Koo , Richard C. The Holy Grail of Macroeconomics : Lessons from Japan 's Great Recession ( 2nd ed. 2009 ) excerpt and text search Pascua , Arthur . Devastation in Japan : An Economic Analysis ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search , on 2011 Tsunami Schoppa , Leonard J. The Evolution of Japan 's Party System : Politics and Policy in an Era of Institutional Change ( University of Toronto Press ; 2012 ) 232 pages ; Argues that changes starting in the 1990s set the stage for the 2009 victory of the Democratic Party Preceded by Shōwa Era 8 January 1989 -- present Most recent Preceded by Post-occupation Japan Periods of Japanese history 8 January 1989 -- present Most recent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heisei_period&oldid=829065139 '' Categories : Heisei period Postwar Japan Japanese eras Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what year is it now in the japanese calendar	[ "The Heisei period (Japanese: 平成時代, Hepburn: Heisei jidai) is the current era in Japan. The Heisei period started on 8 January 1989, the day after the death of the Emperor Hirohito. His son, the 125th Emperor Akihito, acceded to the throne. In accordance with Japanese customs, Hirohito was posthumously renamed the 124th \"Emperor Shōwa\" on 31 January 1989." ]	[ "Heisei period" ]
3567447833578897921	Daniels (name)	Daniels ( name ) - wikipedia Daniels ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the surname Daniels . For other uses , see Daniels . Daniels Origin Region of origin Irish Meaning `` son of Daniel '' Other names Variant ( s ) Daniel , Daniells Daniels is an Irish language patronymic surname meaning `` son of Daniel '' . People with the name or its variants include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Disambiguation pages 2 Surname 2.1 Arts , media , and literature 2.2 Politics 2.3 Science , math , and medicine 2.4 Sports 2.5 Other 3 Fictional characters 4 See also 5 References Disambiguation pages ( edit ) Alan Daniels ( disambiguation ) Anthony Daniels ( disambiguation ) Brian Daniels ( disambiguation ) Carrie Daniels ( disambiguation ) Charles Daniels ( disambiguation ) Charles Daniels ( disambiguation ) Charles N. Daniels ( disambiguation ) Charlie Daniels ( disambiguation ) David Daniels ( disambiguation ) George Daniels ( disambiguation ) Jack Daniels ( disambiguation ) Jeffrey Daniels ( disambiguation ) Joe Daniels ( disambiguation ) John Daniels ( disambiguation ) Jonathan Daniels ( disambiguation ) Lisa Daniels ( disambiguation ) Mike Daniels ( disambiguation ) Peter Daniels ( disambiguation ) Raymond Daniels ( disambiguation ) Robin Daniels ( disambiguation ) Ronald Daniels ( disambiguation ) Ross Daniels ( disambiguation ) Scott Daniels ( disambiguation ) Shawn Daniels ( disambiguation ) William Daniels ( disambiguation ) Surname ( edit ) Arts , media , and literature ( edit ) Alyssa Daniels , American web designer Annette Daniels , American mezzo - soprano opera singer Anthony Daniels , English actor best known for playing C - 3PO in Star Wars Bebe Daniels , American actress Ben Daniels , English actor who has won a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award Billy Daniels , American big band singer and actor Charles Daniels ( tenor ) , English classical singer Charles N. Daniels , American songwriter who composed under the pseudonym Neil Moret Charlie Daniels , American country music singer and musician Danny Daniels , American choreographer , tap dancer , and teacher David Daniels ( countertenor ) ( born 1966 ) , American operatic singer and countertenor David Daniels ( poet ) , visual poet David Karsten Daniels , American songwriter and musician David Daniels ( film ) , filmmaker Eddie Daniels , American musician Erin Daniels , American actress Faith Daniels , American television news anchor and talk - show host Frank Daniels , actor in early black and white films Greg Daniels , television comedy writer J.D. Daniels , American actor Jeff Daniels , American actor Jeffrey Daniels ( author ) , American author Jesse Daniels , American sculptor and musician Jessie Daniels , American actress , songwriter , and Christian musician Jim Daniels , American poet and writer Kevin Daniels , American actor Les Daniels , American writer of literary criticism , cultural studies and historical horror fiction Marc Daniels , American television director Mark Daniels , American architect , landscape architect , and civil engineer Martin Daniels , English magician and entertainer Mickey Daniels , American child actor Misty Daniels , American stage actress Paul Daniels ( 1938 -- 2016 ) , British stage magician Phil Daniels , English actor Rik Daniëls , Belgian television director Rod Daniels , retired American television news anchor Roy Daniells , Canadian poetry professor Sarah Daniels , British dramatist Spencer Daniels , American actor Stormy Daniels , American actress , screenwriter , and director Traa Daniels , bassist of southern California rock band P.O.D. William Daniels , American actor William Daniels ( artist ) , British artist William H. Daniels , film cinematographer best known as Greta Garbo 's personal lensman Politics ( edit ) Charles Daniels ( New York politician ) , U.S. Representative from New York Fletcher Daniels , American politician Jack Daniels ( politician ) , New Mexico politician and the head of an insurance agency John C. Daniels , mayor of New Haven , Connecticut Jonathan W. Daniels , shortest - serving White House Press Secretary Josephus Daniels , American politician and newspaper publisher Geraldine L. Daniels ( 1933 -- 2012 ) , New York politician Lee A. Daniels , Illinois State Representative Mitch Daniels , Governor of the state of Indiana Randy Daniels , Secretary of State of New York Ronald Daniels , third - party candidate in the 1992 U.S. presidential election Science , math , and medicine ( edit ) Anthony Daniels ( psychiatrist ) , English writer and retired physician Farrington Daniels , pioneer of the modern direct use of solar energy Henry Daniels , British statistician William Daniels ( automotive engineer ) , British car engineer Sports ( edit ) Antonio Daniels , American professional basketball player Arthur Daniels , dual code rugby player Barney Daniels , English footballer Bert Daniels , American professional baseball player Carl Daniels , professional boxer in the Light Middleweight division Charles Daniels ( swimmer ) , American freestyle swimmer Charles F. Daniels , American baseball umpire Christopher Daniels , American professional wrestler , best known as `` The Fallen Angel '' Clem Daniels , American college and professional football player Darrell Daniels , American football player David Daniels ( basketball ) , Canadian basketball player Erik Daniels , American professional basketball player Gary Daniels , British born kickboxer , martial artist , and martial arts actor Gipsy Daniels , Welsh boxer Isabelle Daniels , American Olympic athlete Jack Daniels ( baseball ) , Major League Baseball player Jack Daniels ( coach ) , professor of physical education and cross-country running coach Jayson Daniels , Australian rules footballer Jeff Daniels ( ice hockey ) , professional ice hockey player Jon Daniels , American baseball manager Kal Daniels , Major League Baseball outfielder Ken Daniels , sports announcer Kimbi Daniels , professional hockey player Law Daniels , major league baseball player Lloyd Daniels , American former professional basketball player Luke Daniels , English footballer Marquis Daniels , basketball player Mel Daniels , American former professional basketball player Owen Daniels , American football tight end Phillip Daniels , American football defensive end P.J. Daniels , college running back Raymond Daniels ( martial artist ) , American martial artist Robert Daniels , professional boxer in the Cruiserweight division Silas Daniels , professional American football wide receiver Torrance Daniels , American football linebacker Travis Daniels , American football player Other ( edit ) Arthur Grosvenor Daniells , Seventh - day Adventist minister and administrator Edler von Daniels , German field general who fought in the Battle of Stalingrad Harry Daniels , English recipient of the Victoria Cross Jonathan Myrick Daniels , Episcopal seminarian , killed for his work in the American civil rights movement Michael Daniels , British transpersonal psychologist and parapsychologist Robert V. Daniels ( 1926 - 2010 ) , historian of Russia Tiffany Daniels , American woman missing from her Florida home since 2013 Fictional characters ( edit ) Cedric Daniels , on the HBO TV drama The Wire Crewman Daniels , from Star Trek : Enterprise Helen Daniels , in the Australian soap opera Neighbours Noah Daniels , from the FOX TV series 24 Rosemary Daniels , in the Australian soap opera Neighbours Tug Daniels , in the HBO prison drama Oz See also ( edit ) List of people with surname Daniel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Surname : Daniel '' . surnamedb.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . This page lists people with the surname Daniels . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniels_(name)&oldid=811115339 '' Categories : Surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 16 : 34 . About Wikipedia	where did the last name daniels come from	[ "\n\nDaniels\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\nIrish\n\n\nMeaning\n\"son of Daniel\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nDaniel, Daniells\n\n" ]	[ "Irish" ]
-2737266599296999906	2019 College Football Playoff National Championship	2019 College Football Playoff National Championship - Wikipedia 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship Date January 7 , 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship Stadium Levi 's Stadium Location Santa Clara , California National anthem TBD Referee TBD Halftime show TBD Attendance TBD United States TV coverage Network ESPN Announcers TBA International TV coverage Network TBA Announcers TBA The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season . It will be played at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California on January 7 , 2019 . and will be the culmanting game of the 2018 -- 19 bowl season . The teams playing in the national championship will be the winners of the two semifinal games the 2018 Orange Bowl and the 2018 Cotton Bowl Classic Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2019 College Football Playoff 3 Broadcasting 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References Background ( edit ) Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California was announced as the host site for the fifth College Football Playoff National Championship on November 4 , 2015. . 2019 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Template : 2019 College Football Playoff Broadcasting ( edit ) The game will be televised nationally by ESPN Notes ( edit ) December 1 -- 2 Selection Weekend January 4 , 2019 -- The National Football Foundation ( NFF ) to announce the newest College Football Hall of Fame class . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Scarbough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara , and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 - 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles Template : 2018 bowl game navbox NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Template : 2018 -- 19 NCAA Division I championships navbox This American football -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in California is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=831884717 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NCAA football bowl games 2018 -- 19 College Football Playoff 2019 in sports in California Sports in Santa Clara , California American football in California January 2019 sports events in the United States American football stubs California sport stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 17 : 31 . About Wikipedia	where will the college football national championship be played in 2019	[ "The 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2018 season. It will be played at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on January 7, 2019. and will be the culmanting game of the 2018–19 bowl season." ]	[ "Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California" ]
-8996162156937992720	West Coast Trail	West Coast trail - wikipedia West Coast trail Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) West Coast Trail distance ( km ) 0 Pachena Bay 10 Pachena Lighthouse 12 14 17 23 Klanaway River 25 32 Nitinat Narrows 41 44 Carmanah Lighthouse 45 Chez Monique 's Carmanah Creek 46 48 Walbran Creek 53 Cullite Creek 58 62 Camper Creek 70 75 Gordon River 75 Hikers on the beach just south of the Carmanah Lighthouse The West Coast Trail , originally called the Dominion Lifesaving Trail , is a 75 km ( 47 mi ) backpacking trail following the southwestern edge of Vancouver Island in British Columbia , Canada . It was built in 1907 to facilitate the rescue of shipwrecked survivors along the coast , part of the treacherous Graveyard of the Pacific . It is now part of the Pacific Rim National Park and is often rated by hiking guides as one of the world 's top hiking trails . The West Coast Trail is open from May 1 until September 30 . It is accessible to hikers outside this period but Parks Canada does not guarantee the accessibility of services ( such as search and rescue ) in the offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Description 3 Wildlife 4 Winter 2006 / 2007 damage 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) A view of the Pacific coast from the West Coast Trail The West Coast Trail passes through the traditional territory of the Pacheedaht , Ditidaht , Huu - ay - aht , and Nuu - chah - nulth peoples , who have inhabited the area for more than 4000 years . Native trails , used for trade and travel , existed in the area prior to European settlement . European use of the trail area was originally to facilitate the construction and maintenance of a telegraph line between Victoria and Cape Beale . Because of the high number of shipwrecks along this stretch of coast in the late 1800s ( see Graveyard of the Pacific ) , the Pachena Point Lighthouse and the Dominion Lifesaving Trail were constructed . The reefs and breakers off the west coast of Vancouver Island had long posed a serious danger to navigation , and at the start of the 20th - century lifesaving infrastructure on the sparsely populated island was still primitive despite the heavy traffic serving the Pacific coast between San Francisco and Alaska . One source cites almost five hundred wrecks around Vancouver Island alone . Although some plans were already underway to improve the infrastructure , the public outcry which followed the wreck of the SS Valencia in January 1906 spurred the Canadian government to undertake a comprehensive plan for improvements . The resulting trail was dubbed the Dominion Lifesaving Trail , sometimes misidentified by modern sources as The West Coast Lifesaving Trail . The plan included : The construction of a new lighthouse at Pachena Point ( 12 km or 7.5 mi south of Bamfield ) , near where the Valencia had run aground . The introduction of wireless telegraphy on the BC coast through the construction of five wireless stations at Pachena Point , Estevan Point ( where a lighthouse was added in 1910 ) , Cape Lazo ( near Comox , on the eastern coast of the island ) , Point Grey ( in Vancouver ) , and Gonzales Hill ( in Victoria ) . Among these , only Pachena Point is located on the Dominion Lifesaving Trail . Each station was initially expected to have a range of about 150 km ( 93 mi ) , hence their spacing . The introduction of wireless service led to the rapid adoption of this technology by vessels plying the coastal trade . The construction of shelters at 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) intervals on the trail . Each shelter had a telegraph with instructions for use in several languages , survival provisions like blankets and rations , and directions on navigating the trail . Establishment of the Bamfield Lifeboat Station . In 1908 , the station was equipped with a state of the art 36 - foot ( 10.97 m ) motor lifeboat ( MLB ) built to a United States Lifesaving Service specification by the Electric Launch Company ( Elco ) of Bayonne , New Jersey . The Elco 36 ft ( 10.97 m ) was the world 's first purpose - built MLB , and over the next half century hundreds of similar boats would be constructed for lifesaving stations in the US and Canada . The trail allowed shipwreck survivors and rescuers to travel the forest making use of the telegraph line and cabins . In 1973 the trail became part of Pacific Rim National Park and has been continuously upgraded . The current trail passes through numerous Indian Reserves ( Pacheedaht : Gordon River # 2 & Cullite # 3 ; Ditidaht : Carmanah # 6 , Claoose # 4 , Wyah # 3 & Tsuquanah # 2 ; Huu - ay - aht : Masit # 13 ) . In the 1970s , a lack of regulation resulted in hikers trespassing on culturally important and environmentally sensitive First Nations archaeological sites , such as villages and refuges on Reserve lands . As a result of this trespass on the traditional territory and cultural property of First Nations living in the area , hikers are now required to remain on the trail when passing through any Reserve areas . To accommodate the growing interest in off - trail historical sites , the Ditidaht First Nation now offers guided adventure tours through their traditional lands . Canadian Coast Guard Station Bamfield is still in operation and now hosts the CCG 's Rigid Hull Inflatable Operator Training School . Description ( edit ) Tsusiat Falls , a major campground on the trail The trail starts at Bamfield near Barkley Sound and runs south to Port Renfrew on Port San Juan Bay . In 1902 , Bamfield became the North America terminus of the All Red Line 's Pacific submarine cable , which spanned the globe linking the British Empire . A trail was constructed to carry the line south to Victoria ( and thence across Canada to link up with the Transatlantic telegraph cable at Heart 's Content , Newfoundland ) , as well as providing telegraph service to the lighthouses at Cape Beale ( on Barkley Sound ) and Carmanah Point ( 27 km or 17 mi north of Port Renfrew , at the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca ) . Hikers can choose to begin the trail in Port Renfrew and travel north , or in Bamfield and travel south . The southern parts of the trail are far more challenging than the flatter area in the north . Overnight hikers must buy a permit , as only a set number of people are allowed to be on the trail at any one time . However , individuals are permitted to visit during the day at no expense . Colourful intertidal rock formations at Owen Point The trail itself winds through forests , bogs , slippery moss - covered ladders , climbing , repelling and beach treks . Hikers have a choice in parts of the trail to stay in the highlands , which is much boggier , or try to make progress on the beach , which is slow , but easier on the feet . The trail passes old growth trees , waterfalls , streams and thick patches of deep mud . Along the coast , the trail includes sand and pebble beaches , headlands , and exposed shelf and boulders at low tide . The trail often diverts inland to avoid dangerous surge channels and impassable headlands , where cliffs descend straight into the sea even at low tide . Portions of the beach sections can be made impassable by high tides . Tide tables and maps are issued by Parks Canada staff to all hikers prior to starting the trek . In some inland areas the trail consists of a boardwalk , which can be in disrepair and covered with moss and mud . One of many ladder series on the trail The main designated campgrounds along the way feature bear boxes for safe storage of food , an outhouse , and a view of the Pacific Ocean and Olympic Peninsula when the sea fog is not present . This fog offers a unique perspective as the beach and sky are clear , while the view just off shore is blocked . There are also numerous smaller campsites along the trail , with varying amenities , which can offer a quieter experience away from the often crowded main campsites . As 30 people may start the trail from each direction each day , it is not unusual to find many groups of hikers spending the night at any given main campsite . Waterfall on the Darling River The trail is still extremely rugged and requires a high level of fitness , knowledge , and skill to complete , although in the last 10 to 15 years it has been upgraded to facilitate easier hiking and safety for those with less experience . This has changed the nature and challenge of the trail somewhat but has made it easier for hikers to explore the coast . It has been recommended that hikers travel in groups as a measure of safety , but some also hike the trail solo . To cross the larger rivers and streams hikers must ride cable car suspensions , while smaller or slower waterways are bridged only by fallen logs or may even require wading . There are two waterways that require a boat to cross : the Gordon River , at the southern trailhead , and the Nitinat Narrows , near the midpoint of the trail . A ferry service is operated by the local First Nation . The trail includes some three dozen ladder structures , some of them 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high , that hikers must ascend or descend . Hikers usually take an average of 7 days to complete the trip , allowing visitors to stop at some point for a day , although it has been run in a single day . Approximately 6000 backpackers complete the trail every year , with 1 -- 2 % requiring emergency evacuation due to injury , illness , or hypothermia . There are two locations on the trail where food can be bought : 1 ) the ferry operator , Doug , at Nitinat Narrows at km 32 ( mile 20 ) has fresh seafood , a choice between salmon and crabs , baked potatoes and corn ; 2 ) Chez Monique 's on the beach , just south of the Carmanah Lighthouse , sells a variety of burgers ( beef , salmon , cod , halibut and egg + veggie ) . Both locations also sell soft drinks . Other than these two locations , hikers must be entirely self - sufficient and prepared for the back country conditions of the trail . Hiking the West Coast Trail is a major attraction for adventure seekers coming to British Columbia to experience the Pacific Northwest 's scenery , wildlife , culture , and weather . The West Coast Trail remains one of the most famous trails in Canada . Transportation services are available at both ends of the trail via Trail Bus or float plane . Hikers who do not wish to complete the trail can also take a water taxi at Nitinat Narrows to the other end of Nitinat Lake , but this is a time - consuming process as the taxi will normally only transport hikers who wish to leave the trail after 5 : 00 pm as it is used before then to allow hikers to cross from north to south or the reverse and land travel is slow and tedious . Wildlife ( edit ) Wildlife that can be encountered include cougars , black bears , wolves , hummingbirds , orcas , gray whales , seals , sea lions , and eagles . There are also abundant tidal pools on the beach portions , where hikers can see a variety of molluscs , sea anemones , and fish . Hikers are told how to react to possible encounters with dangerous animals ( cougars , bears , and wolves ) at the mandatory orientation session prior to starting the trail . During certain times of the year , there is the possibility of encountering seal pups on the beach . The pups should not be approached , as the mother may then abandon the pup . All wildlife on the trail should only be viewed from a safe distance . Winter 2006 / 2007 damage ( edit ) In January 2007 it was revealed that intense storms during the previous weeks had severely damaged the trail . The full extent of the damage was not initially known , but an estimated 3000 trees had been downed , a bridge and cable car were destroyed , and a serious landslide at kilometre 12 ( mile 7 ) was discovered . In March , C $500,000 in extra funding from the federal government was announced to assist with the cleanup . The trail now features many rebuilt walkways , ladders , and bridges replacing those that were destroyed by the storm . However , as structures deteriorate quickly in the wet coastal conditions , fallen trees and slippery boardwalk are still commonly encountered . See also ( edit ) Juan de Fuca Marine Trail History of the west coast of North America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The best hike in the world is the West Coast Trail '' . BestHike . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Revolinski . `` Top Ten Hikes In the World '' . Reader 's Digest . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 of the World 's Top Trekking Destinations '' . Hike Bike Travel . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Treks / Hikes of the World '' . WikiExplora. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Arkisaeo ( 13 Apr 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Hiking Trails Around the World '' . GreenFudge . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best Hikes In The World ! '' . Guide Loop. 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Best Hiking Trails in the World '' . eHotels . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Best Hikes in the World '' . Best Hikes and Treks . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Vancouver Island Parks Jump up ^ Rogers , Fred ( 1992 ) . More Shipwrecks of British Columbia . Heritage House -- Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55054 - 020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stratham , Frank , West Coast Maritime Coast Station Centenary Canadian Coast Guard Association Newsletter , Winter 2008 Jump up ^ `` Graveyard of the Pacific : The Shipwrecks of Vancouver Island '' . Virtual Museum of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bamfield Lifeboat Centenary : Celebrating 100 years of lifesaving at sea '' . Bamfield Lifeboat Centenary Organizing Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hike the West Coast Trail in Pacific Rim National Park '' . Ditidaht First Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Trail evacuees reach record numbers Jump up ^ Trail Bus Jump up ^ `` West Coast Trail littered with trees '' . CBC News . 2007 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Extra money for Pacific Rim National Park cleanup '' . CBC News . 2007 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Damage cleared ; West Coast Trail opens to hikers '' . Victoria Times Colonist. 2007 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) `` The best hike in the world is the West Coast Trail '' . BestHike . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Kevin Revolinski . `` Top Ten Hikes In the World '' . Reader 's Digest . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada ( 2003 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Parks Canada - Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada - Visitor Information - The West Coast Trail - Facilities and Services '' . Government of Canada , Parks Canada Agency , Government of Canada , Parks Canada Agency , Pacific Rim National Park Reserve of Canada . The West Coast Trail & Nitinat Lakes . Victoria , British Columbia , Canada : Sierra Club . Foster , David ; Aitken , Wayne . Blisters & Bliss . ISBN 1 - 894384 - 65 - 2 . Obee , Bruce . Pacific Rim Explorer . Whitecap Books . Gill , Ian ; Nunuk , David . Hiking on the Edge : West Coast Trail - Juan De Fuca Trail . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 505 - 2 . Leadem , Tim . Hiking The West Coast Of Vancouver Island . ISBN 1 - 55365 - 024 - 7 . Kelley , Mark ( Reporter ) ( March 28 , 2007 ) . The National : Seven , Episode 5 ( West Coast Trail ) ( rm ) ( Documentary ) . Toronto , Ontario , Canada : CBC News . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Official Parks Canada Website West Coast Trail Map ( 2017 ) ( PDF , 2.78 MB ) West Coast Trail : 2017 Hiker Preparation Guide ( PDF , 1.5 MB ) Hike the West Coast Trail in Pacific Rim National Park Running the West Coast Trail in One Day Bike and hiking trails in Canada Beltline Trail Bruce Trail Canol Heritage Trail Cataraqui Trail Chilkoot Trail Confederation Trail Cycloparc PPJ East Coast Trail Galloping Goose Regional Trail Great Divide Trail International Appalachian Trail Iron Horse Trail K&P Rail Trail La Cloche Silhouette Trail Leaside Spur Trail Mantario Trail Martin Goodman Trail Nipissing - North Arm Orienteering Trail North Coast Trail Oak Ridges Trail Pan Am Path P'tit Train du Nord Prescott - Russell Trail Rideau Trail Route Verte Spencer Creek Trail Trans Canada Trail Waskahegan Trail Waterfront Trail West Coast Trail West Toronto Railpath Wildside Coordinates : 48 ° 39 ′ 52 '' N 124 ° 50 ′ 15 '' W / 48.664475 ° N 124.837621 ° W / 48.664475 ; - 124.837621 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Trail&oldid=836881349 '' Categories : Hiking trails in British Columbia Historic trails and roads in British Columbia Barkley Sound region Transport on Vancouver Island Shipwrecks of the British Columbia coast Canadian Coast Guard History of British Columbia West Coast of Vancouver Island Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 12 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the west coast trail in bc	[ "The West Coast Trail, originally called the Dominion Lifesaving Trail, is a 75 km (47 mi) backpacking trail following the southwestern edge of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It was built in 1907 to facilitate the rescue of shipwrecked survivors along the coast, part of the treacherous Graveyard of the Pacific. It is now part of the Pacific Rim National Park and is often rated by hiking guides as one of the world's top hiking trails.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]" ]	[ "the southwestern edge of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada" ]
-9181479971618814890	St. Louis Blues	St. Louis Blues - wikipedia St. Louis Blues This article is about the ice hockey team . For the song , see Saint Louis Blues ( song ) . For other uses , see St. Louis Blues ( disambiguation ) . St. Louis Blues 2018 -- 19 St. Louis Blues season Conference Western Division Central Founded 1967 History St. Louis Blues 1967 -- present Home arena Scottrade Center City St. Louis , Missouri Colors Royal blue , gold , navy blue , white Media FS Midwest KMOX Newsradio ( 1120 AM ) Owner ( s ) St. Louis Blues Hockey Club , Inc . General manager Doug Armstrong Head coach Mike Yeo Captain Alex Pietrangelo Minor league affiliates San Antonio Rampage ( AHL ) Tulsa Oilers ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 0 Presidents ' Trophy 1 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Division championships 9 ( 1968 -- 69 , 1969 -- 70 , 1976 -- 77 , 1980 -- 81 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Official website nhl.com/blues The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team in St. Louis , Missouri . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Blues play their home games at the 19,150 - seat Scottrade Center in downtown St. Louis . Scottrade Center is the second home arena of the Blues , with the team first playing at St. Louis Arena from 1967 to 1994 . The team is named after the famous W.C. Handy song `` Saint Louis Blues . '' The franchise was founded in 1967 as an expansion team during the league 's 1967 NHL Expansion , which expanded the league from six teams to twelve . The Blues are the oldest active NHL team never to have won the Stanley Cup , although they played in the Stanley Cup Finals three times in 1968 , 1969 and 1970 . The Blues share a rivalry with the Chicago Blackhawks , sharing the same division since 1970 . The team presently has one minor league affiliate , the Tulsa Oilers of the ECHL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Beginnings and Stanley Cup Finals ' appearances ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 1.2 Financial problems , near - relocation , and playoff streak ( 1970 -- 1987 ) 1.3 Brett Hull era ( 1988 -- 1998 ) 1.4 End of the playoff streak , lockout , and rebuild ( 1998 -- 2011 ) 1.5 Turning point ( 2011 -- present ) 2 Team information 2.1 Arena 2.2 Attendance 2.3 Jerseys 2.4 Mascot 2.5 Radio and television 3 Traditions 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Team captains 5.3 Hall of Famers 5.4 Retired numbers 5.5 First - round draft picks 5.6 Franchise regular season scoring leaders 5.7 Franchise playoff scoring leaders 6 NHL awards and trophies 7 Franchise individual records 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Beginnings and Stanley Cup Finals ' appearances ( 1967 -- 1970 ) ( edit ) Jim Roberts was the first selected skater by the Blues in the 1967 NHL Expansion Draft . He played with the Blues from 1967 to 1972 . The Blues were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion , along with the Minnesota North Stars , Los Angeles Kings , Philadelphia Flyers , Pittsburgh Penguins and California Seals . St. Louis was the last of the six expansion teams to gain entry into the League , chosen over Baltimore at the insistence of the Chicago Black Hawks . The Black Hawks were owned by the influential Wirtz family of Chicago , which also owned the decrepit St. Louis Arena . The Wirtzes sought to unload the arena , which had not been well - maintained since the 1940s , and thus pressed the NHL to give the franchise to St. Louis , which had not submitted a formal expansion bid . NHL president Clarence Campbell said during the 1967 expansion meetings that , `` We want a team in St. Louis because of the city 's geographical location and the fact that it has an adequate building . '' The team 's first owners were insurance tycoon Sid Salomon Jr. , his son , Sid Salomon III , and Robert L. Wolfson , who were granted the franchise in 1966 . Sid Salomon III convinced his initially wary father to make a bid for the team . Former St. Louis Cardinals great Stan Musial and Musial 's business partner Julius `` Biggie '' Garagnani were also members of the 16 - man investment group that made the initial formal application for the franchise . Garagnani would never see the Blues franchise take the ice , as he died from a heart attack on June 19 , 1967 , less than three months before the Blues played their first preseason game . Upon acquiring the franchise in 1966 , Salomon then spent several million dollars on extensive renovations for the 38 - year - old arena , which increased the number of seats from 12,000 to 15,000 . The Blues were originally coached by Lynn Patrick , who resigned in late November after recording a 4 -- 13 -- 2 record . He was replaced by assistant coach Scotty Bowman , who thereafter led the team to a winning record for the rest of the season . Although the League 's rules effectively kept star players with the original six teams , the Blues managed to stand out in the inferior Western Division . Capitalizing on a playoff format that required an expansion team to make it to the Stanley Cup Finals , the Blues reached the Stanley Cup Finals in each of their first three seasons , though they were swept first by the Montreal Canadiens in 1968 and 1969 , then by the Boston Bruins in 1970 . While the first Blues teams included aging and fading veterans like Doug Harvey , Don McKenney and Dickie Moore , the goaltending tandem of veterans Glenn Hall and Jacques Plante proved more durable , winning a Vezina Trophy in 1969 behind a sterling defense that featured players like skilled defensive forward Jim Roberts , team captain Al Arbour and hardrock brothers Bob and Barclay Plager . Phil Goyette won the Lady Byng Trophy for the Blues in 1970 and New York Rangers castoff Red Berenson became the expansion team 's first major star at center . The arena quickly became one of the loudest buildings in the NHL , a reputation it maintained throughout its tenure as the Blues ' home . During that time , Salomon gained a reputation throughout the NHL as the top players ' owner . He gave his players cars , signed them to deferred contracts and treated them to vacations in Florida . The players , used to being treated like mere commodities , felt the only way they could pay him back was to give their best on the ice every night . Financial problems , near - relocation , and playoff streak ( 1970 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) The Blues ' successes in the late 1960s , however , did not continue into the 1970s , as the Stanley Cup playoff format changed and the Chicago Black Hawks were moved into the Western Division . The Blues lost Bowman , who joined the Montreal Canadiens following a power - sharing dispute with Sid Salomon III ( who was taking an increasing role in team affairs ) , as well as Hall , Plante , Goyette and ultimately Berenson , who were all lost to retirement or trade . The Berenson trade , however , did bring then - Detroit Red Wings star center Garry Unger , who ultimately scored 30 goals in eight consecutive seasons while breaking the NHL 's consecutive games played record . Defensively , however , the Blues were less than stellar and saw Chicago and the Philadelphia Flyers overtake the Division . After missing the playoffs for the first time in 1973 -- 74 , the Blues ended up in the Smythe Division after a League realignment . This division was particularly weak , and in 1976 -- 77 , the Blues won it while finishing five games below . 500 , though this would be their last playoff appearance in the decade . Drafted by the Blues in 1976 , Bernie Federko played with the team from 1976 to 1989 . He holds the record for games played with the Blues . In the meantime , the franchise was on the brink of financial collapse . This was partly due to the pressures of the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , but mostly the result of financial decisions made when the Salomons first acquired the franchise . Deferred contracts came due just as the Blues ' performance began to slip . At one point , the Salomons cut the team 's staff down to three employees . One of them was Emile Francis , who served as team president , general manager and head coach , who convinced then - chairman R. Hal Dean of the St. Louis - based pet food giant Ralston Purina to buy the team , arena and the 8.8 million dept . The Salomons followed suit as they sold the team to that company on July 27 , 1977 . However , Ralston said that this was only temporary until they found a stable owner in St. Louis . Ralston renamed the arena the `` Checkerdome . '' After two awful years including finishing with a franchise low 18 -- 50 -- 12 record with 48 points ( still the worst season in franchise history ) in 1979 , the Blues made the playoffs the following year , the first of 25 consecutive postseason appearances . After being one of the worst teams a couple years ago , they were one of the best in 1981 , as they finished with a then franchise best record of 45 -- 18 -- 17 record which translated to 107 points and the second - best record in the League . 10 players reached at least 20 goals including Wayne Babych , future Hall of Famer Bernie Federko , and team captain Brian Sutter . They also had strong goal tending led by Mike Liut . As of the result , they would get rewarded as Red Berenson won the Jack Adams Award , Mike Liut finished a close second to Wayne Gretzky in the Hart Trophy voting , and earned the top spot on the NHL All - Star Team , Larry Patey finished third in the Frank J. Selke Trophy voting , and Blake Dunlop won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy . Their regular season success , however , did not transfer into the playoffs , as they were eliminated by the New York Rangers in the second round 2 -- 4 after beating the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round 3 -- 2 . The Blues would underachieve greatly the following year as they posted a 32 -- 40 -- 8 but they beat the Winnipeg Jets 3 -- 1 in the Norris Division Semi-Finals before dropping to the Chicago Black Hawks in the Norris Division 2 -- 4 . While the Blues were somewhat succeeding on - ice , they were struggling off the ice , as Purina lost an estimated $1.8 million a year during its six - year ownership of the Blues , but took the losses philosophically , having taken over out of a sense of civic responsibility . In 1981 , Purina 's longtime chairman , R. Hal Dean , retired . His successor , William Stiritz , wanted to refocus on the core pet food business , and had no interest in hockey . He saw the Blues as just another money - bleeding division , and put the team on the market and although companies were interested in buying the team and made plans , they did n't have the cash to do it . On January 12 , 1983 , Batoni - Hunter Enterprises , Ltd led by WHA and Edmonton Oilers founder Bill Hunter would make an offer purchase as he had a $43 million 18,000 seat stadium ready for the 1984 season in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . While the fan base was stunned , the players were aware of this as there were being dealt brochures on December 7 , 1982 as the Blues faced the Oilers that said `` Saskatchewan in the NHL '' . These distractions would greatly affect their performance as they entered to the playoffs with a 25 -- 40 -- 15 record in the 1983 season , good enough for 65 points . This led to a Norris Division semi-finals exit against the Chicago Black Hawks . Following their playoff exit , Ralston authorized the deal to Hunter 's renamed company Coliseum Holdings , Ltd for $12 million on April 21st . Emile Francis would call it quits on May 2 as he left for the Hartford Whalers to become president and general manager . The Blues then managed to fire 60 % of it 's organization . The remaining staff included the accounting department , scouting staff and coach Barclay Plager . They waited for an authorization by 75 % of the NHL Board of Governors for the sale and transfer of the club . However , the NHL Board of Governors rejected the deal by a 15 -- 3 vote on May 18 . The NHL felt that the market was too small and it would n't be financially stable . Ralston would then file a $60 million anti-trust lawsuit in US District Court against the NHL . They claimed that they broke federal anti-trust laws and breached the duty of good faith and fair dealing by voting to reject the sale and transfer of the Blues to Coliseum Holdings , Ltd . They also requested to the court that they do not continue operating the team and the defendants to interfere with the sale of the team . On June 3 , Ralston announced that they had no interest in running the team anymore . Because they were not required to participate in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft they did not send a representative , which led the Blues to forfeiting their picks . The following day after the draft , the NHL would file a $78 million counter-suit against Ralston , accusing that `` damaging the league by willfully , wantonly and maliciously collapsing its St. Louis Blues hockey operation . '' NHL also said that Ralston broke a league rule that an owner had to give two years notice before dissolving a franchise . Ralston called the counter-suit `` ridiculous '' and threatened the league that if they did not accept the offer by June 14 , they would disestablish the team and sell off players and assets to other teams . The Board of Governors would reject the offer and `` terminated '' the team on June 13 one day before Ralston 's supposed deadline , which the league took over control of the franchise and began searching for a new owner as Then - NHL president John Ziegler said they would try to keep the team in St. Louis . But , the league had a deadline , that if no owner was found by August 6 , they would disestablish the team by holding a special player draft . On July 27 , 1983 , ten days before the deadline , the NHL would approve the purchase of Harry Ornest and a group of St. Louis - based investors for the team and the arena , who was making plans in late - March to buy the team , and he built up his efforts in late June to have enough money . Ornest immediately reverted the name of the team 's home to the St. Louis Arena . Ornest ran the Blues on a shoestring budget , though the players did not mind . According to Sutter , they wanted to stay in St. Louis because it reminded them of the rural Canadian towns where many of them grew up . For instance , Ornest asked many players to defer their salaries to help meet operating costs , but the players always got paid in the end . During most of his tenure , the Blues had only 26 players under contract -- 23 in St. Louis , plus three on their farm team , the Montana Magic . Most NHL teams during the mid-1980s had over 60 players under contract . Despite being run on the cheap , the Blues remained competitive even though they never finished more than six games over . 500 in Ornest 's three years as owner . During this time , Doug Gilmour , drafted by St. Louis in 1982 , emerged as a star . While the Blues remained competitive , they were unable to keep many of their young players . More often than not , several of the Blues ' emerging stars ended up as Calgary Flames , and the sight of Flames executive Al MacNeil was always greeted with dread . In fact , several of the Blues ' young stars , such as Rob Ramage , Joe Mullen and Gilmour , were main cogs in the Flames ' 1989 Stanley Cup win . Sutter and Federko were the only untouchables on the Blues . By 1986 , the team reached the Campbell Conference Finals against the Flames . Doug Wickenheiser 's overtime goal in Game 6 to cap a furious comeback remains one of the greatest moments in team history ( known locally as the `` Monday Night Miracle '' ) , but the Blues lost Game 7 , 2 -- 1 . After that season , Ornest sold the team to a group led by St. Louis businessman Michael Shanahan . Brett Hull era ( 1988 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) The Blues acquired Brett Hull through a trade in 1987 . Playing with the team until 1998 , he holds the record for goals scored with the team . St. Louis kept chugging along through the late 1980s and early 1990s . General manager Ron Caron made astute moves , landing forwards Brett Hull , Adam Oates and Brendan Shanahan , defenseman Al MacInnis and goaltender Curtis Joseph , among others . While the Blues contended during this time period , they never passed the second round of the playoffs . Nonetheless , their on - ice success was enough for a consortium of 19 companies to buy the team . They also provided the capital to build the Kiel Center ( now the Scottrade Center ) , which opened in 1994 . Hull , nicknamed the `` Golden Brett '' ( a reference to his father , NHL legend Bobby Hull , who was nicknamed the `` Golden Jet '' ) , became one of the League 's top stars and a scoring sensation , netting 86 goals in 1990 -- 91 en route to earning the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's most valuable player . Hull 's 86 goals set the record for most goals in a single season by a right - winger ( and the third-most overall at the time ) . Only Wayne Gretzky found the net more than Hull during any given three - year period . Despite posting the second - best regular season record in the entire league in 1990 -- 91 , the Blues were upset in the second round of the playoffs to the Minnesota North Stars , a defeat that was symbolic of St. Louis ' playoff struggles . Mike Keenan was hired as both general manager and coach prior to the abbreviated 1995 season , with the hope that he could cure the postseason turmoil Blues fans had endured for years . Keenan instituted major changes , including trades that sent away fan favorites Brendan Shanahan and Curtis Joseph , as well as the acquisition of the legendary - but - aging Wayne Gretzky and goaltender Grant Fuhr , both from the declining Los Angeles Kings ( due to public criticism from Keenan , Gretzky left for the New York Rangers as an unrestricted free agent following the season , in spite of a more lucrative contract offer from the Blues ) . In spite of all he was prophesied to accomplish , Keenan 's playoff resume with St. Louis included a first - round exit in 1995 and a second - round exit in 1996 , and he was subsequently fired on December 19 , 1996 . Caron was reinstated as interim general manager for the rest of season , and general manager Larry Pleau was hired on June 9 , 1997 . However , this did not stop Hull , who had a lengthy feud with Keenan , from leaving for the Dallas Stars in 1998 . He went on to win the Stanley Cup with the Stars the next year , scoring a controversial goal on the Buffalo Sabres ' Dominik Hasek to clinch the Cup for Dallas . By the time the decade ended , the Blues were the only NHL team to make the playoffs in all ten years of the 90s . End of the playoff streak , lockout , and rebuild ( 1998 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Defenseman Chris Pronger ( acquired from the Hartford Whalers in 1995 for Brendan Shanahan ) , Keith Tkachuk , Pavol Demitra , Pierre Turgeon , Al MacInnis and goaltender Roman Turek kept the Blues a contender in the NHL . In 1999 -- 2000 , the team notched a franchise - record 114 points during the regular season , earning the Presidents ' Trophy for the League 's best record . However , they were stunned by the San Jose Sharks in the first round of the 2000 playoffs in seven games . In 2001 , the Blues advanced to the Western Conference Finals before bowing out in five games to the eventual champions , the Colorado Avalanche . Nonetheless , the team remained competitive for the next three years , despite never reaching past the second round in the playoffs . Despite years of mediocrity and the stigma of never being able to `` take the next step , '' the Blues were a playoff presence every year from 1980 to 2004 -- the third longest streak in North American professional sports history ( all three of which being held by NHL teams ) , but they never won Stanley Cup Championships , nor made a finals appearances . In fact , they made it to the conference finals only two times in their streak ( 1986 and 2001 ) . Amid several questionable personnel moves and an unstable ownership situation , the Blues finished the 2005 -- 06 season with their worst record in 27 years . They missed the playoffs for only the fourth time in franchise history . Moreover , for the first time in club history , the normally excellent support seen by St. Louisans began to fade away , with crowds normally numbering around 12,000 , a far cry from the team 's normal high ( about 18,000 in a 19,500 seat arena ) . Wal - Mart heir Nancy Walton Laurie and her husband Bill purchased the Blues in 1999 . On June 17 , 2005 , the Lauries announced that they would sell the team . Bill Laurie , a former point guard at Memphis State University , had long desired to buy and move a National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team to St. Louis ( coming close to achieving this in 1999 , with an unsuccessful attempt to purchase the then - Vancouver Grizzlies ) , and it was thought that this desire caused him to neglect the Blues . On September 29 , 2005 , it was announced that the Lauries had signed an agreement to sell the Blues to SCP Worldwide , a consulting and investment group headed by former Madison Square Garden president Dave Checketts . On November 14 , 2005 , the Blues announced that SCP Worldwide had officially withdrawn from negotiations to buy the team . On December 27 , 2005 , it was announced that the Blues had signed a letter of intent to exclusively negotiate with General Sports and Entertainment , LLC . However , after the period of exclusivity , SCP entered the picture again . On March 24 , 2006 , the Lauries completed the sale of the Blues and the lease to the Savvis Center to SCP and TowerBrook Capital Partners , L.P. , a private equity firm . The Blues are currently the only team in the four major North American sports ( ice hockey , basketball , baseball , and American football ) to be owned by a private equity firm . Keith Tkachuk played for the Blues from 2000 to 2006 and again from 2007 to 2010 . During his time with the team he became the third American player to score 500 goals , and the sixth American player to reach 1000 points . Following the disappointing 2005 -- 06 season , which saw the Blues with the worst record in the NHL , the new management focused on rebuilding the franchise . Under new management , the Blues promptly installed John Davidson as president of hockey operations , moving Pleau to a mostly advisory role . The former New York Rangers goaltender promptly made multiple blockbuster deals , picking up Jay McKee , Bill Guerin and Manny Legace from free agency , and bringing Doug Weight back to St. Louis after a brief ( and productive ) stopover in Carolina . Weight was again traded in December 2007 to the Anaheim Ducks , along with a minor league player , in exchange for Andy McDonald . At the beginning of the 2006 -- 07 season , the Blues looked to be competitive in the Central Division . However , injuries plagued the team all season , and the lack of a bona fide scorer hampered them as well . Fan support was sluggish during the first half of the campaign , and the end of the calendar year was capped by an 11 - game losing streak . On December 11 , 2006 , the Blues fired Head coach Mike Kitchen and replaced him with former Los Angeles Kings head coach Andy Murray . Davidson also installed a strong development program under Head Scout Jarmo Kekalainen , using the team 's raft of high draft picks in 2006 and 2007 to select highly touted prospects such as T.J. Oshie , Erik Johnson and David Perron . On January 4 , 2007 , the Blues had a record of 6 -- 1 -- 3 in their previous ten games , which was the best in the NHL during that stretch . Despite a healthy 24 - point jump from the previous season , the strain of playing in a conference where seven teams finished with more than 100 points kept them out of the playoffs for the second year in a row . Immediately prior to the 2007 NHL trade deadline , the Blues traded several key players , including as Bill Guerin , Keith Tkachuk and Dennis Wideman , in exchange for draft picks , though they later re-signed Tkachuk during the subsequent off - season . Brad Boyes , picked up from the Boston Bruins in exchange for Wideman , became the fastest Blues player to reach 40 goals since Brett Hull , doing so during the 2007 -- 08 season . During the 2007 off - season , the Blues signed free agent Paul Kariya to a three - year contract worth $18 million , re-signed defenseman Barret Jackman to a one - year contract , lost their captain Dallas Drake to the Detroit Red Wings , and traded prospect Carl Soderberg to the Bruins in exchange for yet more depth in the goal crease , Hannu Toivonen . On October 2 , 2007 , the Blues finalized the season - starting roster , which included rookies David Perron , Steven Wagner and Erik Johnson . On October 10 , 2007 , the Blues introduced a new mascot , Louie . Two months later , they traded Doug Weight , a 38 - year - old four - time All - Star center , to the Anaheim Ducks as part of a package to acquire 30 - year - old center Andy McDonald . On February 8 , 2008 , it was announced that , after going much of the season without a captain , defenseman Eric Brewer was chosen as the team 's 19th captain . The team later traded veteran defenseman Bryce Salvador to the New Jersey Devils for enforcer , and St. Louis native , Cam Janssen . He made his debut two days later , wearing number 55 against the Phoenix Coyotes . After spending the first half of the 2008 -- 09 season at or near the bottom of the Western Conference standings , the Blues began to turn things around behind the solid goaltending of Chris Mason . After a strong second half run , the Blues made the 2009 playoffs on April 10 , 2009 , after defeating the Columbus Blue Jackets 3 -- 1 . On April 12 , the Blues clinched the sixth seed in the West with a 1 -- 0 win against the Colorado Avalanche . For the first time in five years ( that is , since the lockout ) , the Blues were in the playoffs . They faced the third - seeded Vancouver Canucks in the first round , but despite the team 's tremendous run to end the season , the Blues would ultimately lose the series in a quick four - game sweep . The Blues fired head coach Andy Murray on January 2 , 2010 , after a disappointing record ( 17 -- 17 -- 6 , 40 points ) , sitting in 12th place in the Conference . Especially galling were the frequent blown leads after two periods , and with the worst home record ( 6 -- 13 -- 3 ) posted in the entire NHL . After his duties as interim coach for the rest of the 2009 -- 10 season , Davis Payne was named the 23rd head coach in the Blues ' history on April 14 . Payne was previously the head coach of the Blues top minor league affiliate , the Peoria Rivermen of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . Turning point ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) On March 17 , 2011 , it was announced that the St. Louis Blues were for sale . During the 2011 NHL off - season , the team signed many key free agents , including Brian Elliott , Scott Nichol , Kent Huskins , Jason Arnott and Jamie Langenbrunner . They fired their head coach , Davis Payne , and named Ken Hitchcock as his replacement on November 6 , 2011 . David Backes was also announced as the new team captain . David Backes was named the 20th team captain of the Blues , and remained as captain until 2016 . On March 17 , 2012 , the Blues became the first team to reach 100 points and clinch a playoff berth in the 2011 -- 12 season under Hitchcock , qualifying for their first playoffs since 2008 -- 09 . They would finish second in the Western Conference , behind the Vancouver Canucks . During the 2012 playoffs , they won their first playoff series since 2002 , eliminating the San Jose Sharks in five games . The Blues were swept by the eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Los Angeles Kings , in the following round . In 2012 -- 13 , the Blues completed the lockout - shortened season in fourth place in the Western Conference . They were again eliminated by Los Angeles , however , this time in six games in the first round of the playoffs , despite taking an initial 2 -- 0 series lead . The following season , 2013 -- 14 , the team hit the 100 - point mark for the sixth time in franchise history , and gained a franchise record of 52 wins . Their chance on winning the Central Division title , the top seed in the West , and the Presidents ' Trophy would all evaporate , after they lost their final six games and wound up in second place in the Division , this time to the Colorado Avalanche . The slump haunted them , as they blew a 2 -- 0 series lead to the defending champion Chicago Blackhawks , losing the first round series in six games . This marked the second - straight year the Blues lost in the first round of the playoffs to the reigning champions in six games after leading the series 2 -- 0 . In 2014 -- 15 , the Blues won their second Central Division championship in four years and faced the Minnesota Wild in round one of the 2015 playoffs . However , for the third - straight year , they lost in the first round and in six games . During the offseason , forward T.J. Oshie was traded to the Washington Capitals in exchange for Troy Brouwer . In 2015 -- 16 , the Blues finished in second place in the Central Division to the Dallas Stars . The Blues took on the defending champion Chicago Blackhawks in the first round series . The Blues jumped to a 3 -- 1 series lead , but struggled in games 5 and 6 . However , St. Louis ended their first round losing streak by beating Chicago 3 -- 2 in game 7 of the series . The moved on to the next round , where they defeated the Dallas Stars in another seven - game series to advance to their first Western Conference Final since 2001 . The Blues season would come to an end at the hands of the San Jose Sharks , who eliminated them in six games . On June 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Mike Yeo would replace Hitchcock as head coach of the Blues following the 2016 -- 17 season . The 2016 off - season saw big changes for the Blues , as team captain David Backes left the team to sign with the Boston Bruins , and goaltender Brian Elliott was traded to the Calgary Flames , while veteran forward Troy Brouwer also signed with Calgary as a free agent . Steve Ott also left the team , signing a free agent deal with the Red Wings . Jake Allen was now the starting goaltender for the Blues , while the team also signed former Nashville Predators backup Carter Hutton . Former Blues forward David Perron was brought back on a free agent deal , while defenseman Alex Pietrangelo was named team captain . The Blues hosted the Chicago Blackhawks at Busch Stadium for the 2017 NHL Winter Classic . The team started the season by posting a record of 10 -- 1 -- 2 in their first 13 home games . However , they only won three games on the road during the first two months of the season . Despite defeating the Blackhawks in the 2017 NHL Winter Classic by the score of 4 -- 1 , the Blues fired Hitchcock and promoted Yeo to head coach on February 1 , 2017 . Despite an impressive run into the end of the season , when they gained most points in the league from February 1 , when Hitchcock was fired , to the end of the season , the Blues were eliminated in the second round by the Nashville Predators in six games . In the offseason for the 2017 -- 18 season , the Blues would lose David Perron to the Vegas Golden Knights via Expansion Draft . They would also pick up Brayden Schenn from the Philadelphia Flyers by giving away Jori Lehtera . Before the season began , the Blues were hit hard with injuries as they lost Robby Fabbri before the season began . Other players like Patrik Berglund , and Alex Steen did n't return for the season in time . Despite these losses , the Blues raced out to a 21 -- 8 -- 2 start in their first 31 games . The Blues lost more players as Jay Bouwmeester suffered a season ending injury , and Jaden Schwartz missed a large portion of the season . The Blues also dealt away Paul Stastny to the Winnipeg Jets at the trade deadline for their 1st round pick as they won only 23 games of their remaining 51 , but they still had a chance to get into the playoffs on the last day of their season against the Colorado Avalanche . After losing Vladimir Tarasenko to injury during the game , the Blues lost to the Avalanche 5 -- 2 as they missed the playoffs for the first time in seven years . Team information ( edit ) Arena ( edit ) The Blues play in the 19,150 ( not counting standing room ) capacity Scottrade Center , where they have played since 1994 . The arena was previously known as the Savvis Center and before that as the Kiel Center . The team played in the St. Louis Arena ( known as The Checkerdome from 1977 until 1983 ) , where the old St. Louis Eagles played , and which the original owners had to buy as a condition of the 1967 NHL expansion . Attendance ( edit ) The St. Louis Blues are one of the more successful NHL teams in terms of attendance . After the 2004 -- 05 lockout , the Blues attendance suffered , but has since improved every year since its all - time low in 2006 -- 07 . In 2009 -- 10 , despite not having a playoff year , the Blues had an average attendance of 18,883 ( 98.6 % total capacity ) , selling out 34 of its 40 home games , which placed them seventh in the NHL in attendance . In 2010 -- 11 , the team sold out every home game . Jerseys ( edit ) Prior to the 2014 -- 15 season , the team released new home and away jerseys . These jerseys were strikingly similar to those worn in the early 2000s . Like all NHL teams , the Blues updated their jerseys for the 2007 -- 08 season with new Rbk Edge jerseys . The Blues simplified their design , with only the blue note logo on the front ; there were no third jerseys for the season . The Blues announced plans for a navy third jersey featuring a new logo , with the Gateway Arch with the Blue Note superimposed over it inside a circle with the words `` St. Louis '' above and `` Blues '' below . This third jersey was unveiled on September 21 , 2008 , and debuted during a Blues ' home game against the Anaheim Ducks on November 21 , 2008 . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the Blues made a few tweaks to their jerseys . While they kept the Reebok Edge - era template , they brought back the 1998 -- 2007 look . The navy blue third jersey was kept without any alterations . The primary logo used on the Blues jersey from 1967 to 1984 . The primary logo used on the Blues jersey from 1984 to 1998 . Mascot ( edit ) Introduced in October 2007 , Louie the Bear is the mascot for the St. Louis Blues . Louie is the mascot of the St. Louis Blues . He was introduced on October 10 , 2007 . On November 3 , 2007 , the fans voted on his name on the Blues ' web site . Louie is a blue polar bear and wears a Blues jersey with his name on the back , and the numbers `` 00 '' . Radio and television ( edit ) Originally , the Blues aired their games on KPLR - TV and KMOX radio , with team patron Gus Kyle calling games alongside St Louis broadcasting legend Jack Buck . Buck elected to leave the booth after one season , though , and was replaced by another famed announcer in Dan Kelly . This setup -- Kelly as commentator , with either Kyle , Bob Plager or Noel Picard ( whose heavy French - Canadian accent became famous , such as pronouncing owner Sid Salomon III `` Sid the Turd '' instead of `` Third '' ) joining as an analyst , simulcast on KMOX and KPLR -- continued through the 1975 -- 76 season , then simulcast on KMOX and KDNL - TV for the next three seasons . KMOX is a 50,000 - watt clear - channel station that reaches almost all of North America at night , allowing Kelly to become a celebrity in both the United States and Canada . Indeed , many of the Blues ' players liked the fact that their families could hear the games on KMOX . From 1979 to 1981 , the radio and television broadcasts were separated for the first time since the inaugural season , with Kelly doing the radio broadcasts and Eli Gold hired to do the television . Following the 1980 -- 81 season , the television broadcasts moved from KDNL to NBC affiliate KSD - TV for the 1981 -- 82 season , produced by Sports Network Incorporated ( SNI ) , owned and operated by Greg Maracek who did the broadcasts with Channel 5 sportscaster Ron Jacober . The broadcasts failed to produce a profit and then returned to KPLR for the 1982 NHL playoffs and the 1982 -- 83 season before returning to KDNL ( currently St. Louis ' ABC affiliate ) for the 1983 -- 84 season , the first under the ownership of Harry Ornest . The Blues skated back to KPLR three years later . In 1985 , Ornest , wanting more broadcast revenue , put the radio rights up for bid . A new company who had purchased KXOK won the bid for a three - year contract and Kelly moved over from KMOX to do the games on KXOK . However , the station was never financially competitive in the market . Additionally , fans complained they could n't hear the station at night ( it had to readjust its coverage due to a glut of clear - channels on adjacent frequencies ) . KXOK backed out of the contract after just two years , and the Blues immediately went back to KMOX , who held the rights until 2000 . Dan Kelly continued to broadcast the games on radio but was diagnosed in the summer of 1988 with lung cancer and died on February 10 , 1989 . After his death , Ron Jacober ( who had left Channel 5 to be KXOK 's sports director in 1985 then left for KMOX in 1987 ) finished the season as the radio play - by - play announcer and was succeeded in that position by John Kelly . Ken Wilson continued the television broadcasts after Kelly 's death with former Blues ' players Joe Micheletti and Bruce Affleck . During this time , from 1989 to 2000 , more games began to be aired on Prime Sports Midwest , the forerunner to today 's Fox Sports Midwest ( branded FSBLUES in games ) . The long - term partnership between KMOX and the Blues had its problems , however , namely during spring when the ever - popular St. Louis Cardinals began their season . Blues games , many of which were crucial to playoff berths , would often be pre-empted for spring training coverage . Angry at having to play `` second fiddle '' , the Blues elected to leave for KTRS in 2000 . However , in an ironic twist the Cards purchased a controlling interest in KTRS in 2005 , and once again preferred to air pre-season baseball over regular season hockey . In response , the Blues moved back to KMOX starting in the 2006 -- 07 season . The season of 2008 -- 09 saw the Blues play their last game on KPLR , which had the rights since the 1986 -- 87 season ( except for the 1996 -- 97 season on CBS affiliate KMOV ) , electing to move all their games to FS Midwest , starting with the 2009 -- 10 season . The Cardinals moved back to KMOX in the 2011 season , with conflicting games moved to KYKY , an FM station owned by the same group as KMOX : under the current radio agreement , KYKY will be the flagship station for all Blues playoff games up until the conference finals , with games from then on being aired on KMOX . Currently , Chris Kerber and Kelly Chase are the radio broadcast team . John Kelly ( son of Dan ) and Darren Pang handle television coverage , along with Bernie Federko ( on - ice analyst ) and Scott Warmann , Terry Yake and Jamie Rivers ( pre-game and post-game shows ) . Traditions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Blues have a tradition of live organ music . Jeremy Boyer , the Blues organist , plays a Glenn Miller arrangement of W.C. Handy 's `` St. Louis Blues '' in its entirety before games and a short version at the end of every period , followed by `` When the Saints Go Marching In . '' Boyer also plays the latter song on the organ after Blues goals , with fans replacing the word `` Saints '' with `` Blues . '' At the end of the national anthem before every home game , the words `` the home of the brave '' are drowned out by fans with `` the home of the Blues . '' Starting in 2014 , the team introduced a win song in the form of Pitbull 's `` Do n't Stop The Party '' , but from 2016 on , the win song has been `` Song 2 '' by Blur after public backlash against using a Pitbull song . The Blues were one of the last teams to add a goal horn , doing so during the 1992 -- 93 season at the St. Louis Arena . All of these traditions carried over to the Kiel Center ( now known as Scottrade Center ) in 1994 . After each goal , a bell is rung and each of the goals are counted by the crowd . Since 1990 , Ron Baechle , also known as the `` Towel Man '' or `` Towel Guy , '' has celebrated each goal by counting with the bell and throwing a towel into the crowd from section 314 . The team also has a long tradition of fan - produced programs , sold outside the arena and providing an often biting , sarcastic , humor - filled alternative to team - and League - produced periodicals . The longest - running fan publication , Game Night Revue , was created by a group of fans in the mold of the Chicago Blackhawks ' Blue Line Magazine . It operated for over 10 years , from 1994 to 2005 , when its owner decided not to resume the magazine after the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout ( one final oversized `` goodbye '' issue was distributed the first two home games of the 2005 -- 06 season ) . After hockey resumed in 2005 , a few months after GNR 's final issue , a new publication , St. Louis Game Time , was formed by several former GNR staffers . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Blues . For the full season - by - season history , see List of St. Louis Blues seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , OTL = Overtime losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 52 23 7 111 248 191 2nd , Central Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2014 -- 15 82 51 24 7 109 248 201 1st , Central Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Wild ) 2015 -- 16 82 49 24 9 107 224 201 2nd , Central Lost in Conference Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Sharks ) 2016 -- 17 82 46 29 7 99 235 218 3rd , Central Lost in Second Round , 2 -- 4 ( Predators ) 2017 -- 18 82 44 32 6 94 226 222 5th , Central Did not qualify Players ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Blues players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated June 8 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Canada ! Allen , Jake Jake Allen 1.0 ! G 27 2008 Fredericton , New Brunswick 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 Russia ! Barbashev , Ivan Ivan Barbashev 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Moscow , Russia 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Sweden ! Berglund , Patrik Patrik Berglund 4.0 ! C 30 2006 Västerås , Sweden 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Canada ! Bortuzzo , Robert Robert Bortuzzo 2.0 ! D 29 2015 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Bouwmeester , Jay Jay Bouwmeester 2.0 ! D 34 2013 Edmonton , Alberta 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Brodziak , Kyle Kyle Brodziak 4.0 ! C 34 2015 St. Paul , Alberta 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Canada ! Dunn , Vince Vince Dunn 2.0 ! D 21 2015 Peterborough , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Edmundson , Joel Joel Edmundson 2.0 ! D 24 2011 Brandon , Manitoba 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Canada ! Fabbri , Robby Robby Fabbri 4.0 ! C 22 2014 Mississauga , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Sweden ! Gunnarsson , Carl Carl Gunnarsson 2.0 ! D 31 2014 Örebro , Sweden 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Canada ! Hutton , Carter Carter Hutton 1.0 ! G 32 2016 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Czech ! Jaskin , Dmitrij Dmitrij Jaskin 7.0 ! RW 25 2011 Omsk , Russia 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Parayko , Colton Colton Parayko 2.0 ! D 25 2012 St. Albert , Alberta 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Pietrangelo , Alex Alex Pietrangelo ( C ) 2.0 ! D 28 2008 King City , Ontario 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 United States ! Reinke , Mitch Mitch Reinke 2.0 ! D 22 2018 Stillwater , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Canada ! Schenn , Brayden Brayden Schenn 4.0 ! C 26 2017 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 United States ! Schmaltz , Jordan Jordan Schmaltz 2.0 ! D 24 2012 Madison , Wisconsin 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Canada ! Schwartz , Jaden Jaden Schwartz 6.0 ! LW 25 Melfort , Saskatchewan 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Czech Republic ! Sobotka , Vladimir Vladimir Sobotka 4.0 ! C 30 2017 Třebíč , Czechoslovakia 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Russia ! Soshnikov , Nikita Nikita Soshnikov 7.0 ! RW 24 2018 Nizhny Tagil , Russia 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Sweden ! Steen , Alexander Alexander Steen ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 34 2008 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 United States ! Stevens , Nolan Nolan Stevens 4.0 ! C 21 2016 Brantford , Ontario 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Sweden ! Sundqvist , Oskar Oskar Sundqvist 4.0 ! C 24 2017 Boden , Sweden 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Russia ! Tarasenko , Vladimir Vladimir Tarasenko ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 26 Yaroslavl , Soviet Union 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 United States ! Thompson , Tage Tage Thompson 4.0 ! C 20 2016 Phoenix , Arizona 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Canada ! Thorburn , Chris Chris Thorburn 7.0 ! RW 35 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Canada ! Upshall , Scottie Scottie Upshall 6.0 ! LW 34 2015 Fort McMurray , Alberta Team captains ( edit ) Al Arbour , 1967 -- 1970 Red Berenson , 1970 -- 1971 Al Arbour , 1971 Jim Roberts , 1971 -- 1972 Barclay Plager , 1972 -- 1976 Red Berenson , 1976 Garry Unger , 1976 -- 1977 Red Berenson , 1977 -- 1978 Barry Gibbs , 1978 -- 1979 Brian Sutter , 1979 -- 1988 Bernie Federko , 1988 -- 1989 Rick Meagher , 1989 -- 1990 Scott Stevens , 1990 -- 1991 Garth Butcher , 1991 -- 1992 Brett Hull , 1992 -- 1995 Shayne Corson , 1995 -- 1996 Wayne Gretzky , 1996 Chris Pronger , 1997 -- 2003 Al MacInnis , 2003 -- 2004 Dallas Drake , 2005 -- 2007 Eric Brewer , 2008 -- 2011 David Backes , 2011 -- 2016 Alex Pietrangelo , 2016 -- present Hall of famers ( edit ) The St. Louis Blues presently acknowledge an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Inductees affiliated with the Blues include 21 former players and seven builders of the sport . The seven individuals recognized as builders by the Hall of Fame includes former Blues executives , general managers , head coaches , and owners . In addition to players and builders , the team recognizes an affiliation with two broadcasters who were awarded the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hockey Hall of Fame . Dan Kelly , the Blues ' radio play - by - play announcer , was awarded the first Blues broadcaster to receive the award in 1989 . John Davidson , received the award in 2009 for his contributions in television broadcasting . St. Louis Blues Hall of Famers Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Glenn Anderson Doug Harvey Dickie Moore Brendan Shanahan Bernie Federko Dale Hawerchuk Joe Mullen Peter Stastny Grant Fuhr Phil Housley Chris Pronger Scott Stevens Doug Gilmour Brett Hull Adam Oates Wayne Gretzky Paul Kariya Al MacInnis Glenn Hall Guy Lapointe Jacques Plante Hall of Fame builders Al Arbour Lynn Patrick Scotty Bowman Jim Devellano Cliff Fletcher Emile Francis Roger Neilson Retired numbers ( edit ) The Blues retired Bob Plager 's number on February 2 , 2017 . He played as a defenseman with the team from 1967 to 1978 . Not only have the Blues retired the following numbers , but the NHL also retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . St. Louis Blues retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date retired Al MacInnis 1994 -- 2004 April 9 , 2006 Bob Gassoff 1974 -- 1977 October 1 , 1977 5 Bob Plager 1967 -- 1978 February 2 , 2017 8 Barclay Plager 1967 -- 1977 March 24 , 1981 11 Brian Sutter LW 1976 -- 1988 December 30 , 1988 16 Brett Hull RW 1987 -- 1998 December 5 , 2006 24 Bernie Federko 1976 -- 1989 March 16 , 1991 Numbers honored 7 -- Garry Unger , Red Berenson , Joe Mullen and Keith Tkachuk , recognized with a mural of the four players in the lower seating bowl . The number is not officially retired but is no longer issued by the team . 14 -- Doug Wickenheiser , LW , 1984 -- 1987 , number honored and no longer issued . Recognized with a banner in the Scottrade Center rafters . Dan Kelly , broadcaster , 1968 -- 1989 , recognized with an honorary shamrock that hangs from the rafters at Scottrade Center First - round draft picks ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Blues draft picks 1967 : None ( passed on their opportunity to make a selection ) 1968 : Gary Edwards ( 6th overall ) 1969 : None 1970 : None 1971 : Gene Carr ( 4th overall ) 1972 : Wayne Merrick ( 9th overall ) 1973 : John Davidson ( 5th overall ) 1974 : None 1975 : None 1976 : Bernie Federko ( 7th overall ) 1977 : Scott Campbell ( 9th overall ) 1978 : Wayne Babych ( 3rd overall ) 1979 : Perry Turnbull ( 2nd overall ) 1980 : Rik Wilson ( 12th overall ) 1981 : Marty Ruff ( 20th overall ) 1982 : None 1983 : None ( Did not participate ) 1984 : None 1985 : None 1986 : Jocelyn Lemieux ( 10th overall ) 1987 : Keith Osborne ( 12th overall ) 1988 : Rod Brind'Amour ( 9th overall ) 1989 : Jason Marshall ( 9th overall ) 1990 : pick traded to Montreal Canadiens 1991 : pick transferred to Washington Capitals as compensation 1992 : pick transferred to Washington Capitals as compensation 1993 : pick transferred to Washington Capitals as compensation 1994 : pick transferred to Washington Capitals as compensation 1995 : pick transferred to Washington Capitals as compensation 1996 : Marty Reasoner ( 14th overall ) 1997 : pick traded to Los Angeles Kings 1998 : Christian Backman ( 24th overall ) 1999 : Barret Jackman ( 17th overall ) 2000 : Jeff Taffe ( 30th overall ) 2001 : pick traded to Florida Panthers 2002 : pick traded to Phoenix Coyotes 2003 : Shawn Belle ( 30th overall ) 2004 : Marek Schwarz ( 17th overall ) 2005 : T.J. Oshie ( 24th overall ) 2006 : Erik Johnson ( 1st overall ) and Patrik Berglund ( 25th overall ) 2007 : Lars Eller ( 13th overall ) , Ian Cole ( 18th overall ) and David Perron ( 26th overall ) 2008 : Alex Pietrangelo ( 4th overall ) 2009 : David Rundblad ( 17th overall ) 2010 : Jaden Schwartz ( 14th overall ) and Vladimir Tarasenko ( 16th overall ) 2011 : pick traded to Colorado Avalanche 2012 : Jordan Schmaltz ( 25th overall ) 2013 : pick traded to Calgary Flames 2014 : Robby Fabbri ( 21st overall ) 2015 : pick traded to Buffalo Sabres 2016 : Tage Thompson ( 26th overall ) 2017 : Robert Thomas ( 20th overall ) ) and Klim Kostin ( 31st overall ) Franchise regular season scoring leaders ( edit ) Alexander Steen is the franchise 's active points leader , and tied with Al MacInnis for 7th all - time in points for the franchise . These are the top - ten point - scorers , goal scorers , and assist leaders in franchise regular season history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Blues player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Bernie Federko 927 352 721 1,073 1.16 Brett Hull RW 744 527 409 936 1.26 Brian Sutter LW 779 303 333 636 . 82 Garry Unger 662 292 283 575 . 87 Pavol Demitra RW 494 204 289 493 1.00 David Backes RW 727 206 254 460 . 63 Al MacInnis 613 127 325 452 . 74 Alexander Steen * LW 645 178 274 452 . 70 Keith Tkachuk LW 543 208 219 427 . 79 Red Berenson 519 172 240 412 . 79 Goals Player Pos Brett Hull RW 527 Bernie Federko 352 Brian Sutter LW 303 Garry Unger 292 Keith Tkachuk LW 208 David Backes RW 206 Pavol Demitra RW 204 Vladimir Tarasenko * RW 178 Alexander Steen * LW 178 Red Berenson 172 Assists Player Pos Bernie Federko 721 Brett Hull RW 409 Brian Sutter LW 333 Al MacInnis 325 Pavol Demitra RW 289 Garry Unger 283 Alex Pietrangelo * 277 Alexander Steen * LW 274 Chris Pronger 272 David Backes RW 254 Franchise playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten - point - scorers , goal scorers , and assist leaders in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season . * -- current Blues player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Brett Hull RW 102 67 50 117 1.15 Bernie Federko 91 35 66 101 1.11 Al MacInnis 82 14 44 58 . 71 Doug Gilmour 49 17 38 55 1.12 Chris Pronger 85 10 41 51 . 60 Pierre Turgeon 50 14 31 45 . 90 Pavol Demitra RW 66 18 25 43 . 65 Frank St. Marseille RW 62 19 24 43 . 69 Brian Sutter LW 65 21 21 42 . 65 Jeff Brown 42 10 28 38 . 90 Goals Player Pos Brett Hull RW 67 Bernie Federko 35 Vladimir Tarasenko * RW 22 Red Berenson 21 Brian Sutter LW 21 Gary Sabourin RW 19 Scott Young RW 19 Frank St. Marseille RW 19 Pavol Demitra RW 18 Doug Gilmour 17 Assists Player Pos Bernie Federko 66 Brett Hull RW 50 Al MacInnis 44 Chris Pronger 41 Doug Gilmour 38 Pierre Turgeon 31 Jeff Brown 28 Rob Ramage 26 Adam Oates 25 Pavol Demitra RW 25 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Blues award winners Presidents ' Trophy 1999 -- 2000 Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 1968 -- 69 , 1969 -- 70 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Blake Dunlop : 1980 -- 81 Jamie McLennan : 1997 -- 98 Calder Memorial Trophy Barret Jackman : 2002 -- 03 Conn Smythe Trophy Glenn Hall : 1967 -- 68 Frank J. Selke Trophy Rick Meagher : 1989 -- 90 Hart Memorial Trophy Brett Hull : 1990 -- 91 Chris Pronger : 1999 -- 2000 Jack Adams Award Gordon `` Red '' Berenson : 1980 -- 81 Brian Sutter : 1990 -- 91 Joel Quenneville : 1999 -- 2000 Ken Hitchcock : 2011 -- 12 James Norris Memorial Trophy Al MacInnis : 1998 -- 99 Chris Pronger : 1999 -- 2000 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Kelly Chase : 1997 -- 98 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Phil Goyette : 1969 -- 70 Brett Hull : 1989 -- 90 Pavol Demitra : 1999 -- 2000 Lester B. Pearson Award Mike Liut : 1980 -- 81 Brett Hull : 1990 -- 91 Lester Patrick Trophy Larry Pleau : 2001 -- 02 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Doug Armstrong : 2011 -- 12 NHL Plus / Minus Award Paul Cavallini : 1989 -- 90 Chris Pronger : 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 Vezina Trophy Glenn Hall and Jacques Plante : 1968 -- 69 William M. Jennings Trophy Roman Turek : 1999 -- 2000 Brian Elliott and Jaroslav Halak : 2011 -- 12 Franchise individual records ( edit ) Brian Elliott set the Blues ' franchise records for shutouts , lowest save percentage , and lowest goals against average in the 2011 -- 12 season . See also : List of St. Louis Blues records Most goals in a season : Brett Hull , 86 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most assists in a season : Adam Oates , 90 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most points in a season : Brett Hull , 131 ( 1990 -- 91 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Bob Gassoff , 306 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Jeff Brown , 78 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Jorgen Pettersson , 73 ( 1980 -- 81 ) Most wins in a season : Roman Turek , 42 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Most shutouts in a season : Brian Elliott , 9 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Lowest GAA in a season ( min 30 GP ) : Brian Elliott , 1.56 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Best SV % in a season ( min 30 GP ) : Brian Elliott , . 940 ( 2011 -- 12 ) See also ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Missouri portal List of St. Louis Blues general managers List of St. Louis Blues head coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blues Unveil New Uniform at FANfest '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Name and Emblem '' ( PDF ) . 2017 -- 18 St. Louis Blues Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , LP . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . The Blues ' third jersey was worn for the first time on , Nov. 21 , 2008 vs. the Anaheim Ducks . In contrast to previous Blues uniforms which were ( and are ) primarily accented in royal blue and gold , the third jersey and matching socks lean toward navy blue and white . Jump up ^ `` Arena Specifications '' . Scottrade Center . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan , Jimmy ( February 10 , 1966 ) . `` City Gets Big League Hockey ; New Team Begins NHL Play in 1967 -- 68 Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 24 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musial Partner ' Biggie ' Dies ; Political Figure '' . The Southeast Missourian . 4B . June 20 , 1967 . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Dan ( 2003 ) . Total NHL . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 604 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Saskatoon Group Purchases Blues , '' The Associated Press , Thursday , April 21 , 1983 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Blues ' Transfer Rejected , '' The Associated Press , Thursday , May 19 , 1983 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19830608&id=26gyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7ucFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3516,2099435&hl=en Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19830609&id=GXogAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o2cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3018,2193833&hl=en Jump up ^ https://www.stlouisgametime.com/2009/4/5/823172/the-saskatoon-blues-the-story ^ Jump up to : Duhatschek , Eric ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Hockey Chronicles . New York City : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4697 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Blues replace Kitchen with Murray '' . TSN.ca . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Coats , Bill ( February 9 , 2008 ) . `` Brewer will wear ' C ' for Blues '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Payne will remain team 's head coach -- St Louis Blues -- News '' . Blues.nhl.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues for sale after five years of Dave Checketts ' ownership '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2011 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NHL.com - Stats '' . www.nhl.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Predators defeat Blues , advance to first conference final '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 2015 NHL Attendance -- National Hockey League -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pinkert , Chris ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` Blues Unveil Third Jersey '' . St. Louis Blues . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Pinkert , Chris ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Blues Reveal New Look for 2014 - 15 '' . St. Louis Blues . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ St Louis Blues -- Community -- Name the Mascot Archived 2007 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( April 17 , 2010 ) . `` Songs to Accompany an Air Horn '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . When the St. Louis Blues score , the organist still belts out the time - tested `` When the Blues Go Marching In , '' to the tune of `` When the Saints Go Marching In . '' Jump up ^ Grossman , Evan ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` The history behind the NHL 's ubiquitous sound for scoring : the goal horn '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( October 15 , 2006 ) . `` In St. Louis , the Towel Man Cometh '' . The New York Times . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Blues Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pronger steps aside as captain ; MacInnis steps in '' . USA Today . September 15 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Award Winners '' . St. Louis Blues. 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinkert , Chris ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Blues retire Plager 's No. 5 to the rafters '' . NHL.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holland , Dave ( 2003 ) . Total NHL : The Ultimate Source on the National Hockey League . D. Diamond and Associates . pp. 368 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 920445 - 86 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Elliott , Blues -- Stats -- NHL.com -- Players '' . NHL.com. 1985 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Louis Blues . Official website St. Louis Blues news from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper Scottrade Center St. Louis Blues Founded in 1967 Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners St. Louis Blues Hockey Club , Inc . ( Tom Stillman , chairman ) General manager Doug Armstrong Head coach Mike Yeo Team captain Alex Pietrangelo Current roster Arenas St. Louis Arena Scottrade Center Rivalries Chicago Blackhawks Affiliates AHL San Antonio Rampage ECHL Tulsa Oilers Media TV FS Midwest Radio KMOX Newsradio ( 1120 AM ) Culture and lore The Monday Night Miracle Louie the Bear Saint Louis Blues ( song ) `` When the Blues Go Marching In '' Dan Kelly 2017 NHL Winter Classic Links to related articles St. Louis Blues seasons 1960s 1960 -- 61 . 1961 -- 62 . 1962 -- 63 . 1963 -- 64 . 1964 -- 65 . 1965 -- 66 . 1966 -- 67 . 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters SWL Joplin Miners PL Hannibal Hoots PL Cape Catfish Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr . Blues Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer USL Saint Louis FC MASL Kansas City Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Demize NPSL Saint Louis Club Atletico PDL St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Blues&oldid=845102492 '' Categories : St. Louis Blues 1967 establishments in Missouri Sports in Greater St. Louis Ice hockey clubs established in 1967 Central Division ( NHL ) Private equity portfolio companies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 11 : 36 . 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About Wikipedia	how many times have the blues won the stanley cup	[ "\n\nSt. Louis Blues\n\n\n 2018–19 St. Louis Blues season\n\n\n\n\n\nConference\nWestern\n\n\nDivision\nCentral\n\n\nFounded\n1967\n\n\nHistory\nSt. Louis Blues\n1967–present\n\n\nHome arena\nScottrade Center\n\n\nCity\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nColors\n\nRoyal blue, gold, navy blue, white[1][2]\n \n\n\nMedia\nFS Midwest\nKMOX Newsradio (1120 AM)\n\n\nOwner(s)\nSt. Louis Blues Hockey Club, Inc.\n\n\nGeneral manager\nDoug Armstrong\n\n\nHead coach\nMike Yeo\n\n\nCaptain\nAlex Pietrangelo\n\n\nMinor league affiliates\nSan Antonio Rampage (AHL)\nTulsa Oilers (ECHL)\n\n\nStanley Cups\n0\n\n\nConference championships\n0\n\n\nPresidents' Trophy\n1 (1999–2000)\n\n\nDivision championships\n9 (1968–69, 1969–70, 1976–77, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1999–2000, 2011–12, 2014–15)\n\n\nOfficial website\nnhl.com/blues\n\n" ]	[ "0" ]
-8139403406641327917	Super Bowl ring	Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four cities and three teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh , Steve Hoffman . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004. Bennie Thompson Grey cup 78th Wpg Superbowl Baltimore 1999 See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring MLS Cup ring NBA Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com List of all of the Super Bowl Rings at topchampionshiprings.com Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) LVIII ( 2024 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=854727948 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the most ring in the nfl	[ "Seven: two people.\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)", "Seven: two people.\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)" ]	[ "Bill Belichick", "Neal Dahlen" ]
3671548594458058137	National parks of England and Wales	National parks of England and Wales - wikipedia National parks of England and Wales Jump to : navigation , search The national parks of England and Wales are areas of relatively undeveloped and scenic landscape that are designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act ( 2016 ) . Despite their similar name , national parks in England and Wales are quite different from national parks in many other countries , which are usually owned and managed by the government as a protected community resource , and which do not usually include permanent human communities . In England and Wales , designation as a national park may include substantial settlements and human land uses which are often integral parts of the landscape , and land within a national park remains largely in private ownership . There are currently thirteen national parks ( Welsh : parciau cenedlaethol ) in England and Wales . Each park is operated by its own national park authority , with two `` statutory purposes '' : to conserve and enhance the natural beauty , wildlife and cultural heritage of the area , and to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the park 's special qualities by the public . When national parks carry out these purposes they also have the duty to : seek to foster the economic and social well - being of local communities within the national parks . An estimated 110 million people visit the national parks of England and Wales each year . Recreation and tourism bring visitors and funds into the parks , to sustain their conservation efforts and support the local population through jobs and businesses . These visitors also bring problems , such as erosion and traffic congestion , and conflicts over the use of the parks ' resources . Access to cultivated land is restricted to bridleways , public footpaths , and permissive paths , with most ( but not all ) uncultivated areas in England and Wales having right of access for walking under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Government support is established 1.2 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 1.3 Later additions 2 Organisation 3 Development and land use planning in national parks 4 Contribution to the local economy 5 Conflicts in national parks 6 List of national parks 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Part of the Brecon Beacons National Park , looking from the highest point of Pen y Fan ( 886 m / 2907 feet ) to Cribyn ( 795 m / 2608 feet ) . The head of Wasdale - this view appears on the logo of the Lake District National Park Authority Archaeological evidence from prehistoric Britain shows that the areas now designated as national parks have been occupied by humans since the Stone Age , at least 5,000 years ago and in some cases much earlier . Before the 19th century , relatively wild , remote areas were often seen simply as uncivilised and dangerous . In 1725 Daniel Defoe described the High Peak as `` the most desolate , wild and abandoned country in all England '' . However , by the early 19th century , romantic poets such as Byron , Coleridge and Wordsworth wrote about the inspirational beauty of the `` untamed '' countryside . Wordsworth described the English Lake District as a `` sort of national property in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive and a heart to enjoy '' in 1810 . This early vision , based in the Picturesque movement , took over a century , and much controversy , to take legal form in the UK with the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 . The idea for a form of national parks was first proposed in the United States in the 1860s , where national parks were established to protect wilderness areas such as Yosemite . This model has been used in many other countries since , but not in the United Kingdom . After thousands of years of human integration into the landscape , Britain lacks any substantial areas of wilderness . Furthermore , those areas of natural beauty so cherished by the romantic poets were often only maintained and managed in their existing state by human activity , usually agriculture . Government support is established ( edit ) By the early 1930s , increasing public interest in the countryside , coupled with the growing and newly mobile urban population , was generating increasing friction between those seeking access to the countryside and landowners . Alongside of direct action trespasses , such as the mass trespass of Kinder Scout , several voluntary bodies took up the cause of public access in the political arena . In 1931 , Christopher Addison ( later Lord Addison ) chaired a government committee that proposed a ' National Park Authority ' to choose areas for designation as national parks . A system of national reserves and nature sanctuaries was proposed : `` ( i ) to safeguard areas of exceptional natural interest against ( a ) disorderly development and ( b ) spoliation ; ( ii ) to improve the means of access for pedestrians to areas of natural beauty ; and ( iii ) to promote measures for the protection of flora and fauna . '' However , no further action was taken after the intervention of the 1931 General Election . The voluntary Standing Committee on National Parks first met on 26 May 1936 to put the case to the government for national parks in the UK . After World War II , the Labour Party proposed the establishment of national parks as part of the post-war reconstruction of the UK . A report by John Dower , secretary of the Standing Committee on National Parks , to the Minister of Town and Country Planning in 1945 was followed in 1947 by a Government committee , this time chaired by Sir Arthur Hobhouse , which prepared legislation for national parks , and proposed twelve national parks . Sir Arthur had this to say on the criteria for designating suitable areas : The essential requirements of a National Park are that it should have great natural beauty , a high value for open - air recreation and substantial continuous extent . Further , the distribution of selected areas should as far as practicable be such that at least one of them is quickly accessible from each of the main centres of population in England and Wales . Lastly there is merit in variety and with the wide diversity of landscape which is available in England and Wales , it would be wrong to confine the selection of National Parks to the more rugged areas of mountain and moorland , and to exclude other districts which , though of less outstanding grandeur and wildness , have their own distinctive beauty and a high recreational value . National parks and access to the Countryside Act 1949 ( edit ) Hadrian 's Wall crosses Northumberland National Park The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 was passed with all party support . The first ten national parks were designated as such in the 1950s under the Act in mostly poor - quality agricultural upland . Much of the land was still owned by individual landowners , often private estates , but there was also property owned by public bodies such as the Crown , or charities which allow and encourage access such as the National Trust . Accessibility from the cities was also considered important . Other areas were also considered : for example , parts of the coast of Cornwall were considered as a possible national park in the 1950s but were thought to be too disparate to form a single coherent national park and were eventually designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) instead . The north Pennines were also considered for designation as a national park in the 1970s but the proposal was thought to be administratively too difficult because the area was administered by five different county councils . Later additions ( edit ) The Broads in East Anglia are not in the strictest sense a national park , being run by a separately constituted Broads Authority set up by a special Act of Parliament in 1988 and with a structure in which conservation is subordinate to navigational concerns ( see Sandford Principle below ) , but it is generally regarded as being `` equivalent to '' a national park . The New Forest , which includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land , heathland and old - growth forest in the heavily populated south east of the country was designated as a national park on 1 March 2005 . On 31 March 2009 , Environment Secretary Hilary Benn announced that the South Downs would be designated a national park . The South Downs National Park came into effect on 31 March 2010 . Organisation ( edit ) Following the Environment Act 1995 , each national park has been managed by its own national park authority since April 1997 . Previously , all but the Peak District and the Lake District were governed by the local county councils . The Peak District and the Lake District , the first two national parks to be designated , were under the control of planning boards that were independent of the local county councils . Each authority is required to carry out two `` statutory purposes '' : to conserve and enhance the natural beauty , wildlife and cultural heritage of the area ; and to promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the parks ' special qualities by the public . These purposes can conflict : in such cases , under the `` Sandford Principle '' , conservation comes first . This principle was given statutory force by section 62 of the Environment Act 1995 , although there are no explicit provisions as to how wildlife is to be preserved . In pursuing these purposes , national park authorities also have a duty to foster the social and economic well - being of their local communities . Slightly over half the members of each national park authority are appointees from the principal local authorities covered by the park ; the remainder are appointed by the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( in England ) or the Welsh Ministers ( in Wales ) , some to represent local parish or community councils , others selected to represent the `` national interest '' . The Broads Authority also has members appointed by Natural England , Great Yarmouth Port Authority and the Environment Agency . The national park authorities and the Broads Authority are covered by similar regulatory controls to those applied to local councils . Funding for national parks is complex , but the full cost of each park authority is funded from central government funds . In the past this was partly paid for by local authorities , and refunded to them from the government to varying degrees . In 2003 / 2004 , the park authorities received around £ 35.5 million of central government funding . Natural England is the statutory body responsible for designating new national parks in England , subject to approval by the Secretary of State ; Natural Resources Wales designates new national parks in Wales , subject to approval by the Welsh Ministers . The Association of National Park Authorities exists to provide the park authorities with a single voice when dealing with government and its agencies . The Campaign for National Parks ( formerly Council for National Parks ) is a charity that works to protect and enhance the national parks of England and Wales . Development and land use planning in national parks ( edit ) National park authorities are the strategic and local planning authorities for their areas , so that the local district or unitary councils do not exercise planning control in an area covered by a national park . Consequently , they have to perform all the duties of a local planning authority . They are responsible for maintaining the local development framework -- the spatial planning guide for their area . They also grant planning consent for development , within the constraints of the Framework . This gives them very strong direct control over residential and industrial development , and the design of buildings and other structures ; as well as strategic matters such as mineral extraction . The national park authorities ' planning powers vary only slightly from other authorities , but the policies and their interpretation are stricter than elsewhere . This is supported and encouraged by the government who regard : `` National Park designation as conferring the highest status of protection as far as landscape and scenic beauty are concerned . '' The Countryside -- Environmental Quality and Economic and Social Development ( 1997 ) Contribution to the local economy ( edit ) Tourism is an important part of the economy of the regions which contain national parks . Through attractions , shops and accommodation , visitors provide an income and a livelihood to local employers and farmers . This income provides jobs for the park . For example , within the Peak District National Park the estimate in 2004 for visitor spending is £ 185 million , which supports over 3,400 jobs , representing 27 % of total employment in the national park . Conflicts in national parks ( edit ) The national park authorities have two roles : to conserve and enhance the park , and to promote its use by visitors . These two objectives cause frequent conflicts between the needs of different groups of people . It is estimated that the national parks of England and Wales receive 110 million visitors each year . Most of the time it is possible to achieve both the original two purposes by good management . Occasionally a situation arises where access for the public is in direct conflict with conservation . Following the ethos of the Sandford Principle , the Environment Act 1995 sets down how a priority may be established between conservation and recreational use . Similar provision has been made for Scottish national parks . Although recreation and tourism brings many benefits to an area , it also brings a number of problems . The national funding offered to national park authorities is partly in recognition of the extra difficulties created in dealing with these conflicts . Congestion of villages and beauty spots Some of the most popular `` honeypot '' areas attract large numbers of visitors , resulting in overcrowded car parks , blocked roads , and overstretched local facilities , particularly on Sundays in the summer and on bank holidays . Examples include the areas near Keswick in the Lake District and Buxton and Bakewell in the Peak District . Erosion Hill - walking and use of other public rights - of - way is an extremely popular use of all the national parks . Heavy use of the most popular paths leads to considerable erosion , but strengthening of paths can be unsightly . Particularly heavy wear is caused by sponsored walks , walks promoted by national books and magazines , by horse riding on unsurfaced bridleways , mountain biking and use of off - road vehicles on green lanes . Examples include Dovedale in the Peak District . Over-grazing , for example , by sheep on hill and moorland areas , can also reduce vegetation , leading to increased erosion . Damage and disturbance to wildlife Wildlife may be disturbed by the level of use on some of the areas of the parks that are open to the public . Moorland and chalk downland is easily damaged by regular use , and takes many years to recover . Moorland birds in particular nest and roost on the ground and are therefore especially sensitive . Orienteering , mountain biking and hang gliding are typical activities which are likely to cause disturbance to nesting birds . Litter Litter of all kinds is both unsightly and can cause pollution and damage to livestock and wild animals . Broken glass is a danger to people and , by focusing the rays of the sun , a possible cause of fire , particularly in areas of moorland such as Exmoor , parts of the Peak District and the North York Moors . Damage to farmland Trampling of grass meadows reduces the amount of winter feed for farm animals . Walkers who stray from footpaths may climb over fences or dry stone walls rather than looking out for the stiles that mark the course of footpaths across farmland . Sheep can be injured or even killed by dogs not under proper control , especially at lambing time . Local community displacement Gift shops and cafés which cater for the needs of tourists are often more profitable than shops selling everyday goods for local people ( such as butchers or bakers ) . In some villages where tourist shops are in the majority and there are few shops catering for the local people , the local community may feel pushed out by the tourists . Houses are often very expensive in tourist villages as there is demand for them as second homes or holiday homes by holiday cottage firms or well - off people who live elsewhere , or who move to a local home from which they commute to work , making them unaffordable for local people . This is a particular problem in areas within easy commuting distance of large cities , such as the Peak District , the Lake District , the Yorkshire Dales , and the New Forest and South Downs . Conflict between recreational users Some forms of use of national parks interfere with other uses . For example , use of high - speed boats causes noise pollution , and conflicts with other uses such as boat trips , yachting , canoeing , and swimming . A controversial bylaw imposing a 10 knot speed limit came into force on Windermere on 29 March 2005 . The new speed limit for Windermere effectively prohibits speedboats and water skiing in the Lake District ( of the 16 larger lakes in the Lake District , only Windermere , Coniston Water , Derwent Water and Ullswater have a public right of navigation ; speed limits were imposed on the three lakes other than Windermere in the 1970s and 1980s ) . List of national parks ( edit ) Main article : List of national parks of England and Wales Key National park Established km2 sq mi Peak District 17 April 1951 1,438 555 Lake District 9 May 1951 2,362 912 Snowdonia ( Welsh : Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri ) 18 October 1951 2,142 827 Dartmoor 30 October 1951 956 369 5 Pembrokeshire Coast ( Welsh : Arfordir Penfro ) 29 February 1952 620 240 6 North York Moors 28 November 1952 1,436 554 7 Yorkshire Dales 16 November 1954 2,178 841 8 Exmoor 19 October 1954 693 268 9 Northumberland 6 April 1956 1,049 405 10 Brecon Beacons ( Welsh : Bannau Brycheiniog ) 17 April 1957 1,351 522 11 The Broads 1 April 1989 303 117 12 New Forest 1 March 2005 580 220 13 South Downs 12 November 2009 1,641 634 Established total 16,749 6,467 Thirteen areas are designated as national parks in England and Wales ; the Broads now have ' equivalent status ' . At the beginning of 2005 , some 9.3 % of the area of England and Wales lay within national parks ; the addition of South Downs and the New Forest would increase this proportion to 10.7 % . The three Welsh national parks cover around 20 % of the land area of Wales . See also ( edit ) Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Conservation in the United Kingdom National parks of Northern Ireland National parks of Scotland List of national parks of England and Wales References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defoe , Daniel . A Tour Thro ' the Whole Island of Great Britain , Divided into Circuits or Journies. ( 1724 -- 26 ) `` There is indeed an extended angle of this county , which runs a great way north west by Chappel in the Frith , and which they call High Peak . This , perhaps , is the most desolate , wild , and abandoned country in all England ; The mountains of the Peak , of which I have been speaking , seem to be but the beginning of wonders to this part of the country , and but the beginning of mountains , or , if you will , as the lower rounds of a ladder . The tops of these hills seem to be as much above the clouds , as the clouds are above the ordinary range of hills . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Our National Parks - Filex 1 '' ( PDF ) . Exmoor National Park . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the National Parks '' . National Parks : Britain 's Breathing Space . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Parks . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . New Forest National Park . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Downs Park website '' . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in the Peak District National Park : fact sheet 2 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` History of the National Parks '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New South Downs National Park announced '' . Defra. 31 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National parks of England . Wikimedia Commons has media related to National parks of Wales . UK National Parks Portal Association of National Park Authorities Campaign for National Parks Natural England Natural Resources Wales Landscape Protection - National Parks -- from the Department for the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . National parks of the United Kingdom England Peak District ( 1951 ) Lake District ( 1951 ) Dartmoor ( 1951 ) North York Moors ( 1952 ) Yorkshire Dales ( 1954 ) Exmoor ( 1954 ) Northumberland ( 1956 ) The Broads ‡ ( 1988 ) New Forest ( 2005 ) South Downs ( 2010 ) Wales Snowdonia ( 1951 ) Pembrokeshire Coast ( 1952 ) Brecon Beacons ( 1957 ) Scotland Loch Lomond and The Trossachs ( 2002 ) Cairngorms ( 2003 ) Northern Ireland Mourne Mountains † Parentheses denote year of establishment as a National Park . An area with ‡ has similar status to a UK National Park . Areas marked † are proposed . List of national parks of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_parks_of_England_and_Wales&oldid=815097559 '' Categories : National parks of England and Wales Lists of national parks National parks in England National parks in Wales National parks of the United Kingdom Lists of protected areas of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Welsh - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Íslenska 日本語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many national parks are there in england and wales	[ "There are currently thirteen national parks (Welsh: parciau cenedlaethol) in England and Wales. Each park is operated by its own national park authority, with two \"statutory purposes\":" ]	[ "thirteen" ]
5980599055808415653	Light-independent reactions	Light - independent reactions - wikipedia Light - independent reactions Jump to : navigation , search See also : Light - dependent reactions This article needs attention from an expert in Biology or Molecular and Cell Biology . The specific problem is : The title and scope of this article have issues . See the talk page for details . WikiProject Biology or WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( April 2017 ) The internal structure of a chloroplast The light - independent reactions , or dark reactions , of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose . These reactions occur in the stroma , the fluid - filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes . These reactions take the products ( ATP and NADPH ) of light - dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them . There are three phases to the light - independent reactions , collectively called the Calvin cycle : carbon fixation , reduction reactions , and ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) regeneration . This process occurs only when light is available . Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime . They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves . This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis ( C3 carbon fixation , C4 carbon fixation , and Crassulacean acid metabolism ) ; CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work . They are also known as dark reactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways 1.1 Steps 1.2 Products 2 Light - dependent regulation 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Coupling to other metabolic pathways ( edit ) These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed . The process of photorespiration , also known as C2 cycle , is also coupled to the dark reactions , as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme , and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde - 3 - P . Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation The Calvin cycle , Calvin -- Benson -- Bassham ( CBB ) cycle , reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms . The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin , James Bassham , and Andrew Benson at the University of California , Berkeley by using the radioactive isotope carbon - 14 . Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH . The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short - lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds that can be used by the organism ( and by animals that feed on it ) . This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation . The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO . In the following biochemical equations , the chemical species ( phosphates and carboxylic acids ) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH . The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway , but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol , separating the reactions . They are activated in the light ( which is why the name `` dark reaction '' is misleading ) , and also by products of the light - dependent reaction . These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide . Energy ( in the form of ATP ) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity . The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following : 3 CO + 6 NADPH + 6 H + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) + 6 NADP + 9 ADP + 3 H O + 8 P ( P = inorganic phosphate ) Hexose ( six - carbon ) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle . Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C O , this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration , where six - carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria . The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three - carbon sugar phosphate molecules , or `` triose phosphates , '' namely , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) . Steps ( edit ) In the first stage of the Calvin cycle , a CO molecule is incorporated into one of two three - carbon molecules ( glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate or G3P ) , where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH , which had been produced in the light - dependent stage . The three steps involved are : Calvin cycle step 1 ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , RuBP , a 5 - carbon compound , by carbon dioxide ( a total of 6 carbons ) in a two - step reaction . The product of the first step is enediol - enzyme complex that can capture CO or O . Thus , enediol - enzyme complex is the real carboxylase / oxygenase . The CO that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six - carbon compound called 2 - carboxy 3 - keto 1 , 5 - biphosphoribotol ( or 3 - keto - 2 - carboxyarabinitol 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3 - phosphoglycerate , or 3 - PGA , a 3 - carbon compound ( also : 3 - phosphoglyceric acid , PGA , 3PGA ) . The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3 - PGA by ATP ( which was produced in the light - dependent stage ) . 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate ( 1 , 3BPGA , glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate ) and ADP are the products . ( However , note that two 3 - PGAs are produced for every CO that enters the cycle , so this step utilizes two ATP per CO fixed . ) The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1 , 3BPGA by NADPH ( which is another product of the light - dependent stage ) . Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate ( also called G3P , GP , TP , PGAL , GAP ) is produced , and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP . Again , two NADPH are utilized per CO fixed . Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP . Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules , using up three molecules of ATP . Since each CO molecule produces two G3P molecules , three CO molecules produce six G3P molecules , of which five are used to regenerate RuBP , leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO molecules ( as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved ) . Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps . Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate ( DHAP ) , also a 3 - carbon molecule . Aldolase and fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6 - phosphate ( 6C ) . A phosphate ion is lost into solution . Then fixation of another CO generates two more G3P . F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving erythrose - 4 - phosphate . The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P , giving the ketose xylulose - 5 - phosphate ( Xu5P ) . E4P and a DHAP ( formed from one of the G3P from the second CO fixation ) are converted into sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate ( 7C ) by aldolase enzyme . Sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase ( one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants ) cleaves sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphate into sedoheptulose - 7 - phosphate , releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution . Fixation of a third CO generates two more G3P . The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase , giving ribose - 5 - phosphate ( R5P ) , and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P , giving another Xu5P . This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO , with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P . R5P is converted into ribulose - 5 - phosphate ( Ru5P , RuP ) by phosphopentose isomerase . Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase . Finally , phosphoribulokinase ( another plant - unique enzyme of the pathway ) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP , ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , completing the Calvin cycle . This requires the input of one ATP . Thus , of six G3P produced , five are used to make three RuBP ( 5C ) molecules ( totaling 15 carbons ) , with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose . This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO molecules . The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below . The overall equation of the Calvin cycle ( black circles represent carbon atoms ) RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example . Products ( edit ) The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) molecules , 3 ADP , and 2 NADP . ( ADP and NADP are not really `` products . '' They are regenerated and later used again in the Light - dependent reactions ) . Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons . For the Calvin cycle to continue , RuBP ( ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate ) must be regenerated . So , 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose . Therefore , there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn . To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons , and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle . To make one glucose molecule ( which can be created from 2 G3P molecules ) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle . Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch , sucrose , and cellulose , depending on what the plant needs . Light - dependent regulation ( edit ) Main article : Light - dependent reactions These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night . There is a light - dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes , as the third step requires reduced NADP . There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off : the thioredoxin / ferredoxin activation system , which activates some of the cycle enzymes ; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation , active in the Calvin cycle , which involves its own activase . The thioredoxin / ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde - 3 - P dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - P phosphatase , fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphatase , sedoheptulose - 1 , 7 - bisphosphatase , and ribulose - 5 - phosphatase kinase , which are key points of the process . This happens when light is available , as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it . Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein , which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes . This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes . The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available . The enzyme RuBisCo has its own , more complex activation process . It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme . This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated . A specific activase enzyme , called RuBisCo activase , helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible . Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional , as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function . This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow . RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Silverstein , Alvin ( 2008 ) . Photosynthesis . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 21 . ISBN 9780822567981 . Jump up ^ John C. Cushman ( 2001 ) . `` A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments '' . Plant Physiology. 127 ( 4 ) : 1439 -- 1448 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 010818 . PMC 1540176 . PMID 11743087 . Jump up ^ Bassham J , Benson A , Calvin M ( 1950 ) . `` The path of carbon in photosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . J Biol Chem. 185 ( 2 ) : 781 -- 7 . doi : 10.2172 / 910351 . PMID 14774424 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Brad Williamson ; Robin J. Heyden ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , Massachusetts : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H ( 2009 ) . `` Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange '' . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 ( IV ) : 275 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9237 - 4_12 . Jump up ^ Campbell , and Reece Biology : 8th Edition , page 198 . Benjamin Cummings , December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Russell , Wolfe et al. Biology : Exploring the Diversity of Life '. Toronto : Nelson College Indigenous , 1st ed , Vol. 1 , 2010 , pg 151 Jump up ^ Besse , I ; Buchanan , B ( 1997 ) . `` Thioredoxin - linked animal and plant processes : the new generation '' . Bot . Bull. Acad. Sin. 38 : 1 -- 11 . Bibliography Bassham JA ( 2003 ) . `` Mapping the carbon reduction cycle : a personal retrospective '' . Photosyn . Res. 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 -- 52 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024929725022 . PMID 16228564 . Diwan , Joyce J. ( 2005 ) . `` Photosynthetic Dark Reaction '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . Portis , Archie ; Parry , Martin ( 2007 ) . `` Discoveries in Rubisco ( Ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ) : a historical perspective '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 94 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 007 - 9225 - 6 . PMID 17665149 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 12 Further reading ( edit ) Rubisco Activase , from the Plant Physiology Online website Thioredoxins , from the Plant Physiology Online website External links ( edit ) The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry , Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg , John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer . Published by W.H. Freeman and Company ( 2002 ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the light independent stage of photosynthesis occur	[ "The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration." ]	[ "in the stroma" ]
8053365698701232858	Spitzer Space Telescope	Spitzer Space telescope - wikipedia Spitzer Space telescope Spitzer Space Telescope Artist rendering of the Spitzer Space Telescope Names Space Infrared Telescope Facility Mission type Infrared space telescope Operator NASA / JPL / Caltech COSPAR ID 2003 - 038A SATCAT no . 27871 Website http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/ Mission duration Planned : 2.5 to 5 + years Primary mission : 5 years , 8 months , 19 days Elapsed : 14 years , 10 months , 16 days Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Lockheed Ball Aerospace Launch mass 950 kg ( 2,094 lb ) Dry mass 884 kg ( 1,949 lb ) Payload mass 851.5 kg ( 1,877 lb ) Start of mission Launch date 25 August 2003 , 05 : 35 : 39 ( 2003 - 08 - 25UTC05 : 35 : 39 ) UTC Rocket Delta II 7920H Launch site Cape Canaveral SLC - 17B Entered service 18 December 2003 Orbital parameters Reference system Heliocentric Regime Earth - trailing Eccentricity 0.011 Perihelion 1.003 AU Aphelion 1.026 AU Inclination 1.13 ° Period 373.2 days Epoch 16 March 2017 00 : 00 : 00 Main telescope Type Ritchey -- Chrétien Diameter 0.85 m ( 2.8 ft ) Focal length 10.2 m ( 33 ft ) Wavelengths infrared , 3.6 -- 160 μm show Instruments IRAC Infrared Array Camera IRS Infrared Spectrograph MIPS Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer Great Observatories program ← Chandra The Spitzer Space Telescope ( SST ) , formerly the Space Infrared Telescope Facility ( SIRTF ) , is an infrared space telescope launched in 2003 and still operating as of 2018 . It is the fourth and final of the NASA Great Observatories program . The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted . This occurred on 15 May 2009 . Without liquid helium to cool the telescope to the very low temperatures needed to operate , most of the instruments are no longer usable . However , the two shortest - wavelength modules of the IRAC camera are still operable with the same sensitivity as before the cryogen was exhausted , and have continued to be used to the present in the Spitzer Warm Mission . All Spitzer data , from both the primary and warm phases , are archived at the Infrared Science Archive ( IRSA ) . In keeping with NASA tradition , the telescope was renamed after its successful demonstration of operation , on 18 December 2003 . Unlike most telescopes that are named after famous deceased astronomers by a board of scientists , the new name for SIRTF was obtained from a contest open to the general public . The contest led to the telescope being named in honor of astronomer Lyman Spitzer , who had promoted the concept of space telescopes in the 1940s . Spitzer wrote a 1946 report for RAND Corporation describing the advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory and how it could be realized with available or upcoming technology . He has been cited for his pioneering contributions to rocketry and astronomy , as well as `` his vision and leadership in articulating the advantages and benefits to be realized from the Space Telescope Program . '' The US $720 million Spitzer was launched on 25 August 2003 at 05 : 35 : 39 UTC from Cape Canaveral SLC - 17B aboard a Delta II 7920H rocket . It follows a heliocentric instead of geocentric orbit , trailing and drifting away from Earth 's orbit at approximately 0.1 astronomical units per year ( a so - called `` earth - trailing '' orbit ) . The primary mirror is 85 centimeters ( 33 in ) in diameter , f / 12 , made of beryllium and was cooled to 5.5 K ( − 268 ° C ; − 450 ° F ) . The satellite contains three instruments that allow it to perform astronomical imaging and photometry from 3.6 to 160 micrometers , spectroscopy from 5.2 to 38 micrometers , and spectrophotometry from 5 to 100 micrometers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Instruments 3 Results 3.1 GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys 3.2 2010s 3.3 Spitzer Beyond 3.4 Planet hunter 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) By the early 1970s , astronomers began to consider the possibility of placing an infrared telescope above the obscuring effects of Earth 's atmosphere . In 1979 , a report from the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences , A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s , identified a Space Infrared Telescope Facility ( SIRTF ) as `` one of two major astrophysics facilities ( to be developed ) for Spacelab '' , a Shuttle - borne platform . Anticipating the major results from an upcoming Explorer satellite and from the Shuttle mission , the report also favored the `` study and development of ... long - duration spaceflights of infrared telescopes cooled to cryogenic temperatures . '' The launch in January 1983 of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite , jointly developed by the United States , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom , to conduct the first infrared survey of the sky , whetted the appetites of scientists worldwide for follow - up space missions capitalizing on the rapid improvements in infrared detector technology . Earlier infrared observations had been made by both space - based and ground - based observatories . Ground - based observatories have the drawback that at infrared wavelengths or frequencies , both the Earth 's atmosphere and the telescope itself will radiate ( glow ) strongly . Additionally , the atmosphere is opaque at most infrared wavelengths . This necessitates lengthy exposure times and greatly decreases the ability to detect faint objects . It could be compared to trying to observe the stars at noon . Previous space observatories ( such as IRAS , the Infrared Astronomical Satellite , and ISO , the Infrared Space Observatory ) were launched during the 1980s and 1990s and great advances in astronomical technology have been made since then . SIRTF in a Kennedy Space Center clean room Launch of SIRTF in 2003 aboard the 300th Delta rocket Most of the early concepts envisioned repeated flights aboard the NASA Space Shuttle . This approach was developed in an era when the Shuttle program was expected to support weekly flights of up to 30 days duration . A May 1983 NASA proposal described SIRTF as a Shuttle - attached mission , with an evolving scientific instrument payload . Several flights were anticipated with a probable transition into a more extended mode of operation , possibly in association with a future space platform or space station . SIRTF would be a 1 - meter class , cryogenically cooled , multi-user facility consisting of a telescope and associated focal plane instruments . It would be launched on the Space Shuttle and remain attached to the Shuttle as a Spacelab payload during astronomical observations , after which it would be returned to Earth for refurbishment prior to re-flight . The first flight was expected to occur about 1990 , with the succeeding flights anticipated beginning approximately one year later . However , the Spacelab - 2 flight aboard STS - 51 - F showed that the Shuttle environment was poorly suited to an onboard infrared telescope due to contamination from the relatively `` dirty '' vacuum associated with the orbiters . By September 1983 NASA was considering the `` possibility of a long duration ( free - flyer ) SIRTF mission '' . Spitzer is the only one of the Great Observatories not launched by the Space Shuttle , as was originally intended . However , after the 1986 Challenger disaster , the Centaur LH2 -- LOX upper stage , which would have been required to place it in its final orbit , was banned from Shuttle use . The mission underwent a series of redesigns during the 1990s , primarily due to budget considerations . This resulted in a much smaller but still fully capable mission that could use the smaller Delta II expendable launch vehicle . One of the most important advances of this redesign was an Earth - trailing orbit . Cryogenic satellites that require liquid helium ( LHe , T ≈ 4 K ) temperatures in near - Earth orbit are typically exposed to a large heat load from the Earth , and consequently require large amounts of LHe coolant , which then tends to dominate the total payload mass and limits mission life . Placing the satellite in solar orbit far from Earth allowed innovative passive cooling such as the sun shield , against the single remaining major heat source to drastically reduce the total mass of helium needed , resulting in an overall smaller lighter payload , with major cost savings . This orbit also simplifies telescope pointing , but does require the NASA Deep Space Network for communications . The primary instrument package ( telescope and cryogenic chamber ) was developed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies , in Boulder , Colorado . The individual instruments were developed jointly by industrial , academic , and government institutions , the principals being Cornell , the University of Arizona , the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , Ball Aerospace , and Goddard Spaceflight Center . The shorter - wavelength infrared detectors were developed by Raytheon in Goleta , California . Raytheon used indium antimonide and a doped silicon detector in the creation of the infrared detectors . It is stated that these detectors are 100 times more sensitive than what was once available in the beginning of the project during the 1980s . The far - IR detectors ( 70 - 160 micrometers ) were developed jointly by the University of Arizona and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using Gallium - doped Germanium . The spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martin . The mission is operated and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Spitzer Science Center , located on the Caltech campus in Pasadena , California . Spitzer ran out of liquid helium coolant on 15 May 2009 , which stopped far - IR observations . Only the IRAC instrument remains in use , and only at the two shorter wavelength bands ( 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm ) . The telescope equilibrium temperature is now around 30 K ( − 243 ° C ; − 406 ° F ) , and IRAC continues to produce valuable images at those wavelengths as the `` Spitzer Warm Mission '' . Instruments ( edit ) Henize 206 viewed by different instruments in March 2004 . The separate IRAC and MPIS images are at right . Spitzer carries three instruments on - board : Infrared Array Camera ( IRAC ) An infrared camera which operates simultaneously on four wavelengths ( 3.6 μm , 4.5 μm , 5.8 μm and 8 μm ) . Each module uses a 256 × 256 - pixel detector -- the short wavelength pair use indium antimonide technology , the long wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon impurity band conduction technology . The principal investigator is Giovanni Fazio of Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ; the flight hardware was built by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Infrared Spectrograph ( IRS ) An infrared spectrometer with four sub-modules which operate at the wavelengths 5.3 -- 14 μm ( low resolution ) , 10 -- 19.5 μm ( high resolution ) , 14 -- 40 μm ( low resolution ) , and 19 -- 37 μm ( high resolution ) . Each module uses a 128 × 128 - pixel detector -- the short wavelength pair use arsenic - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology , the long wavelength pair use antimony - doped silicon blocked impurity band technology . The principal investigator is James R. Houck of Cornell University ; the flight hardware was built by Ball Aerospace . Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer ( MIPS ) Three detector arrays in the far infrared ( 128 × 128 pixels at 24 μm , 32 × 32 pixels at 70 μm , 2 × 20 pixels at 160 μm ) . The 24 μm detector is identical to one of the IRS short wavelength modules . The 70 μm detector uses gallium - doped germanium technology , and the 160 μm detector also uses gallium - doped germanium , but with mechanical stress added to each pixel to lower the bandgap and extend sensitivity to this long wavelength . The principal investigator is George H. Rieke of the University of Arizona ; the flight hardware was built by Ball Aerospace . Results ( edit ) Spitzer 's first light image of IC 1396 . The first images taken by SST were designed to show off the abilities of the telescope and showed a glowing stellar nursery ; a big swirling , dusty galaxy ; a disc of planet - forming debris ; and organic material in the distant universe . Since then , many monthly press releases have highlighted Spitzer 's capabilities , as the NASA and ESA images do for the Hubble Space Telescope . As one of its most noteworthy observations , in 2005 , SST became the first telescope to directly capture light from exoplanets , namely the `` hot Jupiters '' HD 209458 b and TrES - 1b , although it did not resolve that light into actual images . This was the first time extrasolar planets had actually been visually seen ; earlier observations had been indirectly made by drawing conclusions from behaviors of the stars the planets were orbiting . The telescope also discovered in April 2005 that Cohen - kuhi Tau / 4 had a planetary disk that was vastly younger and contained less mass than previously theorized , leading to new understandings of how planets are formed . The Helix Nebula . Blue shows infrared light of 3.6 to 4.5 micrometers ; green shows infrared light of 5.8 to 8 micrometers ; and red shows infrared light of 24 micrometers . While some time on the telescope is reserved for participating institutions and crucial projects , astronomers around the world also have the opportunity to submit proposals for observing time . Important targets include forming stars ( young stellar objects , or YSOs ) , planets , and other galaxies . Images are freely available for educational and journalistic purposes . In 2004 , it was reported that Spitzer had spotted a faintly glowing body that may be the youngest star ever seen . The telescope was trained on a core of gas and dust known as L1014 which had previously appeared completely dark to ground - based observatories and to ISO ( Infrared Space Observatory ) , a predecessor to Spitzer . The advanced technology of Spitzer revealed a bright red hot spot in the middle of L1014 . Scientists from the University of Texas at Austin , who discovered the object , believe the hot spot to be an example of early star development , with the young star collecting gas and dust from the cloud around it . Early speculation about the hot spot was that it might have been the faint light of another core that lies 10 times further from Earth but along the same line of sight as L1014 . Follow - up observation from ground - based near - infrared observatories detected a faint fan - shaped glow in the same location as the object found by Spitzer . That glow is too feeble to have come from the more distant core , leading to the conclusion that the object is located within L1014 . ( Young et al. , 2004 ) In 2005 , astronomers from the University of Wisconsin at Madison and Whitewater determined , on the basis of 400 hours of observation on the Spitzer Space Telescope , that the Milky Way galaxy has a more substantial bar structure across its core than previously recognized . Artificial color image of the Double Helix Nebula , thought to be generated at the galactic center by magnetic torsion 1000 times greater than the Sun 's . Also in 2005 , astronomers Alexander Kashlinsky and John Mather of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center reported that one of Spitzer 's earliest images may have captured the light of the first stars in the universe . An image of a quasar in the Draco constellation , intended only to help calibrate the telescope , was found to contain an infrared glow after the light of known objects was removed . Kashlinsky and Mather are convinced that the numerous blobs in this glow are the light of stars that formed as early as 100 million years after the Big Bang , redshifted by cosmic expansion . In March 2006 , astronomers reported an 80 - light - year long ( 25 pc ) nebula near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy , the Double Helix Nebula , which is , as the name implies , twisted into a double spiral shape . This is thought to be evidence of massive magnetic fields generated by the gas disc orbiting the supermassive black hole at the galaxy 's center , 300 light - years ( 92 pc ) from the nebula and 25,000 light - years ( 7,700 pc ) from Earth . This nebula was discovered by Spitzer and published in the magazine Nature on 16 March 2006 . In May 2007 , astronomers successfully mapped the atmospheric temperature of HD 189733 b , thus obtaining the first map of some kind of an extrasolar planet . Since September 2006 the telescope participates in a series of surveys called the Gould Belt Survey , observing the Gould 's Belt region in multiple wavelengths . The first set of observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope were completed from 21 September 2006 through 27 September . Resulting from these observations , the team of astronomers led by Dr. Robert Gutermuth , of the Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics reported the discovery of Serpens South , a cluster of 50 young stars in the Serpens constellation . The Andromeda Galaxy taken by MIPS at 24 micrometers Scientists have long wondered how tiny silicate crystals , which need high temperatures to form , have found their way into frozen comets , born in the very cold environment of the Solar System 's outer edges . The crystals would have begun as non-crystallized , amorphous silicate particles , part of the mix of gas and dust from which the Solar System developed . This mystery has deepened with the results of the Stardust sample return mission , which captured particles from Comet Wild 2 . Many of the Stardust particles were found to have formed at temperatures in excess of 1000 K . In May 2009 , Spitzer researchers from Germany , Hungary and the Netherlands found that amorphous silicate appears to have been transformed into crystalline form by an outburst from a star . They detected the infrared signature of forsterite silicate crystals on the disk of dust and gas surrounding the star EX Lupi during one of its frequent flare - ups , or outbursts , seen by Spitzer in April 2008 . These crystals were not present in Spitzer 's previous observations of the star 's disk during one of its quiet periods . These crystals appear to have formed by radiative heating of the dust within 0.5 AU of EX Lupi . In August 2009 , the telescope found evidence of a high - speed collision between two burgeoning planets orbiting a young star . In October 2009 , astronomers Anne J. Verbiscer , Michael F. Skrutskie , and Douglas P. Hamilton published findings of the `` Phoebe ring '' of Saturn , which was found with the telescope ; the ring is a huge , tenuous disc of material extending from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn . GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys ( edit ) GLIMPSE , the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire , is a survey spanning 300 ° of the inner Milky Way galaxy . It consists of approximately 444,000 images taken at four separate wavelengths using the Infrared Array Camera . MIPSGAL is a similar survey covering 278 ° of the galactic disk at longer wavelengths . On 3 June 2008 , scientists unveiled the largest , most detailed infra - red portrait of the Milky Way , created by stitching together more than 800,000 snapshots , at the 212th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in St. Louis , Missouri . This composite survey is now viewable with the GLIMPSE / MIPSGAL Viewer . 2010s ( edit ) An arrow points to the embryonic star HOPS - 68 , where scientists believe forsterite crystals are raining down onto the central dust disk . Spitzer observations , announced in May 2011 , indicate that tiny forsterite crystals might be falling down like rain on to the protostar HOPS - 68 . The discovery of the forsterite crystals in the outer collapsing cloud of the protostar is surprising , because the crystals form at lava - like high temperatures , yet they are found in the molecular cloud where the temperatures are about − 170 ° C ( 103 K ; − 274 ° F ) . This led the team of astronomers to speculate that the bipolar outflow from the young star may be transporting the forsterite crystals from near the star 's surface to the chilly outer cloud . In January 2012 , it was reported that further analysis of the Spitzer observations of EX Lupi can be understood if the forsterite crystalline dust was moving away from the protostar at a remarkable average speed of 38 kilometres per second ( 24 mi / s ) . It would appear that such high speeds can arise only if the dust grains had been ejected by a bipolar outflow close to the star . Such observations are consistent with an astrophysical theory , developed in the early 1990s , where it was suggested that bipolar outflows garden or transform the disks of gas and dust that surround protostars by continually ejecting reprocessed , highly heated material from the inner disk , adjacent to the protostar , to regions of the accretion disk further away from the protostar . In April 2015 , Spitzer and the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment were reported as co-discovering one of the most distant planets ever identified : a gas giant about 13,000 light - years ( 4,000 pc ) away from Earth . Illustration of a brown dwarf combined with a graph of light curves from OGLE - 2015 - BLG - 1319 : Ground - based data ( grey ) , Swift ( blue ) , and Spitzer ( red ) In June and July 2015 , the brown dwarf OGLE - 2015 - BLG - 1319 was discovered using the gravitational microlensing detection method in a joint effort between Swift , Spitzer , and the ground - based Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment , the first time two space telescopes have observed the same microlensing event . This method was possible because of the large separation between the two spacecraft : Swift is in low - Earth orbit while Spitzer is more than one AU distant in an Earth - trailing heliocentric orbit . This separation provided significantly different perspectives of the brown dwarf , allowing for constraints to be placed on some of the object 's physical characteristics . Reported in March 2016 , Spitzer and Hubble were used to discover the most distant - known galaxy , GN - z11 . This object was seen as it appeared 13.4 billion years ago . Spitzer Beyond ( edit ) On 1 October 2016 , Spitzer began its Observation Cycle 13 , a 2 ⁄ year extended mission nicknamed Beyond . One of the goals of this extended mission is to help prepare for the James Webb Space Telescope , also an infrared telescope , by identifying candidates for more detailed observations . Another aspect of the Beyond mission are the engineering challenges of operating Spitzer in its progressing orbital phase . As the spacecraft moves farther from Earth on the same orbital path from the Sun , its antenna must point at increasingly higher angles to communicate with ground stations ; this change in angle imparts more and more solar heating on the vehicle while its solar panels receive less sunlight . Planet hunter ( edit ) Artist 's impression of the TRAPPIST - 1 system Spitzer has been put to work studying exoplanets thanks to creatively tweaking its hardware . This included doubling its stability by modifying its heating cycle , finding a new use for the `` peak - up '' camera , and analyzing the sensor at a sub-pixel level . Although in its `` warm '' mission , the spacecraft 's passive cooling system keeps the sensors at 29 K ( − 244 ° C ; − 407 ° F ) . Spitzer can use the transit photometry and gravitational microlensing techniques to perform these observations . According to NASA 's Sean Carey , `` We never even considered using Spitzer for studying exoplanets when it launched ... It would have seemed ludicrous back then , but now it 's an important part of what Spitzer does . '' Examples of exoplanets discovered using Spitzer include HD 219134 b in 2015 , which was shown to be a rocky planet about 1.5 times as large as Earth in a three - day orbit around its star ; and an unnamed planet found using microlensing located about 13,000 light - years ( 4,000 pc ) from Earth . In September -- October 2016 , Spitzer was used to discover five of a total of seven known planets around the star TRAPPIST - 1 , all of which are approximately Earth sized and likely rocky . Three of the discovered planets are located in the habitable zone , which means they are capable of supporting liquid water given sufficient parameters . Using the transit method , Spitzer helped measure the sizes of the seven planets and estimate the mass and density of the inner six . Further observations will help determine if there is liquid water on any of the planets . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Infrared astronomy List of space telescopes List of largest infrared telescopes Herschel Space Observatory ( 2009 - 2013 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Spitzer : Fast Facts '' . Caltech. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Harwood , William ( 25 August 2003 ) . `` 300th Delta rocket launches new window on Universe '' . CBS News via Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spitzer Space Telescope : Launch / Orbital Information '' . National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` HORIZONS Web - Interface '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Spitzer : Spitzer 's Telescope '' . Caltech . Archived from the original on 24 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Van Dyk , Schuyler ; Werner , Michael ; Silbermann , Nancy ( March 2013 ) ( 2010 ) . `` 3.2 : Observatory Description '' . Spitzer Telescope Handbook . Infrared Science Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Clavin , Whitney ( 15 May 2009 ) . `` NASA 's Spitzer Begins Warm Mission '' . NASA / Caltech . ssc2009 - 12 , jpl2009 - 086 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Spitzer Science Center . `` Cycle - 6 Warm Mission '' . NASA / JPL . Archived from the original on 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who was Lyman Spitzer ? '' . Nasa : For Educators . California Institute of Technology and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 11 March 2004 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Collins Petersen ; John C. Brandt ( 1998 ) . Hubble vision : further adventures with the Hubble Space Telescope . CUP Archive . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59291 - 7 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Robert ( 2008 ) . The universe in a mirror : the saga of the Hubble Telescope and the visionaries who built it . Princeton University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13297 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` About the Spitzer Space Telescope '' . Caltech . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Watanabe , Susan ( 22 November 2007 ) . `` Studying the Universe in Infrared '' . NASA . Retrieved 8 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kwok , Johnny ( Fall 2006 ) . `` Finding a Way : The Spitzer Space Telescope Story '' . Academy Sharing Knowledge . NASA . Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Raytheon Company : Investor Relations : News Release . Investor.raytheon.com ( 8 January 2004 ) . Retrieved on 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Spitzer Science Center Home Page -- Public information . Jump up ^ Clavin , Whitney B. ; Harrington , J.D. ( 5 August 2009 ) . `` NASA 's Spitzer Sees the Cosmos Through ' Warm ' Infrared Eyes '' . NASA . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ SSC Observatory general information page Archived 6 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ SSC Observatory Overview Archived 10 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ SSC Science Information home page , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Spitzer Observers ' Manual Archived 11 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , reference for technical instrument information , Ver 8 , 15 August 2008 . Jump up ^ SSC IRAC ( Mid IR camera ) science users information page , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ SSC IRS ( spectrometer ) science users ' information page , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ SSC MIPS ( long wavelength 24um , 70um , & 160um ) imaging photometer and spectrometer science users ' information page , 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Release : NASA 's Spitzer Marks Beginning of New Age of Planetary Science . Jump up ^ Infrared Glow of First Stars Found : Scientific American Archived 10 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ JPL News Spitzer Catches Star Cooking Up Comet Crystals Jump up ^ Ábrahám , P. ; et al. ( 14 May 2009 ) . `` Episodic formation of cometary material in the outburst of a young Sun - like star '' . Nature . 459 ( 7244 ) : 224 -- 226 . arXiv : 0906.3161 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 459 ... 224A . doi : 10.1038 / nature08004 . PMID 19444209 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Science & Environment Traces of planet collision found Jump up ^ Verbiscer , Anne ; Michael Skrutskie ; Douglas Hamilton ( 7 October 2009 ) . `` Saturn 's largest ring '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 461 ( 7267 ) : 1098 -- 100 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461.1098 V . doi : 10.1038 / nature08515 . PMID 19812546 . Jump up ^ Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire , University of Wisconsin -- Madison Department of Astronomy Jump up ^ Press Release : Spitzer Captures Stellar Coming of Age in Our Galaxy Jump up ^ Released Images and Videos of Milky Way Mosaic Jump up ^ GLIMPSE / MIPSGAL Viewer Jump up ^ NASA Mission News Spitzer Sees Crystal Rain in Infant Star Outer Clouds Jump up ^ Poteet , C.A. ; et al. ( June 2011 ) . `` A Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph Detection of Crystalline Silicates in a Protostellar Envelope '' . the Astrophysical Journal Letters. 733 ( 2 ) : L32 . arXiv : 1104.4498 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 733L ... 32P . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 733 / 2 / L32 . Jump up ^ Juhász , A. ; et al. ( January 2012 ) . `` The 2008 Outburst of EX Lup -- Silicate Crystals in Motion '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 744 ( 2 ) : 118 . arXiv : 1110.3754 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 744 ... 118J . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 744 / 2 / 118 . Jump up ^ Liffman , K. ; Brown , M. ( October 1995 ) . `` The motion and size sorting of particles ejected from a protostellar accretion disk '' . Icarus . 116 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 290 . Bibcode : 1995Icar ... 116 ... 275L . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1995.1126 . Jump up ^ Howell , Elizabeth ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Newfound Alien Planet Is One of the Farthest Ever Detected '' . Space.com . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Landau , Elizabeth ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` NASA Space Telescopes Pinpoint Elusive Brown Dwarf '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hubble Team Breaks Cosmic Distance Record '' . Spitzer Space Telescope . NASA . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Landau , Elizabeth ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Spitzer Space Telescope Begins ' Beyond ' Phase '' . NASA . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hadhazy , Adam ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` How Engineers Revamped Spitzer to Probe Exoplanets '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Chou , Felicia ; Clavin , Whitney B. ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Spitzer Confirms Closest Rocky Exoplanet '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Clavin , Whitney B. ; Chou , Felicia ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Spitzer Spots Planet Deep Within Our Galaxy '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chou , Felicia ; Potter , Sean ; Landau , Elizabeth ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` NASA Telescope Reveals Largest Batch of Earth - Size , Habitable - Zone Planets Around Single Star '' . NASA . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gillon , Michaël ; et al. ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Figure 1 : The TRAPPIST - 1 system as seen by Spitzer '' . Nature . 542 ( 7642 ) : 456 -- 460 . arXiv : 1703.01424 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 542 ... 456G . doi : 10.1038 / nature21360 . PMC 5330437 . PMID 28230125 . Jump up ^ Kopparapu , Ravi Kumar ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` A revised estimate of the occurrence rate of terrestrial planets in the habitable zones around kepler m - dwarfs '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 767 ( 1 ) : L8 . arXiv : 1303.2649 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767L ... 8K . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 767 / 1 / L8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spitzer Space Telescope . 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Keck Observatory Kepler 2001 Mars Odyssey LBT MER MISR MLS MRO MSL Spitzer Space Telescope TES Voyager Past missions Cassini - Huygens Deep Impact Deep Space 1 Deep Space 2 Explorers GALEX Galileo Genesis GRACE Herschel IRAS Jason - 1 Magellan Mariner Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Observer Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander Mars Global Surveyor NSCAT Phoenix Pioneer QuikSCAT Ranger Rosetta Seasat SIR SME Stardust SRTM Surveyor SVLBI TOPEX / Poseidon Ulysses Viking WFPC WIRE Cancelled missions AFL Related organizations NASA Caltech NASA Deep Space Network Goldstone Complex Table Mountain Observatory Solar System Ambassadors Jet Propulsion Laboratory Science Division Near - Earth Asteroid Tracking Space Flight Operations Facility ← 2002 Orbital launches in 2003 2004 → Coriolis ICESat CHIPSat STS - 107 ( SpaceHab RDM EDO ) SORCE USA - 166 XSS - 10 Progress M - 47 Intelsat 907 USA - 167 IGS - 1A IGS - 1B USA - 168 Molniya - 1 No. 92 USA - 169 INSAT - 3A Galaxy 12 AsiaSat - 4 Kosmos 2397 Soyuz TMA - 2 GALEX GSAT - 2 Hayabusa ( Minerva ) Hellas Sat 2 Beidou 1C Mars Express ( Beagle 2 ) Kosmos 2398 AMC - 9 Progress M1 - 10 Thuraya 2 Spirit Optus and Defence C1 BSAT - 2c Molniya - 3 No. 53 Orbview - 3 Monitor - E GVM MIMOSA DTUSat MOST Cute - I QuakeSat AAU - Cubesat CanX - 1 Cubesat XI - IV Opportunity Rainbow 1 EchoStar IX Kosmos 2399 SCISAT - 1 Kosmos 2400 Kosmos 2401 Spitzer Progress M - 48 USA - 170 USA - 171 PS - 2 Mozhaets - 4 NigeriaSat - 1 UK - DMC BILSAT - 1 Larets STSAT - 1 Rubin - 4 e-Bird INSAT - 3E SMART - 1 Galaxy 13 / Horizons - 1 Shenzhou 5 Resourcesat - 1 Soyuz TMA - 3 USA - 172 CBERS - 2 Chuang Xin 1 SERVIS - 1 FSW - 18 Shen Tong 1 Yamal - 201 Yamal - 202 IGS - 2A IGS - 2B USA - 173 Gruzomaket Kosmos 2402 Kosmos 2403 Kosmos 2404 USA - 174 USA - 175 Amos - 2 Ekspress AM22 Tan Ce 1 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spitzer_Space_Telescope&oldid=846631226 '' Categories : Spitzer Space Telescope Great Observatories program Space observatories Infrared telescopes Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lockheed Martin satellites and probes Artificial satellites orbiting the Sun Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets Space probes launched in 2003 2003 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2016 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 23 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what wavelength light does the spitzer space telescope measure	[ "Spitzer Space Telescope\nArtist rendering of the Spitzer Space TelescopeNames\nSpace Infrared Telescope Facility\nMission type\nInfrared space telescopeOperator\nNASA / JPL / CaltechCOSPAR ID\n2003-038ASATCAT no.\n27871Website\nhttp://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Mission duration\nPlanned: 2.5 to 5+ years[1] Primary mission: 5 years, 8 months, 19 days Elapsed: 14 years, 10 months, 16 days\n\nSpacecraft propertiesManufacturer\nLockheed Ball AerospaceLaunch mass\n950 kg (2,094 lb)[1]Dry mass\n884 kg (1,949 lb)Payload mass\n851.5 kg (1,877 lb)[1]\n\nStart of missionLaunch date\n25 August 2003, 05:35:39 (2003-08-25UTC05:35:39) UTC[2]Rocket\nDelta II 7920H[3]Launch site\nCape Canaveral SLC-17BEntered service\n18 December 2003\n\nOrbital parametersReference system\nHeliocentric[1]Regime\nEarth-trailing[1]Eccentricity\n0.011[4]Perihelion\n1.003 AU[4]Aphelion\n1.026 AU[4]Inclination\n1.13°[4]Period\n373.2 days[4]Epoch\n16 March 2017 00:00:00\n\nMain telescopeType\nRitchey–Chrétien[5]Diameter\n0.85 m (2.8 ft)[1]Focal length\n10.2 m (33 ft)Wavelengths\ninfrared, 3.6–160 µm[6]\n\nshowInstrumentsIRAC\nInfrared Array CameraIRS\nInfrared SpectrographMIPS\nMultiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer\n\n\nGreat Observatories program← Chandra" ]	[ "infrared, 3.6–160 µm" ]
-3384093107519509056	Liberty Island	Liberty Island - wikipedia Liberty Island Liberty Island Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty Location Upper New York Bay Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 20 '' N 74 ° 02 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68889 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68889 ; - 74.04444 Area 14.717 acres ( 59,560 m ) Governing body National Park Service U.S. National Monument Designated 15 October 1924 7 September 1937 Designated by Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location in Port of New York and New Jersey Liberty Island ( New York ) Liberty Island ( Hudson County , New Jersey ) Liberty Island ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of Hudson County , New Jersey Show map of the US Show all Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States , best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty . The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan , surrounded by the waters of Jersey City , New Jersey . Long known as Bedloe 's Island , it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956 . In 1937 , by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt , it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966 , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island . Contents 1 Geography and access 2 History 2.1 Great Oyster Island 2.2 Bedloe 's Island 2.3 Fort Wood 2.4 Statue of Liberty 2.5 Museum 3 Jurisdictional disputes 3.1 State dispute 3.2 Federal ownership 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Geography and access ( edit ) Coin - operated binoculars on Liberty Island . The island offers panoramic views of New York Harbor . According to the United States Census Bureau , the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters , or 14.717 acres , which is the property of the federal government . Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay within the waters of Jersey City , Hudson County , New Jersey . It is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . The historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave of one state , New York , being situated in another , New Jersey . The island is operated by the National Park Service , and since September 11 , 2001 , guarded by around - the - clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit . Liberty Island is 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles ( 2.6 kilometers ) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan . Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks , which serve the national monument , also stopping at Ellis Island . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Statue Cruises , holds the exclusive concession for ferry service to and from the island . History ( edit ) Great oyster Island ( edit ) At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the mid-17th century , much of the west side of Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds , a major source of food for the Lenape native people who lived there at the time . Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide . Three of them ( later known as Bedloe 's / Love / Liberty , Ellis , and Black Tom ) were given the name Oyster Islands ( oester eilanden ) by the Dutch settlers of New Netherland , the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states . The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries . Landfilling , started by the 1870s , particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey , eventually obliterated the beds , engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others . Bedloe 's Island ( edit ) After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664 , the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham . It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23 , 1667 . The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane . During their ownership , the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station . In 1746 , Archibald Kennedy ( later 11th Earl of Cassilis ) purchased the island and a summer residence was established , along with construction of a lighthouse . In 1753 , the island is described in an advertisement ( in which `` Bedlow 's '' had become `` Bedloe 's '' , along with an alternate name of `` Love Island '' ) as being available for rental : To be Let . Bedloe 's Island , alias Love Island , together with the dwelling - house and lighthouse being finely situated for a tavern , where all kinds of garden stuff , poultry , etc. , may be easily raised for the shipping outward bound , and from where any quantity of pickled oysters may be transported ; it abounds with English rabbits . '' In 1756 , Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station , and on February 18 , 1758 , the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £ 1,000 for use as a pest house . When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead - up to the American Revolutionary War , the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees , but on April 2 , 1776 , the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground . Fort Wood ( edit ) Fort Wood 's star - shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty . On February 15 , 1800 , the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government , for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there ( along with Governors Island and Ellis Island ) . Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11 - point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811 . Following the War of 1812 , the star - shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813 . The granite fortification followed an 11 - pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns . A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built . By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty in the 1880s , the fort was outmoded and obsolete , disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations . It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statue 's sculptor . The National Park Service ( which had been created in 1916 ) took over operations of the island in two stages : 2 acres ( 8,100 m ) in 1933 , and the remainder in 1937 . The military installation was completely removed by 1944 . Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The statue , entitled Liberty Enlightening the World , was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial . It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States , and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation . The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884 . The cornerstone was laid on August 5 , 1884 , and after some funding delays , construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22 , 1886 . The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17 , 1885 , on board the French frigate Isère , was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished , and was then reassembled in four months . On October 28 , 1886 , the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland . The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956 . Museum ( edit ) See also : American Museum of Immigration On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , and Mellody Hobson and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Jurisdictional disputes ( edit ) The geography along the New Jersey banks of Upper New York Bay before landfilling . Liberty Island 's location near New Jersey led to the state 's attempts to assert jurisdiction . There have been a number of disputes regarding the jurisdictional status of Liberty Island . State dispute ( edit ) An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey 's borders reads : `` westward of Long Island , and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea , and part by Hudson 's river '' rather than at the river 's midpoint , as was common in other colonial charters . When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674 it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former . Then governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York . Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time and was soon thereafter granted a manor at its southern tip . The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River , the Upper New York Bay , the Kill Van Kull , and Arthur Kill . In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing steam ferry service in New York Harbor in Gibbons v. Ogden . It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government . This did not resolve the border issue . In 1830 , New Jersey planned to bring suit , but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834 which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterways . This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact . In 1987 , US Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann , then mayor of Jersey City , sued New York City , contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state line . By default , since the court chose not to hear the case , the existing legal status was unchanged . Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York , while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey . The southwestern section , 4.17 acres ( 1.69 ha ) , of the island was created by land reclamation . A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island . Being mostly constructed of artificial infill , New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island , and not the portions added by infill . Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York . This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island . This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island . Federal ownership ( edit ) National Park Service building on Liberty Island Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801 , first as a military installation and now as a national landmark . Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island , listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966 , encompasses land in both states control of which is superseded by the United States . The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay , with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City , allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island , serve process there and collect sales tax from Liberty Island souvenir shops . In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey , the National Park Service , which oversees Liberty Island , cites the 1834 compact . Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks `` Where is the Statue of Liberty ? '' The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives `` New York Harbor '' and `` Liberty Island '' as preferred answers , but notes that `` New Jersey , '' `` New York , '' `` New York City , '' and `` on the Hudson '' are acceptable . The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey . It was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000 and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City . The Statue is also seen on the New York State Quarter . The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey , still used by the Raritan Valley Line . ( The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal is nearby ) . Though it is uninhabited , the United States Geological Survey includes it as part of New York 's 10th congressional district as of the 114th United States Congress in 2015 . Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers . Utility services , including electricity , water , and sewage , to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side . Mail is delivered from Battery Park . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New Jersey portal Castle Clinton Communipaw Terminal Geography of New York -- New Jersey Harbor Estuary Kentucky Bend Liberty Island and the Statue of Liberty in popular culture List of exclaves Prall 's Island Robbins Reef Light References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 2250 : Enlarging the Statue of Liberty National Monument New York '' . Code of Federal Regulations : Title 3 -- The President 1936 -- 1938 Compilation . National Archives and Records Service , General Services Administration . 1968 . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0760738904 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudson County New Jersey Street Map . Hagstrom Map Company , Inc. 2008 . ISBN 0 - 88097 - 763 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : New Jersey v. New York , 523 U.S. 767 , page 779 ( 26 May 1998 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ferry System Map -- Statue Of Liberty National Monument ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Big Oyster . New York : Random House Trade paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47639 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Better Terminal Faciities for New York '' . Engineering News Record : 258 . 31 July 1880 . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spell it with a `` W '' It should not be Bedloo 's Island but `` Bedlow 's '' '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . August 14 , 1886 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Cornelius Burnham ( 1900 ) . `` Genealogical History Of Hudson And Bergen Counties New Jersey Early Settlers of Bergen County '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Statue of Liberty and Bedlow 's Island '' . New York : Regimental Press . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lazaretto Quarantine Station , Tinicum Township , Delaware County , PA : History '' . ushistory.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty Island Chronology '' . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic Buildings as seen and described by famous writers '' ( txt ) . archive.org . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wade , Arthur P. ( 2011 ) . Artillerists and Engineers : The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications , 1794 - 1815 . CDSG Press . p. 243 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 2 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . dmna.ny.gov . Jump up ^ Roberts , Robert B. ( 1988 ) . Encyclopedia of Historic Forts : The Military , Pioneer , and Trading Posts of the United States . New York : Macmillan . pp. 594 -- 596 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 926880 - X . Jump up ^ `` Fort Wood '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty 's Statue Full Programme of the Inaugural Ceremonies '' ( pdf ) . The New York Times . 10 October 1886 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Division of Libraries Blog '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` USGS : LI '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( 2016 - 10 - 06 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Duke of York 's Release to John Lord Berkeley , and Sir George Carteret , 24 June 1664 '' . The Avalon Project Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rieff , Henry . `` Intrepretations of New York - New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921 '' ( pdf ) . Newark Law Review . 1 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` New York vs. New Jersey : A New Perspective '' . Portfolio . The Port Authority of NY and NJ . 1 ( 2 ) . Summer 1988 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mershon , S.L. ( 1918 ) . English Crown Grants . New York : The Law and History Club . ^ Jump up to : Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 May 1998 ) . `` The Ellis Island Verdict : The Ruling ; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ United States Statutes at Large : Volume 4 Jump up ^ `` Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City , 209 U.S. 473 ( 1908 ) '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Jerseyans ' Claim To Liberty Island Rejected '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 6 October 1987 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Is Liberty a Jersey Girl '' . New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors . February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Fill of the Jersey City Quadrangle : Historic Fill Map HFM - 53 '' ( pdf ) . New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection . 2004 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Is Lady Liberty a Jersey Girl ? - New Jersey Society of Professional Land Surveyors '' . www.njspls.org . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers for New Pilot Naturalization Exam '' . U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services . 30 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USGS 1 : 1,000,000 - Scale Congressional Districts of the United States - 114th Congress '' . data.gov . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty Lighthouse '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty Island . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Bedloe 's Island . National Park Service Bedloe 's Island web site National Park Service 's Statue of Liberty and Liberty Island site Bedloe 's Island in 1867 at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Statue Of Liberty Fire Brigade Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Islands of New York City Major islands Long Manhattan Staten Pelham Islands The Blauzes Chimney Sweeps City Green Flats Hart High Hunter Rat Twin New York Bay Ellis Governors Hoffman Liberty Swinburne Jamaica Bay Barren Coney Canarsie Pol Mau Mau Ruffle Bar Rulers Bar Hassock ( Broad Channel ) Arthur Kill Kill Van Kull Isle of Meadows Prall 's Shooters East River Mill Rock North and South Brother Randalls and Wards Rikers Roosevelt U Thant ( Belmont ) Former islands shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Island&oldid=852014909 '' Categories : Borders of New Jersey Borders of New York ( state ) Exclaves in the United States Internal territorial disputes of the United States Islands of New Jersey Islands of New York ( state ) Islands of New York City Islands of Manhattan Landforms of Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County , New Jersey National Register of Historic Places in New York City Parks in Hudson County , New Jersey Port of New York and New Jersey Statue of Liberty Uninhabited Atlantic islands of the United States New Jersey Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 02 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the island called where the statue of liberty is	[ "Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. In 1937, by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument and in 1966,[3] was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island.[4]\n" ]	[ "Liberty Island" ]
-9165491698813729018	Weimar Republic	Weimar Republic - wikipedia Weimar Republic Jump to : navigation , search `` Weimar Germany '' redirects here . For the German city , see Weimar . German Reich Deutsches Reich 1918 -- 1933 Flag Coat of arms Anthem Das Lied der Deutschen `` Song of the Germans '' Germany in 1930 German states during the Weimar Republic period Capital Berlin Languages German Religion 1925 census Majority : 64.1 % Protestant ( Lutheran , Reformed , Prussian United ) Minorities : ( show ) 32.4 % Roman Catholic 0.9 % Jewish 2.6 % Other Government 1919 -- 30 Semi-presidential representative federal republic 1930 -- 33 De facto authoritarian rule by decree President 1919 -- 25 Friedrich Ebert 1925 -- 33 Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor 1919 ( first ) Philipp Scheidemann 1933 ( last ) Adolf Hitler Legislature Reichstag State Council Reichsrat Historical era Interwar period Established 9 November 1918 Government by decree begins 29 March 1930 Hitler appointed Chancellor 30 January 1933 Reichstag fire 27 February 1933 Enabling Act 23 March 1933 Area 1925 468,787 km ( 181,000 sq mi ) Population 1925 est . 62,411,000 Density 133 / km ( 345 / sq mi ) Currency 1919 -- 23 `` Papiermark '' ( M ) 1923 -- 24 Rentenmark 1924 -- 33 Reichsmark ( RM ) Preceded by Succeeded by German Empire Nazi Germany Today part of Germany Poland Russia Belgium Netherlands The coat of arms shown above is the version used after 1928 , which replaced that shown in the `` Flag and coat of arms '' section . Weimar Republic ( German : Weimarer Republik ( ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk ) ( listen ) ) was an unofficial , historical designation for the German state between 1919 and 1933 . The name derives from the city of Weimar , where its constitutional assembly first took place . The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich ; it had remained unchanged since 1871 . In English the country was usually known simply as Germany . A national assembly was convened in Weimar , where a new constitution for the Deutsches Reich was written , and adopted on 11 August 1919 . In its fourteen years , the Weimar Republic faced numerous problems , including hyperinflation , political extremism ( with paramilitaries -- both left - and right - wing ) , as well as contentious relationships with the victors of the First World War . The people of Germany blamed the Weimar Republic rather than their wartime leaders for the country 's defeat and for the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles . Weimar Germany fulfilled most of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles although it never completely met its disarmament requirements , and eventually paid only a small portion of the war reparations ( by twice restructuring its debt through the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan ) . Under the Locarno Treaties , Germany accepted the western borders of the republic , but continued to dispute the Eastern border . From 1930 onwards President Hindenburg used emergency powers to back Chancellors Heinrich Brüning , Franz von Papen and General Kurt von Schleicher . The Great Depression , exacerbated by Brüning 's policy of deflation , led to a surge in unemployment . In 1933 , Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor with the Nazi Party being part of a coalition government . The Nazis held two out of the remaining ten cabinet seats . Von Papen as Vice Chancellor was intended to be the `` éminence grise '' who would keep Hitler under control , using his close personal connection to Hindenburg . Within months the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933 had brought about a state of emergency : it wiped out constitutional governance and civil liberties . Hitler 's seizure of power ( Machtergreifung ) was permissive of government by decree without legislative participation . These events brought the republic to an end : as democracy collapsed , a single - party state founded the Nazi era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Flag and coat of arms 3 Armed forces 4 History 4.1 November Revolution ( 1918 -- 1919 ) 4.2 Years of crisis ( 1919 -- 1923 ) 4.2. 1 Burden from the First World War 4.2. 1.1 Treaty of Versailles 4.2. 1.2 Allied Rhineland occupation 4.2. 1.3 Reparations 4.2. 1.4 Hyperinflation 4.2. 2 Political turmoil 4.3 Golden Era ( 1924 -- 1929 ) 4.4 Social policy under Weimar 4.5 Decline ( 1930 -- 1933 ) 4.5. 1 Onset of the Great Depression 4.5. 2 Brüning 's policy of deflation ( 1930 -- 1932 ) 4.5. 3 The Papen deal 4.5. 4 Elections of July 1932 4.5. 5 Schleicher cabinet 4.6 End of the Weimar Republic 4.6. 1 Hitler 's chancellorship ( 1933 ) 4.6. 2 Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-March 4.6. 3 Enabling Act negotiations 4.6. 4 Passage of the Enabling Act 4.6. 5 Consequences 5 Aftermath 6 Reasons for failure 6.1 Economic problems 6.2 Institutional problems 6.3 Role of individuals 7 Constituent states 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Historiography 11 External links Name ( edit ) The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar , Germany from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919 , but this name only became mainstream after 1933 . Between 1919 and 1933 there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance , which is precisely why the old name `` Deutsches Reich '' continued in existence even though hardly anyone used it during the Weimar period . To the right of the spectrum the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and cringed to see the honour of the traditional word `` Reich '' associated with it . The Catholic Centre party , Zentrum favoured the term `` Deutscher Volksstaat '' ( `` German People 's State '' ) while on the moderate left the Chancellor 's SPD preferred `` Deutsche Republik '' ( `` German Republic '' ) . By 1925 `` Deutsche Republik '' was used by most Germans , but for the anti-democratic right the word `` Republik '' was , along with the relocation of the seat of power to Weimar , a painful reminder of a government structure that had been imposed by foreign statesmen , along with the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm in the wake of massive national humiliation . The first recorded mention of the term `` Republik von Weimar '' ( `` Republic of Weimar '' ) came during a speech delivered by Adolf Hitler at a National Socialist German Worker 's Party rally in Munich on 24 February 1929 ; it was a few weeks later that the term `` Weimar Republik '' was first used ( again by Hitler ) in a newspaper article . Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream , both within and outside Germany . Flag and coat of arms ( edit ) The official coat of arms of Germany ( Reichswappen ) from 1919 to 1928 . After the introduction of the republic , the flag and coat of arms of Germany were officially altered to reflect the political changes . The Weimar Republic retained the Reichsadler , but without the symbols of the former Monarchy ( Crown , Collar , Breast shield with the Prussian Arms ) . This left the black eagle with one head , facing to the right , with open wings but closed feathers , with a red beak , tongue and claws and white highlighting . By reason of a decision of the Reich 's Government I hereby announce , that the Imperial coat of arms on a gold - yellow shield shows the one headed black eagle , the head turned to the right , the wings open but with closed feathering , beak , tongue and claws in red color . If the Reich 's Eagle is shown without a frame , the same charge and colors as those of the eagle of the Reich 's coat of arms are to be used , but the tops of the feathers are directed outside . The patterns kept by the Federal Ministry of the Interior are decisive for the heraldic design . The artistic design may be varied for each special purpose . -- -- President Ebert ; Minister of the Interior , Koch , Announcement concerning the federal coat of arms and the imperial eagle of November 11 , 1919 , Bekanntmachung betreffend das Reichswappen und den Reichsadler ( Announcement concerning the imperial coat of arms and the imperial eagle ) . The republican tricolour is based on the flag that the Paulskirche Constitution of 1849 introduced , which was decided upon by the German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main , at the peak of the German civic movement that demanded parliamentary participation and unification of the German states . The achievements and signs of this movement were mostly done away with after its downfall and the political reaction . Only the tiny German Principality of Waldeck - Pyrmont upheld the tradition and continued to use the German colours called Schwarz - Rot - Gold in German ( English : Black - Red - Gold ) . These signs had remained symbols of the Paulskirche movement . Weimar wanted to express its origins in that political movement between 1849 and 1858 ; while anti-republicans opposed this flag . The first German Confederal Navy ( Reichsflotte ) ( 1848 -- 1852 ) had proudly deployed a naval ensign based on Schwarz - Rot - Gold , the Weimar republic navy , or Reichsmarine ( 1918 -- 1933 ) insisted on using the pre-1918 colours of the previous Kaiserliche Marine ( 1871 -- 1918 ) , which were Black - White - Red , as did the German merchant marine . The republicans took up the idea of the German Coat of Arms established by the Paulskirche movement , using the same charge animal , an eagle , in the same colours ( black , red and gold ) , but modernising its form , including a reduction of the heads from two to one . Friedrich Ebert initially declared the official German coat of arms to be a design by Emil Doepler ( shown in the infobox above ) as of 12 November 1919 , following a decision of the German government . In 1928 , however , the Reichswappen ( Reich coat of arms ) designed by Tobias Schwab ( 1887 -- 1967 ) in 1926 ( or 1924 ) replaced it as the official emblem for the German Olympic team . The Reichswehr adopted the new Reichswappen in 1927 . Doepler 's design then became the Reichsschild ( Reich 's escutcheon ) with restricted use such as pennant for government vehicles . In 1949 the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) adopted all three signs of Weimar Republic , Reichswappen , Reichsschild and Reichsflagge as Bundeswappen , Bundesschild and Bundesflagge . Armed forces ( edit ) Main article : Reichswehr Jack of the Kaiserliche Marine ( 1903 -- 1919 ) . Jack of the Reichsmarine ( 1918 -- 1935 ) . After the dissolution of the Imperial army , the Reichswehr , in 1918 , Germany 's military forces consisted of irregular paramilitaries , namely the various right - wing Freikorps groups composed of veterans from the war . The Freikorps units were formally disbanded in 1920 ( although continued to exist in underground groups ) , and on 1 January 1921 , a new Reichswehr ( figuratively ; Defence of the realm ) was created . The Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the Reichswehr to 100,000 soldiers ( consisting of seven infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions ) , 10 armoured cars and a navy ( the Reichsmarine ) restricted to 36 ships in active service . No aircraft of any kind was allowed . The main advantage of this limitation , however , was that the Reichswehr could afford to pick the best recruits for service . However , with inefficient armour and no air support , the Reichswehr would have had limited combat abilities . Privates were mainly recruited from the countryside , as it was believed that young men from cities were prone to socialist behaviour , which would fray the loyalty of the privates to their conservative officers . Although technically in service of the republic , the army was predominantly officered by conservative reactionaries who were sympathetic to right - wing organisations . Hans von Seeckt , the head of the Reichswehr , declared that the army was not loyal to the democratic republic , and would only defend it if it were in their interests . During the Kapp Putsch for example , the army refused to fire upon the rebels . However , as right wing as the army was , it hesitated to assist the Nazis , whom they mostly viewed as thugs . The SA was the Reichswehr 's main opponent throughout its existence , as they saw them as a threat to their existence , and the army fired at them during the Beerhall Putsch . Upon the establishment of the SS , the Reichswehr took a softer look upon the Nazis since the SS seemed more respectable , and openly favoured order over anarchy . In 1935 , two years after Hitler came to power , the Reichswehr was renamed the Wehrmacht . History ( edit ) November revolution ( 1918 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) Main article : German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 The rebellion , November 1918 . In October 1918 , the constitution of the German Empire was reformed to give more powers to the elected parliament . On 29 October , rebellion broke out in Kiel among sailors . There , sailors , soldiers , and workers began electing workers ' and soldiers ' councils ( Arbeiter und Soldatenräte ) modeled after the Soviets of the Russian Revolution of 1917 . The revolution spread throughout Germany , and participants seized military and civil powers in individual cities . The power takeover was achieved everywhere without loss of life . At the time , the Socialist movement which represented mostly laborers was split among two major left - wing parties : the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany ( USPD ) , which called for immediate peace negotiations and favored a soviet - style command economy , and the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) also known as `` Majority '' Social Democratic Party of Germany ( MSPD ) , which supported the war effort and favoured a parliamentary system . The rebellion caused great fear in the establishment and in the middle classes because of the Soviet - style aspirations of the councils . To centrist and conservative citizens , the country looked to be on the verge of a communist revolution . By 7 November the revolution had reached Munich , resulting in King Ludwig III of Bavaria fleeing . The MSPD decided to make use of their support at the grassroots and put themselves at the front of the movement , demanding that Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate . When he refused , Prince Max of Baden simply announced that he had done so and frantically attempted to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern . Gustav Noske , a self - appointed military expert in the MSPD , was sent to Kiel to prevent any further unrest and took on the task of controlling the mutinous sailors and their supporters in the Kiel barracks . The sailors and soldiers , inexperienced in matters of revolutionary combat , welcomed him as an experienced politician and allowed him to negotiate a settlement , thus defusing the initial anger of the revolutionaries in uniform . On 9 November 1918 the `` German Republic '' was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin , to the fury of Friedrich Ebert , the leader of the MSPD , who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly . Two hours later , a `` Free Socialist Republic '' was proclaimed , 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) away , at the Berliner Stadtschloss . The proclamation was issued by Karl Liebknecht , co-leader ( with Rosa Luxemburg ) of the communist Spartakusbund ( Spartacist League ) , a group of a few hundred supporters of the Russian revolution that had allied itself with the USPD in 1917 . In a legally questionable act , Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transferred his powers to Friedrich Ebert , who , shattered by the monarchy 's fall , reluctantly accepted . In view of the mass support for more radical reforms among the workers ' councils , a coalition government called `` Council of the People 's Deputies '' ( Rat der Volksbeauftragten ) was established , consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members . Led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD it sought to act as a provisional cabinet of ministers . But the power question was unanswered . Although the new government was confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council , it was opposed by the Spartacist League . Philipp Scheidemann addresses a crowd from a window of the Reich Chancellery , 9 November 1918 . The Executive Council of the Workers ' and Soldiers ' Councils , a coalition that included Majority Socialists , Independent Socialists , workers , and soldiers , implemented a programme of progressive social change , introducing reforms such as the eight - hour workday , the releasing of political prisoners , the abolition of press censorship , increases in workers ' old - age , sick and unemployment benefits , and the bestowing upon labour the unrestricted right to organise into unions . A number of other reforms were carried out in Germany during the revolutionary period . It was made harder for estates to sack workers and prevent them from leaving when they wanted to ; under the Provisional Act for Agricultural Labour of 23 November 1918 the normal period of notice for management , and for most resident labourers , was set at six weeks . In addition , a supplementary directive of December 1918 specified that female ( and child ) workers were entitled to a fifteen - minute break if they worked between four and six hours , thirty minutes for workdays lasting six to eight hours , and one hour for longer days . A decree on 23 December 1918 established committees ( composed of workers ' representatives `` in their relation to the employer '' ) to safeguard the rights of workers . The right to bargain collectively was also established , while it was made obligatory `` to elect workers ' committees on estates and establish conciliation committees . '' A decree on 3 February 1919 removed the right of employers to acquire exemption for domestic servants and agricultural workers . With the Verordnung of 3 February 1919 , the Ebert government reintroduced the original structure of the health insurance boards according to an 1883 law , with one - third employers and two - thirds members ( i.e. workers ) . From 28 June 1919 health insurance committees became elected by workers themselves . The Provisional Order of January 1919 concerning agricultural labour conditions fixed 2,900 hours as a maximum per year , distributed as eight , ten , and eleven hours per day in four - monthly periods . A code of January 1919 bestowed upon land - labourers the same legal rights that industrial workers enjoyed , while a bill ratified that same year obliged the States to set up agricultural settlement associations which , as noted by Volker Berghahn , `` were endowed with the priority right of purchase of farms beyond a specified size . '' In addition , undemocratic public institutions were abolished , involving , as noted by one writer , the disappearance `` of the Prussian Upper House , the former Prussian Lower House that had been elected in accordance with the three - class suffrage , and the municipal councils that were also elected on the class vote . '' On 11 November an armistice was signed at Compiègne by German representatives . It effectively ended military operations between the Allies and Germany . It amounted to German capitulation , without any concessions by the Allies ; the naval blockade would continue until complete peace terms were agreed . A rift developed between the MSPD and USPD after Ebert called upon the OHL ( supreme army command ) for troops to put down a mutiny by a leftist military unit on 23 / 24 December 1918 , in which members of the Volksmarinedivision had captured the city 's garrison commander Otto Wels and occupied the Reichskanzlei where the `` Council of the People 's Deputies '' was situated . The ensuing street fighting left several dead and injured on both sides . The USPD leaders were outraged by what they believed was treachery by the MSPD , which , in their view , had joined with the anti-communist military to suppress the revolution . Thus , the USPD left the `` Council of the People 's Deputies '' after only seven weeks . On 30 December , the split deepened when the Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) was formed out of a number of radical left - wing groups , including the left wing of the USPD and the `` Spartacist League '' group . From November 1918 to January 1919 , Germany was governed by the `` Council of the People 's Deputies '' , under the leadership of Ebert and Haase . The Council issued a large number of decrees that radically shifted German policies . It introduced the eight - hour workday , domestic labour reform , works councils , agricultural labour reform , right of civil - service associations , local municipality social welfare relief ( split between Reich and States ) and important national health insurance , re-instatement of demobilised workers , protection from arbitrary dismissal with appeal as a right , regulated wage agreement , and universal suffrage from 20 years of age in all types of elections -- local and national . Ebert called for a `` National Congress of Councils '' ( Reichsrätekongress ) , which took place from 16 to 20 December 1918 , and in which the MSPD had the majority . Thus , Ebert was able to institute elections for a provisional National Assembly that would be given the task of writing a democratic constitution for parliamentary government , marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic . To ensure his fledgling government maintained control over the country , Ebert made an agreement with the OHL , now led by Ludendorff 's successor General Wilhelm Groener . The ' Ebert -- Groener pact ' stipulated that the government would not attempt to reform the army so long as the army swore to protect the state . On the one hand , this agreement symbolised the acceptance of the new government by the military , assuaging concern among the middle classes ; on the other hand , it was thought contrary to working - class interests by left wing social democrats and communists , and was also opposed by the far right who believed democracy would make Germany weaker . The new Reichswehr armed forces , limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 sailors , remained fully under the control of the German officer class , despite their nominal re-organisation . In January , the Spartacist League and others in the streets of Berlin made more armed attempts to establish communism , known as the Spartacist uprising . Those attempts were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers . Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests on 15 January . With the affirmation of Ebert , those responsible were not tried before a court martial , leading to lenient sentences , which made Ebert unpopular among radical leftists . Official postcard of the National Assembly . The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919 . In this time , the radical left - wing parties , including the USPD and KPD , were barely able to get themselves organised , leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces . To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin , the National Assembly convened in the city of Weimar , giving the future Republic its unofficial name . The Weimar Constitution created a republic under a parliamentary republic system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation . The democratic parties obtained a solid 80 % of the vote . During the debates in Weimar , fighting continued . A Soviet republic was declared in Munich , but was quickly put down by Freikorps and remnants of the regular army . The fall of the Munich Soviet Republic to these units , many of which were situated on the extreme right , resulted in the growth of far - right movements and organisations in Bavaria , including Organisation Consul , the Nazi Party , and societies of exiled Russian Monarchists . Sporadic fighting continued to flare up around the country . In eastern provinces , forces loyal to Germany 's fallen Monarchy fought the republic , while militias of Polish nationalists fought for independence : Great Poland Uprising in Provinz Posen and three Silesian Uprisings in Upper Silesia . Germany lost the war because the country ran out of allies and its economic resources were running out ; support among the population began to crumble in 1916 and by mid-1918 there was support for the war only among the die - hard monarchists and conservatives . The decisive blow came with the entry of the United States into the conflict , which made its vast industrial resources available to the beleaguered Allies . By late summer 1918 the German reserves were exhausted while fresh American troops arrived in France at the rate of 10,000 a day . Retreat and defeat were at hand , and the Army told the Kaiser to abdicate for it could no longer support him . Although in retreat , the German armies were still on French and Belgian territory when the war ended on 11 November . Ludendorf and Hindenburg soon proclaimed that it was the defeatism of the civilian population that had made defeat inevitable . The die - hard nationalists then blamed the civilians for betraying the army and the surrender . This was the `` Stab - in - the - back myth '' that was unceasingly propagated by the right in the 1920s and ensured that many monarchists and conservatives would refuse to support the government of what they called the `` November criminals '' . Years of crisis ( 1919 -- 1923 ) ( edit ) Burden from the first World war ( edit ) Treaty of Versailles ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Germany after Versailles Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany Main article : Treaty of Versailles The growing post-war economic crisis was a result of lost pre-war industrial exports , the loss of supplies in raw materials and foodstuffs due to the continental blocus , and the loss of the colonies , along with worsening debt balances , but above all , the result of an exorbitant issue of promissory notes raising money to pay for the war . Military - industrial activity had almost ceased , although controlled demobilisation kept unemployment at around one million . In part , the economic losses can also be attributed to the Allied blockade of Germany until the Treaty of Versailles . The Allies permitted only low import levels of goods that most Germans could not afford . After four years of war and famine , many German workers were exhausted , physically impaired and discouraged . Millions were disenchanted with capitalism and hoping for a new era . Meanwhile , the currency depreciated . The currency would continue to depreciate following the French invasion of the Ruhr . The German peace delegation in France signed the Treaty of Versailles , accepting mass reductions of the German military , the prospect of substantial war reparations payments to the victorious allies , and the controversial `` War Guilt Clause '' . Explaining the rise of extreme nationalist movements in Germany shortly after the war , British historian Ian Kershaw points to the `` national disgrace '' that was `` felt throughout Germany at the humiliating terms imposed by the victorious Allies and reflected in the Versailles Treaty ... with its confiscation of territory on the eastern border and even more so its ' guilt clause . ' '' Adolf Hitler repeatedly blamed the republic and its democracy for accepting the oppressive terms of this treaty . The Republic 's first Reichspräsident ( `` Reich President '' ) , Friedrich Ebert of the SPD , signed the new German constitution into law on 11 August 1919 . The new post-World War I Germany , stripped of all colonies , became 13.3 % smaller in its European territory than its imperial predecessor . Of these losses , a large proportion consisted of provinces that were originally Polish , and Alsace - Lorraine , seized by Germany in 1870 , where Germans constituted only part or a minority of local populations despite nationalist outrage at the fragmentation of Germany . Allied Rhineland occupation ( edit ) Main article : Allied occupation of the Rhineland The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice with Germany of 11 November 1918 . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British and French forces . In 1920 , under massive French pressure , the Saar was separated from the Rhine Province and administered by the League of Nations until a plebiscite in 1935 , when the region was returned to the Deutsches Reich . At the same time , in 1920 , the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium ( see German - Speaking Community of Belgium ) . Shortly after , France completely occupied the Rhineland , strictly controlling all important industrial areas . Reparations ( edit ) The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion marks decided in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds . Historian Sally Marks says the 112 billion marks in `` C bonds '' were entirely chimerical -- a device to fool the public into thinking Germany would pay much more . The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 ( when payments were suspended indefinitely ) was 20 billion German gold marks , worth about $5 billion US dollars or £ 1 billion British pounds . 12.5 billion was cash that came mostly from loans from New York bankers . The rest was goods such as coal and chemicals , or from assets like railway equipment . The reparations bill was fixed in 1921 on the basis of a German capacity to pay , not on the basis of Allied claims . The highly publicised rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans ' benefits was irrelevant for the total , but it did determine how the recipients spent their share . Germany owed reparations chiefly to France , Britain , Italy and Belgium ; the US Treasury received $100 million . Hyperinflation ( edit ) Further information : Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic In the early post-war years , inflation was growing at an alarming rate , but the government simply printed more currency to pay debts . By 1923 , the Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty , and the government defaulted on some payments . In response , French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region , Germany 's most productive industrial region at the time , taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923 . Strikes were called , and passive resistance was encouraged . These strikes lasted eight months , further damaging the economy and the social life . The strike prevented some goods from being produced , but one industrialist , Hugo Stinnes , was able to create a vast empire out of bankrupt companies . Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly , the prices for German products were unbeatable . Stinnes made sure that he was paid in dollars , which meant that by mid-1923 , his industrial empire was worth more than the entire German economy . By the end of the year , over two hundred factories were working full - time to produce paper for the spiralling bank note production . Stinnes ' empire collapsed when the government - sponsored inflation was stopped in November 1923 . In 1919 , one loaf of bread cost 1 mark ; by 1923 , the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks . One - million mark notes used as notepaper , October 1923 . Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state , much additional currency was printed , fuelling a period of hyperinflation . The 1920s German inflation started when Germany had no goods to trade . The government printed money to deal with the crisis ; this meant payments within Germany were made with worthless paper money , and helped formerly great industrialists to pay back their own loans . This also led to pay raises for workers and for businessmen who wanted to profit from it . Circulation of money rocketed , and soon banknotes were being overprinted to a thousand times their nominal value and every town produced its own promissory notes ; many banks & industrial firms did the same . The value of the Papiermark had declined from 4.2 Marks per U.S. dollar in 1914 to one million per dollar by August 1923 . This led to further criticism of the Republic . On 15 November 1923 , a new currency , the Rentenmark , was introduced at the rate of one trillion ( 1,000,000,000,000 ) Papiermark for one Rentenmark , an action known as redenomination . At that time , one U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark . Reparation payments were resumed , and the Ruhr was returned to Germany under the Locarno Treaties , which defined the borders between Germany , France , and Belgium . Political Turmoil ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 50 - million mark banknote issued in 1923 , worth approximately one US dollar when issued . Nine years earlier , 50 million marks would have been worth approximately 12 million US dollars . Within a few weeks , inflation made the banknote practically worthless . The Republic was soon under attack from both left - and right - wing sources . The radical left accused the ruling Social Democrats of having betrayed the ideals of the workers ' movement by preventing a communist revolution and sought to overthrow the Republic and do so themselves . Various right - wing sources opposed any democratic system , preferring an authoritarian , autocratic state like the 1871 Empire . To further undermine the Republic 's credibility , some right - wingers ( especially certain members of the former officer corps ) also blamed an alleged conspiracy of Socialists and Jews for Germany 's defeat in World War I . In the next five years , the central government , assured of the support of the Reichswehr , dealt severely with the occasional outbreaks of violence in Germany 's large cities . The left claimed that the Social Democrats had betrayed the ideals of the revolution , while the army and the government - financed Freikorps committed hundreds of acts of gratuitous violence against striking workers . The first challenge to the Weimar Republic came when a group of communists and anarchists took over the Bavarian government in Munich and declared the creation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic . The uprising was brutally attacked by Freikorps , which consisted mainly of ex-soldiers dismissed from the army and who were well - paid to put down forces of the Far Left . The Freikorps was an army outside the control of the government , but they were in close contact with their allies in the Reichswehr . On 13 March 1920 , 12,000 Freikorps soldiers occupied Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp ( a right - wing journalist ) as chancellor ( Kapp Putsch ) . The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch . The strike meant that no `` official '' pronouncements could be published , and with the civil service out on strike , the Kapp government collapsed after only four days on 17 March . Inspired by the general strikes , a workers ' uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a `` Red Army '' and took control of the province . The regular army and the Freikorps ended the uprising on their own authority . The rebels were campaigning for an extension of the plans to nationalise major industries and supported the national government , but the SPD leaders did not want to lend support to the growing USPD , who favoured the establishment of a socialist regime . The repression of an uprising of SPD supporters by the reactionary forces in the Freikorps on the instructions of the SPD ministers was to become a major source of conflict within the socialist movement and thus contributed to the weakening of the only group that could have withstood the National Socialist movement . Other rebellions were put down in March 1921 in Saxony and Hamburg . A disabled war veteran begging , Berlin , 1923 . In 1922 , Germany signed the Treaty of Rapallo with the Soviet Union , which allowed Germany to train military personnel in exchange for giving Russia military technology . This was against the Treaty of Versailles , which limited Germany to 100,000 soldiers and no conscription , naval forces of 15,000 men , twelve destroyers , six battleships , and six cruisers , no submarines or aircraft . However , Russia had pulled out of World War I against the Germans as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution , and was excluded from the League of Nations . Thus , Germany seized the chance to make an ally . Walther Rathenau , the Jewish Foreign Minister who signed the treaty , was assassinated two months later by two ultra-nationalist army officers . Further pressure from the political right came in 1923 with the Beer Hall Putsch , also called the Munich Putsch , staged by the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler in Munich . In 1920 , the German Workers ' Party had become the National Socialist German Workers ' Party ( NSDAP ) , or Nazi party , and would become a driving force in the collapse of Weimar . Hitler named himself as chairman of the party in July 1921 . On 8 November 1923 , the Kampfbund , in a pact with Erich Ludendorff , took over a meeting by Bavarian prime minister Gustav von Kahr at a beer hall in Munich . Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day . The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities . Hitler was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for high treason , a minimum sentence for the charge . Hitler served less than eight months in a comfortable cell , receiving a daily stream of visitors before his release on 20 December 1924 . While in jail , Hitler dictated Mein Kampf , which laid out his ideas and future policies . Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power . Golden era ( 1924 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Gustav Stresemann was Reichskanzler for 100 days in 1923 , and served as foreign minister from 1923 -- 1929 , a period of relative stability for the Weimar Republic , known in Germany as Goldene Zwanziger ( `` Golden Twenties '' ) . Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest . Once civil stability had been restored , Stresemann began stabilising the German currency , which promoted confidence in the German economy and helped the recovery that was so ardently needed for the German nation to keep up with their reparation repayments , while at the same time feeding and supplying the nation . Once the economic situation had stabilised , Stresemann could begin putting a permanent currency in place , called the Rentenmark ( October 1923 ) , which again contributed to the growing level of international confidence in the German economy . Wilhelm Marx 's Christmas broadcast , December 1923 . Marx was the longest serving chancellor of the republic . To help Germany meet reparation obligations , the Dawes Plan ( 1924 ) was created . This was an agreement between American banks and the German government in which the American banks lent money to German banks with German assets as collateral to help it pay reparations . The German railways , the National Bank and many industries were therefore mortgaged as securities for the stable currency and the loans . Shortly after the Locarno Treaties were signed . The British , French , and Germans agreed that the borders between their countries would not be changed by force , thus the new borders acted by the Treaty of Versailles were being reinforced by the signing countries , but weakened the 1919 treaty regarding the eastern borders . Germany also agreed to sign arbitration conventions with France and Belgium and arbitration treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia , undertaking to refer any future disputes to an arbitration tribunal or to the Permanent Court of International Justice . Other foreign achievements were the evacuation of the Ruhr in 1925 and the 1926 Treaty of Berlin , which reinforced the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922 and improved relations between the Soviet Union and Germany . In 1926 , Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as a permanent member , improving her international standing and conceding her the ability to vote League of Nations legislation . However , this progress was funded by overseas loans , increasing the nation 's debts , while overall trade increased and unemployment fell . Stresemann 's reforms did not relieve the underlying weaknesses of Weimar but gave the appearance of a stable democracy . The major weakness in constitutional terms was the inherent instability of the coalitions . The growing dependence on American finance was to prove dangerous , and Germany was one of the worst hit nations in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The `` Golden Twenties '' in Berlin : a jazz band plays for a tea dance at the hotel Esplanade , 1926 . The 1920s saw a remarkable cultural renaissance in Germany . During the worst phase of hyperinflation in 1923 , the clubs and bars were full of speculators who spent their daily profits so they would not lose the value the following day . Berlin intellectuals responded by condemning the excesses of capitalism , and demanding revolutionary changes on the cultural scenery . Influenced by the brief cultural explosion in the Soviet Union , German literature , cinema , theatre and musical works entered a phase of great creativity . Innovative street theatre brought plays to the public , and the cabaret scene and jazz band became very popular . According to the cliché , modern young women were Americanised , wearing makeup , short hair , smoking and breaking with traditional mores . The euphoria surrounding Josephine Baker in the metropolis of Berlin for instance , where she was declared an `` erotic goddess '' and in many ways admired and respected , kindled further `` ultramodern '' sensations in the minds of the German public . Art and a new type of architecture taught at `` Bauhaus '' schools reflected the new ideas of the time , with artists such as George Grosz being fined for defaming the military and for blasphemy . Artists in Berlin were influenced by other contemporary progressive cultural movements , such as the Impressionist and Expressionist painters in Paris , as well as the Cubists . Likewise , American progressive architects were admired . Many of the new buildings built during this era followed a straight - lined , geometrical style . Examples of the new architecture include the Bauhaus Building by Gropius , Grosses Schauspielhaus , and the Einstein Tower . Not everyone , however , was happy with the changes taking place in Weimar culture . Conservatives and reactionaries feared that Germany was betraying its traditional values by adopting popular styles from abroad , particularly those Hollywood was popularizing in American films , while New York became the global capital of fashion . Germany was more susceptible to Americanisation , because of the close economic links brought about by the Dawes plan . In 1929 , three years after receiving the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize , Stresemann died of a heart attack at age 51 . When stocks on the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October , the inevitable knock - on effects on the German economy brought the `` Golden Twenties '' to an abrupt end . Social policy under Weimar ( edit ) A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period . In 1919 , legislation provided for a maximum working 48 - hour workweek , restrictions on night work , a half - holiday on Saturday , and a break of thirty - six hours of continuous rest during the week . That same year , health insurance was extended to wives and daughters without own income , people only partially capable of gainful employment , people employed in private cooperatives , and people employed in public cooperatives . A series of progressive tax reforms were introduced under the auspices of Matthias Erzberger , including increases in taxes on capital and an increase in the highest income tax rate from 4 % to 60 % . Under a governmental decree of 3 February 1919 , the German government met the demand of the veterans ' associations that all aid for the disabled and their dependents be taken over by the central government ( thus assuming responsibility for this assistance ) and extended into peacetime the nationwide network of state and district welfare bureaus that had been set up during the war to coordinate social services for war widows and orphans . The Imperial Youth Welfare Act of 1922 obliged all municipalities and states to set up youth offices in charge of child protection , and also codified a right to education for all children , while laws were passed to regulate rents and increase protection for tenants in 1922 and 1923 . Health insurance coverage was extended to other categories of the population during the existence of the Weimar Republic , including seamen , people employed in the educational and social welfare sectors , and all primary dependents . Various improvements were also made in unemployment benefits , although in June 1920 the maximum amount of unemployment benefit that a family of four could receive in Berlin , 90 marks , was well below the minimum cost of subsistence of 304 marks . In 1923 , unemployment relief was consolidated into a regular programme of assistance following economic problems that year . In 1924 , a modern public assistance programme was introduced , and in 1925 the accident insurance programme was reformed , allowing diseases that were linked to certain kinds of work to become insurable risks . In addition , a national unemployment insurance programme was introduced in 1927 . Housing construction was also greatly accelerated during the Weimar period , with over 2 million new homes constructed between 1924 and 1931 and a further 195,000 modernised . Decline ( 1930 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) The German army feeds the poor , Berlin , 1931 . Gross national product ( inflation adjusted ) and price index in Deutsches Reich 1926 -- 1936 . The period between 1930 and 1932 is marked by a severe deflation and recession . Unemployment rate in Deutsches Reich between 1928 and 1935 . During Brüning _́ s policy of deflation ( marked in purple ) the unemployment rate soared from 15.7 % in 1930 to 30.8 % in 1932 . Communist Party ( KPD ) leader Ernst Thälmann ( person in foreground with raised clenched fist ) and members of the Roter Frontkämpferbund ( RFB ) marching through Berlin - Wedding , 1927 . Federal election results 1919 - 1933 . The Communist Party ( KPD ) ( red ) and the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) ( brown ) were radical enemies of the Weimar Republic . The surge in unemployment during the Great Depression led to a radicalization of many voters , the Nazi Party rose from 2 , 6 % of the total votes in 1928 to 43 , 9 % in 1933 . The DNVP ( orange ) lost its conservative wing and subsequently joined the radical opposition in 1929 . Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) leader Adolf Hitler saluting members of the Sturmabteilung in Brunswick , Lower Saxony , 1932 . Onset of the Great Depression ( edit ) In 1929 , the onset of the depression in the United States of America produced a severe shockwave in Germany . The economy was supported by the granting of loans through the Dawes Plan ( 1924 ) and the Young Plan ( 1929 ) . When American banks withdrew their loans to German companies , the onset of severe unemployment could not be stopped by conventional economic measures . Unemployment grew rapidly , at 4 million in 1930 , and in September 1930 a political earthquake shook the republic to its foundations . The Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) entered the Reichstag with 19 % of the popular vote and made the fragile coalition system by which every chancellor had governed unworkable . The last years of the Weimar Republic were stamped by even more political instability than in the previous years . The administrations of Chancellors Brüning , Papen , Schleicher and , from 30 January to 23 March 1933 , Hitler governed through presidential decree rather than through parliamentary consultation . Brüning 's policy of deflation ( 1930 -- 1932 ) ( edit ) On 29 March 1930 , after months of lobbying by General Kurt von Schleicher on behalf of the military , the finance expert Heinrich Brüning was appointed as Müller 's successor by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg . The new government was expected to lead a political shift towards conservatism . As Brüning had no majority support in the Reichstag , he became , through the use of the emergency powers granted to the Reichspräsident ( Article 48 ) by the constitution , the first Weimar chancellor to operate independently of parliament . This made him dependent on the Reichspräsident , Hindenburg . After a bill to reform the Reich 's finances was opposed by the Reichstag , it was made an emergency decree by Hindenburg . On 18 July , as a result of opposition from the SPD , KPD , DNVP and the small contingent of NSDAP members , the Reichstag again rejected the bill by a slim margin . Immediately afterward , Brüning submitted the president 's decree that the Reichstag be dissolved . The consequent general election on 14 September resulted in an enormous political shift within the Reichstag : 18.3 % of the vote went to the NSDAP , five times the percentage won in 1928 . As a result , it was no longer possible to form a pro-republican majority , not even with a grand coalition that excluded the KPD , DNVP and NSDAP . This encouraged an escalation in the number of public demonstrations and instances of paramilitary violence organised by the NSDAP . Between 1930 and 1932 , Brüning tried to reform the Weimar Republic without a parliamentary majority , governing , when necessary , through the President 's emergency decrees . In line with the contemporary economic theory ( subsequently termed `` leave - it - alone liquidationism '' ) , he enacted a draconian policy of deflation and drastically cutting state expenditure . Among other measures , he completely halted all public grants to the obligatory unemployment insurance introduced in 1927 , resulting in workers making higher contributions and fewer benefits for the unemployed . Benefits for the sick , invalid and pensioners were also reduced sharply . Additional difficulties were caused by the different deflationary policies pursued by Brüning and the Reichsbank , Germany 's central bank . In mid-1931 , the United Kingdom abandoned the gold standard and about 30 countries ( the sterling bloc ) devalued their currencies , making their goods around 20 % cheaper than those produced by Germany . As the Young Plan did not allow a devaluation of the Reichsmark , Brüning triggered a deflationary internal devaluation by forcing the economy to reduce prices , rents , salaries and wages by 20 % . Debate continues as to whether this policy was without alternative : some argue that the Allies would not in any circumstances have allowed a devaluation of the Reichsmark , while others point to the Hoover Moratorium as a sign that the Allies understood that the situation had changed fundamentally and further German reparation payments were impossible . Brüning expected that the policy of deflation would temporarily worsen the economic situation before it began to improve , quickly increasing the German economy 's competitiveness and then restoring its creditworthiness . His long - term view was that deflation would , in any case , be the best way to help the economy . His primary goal was to remove Germany 's reparation payments by convincing the Allies that they could no longer be paid . Anton Erkelenz , chairman of the German Democratic Party and a contemporary critic of Brüning , famously said that the policy of deflation is : A rightful attempt to release Germany from the grip of reparation payments , but in reality it meant nothing else than committing suicide because of fearing death . The deflation policy causes much more damage than the reparation payments of 20 years ... Fighting against Hitler is fighting against deflation , the enormous destruction of production factors . In 1933 , the American economist Irving Fisher developed the theory of debt deflation . He explained that a deflation causes a decline of profits , asset prices and a still greater decline in the net worth of businesses . Even healthy companies , therefore , may appear over-indebted and facing bankruptcy . The consensus today is that Brüning 's policies exacerbated the German economic crisis and the population 's growing frustration with democracy , contributing enormously to the increase in support for Hitler 's NSDAP . Most German capitalists and landowners originally supported the conservative experiment more from the belief that conservatives would best serve their interests rather than any particular liking for Brüning . As more of the working and middle classes turned against Brüning , however , more of the capitalists and landowners declared themselves in favour of his opponents Hitler and Hugenberg . By late 1931 , the conservative movement was dead and Hindenburg and the Reichswehr had begun to contemplate dropping Brüning in favour of accommodating Hugenberg and Hitler . Although Hindenburg disliked Hugenberg and despised Hitler , he was no less a supporter of the sort of anti-democratic counter-revolution that the DNVP and NSDAP represented . In April 1932 , Brüning had actively supported Hindenburg 's successful campaign against Hitler for re-election as Reichspräsident ; five weeks later , on 20 May 1932 , he had lost Hindenburg 's support and duly resigned as Reichskanzler . The Papen deal ( edit ) Hindenburg then appointed Franz von Papen as new Reichskanzler . Papen lifted the ban on the NSDAP 's SA paramilitary , imposed after the street riots , in an unsuccessful attempt to secure the backing of Hitler . Papen was closely associated with the industrialist and land - owning classes and pursued an extreme Conservative policy along Hindenburg 's lines . He appointed as Reichswehr Minister Kurt von Schleicher , and all the members of the new cabinet were of the same political opinion as Hindenburg . This government was expected to assure itself of the co-operation of Hitler . Since the Republicans were not yet ready to take action , the Communists did not want to support the republic , and the Conservatives had shot their political bolt , Hitler and Hugenberg were certain to achieve power . Elections of July 1932 ( edit ) Because most parties opposed the new government , Papen had the Reichstag dissolved and called for new elections . The general elections on 31 July 1932 yielded major gains for the Communists , and for the Nazis , who won 37.3 % of the vote -- their high - water mark in a free election . The Nazi party then supplanted the Social Democrats as the largest party in the Reichstag , although it did not gain a majority . The immediate question was what part the now large Nazi Party would play in the Government of the country . The party owed its huge increase to growing support from middle - class people , whose traditional parties were swallowed up by the Nazi Party . The millions of radical adherents at first forced the Party towards the Left . They wanted a renewed Germany and a new organisation of German society . The left of the Nazi party strove desperately against any drift into the train of such capitalist and feudal reactionaries . Therefore , Hitler refused ministry under Papen , and demanded the chancellorship for himself , but was rejected by Hindenburg on 13 August 1932 . There was still no majority in the Reichstag for any government ; as a result , the Reichstag was dissolved and elections took place once more in the hope that a stable majority would result . Schleicher cabinet ( edit ) The 6 November 1932 elections yielded 33.1 % for the Nazis , two million voters fewer than in the previous election . Franz von Papen stepped down and was succeeded as Chancellor ( Reichskanzler ) by General Kurt von Schleicher on 3 December . Schleicher , a retired army officer , had developed in an atmosphere of semi-obscurity and intrigue that encompassed the Republican military policy . He had for years been in the camp of those supporting the Conservative counter-revolution . Schleicher 's bold and unsuccessful plan was to build a majority in the Reichstag by uniting the trade unionist left wings of the various parties , including that of the Nazis led by Gregor Strasser . This policy did not prove successful either . Poster for the nationalist `` Black -- White -- Red '' coalition of Alfred Hugenberg ( DNVP leader ) , Franz von Papen and Franz Seldte . In this brief Presidential Dictatorship intermission , Schleicher assumed the role of `` Socialist General '' and entered into relations with the Christian Trade Unions , the left - wing members of the Nazi party , and even with the Social Democrats . Schleicher planned for a sort of labour government under his Generalship . But the Reichswehr officers were not prepared for this , the working class had a natural distrust of their future allies , and the great capitalists and landowners also did not like the plans . Hitler learned from Papen that the general had not received from Hindenburg the authority to abolish the Reichstag parliament , whereas any majority of seats did . The cabinet ( under a previous interpretation of Article 48 ) ruled without a sitting Reichstag , which could vote only for its own dissolution . Hitler also learned that all past crippling Nazi debts were to be relieved by German big business . On 22 January , Hitler 's efforts to persuade Oskar von Hindenburg , the President 's son and confidant , included threats to bring criminal charges over estate taxation irregularities at the President 's Neudeck estate ; although 5,000 acres ( 20 km ) extra were soon allotted to Hindenburg 's property . Outmaneuvered by Papen and Hitler on plans for the new cabinet , and having lost Hindenburg 's confidence , Schleicher asked for new elections . On 28 January , Papen described Hitler to Paul von Hindenburg as only a minority part of an alternative , Papen - arranged government . The four great political movements , the SPD , Communists , Centre , and the Nazis were in opposition . On 29 January , Hitler and Papen thwarted a last - minute threat of an officially sanctioned Reichswehr takeover , and on 30 January 1933 Hindenburg accepted the new Papen - Nationalist - Hitler coalition , with the Nazis holding only three of eleven Cabinet seats : Hitler as Chancellor , Wilhelm Frick as Minister of the Interior and Hermann Göring as Minister Without Portfolio . Later that day , the first cabinet meeting was attended by only two political parties , representing a minority in the Reichstag : The Nazis and the German National People 's Party ( DNVP ) , led by Alfred Hugenberg , with 196 and 52 seats respectively . Eyeing the Catholic Centre Party 's 70 ( plus 20 BVP ) seats , Hitler refused their leader 's demands for constitutional `` concessions '' ( amounting to protection ) and planned for dissolution of the Reichstag . Hindenburg , despite his misgivings about the Nazis ' goals and about Hitler as a personality , reluctantly agreed to Papen 's theory that , with Nazi popular support on the wane , Hitler could now be controlled as Chancellor . This date , dubbed by the Nazis as the Machtergreifung ( seizure of power ) , is commonly seen as the beginning of Nazi Germany . End of the Weimar Republic ( edit ) Hitler 's chancellorship ( 1933 ) ( edit ) Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor on the morning of 30 January 1933 in what some observers later described as a brief and indifferent ceremony . By early February , a mere week after Hitler 's assumption of the chancellorship , the government had begun to clamp down on the opposition . Meetings of the left - wing parties were banned and even some of the moderate parties found their members threatened and assaulted . Measures with an appearance of legality suppressed the Communist Party in mid-February and included the plainly illegal arrests of Reichstag deputies . The Reichstag fire on 27 February was blamed by Hitler 's government on the Communists . Hitler used the ensuing state of emergency to obtain the presidential assent of Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree the following day . The decree invoked Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution and `` indefinitely suspended '' a number of constitutional protections of civil liberties , allowing the Nazi government to take swift action against political meetings , arresting and killing the Communists . Hitler and the Nazis exploited the German state 's broadcasting and aviation facilities in a massive attempt to sway the electorate , but this election yielded a scant majority of 16 seats for the coalition . At the Reichstag elections , which took place on 5 March 1933 , the NSDAP obtained 17 million votes . The Communist , Social Democrat and Catholic Centre votes stood firm . This was the last multi-party election of the Weimar Republic and the last multi-party all - German election for 57 years . Hitler addressed disparate interest groups , stressing the necessity for a definitive solution to the perpetual instability of the Weimar Republic . He now blamed Germany 's problems on the Communists , even threatening their lives on 3 March . Former Chancellor Heinrich Brüning proclaimed that his Centre Party would resist any constitutional change and appealed to the President for an investigation of the Reichstag fire . Hitler 's successful plan was to induce what remained of the now Communist - depleted Reichstag to grant him , and the Government , the authority to issue decrees with the force of law . The hitherto Presidential Dictatorship hereby was to give itself a new legal form . On 15 March , the first cabinet meeting was attended by the two coalition parties , representing a minority in the Reichstag : The Nazis and the DNVP led by Alfred Hugenberg ( 288 + 52 seats ) . According to the Nuremberg Trials , this cabinet meeting 's first order of business was how at last to achieve the complete counter-revolution by means of the constitutionally allowed Enabling Act , requiring a 66 % parliamentary majority . This Act would , and did , lead Hitler and the NSDAP toward his goal of unfettered dictatorial powers . Hitler cabinet meeting in mid-march ( edit ) At the cabinet meeting on 15 March , Hitler introduced the Enabling Act , which would have authorised the cabinet to enact legislation without the approval of the Reichstag . Meanwhile , the only remaining question for the Nazis was whether the Catholic Centre Party ( Zentrum ) would support the Enabling Act in the Reichstag , thereby providing the 2⁄3 majority required to ratify a law that amended the constitution . Hitler expressed his confidence to win over the Centre 's votes . Hitler is recorded at the Nuremberg Trials as being sure of eventual Centre Party Germany capitulation and thus rejecting of the DNVP 's suggestions to `` balance '' the majority through further arrests , this time of Social Democrats . Hitler , however , assured his coalition partners that arrests would resume after the elections and , in fact , some 26 SPD Social Democrats were physically removed . After meeting with Centre leader Monsignor Ludwig Kaas and other Centre Trade Union leaders daily and denying them a substantial participation in the government , negotiation succeeded in respect of guarantees towards Catholic civil - servants and education issues . At the last internal Centre meeting prior to the debate on the Enabling Act , Kaas expressed no preference or suggestion on the vote , but as a way of mollifying opposition by Centre members to the granting of further powers to Hitler , Kaas somehow arranged for a letter of constitutional guarantee from Hitler himself prior to his voting with the centre en bloc in favour of the Enabling Act . This guarantee was not ultimately given . Kaas , the party 's chairman since 1928 , had strong connections to the Vatican Secretary of State , later Pope Pius XII . In return for pledging his support for the act , Kaas would use his connections with the Vatican to set in train and draft the Holy See 's long desired Reichskonkordat with Germany ( only possible with the co-operation of the Nazis ) . Ludwig Kaas is considered along with Papen as being one of the two most important political figures in the creation of a National Socialist dictatorship . Enabling Act negotiations ( edit ) On 20 March , negotiation began between Hitler and Frick on one side and the Catholic Centre Party ( Zentrum ) leaders -- Kaas , Stegerwald and Hackelsburger on the other . The aim was to settle on conditions under which Centre would vote in favour of the Enabling Act . Because of the Nazis ' narrow majority in the Reichstag , Centre 's support was necessary to receive the required two - thirds majority vote . On 22 March , the negotiations concluded ; Hitler promised to continue the existence of the German states , agreed not to use the new grant of power to change the constitution , and promised to retain Zentrum members in the civil service . Hitler also pledged to protect the Catholic confessional schools and to respect the concordats signed between the Holy See and Bavaria ( 1924 ) , Prussia ( 1929 ) and Baden ( 1931 ) . Hitler also agreed to mention these promises in his speech to the Reichstag before the vote on the Enabling Act . The ceremonial opening of the Reichstag on 21 March was held at the Garrison Church in Potsdam , a shrine of Prussianism , in the presence of many Junker landowners and representatives of the imperial military caste . This impressive and often emotional spectacle -- orchestrated by Joseph Goebbels -- aimed to link Hitler 's government with Germany 's imperial past and portray National Socialism as a guarantor of the nation 's future . The ceremony helped convince the `` old guard '' Prussian military elite of Hitler 's homage to their long tradition and , in turn , produced the relatively convincing view that Hitler 's government had the support of Germany 's traditional protector -- the Army . Such support would publicly signal a return to conservatism to curb the problems affecting the Weimar Republic , and that stability might be at hand . In a cynical and politically adroit move , Hitler bowed in apparently respectful humility before President and Field Marshal Hindenburg . Passage of the Enabling Act ( edit ) The Reichstag convened on 23 March 1933 , and in the midday opening , Hitler made a historic speech , appearing outwardly calm and conciliatory . Hitler presented an appealing prospect of respect towards Christianity by paying tribute to the Christian faiths as `` essential elements for safeguarding the soul of the German people '' . He promised to respect their rights and declared his government 's `` ambition is a peaceful accord between Church and State '' and that he hoped `` to improve our friendly relations with the Holy See . '' This speech aimed especially at the future recognition by the named Holy See and therefore to the votes of the Centre Party addressing many concerns Kaas had voiced during the previous talks . Kaas is considered to have had a hand therefore in the drafting of the speech . Kaas is also reported as voicing the Holy See 's desire for Hitler as bulwark against atheistic Russian nihilism previously as early as May 1932 . Hitler promised that the Act did not threaten the existence of either the Reichstag or the Reichsrat , that the authority of the President remained untouched and that the Länder would not be abolished . During an adjournment , the other parties ( notably the Centre ) met to discuss their intentions . In the debate prior to the vote on the Enabling Act , Hitler orchestrated the full political menace of his paramilitary forces like the storm division in the streets to intimidate reluctant Reichstag deputies into approving the Enabling Act . The Communists ' 81 seats had been empty since the Reichstag Fire Decree and other lesser known procedural measures , thus excluding their anticipated `` No '' votes from the balloting . Otto Wels , the leader of the Social Democrats , whose seats were similarly depleted from 120 to below 100 , was the only speaker to defend democracy and in a futile but brave effort to deny Hitler the 2⁄3 majority , he made a speech critical of the abandonment of democracy to dictatorship . At this , Hitler could no longer restrain his wrath . In his retort to Wels , Hitler abandoned earlier pretence at calm statesmanship and delivered a characteristic screaming diatribe , promising to exterminate all Communists in Germany and threatening Wels ' Social Democrats as well . He did not even want their support for the bill . `` Germany will become free , but not through you , '' he shouted . Meanwhile , Hitler 's promised written guarantee to Monsignor Kaas was being typed up , it was asserted to Kaas , and thereby Kaas was persuaded to silently deliver the Centre bloc 's votes for the Enabling Act anyway . The Act -- formally titled the `` Act for the Removal of Distress from People and Reich '' -- was passed by a vote of 441 to 94 . Only the SPD had voted against the Act . Every other member of the Reichstag , whether from the largest or the smallest party , voted in favour of the Act . It went into effect the following day , 24 March . Consequences ( edit ) Main article : Nazi Germany The passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 is widely considered to mark the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the Nazi era . It empowered the cabinet to legislate without the approval of Reichstag or the President , and to enact laws that were contrary to the constitution . Before the March 1933 elections , Hitler had persuaded Hindenburg to promulgate the Reichstag Fire Decree using Article 48 , which empowered the government to restrict `` the rights of habeas corpus ( ... ) freedom of the press , the freedom to organise and assemble , the privacy of postal , telegraphic and telephonic communications '' and legalised search warrants and confiscation `` beyond legal limits otherwise prescribed '' . This was intended to forestall any action against the government by the Communists . Hitler used the provisions of the Enabling Act to pre-empt possible opposition to his dictatorship from other sources , in which he was mostly successful . The process of bringing all major organisations into line with Nazi principles and into the service of the state was called Gleichschaltung . Gleichschaltung is usually translated as `` coordination '' , but sometimes as `` forcible coordination '' . It is a compound word , consisting of gleich , meaning alike , and schaltung , which means switching . The NSDAP meant to imply a particular mechanical meaning of the word : a certain means of wiring an electrical generator and electric motors , so that when the generator is made to turn at a given speed or turned to a certain angle , each motor connected to it will also turn at that speed , or to the same angle -- in other words , synchronisation . The NSDAP was thought of as the generator , and other civil groups as motors wired to it . Hitler 's cabinet issued many decrees for the purpose of Gleichschaltung in the weeks following the passage of the Act . It removed Jews from the civil service ( at Hindenburg 's request , an exception was made for Jews who had served at the front during World War I ) . It banned all trade unions and eventually outlawed all other political parties . After the exiled SPD published its new weekly Neuer Vorwarts in Prague , Hitler banned the party , confiscating its assets and abolishing its parliamentary representation , by decree of 22 June . However , opposition was frequently not addressed by legislation at all . The process of Gleichschaltung was often voluntary , or in any event not mandated by a formal decree . Most other parties had dissolved before being officially banned : the Nazi Party 's coalition partner , the DNVP , was dissolved on 27 June , one day after Hugenberg 's resignation from the cabinet . The Staatspartei ( formerly the DDP ) dissolved itself on 28 June , and the DVP on 29 June . On 4 -- 5 July , the Catholic parties ( the BVP and the Centre ) were also wound up . By the time the formal decree banned the creation of new parties , there were none left except the Nazis . ... many organisations showed themselves only too willing to anticipate the ( Gleichschaltung ) process and to `` coordinate '' themselves in accordance with the expectations of the new era . By the autumn , the Nazi dictatorship ... had been enormously strengthened . What is striking is not how much , but how little , Hitler needed to do to bring this about ... Hitler took remarkably few initiatives . Willing Gleichschaltung was termed Selbstgleichschaltung or `` self - coordination '' . There was a rush to join the NSDAP , overrunning the party 's ability to process applications : on 1 May , the party announced that it was suspending the admission of new members . The party 's membership had increased to 2.5 million , from about 900,000 at the end of January . Many prominent intellectuals allied themselves with the new government : the country 's most famous philosopher , Martin Heidegger and its most prominent constitutional scholar , Carl Schmitt , spoke in favour of it , and Heidegger became the sponsor of a manifesto of German professors pledging allegiance to `` Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State '' . Lists were prepared of writers whose works were unacceptable in the `` New Order '' , including Freud , Einstein and Brecht . On the evening of 10 May , under the leadership of the German Students ' Association and without substantial protest by the university faculties , some 20,000 volumes were burned at Berlin 's Opernplatz . The Reichswehr had , however , remained mostly untouched by Gleichschaltung . It was not until Hindenburg 's death in August 1934 that all military personnel swore an oath of loyalty directly to Hitler , instead of to the constitution . Thereafter , the military came under gradually increasing pressure to align itself with NSDAP ideology , but it never entirely capitulated . Likewise , the holdings of industrialists and aristocratic `` Junker '' landowners remained for the most part untouched , whilst the administrative and judicial machinery was only very slightly tampered with . The Nazi efforts to `` co-ordinate '' the Christian churches ( both Roman Catholic and Protestant ) were mostly unsuccessful , and were largely abandoned . However , the churches as a whole did not present any serious opposition to Hitler . Aftermath ( edit ) The constitution of 1919 was never formally repealed , but the Enabling Act meant that it was a dead letter . The Enabling Act itself was breached by Hitler on three occasions in 1934 : Article 2 of the act stated that ' Laws enacted by the government of the Reich may deviate from the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat . The rights of the President remain undisturbed . ' The powers of the Länder ( states ) were transferred to the central government , rendering the Reichsrat obsolete . A month later , the Reichsrat itself was dissolved . President von Hindenburg died in August , and Hitler appropriated the president 's powers for himself . The Enabling Act did not specify any recourse that could be taken if the chancellor violated Article 2 , and no judicial challenge ensued . Following the death of Hindenburg in 1934 , the constitution was largely forgotten , with some minor exceptions . In The Political Testament of Adolf Hitler , written shortly before his suicide , he appointed Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him but as President rather than Fuehrer , thereby re-establishing a constitutional office dormant since Hindenburg 's death eleven years earlier . On 30 April 1945 , Doenitz formed what became known as the Flensburg government , which de facto controlled only a tiny area of Germany near the Danish border and the town of Flensburg . It was dissolved by the Allies on 23 May . On 5 June , the Allied Berlin Declaration stated in its preamble that the Allies assumed `` supreme authority with respect to Germany , including all the powers possessed by the German Government ... and any state , municipal , or local government or authority . '' It also declared that there was `` no central Government or authority in Germany capable of accepting responsibility for the maintenance of order , the administration of the country and compliance with the requirements of the victorious Powers . '' Article 13 of the declaration read : ( T ) he four Allied Governments will take such steps , including the complete disarmament and demilitarisation of Germany , as they deem requisite for future peace and security . The Allied Representatives will impose on Germany additional political , administrative , economic , financial , military and other requirements arising from the complete defeat of Germany ... All German authorities and the German people shall carry out unconditionally the requirements of the Allied Representatives , and shall fully comply with all such proclamations , orders , ordinances and instructions . These provisions , not legally challenged by either of the subsequent German governments , meant that neither any NSDAP decree nor the 1919 constitution held any legal force over the Allies ' administration of Germany . The 1949 Constitution of East Germany ( officially , the German Democratic Republic ) contained many passages that were originally part of the 1919 constitution . It was intended to be the constitution of a united Germany and was thus a compromise between liberal - democratic and Leninist ideologies . It was replaced by a new , explicitly Leninist constitution in 1968 , which was substantially amended in 1974 . In 1990 , the GDR was dissolved and incorporated into West Germany . The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ( commonly referred to as West Germany ) , enacted in 1949 , stated : `` The provisions of Articles 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 and 141 of the German Constitution of 11 August 1919 shall be an integral part of this Basic Law . '' These articles of the Weimar constitution ( which dealt with the state 's relationship to various Christian churches ) remain part of the German Basic Law . Reasons for failure ( edit ) The reasons for the Weimar Republic 's collapse are the subject of continuing debate . It may have been doomed from the beginning since even moderates disliked it and extremists on both the left and right loathed it , a situation often referred to as a `` democracy without democrats '' . Germany had limited democratic traditions , and Weimar democracy was widely seen as chaotic . Since Weimar politicians had been blamed for the Dolchstoßlegende ( `` Stab - in - the - back myth '' ) , a widely believed theory that Germany 's surrender in World War I had been the unnecessary act of traitors , the popular legitimacy of the government was on shaky ground . As normal parliamentary lawmaking broke down and was replaced around 1930 by a series of emergency decrees , the decreasing popular legitimacy of the government further drove voters to extremist parties . No single reason can explain the failure of the Weimar Republic . The most commonly asserted causes can be grouped into three categories : economic problems , institutional problems and the roles of specific individuals . Economic problems ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in Central Europe , Dawes Plan , and Reichsbank The Weimar Republic had some of the most serious economic problems ever experienced by any Western democracy in history . Rampant hyperinflation , massive unemployment , and a large drop in living standards were primary factors . From 1923 to 1929 , there was a short period of economic recovery , but the Great Depression of the 1930s led to a worldwide recession . Germany was particularly affected because it depended heavily on American loans . In 1926 , about 2 million Germans were unemployed , which rose to around 6 million in 1932 . Many blamed the Weimar Republic . That was made apparent when political parties on both right and left wanting to disband the Republic altogether made any democratic majority in Parliament impossible . The Weimar Republic was severely affected by the Great Depression . The economic stagnation led to increased demands on Germany to repay the debts owed to the United States . As the Weimar Republic was very fragile in all its existence , the depression was devastating , and played a major role in the NSDAP 's takeover . Most Germans thought the Treaty of Versailles was a punishing and degrading document because it forced them to surrender resource - rich areas and pay massive amounts of compensation . The punitive reparations caused consternation and resentment , but the actual economic damage resulting from the Treaty of Versailles is difficult to determine . While the official reparations were considerable , Germany ended up paying only a fraction of them . However , the reparations damaged Germany 's economy by discouraging market loans , which forced the Weimar government to finance its deficit by printing more currency , causing rampant hyperinflation . In addition , the rapid disintegration of Germany in 1919 by the return of a disillusioned army , the rapid change from possible victory in 1918 to defeat in 1919 , and the political chaos may have caused a psychological imprint on Germans that could lead to extreme nationalism , later epitomised and exploited by Hitler . Most historians agree that many industrial leaders identified the Weimar Republic with labour unions and the Social Democrats , who had established the Versailles concessions . Although some saw Hitler as a means to abolish the latter , the Republic was already unstable before any industry leaders were supporting Hitler . Even those who supported Hitler 's appointment often did not support all of Nazism and considered Hitler a temporary solution in their efforts to abolish the Republic . Industry support alone can not explain Hitler 's enthusiastic support by large segments of the population , including many workers who had turned away from the left . Princeton historian Harold James argues that there was a clear link between economic decline and people turning to extremist politics . Institutional problems ( edit ) It is widely believed that the 1919 constitution had several weaknesses , making the eventual establishment of a dictatorship likely , but it is unknown whether a different constitution could have prevented the rise of the Nazi party . However , the 1949 West German constitution ( the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ) is generally viewed as a strong response to these flaws . The institution of the Reichspräsident was frequently considered as an Ersatzkaiser ( `` substitute emperor '' ) , an attempt to replace the emperors with a similarly strong institution meant to diminish party politics . Article 48 of the Constitution gave the President power to `` take all necessary steps '' if `` public order and security are seriously disturbed or endangered '' . Although it was intended as an emergency clause , it was often used before 1933 to issue decrees without the support of Parliament ( see above ) and also made Gleichschaltung easier . During the Weimar Republic , it was accepted that a law did not have to conform to the constitution as long as it had the support of two thirds of parliament , the same majority needed to change the constitution ( verfassungsdurchbrechende Gesetze ) . That was a precedent for the Enabling Act of 1933 . The Basic Law of 1949 requires an explicit change of the wording , and it prohibits abolishing the basic rights or the federal structure of the republic . The use of a proportional representation without a large thresholds meant a party with a small amount of support could gain entry into the Reichstag . That led to many small parties , some extremist , building political bases within the system . To counter the problem , the modern German Bundestag introduced a 5 % threshold limit for a party to gain parliamentary representation . However , the Reichstag of the monarchy was fractioned to a similar degree even if it was elected by majority vote ( under a two - round system ) . The republic fell not by the small parties but by the strength of the communists , conservatives and ultimately the national socialists . The Reichstag could remove the Reichskanzler from office even if it was unable to agree on a successor . The use of such a motion of no confidence meant that since 1932 , that a government could not be held in office when the parliament came together . As a result , the 1949 Grundgesetz stipulates that a chancellor may not be removed by Parliament unless a successor is elected at the same time , known as a `` constructive vote of no confidence '' . The political parties started to have a role in creating a government only in October 1918 . They were massively inexperienced . Role of individuals ( edit ) Brüning 's economic policy from 1930 to 1932 has been the subject of much debate . It caused many Germans to identify the Republic with cuts in social spending and extremely liberal economics . Whether there were alternatives to this policy during the Great Depression is an open question . Paul von Hindenburg became Reichspräsident in 1925 . As he was an old style monarchist conservative , he had little love lost for the Republic , but for the most part , he formally acted within the bounds of the constitution ; however , he ultimately - on the advice of his son and others close to him - appointed Hitler chancellor thereby effectively ending the Republic . Constituent states ( edit ) Main article : States of the Weimar Republic Prior to World War I , the constituent states of the German Empire were 22 smaller monarchies , three republican city - states and the Imperial territory of Alsace - Lorraine . After the territorial losses of the Treaty of Versailles and the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , the remaining states continued as republics . The former Ernestine duchies continued briefly as republics before merging to form the state of Thuringia in 1920 , except for Saxe - Coburg , which became part of Bavaria . State Capital Free States ( Freistaaten ) Anhalt Dessau Baden Karlsruhe Bavaria ( Bayern ) Munich Brunswick ( Braunschweig ) Braunschweig Coburg -- to Bavaria in 1920 Coburg Hesse ( Hessen ) Darmstadt Lippe Detmold Mecklenburg - Schwerin Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Neustrelitz Oldenburg Oldenburg Prussia ( Preußen ) Berlin Saxony ( Sachsen ) Dresden Schaumburg - Lippe Bückeburg Thuringia ( Thüringen ) -- from 1920 Weimar Waldeck - Pyrmont -- to Prussia ( Pyrmont joined Prussia in 1921 , Waldeck followed in 1929 ) Arolsen Württemberg Stuttgart Free and Hanseatic Cities ( Freie und Hansestädte ) Bremen Hamburg Lübeck States merged to form Thuringia in 1920 Gotha Gotha Reuss Gera Saxe - Altenburg ( Sachsen - Altenburg ) Altenburg Saxe - Meiningen ( Sachsen - Meiningen ) Meiningen Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( Sachsen - Weimar - Eisenach ) Weimar Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Schwarzburg - Sondershausen Sondershausen These states were gradually de facto abolished under the Nazi regime via the Gleichschaltung process , as the states were largely re-organised into Gaue . However , the city - state of Lübeck was formally incorporated into Prussia in 1937 following the Greater Hamburg Act , apparently motivated by Hitler 's personal dislike for the city . Most of the remaining states were formally dissolved by the Allies at the end of World War II and ultimately reorganised into the modern states of Germany . See also ( edit ) Weimar Republic portal Württemberg Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic Timeline of the Weimar Republic The 1920s Berlin Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Volume 6 . Weimar Germany , 1918 / 19 -- 1933 Population by Religious Denomination ( 1910 - 1939 ) Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch , Volume III , Materialien zur Statistik des Deutschen Reiches 1914 - 1945 , edited by Dietmar Petzina , Werner Abelshauser , and Anselm Faust . Munich : Verlag C.H. Beck , 1978 , p. 31 . Translation : Fred Reuss . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Adam , Germany and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History , 2005 , ISBN 1 - 85109 - 633 - 7 , p. 185 Jump up ^ `` Das Deutsche Reich im Überblick '' . Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Cf . Der Große Brockhaus : Handbuch des Wissens in zwanzig Bänden : 21 vols. , completely revis . ed. , Leipzig : F.A. Brockhaus , 1928 -- 1935 , vol. 4 ( 1929 ) : `` Vierter Band Chi -- Dob '' , article : ' Deutsches Reich ' , pp. 611 -- 704 , here pp. 648 and 651 . No ISBN . Jump up ^ Marks , Sally , The Illusion of Peace : International Relations in Europe , 1918 -- 1933 , St. Martin 's , NY , 1976 , pp. 96 -- 105 . ^ Jump up to : Büttner , Ursula Weimar : die überforderte Republik , Klett - Cotta , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 608 - 94308 - 5 , p. 424 Jump up ^ `` Weimar Republic '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Eva - Maria Schnurr ( September 2014 ) . `` Der Name des Feindes : Warum heißt der erste deutsche Demokratie eigentlich `` Weimarer Republik ? '' `` . 5 / 2014 ( Der Spiegel - Geschichte 3 Hausmitteilung 137 Impressum ed . ) . Der Spiegel : 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sebastian Ullrich as quoted by Eva - Maria Schnurr ( September 2014 ) . `` Der Name des Feindes : Warum heißt der erste deutsche Demokratie eigentlich `` Weimarer Republik ? '' `` . 5 / 2014 ( Der Spiegel - Geschichte 3 Hausmitteilung 137 Impressum ed . ) . Der Spiegel : 20 . Jump up ^ Jana Leichsenring , `` Staatssymbole : Der Bundesadler '' , in : Aktueller Begriff , Deutscher Bundestag -- Wissenschaftliche Dienste ( ed . ) , No. 83 / 08 ( 12 December 2008 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ According to sources of the German national football team Schwab created the emblem for the team in 1924 . Jump up ^ Cf . Reichswappen as depicted in the table : `` Deutsches Reich : Wappen I '' in : Der Große Brockhaus : Handbuch des Wissens in zwanzig Bänden : 21 vols. , Leipzig : Brockhaus , 1928 -- 1935 ; vol. 4 `` Chi -- Dob '' ( 1929 ) , p. 648 . Jump up ^ Jürgen Hartmann , `` Der Bundesadler '' , in : Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte ( No. 03 / 2008 ) , Institut für Zeitgeschichte ( ed . ) , pp. 495 -- 509 , here p. 501 . ^ Jump up to : Jana Leichsenring , `` Staatssymbole : Der Bundesadler '' , in : Aktueller Begriff , Deutscher Bundestag -- Wissenschaftliche Dienste ( ed . ) , No. 83 / 08 ( 12 December 2008 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Hitler by John Toland Jump up ^ ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ? article = 1091&context = law_pubs Jump up ^ Farm labor in Germany , 1810 - 1945 ; its historical development within the framework of agricultural and social policy by Frieda Wunderlich Jump up ^ `` Two Centuries of Solidarity '' . Jump up ^ `` Social Relations in the Estate Villages of Mecklenburg C. 1880 - 1924 '' . Jump up ^ Industrial and Labour Information , Volume 20 , International Labour Office , 1926 Jump up ^ Modern Germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century by Volker R. Berghahn Jump up ^ Arthur Rosenberg . `` A History of the German Republic by Arthur Rosenberg 1936 '' . Jump up ^ Diest , Wilhelm ; Feuchtwanger , E.J. ( 1996 ) . `` The Military Collapse of the German Empire : the Reality Behind the Stab - in - the - Back Myth '' . War in History . 3 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 207 . doi : 10.1177 / 096834459600300203 . Jump up ^ Watson , Alexander ( 2008 ) . `` Stabbed at the Front : After 1918 the Myth Was Created That the German Army Only Lost the War Because It Had Been ' Stabbed in the Back ' by Defeatists and Revolutionaries on the Home Front . Reviews the Clear Evidence That in Reality It Simply Lost the Will to Go on Fighting '' . History Today . 58 ( 11 ) . Jump up ^ Ian Kershaw ( 2000 ) . Hitler , 1889 - 1936 : Hubris . W.W. Norton . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Sally Marks , `` The Myths of Reparations '' , Central European History ( 1978 ) 11 # 3 pp 231 - 55 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Kitchen , Illustrated History of Germany , Cambridge University Press , 1996 , p 241 Jump up ^ `` Josephine Baker in Berlin '' . Cabaret Berlin -- Exploring the entertainment of the Weimar era . 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Delmer , Sefton ( 1972 ) . Weimar Germany : Democracy on Trial . London : Macdonald . pp. 82 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Labour Under Nazi Rule '' `` . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ministerial-leadership.org/sites/default/files/resources_and_tools/10%20german%20health%20insu.pdf Jump up ^ `` Dying of Money '' . Jump up ^ `` Decoding Modern Consumer Societies '' . Jump up ^ American Journal of Care for Cripples , Volume 8 , Douglas C. McMurtrie , 1919 Jump up ^ `` Welfare , Modernity , and the Weimar State , 1919 - 1933 '' . Jump up ^ `` The Provision of Public Services in Europe '' . Jump up ^ `` Growth to Limits : Germany , United Kingdom , Ireland , Italy '' . Jump up ^ `` The Great Disorder '' . Jump up ^ AQA History : The Development of Germany , 1871 -- 1925 by Sally Waller Jump up ^ Ruth Henig . The Weimar Republic 1919 - 1933 . Jump up ^ Heino Kaack , Geschichte und Struktur des deutschen Parteiensystems , Springer - Verlag , 2013 , ISBN 9783322835277 , p. 105 - 108 Jump up ^ `` Unemployment in Nazi Germany '' . Spartacus Educational . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fritz - Helmut Wisch , Paul Martin and Marianne Martinson , European problems and Social Policies , Frank & Timme , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 3865960313 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Jürgen Georg Backhaus , The Beginnings of Scholarly Economic Journalism , Springer 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 0078 - 3 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Ursula Büttner , Weimar : die überforderte Republik , Klett - Cotta , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 608 - 94308 - 5 , p. 451 Jump up ^ Hans Ulrich Wehler , Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte , Band 4 , 1 . Auflage , 2003 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 32264 - 6 , p. 526 ; Michael North , Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte , C.H. Bech , 2 . Auflage 2005 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 50266 - 0 , p. 329 Jump up ^ Jürgen Georg Backhaus , The Beginnings of Scholarly Economic Journalism , Springer 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 0078 - 3 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Ursula Büttner , Weimar : die überforderte Republik , Klett - Cotta , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 608 - 94308 - 5 , p. 424 ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Arthur ( 1936 ) . A History of The German Republic . London : Methuen . Jump up ^ Unlike the Reichskanzler , the Reichspräsident was elected by a direct popular vote . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard J. ( 2004 ) . The Coming of the Third Reich . New York : The Penguin Press . p. 446 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 004 - 1 . Jump up ^ As Kershaw notes ( p. 468 ) , after the passage of the Act , `` Hitler was still far from wielding absolute power . But vital steps toward consolidating his dictatorship now followed in quick succession . '' ^ Jump up to : Klemperer , Klemens von ( 1992 ) . German Resistance Against Hitler : The Search for Allies Abroad 1938 -- 1945 . Oxford : OUP / Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821940 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mowrer , Edgar Ansel ( 1970 ) . Triumph and Turmoil . London : Allen & Unwin . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 04 - 920026 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kershaw pp. 467 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kershaw p. 468 . Jump up ^ Kershaw p. 481 . Jump up ^ Kershaw pp. 474 -- 476 Jump up ^ Kershaw pp. 475 -- 483 Jump up ^ Kershaw p. 469 . Jump up ^ They included the works of Heinrich Heine , a poet who had written that `` where books are burned , in the end people are also burned . '' Kershaw . pp. 469 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Inga ( March 2008 ) . `` Constitution Making After National Catastrophes : Germany in 1949 and 1990 '' ( PDF ) . William and Mary Law Review . 4 ( 4 ) : 1317 -- 1318 , 1320 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 140 ( Law of religious denominations ) '' ( PDF ) . Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany . Trans . by Christian Tomuschat and David P. Currie ; trans . revised by Christian Tomuschat and Donald P. Kommers . Berlin : Public Relations Division , German Bundestag . October 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Primoratz , Igor ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) . Patriotism : Philosophical and Political Perspectives . Routledge . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0754671220 . Jump up ^ James , Harold , `` Economic Reasons for the Collapse of the Weimar Republic '' , in Weimar : Why Did German Democracy Fail , ed . Ian Kershaw , Widenfeld and Nicolson , ( London : 1990 ) , pp 30 -- 57 . Further reading ( edit ) Allen , William Sheridan ( 1984 ) . The Nazi seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town , 1922 -- 1945 . New York , Toronto : F. Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 09935 - 0 . Berghahn , V.R. ( 1982 ) . Modern Germany . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34748 - 3 . Bingham , John ( 2014 ) . Weimar Cities : The Challenge of Urban Modernity in Germany , 1919 - 1933 . London . Bookbinder , Paul ( 1996 ) . Weimar Germany : the Republic of the Reasonable . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4286 - 0 . Broszat , Martin ( 1987 ) . Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany . Leamington Spa , New York : Berg and St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 85496 - 509 - 2 . Childers , Thomas ( 1983 ) . The Nazi Voter : The Social Foundations of Fascism in Germany , 1919 -- 1933 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1570 - 5 . Craig , Gordon A. ( 1980 ) . Germany 1866 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of Modern Europe ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502724 - 8 . Dorpalen , Andreas ( 1964 ) . Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . Eschenburg , Theodor ( 1972 ) . Hajo Holborn , ed . The Role of the Personality in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic : Hindenburg , Brüning , Groener , Schleicher . New York : Pantheon Books . pp. 3 -- 50 , Republic to Reich The Making Of The Nazi Revolution . Feuchtwanger , Edgar ( 1993 ) . From Weimar to Hitler : Germany , 1918 -- 1933 . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 27466 - 0 . Gay , Peter ( 1968 ) . Weimar Culture : The Outsider as Insider . New York : Harper & Row . Gordon , Mel ( 2000 ) . Voluptuous Panic : The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin . New York : Feral House . Hamilton , Richard F. ( 1982 ) . Who Voted for Hitler ? . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09395 - 4 . Harman , Chris ( 1982 ) . The Lost Revolution : Germany 1918 -- 1923 . Bookmarks . ISBN 090622408X . James , Harold ( 1986 ) . The German Slump : Politics and Economics , 1924 -- 1936 . Oxford , Oxfordshire : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 821972 - 5 . Kaes , Anton ; Jay , Martin ; Dimendberg , Edward , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Weimar Republic Sourcebook . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06774 - 6 . Kershaw , Ian ( 1990 ) . Weimar . Why did German Democracy Fail ? . London : Weidenfield & Nicholson . ISBN 0 - 312 - 04470 - 4 . Kershaw , Ian ( 1998 ) . Hitler 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04671 - 0 . Kolb , Eberhard ( 1988 ) . The Weimar Republic . P.S. Falla ( translator ) . London : Unwin Hyman . Lee , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . The Weimar Republic . Routledge . pp. 144pp . McElligott , Anthony , ed. ( 2009 ) . Weimar Germany . Oxford University Press . Mommsen , Hans ( 1991 ) . From Weimar to Auschwitz . Philip O'Connor ( translator ) . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03198 - 3 . Nicholls , Anthony James ( 2000 ) . Weimar And The Rise Of Hitler . New York : St. Martin 's Press , . ISBN 0 - 312 - 23350 - 7 . Peukert , Detlev ( 1992 ) . The Weimar Republic : the Crisis of Classical Modernity . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 9674 - 9 . Rosenberg , Arthur . A History Of The German Republic ( 1936 ) 370pp online Smith , Helmut Walser , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` 18 - 25 '' . The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History . pp. 862 pp . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1996 ) . Hitler 's Thirty Days To Power : January 1933 . Reading , Mass. : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 40714 - 0 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1985 ) . German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503492 - 9 . Weitz , Eric D. ( 2007 ) . Weimar Germany : Promise and Tragedy . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01695 - 5 . Wheeler - Bennett , John ( 2005 ) . The Nemesis of Power : German Army in Politics , 1918 -- 1945 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1812 - 0 . Widdig , Bernd ( 2001 ) . Culture and Inflation in Weimar Germany . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22290 - 8 . Historiography ( edit ) Fritzsche , Peter . `` Did Weimar Fail ? '' Journal of Modem History 68 ( 1996 ) : 629 -- 656 . in JSTOR Graf , Rüdiger . `` Either - Or : The Narrative of ' Crisis ' in Weimar Germany and in Historiography , '' Central European History ( 2010 ) 43 # 4 pp. 592 -- 615 External links ( edit ) ( in German ) -- Documentarchiv.de : Historical documents National Library of Israel.org : Weimar Republic collection States of the Weimar Republic ( 1919 -- 33 ) States Anhalt Baden Bavaria Brunswick Hesse Lippe Mecklenburg - Schwerin Mecklenburg - Strelitz Oldenburg Prussia Saxony Schaumburg - Lippe Thuringia ( from 1920 ) Waldeck ( until 1929 ) Württemberg City - states Bremen Hamburg Lübeck Until 1920 Ernest Altenburg Coburg Gotha Meiningen Weimar - Eisenach Reuss Reuss - Greiz Reuss - Gera Schwarzburg Rudolstadt Sondershausen Unrecognized separatist movements Bavarian Soviet Republic Bottleneck Rhenish Republic Germany articles History Timeline Historiography Military history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung ( East Colonisation ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Divided Germany Allied occupation Flight and expulsions East Germany West Germany Reunification Reunified Germany Geography Administrative divisions States Districts Cities and towns Earthquakes Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Bundestag Bundesrat Bundeswehr ( military ) Cabinet Chancellor Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement Political parties President Economy Agriculture Automobile industry Banking Central bank Chemical Triangle Economic history Energy Exports German model German states by GDP Mining Mittelstand companies Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Welfare Society Crime Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Healthcare Immigration Pensions Religion Social issues Culture Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Dance Fashion Festivals Flag Language Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Outline Index Book Portal Coordinates : 52 ° 31 ′ N 13 ° 24 ′ E / 52.517 ° N 13.400 ° E / 52.517 ; 13.400 LCCN : sh85054639 GND : 4065109 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimar_Republic&oldid=801558899 '' Categories : Former polities of the interwar period Former countries in Europe States and territories established in 1918 States and territories disestablished in 1933 Weimar Republic Modern history of Germany Former republics Interwar period Weimar culture 1910s in Germany 1920s in Germany 1930s in Germany States and territories established in 1919 1919 establishments in Germany 1933 disestablishments in Germany Aftermath of World War I in Germany Great Depression 20th century in Germany by period Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use dmy dates from January 2012 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing German - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with German - language external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 12 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the democratic government set up in germany in 1919 was called the	[ "The Weimar Republic is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar, Germany from 6 February 1919 to 11 August 1919,[7] but this name only became mainstream after 1933. Between 1919 and 1933 there was no single name for the new state that gained widespread acceptance, which is precisely why the old name \"Deutsches Reich\" continued in existence even though hardly anyone used it during the Weimar period.[8] To the right of the spectrum the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and cringed to see the honour of the traditional word \"Reich\" associated with it.[9] The Catholic Centre party, Zentrum favoured the term \"Deutscher Volksstaat\" (\"German People's State\") while on the moderate left the Chancellor's SPD preferred \"Deutsche Republik\" (\"German Republic\").[9] By 1925 \"Deutsche Republik\" was used by most Germans, but for the anti-democratic right the word \"Republik\" was, along with the relocation of the seat of power to Weimar, a painful reminder of a government structure that had been imposed by foreign statesmen, along with the expulsion of Kaiser Wilhelm in the wake of massive national humiliation.[9] The first recorded mention of the term \"Republik von Weimar\" (\"Republic of Weimar\") came during a speech delivered by Adolf Hitler at a National Socialist German Worker's Party rally in Munich on 24 February 1929; it was a few weeks later that the term \"Weimar Republik\" was first used (again by Hitler) in a newspaper article.[8] Only during the 1930s did the term become mainstream, both within and outside Germany." ]	[ "Weimar Republic" ]
3566660077836626156	Great Pyramid of Giza	Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brier 1999 , p. 164 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=800811421 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many bricks did it take to build the great pyramid of giza	[ "The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the \"King's\" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 mi) away. Traditionally, ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.[17] It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.[18]" ]	[ "estimated 2.3 million" ]
-4058347494892137759	Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom	Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom - wikipedia Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Jump to : navigation , search Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Chadwick Produced by David M. Thompson Anant Singh Screenplay by William Nicholson Based on Long Walk to Freedom by Nelson Mandela Starring Idris Elba Naomie Harris Music by Alex Heffes U2 Cinematography Lol Crawley Edited by Rick Russell Production company Pathé Videovision Entertainment Distant Horizon Origin Pictures Distributed by 20th Century Fox The Weinstein Company Release date 7 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 07 ) ( TIFF ) 28 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) ( South Africa ) 3 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 03 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 146 minutes Country United Kingdom South Africa Language English Xhosa Afrikaans Budget $35 million Box office $27.3 million Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom is a 2013 British - South African biographical film directed by Justin Chadwick from a script written by William Nicholson and starring Idris Elba and Naomie Harris . The film is based on the 1995 autobiographical book Long Walk to Freedom by anti-apartheid revolutionary and former South African President Nelson Mandela . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 5 Historical accuracy 6 Awards 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Based on South African President Nelson Mandela 's autobiography of the same name , which chronicles his early life , coming of age , education and 27 years in prison before becoming President and working to rebuild the country 's once segregated society . Cast ( edit ) Idris Elba as Nelson Mandela Atandwa Kani as Nelson Mandela ( 16 - 23 ) Siza Pini as Nelson Mandela ( 7 - 9 ) Naomie Harris as Winnie Madikizela Tony Kgoroge as Walter Sisulu S'Thandiwe Kgoroge as Albertina Sisulu Riaad Moosa as Ahmed Kathrada Zolani Mkiva as Raymond Mhlaba Simo Mogwaza as Andrew Mlangeni Tshallo Sputla Chokwe as Oliver Tambo Fana Mokoena as Govan Mbeki James Cunningham as George Bizos Thapelo Mokoena as Elias Motsoaledi Jamie Bartlett as James Gregory Deon Lotz as Kobie Coetzee Terry Pheto as Evelyn Mase Sello Maake as Albert Lutuli Gys de Villiers as F.W. de Klerk Zenzo Ngqobe as Patrick Lekota Carl Beukes as Niel Barnard A.J. van der Merwe as Fanie van der Merwe Nomfusi Gotyana as Miriam Makeba Andre Jacobs as Bram Fischer Louis van Niekerk as Quartus de Wet Adam Neill as Percy Yutar Lindiwe Matshikiza as Zindzi Mandela ( 28 - 32 ) Refilwe Charles as Zindzi Mandela ( 8 - 12 ) Semuhle Shangasi as Zenani Mandela ( 28 - 32 ) Khumbuzile Maphumulo as Zenani Mandela ( 8 - 12 ) John Herbert as Arthur Goldreich Production ( edit ) Producer Anant Singh started working on the project after interviewing Mandela while he was still imprisoned two decades prior . Following the publication of Mandela 's autobiography , Singh was granted the rights to the film adaptation , which was completed 16 years later by screenwriter William Nicholson . The film is directed by Justin Chadwick . Music ( edit ) For the film , U2 wrote the song `` Ordinary Love '' . Subscribers of the band 's official website were able to hear a short snippet first . Release ( edit ) The film held its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2013 . It was released on 28 November 2013 in South Africa and on 3 January 2014 in the United Kingdom , a week before and a month after Mandela died , respectively . Long Walk to Freedom premiered in London on 5 December 2013 as a Royal Film Performance , The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were in attendance , along with Mandela 's daughters Zindzi and Zenani . The announcement of the death of Nelson Mandela occurred while the film was being screened ; The Duke and Duchess were immediately informed of Nelson 's passing , while producer Anant Singh ( alongside Idris Elba ) took the stage during the closing credits to inform patrons of Mandela 's passing , and held a moment of silence . Prince William made brief comments to the press while exiting the theatre , stating that `` I just wanted to say it 's extremely sad and tragic news . We were just reminded what an extraordinary and inspiring man Nelson Mandela was . My thoughts and prayers are with him and his family right now . '' The film was temporarily pulled from theatres in South Africa the next day out of respect , but returned on 7 December 2013 . On the 8th of December to mark the launch of the film a Gala dinner , private screening and charity auction in aid of the children 's charity Onetoonechildrensfund . Sir Trevor McDonald was Master of Ceremonies for the evening , introducing the auction where one of a limited edition of 6 portrait heads of Nelson Mandela , sculpted from life by David Cregeen . The head was donated by the sculptor and sold in aid of the charity 's work in South Africa . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 59 % based on 123 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It might be too respectful to truly soar , but there 's no denying Idris Elba 's impressive work in Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom -- or the inspirational power of the life it depicts . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has an average score of 60 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Scott Foundas of Variety said the film `` never opts for a light touch when a sledgehammer will do '' , but also praises Elba for `` a towering performance , a Mandela for the ages '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today agreed that Elba 's performance was powerful but felt the film was not as strong , stating , `` Earnest and ambitious , the film suffers from trying to squeeze in too many milestones of Nelson Mandela 's long life as he worked to end the oppressive regime of apartheid in South Africa . But the talent of the lead actors lends it heft , particularly the commanding performance of Idris Elba as Mandela . '' Jordan Hoffman from Film.com also gave the film a mixed to negative review : `` Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom should have been a layup . A slow burn leading to eventual triumph , moving speeches , Idris Elba raging against injustice , the world made a better place because of one man 's sacrifice . But as crazy and offensive as it may sound , you 'll get more chills from Elba 's idiotic speech about canceling the apocalypse in Pacific Rim than you will in this by - the - numbers bore . '' However , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a generally positive review with 2 and a half out of 4 stars , mostly circling the performances . Screenwriter William Nicholson claimed it did n't do better because of the movie 12 Years a Slave : `` 12 Years a Slave came out in America and that sucked up all the guilt about black people that was available . They were so exhausted feeling guilty about slavery that I do n't think there was much left over to be nice about our film . '' He also speculated that the death of Mandela resulted in a Mandela `` overdose '' among people , so that they have had enough of him when the movie finally hit the theatres ; `` Suddenly the word came through that he died . We were deluged with Mandela stuff and after a week we all thought , please , take it away , we 've heard enough about Mandela . '' Historical accuracy ( edit ) Vincent Hiribarren , a lecturer in world history at King 's College London , notes in his review of the film for History Extra , the website of BBC History Magazine : `` ( The film ) clearly depicted Mandela 's understanding of the apartheid years . Or , at least , what he wanted to let us know . As the film is not based on Mandela 's life but on Mandela 's own words , criticism levelled at Mandela 's autobiography can also be directed at the film . '' Turning to the 1976 Soweto uprising , Hiribarren said that the film `` did not spend much time evoking this pivotal event , because Mandela did not say much about Soweto in his book . The Soweto uprising was , however , instrumental in creating a new political climate in South Africa that directly led to the politicisation of many young South Africans . '' Hiribarren awarded the film three stars for historical accuracy , and five for enjoyment . Awards ( edit ) Awards Award Category Name Result 86th Academy Awards Best Original Song U2 for `` Ordinary Love '' Nominated ABFF Hollywood Awards Artist of the Year Idris Elba ( also for Pacific Rim and Thor : The Dark World ) Nominated 71st Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Idris Elba Nominated Best Original Score Alex Heffes Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture U2 and Danger Mouse ( `` Ordinary Love '' ) Won 19th Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Music Score in a Feature Film Lewis Morison Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MANDELA : LONG WALK TO FREEDOM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela Long Walk to Freedom '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom , Dark Horizons . Dark Horizons . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weinstein Company to release ' Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom '' . The Weinstein Company . 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nelson Mandela Biopic Explores What Makes a Fearless Leader Tick '' . Rolling Stone . 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U2 - Ordinary Love ( From Mandela OST ) Lyric Video '' . youtube.com . U2VEVO. 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . U2 premieres their new song Ordinary Love ( from Mandela : Long Walk To Freedom ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ' Trailer Features New U2 Song ' Ordinary Love ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinary Love '' . U2.com. 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela biopic to have world premiere at Toronto '' . BBC News . 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela death announced at Long Walk to Freedom film premiere '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nelson Mandela Mourned By William and Kate at Royal Film Performance '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Mandela ' Royal Premiere Audience Reacted to News of Leader 's Death ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` Toronto Film Review : ' Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ' '' . Variety . Variety.com . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Long Walk to Freedom ' does n't do Mandela 's journey justice '' . Usatoday.com. 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The 100 Best Movie Scenes of 2013 ( 29 November 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ' '' . Film.com . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` ' Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ' Movie Review Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 12 Years a Slave ruined my Mandela biopic , says screenwriter ^ Jump up to : `` Historian at the Movies : Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom reviewed '' . History Extra . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' & ' American Hustle ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Winners '' . Variety . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Gicas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2014 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Jason ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` Sound Editors Announce 2013 Golden Reel Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gravity ' and ' 12 Years a Slave ' lead MPSE Golden Reel Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom on IMDb Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom at Rotten Tomatoes Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom at Box Office Mojo Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom at Metacritic ( hide ) Films directed by Justin Chadwick The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) The First Grader ( 2010 ) Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ( 2013 ) Tulip Fever ( 2017 ) Works by William Nicholson Novels Wind On Fire Noble Warriors The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life Plays The Retreat from Moscow Films & TV written Martin Luther , Heretic Shadowlands ( 1985 film ) Shadowlands ( 1993 film ) Nell First Knight Grey Owl Gladiator Elizabeth : The Golden Age Les Misérables Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Unbroken Everest Breathe Films directed Firelight Nelson Mandela 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 President of South Africa ( 1994 -- 1999 ) President of the African National Congress ( 1991 -- 1997 ) Life Early life Mandela and Tambo law firm Umkhonto we Sizwe 1955 Congress of the People Freedom Charter Treason Trial Rivonia Trial Robben Island Pollsmoor Prison Victor Verster Prison Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Liliesleaf Farm Mandela House and museum Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund The Elders 70th Birthday Tribute 90th Birthday Tribute Awards and honours Death and funeral attendees Presidency 1994 election Presidency Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Constitution of South Africa 1995 Rugby World Cup Intervention in Lesotho Mahlamba Ndlopfu Books and speeches `` I Am Prepared to Die '' ( 1964 speech ) Long Walk to Freedom ( 1995 ) Mandela : The Authorised Biography ( 1999 ) Legacy and namesakes Mandela Day Nelson Mandela Forum Nelson Mandela Institution 46664 concerts Mandela Rhodes Scholarship Nelson Mandela Challenge Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate Nelson Mandela Invitational Nelson Mandela International Airport Nelson Mandela Square Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality Mandela National Stadium Nelson Mandela Bridge Nelson Mandela Children 's Hospital Ponts Nelson - Mandela Nelson Mandela University Film depictions Mandela ( 1987 ) Death of Apartheid ( 1995 ) Mandela ( 1996 ) Mandela : Son of Africa , Father of a Nation ( 1996 ) Mandela and de Klerk ( 1997 ) Goodbye Bafana ( 2007 ) Endgame ( 2009 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Winnie Mandela ( 2011 ) Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom ( 2013 ) Mandela : The Struggle Is My Life ( 2013 ) Mandela 's Gun ( 2016 ) Family Ngubengcuka ( great - grandfather ) Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa ( father ) Nosekeni Fanny ( mother ) Evelyn Mase ( wife ) Winnie Madikizela - Mandela ( wife ) Graça Machel ( wife ) Makgatho Mandela ( son ) Makaziwe Mandela ( daughter ) Zenani Mandela - Dlamini ( daughter ) Zindzi Mandela - Hlongwane ( daughter ) Mandla Mandela ( grandson ) Zoleka Mandela ( granddaughter ) Related African National Congress history International Tribute Concert Madiba shirt `` Free Nelson Mandela '' ( song ) `` Mandela Day '' ( song ) Bring Him Back Home ( Nelson Mandela ) ( song ) Atlanta sculpture Johannesburg statue London statue Pretoria statue Washington , DC statue Ismail Ayob Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandela:_Long_Walk_to_Freedom&oldid=806614875 '' Categories : 2013 films 2010s drama films 2010s biographical films British films British biographical films South African films South African biographical films English - language films Films based on biographies Films about Nelson Mandela Political drama films Films set in South Africa Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s Films set in the 1990s Pathé films Entertainment One films Xhosa - language films Films shot in South Africa Apartheid films Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played nelson mandela in the long walk to freedom	[ "\nIdris Elba as Nelson Mandela\nAtandwa Kani as Nelson Mandela (16-23)\nSiza Pini as Nelson Mandela (7-9)\nNaomie Harris as Winnie Madikizela\nTony Kgoroge as Walter Sisulu\nS'Thandiwe Kgoroge as Albertina Sisulu\nRiaad Moosa as Ahmed Kathrada\nZolani Mkiva as Raymond Mhlaba\nSimo Mogwaza as Andrew Mlangeni\nTshallo Sputla Chokwe as Oliver Tambo\nFana Mokoena as Govan Mbeki\nJames Cunningham as George Bizos\nThapelo Mokoena as Elias Motsoaledi\nJamie Bartlett as James Gregory\nDeon Lotz as Kobie Coetzee\nTerry Pheto as Evelyn Mase\nSello Maake as Albert Lutuli\nGys de Villiers as F. W. de Klerk\nZenzo Ngqobe as Patrick Lekota\nCarl Beukes as Niel Barnard\nA.J. van der Merwe as Fanie van der Merwe\nNomfusi Gotyana as Miriam Makeba\nAndre Jacobs as Bram Fischer\nLouis van Niekerk as Quartus de Wet\nAdam Neill as Percy Yutar\nLindiwe Matshikiza as Zindzi Mandela (28-32)\nRefilwe Charles as Zindzi Mandela (8-12)\nSemuhle Shangasi as Zenani Mandela (28-32)\nKhumbuzile Maphumulo as Zenani Mandela (8-12)\nJohn Herbert as Arthur Goldreich\n" ]	[ "Idris Elba" ]
703883224636160608	The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2	The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 - wikipedia The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Jump to : navigation , search The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by Wyck Godfrey Stephenie Meyer Karen Rosenfelt Screenplay by Melissa Rosenberg Based on Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer Starring Kristen Stewart Robert Pattinson Taylor Lautner Billy Burke Peter Facinelli Elizabeth Reaser Kellan Lutz Nikki Reed Jackson Rathbone Ashley Greene Michael Sheen Dakota Fanning Music by Carter Burwell Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Sunswept Entertainment Temple Hill Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $136.2 million Box office $829.7 million The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn : Part 2 ) is a 2012 American romantic drama fantasy film directed by Bill Condon and based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer . The second part of a two - part film forms the fifth and final installment in The Twilight Saga film series , and is the conclusion of the 2011 film Breaking Dawn : Part 1 . All three main cast members , Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner , reprise their roles , with Mackenzie Foy portraying Renesmee Cullen . Alongside Pattinson , Lautner , Stewart and Foy , the film also stars an ensemble cast including Billy Burke , Peter Facinelli , Elizabeth Reaser , Kellan Lutz , Nikki Reed , Jackson Rathbone , Ashley Greene , Michael Sheen , and Dakota Fanning . Part 2 was released on November 16 , 2012 . The film , despite mixed critical reception , was a box office success , grossing nearly $830 million worldwide against production budget of $136 million , becoming the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2012 and the highest - grossing film of The Twilight Saga series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Special effects 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 Future 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Plot of Part 1 Bella , who has just given birth , awakens from her human - to - vampire transformation and is introduced to her daughter Renesmee . The rest of the Cullens and Jacob stay nearby , and when Jacob acts possessively towards Renesmee , Bella learns he has imprinted on her , making her furious until Jacob explains what imprinting is . Meanwhile , Bella 's father , Charlie , has been trying to contact the Cullens for updates on Bella 's health . Carlisle comes to believe that they have to leave Forks , Washington to protect their identities - especially because of Charlie . Jacob , desperate not to lose Renesmee , visits Charlie and tell him that Bella is alive and well , but had to change in order to get better . Jacob also tells Charlie he does n't live in the world he thinks he lives in , but says nothing about vampires . He then phases into his wolf form . Charlie then visits the Cullen house and meets Renesmee , but does n't know he 's her biological grandfather . Afterward , the Cullens are able to stay in Forks . Several months pass with Carlisle monitoring Renesmee 's rapid growth . On an outing in the woods , a bitter Irina sees Renesmee from a distance and assumes she 's an immortal child without asking any questions . Immortal children were vampires who were changed in childhood , and because they could not be trained nor restrained , they destroyed entire villages . They were eventually executed , as were the parents who created them , and the creation of such children outlawed . Irina goes to the Volturi to report what she has seen . Alice sees the Volturi and Irina coming to kill the Cullens , and instructs the others to gather as many witnesses as they can to testify that Renesmee is not an immortal child . The Cullens begin to summon witnesses , such as the Denali family . One of the Denali , Eleazar , later discovers that Bella has a special ability : a powerful mental shield which had protected her from Edward 's mind reading even when she was human , and which she can now extend to protect others from attacks . As some of their potential witnesses are attacked and prevented from supporting the Cullens , Carlisle and Edward realize they may have to fight the Volturi . Their witnesses ultimately agree to stand with them in battle , having realized the Volturi increased their Guard by falsely accusing covens of crimes , destroying them and then recruiting the vampires with gifts . The Volturi arrive prepared for battle , led by Aro , who is eager to obtain the gifted members of the Cullen coven as part of his Guard . Aro is allowed to touch Renesmee , and is convinced that she is not an immortal child . Irina is brought forth and takes full responsibility for her mistake , leading to her immediate death . Aro still insists that Renesmee may pose a risk in the future , validating his claim that battle is necessary . Before any violence , Alice shares with Aro her vision of the battle that is to come , during which both sides sustain heavy casualties , including Aro , who would also die . Aro believes her , giving Alice and Jasper an opportunity to reveal their witness , Nahuel ( a half - mortal half - vampire just like Renesmee ) . The witness proves that he is not a threat , supporting the notion that Renesmee is not a threat . The Volturi unhappily walk away , explaining that there will be no battle today . Back at the Cullen home , Alice glimpses the future , seeing Edward and Bella together with Jacob and a fully matured Renesmee also together . Edward reads Alice 's mind and feels relieved that Renesmee has Jacob to protect her . Alone in the meadow , Bella pushes her mental shield away and finally allows Edward to see into her mind , showing him every moment she and Edward shared together and the two share a kiss after Bella telling Edward , `` Nobody has ever loved anybody as much as I love you '' , and both Edward and Bella say they 'll love and be together forever . The end credits present the cast members from all five films . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Twilight cast members Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black Mackenzie Foy as Renesmee Cullen Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale Maggie Grace as Irina Michael Sheen as Aro Jamie Campbell Bower as Caius Dakota Fanning as Jane Christopher Heyerdahl as Marcus Billy Burke as Charlie Swan Casey LaBow as Kate MyAnna Buring as Tanya Lee Pace as Garrett Christian Camargo as Eleazar Mía Maestro as Carmen Noel Fisher as Vladimir Joe Anderson as Alistair Cameron Bright as Alec Angela Sarafyan as Tia Rami Malek as Benjamin Booboo Stewart as Seth Clearwater Daniel Cudmore as Felix Ty Olsson as Phil Alex Meraz as Paul Judith Shekoni as Zafrina Charlie Bewley as Demetri J.D. Pardo as Nahuel Wendell Pierce as J. Jenks Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater Lateef Crowder as Santiago Andrea Powell as Sasha Toni Trucks as Mary Andrea Gabriel as Kebi Austin Naulty as Werewolf Kiowa Gordon as Embry Call Chaske Spencer as Sam Uley Bronson Pelletier as Jared Marisa Quinn as Huilen Omar Metwally as Amun Valorie Curry as Charlotte Tracey Heggins as Senna Marlane Barnes as Maggie Guri Weinberg as Stefan Erik Odom as Peter Tyson Houseman as Quil Ateara Gil Birmingham as Billy Black Lisa Howard as Siobhan Bill Tangradi as Randall Patrick Brennan as Liam Amadou Ly as Henri Janelle Froehlich as Yvette Masami Kosaka as Toshiro Cam Gigandet ( James ) , Rachelle Lefevre , and Bryce Dallas Howard ( Victoria ) , Edi Gathegi ( Laurent ) , Jodelle Ferland ( Bree Tanner ) , and various other actors from the previous films make cameos during the ending credits . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) After confirming one film , Summit Entertainment had been keeping their eye on a fifth installment . In May 2010 , Billy Burke and Peter Facinelli were the only cast actors who were confirmed for both parts of Breaking Dawn , while other cast members such as Ashley Greene and Kellan Lutz were still in negotiations for a second part . If the actors holding Summit back from making an official announcement did not reach an agreement with them , the studio would not have minded recasting their roles , as was done in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse with Bryce Dallas Howard 's character , Victoria . However , in June 2010 , Summit officially confirmed that a two - part adaptation of the fourth book would start production and it was made clear that all major actors , including the three lead roles , the Cullen family , and Charlie Swan , would return for both parts . Pre-production ( edit ) By August 2009 , Rosenberg said that the scripts for Part 1 and 2 were 75 to 85 percent completed . She found the greatest challenge in writing the scripts to be the final sequence of Part 2 : `` The final battle sequence is a big challenge because it lasts 25 pages '' , she said . `` It 's almost an entire three - act story in and of itself . You have to track ( keep it all in one setting ) hundreds of characters . It 's an enormous challenge to choreograph on the page and for Bill ( Condon ) to choreograph on the stage . '' She had written various drafts of the scene but , at that , had n't revised or discussed them with Condon yet . She said , `` That 's the next big hurdle to sit down with the stunt coordinator and create the ballet . It 's a lot of work . I 'm exhausted , but we 're intent on making them the best scripts yet . '' Godfrey called Part 2 `` an action film in terms of life - and - death stakes '' and said that in Part 1 `` there are the pangs of newlywed tension that occur that are relatable even in a fantasy film . Marriage is not quite the experience that they thought it was . '' Condon thought of Part 1 `` as a real companion piece to Catherine Hardwicke 's movie '' . Condon explains , `` Like , everything that got set up there gets resolved here . I think you 'll find that there are stylistic and other nods to that film . '' Godfrey considered releasing the second film in 3D to differentiate between the time before and after Bella becomes a vampire , an idea originally proposed for Eclipse , but said that the decision is up to Condon . However , he said that if the second film were to be released in 3D , he would like to shoot it with the proper equipment in `` real '' 3D as was done with Avatar ( 2009 ) , not convert it into 3D in post-production as was done with Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) . However , it was confirmed on February 12 , 2012 that Part 2 would not be filmed in 3D . Filming ( edit ) Filming started on November 1 , 2010 and wrapped , for most of the cast , on April 15 , 2011 , ending the franchise 's three years of production since March 2008 . Filming was shot on location in Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; Vancouver , British Columbia ; New Orleans ; and at the Raleigh Studios in Baton Rouge . On the subject of the final day and her final moment as Bella , Stewart stated , `` After that scene , my true final scene , I felt like I could shoot up into the night sky and every pore of my body would shoot light . I felt lighter than I 've ever felt in my life . '' Pattinson thought the day was `` amazing '' and commented , `` I then asked myself why we did n't do this in those four years . Every difficult moment just vanished . '' In April 2012 , the crew and cast , including Pattinson and Stewart , returned for reshoots to pick up some additional shots for technical work with some of the cast and stunt actors . However , these re-shoots did not include any new scenes or dialogue . Special Effects ( edit ) Tippett Studio first began working on the CGI ( computer - generated imagery ) wolves in February 2009 for The Twilight Saga : New Moon , and the look of the creatures has evolved , becoming more photo real over the course of the saga , with the input of three different directors . `` It 's a subtle balance of just how anthropomorphic these wolves are , '' says Eric Leven . `` Bill ( Condon ) wanted to make sure that we had a sense of the human or the shape shifter in there . Finding that balance of how much of a human performance versus an animal performance was important for Bill . '' Leven adds , `` Bill has always treated the wolves as characters and never as computer generated things , and directs them in the same way he 'd direct any actor . He would always give us direction like Sam should be angrier . It 's the best way to work . His treating these creatures as characters , instead of just computer bits , was really great . '' `` Because we 've been working on this franchise for such a prolonged period of time , we 've been able to improve the look from show to show , '' comments Phil Tippett . `` Wolves generally are pretty darn clean and since Bill wanted the wolves rangier , that means a lot more fur matting and clumping , like they 've lived out in the woods . We edged towards something a bit more feral . '' `` However , there is also a balance between look and technology , '' adds Tippett . `` The body count of the wolves escalates and because we 're adding a great deal more hair to get the right texture , that fur really ups the rendering time . We 've gone from four wolves to eight to twelve , to sixteen in Part 2 . So we have to be very careful about that balance , because it takes hundreds of hours to render each wolf . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( soundtrack ) It was revealed in January 2012 that the soundtrack for Part 2 had already started production . Confirmed for the soundtrack in advance were `` Heart of Stone '' by Iko , which plays when Edward and Bella are talking in the cottage after finding Alice 's note and `` Where I Come From '' by Passion Pit , which will play when Bella wakes up from her transformation . The lead single from the soundtrack is `` The Forgotten '' , performed by the American rock band Green Day . `` A Thousand Years , Pt. 2 '' by the American singer Christina Perri is also featured on the soundtrack album . Carter Burwell , the composer of Twilight and Breaking Dawn : Part 1 , returned to score the final installment of the series . In later announcements , Burwell confirmed that the score for the film was complete . `` The movie basically upholds the final installment with a score that has the same jungle - music feeling The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 brought us , '' Burwell affirmed . `` The music pieces that take place in the catalytic final battle will be very much like the nineteenth song in the previous movie 's score , ' It 's Renesmee ' and the twenty - fourth , ' You Kill Her You Kill Me ' , which were , if not the most , one of the boldest pieces in my career . I will tease anything but I recommend for the fans to listen to ' A Kick in the Head ' , ' Exacueret Nostri Dentes in Filia ' and ' Aro 's End ' if you want to have goosebumps for the rest of your life . '' Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 has earned $292,324,737 in North America and $537,360,640 in other territories for a worldwide total of $829,685,377 . The film is now the 46th - highest - grossing film of all time , the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2012 , and the highest - grossing film of the Twilight series . It had a $340.9 million worldwide opening , which was the eighth - largest ever , the largest for the Twilight franchise , and the largest for a film released outside the summer period . In North America , the film grossed $30.4 million in Thursday night and midnight showings , achieving the third - highest midnight gross and the highest midnight gross of the franchise . Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 made an $71.2 million on its opening day , which is the sixth - highest opening - and single - day gross as well as the third - highest of the franchise . For its opening weekend , the movie earned $141.1 million , which is the 13th - highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , the second - highest - grossing of the franchise , the third - largest November opening , and the fourth - largest opening of 2012 . It retained first place in its second weekend by dropping 69.1 % with a gross of $43.6 million over the three - day weekend and made a total of $64.4 million over the five - day Thanksgiving holiday weekend . In its third weekend , Breaking Dawn Part -- 2 held onto the No. 1 spot again by dropping 60.1 % and grossing $17.4 million . It became the third - highest - grossing film of the franchise behind Eclipse and New Moon . Outside North America , the film opened on Wednesday , November 14 , 2012 in six countries earning $13.8 million . By Thursday , it had opened in 37 territories , earning $38.8 million . In all territories , it opened with similar or higher earnings than its immediate predecessor . Through its first Friday , it earned $91.0 million , after expanding to 61 territories . By the end of its opening weekend ( Wednesday -- Sunday ) , it scored a series - best $199.5 million opening from 61 territories on 12,812 screens . This is the eighth - largest opening outside North America and the largest 2012 opening . IMAX showings generated $3 million from 82 locations . The film 's largest openings were recorded in the UK , Ireland , and Malta ( $25.2 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $22.0 million ) , and France and the Maghreb region ( $17.9 million ) . In Spain , it set a three - day opening - weekend record with $11.9 million . In total earnings , its three highest - grossing markets after North America are the UK , Ireland , and Malta ( $57.9 million ) , Brazil ( $54.2 million ) , and Russia and the CIS ( $42.8 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics , but the reviews were much more favorable than those of its predecessor . At Rotten Tomatoes , the film currently holds a 49 % rotten rating , based on 184 reviews with the consensus stating : `` It 's the most entertaining Twilight , but that 's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who do n't already count themselves among the franchise converts . '' At Metacritic it holds a score of 52 out of 100 , based on 31 reviews . Audiences polled on CinemaScore gave it an average rating of ' A ' . The majority of praise from both fans and critics went towards the ending sequence , Michael Sheen 's performance as the Volturi leader Aro and Lee Pace 's performance as vampire Garrett . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` The final installment of the immortal Bella / Edward romance will give its breathlessly awaiting international audience just what it wants '' . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said , `` Breaking Dawn : Part 2 starts off slow but gathers momentum , and that 's because , with Bella and Edward united against the Volturi , the picture has a real threat '' . Sara Stewart of the New York Post wrote , `` Finally , someone took the source material at its terribly written word and stopped treating the whole affair so seriously '' . Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of Stewart by saying , `` No longer a mopey , lower - lip - biting emo girl , this Bella is twitchy , feral , formidable and fully energized , a goddess even among her exalted bloodsucker brethren '' . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said , `` Despite the slow start Mr. Condon closes the series in fine , smooth style . He gives fans all the lovely flowers , conditioned hair and lightly erotic , dreamy kisses they deserve '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` its audience , which takes these films very seriously indeed , will drink deeply of its blood . The sensational closing sequence can not be accused of leaving a single loophole , not even some of those we did n't know were there '' . However , he concluded by saying , `` '' Breaking Dawn , Part 2 '' must be one of the more serious entries in any major movie franchise ... it bit the bullet , and I imagine fans will be pleased . '' Helen O'Hara of Empire gave the film a mixed review and said , `` Fans will be left on a high ; other viewers will be confused but generally entertained by a saga whose romance is matched only by its weirdness '' . Home Media ( edit ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 2 , 2013 . As of June 1 , 2014 , Breaking Dawn : Part 2 has sold 4,810,249 DVDs along with 1,224,869 Blu - ray Discs for $71,418,469 and $24,472,107 respectively totaling $99,195,325 . Future ( edit ) In September 2016 , Lionsgate co-chairman Patrick Wachsberger stated that a sequel was `` a possibility '' but would only go ahead if Stephenie Meyer wanted to do one . On August 8 , 2017 , Variety reported that Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer has interest in having spinoff 's made for The Twilight Saga , and wants to create a writers ' room to explore the idea . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2013 Empire Cinemas Alternative Movie Awards Best On - Screen Couple Edward Cullen ( Robert Pattinson ) and Bella Swan ( Kristen Stewart ) Won Best On - Screen Kiss Edward Cullen ( Robert Pattinson ) and Bella Swan ( Kristen Stewart ) Won Best Fight Scenes Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Won Best Film Villain Aro ( Michael Sheen ) Won Best Male Body Jacob Black ( Taylor Lautner ) Won 2013 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Won Worst Actor Robert Pattinson Nominated Worst Actress Kristen Stewart ( for Breaking Dawn -- Pt. 2 and Snow White and the Huntsman ) Won Worst Supporting Actor Taylor Lautner Won Worst Supporting Actress Ashley Greene Nominated Worst Screen Couple Mackenzie Foy and Taylor Lautner Won Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Won Worst Director Bill Condon Won Worst Screenplay Melissa Rosenberg and Stephenie Meyer Nominated Worst Screen Ensemble Entire cast of Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Won 2013 MTV Movie Awards Best Shirtless Performance Taylor Lautner Won 2013 Moviefone Fonie Award Most Extreme Role Adjustment Kristen Stewart ( for Breaking Dawn -- Pt. 2 and On the Road ) Won 2013 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Kristen Stewart Won 2013 Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favourite UK Actor Robert Pattinson Won 2013 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Fan Following Twihards Won 2013 Richard Attenborough Film Award British Performer of the Year Robert Pattinson Won 2013 Virgin Media Award Hottest Movie Actor Robert Pattinson Won Hottest Movie Actress Kristen Stewart Won 2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Mackenzie Foy Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice Romance Actress Kristen Stewart Won Choice Movie Scene Stealer Kellan Lutz Won Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor Taylor Lautner Won Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Kristen Stewart Won Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy Breaking Dawn - Part 2 Won Choice Romance Actor Robert Pattinson Won Choice Romance Breaking Dawn - Part 2 Won See also ( edit ) Vampire film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE TWILIGHT SAGA : BREAKING DAWN - PART 2 ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` The Secret Summit Prospectus : $1.2 B Projected for ' Breaking Dawn ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxoffice.com/statistics/movies/the-twilight-saga-breaking-dawn-part-2-2012 Jump up ^ Steve Weintraub ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 Gets Released November 16 , 2012 '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Confirmed for Two Films '' . ComingSoon.net . June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Exclusive : Producer Wyck Godfrey on The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , Breaking Dawn , Other Projects , Ultimate Twilight DVD Box Set . Collider . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Girls , Gossip . `` Breaking Dawn : Part 2 will NOT be filmed in 3D ! '' . Gossip Girls Inc . Jump up ^ Lynn Hirschberg . `` Woman on the Verge '' . W. Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Condon ( April 15 , 2012 ) . `` A Production Update From Bill Condon '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shawn Cauthen ( November 2012 ) . `` Learn About All the Special Effects that went into THE TWILIGHT SAGA : BREAKING DAWN -- PART 2 '' . Jump up ^ Benson , Kirstin ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Dawn : Part 2 ′ Soundtrack Started , Says Insider '' . www.hollywoodlife.com : Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sims , Andrew ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Passion Pit is first artist announced for ' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ′ soundtrack '' . Hypable . Jump up ^ All Time Worldwide Opening Weekend Records at the Box Office Jump up ^ Ben Fritz . `` Final ' Twilight ' film grosses $30.4 million in late - night shows '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' collects $30.6 million from midnight screenings '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock . `` Box Office Report : ' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Earns $30.4 Million in Thursday Night Runs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` ' Breaking Dawn Part 2 ' Earns $30.4 Million from Midnight / Thursday Night Shows '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Friday Report : ' Breaking Dawn Part 2 ' Just Shy of Franchise Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Breaking Dawn ' Ends ' Twilight ' Franchise on Strong Note Jump up ^ Box office report : ' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' just misses ' Twilight ' record with $141.3 M , ' Lincoln ' expands successfully Jump up ^ HIGHEST OPENING WEEKENDS Retrieved May 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ Twilight Opening Weekends Jump up ^ TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH : November Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Breaking Dawn ' Ends ' Twilight ' Franchise on Strong Note Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Twilight , ' Bond Dominate Fruitful Thanksgiving Jump up ^ Weekend Report : Holdovers Hang On , ' Killing ' ' Soft ' in Seventh Jump up ^ Franchises : Twilight Box Office Mojo , retrieved January 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Breaking Dawn 2 ′ Foreign 's $199.6 M Sets Twilight Saga Overseas Opening Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( November 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Twilight : Breaking Dawn 2 ′ First Box - Office Bite Is $71 M in U.S. , $91 M Overseas '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : ' Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ' Passes $500 Million Overseas '' . Boxoffice.com . November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Breaking Dawn ' Earns Massive $199.6 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( November 18 , 2012 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : Twilight 's ' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Launching the Biggest Foreign Opening of 2012 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 ( 2012 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ' Reaches $199.6 Million Overseas ; $340.9 Million Worldwide '' . boxoffice.com . November 18 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 ( 2012 ) @ Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved April 18 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Good to the last bite ! '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Infusing the Bloodline With a Problem Child '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( PG - 13 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews : The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 '' . Empire . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 Blu - ray '' . December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Twilight-Saga-Breaking-Dawn-Part-2-The#tab=video-sales Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/lionsgate-twilight-saga-movie-sequel-possibility/ Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Lionsgate Chief Says ' Hunger Games , ' ' Twilight ' Have ' More Stories to Tell ' '' . Variety ( in enough - US ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Empire Cinemas Alternative Movie Awards '' . EmpireCinemas.co.uk . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 33rd Annual RAZZIE ® Awards '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 1st Annual Fonie Awards '' . Moviefone.com . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 '' . Nick.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 '' . Nick.co.uk . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 People 's Choice Awards '' . Entertainment Weekly . 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Pattinson wins British Performer of The Year '' . BeTheRedCarpet.co.uk. 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Media Awards : The Winners '' . VirginMedia.com. 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org. 31 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 on IMDb The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 at Box Office Mojo The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 at Rotten Tomatoes The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 at Metacritic The Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer Books Twilight New Moon Eclipse Breaking Dawn Film series Twilight The Twilight Saga : New Moon The Twilight Saga : Eclipse The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 Part 2 Cast members Characters Bella Swan Edward Cullen Jacob Black Music Twilight `` Decode '' `` Spotlight '' New Moon `` Meet Me on the Equinox '' `` Possibility '' Eclipse `` Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 `` It Will Rain '' `` A Thousand Years '' Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 `` The Forgotten '' Spin - offs The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Midnight Sun ( unpublished ) Life and Death : Twilight Reimagined Comics Twilight : The Graphic Novel New Moon : The Graphic Novel Other The Twilight Saga : The Official Illustrated Guide Twilight fandom TwiCon Scene It ? 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-3404022363460029665	Order of the Eastern Star	Order of the Eastern Star - wikipedia Order of the Eastern Star General Grand Chapter logo Part of a series on Freemasonry Overview ( hide ) Grand Lodge Masonic lodge Masonic lodge officers Grand Master Prince Hall Freemasonry Regular Masonic jurisdiction Continental Freemasonry History ( show ) History of Freemasonry Liberté chérie Masonic manuscripts Masonic bodies ( show ) Masonic Masonic bodies York Rite Order of Mark Master Masons Holy Royal Arch Royal Arch Masonry Cryptic Masonry Knights Templar Red Cross of Constantine Scottish Rite Knight Kadosh Societas Rosicruciana Order of Royal and Select Masters Grand College of Rites Swedish Rite Order of Saint Thomas of Acon Royal Order of Scotland Order of Knight Masons Research Lodge Corks Side degrees The Shrine Royal Order of Jesters Tall Cedars of Lebanon The Grotto Masonic groups for women Women and Freemasonry Order of the Amaranth Order of the Eastern Star Co-Freemasonry Masonic youth organizations DeMolay A.J.E.F. Job 's Daughters International Order of the Rainbow for Girls Views of Masonry ( show ) Anti-Masonry Anti-Masonic Party Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition Masonic conspiracy theories Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity Papal ban of Freemasonry Suppression of Freemasonry Taxil hoax People and places ( show ) Masonic Temple James Anderson Prince Hall William Preston Thomas Smith Webb Albert Mackey Albert Pike John the Evangelist John the Baptist William Schaw Elizabeth Aldworth List of Freemasons Lodge Mother Kilwinning Freemasons ' Hall , London Mark Masons ' Hall , London House of the Temple Solomon 's Temple Detroit Masonic Temple List of Masonic buildings Related ( show ) Masonic ritual and symbolism Great Architect of the Universe Square and Compasses Pigpen cipher Eye of Providence Hiram Abiff Sprig of Acacia Masonic Landmarks Pike 's Morals and Dogma Propaganda Due Dermott 's Ahiman Rezon Volume of Sacred Law By country ( show ) Barbados Belgium Canada Croatia Denmark France Finland Germany Iceland Indonesia Italy Lebanon Luxembourg Malta Mexico Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Philippines Turkey Ukraine Venezuela The Order of the Eastern Star is a Masonic appendant body open to both men and women . It was established in 1850 by lawyer and educator Rob Morris , a noted Freemason , but was only adopted and approved as an appendant body of the Masonic Fraternity in 1873 . The order is based on teachings from the Bible , but is open to people of all religious beliefs . It has approximately 10,000 chapters in twenty countries and approximately 500,000 members under its General Grand Chapter . Members of the Order of the Eastern Star are aged 18 and older ; men must be Master Masons and women must have specific relationships with Masons . Originally , a woman would have to be the daughter , widow , wife , sister , or mother of a Master Mason , but the Order now allows other relatives as well as allowing Job 's Daughters , Rainbow Girls , Members of the Organization of Triangles ( NY only ) and members of the Constellation of Junior Stars ( NY only ) to become members when of age . Contents 1 History 2 Emblem and heroines 3 Officers 4 Headquarters 5 Charities 6 Notable members 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Order was created by Rob Morris in 1850 when he was teaching at the Eureka Masonic College in Richland , Mississippi . While confined by illness , he set down the principles of the order in his Rosary of the Eastern Star . By 1855 , he had organized a `` Supreme Constellation '' in New York , which chartered chapters throughout the United States . In 1866 , Dr. Morris started working with Robert Macoy , and handed the Order over to him while Morris was traveling in the Holy Land . Macoy organized the current system of Chapters , and modified Dr. Morris ' Rosary into a Ritual . On December 1 , 1874 , Queen Esther Chapter No. 1 became the first Prince Hall Affiliate chapter of the Order of the Eastern Star when it was established in Washington , D.C. by Thornton Andrew Jackson . The `` General Grand Chapter '' was formed in Indianapolis , Indiana on November 6 , 1876 . Committees formed at that time created the Ritual of the Order of the Eastern Star in more or less its current form . Emblem and heroines ( edit ) The emblem of the Order is a five - pointed star with the white ray of the star pointing downwards towards the manger . The letters FATAL surrounding the center pentagon in the emblem stands for `` Fairest Among Thousands , Altogether Lovely , '' a reference to Song of Songs . In the Chapter room , the downward - pointing white ray points to the West . The character - building lessons taught in the Order are stories inspired by Biblical figures : Adah ( Jephthah 's daughter , from the Book of Judges ) . In Eastern Star , Adah is represented by the color blue and a sword and veil . Adah represents the virtue of obedience to duty . Ruth , the widow from the Book of Ruth . In Eastern Star , Ruth is represented by the color yellow and a sheaf of barley . Ruth represents the virtue of religious principles . Esther , the wife from the Book of Esther . In Eastern Star , Esther is represented by the color white and a crown and scepter . Esther represents the virtue of loyalty . Martha , sister of Mary and Lazarus , from the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John . In Eastern Star , Martha is represented by the color green and a broken column . Martha represents the virtue of endurance in trial . Electa ( the `` elect lady '' from II John ) , the mother . In Eastern Star , Electa is represented by the color red and a chalice . Electa represents the virtue of endurance of persecution . Officers ( edit ) Officers representing the heroines of the order sit around the altar in the center of the chapter room . Eastern Star meeting room There are 18 main officers in a full chapter : Worthy Matron -- presiding officer Worthy Patron -- a Master Mason who provides general supervision Associate Matron -- assumes the duties of the Worthy Matron in the absence of that officer Associate Patron -- assumes the duties of the Worthy Patron in the absence of that officer Secretary -- takes care of all correspondence and minutes Treasurer -- takes care of monies of the Chapter Conductress -- Leads visitors and initiations . Associate Conductress -- Prepares candidates for initiation , assists the conductress with introductions and handles the ballot box . Chaplain -- leads the Chapter in prayer Marshal -- presents the Flag and leads in all ceremonies Organist -- provides music for the meetings Adah -- Shares the lesson of Duty of Obedience to the will of God Ruth -- Shares the lesson of Honor and Justice Esther -- Shares the lesson of Loyalty to Family and Friends Martha -- Shares the lesson of Faith and Trust in God and Everlasting Life Electa -- Shares the lesson of Charity and Hospitality Warder -- Sits next to the door inside the meeting room , to make sure those that enter the chapter room are members of the Order . Sentinel -- Sits next to the door outside the chapter room , to ensure people who wish to enter are members of the Order . Traditionally , a woman who is elected Associate Conductress will be elected to Conductress the following year , then the next year Associate Matron , and the next year Worthy Matron . A man elected Associate Patron will usually be elected Worthy Patron the following year . Usually the woman who is elected to become Associate Matron will let it be known who she wishes to be her Associate Patron , so the next year they will both go to the East together as Worthy Matron and Worthy Patron . There is no male counterpart to the Conductress and Associate Conductress . Only women are allowed to be Matrons , Conductresses , and the Star Points ( Adah , Ruth , etc . ) and only men can be Patrons . Once a member has served a term as Worthy Matron or Worthy Patron , they may use the post-nominal letters , PM or PP respectively . Headquarters ( edit ) The International Temple in Washington , D.C. Main article : International Temple The General Grand Chapter headquarters , the International Temple , is located in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the Perry Belmont Mansion . The mansion was built in 1909 for the purpose of entertaining the guests of Perry Belmont . They included Britain 's Prince of Wales in 1919 . General Grand Chapter purchased the building in 1935 . The secretary of General Grand Chapter lives there while serving his or her term of office . The mansion features works of art from around the world , most of which were given as gifts from various international Eastern Star chapters . Charities ( edit ) The Order has a charitable foundation and from 1986 - 2001 contributed $513,147 to Alzheimer 's disease research , juvenile diabetes research , and juvenile asthma research . It also provides bursaries to students of theology and religious music , as well as other scholarships that differ by jurisdiction . In 2000 over $83,000 was donated . Many jurisdictions support a Masonic and / or Eastern Star retirement center or nursing home for older members ; some homes are also open to the public . The Elizabeth Bentley OES Scholarship Fund was started in 1947 . Eureka Masonic College , also known as The Little Red Schoolhouse , birthplace of the Order of the Eastern Star Signage at the Order of the Eastern Star birthplace , the Little Red Schoolhouse Notable members ( edit ) Kate M. Ainey Clara Barton Cora M. Beach Ollie Josephine Prescott Baird Bennett Georgiana M. Blankenship Harriet Bossnot Emma Eliza Bower Ella Frances Braman Bernice Cameron Edith Daley Nannie C. Dunsmoor Addie C. Strong Engle J. Howell Flournoy Laura J. Frakes Thora B. Gardiner Sabra R. Greenhalgh Harriet A. Haas Sallie Foster Harshbarger Jane Denio Hutchison Vernettie O. Ivy Kate Wetzel Jameson Nannie S. Brown Kramer Jeanette Lawrence Mab Copland Lineman Edith Bolte MacCracken Eva McGown Rebecca B. Mellors Sara E. Morse Vesta C. Muehleisen Kate Pier Lorraine J. Pitkin Grace Gimmini Potts Lois Randolph M. Elizabeth Shellabarger Caroline Estes Smith James Peyton Smith Lee Emmett Thomas Violet Richardson Ward Nellie A. White Laura Ingalls Wilder See also ( edit ) Achoth Omega Epsilon Sigma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Installation Ceremony '' . Ritual of the Order of the Eastern Star . Washington , DC : General Grand Chapter , Order of the Eastern Star . 1995 ( 1889 ) . pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Star Membership '' . General Grand Chapter . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . These affiliations include : * Affiliated Master Masons in good standing , * the wives * daughters * legally adopted daughters * mothers * widows * sisters * half sisters * granddaughters * stepmothers * stepdaughters * stepsisters * daughters - in - law * grandmothers * great granddaughters * nieces * great nieces * mothers - in - law * sisters - in - law and daughters of sisters or brothers of affiliated Master Masons in good standing , or if deceased were in good standing at the time of their death Jump up ^ Ayers , Jessie Mae ( 1992 ) . `` Origin and History of the Adoptive Rite Among Black Women '' . Prince Hall Masonic Directory . Conference of Grand Masters , Prince Hall Masons . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Morris '' . Grand Chapter of California . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastern Star '' . Symbol Dictionary : A Visual Glossary. 26 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OES Charities '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Bentley Order Of The Eastern Star Scholarship Award '' . Yukon , Canada . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Star has enjoyed long history '' . Black Press . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . The Eastern Star Bursary , later named the Elizabeth Bentley OES Scholarship Fund , was started in 1947 . ^ Jump up to : Binheim , Max ; Elvin , Charles A ( 1928 ) . Women of the West ; a series of biographical sketches of living eminent women in the eleven western states of the United States of America . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Clara Barton , U.S. Nurse Masonic First Day Cover Jump up ^ District of Columbia Daughters of the American Revolution ( DCDAR ) Memory Book Volume IV . Washington , DC : District of Columbia Daughters of the American Revolution ( DCDAR ) . 1958 . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Who 's who in New York City and State . L.R. Hamersly Company . 1914 . pp. 81 -- . Jump up ^ `` History of Chapter Reviewed on 75th Anniversary - 31 Jul 1955 , Sun Page 19 '' . Medford Mail Tribune : 19 . 1955 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Willard , Frances Elizabeth ; Livermore , Mary Ashton Rice ( 1893 ) . A Woman of the Century : Fourteen Hundred - seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life ( Public domain ed . ) . Moulton . pp. 277 -- . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff 26 Years -- J.H. Flournoy Dies , '' Shreveport Journal , December 14 , 1966 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Merritt , Frank Clinton . History of Alameda County , California . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ by Helen L. Atkinson at ALASKA INTERNET PUBLISHERS , INC Archived 2007 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kate Hamilton Pier is laid to rest on wedding day ; many pay tribute '' . Eagle River News : 4 - 5 . 1925 . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Albert G. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia Of Freemasonry ( Annotated Edition ) . Jazzybee Verlag . ISBN 9783849631567 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James P. Smith '' . The Bernice Banner , Bernice , Louisiana . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Lee Emmett '' . Louisiana Historical Association , A Directory of Louisiana Biography ( lahistory.org ) . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Big Muddy online publications Archived 2006 - 09 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Official website Eastern Star Organizations at Curlie Pride of the North Chapter Number 61 , Order of the Eastern Star Archival Collection , located at Shorefront Legacy Center , Evanston , Illinois Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Eastern_Star&oldid=861117856 '' Categories : Order of the Eastern Star Organizations established in 1850 1850 establishments in the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 06 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the order of eastern star founded	[ "The Order of the Eastern Star is a Masonic appendant body open to both men and women. It was established in 1850 by lawyer and educator Rob Morris, a noted Freemason, but was only adopted and approved as an appendant body of the Masonic Fraternity in 1873. The order is based on teachings from the Bible,[1] but is open to people of all religious beliefs. It has approximately 10,000 chapters in twenty countries and approximately 500,000 members under its General Grand Chapter.\n" ]	[ "1850" ]
-8459515960524563742	Public Accounts Committee (India)	Public Accounts committee ( India ) - wikipedia Public Accounts committee ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India . The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government . The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes 1.1 2G spectrum scam 1.2 Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 2 Chairpersons 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 After independence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Probes ( edit ) 2G spectrum scam ( edit ) In 2011 , the Public Accounts Committee probed the 2G spectrum scam which brought the committee to public attention . The committee , on 4 April 2011 , summoned Ratan Tata , chairman of the Tata group , and Niira Radia , corporate lobbyist regarding the scam . The PAC asked Congress members to apologise to Comptroller and Auditor General of India for making allegations against it . Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 ( edit ) On the eve of November 8 , 2016 , Prime Minister of Republic of India Shri Narendra Modi announced `` Notes of Rs500 and Rs 1000 will not remain a legal tender by midnight '' . Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money . But public account committee headed by senior Congress leader KV Thomas took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call RBI Governor Urjit Patel , Finance Secretary Ashok Lavasa and Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das and a decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee . Chairpersons ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office W.M. Hailey 1922 Sir Basil P. Blackett 1922 - 27 Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra 1928 Sir George Schuster 1929 - 31 5 Sir Alan Parson 1932 6 A.H. Lloyd 1933 7 Sir James Grigg 1934 - 36 8 J.C. Nixon 1937 9 Sir James Grigg 1938 10 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1939 - 41 11 C.E. Jones 1942 12 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1943 12 Sir Cyril Jones 1944 13 Sir Archibald Rowlands 1945 14 Sir Eric Coates 1946 15 John Mathai 16 Liaquat Ali Khan After independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 1947 - 48 Congress John Mathai 1948 - 49 B. Das 1950 - 55 V.B. Gandhi 1955 - 57 5 T.N. Singh 1957 - 59 6 N.G. Ranga 1959 7 P. Subbarayan 1959 - 60 8 Upendranath Barman 1960 - 61 9 C.R. Pattabhiraman 1961 - 62 10 Mahavir Tyagi 1962 - 64 11 R.K. Khadilkar 1963 - 64 12 R.R. Morarka 1964 - 67 13 Minoo Masani 1967 - 69 Swatantra 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1969 - 71 BJS 15 Era Sezhiyan 1971 - 73 DMK 16 Jyotirmoy Basu 1973 - 75 CPI ( M ) 17 Hirendranath Mukherjee 1975 - 77 CPI 18 C.M. Stephen 1977 - 78 Congress 19 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1978 - 79 20 T.A. Pai 1979 ( up to July 30 , 1979 ) 21 R. Venkataraman August 2 , 1979 - 1980 22 Chandrajit Yadav 1980 - 81 JNP ( S ) 23 Satish Chandra Agarwal 1981 - 83 BJP 24 Sunil Maitra 1983 - 84 CPI ( M ) 25 E. Ayyapu Reddy 1985 - 87 TDP 26 Amal Dutta 1987 - 89 CPI ( M ) 27 P. Kolandaivelu ADMK 28 Santosh Mohan Dev 1990 - 91 Congress 29 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1991 - 93 BJP 30 Bhagwan Shankar Rawat 1993 - 95 31 Ram Naik 1995 - 96 32 Murli Manohar Joshi 1996 - 98 33 Manoranjan Bhakta 1998 - 99 Congress 34 N.D. Tiwari 1999 - March 1 , 2002 34 N. Janardhana Reddy March 15 , 2002 - April 30 , 2002 35 Buta Singh 2002 - 2004 upto 6 / 2 / 2004 36 Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra 2004 - 2008 BJP 36 52 . Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas 2013 - 2015 Source : 53 . Mallikarjun Kharge 2017 - See also ( edit ) Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public Accounts Committee Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/KV-Thomas-takes-over-as-PAC-chairman/articleshow/40491640.cms . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archive News - The Hindu '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tata was candid , Radia evasive on 2G , says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express '' . IndianExpress.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Cong members should apologise to CAG : PAC '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile '' . EconomicTimes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 11. pdf External links ( edit ) business - News - msn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Accounts_Committee_(India)&oldid=779375111 '' Categories : Committees of the Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2017 , at 14 : 54 . About Wikipedia	who nominates the chairman of the public accounts committee of the indian parliament	[ "The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and 7 from Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.[1] The term of office of the members is one year. The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Since 1967, the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition. Earlier, it was headed by a member of the ruling party. Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) after it is laid in the Parliament. CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation. None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government." ]	[ "Speaker of Lok Sabha" ]
-3452510436895951581	Neptune	Neptune - wikipedia Neptune Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the planet . For other uses , see Neptune ( disambiguation ) . Neptune Neptune 's Great Dark Spot and its companion bright smudge ; on the west limb the fast moving bright feature called Scooter and the little dark spot are visible . Discovery Discovered by Johann Galle Urbain Le Verrier Discovery date 23 September 1846 Designations Pronunciation / ˈnɛptuːn / ( listen ) / ˈnɛptjuːn / Adjectives Neptunian Orbital characteristics Epoch J2000 Aphelion 30.33 AU ( 4.54 billion km ) Perihelion 29.81 AU ( 4.46 billion km ) Semi-major axis 30.110387 AU ( 4.50 billion km ) Eccentricity 6997945600000000000 ♠ 0.009 456 Orbital period 164.8 yr 60,182 days 89,666 Neptunian solar days Synodic period 367.49 days Average orbital speed 7003543000000000000 ♠ 5.43 km / s Mean anomaly 7000447202223580004 ♠ 256.228 ° Inclination 6998308569848429468 ♠ 1.767 975 ° to ecliptic 6.43 ° to Sun 's equator 0.72 ° to invariable plane Longitude of ascending node 7000230006470144821 ♠ 131.784 ° Argument of perihelion 7000482297304179106 ♠ 276.336 ° Known satellites 14 Physical characteristics Mean radius 7007246220000000000 ♠ 24,622 ± 19 km Equatorial radius 7007247640000000000 ♠ 24,764 ± 15 km 3.883 Earths Polar radius 7007243410000000000 ♠ 24,341 ± 30 km 3.829 Earths Flattening 6998171000000000000 ♠ 0.0171 ± 0.0013 Surface area 7015761830000000000 ♠ 7.6183 × 10 km 14.98 Earths Volume 7022625399999999999 ♠ 6.254 × 10 km 57.74 Earths Mass 7026102430000000000 ♠ 1.0243 × 10 kg 17.147 Earths 5.15 × 10 Suns Mean density 7003163800000000000 ♠ 1.638 g / cm Surface gravity 11.15 m / s 1.14 g Moment of inertia factor 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 ( estimate ) Escape velocity 23.5 km / s Sidereal rotation period 0.6713 day 16 h 6 min 36 s Equatorial rotation velocity 2.68 km / s ( 9,650 km / h ) Axial tilt 28.32 ° ( to orbit ) North pole right ascension 19 57 20 299.3 ° North pole declination 42.950 ° Albedo 0.290 ( bond ) 0.41 ( geom . ) Surface temp . min mean max 1 bar level 72 K ( − 201 ° C ) 0.1 bar ( 10 kPa ) 55 K ( − 218 ° C ) Apparent magnitude 8.02 to 7.78 Angular diameter 2.2 -- 2.4 '' Atmosphere Scale height 7004197000000000000 ♠ 19.7 ± 0.6 km Composition by volume Gases : 6999800000000000000 ♠ 80 % ± 3.2 % hydrogen ( H 2 ) 6999190000000000000 ♠ 19 % ± 3.2 % helium ( He ) 6998150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % ± 0.5 % methane ( CH 4 ) ~ 0.019 % hydrogen deuteride ( HD ) ~ 0.00015 % ethane ( C 6 ) Ices : ammonia ( NH 3 ) water ( H 2O ) ammonium hydrosulfide ( NH 4SH ) methane ice ( ? ) ( CH 4 5.75 H O ) Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System . In the Solar System , it is the fourth - largest planet by diameter , the third-most - massive planet , and the densest giant planet . Neptune is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more massive than its near - twin Uranus , which is 15 times the mass of Earth and slightly larger than Neptune . Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 AU ( 4.5 billion km ) . It is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆ , a stylised version of the god Neptune 's trident . Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation . Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet . Neptune was subsequently observed with a telescope on 23 September 1846 by Johann Galle within a degree of the position predicted by Urbain Le Verrier . Its largest moon , Triton , was discovered shortly thereafter , though none of the planet 's remaining known 13 moons were located telescopically until the 20th century . The planet 's distance from Earth gives it a very small apparent size , making it challenging to study with Earth - based telescopes . Neptune was visited by Voyager 2 , when it flew by the planet on 25 August 1989 . The advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics has recently allowed for additional detailed observations from afar . Like Jupiter and Saturn , Neptune 's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium , along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen , but it contains a higher proportion of `` ices '' such as water , ammonia , and methane . However , its interior , like that of Uranus , is primarily composed of ices and rock , which is why Uranus and Neptune are normally considered `` ice giants '' to emphasise this distinction . Traces of methane in the outermost regions in part account for the planet 's blue appearance . In contrast to the hazy , relatively featureless atmosphere of Uranus , Neptune 's atmosphere has active and visible weather patterns . For example , at the time of the Voyager 2 flyby in 1989 , the planet 's southern hemisphere had a Great Dark Spot comparable to the Great Red Spot on Jupiter . These weather patterns are driven by the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System , with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour ( 580 m / s ; 1,300 mph ) . Because of its great distance from the Sun , Neptune 's outer atmosphere is one of the coldest places in the Solar System , with temperatures at its cloud tops approaching 55 K ( − 218 ° C ; − 361 ° F ) . Temperatures at the planet 's centre are approximately 5,400 K ( 5,100 ° C ; 9,300 ° F ) . Neptune has a faint and fragmented ring system ( labelled `` arcs '' ) , which was discovered in 1982 , then later confirmed by Voyager 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery 1.2 Naming 1.3 Status 2 Physical characteristics 2.1 Internal structure 2.2 Atmosphere 2.3 Magnetosphere 3 Climate 3.1 Storms 3.2 Internal heating 4 Orbit and rotation 4.1 Orbital resonances 5 Formation and migration 6 Moons 6.1 Planetary rings 7 Observation 8 Exploration 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links History Discovery Main article : Discovery of Neptune Some of the earliest recorded observations ever made through a telescope , Galileo 's drawings on 28 December 1612 and 27 January 1613 contain plotted points that match up with what is now known to be the position of Neptune . On both occasions , Galileo seems to have mistaken Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared close -- in conjunction -- to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery . At his first observation in December 1612 , Neptune was almost stationary in the sky because it had just turned retrograde that day . This apparent backward motion is created when Earth 's orbit takes it past an outer planet . Because Neptune was only beginning its yearly retrograde cycle , the motion of the planet was far too slight to be detected with Galileo 's small telescope . In July 2009 , University of Melbourne physicist David Jamieson announced new evidence suggesting that Galileo was at least aware that the `` star '' he had observed had moved relative to the fixed stars . In 1821 , Alexis Bouvard published astronomical tables of the orbit of Neptune 's neighbour Uranus . Subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables , leading Bouvard to hypothesise that an unknown body was perturbing the orbit through gravitational interaction . In 1843 , John Couch Adams began work on the orbit of Uranus using the data he had . Via Cambridge Observatory director James Challis , he requested extra data from Sir George Airy , the Astronomer Royal , who supplied it in February 1844 . Adams continued to work in 1845 -- 46 and produced several different estimates of a new planet . Urbain Le Verrier In 1845 -- 46 , Urbain Le Verrier , independently of Adams , developed his own calculations but aroused no enthusiasm in his compatriots . In June 1846 , upon seeing Le Verrier 's first published estimate of the planet 's longitude and its similarity to Adams 's estimate , Airy persuaded Challis to search for the planet . Challis vainly scoured the sky throughout August and September . Meanwhile , Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory 's refractor . Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star . On the evening of 23 September 1846 , the day Galle received the letter , he discovered Neptune within 1 ° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , about 12 ° from Adams ' prediction . Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice , on 4 and 12 August , but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up - to - date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations . In the wake of the discovery , there was much nationalistic rivalry between the French and the British over who deserved credit for the discovery . Eventually , an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit . Since 1966 , Dennis Rawlins has questioned the credibility of Adams 's claim to co-discovery , and the issue was re-evaluated by historians with the return in 1998 of the `` Neptune papers '' ( historical documents ) to the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune . That credit belongs only to the person who succeeded both in predicting the planet 's place and in convincing astronomers to search for it . '' Naming Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was referred to simply as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' . The first suggestion for a name came from Galle , who proposed the name Janus . In England , Challis put forward the name Oceanus . Claiming the right to name his discovery , Le Verrier quickly proposed the name Neptune for this new planet , though falsely stating that this had been officially approved by the French Bureau des Longitudes . In October , he sought to name the planet Le Verrier , after himself , and he had loyal support in this from the observatory director , François Arago . This suggestion met with stiff resistance outside France . French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet . Struve came out in favour of the name Neptune on 29 December 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . Soon , Neptune became the internationally accepted name . In Roman mythology , Neptune was the god of the sea , identified with the Greek Poseidon . The demand for a mythological name seemed to be in keeping with the nomenclature of the other planets , all of which , except for Earth , were named for deities in Greek and Roman mythology . Most languages today , even in countries that have no direct link to Greco - Roman culture , use some variant of the name `` Neptune '' for the planet . However , in Chinese , Japanese , and Korean , the planet 's name was translated as `` sea king star '' ( 海王星 ) , because Neptune was the god of the sea . In Mongolian , Neptune is called Dalain Van ( Далайн ван ) , reflecting its namesake god 's role as the ruler of the sea . In modern Greek the planet is called Poseidon ( Ποσειδώνας , Poseidonas ) , the Greek counterpart of Neptune . In Hebrew , `` Rahab '' ( רהב ) , from a Biblical sea monster mentioned in the Book of Psalms , was selected in a vote managed by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 2009 as the official name for the planet , even though the existing Latin term `` Neptun '' ( נפטון ) is commonly used . In Māori , the planet is called Tangaroa , named after the Māori god of the sea . In Nahuatl , the planet is called Tlāloccītlalli , named after the rain god Tlāloc . In Thai , Neptune is referred both by its Westernised name Dao Nepjun ( ดาว เนปจูน ) , and is also named Dao Ketu ( ดาว เกตุ , `` Star of Ketu '' ) , after the descending lunar node Ketu ( केतु ) who plays a role in Hindu astrology . Status From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930 , Neptune was the farthest known planet . When Pluto was discovered , it was considered a planet , and Neptune thus became the second - farthest known planet , except for a 20 - year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto 's elliptical orbit brought it closer than Neptune to the Sun . The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union defined the word `` planet '' for the first time , reclassifying Pluto as a `` dwarf planet '' and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System . Physical characteristics A size comparison of Neptune and Earth Neptune 's mass of 1.0243 × 10 kg is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants : it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1 / 19th that of Jupiter . Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m / s , 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth , and surpassed only by Jupiter . Neptune 's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth . Neptune , like Uranus , is an ice giant , a subclass of giant planet , because they are smaller and have higher concentrations of volatiles than Jupiter and Saturn . In the search for extrasolar planets , Neptune has been used as a metonym : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as `` Neptunes '' , just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as `` Jupiters '' . Internal structure See also : Extraterrestrial diamonds Neptune 's internal structure resembles that of Uranus . Its atmosphere forms about 5 % to 10 % of its mass and extends perhaps 10 % to 20 % of the way towards the core , where it reaches pressures of about 10 GPa , or about 100,000 times that of Earth 's atmosphere . Increasing concentrations of methane , ammonia and water are found in the lower regions of the atmosphere . The internal structure of Neptune : Upper atmosphere , top clouds Atmosphere consisting of hydrogen , helium and methane gas Mantle consisting of water , ammonia and methane ices Core consisting of rock ( silicates and nickel -- iron ) The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water , ammonia and methane . As is customary in planetary science , this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot , dense fluid . This fluid , which has a high electrical conductivity , is sometimes called a water -- ammonia ocean . The mantle may consist of a layer of ionic water in which the water molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions , and deeper down superionic water in which the oxygen crystallises but the hydrogen ions float around freely within the oxygen lattice . At a depth of 7,000 km , the conditions may be such that methane decomposes into diamond crystals that rain downwards like hailstones . Very - high - pressure experiments at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory suggest that the base of the mantle may be an ocean of liquid carbon with floating solid ' diamonds ' . The core of Neptune is likely composed of iron , nickel and silicates , with an interior model giving a mass about 1.2 times that of Earth . The pressure at the centre is 7 Mbar ( 700 GPa ) , about twice as high as that at the centre of Earth , and the temperature may be 5,400 K . Atmosphere Combined colour and near - infrared image of Neptune , showing bands of methane in its atmosphere , and four of its moons , Proteus , Larissa , Galatea , and Despina Play media A time - lapse video of Neptune and its moons At high altitudes , Neptune 's atmosphere is 80 % hydrogen and 19 % helium . A trace amount of methane is also present . Prominent absorption bands of methane exist at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum . As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan . Because Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to contribute to Neptune 's colour . Neptune 's atmosphere is subdivided into two main regions : the lower troposphere , where temperature decreases with altitude , and the stratosphere , where temperature increases with altitude . The boundary between the two , the tropopause , lies at a pressure of 0.1 bars ( 10 kPa ) . The stratosphere then gives way to the thermosphere at a pressure lower than 10 to 10 bars ( 1 to 10 Pa ) . The thermosphere gradually transitions to the exosphere . Bands of high - altitude clouds cast shadows on Neptune 's lower cloud deck Models suggest that Neptune 's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude . The upper - level clouds lie at pressures below one bar , where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense . For pressures between one and five bars ( 100 and 500 kPa ) , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form . Above a pressure of five bars , the clouds may consist of ammonia , ammonium sulfide , hydrogen sulfide and water . Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars ( 5.0 MPa ) , where the temperature reaches 273 K ( 0 ° C ) . Underneath , clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found . High - altitude clouds on Neptune have been observed casting shadows on the opaque cloud deck below . There are also high - altitude cloud bands that wrap around the planet at constant latitude . These circumferential bands have widths of 50 -- 150 km and lie about 50 -- 110 km above the cloud deck . These altitudes are in the layer where weather occurs , the troposphere . Weather does not occur in the higher stratosphere or thermosphere . Unlike Uranus , Neptune 's composition has a higher volume of ocean , whereas Uranus has a smaller mantle . Neptune 's spectra suggest that its lower stratosphere is hazy due to condensation of products of ultraviolet photolysis of methane , such as ethane and ethyne . The stratosphere is also home to trace amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide . The stratosphere of Neptune is warmer than that of Uranus due to the elevated concentration of hydrocarbons . For reasons that remain obscure , the planet 's thermosphere is at an anomalously high temperature of about 750 K . The planet is too far from the Sun for this heat to be generated by ultraviolet radiation . One candidate for a heating mechanism is atmospheric interaction with ions in the planet 's magnetic field . Other candidates are gravity waves from the interior that dissipate in the atmosphere . The thermosphere contains traces of carbon dioxide and water , which may have been deposited from external sources such as meteorites and dust . Magnetosphere Neptune resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 ° and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13,500 km from the planet 's physical centre . Before Voyager 2 's arrival at Neptune , it was hypothesised that Uranus 's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation . In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors . This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids ( probably a combination of ammonia , methane and water ) resulting in a dynamo action . The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas ( 0.14 G ) . The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 10 T m ( 14 μT R , where R is the radius of Neptune ) . Neptune 's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components , including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength . By contrast , Earth , Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments , and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis . The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet 's centre and geometrical constraints of the field 's dynamo generator . Neptune 's bow shock , where the magnetosphere begins to slow the solar wind , occurs at a distance of 34.9 times the radius of the planet . The magnetopause , where the pressure of the magnetosphere counterbalances the solar wind , lies at a distance of 23 -- 26.5 times the radius of Neptune . The tail of the magnetosphere extends out to at least 72 times the radius of Neptune , and likely much farther . Climate The Great Dark Spot ( top ) , Scooter ( middle white cloud ) , and the Small Dark Spot ( bottom ) , with contrast exaggerated . Neptune 's weather is characterised by extremely dynamic storm systems , with winds reaching speeds of almost 600 m / s ( 2,200 km / h ; 1,300 mph ) -- nearly reaching supersonic flow . More typically , by tracking the motion of persistent clouds , wind speeds have been shown to vary from 20 m / s in the easterly direction to 325 m / s westward . At the cloud tops , the prevailing winds range in speed from 400 m / s along the equator to 250 m / s at the poles . Most of the winds on Neptune move in a direction opposite the planet 's rotation . The general pattern of winds showed prograde rotation at high latitudes vs. retrograde rotation at lower latitudes . The difference in flow direction is thought to be a `` skin effect '' and not due to any deeper atmospheric processes . At 70 ° S latitude , a high - speed jet travels at a speed of 300 m / s . Neptune differs from Uranus in its typical level of meteorological activity . Voyager 2 observed weather phenomena on Neptune during its 1989 flyby , but no comparable phenomena on Uranus during its 1986 fly - by . The abundance of methane , ethane and acetylene at Neptune 's equator is 10 -- 100 times greater than at the poles . This is interpreted as evidence for upwelling at the equator and subsidence near the poles . In 2007 , it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune 's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere , which averages approximately 73 K ( − 200 ° C ) . The temperature differential is enough to let methane , which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere , escape into the stratosphere near the pole . The relative `` hot spot '' is due to Neptune 's axial tilt , which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune 's year , or roughly 40 Earth years . As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun , the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated , causing the methane release to shift to the north pole . Because of seasonal changes , the cloud bands in the southern hemisphere of Neptune have been observed to increase in size and albedo . This trend was first seen in 1980 and is expected to last until about 2020 . The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years . Storms The Great Dark Spot , as imaged by Voyager 2 In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm system spanning 13,000 × 6,600 km , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft . The storm resembled the Great Red Spot of Jupiter . Some five years later , on 2 November 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet . Instead , a new storm similar to the Great Dark Spot was found in Neptune 's northern hemisphere . The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot . This nickname first arose during the months leading up to the Voyager 2 encounter in 1989 , when they were observed moving at speeds faster than the Great Dark Spot ( and images acquired later would subsequently reveal the presence of clouds moving even faster than those that had initially been detected by Voyager 2 ) . The Small Dark Spot is a southern cyclonic storm , the second-most - intense storm observed during the 1989 encounter . It was initially completely dark , but as Voyager 2 approached the planet , a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest - resolution images . Neptune 's shrinking vortex . Neptune 's dark spots are thought to occur in the troposphere at lower altitudes than the brighter cloud features , so they appear as holes in the upper cloud decks . As they are stable features that can persist for several months , they are thought to be vortex structures . Often associated with dark spots are brighter , persistent methane clouds that form around the tropopause layer . The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer visible as a dark feature . Dark spots may dissipate when they migrate too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown mechanism . Internal heating Four images taken a few hours apart with the NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope 's Wide Field Camera 3 Neptune 's more varied weather when compared to Uranus is due in part to its higher internal heating . Although Neptune lies over 50 % farther from the Sun than Uranus , and receives only 40 % its amount of sunlight , the two planets ' surface temperatures are roughly equal . The upper regions of Neptune 's troposphere reach a low temperature of 51.8 K ( − 221.3 ° C ) . At a depth where the atmospheric pressure equals 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) , the temperature is 72.00 K ( − 201.15 ° C ) . Deeper inside the layers of gas , the temperature rises steadily . As with Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the discrepancy is larger : Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun ; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun . Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System . Depending on the thermal properties of its interior , the heat left over from Neptune 's formation may be sufficient to explain its current heat flow , though it is more difficult to simultaneously explain Uranus 's lack of internal heat while preserving the apparent similarity between the two planets . Orbit and rotation Neptune ( red arc ) completes one orbit around the Sun ( centre ) for every 164.79 orbits of Earth . The light blue object represents Uranus . The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.50 billion km ( about 30.1 astronomical units ( AU ) ) , and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years , subject to a variability of around ± 0.1 years . The perihelion distance is 29.81 AU ; the aphelion distance is 30.33 AU . On 11 July 2011 , Neptune completed its first full barycentric orbit since its discovery in 1846 , although it did not appear at its exact discovery position in the sky , because Earth was in a different location in its 365.26 - day orbit . Because of the motion of the Sun in relation to the barycentre of the Solar System , on 11 July Neptune was also not at its exact discovery position in relation to the Sun ; if the more common heliocentric coordinate system is used , the discovery longitude was reached on 12 July 2011 . The elliptical orbit of Neptune is inclined 1.77 ° compared to that of Earth . The axial tilt of Neptune is 28.32 ° , which is similar to the tilts of Earth ( 23 ° ) and Mars ( 25 ° ) . As a result , Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth . The long orbital period of Neptune means that the seasons last for forty Earth years . Its sidereal rotation period ( day ) is roughly 16.11 hours . Because its axial tilt is comparable to Earth 's , the variation in the length of its day over the course of its long year is not any more extreme . Because Neptune is not a solid body , its atmosphere undergoes differential rotation . The wide equatorial zone rotates with a period of about 18 hours , which is slower than the 16.1 - hour rotation of the planet 's magnetic field . By contrast , the reverse is true for the polar regions where the rotation period is 12 hours . This differential rotation is the most pronounced of any planet in the Solar System , and it results in strong latitudinal wind shear . Orbital resonances Main articles : Kuiper belt , resonant trans - Neptunian object , and Neptune trojan A diagram showing the major orbital resonances in the Kuiper belt caused by Neptune : the highlighted regions are the 2 : 3 resonance ( plutinos ) , the nonresonant `` classical belt '' ( cubewanos ) , and the 1 : 2 resonance ( twotinos ) . Neptune 's orbit has a profound impact on the region directly beyond it , known as the Kuiper belt . The Kuiper belt is a ring of small icy worlds , similar to the asteroid belt but far larger , extending from Neptune 's orbit at 30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun . Much in the same way that Jupiter 's gravity dominates the asteroid belt , shaping its structure , so Neptune 's gravity dominates the Kuiper belt . Over the age of the Solar System , certain regions of the Kuiper belt became destabilised by Neptune 's gravity , creating gaps in the Kuiper belt 's structure . The region between 40 and 42 AU is an example . There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System . These resonances occur when Neptune 's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object , such as 1 : 2 , or 3 : 4 . If , say , an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits , it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position . The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt , with over 200 known objects , is the 2 : 3 resonance . Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune , and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects , Pluto , is among them . Although Pluto crosses Neptune 's orbit regularly , the 2 : 3 resonance ensures they can never collide . The 3 : 4 , 3 : 5 , 4 : 7 and 2 : 5 resonances are less populated . Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun -- Neptune L and L Lagrangian points -- gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit , respectively . Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1 : 1 resonance with Neptune . Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits , and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured . The first object identified as associated with Neptune 's trailing L Lagrangian point was 2008 LC 18 . Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite , ( 309239 ) 2007 RW 10 . The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years . Formation and migration Main articles : Formation and evolution of the Solar System and Nice model A simulation showing the outer planets and Kuiper belt : a ) before Jupiter and Saturn reached a 2 : 1 resonance ; b ) after inward scattering of Kuiper belt objects following the orbital shift of Neptune ; c ) after ejection of scattered Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter The formation of the ice giants , Neptune and Uranus , has proven difficult to model precisely . Current models suggest that the matter density in the outer regions of the Solar System was too low to account for the formation of such large bodies from the traditionally accepted method of core accretion , and various hypotheses have been advanced to explain their formation . One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star . An alternative concept is that they formed closer to the Sun , where the matter density was higher , and then subsequently migrated to their current orbits after the removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc . This hypothesis of migration after formation is favoured , due to its ability to better explain the occupancy of the populations of small objects observed in the trans - Neptunian region . The current most widely accepted explanation of the details of this hypothesis is known as the Nice model , which explores the effect of a migrating Neptune and the other giant planets on the structure of the Kuiper belt . Moons Main article : Moons of Neptune For a timeline of discovery dates , see Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons . Natural - colour view of Neptune with Proteus ( top ) , Larissa ( lower right ) , and Despina ( left ) , from the Hubble Space Telescope Neptune has 14 known moons . Triton is the largest Neptunian moon , comprising more than 99.5 % of the mass in orbit around Neptune , and it is the only one massive enough to be spheroidal . Triton was discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself . Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it was probably once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt . It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation , and it is slowly spiralling inward because of tidal acceleration . It will eventually be torn apart , in about 3.6 billion years , when it reaches the Roche limit . In 1989 , Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the Solar System , with estimated temperatures of 38 K ( − 235 ° C ) . Neptune 's second known satellite ( by order of discovery ) , the irregular moon Nereid , has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the Solar System . The eccentricity of 0.7512 gives it an apoapsis that is seven times its periapsis distance from Neptune . Neptune 's moon Proteus From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six moons of Neptune . Of these , the irregularly shaped Proteus is notable for being as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity . Although the second-most - massive Neptunian moon , it is only 0.25 % the mass of Triton . Neptune 's innermost four moons -- Naiad , Thalassa , Despina and Galatea -- orbit close enough to be within Neptune 's rings . The next - farthest out , Larissa , was originally discovered in 1981 when it had occulted a star . This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs , but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 , Larissa was found to have caused it . Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 . A new moon and the smallest yet , S / 2004 N 1 , was found in 2013 . Because Neptune was the Roman god of the sea , Neptune 's moons have been named after lesser sea gods . Planetary rings Main article : Rings of Neptune Neptune 's rings Neptune has a planetary ring system , though one much less substantial than that of Saturn . The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon - based material , which most likely gives them a reddish hue . The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53,000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42,000 km . A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km . The first of these planetary rings was detected in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan . In the early 1980s , analysis of this data along with newer observations led to the hypothesis that this ring might be incomplete . Evidence that the rings might have gaps first arose during a stellar occultation in 1984 when the rings obscured a star on immersion but not on emersion . Images from Voyager 2 in 1989 settled the issue by showing several faint rings . The outermost ring , Adams , contains five prominent arcs now named Courage , Liberté , Egalité 1 , Egalité 2 and Fraternité ( Courage , Liberty , Equality and Fraternity ) . The existence of arcs was difficult to explain because the laws of motion would predict that arcs would spread out into a uniform ring over short timescales . Astronomers now estimate that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring . Earth - based observations announced in 2005 appeared to show that Neptune 's rings are much more unstable than previously thought . Images taken from the W.M. Keck Observatory in 2002 and 2003 show considerable decay in the rings when compared to images by Voyager 2 . In particular , it seems that the Liberté arc might disappear in as little as one century . Observation With an apparent magnitude between + 7.7 and + 8.0 , Neptune is never visible to the naked eye and can be outshone by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno , and 6 Hebe . A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk , similar in appearance to Uranus . Because of the distance of Neptune from Earth , its angular diameter only ranges from 2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds , the smallest of the Solar System planets . Its small apparent size makes it challenging to study it visually . Most telescopic data was fairly limited until the advent of the Hubble Space Telescope and large ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics ( AO ) . The first scientifically useful observation of Neptune from ground - based telescopes using adaptive optics , was commenced in 1997 from Hawaii . Neptune is currently entering its spring and summer season and has been shown to be heating up , with increased atmospheric activity and brightness as a consequence . Combined with technological advancements , ground - based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it . Both Hubble and the adaptive - optics telescopes on Earth have made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s , with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet , among others . In 2004 and 2005 , five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered . From Earth , Neptune goes through apparent retrograde motion every 367 days , resulting in a looping motion against the background stars during each opposition . These loops carried it close to the 1846 discovery coordinates in April and July 2010 and again in October and November 2011 . Observation of Neptune in the radio - frequency band shows that it is a source of both continuous emission and irregular bursts . Both sources are thought to originate from its rotating magnetic field . In the infrared part of the spectrum , Neptune 's storms appear bright against the cooler background , allowing the size and shape of these features to be readily tracked . Exploration Main article : Exploration of Neptune A Voyager 2 mosaic of Triton Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune . The spacecraft 's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989 . Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1 's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan . The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all - night program , Neptune All Night . During the encounter , signals from the spacecraft required 246 minutes to reach Earth . Hence , for the most part , Voyager 2 's mission relied on preloaded commands for the Neptune encounter . The spacecraft performed a near - encounter with the moon Nereid before it came within 4,400 km of Neptune 's atmosphere on 25 August , then passed close to the planet 's largest moon Triton later the same day . The spacecraft verified the existence of a magnetic field surrounding the planet and discovered that the field was offset from the centre and tilted in a manner similar to the field around Uranus . Neptune 's rotation period was determined using measurements of radio emissions and Voyager 2 also showed that Neptune had a surprisingly active weather system . Six new moons were discovered , and the planet was shown to have more than one ring . The flyby also provided the first accurate measurement of Neptune 's mass which was found to be 0.5 percent less than previously calculated . The new figure disproved the hypothesis that an undiscovered Planet X acted upon the orbits of Neptune and Uranus . After the Voyager 2 flyby mission , the next step in scientific exploration of the Neptunian system , is considered to be a Flagship orbital mission . Such a hypothetical mission is envisioned to be possible in the late 2020s or early 2030s . However , there have been discussions to launch Neptune missions sooner . In 2003 , there was a proposal in NASA 's `` Vision Missions Studies '' for a `` Neptune Orbiter with Probes '' mission that does Cassini - level science . Another , more recent proposal was for Argo , a flyby spacecraft to be launched in 2019 , that would visit Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and a Kuiper belt object . The focus would be on Neptune and its largest moon Triton to be investigated around 2029 . The proposed New Horizons 2 mission ( which was later scrapped ) might also have done a close flyby of the Neptunian system . See also Solar System portal Book : Neptune Book : Solar System Outline of Neptune Hot Neptune Neptune in astrology Neptunium Neptune , the Mystic -- one of the seven movements in Gustav Holst 's Planets suite Timeline of the far future Notes Jump up ^ Orbital elements refer to the Neptune barycentre and Solar System barycentre . These are the instantaneous osculating values at the precise J2000 epoch . Barycentre quantities are given because , in contrast to the planetary centre , they do not experience appreciable changes on a day - to - day basis from the motion of the moons . ^ Jump up to : Refers to the level of 1 bar ( 100 kPa ) atmospheric pressure Jump up ^ Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure Jump up ^ Neptune is denser and physically smaller than Uranus because Neptune 's greater mass gravitationally compresses the atmosphere more . Jump up ^ The mass of Earth is 5.9736 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Neptune M Earth = 1.02 × 10 26 5.97 × 10 24 = 17.09 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( M_ ( \ text ( Neptune ) ) ) ( M_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1.02 \ times 10 ^ ( 26 ) ) ( 5.97 \ times 10 ^ ( 24 ) ) ) = 17.09 . ) The mass of Uranus is 8.6810 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Uranus M Earth = 8.68 × 10 25 5.97 × 10 24 = 14.54 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( M_ ( \ text ( Uranus ) ) ) ( M_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 8.68 \ times 10 ^ ( 25 ) ) ( 5.97 \ times 10 ^ ( 24 ) ) ) = 14.54 . ) The mass of Jupiter is 1.8986 × 10 kg , giving a mass ratio M Jupiter M Neptune = 1.90 × 10 27 1.02 × 10 26 = 18.63 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( M_ ( \ text ( Jupiter ) ) ) ( M_ ( \ text ( Neptune ) ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1.90 \ times 10 ^ ( 27 ) ) ( 1.02 \ times 10 ^ ( 26 ) ) ) = 18.63 . ) Mass values from Williams , David R. ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Planetary Fact Sheet -- Metric '' . NASA . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Mass of Triton : 2.14 × 10 kg . Combined mass of 12 other known moons of Neptune : 7.53 × 10 kg , or 0.35 % . The mass of the rings is negligible . Jump up ^ r a r p = 2 1 − e − 1 = 2 / 0.2488 − 1 ≈ 7.039 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( r_ ( a ) ) ( r_ ( p ) ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 1 - e ) ) - 1 = 2 / 0.2488 - 1 \ approx 7.039 . ) References ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Calvin J. ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` Neptune '' . Views of the Solar System . Retrieved 13 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Walter , Elizabeth ( 21 April 2003 ) . Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53106 - 1 . Jump up ^ Seligman , Courtney . `` Rotation Period and Day Length '' . Retrieved 13 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , David R. ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` Neptune Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The MeanPlane ( Invariable plane ) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter '' . 3 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . ( produced with Solex 10 Archived 29 April 2009 at WebCite written by Aldo Vitagliano ; see also Invariable plane ) Jump up ^ Yeomans , Donald K. `` HORIZONS Web - Interface for Neptune Barycenter ( Major Body = 8 ) '' . JPL Horizons On - Line Ephemeris System . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . -- Select `` Ephemeris Type : Orbital Elements '' , `` Time Span : 2000 - 01 - 01 12 : 00 to 2000 - 01 - 02 '' . ( `` Target Body : Neptune Barycenter '' and `` Center : Solar System Barycenter ( @ 0 ) '' . ) ^ Jump up to : Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ; Archinal , Brent A. ; A'Hearn , Michael F. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Report of the IAU / IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements : 2006 '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 98 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 180 . 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NASA JPL . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Neptune 's shrinking vortex '' . www.spacetelescope.org . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ S.G. , Gibbard ; de Pater , I. ; Roe , H.G. ; Martin , S. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` The altitude of Neptune cloud features from high - spatial - resolution near - infrared spectra '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 166 ( 2 ) : 359 -- 374 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 166 ... 359G . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.07. 006 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Stratman , P.W. ; Showman , A.P. ; Dowling , T.E. ; Sromovsky , L.A. ( 2001 ) . `` EPIC Simulations of Bright Companions to Neptune 's Great Dark Spots '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 151 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 285 . Bibcode : 1998Icar ... 132 ... 239L . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1998.5918 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Sromovsky , L.A. ; Fry , P.M. ; Dowling , T.E. ; Baines , K.H. ( 2000 ) . `` The unusual dynamics of new dark spots on Neptune '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 32 : 1005 . 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Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five new moons for planet Neptune '' . BBC News . 18 August 2004 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , Dale P. ( 1996 ) . Neptune and Triton . University of Arizona Press . pp. 703 -- 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 1525 - 7 . Jump up ^ Blue , Jennifer ( 8 December 2004 ) . `` Nomenclature Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . USGS . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Guinan , E.F. ; Harris , C.C. ; Maloney , F.P. ( 1982 ) . `` Evidence for a Ring System of Neptune '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 14 : 658 . Bibcode : 1982BAAS ... 14 ... 658G . Jump up ^ Goldreich , P. ; Tremaine , S. ; Borderies , N.E.F. ( 1986 ) . `` Towards a theory for Neptune 's arc rings '' . Astronomical Journal . 92 : 490 -- 494 . Bibcode : 1986AJ ... 92 ... 490G . doi : 10.1086 / 114178 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , P.D. ; et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Five Stellar Occultations by Neptune : Further Observations of Ring Arcs '' . Icarus . 87 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 39 . Bibcode : 1990Icar ... 87 ... 1N . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 90 ) 90020 - A . Jump up ^ Cox , Arthur N. ( 2001 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . Springer . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ Munsell , Kirk ; Smith , Harman ; Harvey , Samantha ( 13 November 2007 ) . `` Planets : Neptune : Rings '' . Solar System Exploration . NASA . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Salo , Heikki ; Hänninen , Jyrki ( 1998 ) . `` Neptune 's Partial Rings : Action of Galatea on Self - Gravitating Arc Particles '' . Science . 282 ( 5391 ) : 1102 -- 1104 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 282.1102 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5391. 1102 . PMID 9804544 . Jump up ^ `` Neptune 's rings are fading away '' . New Scientist. 26 March 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2007 . Jump up ^ See the respective articles for magnitude data . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2000 ) : 207 . Jump up ^ In 1977 , for example , even the rotation period of Neptune remained uncertain . Cruikshank , D.P. ( 1 March 1978 ) . `` On the rotation period of Neptune '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters . University of Chicago Press . 220 : L57 -- L59 . Bibcode : 1978ApJ ... 220L ... 57C . doi : 10.1086 / 182636 . Jump up ^ Max , C. ; MacIntosh , B. ; Gibbard , S. ; Roe , H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Adaptive Optics Imaging of Neptune and Titan with the W.M. Keck Telescope '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 31 : 1512 . Bibcode : 1999BAAS ... 31.1512 M . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 18 February 2000 ) . `` Neptune through Adaptive Optics '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Jump up ^ First Ground - Based Adaptive Optics Observations of Neptune and Proteus Planetary & Space Science Vol. 45 , No. 8 , pp. 1031 - 1036 , 1997 Jump up ^ Uranus and Neptune Reports on Astronomy 2003 - 2005 , p. 147 f . Jump up ^ Gibbard , S.G. ; Roe , H. ; de Pater , I. ; Macintosh , B. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` High - Resolution Infrared Imaging of Neptune from the Keck Telescope '' . Icarus . 156 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 156 ... 1G . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6766 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Cynthia ( 5 August 2003 ) . `` Fascination with Distant Worlds '' . SETI Institute . Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess ( 1991 ) : 46 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Tom Standage ( 2000 ) . The Neptune File : A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting . New York : Walker . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1363 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chris Gebhardt ; Jeff Goldader ( 20 August 2011 ) . `` Thirty - four years after launch , Voyager 2 continues to explore '' . NASASpaceflight . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Stephen ( 25 August 2015 ) . `` Uranus , Neptune in NASA 's sights for new robotic mission '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Spilker , T.R. ; Ingersoll , A.P. ( 2004 ) . `` Outstanding Science in the Neptune System From an Aerocaptured Vision Mission '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 36 : 1094 . Bibcode : 2004DPS ... 36.1412 S . Jump up ^ Candice Hansen ; et al. `` Argo - A Voyage Through the Outer Solar System '' ( PDF ) . SpacePolicyOnline.com . Space and Technology Policy Group , LLC . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Bibliography Burgess , Eric ( 1991 ) . Far Encounter : The Neptune System . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 07412 - 4 . Moore , Patrick ( 2000 ) . The Data Book of Astronomy . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0620 - 1 . Further reading Miner , Ellis D. ; Wessen , Randii R. ( 2002 ) . Neptune : The Planet , Rings , and Satellites . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85233 - 216 - 7 . Standage , Tom ( 2001 ) . The Neptune File . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1363 - 6 . 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7899944459743484722	Pledge of Allegiance (United States)	Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education . Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds . As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . '' The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . '' After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) . Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success . At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war . The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 . Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision . Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag . They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment . Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion . Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it . He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under god '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Frances Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Frances Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer . `` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp. 2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) . To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=843570118 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the us start saying the pledge of allegiance	[ "The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch, a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools.[3][4] The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892, and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942.[5] The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954, when the words \"under God\" were added.[6]" ]	[ "1942" ]
-79062302291409317	Classic Maya collapse	Classic Maya collapse - wikipedia Classic Maya collapse Maya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine Warfare History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén In archaeology , the classic Maya collapse is the decline of Classic Maya civilization and the abandonment of Maya cities in the southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica between the 8th and 9th centuries , at the end of the Classic Maya Period . Preclassic Maya experienced a similar collapse in the 2nd century . The Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology is generally defined as the period from 250 to 900 , the last century of which is referred to as the Terminal Classic . The Classic Maya collapse is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in archaeology . Urban centers of the southern lowlands , among them Palenque , Copán , Tikal , and Calakmul , went into decline during the 8th and 9th centuries and were abandoned shortly thereafter . Archaeologically , this decline is indicated by the cessation of monumental inscriptions and the reduction of large - scale architectural construction at the primary urban centers of the Classic Period . Although termed a collapse , it did not mark the end of the Maya civilization but rather a shift away from the Southern Lowlands as a power center ; Northern Yucatán in particular prospered afterwards , although with very different artistic and architectural styles , and with much less use of monumental hieroglyphic writing . In the Post-Classic Period following the collapse , the state of Chichén Itzá built an empire that briefly united much of the Maya region , and centers such as Mayapán and Uxmal flourished , as did the Highland states of the K'iche ' and Kaqchikel Maya . Independent Maya civilization continued until 1697 when the Spanish conquered Nojpetén , the last independent city - state . Millions of Maya people still inhabit the Yucatán peninsula today . Because parts of Maya civilization unambiguously continued , a number of scholars strongly dislike the term collapse . Regarding the proposed collapse , E.W. Andrews IV went as far as to say , `` in my belief no such thing happened . '' Contents 1 Progression of the decline 2 Theories 2.1 Foreign invasion 2.2 Collapse of trade routes 2.3 Epidemic diseases 2.4 Drought theory 2.5 Systemic ecological collapse model 2.6 Other explanations 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Progression of the decline ( edit ) The Maya often recorded dates on monuments they built . Few dated monuments were being built circa 500 -- around ten per year in 514 , for example . The number steadily increased to twenty per year by 672 and forty by around 750 . After this , the number of dated monuments begins to falter relatively quickly , collapsing back to ten by 800 and to zero by 900 . Likewise , recorded lists of kings complement this analysis . Altar Q at Copán shows a reign of kings from 426 to 763 . One last king not recorded on Altar Q was Ukit Took , `` Patron of Flint '' , who was probably a usurper . The dynasty is believed to have collapsed entirely shortly thereafter . In Quirigua , twenty miles north of Copán , the last king Jade Sky began his rule between 895 and 900 , and throughout the Maya area all kingdoms similarly fell around that time . A third piece of evidence of the progression of Maya decline , gathered by Ann Corinne Freter , Nancy Gonlin , and David Webster , uses a technique called obsidian hydration . The technique allowed them to map the spread and growth of settlements in the Copán Valley and estimate their populations . Between 400 and 450 , the population was estimated at a peak of twenty - eight thousand , between 750 and 800 -- larger than London at the time . Population then began to steadily decline . By 900 the population had fallen to fifteen thousand , and by 1200 the population was again less than 1000 . Theories ( edit ) Over 80 different theories or variations of theories attempting to explain the Classic Maya collapse have been identified . From climate change to deforestation to lack of action by Maya kings , there is no universally accepted collapse theory , although drought is gaining momentum as the leading explanation . Foreign invasion ( edit ) The archaeological evidence of the Toltec intrusion into Seibal , Peten , suggests to some the theory of foreign invasion . The latest hypothesis states that the southern lowlands were invaded by a non-Maya group whose homelands were probably in the gulf coast lowlands . This invasion began in the 9th century and set off , within 100 years , a group of events that destroyed the Classic Maya . It is believed that this invasion was somehow influenced by the Toltec people of central Mexico . However , most Mayanists do not believe that foreign invasion was the main cause of the Classic Maya collapse ; they postulate that no military defeat can explain or be the cause of the protracted and complex Classic collapse process . Teotihuacan influence across the Maya region may have involved some form of military invasion ; however , it is generally noted that significant Teotihuacan - Maya interactions date from at least the Early Classic period , well before the episodes of Late Classic collapse . The foreign invasion theory does not answer the question of where the inhabitants went . David Webster believed that the population should have increased because of the lack of elite power . Further , it is not understood why the governmental institutions were not remade following the revolts , which happened under similar circumstances in places like China . A study by anthropologist Elliot M. Abrams came to the conclusion that buildings , specifically in Copan , did not require an extensive amount of time and workers to construct . However , this theory was developed during a period when the archaeological evidence showed that there were fewer Maya people than there are now known to have been . Revolutions , peasant revolts , and social turmoil change circumstances , and are often followed by foreign wars , but they run their course . There are no documented revolutions that caused wholesale abandonment of entire regions . Collapse of trade routes ( edit ) It has been hypothesized that the decline of the Maya is related to the collapse of their intricate trade systems , especially those connected to the central Mexican city of Teotihuacán . Preceding improved knowledge of the chronology of Mesoamerica , Teotihuacan was believed to have fallen during 700 -- 750 , forcing the `` restructuring of economic relations throughout highland Mesoamerica and the Gulf Coast '' . This remaking of relationships between civilizations would have then given the collapse of the Classic Maya a slightly later date . However , after knowing more about the events and the periods when they occurred , it is believed that the strongest Teotihuacan influence was during the 4th and 5th centuries . In addition , the civilization of Teotihuacan started to lose its power , and maybe abandoned the city , during 600 -- 650 . This differs greatly from the previous belief that Teotihuacano power decreased during 700 -- 750 . But since the new decline date of 600 -- 650 has been accepted , the Maya civilizations are now thought to have lived on and prospered `` for another century and more '' than what was previously believed . Rather than the decline of Teotihuacan directly preceding the collapse of the Maya , their decline is now seen as contributing `` to the 6th - century ' hiatus ' '' . Epidemic diseases ( edit ) The disease theory is also a contender as a factor in the Classic Maya collapse . Widespread disease could explain some rapid depopulation , both directly through the spread of infection itself and indirectly as an inhibition to recovery over the long run . According to Dunn ( 1968 ) and Shimkin ( 1973 ) , infectious diseases spread by parasites are common in tropical rainforest regions , such as the Maya lowlands . Shimkin specifically suggests that the Maya may have encountered endemic infections related to American trypanosomiasis , Ascaris , and some enteropathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness . Furthermore , some experts believe that , through development of their civilization ( that is , development of agriculture and settlements ) , the Maya could have created a `` disturbed environment '' , in which parasitic and pathogen - carrying insects often thrive . Among the pathogens listed above , it is thought that those that cause the acute diarrheal illnesses would have been the most devastating to the Maya population , because such illness would have struck a victim at an early age , thereby hampering nutritional health and the natural growth and development of a child . This would have made them more susceptible to other diseases later in life , and would have been exacerbated by an increasing dependence on carbohydrate - rich crops . Such ideas as this could explain the role of disease as at least a possible partial reason for the Classic Maya Collapse . Drought theory ( edit ) Large droughts hit the Yucatán Peninsula and Petén Basin areas with particular ferocity , as thin tropical soils decline in fertility and become unworkable when deprived of forest cover , and due to regular seasonal drought drying up surface water . Colonial Spanish officials accurately documented cycles of drought , famine , disease , and war , providing a reliable historical record of the basic drought pattern in the Maya region . Climatic factors were first implicated in the collapse as early as 1931 by Mayanists Thomas Gann and J.E.S. Thompson . In The Great Maya Droughts , Richardson Gill gathers and analyzes an array of climatic , historical , hydrologic , tree ring , volcanic , geologic , lake bed , and archeological research , and demonstrates that a prolonged series of droughts probably caused the Classic Maya collapse . The drought theory provides a comprehensive explanation , because non-environmental and cultural factors ( excessive warfare , foreign invasion , peasant revolt , less trade , etc . ) can all be explained by the effects of prolonged drought on Classic Maya civilization . Climatic changes are , with increasing frequency , found to be major drivers in the rise and fall of civilizations all over the world . Professors Harvey Weiss of Yale University and Raymond S. Bradley of the University of Massachusetts have written , `` Many lines of evidence now point to climate forcing as the primary agent in repeated social collapse . '' In a separate publication , Weiss illustrates an emerging understanding of scientists : Within the past five years new tools and new data for archaeologists , climatologists , and historians have brought us to the edge of a new era in the study of global and hemispheric climate change and its cultural impacts . The climate of the Holocene , previously assumed static , now displays a surprising dynamism , which has affected the agricultural bases of pre-industrial societies . The list of Holocene climate alterations and their socio - economic effects has rapidly become too complex for brief summary . The drought theory holds that rapid climate change in the form of severe drought brought about the Classic Maya collapse . According to the particular version put forward by Gill in The Great Maya Droughts , ( Studies of ) Yucatecan lake sediment cores ... provide unambiguous evidence for a severe 200 - year drought from AD 800 to 1000 ... the most severe in the last 7,000 years ... precisely at the time of the Maya Collapse . Climatic modeling , tree ring data , and historical climate data show that cold weather in the Northern Hemisphere is associated with drought in Mesoamerica . Northern Europe suffered extremely low temperatures around the same time as the Maya droughts . The same connection between drought in the Maya areas and extreme cold in northern Europe was found again at the beginning of the 20th century . Volcanic activity , within and outside Mesoamerica , is also correlated with colder weather and resulting drought , as the effects of the Tambora volcano eruption in 1815 indicate . Mesoamerican civilization provides a remarkable exception : civilization prospering in the tropical swampland . The Maya are often perceived as having lived in a rainforest , but technically , they lived in a seasonal desert without access to stable sources of drinking water . The exceptional accomplishments of the Maya are even more remarkable because of their engineered response to the fundamental environmental difficulty of relying upon rainwater rather than permanent sources of water . `` The Maya succeeded in creating a civilization in a seasonal desert by creating a system of water storage and management which was totally dependent on consistent rainfall . '' The constant need for water kept the Maya on the edge of survival . `` Given this precarious balance of wet and dry conditions , even a slight shift in the distribution of annual precipitation can have serious consequences . '' Water and civilization were vitally connected in ancient Mesoamerica . Archaeologist and specialist in pre-industrial land and water usage practices Vernon Scarborough believes water management and access were critical to the development of Maya civilization . Critics of the drought theory wonder why the southern and central lowland cities were abandoned and the northern cities like Chichen Itza , Uxmal , and Coba continued to thrive . One critic argued that Chichen Itza revamped its political , military , religious , and economic institutions away from powerful lords or kings . Inhabitants of the northern Yucatán also had access to seafood , which might have explained the survival of Chichen Itza and Mayapan , cities away from the coast but within reach of coastal food supplies . Critics of the drought theory also point to current weather patterns : much heavier rainfall in the southern lowlands compared to the lighter amount of rain in the northern Yucatán . Drought theory supporters state that the entire regional climate changed , including the amount of rainfall , so that modern rainfall patterns are not indicative of rainfall from 800 to 900 . LSU archaeologist Heather McKillop found a significant rise in sea level along the coast nearest the southern Maya lowlands , coinciding with the end of the Classic period , and indicating climate change . David Webster , a critic of the megadrought theory , says that much of the evidence provided by Gill comes from the northern Yucatán and not the southern part of the peninsula , where Classic Maya civilization flourished . He also states that if water sources were to have dried up , then several city - states would have moved to other water sources . That Gill suggests that all water in the region would have dried up and destroyed Maya civilization is a stretch , according to Webster , although Webster does not have a precise competing theory explaining the Classic Maya Collapse . A study published in Science in 2012 found that modest rainfall reductions , amounting to only 25 to 40 percent of annual rainfall , may have been the tipping point to the Maya collapse . Based on samples of lake and cave sediments in the areas surrounding major Maya cities , the researchers were able to determine the amount of annual rainfall in the region . The mild droughts that took place between 800 -- 950 would therefore be enough to rapidly deplete seasonal water supplies in the Yucatán lowlands , where there are no rivers . A study published in Scientific Reports in 2016 showed that between 750 and 900 a cluster of four earthquakes affected the wet tropical mountains south of the Yucatán lowlands , which are not vulnerable to drought , and include such important cities as Quirigua and Copán . These earthquakes left detectable destruction in several Maya cities and led to the abandonment of Quirigua . The study hypothesizes that repeated destruction combined with declining trade with the Maya kingdoms of the Yucatán lowlands to propagate the collapse to the southern part of the Maya realm . LIDAR scanning of the Classic Maya heartlands bolsters the drought theory . A huge population as we now understand existed would not ordinarily disappear from civil war , revolution , soil degradation , disease , earthquake or other suspected factors . Drought , the absence of water in an agricultural system heavily dependent upon water , is almost the only remaining possibility for the collapse in the entire heavily populated region . The Yucatán may have provided underground water and more rainfall to permit the continuance of Mayan civilization there . Systemic ecological collapse model ( edit ) Some ecological theories of Maya decline focus on the worsening agricultural and resource conditions in the late Classic period . It was originally thought that the majority of Maya agriculture was dependent on a simple slash - and - burn system . Based on this method , the hypothesis of soil exhaustion was advanced by Orator F. Cook in 1921 . Similar soil exhaustion assumptions are associated with erosion , intensive agricultural , and savanna grass competition . More recent investigations have shown a complicated variety of intensive agricultural techniques utilized by the Maya , explaining the high population of the Classic Maya polities . Modern archaeologists now comprehend the sophisticated intensive and productive agricultural techniques of the ancient Maya , and several of the Maya agricultural methods have not yet been reproduced . Intensive agricultural methods were developed and utilized by all the Mesoamerican cultures to boost their food production and give them a competitive advantage over less skillful peoples . These intensive agricultural methods included canals , terracing , raised fields , ridged fields , chinampas , the use of human feces as fertilizer , seasonal swamps or bajos , using muck from the bajos to create fertile fields , dikes , dams , irrigation , water reservoirs , several types of water storage systems , hydraulic systems , swamp reclamation , swidden systems , and other agricultural techniques that have not yet been fully understood . Systemic ecological collapse is said to be evidenced by deforestation , siltation , and the decline of biological diversity . In addition to mountainous terrain , Mesoamericans successfully exploited the very problematic tropical rainforest for 1,500 years . The agricultural techniques utilized by the Maya were entirely dependent upon ample supplies of water , lending credit to the drought theory of collapse . The Maya thrived in territory that would be uninhabitable to most peoples . Their success over two millennia in this environment was `` amazing . '' Other explanations ( edit ) Anthropologist Joseph Tainter wrote extensively about the collapse of the Southern Lowland Maya in his 1988 study The Collapse of Complex Societies . His theory about Maya collapse encompasses some of the above explanations , but focuses specifically on the development of and the declining marginal returns from the increasing social complexity of the competing Maya city - states . Psychologist Julian Jaynes suggested that the collapse was due to a failure in the social control systems of religion and political authority , due to increasing socioeconomic complexity that overwhelmed the power of traditional rituals and the king 's authority to compel obedience . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Stuart and Stuart ( 1993 , p. 12 ) , McKillop ( 2006 , p. 90 , pp. 339 -- 340 ) ^ Jump up to : Кнорозов , Ю . В . Письменность индейцев майя . -- М. -- Л. : Изд - во АН СССР , 1963 . -- 664 с . Jump up ^ Lorenzo Ochoa ; Patricia Martel ( dir . ) ( 2002 ) . Lengua y cultura mayas ( in Spanish ) . UNAM . p. 170 . ISBN 9703200893 . El `` Pueblo Maya '' lo constituyen actualmente algo menos de 6 millones de hablantes de 25 idiomas Jump up ^ Aimers , James J. `` What Maya Collapse ? Terminal Classic Variation in the Maya Lowlands . '' J Archaeol Res ( 2007 ) 15 : 329 -- 377 Jump up ^ Andrews IV , E.W. ( 1973 ) . The development of Maya civilization after the abandonment of the southern cities . In Culbert , T.P. ( ed . ) , The Classic Maya Collapse , University of New Mexico Press , Albuquerque , pp. 243 -- 265 Jump up ^ Acemoglu , Robinson , Daron , James A. ( 2012 ) . Why Nations Fail . pp. 143 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 429 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , p. 371 ) Jump up ^ `` Like most things , collapse explanations are subject to fashion , and the one most in the limelight today is climatic change , or more specifically , megadrought . '' Quote is from Webster ( 2002 , p. 239 ) ; see also article by Diamond ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ See Braswell ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Elliot M. ( 1994 ) . How the Maya Built Their World . University of Texas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 70462 - 6 . Jump up ^ Webster ( 2002 pp. 221 -- 223 ) Jump up ^ Webster ( 2002 pp. 231 ) Jump up ^ Webster ( 2002 pp. 231 -- 234 ) ^ Jump up to : Webster ( 2002 pp. 232 ) Jump up ^ Anderson and May ( 1982 ) ; R. Anderson ( 1982 ) ; Lycett ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Wright , Lori E ( 1997 ) . `` Intertooth Patterns of Hypoplasia Expression : Implications for Childhood Health in the Classic Maya Collapse '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 102 : 233 -- 247 -- via Wiley . Jump up ^ Santley , Killion , and Lycett ( 1986 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) Jump up ^ Coe ( 1999 , pp. 26 -- 27 ) ^ Jump up to : Webster ( 2002 , p. 239 ) Jump up ^ See Gill ( 2000 , p. 311 ) ; Webster ( 2002 , p. 239 ) Jump up ^ Gann & Thompson , The History of the Maya , 1931 Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , passim . ) Jump up ^ Webster ( 2002 , p. 99 ) Jump up ^ See for example papers by deMenocal ( 2001 ) ; Weiss ( 1997 ) ; Weiss and Bradley ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Weiss and Bradley ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Quote is from Weiss ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , p. 276 ) Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , loc . cit . ) Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , p. 376 ) Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , p. 382 ) ; Webster ( 2002 , p. 239 ) Jump up ^ Gill ( 2000 , p. 386 ) Jump up ^ As reported in McKillop ( 2006 , p. 89 ) Jump up ^ Mann ( 2006 , p. 312 ) Jump up ^ Mann ( 2006 , pp. 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ McKillop ( 2006 , p. 129 ) Jump up ^ McKillop ( 2006 , pp. 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Webster ( 2002 , pp. 243 -- 245 ) Jump up ^ Medina - Elizalde , Martín ; Rohling , Eelco J. ( 24 Feb 2012 ) . `` Collapse of Classic Maya Civilization Related to Modest Reduction in Precipitation '' . Science . 335 ( 6071 ) . pp. 956 -- 959 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 335 ... 956M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1216629 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Maya Civilization Collapse Related to Modest Rainfall Reductions , Research Suggests '' . Science Daily . 2012 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mild drought caused Maya collapse in Mexico , Guatemala '' . BBC News . 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Brocard , Gilles ; Anselmetti , Flavio ; Teyssier , Christian ( 15 Nov 2016 ) . `` Guatemala paleoseismicity : from Late Classic Maya collapse to recent fault creep '' . Scientific Reports . 6 . doi : 10.1038 / srep36976 . Jump up ^ See synopsis in Dunning et al. ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Demarest ( 2004 , pp. 130 -- 147 ) ; Sabloff ( 1994 , pp. 81 -- 84 , 139 -- 140 ) Jump up ^ Sabloff ( 1994 , p. 171 ) , citing Rice and Rice ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Demarest ( 2004 , p. 129 ) Jump up ^ Tainter ( 1988 , pp. 152 -- 177 ) Jump up ^ Jaynes , Julian ( 2000 ) ( 1976 ) . The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind . Houghton Mifflin . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05707 - 2 . References ( edit ) Braswell , Geoffrey E. ( 2003 ) . `` Introduction : Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction '' . In Geoffrey E. Braswell ( Ed . ) . The Maya and Teotihuacan : Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction . Austin : University of Texas Press . pp. 1 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70587 - 5 . OCLC 49936017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Coe , Michael D. ( 1999 ) . The Maya ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28066 - 5 . OCLC 15895415 . Colinvaux , Paul A. ( 1980 ) . The Fates of Nations : A Biological Theory of History . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 25204 - 6 . OCLC 6143975 . Demarest , Arthur ( 2004 ) . Ancient Maya : The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization . Case Studies in Early Societies , No. 3 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59224 - 0 . OCLC 51438896 . deMenocal , Peter B. ( 2001 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene '' ( PDF Reprint ) . Science . New York : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 292 ( 5517 ) : 667 -- 673 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292 ... 667D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1059827 . PMID 11303088 . Diamond , Jared M. ( June 2003 ) . `` The Last Americans : Environmental Collapse and the End of Civilization '' ( online Reprint ) . Harper 's . New York : Harper 's Magazine Foundation . 306 ( 1837 ) : 43 -- 51 . ISSN 0017 - 789X . OCLC 4532730 . Dunning , Nicholas P. ; Sheryl Luzzadder - Beach ; Timothy Beach ; John G. Jones ; Vernon Scarborough ; T. Patrick Culbert ( June 2002 ) . `` Arising from the Bajos : The Evolution of a Neotropical Landscape and the Rise of Maya Civilization '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers . Washington , DC : Blackwell Publishing . 92 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 283 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8306.00290 . OCLC 89457939 . Favier , Jean ( dir. and coord . ) ; Anik Blaise ; Serge Cosseron ; Jacques Legrand ( c. 1989 ) . Chronicle of the French Revolution , 1788 - 1799 . Clifton Daniel ( series general ed . ) ( English translation of Chronique de la Révolution , 1788 -- 1799 ( 1988 ) , Paris : Larousse . ed . ) . London / New York : Chronicle Publications , distributed in USA by Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 133729 - 7 . OCLC 19729759 . Gill , Richardson B. ( 2000 ) . The Great Maya Droughts : Water , Life , and Death . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2194 - 1 . OCLC 43567384 . Haug , Gerald H. ; Detlef Günther ; Larry C. Peterson ; Daniel M. Sigman ; Konrad A. Hughen ; Beat Aeschlimann ( 2003 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization '' ( PDF Reprint ) . Science . New York : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 299 ( 5613 ) : 1731 -- 1735 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299.1731 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1080444 . PMID 12637744 . Hodell , David A ; Mark Brenner ; Jason H. Curtis ; Thomas Guilderson ( 18 May 2001 ) . `` Solar Forcing of Drought Frequency in the Maya Lowlands '' ( PDF ) . Science . New York : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 292 ( 5520 ) : 1367 -- 1370 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292.1367 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1057759 . PMID 11359010 . Archived from the original ( PDF Reprint ) on 13 August 2007 . Kerr , Richard A. ( 18 May 2001 ) . `` Paleoclimate : A Variable Sun and the Maya Collapse '' ( PDF Reprint ) . Science . New York : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 292 ( 5520 ) : 1293 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 292.5520. 1293 . PMID 11360980 . Longhena , Maria ( 2006 ) . Ancient Mexico : The History and Culture of the Maya , Aztecs , and Other Pre-Columbian Peoples . Neil Davenport ( trans . ) . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 8381 - 0 . OCLC 76818561 . Lucero , Lisa J. ( 2006 ) . Water and Ritual : The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70999 - 4 . Mann , Charles C. ( 2006 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . OCLC 72680543 . Martin , Simon ; Nikolai Grube ( 1995 ) . `` Maya Superstates '' . Archaeology . New York . 48 ( 46 ) : 41 -- 46 . McKillop , Heather I. ( 2006 ) . The Ancient Maya : New Perspectives . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32890 - 2 . OCLC 70170414 . Montgomery , John ( 2002 ) . How to Read Maya Hieroglyphs . New York : Hippocrene Books . ISBN 0 - 7818 - 0861 - 8 . OCLC 47764291 . Morley , Sylvanus G. ( 1956 ) . The Ancient Maya ( 3rd ed . ) . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . OCLC 484868 . Olson , Mancur ( 1982 ) . The Rise and Decline of Nations : Economic Growth , Stagflation , and Social Rigidities . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02307 - 3 . OCLC 8451838 . Prescott , William H. ( 1843 ) . History of the Conquest of Mexico , with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization , and the Life of the Conqueror , Hernando Cortes ( online reproduction , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library ) . New York : Harper and Brothers . OCLC 2458166 . Sabloff , Jeremy A. ( 1990 ) . The New Archaeology and the Ancient Maya . New York : Scientific American Library , distributed by W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 5054 - 6 . OCLC 60170399 . Stuart , Gene S. ; George E. Stuart ( 1993 ) . Lost Kingdoms of the Maya . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society . ISBN 0 - 87044 - 928 - 1 . OCLC 27012239 . Tainter , Joseph A ( 2003 ) . The Collapse of Complex Societies . New York & Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38673 - X . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Thompson , J. Eric S. ; Elizabeth Graham ( 1970 ) . `` Trade Relations Between Maya Highlands and Lowlands '' . Maya History and Religion . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2247 - 1 . Toynbee , Arnold J. ( 1947 ) . A Study of History ( 1st American ed. , Somervell abridgement ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . OCLC 1151071 . Webster , David L. ( 2002 ) . The Fall of the Ancient Maya : Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05113 - 5 . OCLC 48753878 . Weiss , Harvey ( 1997 ) . `` Late Third Millennium Abrupt Climate Change and Social Collapse in West Asia and Egypt '' . In H. Nüzhet Dalfes , G. Kukla and Harvey Weiss ( eds . ) . Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse . Heidelberg / Berlin : Springer Verlag . pp. 718 -- 720 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 61892 - 9 . OCLC 35741821 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Weiss , Harvey ; Raymond S. Bradley ( 2001 - 01 - 26 ) . `` What Drives Societal Collapse ? '' ( PDF Reprint ) . Science . New York : American Association for the Advancement of Science . 291 ( 5504 ) : 609 -- 610 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058775 . PMID 11158667 . Wilk , Richard R. ( 1985 ) . `` The Ancient Maya and the Political Present '' . Journal of Anthropological Research . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico . 41 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 326 . ISSN 0091 - 7710 . JSTOR 3630596 . OCLC 1787802 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the collapse of the mayan empire is believed to have occurred during	[ "In archaeology, the classic Maya collapse is the decline of Classic Maya civilization and the abandonment of Maya cities in the southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica between the 8th and 9th centuries, at the end of the Classic Maya Period. Preclassic Maya experienced a similar collapse in the 2nd century.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "between the 8th and 9th centuries, at the end of the Classic Maya Period" ]
3474316657196538358	NBA Finals	NBA Finals - wikipedia NBA Finals NBA Finals Status Active Genre Sporting event Date ( s ) June Frequency Annual Country United States Inaugurated 1947 ( 1947 ) 2018 NBA Finals The NBA Finals is the annual championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Eastern and Western conference champions play a best - of - seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A. Brown Trophy in 1983 . Prior to the 1949 -- 50 season , the series was named the BAA Finals , before seeing alteration following the merger between the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) which created the modern NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1982 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . The NBA Finals was initially structured to harbor a 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 format . In 1985 , it was changed to a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format to ease the amount of cross country travel until 2013 , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home - court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . In 2014 , the 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format was restored . The first two are played at home for the higher - seeded team , and the following two at the home of the lower - seeded team . The following three are played at each team 's home arena alternately . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals , with the Golden State Warriors the current champion . The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 17 times , as well as winning the competition the most times in a row , winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966 . The Los Angeles Lakers have contested the NBA Finals the most times , with 31 appearances . The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions , with 38 wins from ten franchises ; the Western Conference has 32 , from nine franchises . Contents 1 History 1.1 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty 1.2 1970 -- 79 : Decade of parity 1.3 1980 -- 90 : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry and the Bad Boys 1.4 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty 1.5 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' -- Spurs ' dominance 1.6 2011 -- 14 : Heat wave 1.7 2015 -- 2018 : Cavaliers - Warriors rivalry 2 Team records 2.1 Finals appearances 2.2 Active franchises with no Finals appearances 2.3 Most common matchups 2.4 Individual games records 3 Player records 3.1 Individual 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of NBA champions The previous NBA Finals logo , used until 2017 . 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty ( edit ) Bill Russell ( off ball ) was a member of one of the first dynasties in the NBA , winning eight straight titles while contending against Wilt Chamberlain ( on ball ) . The Boston Celtics went 11 -- 1 in the NBA Finals during 13 seasons ( 1956 -- 57 to 1968 -- 69 ) . They won eight straight NBA championships from 1959 through 1966 . This period marks the largest stretch of seasons that a single team made up over 65 % of Finals appearances , and also includes the only ever time the NBA Finals was decided in double overtime . With the establishment of the Celtics dynasty in 1957 spearheaded by center Bill Russell , the team saw great success , only ever encountering difficulty when up against teams led by Wilt Chamberlain . However , for most of the late 1950s and 1960s , the Celtics and Russell managed to have an upper hand on Chamberlain 's teams . In 1964 , Chamberlain , who had moved to the state of California alongside his team , led the San Francisco Warriors to a Western Conference championship , but again failed to conquer the Celtics . The following season , he returned to the Eastern Conference to join the Philadelphia 76ers , who were the former Syracuse Nationals that had relocated to the city to cover the vacancy created with the departure of the Warriors . The first clash between the two stars in the playoffs was in 1966 , with Boston winning the series 4 -- 1 . In the following season , Philadelphia coach Alex Hannum instructed Chamberlain to provide an increased focus on playing a team game , to avoid drawing the double - teams that troubled Chamberlain during the Finals . This tactical change brought the team to a new record of 68 wins the following season , as well as defeating the Celtics before winning the Finals . In 1968 , Boston overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against Philadelphia to once again arrive in the Finals . They went on to defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals to again become NBA Champions . In 1969 , the Celtics faced great difficulty entering the postseason , as they had an aging team and multiple injuries to a number of players . They qualified for the playoffs as the fourth and final seed in the East , while the Lakers , who had added Chamberlain in the offseason to join stars Jerry West and Elgin Baylor . The Lakers won the West and were prohibitive favorites to become Champions for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . Despite holding a 2 - 1 advantage going into Game 4 , the Lakers led 87 -- 86 and had the ball with 10 seconds to play . But after a turnover , Sam Jones scored to give the Celtics a narrow 88 -- 87 win and tying the series . The series was eventually tied 3 - 3 going into Game 7 in Los Angeles , with Lakers owner Jack Cooke hanging balloons in the arena in anticipation of a Lakers victory . West also picked up injuries to his thigh and hamstring during the series , however , returned to play for the final game . Russell utilized this newly lacking mobility in West to organize fast breaks at every opportunity for the Celtics , which allowed them to gain an early lead . They held off a furious Lakers comeback to win 108 -- 106 and win the series , and win their eleventh championship in 13 years . As many stars either declined or retired following this win , it is largely recognized as the last NBA Finals conducted by the Celtics dynasty . 1970 -- 79 : decade of parity ( edit ) The 1970s saw eight teams win the title , with the Celtics and New York Knicks winning twice . In 1970 , a classic final featured the Knicks against the Lakers . In the waning moments of Game 3 , with the series tied , Jerry West hit a basket from 60 feet to tie the game , a shot which became one of the most famous ever . However , the Knicks won in overtime and continued their momentum for a 4 -- 3 win , becoming the first team after the Celtics dynasty to win an NBA championship . The Milwaukee Bucks also won their first franchise title , defeating the Baltimore Bullets in 1971 . Two seasons after losing in the Finals , the Lakers got a measure of revenge by winning 33 straight games , the longest such streak in NBA history . By season 's end , they broke the record for most wins in a season with 69 , one more than the 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers , before taking home the championship for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . The Knicks returned to win the championship again a season later to record their second ever victorious season . Despite the rise of the Knicks , the 1974 championship returned to the Celtics , as a newly formed cohort of players led by Dave Cowens demonstrated excellent teamwork and resilience to win in seven games to secure another title . Following the success of the Lakers , the 1970s were characterized by a major breakthrough of the league 's western franchises . In 1975 , after compiling a 48 -- 34 regular - season record , the Golden State Warriors swept the heavily favored Washington Bullets 4 -- 0 in the 1975 NBA Finals . In 1976 , the Phoenix Suns , who only enjoyed eight years of existence as a franchise , overcame a losing record early in the season to build a remarkable win streak to finish 42 -- 40 . The events culminated in upset victories over the Seattle SuperSonics and the Warriors , before facing Boston in the Finals . The teams split the first four games , before Game 5 went into three overtimes before Boston won 128 -- 126 . The Celtics managed to secure their 13th championship quickly after , defeating the Suns 87 -- 80 in Game 6 . Other franchises that secured their first titles in the 1970s included the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977 , and the Washington Bullets defeating the SuperSonics in 1978 . The SuperSonics managed to exact revenge in the following season , however , as they secured their first franchise title in 1979 . 1980 -- 90 : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry and the Bad Boys ( edit ) The 1980s saw a renewal in the rivalry between the Boston Celtics ( green ) and the Los Angeles Lakers ( gold ) , combining to win eight titles . Between 1980 and 1990 , the Celtics , 76ers , Lakers , or the Detroit Pistons won every NBA Finals . From 1980 to 1990 , the Lakers won five titles ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , and 1988 ) ; the Celtics won three ( 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 ) ; the Pistons won twice ( 1989 and 1990 ) ; and the 76ers won once ( 1983 ) . The 1979 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game featured Magic Johnson 's Michigan State University team facing off against Larry Bird 's Indiana State University team . This meeting has been immortalized as the beginning of the Lakers and Celtics rivalry of the 1980s , which pitted those two NBA teams represented respectively by Johnson and Bird . It also attracted the largest TV rating ever for an NCAA Championship game , as 38 percent of all television viewers that night tuned in . Bird had actually been drafted the year before , but later decided to stay an additional year , and the two superstars both entered the league in 1979 , leading their respective teams to dazzling heights . Johnson and the Showtime Lakers reached the 1980 NBA Finals against the 76ers , which were also led by NBA superstar Julius Erving . The Lakers took a 3 -- 2 lead , but Kareem Abdul - Jabbar could not play in Game 6 due to injury . Johnson , a natural point guard , was shifted to center , and ended up playing every position on the court during the game , scoring 42 points , while also attaining 15 rebounds and 7 assists to win his first championship while being awarded his first NBA Finals MVP ; a remarkable performance in the annals of the sport . Boston reached the 1981 NBA Finals led by the `` Big Three '' of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish . During the 1980 NBA draft , the Celtics traded two first round picks to the Warriors for Parish and a first round pick later spent on McHale . Considered to be one of the best front courts of all time , all three players later made the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . They met the Houston Rockets in the 1981 Finals , practically single - handedly carried by Moses Malone , who upset the Lakers and Johnson in the first round . The Rockets were only the second team in NBA history to make the Finals after posting a losing record in the regular season , and the Celtics had an NBA best record of 62 -- 20 . The Celtics later won the Finals in 6 games . The Lakers returned to the NBA Finals in 1982 , this time led by new coach Pat Riley , in a rematch against the 76ers . The 76ers defeated the Celtics in the Eastern Conference finals in a 7 - game series , but were defeated by Lakers in 6 games , with Johnson being named Finals MVP . Upon losing their past three NBA Finals appearances , the 76ers decided that they needed one more piece to become champions , and enlisted Malone as their premier target . On September 15 , 1982 , they traded for Malone , who was also the league 's reigning MVP . With the new duo of Malone and Erving , the 76ers won the 1983 NBA Finals , losing only once in the entire playoffs , as well as sweeping the Lakers . However , the 1984 NBA Finals was conducted by the Celtics and Lakers , who faced each other for the first time since 1969 . After an inspired performance from Bird , the Celtics toppled the Lakers 4 -- 3 . The final game of this series attracted the largest ever TV audience for an NBA game , and the second - largest ever for a basketball game , with only the game between the two stars played five years earlier having a larger audience . It was the last NBA Finals played in the 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , until 2014 . In the 1985 NBA Finals , the Lakers made amends for their previous eight losses to the Celtics by defeating them in six games . Even though the Lakers lost the first game by 34 points in the Memorial Day Massacre , they won 4 of the next 5 games , including Game 6 at the Boston Garden , to finally end the long years of frustration of failing to defeat the Celtics . These finals were the first to be played in the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , which was suggested by Boston coach Red Auerbach to NBA commissioner David Stern , as he hoped to cut back on the frequent traveling from Boston to Los Angeles . The 1986 NBA Finals saw the Celtics face off against the Rockets , with Boston winning in six games , as well as securing their 16th title . Bird was also named Finals MVP for the second time . In 1987 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , with both teams holding a win in the Finals apiece . With the third being contested , it is regarded as a rubber match between the two dynasties . The Lakers won the first two games , but Boston won Game 3 . In Game 4 , Johnson hit an sky - hook with two seconds left to give the Lakers a 107 -- 106 win and a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Lakers lost Game 5 , but eventually won Game 6 to clinch the series , and a 2 - 1 all time win against the Celtics . Johnson was also named Finals MVP for the third time . In the following two seasons , the aging Celtics failed to reach the Finals , becoming overshadowed by the rise of the Detroit Pistons . The Lakers managed to defend their title in the 1988 Finals , winning the series in 7 games against the Pistons . They then became the first team to win back - to - back NBA titles since 1969 . Seeking a three - peat in 1989 , the Lakers were swept by the Pistons in a rematch of the previous year 's Finals . In 1990 , the Pistons then went back - to - back after defeating the Clyde Drexler led Portland Trailblazers in five games , attaining the nickname `` Bad Boys '' due to its rough , physical play . Led by a Hall of Fame back court in Joe Dumars and Isiah Thomas and a rugged front court in Dennis Rodman and Bill Laimbeer , the Pistons attained great success . 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty ( edit ) Michael Jordan combined with coach Phil Jackson to win six NBA championships . The majority of the 1990s was marked by the supremacy of the Chicago Bulls . The Bulls , led by head coach Phil Jackson and star players Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six titles in six Finals appearances from 1991 - 1998 . The only other team to win a title during this stretch was the Houston Rockets who won titles in 1994 and 1995 , during Jordan 's first retirement from professional basketball . The first championship came at the expense of the Los Angeles Lakers , which also saw the last appearance in the Finals for Magic Johnson . Billed as a showdown between the aging Johnson and the upstart Jordan , the Lakers won the first game , 93 -- 91 . For the rest of the series , Pippen guarded Johnson , allowing Jordan a free scoring , and Chicago won the next four games . The Bulls returned to the Finals in the next year , pitted against Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers . Throughout the 1991 -- 1992 season , Jordan and Drexler led their teams to the best records in their respective conferences , leading to several comparisons between the two players in anticipation of a postseason match - up . Chicago defeated the Trail Blazers in Game 1 by 33 points , a game notable for Jordan breaking the record for the most three - pointers in a first half , with six . Game 2 went into overtime , with the Trail Blazers outscoring the Bulls 18 -- 7 in the final period to run away with the win , even with Drexler fouling out in the 4th quarter . Games 3 and 4 were split between Chicago and Portland , respectively , but the Bulls took the final two games , clinching their second championship . In 1993 , Jordan was matched against close friend Charles Barkley , who was the league 's reigning MVP at the Phoenix Suns . The Bulls won the first two games in Phoenix , 100 -- 92 and 111 -- 108 . The Suns , rallying behind Barkley , won Game 3 , 129 -- 121 in Chicago in triple overtime . The Bulls took Game 4 , 111 -- 105 , with Jordan scoring 55 points and tying Rick Barry for the second-most points in an NBA Finals game . The Suns won Game 5 , 108 -- 98 , sending the series back to Phoenix . Chicago clinched the series in Game 6 , 99 -- 98 , on John Paxson 's three - pointer , as the Bulls became the third team in history to three - peat . After this win , Jordan retired from basketball to pursue a career in baseball . Following Jordan 's departure , the Houston Rockets , led by Hakeem Olajuwon , won the 1994 and 1995 NBA titles . During this period , Olajuwon became the only player in history to win the NBA MVP , NBA Defensive Player of the Year and Finals MVP awards in the same season . That was the only year that both the NBA and NHL finals went to seven games while involving teams from the same city , with the Rockets facing the New York Knicks in 1994 . With their win in Game 7 , the Rockets denied New York from winning both the NBA and NHL titles in the same year , as the New York Rangers won the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . After trading for Clyde Drexler midseason , the Rockets later swept an Orlando Magic team consisting of Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway in the 1995 Finals ; Olajuwon was again named Finals MVP , and the Rockets became the fifth franchise to win back - to - back titles and became the first 6th - seeded team to win the title without enjoying home court advantage on any of their playoff series . The Houston Rockets also beat teams with at least 60 regular season wins in every round of the playoffs , with `` Road Court '' advantage . No other team in NBA History has done that . The Houston Rockets were down 3 games to 1 to the Phoenix Suns in the Semi-Finals and won 2 out of 3 games on the road , including game 7 to advance to the Conference Finals . After his short stint in baseball , Jordan returned to basketball late in the 1994 -- 95 season . Although he did not lead the Bulls to the Finals , he returned to pre-retirement form the next season while the team acquired perennial rebounding champion Dennis Rodman . The 1995 -- 96 Bulls finished the regular season 72 -- 10 , attaining , at the time , the best regular season record in NBA history . They dominated in the playoffs , with series records of 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 and 4 -- 0 , before facing the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA Finals . After the Bulls took a 3 -- 0 series lead , Seattle won the next two games after coach George Karl switched point guard Gary Payton onto Jordan , leading to a sixth game . However , Jordan altered his game to accommodate the advances of Payton , and the Bulls won Game 6 to win their fourth title . In 1997 and 1998 , the Bulls met the Utah Jazz in the Finals twice . Led by Olympians John Stockton and Karl Malone , the Jazz were defeated in both Finals by the Bulls in six games . In both series , Chicago won by hitting winning shots in the sixth and deciding game -- the first by Steve Kerr in 1997 in Chicago , and the second by Jordan in Utah in 1998 . This saw Chicago winning their sixth NBA championship , and managing their second three - peat . However , prior to the 1999 season , Jackson decided to retire , which set off a chain reaction that resulted in most of the team , including Jordan and Pippen , requesting to leave the Bulls . With no foundation of youth to build upon , the Bulls became a lottery - bound team for the next six seasons . 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' -- Spurs ' dominance ( edit ) Kobe Bryant was a member of the Los Angeles Lakers that won five NBA championships from 2000 - 2010 . The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period . The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this period , in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , and 2007 . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs finished with a 15 -- 2 mark , including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers . With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan , San Antonio 's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years . In the Finals that year , the Spurs held the New York Knicks , the first # 8 seed team to reach the finals in NBA history , to an average of 79.8 points per game . During the 2003 NBA Finals , the Spurs defeated the Nets in 6 games , which also marked the first championship contested between two former ABA teams . In Game 6 , Duncan was two blocks short of recording the first quadruple - double in NBA Finals history , finishing with 21 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , and 8 blocks . The Spurs went on to defeat the Detroit Pistons 4 -- 3 in the 2005 NBA Finals , as well as sweeping the LeBron James - led Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2007 NBA Finals . Duncan won the Finals MVP in 1999 , 2003 and 2005 . In 2007 , Tony Parker was named MVP , becoming the first European - born player to win the award . Tim Duncan won five championships with the San Antonio Spurs from 1999 - 2014 . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , won three straight NBA Championships . O'Neal won the finals MVP all three times . Their first championship came at the expense of the Indiana Pacers , whom the Lakers defeated in 6 games . During their 2001 postseason run , the Lakers swept their first 3 series and won the Finals in 5 games , finishing with an unprecedented 15 -- 1 record , the best postseason record in NBA history . Their opponent in the Finals that year were the Philadelphia 76ers , led by Allen Iverson . In the 2002 NBA Finals , the Lakers swept the New Jersey Nets , leading almost the entire time in each game ; only for a short while after the beginning of Game 4 did the New Jersey Nets gain any significant lead in any game . In the 2003 offseason , veteran stars Gary Payton and Karl Malone signed with the Lakers . Along with Bryant and O'Neal , they formed what many expected to be one of the best teams in NBA history , and were the favorites to win the championship in 2004 . However , the Detroit Pistons , under coach Larry Brown , upset the Lakers in 5 games . Chauncey Billups was named the Finals MVP . Now established as one of the premier powerhouses of the East , the Pistons returned to the NBA Finals in the following year , before losing to the Spurs in seven games . The 2006 NBA Finals were the only Finals during this period not to feature the Spurs or Lakers , instead featuring the Miami Heat and Dallas Mavericks . It was the first NBA Finals since 1971 that had both Western and Eastern Conference champions making their first Finals appearance in franchise history . The Mavericks won the first two games at home , but the turning point of the series was in Game 3 , when the Heat overcame a 13 - point deficit with less than 6 minutes left in the fourth quarter to win 98 -- 96 . The comeback was led by Dwyane Wade 's 12 points in the final six minutes and a clutch outside jumpshot by Gary Payton , who was appearing in his third NBA finals . Miami swept all three of their home games , two of which were sparked by fourth quarter comebacks led by Wade ; the Heat won their first championship in game six . The Lakers returned to the finals in 2008 , against the Boston Celtics . Renewing the teams ' rivalry , this marked the 11th time that these two teams met in the Finals , the last meeting happened in 1987 . The Celtics , who defeated the Lakers 4 -- 2 , were led by their `` Big Three '' superstars of Ray Allen , Kevin Garnett , and Paul Pierce , who was also named Finals MVP . The Lakers bounced back from their 2008 loss and returned to the Finals in 2009 , where they faced the Orlando Magic , led by Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard in 2009 . The Lakers defeated Orlando in five games , with Bryant earning the Finals MVP award . The Lakers met the Celtics once again in 2010 , trailing 3 -- 2 before winning the last two at home , marking the first time in the history of the Celtics that they lost a Game 7 in the NBA Finals . Bryant was also named Finals MVP , with the triumphs in 2009 and 2010 becoming Phil Jackson 's 10th and 11th NBA titles . With these championship victories , Jackson surpassed both Red Auerbach 's record for most NBA titles of all time . He also passed Auerbach'a and National Hockey League coach Scotty Bowman 's record for most titles as head coach in any major American professional sport . 2011 -- 14 : Heat wave ( edit ) LeBron James ( left ) and Chris Bosh ( right ) joined Dwyane Wade ( center ) at the Miami Heat to form the Big Three . During the 2010 offseason , the Miami Heat re-signed team captain Dwyane Wade and added free agents LeBron James and Chris Bosh to form the Big Three . The Heat were then considered the favorites by many to win multiple championships , appearing in the next four finals , winning two in 2012 and 2013 . LeBron James has also appeared in every NBA Finals since 2011 , with both the Heat and the Cavaliers . The second appearance by the Heat in a Finals came in 2011 , where they were pitted against the Dallas Mavericks in a rematch of the finals from five years earlier . The Mavericks , led by Dirk Nowitzki , Jason Terry , Tyson Chandler , and Jason Kidd , won the series 4 -- 2 , with Nowitzki being named the Finals MVP . The Heat returned to the finals in the following year against an upstart Oklahoma City Thunder team featuring future MVPs Russell Westbrook , James Harden , and 3 - time NBA scoring leader Kevin Durant . After the Thunder took Game 1 at home , the Heat won four straight games to win the series 4 -- 1 , becoming the first team to win a championship after trailing in three playoff series . James won his first championship and was unanimously named NBA Finals MVP . The Heat repeated as champions in 2013 , this time over the San Antonio Spurs , with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in a Finals ; with Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) and Tony Parker ( 2007 ) for the Spurs , and Wade ( 2006 ) and James ( 2012 ) for the Heat . The Spurs went up 3 -- 2 in the series , but the Heat bounced back with a Game 6 victory , notable for a game - tying three - pointer by Ray Allen in the closing seconds of regulation to send the game into overtime . The game is considered one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history . The Heat won Game 7 , 95 -- 88 , to clinch the title . James was named Finals MVP for the second straight year . Looking for a 3 - peat , the Heat reached the 2014 NBA Finals and faced the Spurs in a rematch of the 2013 Finals . With James limited in Game 1 due to leg cramps , the Spurs ended the game on a 31 -- 9 run , winning the game 110 -- 95 . The Heat bounced back in Game 2 , but that was their only win of the series , as the Spurs won both games in Miami and a deciding game 5 at home to win the Championship , their first since 2007 and the fifth and final title of Duncan 's career . Kawhi Leonard was named Finals MVP , becoming the third - youngest Finals MVP after Duncan and Magic Johnson . 2015 -- 2018 : Cavaliers - Warriors rivalry ( edit ) The Cleveland Cavaliers and Golden State Warriors have met in every NBA Finals to between 2015 and 2018 , becoming the first two teams to meet in four consecutive Finals . Previously , no two teams have appeared in more than two consecutive finals . Stephen Curry led the Golden State Warriors to both the best regular season and postseason records in NBA history , and 3 championships . After the 2014 Finals , LeBron James became a free agent and returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers where he teamed up with Kyrie Irving . The Cavs also traded for Kevin Love to form a new `` Big Three '' in Cleveland . In the 2015 postseason , the defending champion Spurs were eliminated in the first round while the reigning finalist Heat failed to qualify for the playoffs . Golden State , spearheaded by 2014 - 15 MVP Stephen Curry , achieved a 67 -- 15 record and managed to take the West , while the Cavs won the East as James , along with James Jones who played for both the Heat and Cavaliers , made their fifth straight finals appearance -- the first two players to do so since the 1960s Celtics . The Warriors defied conventional wisdom and traditionalist ideas with a small - ball , three - point shooting , fast - paced team . The Cavs were without star Love due to an injury suffered earlier in the playoffs , and also lost Irving to injury in a Game 1 overtime loss in the 2015 NBA Finals . James rallied the Cavaliers to win Games 2 and 3 , but the Warriors won the next three games after coach Steve Kerr made the adjustment of inserting sixth man Andre Iguodala into the starting lineup in place of center Andrew Bogut , thus achieving the desired small - ball offense . The Warriors won the title , with Iguodala becoming the first player to win the Finals MVP award without starting a regular season game that season . Kevin Durant joined the Warriors in 2016 , and won back - to - back NBA Finals MVP awards as a member of the team . During the 2015 -- 16 season , the Warriors broke the record for most wins in a season with a record of 73 -- 9 and Curry won his second straight MVP award , as well as becoming the first unanimous MVP in history and shattering his own record for three - pointers made in a single season by over one hundred in the process . The Warriors fell to a 3 - 1 deficit in the Western Conference Finals against a Kevin Durant - led Oklahoma City Thunder team , but won three straight elimination games to take the series and advance to a second straight Finals . The Cavaliers finished the season as the top - seed in the Eastern Conference and won their first 10 straight playoff games , ultimately defeating the Toronto Raptors 4 -- 2 in the Eastern Conference Finals to ensure the rematch of last year 's Finals . In the 2016 NBA Finals , the Warriors got out to a 3 - 1 lead , but James and Irving led the Cavs to two straight victories to force a deciding Game 7 . In a key sequence with two minutes remaining in Game 7 , LeBron James made a memorable chase - down block on Iguodala to keep the game tied , while Irving hit a 3 - point shot a minute later to take the lead . Cleveland managed to hold on to the lead to win the title and end the city 's 52 - year championship drought , with James earning his third Finals MVP honor . In the 2016 offseason , the Warriors acquired Durant through free agency . After finishing 67 -- 15 , they became the first team in history to win 67 + games in three straight seasons , they went to the Finals with a 12 -- 0 sweep of the West , the first team to do so since the first round changed to best - of - seven in 2003 . Meanwhile , though the Cavaliers slipped to the second seed going into the playoffs , they only lost one game en route to defeating the Boston Celtics in the Eastern Conference Finals , setting up another match against the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals . The Warriors started strong with a 3 - 0 lead over the Cavs , eventually winning the series in five games with Durant being named Finals MVP . The Warriors set a playoffs record of 15 consecutive wins and a 16 - 1 final record , as well as a 13.5 - point differential in the Finals . The Cavaliers and Warriors met for a fourth consecutive Finals in 2018 . The Warriors went on to sweep the Cavaliers , and Durant was again named Finals MVP . Team records ( edit ) Finals appearances ( edit ) The statistics below refer to series wins and losses , not individual games won and lost . For individual game statistics , scroll further downwards . No . Team ratio Most recent appearance Most recent title Notes 31 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 . 516 Currently hold the record for the most appearances in the NBA Finals , and have appeared in the Finals in every decade since the 1940s . They have won 11 titles in Los Angeles and 5 in Minneapolis . They also attained a three - peat in Minneapolis from 1952 to 1954 , and another in Los Angeles from 2000 to 2002 . 21 Boston Celtics 17 . 810 2008 Won 8 straight titles from 1959 to 1966 , and are the most successful team in the NBA Finals , winning 17 championships. 3 of their 4 Finals losses occurred against the rival Lakers . 10 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 . 600 2018 2018 Won two titles in Philadelphia , before eventually winning four more as the Golden State Warriors . 9 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 . 333 2001 Won one title in Syracuse , before winning another two following the move to Philadelphia . 8 New York Knicks 6 . 250 1999 1973 In their most recent appearance , they became the first 8th seed to ever reach the Finals . 7 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons . 429 2005 Went back - to - back in 1989 - 90 , and won all three championships in Detroit . 6 Chicago Bulls 6 0 1.000 1998 1998 All six titles were with head coach Phil Jackson and players Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . The titles were won via two three - peats , from 1991 -- 93 and 1996 -- 98 . They are the only active NBA franchise with multiple Finals appearances , and no losses . 6 San Antonio Spurs 5 . 833 2014 2014 All five titles were with Tim Duncan and Gregg Popovich . They are the only franchise to move from the ABA to the NBA , and subsequently win a championship . 5 Miami Heat . 600 2014 2013 All three titles were with Dwyane Wade ; two were during LeBron James ' 4 - year tenure in Miami , during which they made the Finals each year . 5 Cleveland Cavaliers . 200 2018 2016 LeBron James featured in all five Finals appearances . The Cavaliers appeared in four straignt Finals from 2015 - 2018 , all against the Golden State Warriors , winning in 2016 . Houston Rockets . 500 1995 1995 Won back - to - back championships with Hakeem Olajuwon and coach Rudy Tomjanovich . Their 1995 triumph was done as the 6th seed , the lowest seeded team in NBA History to win a championship . St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks . 250 1961 1958 All appearances when the team was in St. Louis . Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder . 250 2012 1979 Hold a record of 1 -- 2 as Seattle SuperSonics , and 0 -- 1 as Oklahoma City Thunder . They remain the only franchise since 1977 to win a title in one city and later relocate . Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards . 250 1979 1978 All appearances in the Finals came between 1971 and 1979 , featuring Wes Unseld . They were 0 -- 1 as the Baltimore Bullets , and 1 -- 2 as the Washington Bullets . Portland Trail Blazers . 333 1992 1977 Their only title was won with Bill Walton . The team lost two finals with Clyde Drexler . Dallas Mavericks . 500 2011 2011 They lost in 2006 and won in 2011 , both times against the Heat . Both Mavericks teams were led by Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry . Milwaukee Bucks . 500 1971 Their triumph was recorded with a team that consisted of Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . New York / New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 . 000 2003 None They appeared twice in the Finals as the New Jersey Nets , in 2002 and 2003 . Orlando Magic 0 . 000 2009 None They lost both of their Finals appearances , winning just one game between the two series . Phoenix Suns 0 . 000 1993 None Lost in the 1976 and 1993 Finals to the Celtics and Bulls , respectively . Best historical won - loss record among all franchises to have never won a title . New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 . 000 1998 None Both appearances were with coach Jerry Sloan and players Karl Malone and John Stockton , and losses to the Bulls . Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City - Omaha Kings / Kansas City Kings / Sacramento Kings 0 1.000 1951 1951 Only appearance in NBA Finals and was won as the Rochester Royals . Indiana Pacers 0 . 000 2000 None Only appearance was in 2000 and led by Reggie Miller and coach Larry Bird , losing to the Lakers . Baltimore Bullets 0 1.000 1948 1948 Team folded in 1954 and is the only championship - winning team to fold . Chicago Stags 0 . 000 1947 None Team folded in 1950 . Washington Capitols 0 . 000 1949 None Team folded in 1951 . Active franchises with no Finals appearances ( edit ) Team No. of seasons Founded Other achievements Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers 46 1970 Reached three conference semifinals as the Braves , and four as the Clippers . First appeared was in the 2005 -- 06 season and lost to the Phoenix Suns , before returning in the 2011 -- 12 season , losing to the San Antonio Spurs . Their other appearances came in the 2013 -- 14 season when they lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder , and in the 2014 -- 15 season when they lost to the Houston Rockets . Denver Nuggets 40 1976 Joined NBA after nine American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in 1976 . They have played in the 1976 ABA championship , but lost to the New York Nets , as well as participating in the 1978 conference finals , before ultimately losing to the Seattle SuperSonics . They also featured in the 1985 and 2009 conference finals , but lost both times to the Los Angeles Lakers . Minnesota Timberwolves 27 1989 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2003 -- 04 season , but lost to the Lakers . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets * 28 1988 Reached the conference semifinals four times , first in the 1992 -- 93 season when they lost to the New York Knicks , second in the 1997 -- 98 season , losing to the Chicago Bulls , third in the 2000 -- 01 season when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks , and fourth in the 2001 -- 02 season , losing to the New Jersey Nets . Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 21 1995 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2012 -- 13 season , but lost to the San Antonio Spurs . Toronto Raptors 21 1995 Reached the Eastern Conference finals in the 2015 -- 16 season , but lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets / Pelicans * 16 2002 Reached the conference semifinals twice , first in the 2007 -- 08 season when they lost to the San Antonio Spurs , second in the 2017 -- 18 season when they lost to the Golden State Warriors . ( * ) As a result of the original franchise 's relocation to New Orleans , the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002 -- 03 and the 2003 -- 04 seasons , before a new team , also named the Bobcats , was established for the 2004 -- 05 season . In 2014 , the Bobcats later became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets , and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1988 to 2002 . The original Hornets , now renamed the Pelicans , obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013 . Most common matchups ( edit ) 12 times : Boston Celtics ( 9 ) vs. Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) vs. Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 5 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) vs. New York Knicks ( 2 ) 4 times : Golden State Warriors ( 3 ) vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 4 times : Boston Celtics ( 3 ) vs. St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks ( 1 ) 3 times : Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 times : Boston Celtics ( 2 ) vs. Houston Rockets ( 0 ) 2 times : Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) vs. Utah Jazz ( 0 ) 2 times : Dallas Mavericks ( 1 ) vs. Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2 times : Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 2 times : Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) vs. Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( * ) the number in parentheses describes the victories in the Finals for either team . Individual games records ( edit ) Team ratio Notes 179 Los Angeles Lakers 89 90 . 497 Holds the record for the most games in a Finals , with a record of 20 -- 15 in Minneapolis and 69 - 75 while in Los Angeles . Won 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 129 Boston Celtics 77 52 . 597 Recorded the first ever sweep in the Finals . Lost 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 53 Philadelphia 76ers 24 29 . 453 Includes a record of 9 -- 11 while in Syracuse , and 15 - 18 while in Philadelphia . Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2001 . 49 Golden State Warriors 28 21 . 571 Includes records of 10 -- 6 while in Philadelphia , 3 -- 8 while in San Francisco , and 15 - 7 in their current incarnation . Won 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 2018 . 48 New York Knicks 20 28 . 417 Lost 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 1999 . 40 Detroit Pistons 22 18 . 550 Includes a record of 4 -- 8 while in Fort Wayne , and 18 - 10 while in Detroit . Lost 4 - 3 their last Finals appearance in 2005 . 35 Chicago Bulls 24 11 . 686 Won 4 -- 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1998 . 34 San Antonio Spurs 23 11 . 676 Won 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 29 Miami Heat 15 14 . 517 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 25 Atlanta Hawks 11 14 . 440 All appearances in the Finals occurred while the team was in St. Louis . 23 Houston Rockets 12 11 . 522 Won 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 1995 . 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 10 13 . 435 Includes a record of 9 -- 9 while in Seattle , and 1 - 4 while in Oklahoma City . Lost 1 - 4 their last Finals appearance in 2012 . 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 7 15 . 318 Lost 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 2018 , as well as becoming the only team in the Finals to overcome a 3 - 1 deficit in 2016 . 20 Washington Wizards 5 15 . 250 Includes a record of 0 -- 4 in Baltimore and 5 -- 11 in Washington , all as the Bullets . 17 Portland Trail Blazers 7 10 . 412 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1992 . 12 Dallas Mavericks 6 6 . 500 All games played during the Finals have been against the Heat , and won 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2011 . 12 Phoenix Suns 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1993 . 12 Utah Jazz 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in both Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , both times against the Bulls . 11 Milwaukee Bucks 7 . 636 Lost 4 -- 3 in their last Finals appearance in 1974 . 10 Brooklyn Nets 8 . 200 All Finals appearances have occurred while the team was in New Jersey , and lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2003 . 9 Orlando Magic 8 . 111 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2009 . 7 Sacramento Kings . 571 All appearances have occurred while the team was in Rochester . 6 Baltimore Bullets . 667 Franchise defunct . 6 Indiana Pacers . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2000 . 6 Washington Capitols . 333 Franchise defunct . 5 Chicago Stags . 200 Franchise defunct . Player records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Finals ( 12 ) -- Bill Russell Most games played in Finals ( 70 ) -- Bill Russell Most career points in Finals ( 1,679 ) -- Jerry West Most career assists in Finals ( 584 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career rebounds in Finals ( 1,718 ) -- Bill Russell Most career blocks in Finals ( 116 ) -- Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most career steals in Finals ( 102 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career turnovers in Finals ( 190 ) -- Magic Johnson Total points ( finals ) Jerry West -- 1,679 LeBron James -- 1,360 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- 1,317 Michael Jordan -- 1,176 Elgin Baylor -- 1,161 Bill Russell -- 1,151 Sam Jones -- 1,143 Tom Heinsohn -- 1,037 John Havlicek -- 1,018 Magic Johnson -- 971 PPG average ( min 10 games ) ( finals ) Rick Barry -- 36.3 Michael Jordan -- 33.6 Jerry West -- 30.5 Series Most points , one series ( 284 ) -- Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) Most assists , one series ( 95 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most rebounds , one series ( 189 ) -- Bill Russell ( 1962 ) Most blocks , one series ( 32 ) -- Tim Duncan ( 2003 ) Most steals , one series ( 20 ) -- Isiah Thomas ( 1988 ) Most turnovers , one series ( 31 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA G League Finals List of NBA players with most championships List of NBA champions List of NBA Finals head coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ballard , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` Here Are Some Final Facts on NBA Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics History '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Magic Fills in at Center '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA.com. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Stream Now . `` LeBron James and the Ghost of 23 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael C. ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBA Finals 2013 , Spurs vs. Heat Game 6 : The greatest game ever played ? '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jared . `` NBA Finals Live : Cavs vs. Warriors in Game 7 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Kevin Durant , Warriors roll to second NBA title in three years '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.A.T. Grade : Definitive proof the 2017 Warriors are the Greatest Team of All Time '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Golden State Warriors Finals appearances '' . mcubed.net . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Líderes en la historia de las Finales ( Estadísticas ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time Records Index '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) NBA Finals : All - Time Champions List of Championships - Year by Year NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Finals&oldid=854079254 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals Recurring sporting events established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Annual sporting events in the United States June sporting events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the most nba finals in a row	[ "A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals, with the Golden State Warriors the current champion. The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition 17 times, as well as winning the competition the most times in a row, winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966. The Los Angeles Lakers have contested the NBA Finals the most times, with 31 appearances. The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions, with 38 wins from ten franchises; the Western Conference has 32, from nine franchises.\n" ]	[ "Boston Celtics" ]
-4134620138556153962	Damodar Valley Corporation	Damodar Valley Corporation - wikipedia Damodar Valley Corporation Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DVC Headquarter in Kolkata Damodar Valley Corporation दामोदर घाटी निगम Type Government of India Under Ministry of Power Statutory Body Industry Utilities ( energy ) Founded July 7 , 1948 ( 1948 - 07 - 07 ) Headquarters Kolkata , West Bengal , India Key people Shri A.W.K. Langstieh ( Chairman ) Products Electricity Services Electricity generation and Transmission , distribution , production , Soil conservation Flood Moderation Number of employees 8600 ( 2017 ) Website www.dvc.gov.in The Damodar Valley Corporation ( DVC ) is a government organization which operates several power stations in the Damodar River area of West Bengal and Jharkhand states of India . The corporation operates both thermal power stations and hydel power stations under the Ministry of Power , Govt of India . DVC is headquartered in the city of Kolkata , West Bengal , India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 DVC plants 3 Infrastructure 4 Water Management Overview 5 Joint venture projects 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) DVC emerged as a culmination of attempts made over a whole century to control the wild and erratic Damodar River . The valley has been ravaged frequently by floods at varying intensities . Serious floods occurred in 1730 , 1823 , 1848 , 1856 , 1882 , 1898 , 1901 , 1916 , 1923 , 1935 & 1943 . The river spans over an area of 25,235 sq. km covering the states of Bihar ( now Jharkhand ) & West Bengal . The catastrophe caused by the 1943 flood , led to serious public indignation gainst the Government . As a result , the Government of Bengal appointed a board of Enquiry titled `` Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee '' with the Maharaja of Burdwan and the noted physicist Dr. Meghnad Saha as members for suggesting remedial measures . The Damodar Flood Enquiry Committee suggested creation of an authority similar to the Tennessee Valley Authority in the USA , and recommended the construction of dams and storage reservoirs at the sites with a total capacity of 1.5 millions acre ft. ( 1.850 millions cu . M ) and highlighted the possibilities of multipurpose development in the valley area . The Govt. of India then commissioned the ' Central Technical Power Board ' to study the proposal and appointed Mr. WL Voorduin , a senior engineer of the TVA to study the problem at the Damodar and to make his recommendation for comprehensive development of the valley . Accordingly , in August , 1944 Mr. Voorduin submitted his ' Preliminary Memorandum on the unified Development of the Damodar River . ' Mr. Voorduin 's `` Preliminary Memorandum '' suggested a multipurpose development plan designed for achieving flood control , irrigation , power generation and navigation in the Damodar Valley . Four consultants appointed by the Government of India examined it . They also approved the main technical features of Voorduin 's scheme and recommended early initiation of construction beginning with Tilaiya to be followed by Maithon . By April 1947 , full agreement was practically reached between the three Governments of Central , West Bengal and Bihar on the implementation of the scheme and in March 1948 , the Damodar Valley Corporation Act ( Act No . XIV of 1948 ) was passed by the Central Legislature , requiring the three Governments , The Central Government and the State Governments of West Bengal and Bihar ( now Jharkhand ) to participate jointly for the purpose of building the Damodar Valley Corporation . The Corporation came into existence on 7 July 1948 as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India . Command area : 24,235 km spread across the Damodar basin . Jharkhand : 2 districts fully ( Dhanbad and Bokaro ) and parts of 8 districts ( Hazaribagh , Koderma , Chatra , Palamau , Ranchi , Loherdaga , Giridih and Dumka ) West Bengal : 5 districts ( Bardhhaman , Hoogly , Howrah , Bankura , Purulia ) The Damodar Valley Corporation has been generating and transmitting power since 1953 . DVC plants ( edit ) Thermal Plants ( coal based ) Power Plant Name State Installed Capacity in MW Remarks Mejia Thermal Power Station West Bengal 2,340 Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station West Bengal 1,200 Maithon Power Limited Jharkhand 1,050 Owned by Maithon Power Limited a joint venture between DVC and Tata Power Durgapur Steel Thermal Power Station West Bengal 1,000 Koderma Thermal Power Station Jharkhand 1,000 Chandrapura Thermal Power Station Jharkhand 500 Bokaro Thermal Power Station - B Jharkhand 630 Bokaro Thermal Power Station - A Jharkhand 500 Durgapur Thermal Power Station West Bengal 210 BPSCL Power Plant Jharkhand 338 Owned by Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited ( BPSCL ) a joint venture between DVC and Bokaro Steel Limited Total 8768 Hydel - Power Plants Power Plant Name State Installed Capacity in MW Panchet Dam Jharkhand 80 Maithon Dam Jharkhand 63.2 Tilaiya Dam Jharkhand Total 147 Infrastructure ( edit ) DVC - Corporate office building at Kolkata - VIP Road DVC developed and expanded its infrastructure to six thermal power stations ' ( 7410 MW ) ' and three hydro - electric power stations with a capacity of 147.2 MW which contribute to a total installed capacity of 7557.2 MW . Presently DVC has 49 sub-stations and receiving stations more than 8900 - circuit km of transmission and distribution lines . DVC has also four dams , a barrage and a network of canals ( 2494 km ) that play an effective role in water management . The construction of check dams , development of forests and farms and upland and wasteland treatment developed by DVC play a vital role in eco conservation and environment management . Water management overview ( edit ) DVC has a network of four dams - Tilaiya and Maithon on Barakar River , Panchet on Damodar river and Konar on Konar river . Besides , Durgapur barrage and the canal network , handed over to Government of West Bengal in 1964 , remained a part of the total system of water management . DVC dams are capable of moderating floods of 6.51 lac cusec to 2.5 lac cusecs . Four multipurpose dams were constructed during the period 1948 to 1959 . Maithon Dam Panchet Dam Tilaiya Dam Konar Dam Flood reserve capacity of 1,292 mcm has been provided in 4 reservoirs , which can moderate a peak flood of 18,395 cumec to a safe carrying capacity of 7,076 cumec. 419 mcm of water is stored in the 4 DVC reservoirs to supply 680 cusec of water to meet industrial , municipal and domestic requirements in West Bengal & Jharkhand . The Durgapur barrage on river Damodar was constructed in 1955 for supply of irrigation water to the districts of Burdwan , Bankura & Hooghly . Irrigation Command Area ( Gross ) : 569,000 hectares ( 5,690 km ) Irrigation Potential Created : 364,000 hectares ( 3,640 km ) Canals : 2,494 km ( 1,550 mi ) 30,000 hectares ( 300 km ) of land in the upper valley is being irrigated , every year by lift irrigation with the water available from 16,000 ( approx ) check dams constructed by DVC . Joint venture Projects ( edit ) Maithon Power Limited A joint venture company by DVC and Tata Power has been formed to implement 1,050 MW Maithon Right Bank Thermal Power Project for meeting the energy needs of power deficient regions on export basis . Bokaro Power Supply Corporation Limited ( BPSCL ) A joint venture of DVC and SAIL has been established to operate and maintain the captive power and steam generation plant , hived off by SAIL and its Bokaro Steel Plant and supply power and steam exclusively to Bokaro Steel Ltd . DVC EMTA Coal Mines Limited A joint venture company formed with Eastern Minerals & Trading Agency for development and operation of Captive Coal Mine Blocks and supply of coal exclusively to DVC Thermal Power Projects of 10th and 11th plan . Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation ( MAMC ) The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation ( MAMC ) in Durgapur -- one of the PSU 's in India set up under the rupee - rouble agreement and enjoying Soviet patronage in the early sixties . Bharat Earth Movers has the highest stake ( 48 % ) in the consortium while the other two PSUs -- DVC and Coal India -- have 26 % stake each . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DVC '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Generating Units '' . report . DVC . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Generating Units '' . DVC . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Power puffed by Maithon 1050MW Tata - DVC plant chugs to life '' . Jump up ^ `` The Official Website of BPSCL '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Damodar Valley Corporation . DVC Website moneycontrol.com powermin.nic.in economictimes.indiatimes.com ndtv.com Damodar Basin Rivers Barakar Bokaro Damodar Jamunia Konar Mundeswari Rupnarayan Dams , barrages Damodar Valley Corporation Durgapur Konar Maithon Panchet Tenughat Tilaiya Geographical features Chota Nagpur Plateau Rajrappa Rarh region Shikharji ( Parasnath Hills ) Usri Falls Riparian districts Jharkhand Bokaro Dhanbad Giridih Hazaribagh Koderma Palamu Ramgarh West Bengal Bankura Bardhaman Hooghly Howrah Paschim Medinipur Purba Medinipur Purulia Languages Bengali Hindi Kurukh Magahi Mal Paharia Malto Santali Coalfields East Bokaro Coalfield North Karanpura Coalfield Ramgarh Coalfield Raniganj Coalfield South Karanpura Coalfield West Bokaro Coalfield Industries Bokaro Steel Plant Bokaro Thermal Power Station B Durgapur Steel Plant Durgapur Thermal Power Station IISCO Mejia Thermal Power Station Santaldih Thermal Power Station Transport Road Grand Trunk Road National Highway 17 National Highway 18 National Highway 2 National Highway 50 National Highway 522 National Highway 60 Rail Asansol -- Gaya section Asansol -- Tatanagar -- Kharagpur line Bardhaman -- Asansol section Grand Chord Other basins Godavari Kosi Mahanadi -- Brahmani -- Baitarani Narmada Son Power stations and organizations of West Bengal Power stations Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station Budge Budge Thermal Power Station Bandel Thermal Power Station Durgapur Thermal Power Station Farakka Super Thermal Power Station Haldia Energy Power Station Kasba Thermal Power Station Katwa Super Thermal Power Station Kolaghat Thermal Power Station Mejia Thermal Power Station New Cossipore Thermal Power Station Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station Sagardighi Thermal Power Station Santaldih Thermal Power Station Southern Thermal Power Station Titagarh Thermal Power Station Organizations Current CESC Limited Damodar Valley Corporation NTPC Limited West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Company PowerGrid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Limited Former West Bengal State Electricity Board Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity Power stations and organizations of Jharkhand Power stations Bokaro Thermal Power Station B BPSCL Power Plant Chandrapura Thermal Power Station Jojobera Power Plant Koderma Thermal Power Station Maithon Gas Turbine Station Maithon Power Plant Matrishri Usha Jayaswal Mega Power Plant North Karanpura Thermal Power Station Patratu Thermal Power Station Tenughat Thermal Power Station Maithon Dam Panchet Dam Tilaiya Dam Organizations Damodar Valley Corporation Jharkhand State Electricity Board PowerGrid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Limited Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damodar_Valley_Corporation&oldid=802679825 '' Categories : Electric - generation companies of India Jharkhand Economy of West Bengal Companies based in Kolkata Dams in Bihar Dams in Jharkhand Dams in West Bengal Energy companies established in 1948 Ministry of Power ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা हिन्दी Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first multi purpose river valley project in india	[ "Mr. Voorduin's \"Preliminary Memorandum\" suggested a multipurpose development plan designed for achieving flood control, irrigation, power generation and navigation in the Damodar Valley. Four consultants appointed by the Government of India examined it. They also approved the main technical features of Voorduin's scheme and recommended early initiation of construction beginning with Tilaiya to be followed by Maithon. By April 1947, full agreement was practically reached between the three Governments of Central, West Bengal and Bihar on the implementation of the scheme and in March 1948, the Damodar Valley Corporation Act (Act No. XIV of 1948) was passed by the Central Legislature, requiring the three Governments, The Central Government and the State Governments of West Bengal and Bihar (now Jharkhand) to participate jointly for the purpose of building the Damodar Valley Corporation. The Corporation came into existence on 7 July 1948 as the first multipurpose river valley project of independent India." ]	[ "Damodar Valley Corporation" ]
612399181570730631	Jennifer Worth	Jennifer Worth - wikipedia Jennifer Worth Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Worth RN RM Worth as a nurse in the 1950s Jennifer Lee ( 1935 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1935 Clacton - on - Sea , Essex 31 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 31 ) ( aged 75 ) Cause of death Oesophageal cancer Occupation Nurse , musician , author Spouse ( s ) Philip Worth ( Hemel Hempstead ) Children Suzannah and Juliette Jennifer Worth RN RM ( 25 September 1935 -- 31 May 2011 ) was a British nurse and musician . She wrote a best - selling trilogy of memoirs about her work as a midwife practising in the poverty - stricken East End of London in the 1950s : Call the Midwife , Shadows of the Workhouse and Farewell to The East End . A television series , Call the Midwife , based on her books , began broadcasting on BBC One on 15 January 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Activism 3 Death 4 Publications 5 References Biography ( edit ) Worth , born Jennifer Lee in Clacton - on - Sea , Essex , was raised in Amersham , Buckinghamshire . After leaving school at the age of 15 she learned shorthand and typing and became the secretary to the head of Dr Challoner 's Grammar School . She then trained as a nurse at the Royal Berkshire Hospital , Reading , and moved to London to receive training to become a midwife . Lee was hired as a staff nurse at the London Hospital in Whitechapel in the early 1950s . With the Sisters of St John the Divine , an Anglican community of nuns , she worked to aid the poor . She was then a ward sister at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in Bloomsbury , and later at the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead . She married the artist Philip Worth in 1963 , and they had two daughters . ( Philip Worth appears as a character in the 2014 Christmas Special at the end of the third series of the TV series Call the Midwife , portrayed by Ronald Pickup ) . Worth retired from nursing in 1973 to pursue her musical interests . In 1974 , she was appointed a licentiate of the London College of Music , where she taught piano and singing . She obtained a fellowship in 1984 . She performed as a soloist and with choirs throughout Britain and Europe . She later began writing , and her first volume of memoirs , Call the Midwife , was published in 2002 . The book became a bestseller when it was reissued in 2007 . Shadows of the Workhouse ( 2005 ; reissued 2008 ) and Farewell to the East End ( 2009 ) also became bestsellers . The trilogy sold almost a million copies in the UK alone . In a fourth volume of memoirs In the Midst of Life , published in 2010 , Worth reflects on her later experiences caring for the terminally ill . Activism ( edit ) Worth was highly critical of Mike Leigh 's 2004 film Vera Drake , for depicting the consequences of illegal abortions unrealistically . She argued that the method shown in the movie , far from being fairly quick and painless , was in fact almost invariably fatal for the woman . Death ( edit ) Worth died on 31 May 2011 , having been diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus earlier in the year . The first episode of the television series Call the Midwife was dedicated to her . Publications ( edit ) Eczema and Food Allergy : The Hidden Cause ? ISBN 978 - 1872560182 ( 1997 ) Call the Midwife ( First book in the Midwife trilogy ) ISBN 978 - 0297868781 ( 2002 ) Shadows of the Workhouse ( Second book in the Midwife trilogy ) ISBN 978 - 0297853268 ( 2005 ) Farewell to the East End ( Third book in the Midwife trilogy ) ISBN 978 - 0753823064 ( 2009 ) In the Midst of Life ISBN 978 - 0297859581 ( 2010 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Call The Midwife '' . BBC Media Centre . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Eva ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Obituary : Jennifer Worth '' . The Guardian . London : GMG . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books Obituaries : Jennifer Worth '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : TMG. 29 July 2011 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bestselling author Jennifer Worth dies '' . Orion Books . 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Call the Midwife '' Christmas Special ( 2014 ) `` . IMDB . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Compton , D.G ( 2012 ) . `` Book review : In the Midst of Life '' . Dignity in Dying . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Worth , Jennifer ( 6 January 2005 ) . `` A midwife responds to Mike Leigh 's Vera Drake '' . The Guardian . London : GMG . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Price , Gareth ( 7 June 2011 ) . `` Midwife author Jennifer Worth dies '' . Royal College of Midwives . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . VIAF : 233071093 LCCN : nb2003050821 GND : 1041732171 SUDOC : 174920784 BNF : cb15888246p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Worth&oldid=798491140 '' Categories : 1935 births 2011 deaths People from Buckinghamshire People from Clacton - on - Sea English memoirists English midwives English nurses English pianists English female singers English Anglicans Deaths from cancer in England Deaths from esophageal cancer 20th - century English writers 21st - century English writers 20th - century women writers 20th - century writers 21st - century women writers Women memoirists 20th - century pianists 20th - century English singers Hidden categories : Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did jenny marry in call the midwife	[ "She married the artist Philip Worth in 1963, and they had two daughters.[3] (Philip Worth appears as a character in the 2014 Christmas Special at the end of the third series of the TV series Call the Midwife, portrayed by Ronald Pickup).[5] Worth retired from nursing in 1973 to pursue her musical interests." ]	[ "artist Philip Worth" ]
-325534923717299288	List of members of the United Nations Security Council	List of members of the United Nations Security Council - wikipedia List of members of the United Nations Security Council Jump to : navigation , search Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected , non-permanent members . Prior to 1966 , there were six elected members , while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945 , apart from the representation of China . Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two - year term , and half of these places are contested each year . To ensure geographical continuity , a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings . Contents 1 Current membership 2 Regional Groups 3 Previous and future Security Council composition 4 Membership by year 4.1 Permanent 4.2 Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 4.3 Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) 5 List by number of years as Security Council member 6 Future candidacies 7 Non-members 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Current membership ( edit ) Permanent members Country Regional Group Member Since People 's Republic of China Asia - Pacific Group 1971 , replaced the Republic of China France Western European and Others Group 1946 Russian Federation Eastern European Group 1991 , replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom Western European and Others Group 1946 United States Western European and Others Group 1946 Non-permanent members Country Regional Group Term Began Term Ends Bolivia Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2017 2018 Egypt African Group 2016 2017 Ethiopia African Group 2017 2018 Italy Western European and Others Group 2017 2017 * Japan Asia - Pacific Group 2016 2017 Kazakhstan Asia - Pacific Group 2017 2018 Senegal African Group 2016 2017 Sweden Western European and Others Group 2017 2018 Ukraine Eastern European Group 2016 2017 Uruguay Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2016 2017 * During the 2016 Security Council elections , Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two - year term , in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 . Members of the current UNSC on the map of the world Permanent members Non-permanent members Regional groups ( edit ) African Group Asia - Pacific Group Eastern European Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group UN member not in any voting group Non-UN state or territory African Group : 3 members Asia - Pacific Group : 2 members Eastern European Group ( CEIT , or Countries with Economies in Transition ) : 1 member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) : 2 members Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) : 2 members ; at least one of these must be from Western Europe In addition , one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country , alternately from the African or Asia - Pacific groups . This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968 . Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two - year term ; these elections always begin in October of the year , and continue until the two - thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached . Re-election is allowed , but the term must not be consecutive . Electoral timetable Term beginning in years that are : odd even African Group one member two members * Asia - Pacific Group one member one member * Eastern European Group none one member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) one member one member Western European and Others Group two members none * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces . Previous and Future Security Council composition ( edit ) From 1946 to 1965 , the security council included six non-permanent members . The regional grouping at that time was : Latin America : 2 members Commonwealth of Nations : 1 member Eastern Europe : 1 member Middle East : 1 member Western Europe : 1 member There were some exceptions to this grouping : Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961 ; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964 -- 1965 ; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 . As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council , Brazil , Germany , India and Japan , collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations , are seeking permanent representation on this body . Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus . Membership by year ( edit ) Permanent ( edit ) Year Permanent seats 1945 -- 1948 Republic of China France Soviet Union United Kingdom United States 1949 -- 1970 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 1971 -- 1991 People 's Republic of China 1992 -- present Russian Federation Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Year Latin American Seats Commonwealth Seat Eastern European & Asian Seat Middle Eastern Seat Western European Seat 1946 Brazil Mexico Australia Poland Egypt Netherlands 1947 Colombia Syria Belgium 1948 Argentina Canada Ukraine 1949 Cuba Egypt Norway 1950 Ecuador India Yugoslavia 1951 Brazil Turkey Netherlands 1952 Chile Pakistan Greece 1953 Colombia Lebanon Denmark 1954 Brazil New Zealand Turkey 1955 Peru Iran Belgium 1956 Cuba Australia Yugoslavia 1957 Colombia Philippines Iraq Sweden 1958 Panama Canada Japan 1959 Argentina Tunisia Italy 1960 Ecuador Ceylon Poland 1961 Chile Turkey United Arab Republic Liberia 1962 Venezuela Ghana Romania Ireland 1963 Brazil Philippines Morocco Norway 1964 Bolivia Ivory Coast Czechoslovakia 1965 Uruguay Malaysia Jordan Netherlands Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) Year African Group Asia - Pacific Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group Eastern European Group * indicates Arab nations ' representative 1966 Mali Nigeria Uganda Japan Jordan * Argentina Uruguay Netherlands New Zealand Bulgaria 1967 Ethiopia India Brazil Canada Denmark 1968 Algeria * Senegal Pakistan Paraguay Hungary 1969 Zambia Nepal Colombia Finland Spain 1970 Burundi Sierra Leone Syria * Nicaragua Poland 1971 Somalia Japan Argentina Belgium Italy 1972 Guinea Sudan * India Panama Yugoslavia 1973 Kenya Indonesia Peru Australia Austria Cameroon Mauritania Iraq * Costa Rica Byelorussia Tanzania Japan Guyana Italy Sweden 1976 Benin Libya * Pakistan Panama Romania 1977 Mauritius India Venezuela Canada West Germany 1978 Gabon Nigeria Kuwait * Bolivia Czechoslovakia 1979 Zambia Bangladesh Jamaica Norway Portugal 1980 Niger Tunisia * Philippines Mexico East Germany 1981 Uganda Japan Panama Ireland Spain 1982 Togo Zaire Jordan * Guyana Poland Zimbabwe Pakistan Nicaragua Malta Netherlands 1984 Burkina Faso Egypt * India Peru Ukraine 1985 Madagascar Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Australia Denmark 1986 Congo Ghana United Arab Emirates * Venezuela Bulgaria Zambia Japan Argentina West Germany Italy 1988 Algeria * Senegal Nepal Brazil Yugoslavia 1989 Ethiopia Malaysia Colombia Canada Finland 1990 Ivory Coast Zaire Yemen * Cuba Romania 1991 Zimbabwe India Ecuador Austria Belgium 1992 Cape Verde Morocco * Japan Venezuela Hungary 1993 Djibouti Pakistan Brazil New Zealand Spain 1994 Nigeria Rwanda Oman * Argentina Czech Republic 1995 Botswana Indonesia Honduras Germany Italy Egypt * Guinea - Bissau South Korea Chile Poland 1997 Kenya Japan Costa Rica Portugal Sweden 1998 Gabon Gambia Bahrain * Brazil Slovenia 1999 Namibia Malaysia Argentina Canada Netherlands 2000 Mali Tunisia * Bangladesh Jamaica Ukraine 2001 Mauritius Singapore Colombia Ireland Norway 2002 Cameroon Guinea Syria * Mexico Bulgaria 2003 Angola Pakistan Chile Germany Spain Algeria * Benin Philippines Brazil Romania 2005 Tanzania Japan Argentina Denmark Greece 2006 Ghana Congo Qatar * Peru Slovakia 2007 South Africa Indonesia Panama Belgium Italy 2008 Burkina Faso Libya * Vietnam Costa Rica Croatia 2009 Uganda Japan Mexico Austria Turkey Gabon Nigeria Lebanon * Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 South Africa India Colombia Germany Portugal 2012 Morocco * Togo Pakistan Guatemala Azerbaijan 2013 Rwanda South Korea Argentina Australia Luxembourg 2014 Chad Nigeria Jordan * Chile Lithuania 2015 Angola Malaysia Venezuela New Zealand Spain 2016 Egypt * Senegal Japan Uruguay Ukraine 2017 Ethiopia Kazakhstan Bolivia Italy Sweden 2018 Ivory Coast Equatorial Guinea Kuwait * Peru Netherlands Poland List by number of years as Security Council member ( edit ) This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council , including the five permanent members , all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC . Of all the members , 6 have so far ceased to exist , leaving the list with 124 modern nations . These , combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date ( see Non-members , below ) , make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN . Years on the Security Council , as of 2016 , including current year where relevant : Indicates permanent member Indicates current elected member ( 2017 ) Indicates former United Nations member Years Country First Year Most Recent Year Regional Group Notes 71 France 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member 71 United Kingdom 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member 71 United States 1946 2017 WEOG Permanent member 46 Soviet Union 1946 1991 E. European Former permanent member , replaced by Russian Federation 45 People 's Republic of China 1971 2017 Asia - Pacific Permanent member 26 Republic of China 1946 1971 Asian Former permanent member , replaced by People 's Republic of China 25 Russian Federation 1991 2017 E. European Permanent member 21 Japan 1958 2017 Asia - Pacific Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017 20 Brazil 1946 2011 GRULAC 18 Argentina 1948 2014 GRULAC 14 Colombia 1947 2012 GRULAC 14 India 1950 2012 Asia - Pacific 14 Pakistan 1952 2013 Asia - Pacific 12 Canada 1948 2000 WEOG 12 Italy 1959 2008 WEOG 10 Australia 1946 2014 WEOG 10 Belgium 1947 2008 WEOG 10 Chile 1952 2015 GRULAC 10 Egypt 1946 2017 African ( Arabic ) Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic , of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern - day Egypt ; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017 10 Germany 1977 2012 WEOG Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany ( but does not include East Germany 's 2 years , listed separately below ) 10 Nigeria 1966 2015 African 10 Panama 1958 2008 GRULAC 10 Spain 1969 2016 WEOG 10 Venezuela 1962 2016 GRULAC 9 Netherlands 1946 2000 WEOG 9 Poland 1946 1997 E. European 8 Denmark 1953 2006 WEOG 8 Norway 1949 2002 WEOG 8 Peru 1955 2007 GRULAC 7 Malaysia 1965 2016 Asia - Pacific 7 Mexico 1946 GRULAC 7 New Zealand 1954 2016 WEOG 7 Romania 1962 2005 E. European 7 Syria 1947 2003 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Includes one year ( 1961 ) during which the United Arab Republic was a member , for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union 7 Turkey 1951 WEOG 7 Ukraine 1948 2016 E. European Includes 4 years of membership under the name of Ukrainian SSR ; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership ; current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017 7 Yugoslavia 1950 1989 E. European Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia and Slovenia 6 Algeria 1968 1989 African ( Arabic ) 6 Austria 1973 WEOG 6 Bulgaria 1966 2003 E. European 6 Costa Rica 2009 GRULAC 6 Cuba 1949 1991 GRULAC 6 Ecuador 1950 1992 GRULAC 6 Gabon 1978 2011 African 6 Ghana 1962 2007 African 6 Indonesia 1973 2008 Asia - Pacific 6 Jordan 1965 2015 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) 6 Morocco 1963 2013 African ( Arabic ) 6 Philippines 1957 Asia - Pacific 6 Portugal 1979 2012 WEOG 6 Sweden 1957 1998 WEOG 6 Tunisia 1959 2003 African ( Arabic ) 6 Zambia 1969 1988 African 5 Ireland 1962 2002 WEOG 5 Senegal 1968 2017 African Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017 5 Uganda 1966 African Angola 2003 2016 African Bangladesh 1979 2001 Asia - Pacific Benin 1976 2005 African Bolivia 1964 1979 GRULAC Burkina Faso 1984 2009 African For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta . Cameroon 2003 African Côte d'Ivoire 1964 1991 African Ethiopia 1967 1990 African Finland 1969 1990 WEOG Greece 1952 2006 WEOG Guinea 1972 2003 African Guyana GRULAC Hungary 1968 1993 E. European Iraq 1957 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Jamaica 1979 2001 GRULAC Kenya 1973 1998 African Lebanon 1953 2011 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Libya 1976 2009 African ( Arabic ) Mali 1966 2001 African Mauritius 1977 2002 African Nepal 1969 1989 Asia - Pacific Nicaragua 1970 1984 GRULAC Republic of the Congo 1986 2007 African Republic of Korea 2014 Asia - Pacific Rwanda 1994 2014 African South Africa 2007 2012 African Tanzania 2006 African Togo 1982 2013 African Zaire 1982 1991 African Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo Zimbabwe 1992 African Czechoslovakia 1964 1979 E. European Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia Uruguay 1965 2016 GRULAC Current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017 Azerbaijan 2012 2013 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Bahrain 1998 1999 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Botswana 1995 African Burundi 1970 1971 African Byelorussian SSR E. European Now known as Belarus ; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Cape Verde 1992 1993 African Ceylon 1960 1961 Asia - Pacific Now known as Sri Lanka Chad 2014 2015 African ( Arabic ) Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960 ; 2 Croatia 2008 2009 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Czech Republic 1994 1995 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Djibouti 1993 1994 African Gambia 1998 1999 African East Germany 1980 1981 E. European Now subsumed into Germany , which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany Guatemala 2012 2013 GRULAC Guinea - Bissau 1997 African Honduras 1995 GRULAC Iran 1955 1956 Asia - Pacific Kuwait 1978 1979 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Lithuania 2014 2015 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990 ; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015 Luxembourg 2013 2014 WEOG Madagascar 1985 1986 African Malta 1984 WEOG Mauritania African Namibia 1999 2000 African Niger 1980 1981 African Oman 1994 1995 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Paraguay 1968 1969 GRULAC Sierra Leone 1970 1971 African Singapore 2001 2002 Asia - Pacific Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council Slovakia 2006 2007 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Slovenia 1998 1999 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Somalia 1971 1972 African Sudan 1972 1973 African ( Arabic ) Thailand 1985 1986 Asia - Pacific Trinidad and Tobago 1985 1986 GRULAC Qatar 2006 2007 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Emirates 1986 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Republic 1961 1962 African ( Arabic ) Predecessor of Syria and Egypt Vietnam 2008 2009 Asia - Pacific Yemen 1990 1991 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) The entity elected , and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership , was South Yemen : unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership . Liberia 1961 1961 African Served only one year Kazakhstan 2017 2017 Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991 . Future CANDIDACIES ( edit ) Main articles : United Nations Security Council election , 2018 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2019 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2020 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2021 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2022 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2023 ; and United Nations Security Council election , 2024 The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership : Africa Asia - Pacific Eastern Europe GRULAC WEOG 2018 South Africa Indonesia , Maldives -- Argentina , Dominican Republic Belgium , Germany , Israel 2019 ? India , Vietnam Estonia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- 2020 ? Afghanistan -- ? Ireland , Norway , San Marino , Canada 2021 ? Bahrain , United Arab Emirates Albania ? -- 2022 ? Mongolia -- ? Switzerland , Malta 2023 ? Tajikistan ? Guyana -- 2024 ? Pakistan -- ? Greece , Denmark 2025 ? ? Latvia , Montenegro ? -- 2026 ? The Philippines -- ? Portugal , Austria 2027 ? Republic of Korea ? ? -- 2028 ? Iran -- ? Australia , Finland 2029 ? ? Croatia ? -- 2031 ? ? Armenia ? -- Serbia as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future , but did not specify any term . Non-members ( edit ) As of July 2011 , there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council . The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members . As a result , many members have never been on the Security Council . The following list is a summary of all countries , currently 68 modern nations and three historical ones , that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council . The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika , Zanzibar , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Member states of the United Nations that have never been members of the United Nations Security Council as of January 2017 . Indicates former United Nations member UN Member state Regional Group Security Council membership as part of another entity Afghanistan Asia - Pacific Albania E. European Andorra WEOG Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980 Armenia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991 Bahamas GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973 Barbados GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966 Belize GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981 Bhutan Asia - Pacific Brunei Asia - Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984 , and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 Cambodia Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953 Central African Republic African Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960 Comoros African Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975 Cyprus Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960 Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Asia - Pacific Dominica GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978 Dominican Republic GRULAC El Salvador GRULAC Equatorial Guinea African Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain until 1968 , but Spain 's first term on the UNSC was in 1969 Eritrea African Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947 , then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952 , then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993 Estonia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991 Fiji Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970 Georgia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991 Grenada GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974 Haiti GRULAC Iceland WEOG Israel None / WEOG Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948 Kiribati Asian / None Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979 Kyrgyzstan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991 Laos Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949 Latvia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991 Lesotho African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966 Liechtenstein WEOG Macedonia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993 Malawi African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964 Maldives Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965 Marshall Islands Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986 Federated States of Micronesia Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986 Moldova E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991 Monaco WEOG Mongolia Asia - Pacific Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992 Mozambique African Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975 , but Portugal 's first term on the UNSC was in 1979 Myanmar Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948 Nauru Asia - Pacific Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968 Palau Asia - Pacific Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947 , then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994 Papua New Guinea Asia - Pacific Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905 , the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975 Saint Kitts and Nevis GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1713 to 19 September 1983 Saint Lucia GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1803 to 22 February 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 27 October 1979 Samoa Asia - Pacific Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of New Zealand from 17 December 1920 to 25 January 1947 , then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of New Zealand from 25 January 1947 to 1 January 1962 San Marino WEOG São Tomé and Príncipe African São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975 , but Portugal 's first term on the UNSC was in 1979 Saudi Arabia Asia - Pacific Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election , but declined the seat . Serbia E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992 Seychelles African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976 Solomon Islands Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978 South Sudan African Was part of Sudan from the country 's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011 Suriname GRULAC Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975 Swaziland African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968 Switzerland WEOG Tajikistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991 Tanganyika Commonwealth Seat Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946 , then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962 , then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania Timor - Leste Asia - Pacific During the existence of the United Nations , Timor Leste has been a colony of Portugal ( until 28 November 1975 ) and occupied by Indonesia ( until 1999 ) ; Indonesia was a Security Council member in 1995 - 6 . Tonga Asia - Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 18 May 1900 to 4 June 1970 Turkmenistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 8 December 1991 Tuvalu Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 1 October 1978 Uzbekistan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 25 December 1991 Vanuatu Asia - Pacific Was a Condominium under joint sovereignty of the United Kingdom and France from 1906 to 30 July 1980 Zanzibar Commonwealth Seat Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 27 August 1896 to 10 December 1963 , then independent until federation with Tanganyika to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964 . FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro E. European Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992 See also ( edit ) United Nations portal United Nations Regional Groups Member states of the United Nations List of members of the United Nations Economic and Social Council List of members of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights Notes ( edit ) ^ `` Asian group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 2011 - 08 - 31 . ^ The Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 onwards . ^ Liberia took the place of the Western European country in 1961 ^ Morocco took the place of the Middle Eastern country in 1963 -- 1964 . ^ Côte d'Ivoire took the place of a member of the Commonwealth in 1964 -- 1965 . ^ At the time of election , and until August 1984 , the country was known as Republic of Upper Volta . ^ The election was secured by South Yemen , and in May 1990 , during its membership of the Security Council , it unified with North Yemen to form the single country of Yemen . ^ Table shows years completed or in progress . Each term on the Council consist of 2 years . Any odd number of years are countries currently serving the first year of a term , countries with terms between 1956 and 1967 , when the order of the council changed , or the three countries ( Mexico , Egypt and the Netherlands ) who had the first terms in 1946 and changed in 1947 . ^ Liberia retired after one year following an agreement reached on the 15th Session . Ireland was elected for the remainder of the two - year term . ^ Not a member of any regional group until joining the WEOG in 2000 . Crossette , Barbara ( 3 December 1999 ) . `` Membership in Key Group Within U.N. Eludes Israel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ As of May 2006 , Kiribati is not a member of any regional group . ^ Montenegro was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006 , but these entities were not members of the Security Council . ^ Serbia was also part of FR Yugoslavia and of Serbia and Montenegro from 27 April 1992 to 5 June 2006 , but these entities were not members of the Security Council . References ( edit ) ^ `` Republic of Italy and Kingdom of the Netherlands agree to split membership of UN Security Council 2017 - 2018 '' . Government of the Netherlands . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ `` Italy , Netherlands ask to share Security Council seat '' . Al Jazeera . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ The United Nations Security Council , The Green Papers Worldwide ^ Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics . Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia No. 47 -- 1961 . Aust . Bureau of Statistics . p. 1143 . GGKEY : 5SX8QTW3P5T . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . ^ https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2017-09-17-zuma-to-campaign-for-sas-third-turn-as-non-permanent-member-of-un-security-council/ ^ `` Candidature Chart of the Commonwealth Countries '' . Commonwealth of Nations . 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` 46th ASEAN Foreign Ministers ' Meeting Joint Communiqué '' . VietnamPlus. 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ `` India -- Maldives Relations '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of External Affairs of India . January 2012 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . ^ `` Violating Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Would Only Destroy Its Credibility , Undermine Global Confidence , Iran 's President Tells General Debate '' . United Nations . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2017/08/30/dominican-candidacy-to-security-council-seat-gets-regional-push/ ^ http://www.diplomatie.be/newyorkun/default.asp?id=105&mnu=105 ^ `` Surprise UN attack : Germany v. Israel '' . New York Post . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . ^ `` Is Germany Preventing Israel from Joining the Security Council ? '' . Jewish Voice. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . ^ `` India 's troubled Security Council bid '' . The Daily Star . 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ Ankit Kumar . `` CHOOSING BETWEEN ALLIES AND UNSC SEAT : INDIA 'S CATCH 22 SITUATION '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Air Power studies . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . ^ `` Viet Nam makes bilateral leap with Ukraine towards prosperity '' . Viet Nam News . 17 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ `` Estonian Security Policy '' . Estonian Embassy in Stockholm . 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ `` Department of Foreign Affairs '' . Irelandunnewyork.org . ^ `` Norway and the United Nations : Common Future , Common Solutions '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ `` Switzerland 's candidature for a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the 2023 - 2024 term '' ( PDF ) . Swiss Federal Council . 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Trudeau unveils Canada 's plan to seek 2021 UN Security Council seat '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 16 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . ^ `` Security Council Elections : Options after Saudi Arabia Rejects its Seat '' . What 's in Blue ? . 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 22 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` Secretary - General , Opening Annual General Debate , Urges World Leaders to Tackle Global Challenges Decisively for Sake of Future Generations '' . United Nations . 21 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ^ `` Swiss aim for UN Security Council in 2023 -- 24 . -- swissinfo '' . Swissinfo.ch. 12 January 2011 . ^ `` Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan H.E. Mr. Sirodjidin Aslov at the 41st session of the Council of the OIC Member States Foreign Ministers '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Dombrovskis and UN secretary general discuss UN priorities and Latvia 's interests '' . The Baltic Course. 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ `` Minister Describes Use of Force to Address Problems as ' Ineffective , Meaningless and Destructive ' , on Fourth Day of General Assembly 's Annual Debate '' . United Nations . 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Non-Permanent Member of the Security Council 2027 - 2028 '' . Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` Seoul to push to win nonpermanent UNSC seat for 2028 - 29 '' . Yonhap New Agency . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . ^ `` RESOLUTION NO. 6 / 42 - ORG ON CANDIDACIES SUBMITTED BY OIC MEMBER STATES FOR POSTS IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS '' . Organization of Islamic Cooperation. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . ^ `` General Debate Statement by The Hon Julie Bishop MP Minister of Foreign Affairs of Australia '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ `` MVP RH '' . Un.mfa.hr . ^ `` Uruguay and Armenia support each other at UN Security Council '' . News.am. 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . ^ Tadić : Kandidovaćemo se za poziciju u Savetu bezbednosti Archived 6 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Countries never elected members of the Security Council '' . United Nations . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . ^ United Nations , General Assembly , Letter dated 12 November 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary - General , A / 68 / 599 ( 14 November 2013 ) , available from undocs.org/A/68/599 United Nations Security Council elections 1940s 1946 ( Jan ) 1946 ( Nov ) 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 General Assembly UNSC ( Members Reform ) Regional Groups ( EEG GRULAC WEOG ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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About Wikipedia	current non permanent members of un security council	[ "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n", "\n\nCountry\nRegional Group\nTerm Began\nTerm Ends\n\n\n Bolivia\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Egypt\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Ethiopia\nAfrican Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Italy\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2017\n\n\n Japan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nAsia-Pacific Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Senegal\nAfrican Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Sweden\nWestern European and Others Group\n2017\n2018\n\n\n Ukraine\nEastern European Group\n2016\n2017\n\n\n Uruguay\nLatin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)\n2016\n2017\n\n" ]	[ "Bolivia", "Egypt", "Ethiopia", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Senegal", "Sweden", "Ukraine", "Uruguay" ]
-1782272049909993552	Adams–Onís Treaty	Adams -- Onís Treaty - wikipedia Adams -- Onís Treaty Jump to : navigation , search Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of Amity , Settlement and Limits between the United States of America , and His Catholic Majesty Map showing results of the Adams -- Onís Treaty . Type Bilateral treaty Context Territorial cession Signed February 22 , 1819 ( 1819 - 02 - 22 ) Location Washington Effective February 22 , 1821 Expiry April 14 , 1903 ( 1903 - 04 - 14 ) Original signatories Spain United States Citations 8 Stat. 252 ; TS 327 ; 11 Bevans 528 ; 3 Miller 3 Terminated by treaty of friendship and general relations of July 3 , 1902 ( 33 Stat. 2105 ; TS 422 ; 11 Bevans 628 ) . The Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 , also known as the Transcontinental Treaty , the Florida Purchase Treaty , or the Florida Treaty , was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain . It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy . It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain 's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution ; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence . Florida had become a burden to Spain , which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons . Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams -- Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas . The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean , in exchange for the U.S. paying residents ' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas , under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase . The treaty remained in full effect for only 183 days : from 22 February 1821 to 24 August 1821 when Spain signed the Treaty of Córdoba acknowledging the independence of Mexico . The Treaty of Limits , signed in 1828 and effective in 1832 , recognized the border defined by the Adams -- Onís Treaty as the boundary between the United States and Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Florida 1.2 Louisiana 1.3 Oregon Country 1.4 Russian America 1.5 New Spain 1.6 Details of the treaty 2 Border 3 Implementation 4 Later developments 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The Treaty was negotiated by John Quincy Adams , the Secretary of State under U.S. President James Monroe , and the Spanish foreign minister Luis de Onís y González - Vara , during the reign of King Ferdinand VII . Florida ( edit ) Expandable map of Spanish West Florida and East Florida 1810 -- 1821 Spain had long rejected repeated American efforts to purchase Florida . But by 1818 , Spain was facing a troubling colonial situation in which the cession of Florida made sense . Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies . Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence . Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida , encroached on by American settlers , and it worried about the border between New Spain ( a large area including today 's Mexico , Central America , and much of the current US Western States ) and the United States . With minor military presence in Florida , Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms , as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States . By 1819 , Spain was forced to negotiate , as it was losing hold on its American empire , with its western territories primed to revolt . While fighting escaped black slaves , outlaws , and Native Americans in U.S. - controlled Georgia during the First Seminole War , American General Andrew Jackson had pursued them into Spanish Florida . He attacked and captured forts , such as the so - called `` Negro Fort '' ( an abandoned British fort manned by escaped slaves and Native Americans ) , in Florida that he thought were assisting the raids into American territory . To stop the Seminole Indians based in East Florida from raiding Georgia settlements and offering havens for runaway slaves , the U.S. Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory . This included the 1817 -- 1818 campaign by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War , after which the U.S. effectively seized control of Northeastern Florida ; albeit for purposes of lawful government and administration ( in the state of Georgia ) ; but not for the outright annexation of territory for Georgia ; for additional US Territory ; or , for the creation of another US State . Secretary of State John Quincy Adams said the US had to take control because Florida ( along the border of Georgia & Alabama Territory ) had become `` a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy , civilized or savage , of the United States , and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them . '' Spain asked for British intervention , but London declined to assist Spain in the negotiations . Some of President James Monroe 's cabinet demanded Jackson 's immediate dismissal for invading Florida , but Adams realized that his success had given the U.S. a favorable diplomatic position . Adams was able to negotiate very favorable terms . Louisiana ( edit ) Expandable map of the Mississippi River Basin In 1521 , the Spanish Empire created the Virreinato de Nueva España ( Viceroyalty of New Spain ) to govern its conquests in the Caribbean , North America , and later the Pacific Ocean . In 1682 , La Salle claimed La Louisiane for France . For the Spanish Empire , this was an intrusion into the northeastern frontier of Nueva España . In 1691 , Spain created the Province of Tejas in Nueva España in an attempt to inhibit French settlement west of the Mississippi River . Fearing the loss of his American territories in the Seven Years ' War , King Louis XV of France ceded La Louisiane to King Charles III of Spain with the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau in 1762 . The Treaty of Paris of 1763 split La Louisiane with the portion east of the Mississippi River becoming a part of British North America and the portion west of the river becoming the District of Luisiana of Nueva España . This eliminated the French threat to Nueva España , and the Spanish provinces of Luisiana , Tejas , and Santa Fe de Nuevo México coexisted with only loosely defined borders . In 1800 , French General Napoleon Bonaparte forced King Charles IV of Spain to cede Luisiana to France with the secret Third Treaty of San Ildefonso . Spain continued to administer Luisiana until 1802 , when Spain publicly transferred the district to France . The following year , Napoleon sold La Louisiane to the United States to raise money for his military campaigns . The United States and the Spanish Empire disagreed over the territorial boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 . The United States maintained the claim of France that Louisiana included the Mississippi River and `` all lands whose waters flow to it . '' To the west of New Orleans , the United States assumed the French claim to all land east and north of the Sabine River . Spain maintained that all land west of the Calcasieu River and south of the Arkansas River belonged to Tejas and Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( see # New Spain . ) Oregon Country ( edit ) Expandable map of the Columbia River Basin The United Kingdom claimed the region west of the Continental Divide between the undefined borders of Alta California and Russian Alaska on the basis of ( 1 ) the third voyage of James Cook in 1778 , ( 2 ) the Vancouver Expedition in 1791 -- 1795 , ( 3 ) the solo journey of Alexander Mackenzie to the North Bentinck Arm ( 52 ° 22 ′ 43 '' N 127 ° 28 ′ 14 '' W / 52.37861 ° N 127.47056 ° W / 52.37861 ; - 127.47056 ( Alexander Mackenzie marker ) ) in 1792 -- 1793 , and ( 4 ) the exploration of David Thompson in 1807 -- 1812 . The Third Nootka Convention of 1794 called for the joint and exclusive British -- Spanish exploitation of the region . The United States claimed essentially the same region on the basis of ( 1 ) the voyage of Robert Gray up the Columbia River in 1792 , ( 2 ) the United States Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 -- 1806 , and ( 3 ) the establishment of Fort Astoria ( 46 ° 11 ′ 18 '' N 123 ° 49 ′ 39 '' W / 46.18820278 ° N 123.8274694 ° W / 46.18820278 ; - 123.8274694 ( Fort Astoria ) ) on the Columbia River in 1811 . On 20 October 1818 , the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 was signed setting the border between British North America and the United States east of the Continental Divide along the 49th parallel north and calling for joint Anglo - American occupancy west of the Great Divide . The Anglo - American Convention ignored the Nootka Convention of 1794 which gave Spain joint rights in the region . The Convention also ignored Russian settlements in the region . The United States referred to this region as the Oregon Country , while the United Kingdom referred to the region as the Columbia District . Russian America ( edit ) Expandable map of Russian claims in the Americas 1812 -- 1824 On 16 July 1741 , the crew of the Imperial Russian Navy ship Saint Peter ( Апостол Пётр ) , captained by Vitus Bering , sighted Mount Saint Elias ( 60 ° 17 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 44 '' W / 60.2937540 ° N 140.9289760 ° W / 60.2937540 ; - 140.9289760 ( Mount Saint Elias ) ) , the fourth highest summit in North America . They became the first Europeans to land in northwestern North America . The Russian fur trade soon followed the discovery . By 1812 , the Russian Empire claimed Alaska and the Pacific Coast of North America as far south as the Russian settlement of Fortress Ross ( Крѣпость Россъ ) ( 38 ° 30 ′ 51 '' N 123 ° 14 ′ 37 '' W / 38.5140796 ° N 123.2436186 ° W / 38.5140796 ; - 123.2436186 ( Fortress Ross ) ) , only 105 kilometers ( 65 miles ) northwest of the Spain 's Presidio Real de San Francisco . New Spain ( edit ) Expandable map of Spanish claims north of Alta California 1789 -- 1795 Expandable map of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1800 Expandable map of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1819 The Spanish Empire claimed all lands west of the Continental Divide throughout the Americas . Between 1774 and 1779 , King Charles III of Spain ordered three naval expeditions north along the Pacific Coast to assert Spain 's territorial claims . In July 1774 , Juan José Pérez Hernández reached latitude 54 ° 40 ′ north off the northwestern tip of Langara Island before being forced to turn south . On 15 August 1775 , Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra reached the latitude 59 ° 0 ′ before returning south . On 23 July 1779 , Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán and Bodega y Quadra reached Puerto de Santiago on Isla de la Magdalenda ( now Port Etches on Hinchinbrook Island ) ( 60 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 16 '' W / 60.3302778 ° N 146.6044444 ° W / 60.3302778 ; - 146.6044444 ( Puerto de Santiago ) ) where they held a formal possession ceremony commemorating Saint James , the patron saint of Spain . This marked the northernmost Spanish exploration in the Pacific Ocean . Between 1788 and 1793 , Spain launched several more expeditions north of Alta California . On 24 June 1789 , Esteban José Martínez Fernández y Martínez de la Sierra established the Spanish colony of Santa Cruz de Nuca ( 49 ° 35 ′ 30 '' N 126 ° 36 ′ 56 '' W / 49.59163 ° N 126.615458 ° W / 49.59163 ; - 126.615458 ( Santa Cruz de Nuca ) ) on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island . Asserting Spain 's claim of exclusive sovereignty and navigation rights , Martínez seized several ships in Nootka Sound provoking the Nootka Crisis with the British Empire . In negotiations to resolve the crisis , Spain claimed that its Territorio de Nuca ( Nootka Territory ) extended north from Alta California to the 61st parallel north and from the Continental Divide of the Americas west to the 147th meridian west . On 11 January 1794 , the Spanish Empire and the British Empire signed the Third Nootka Convention which called for the abandonment of all permanent settlements on Nootka Sound . Santa Cruz de Nuca was formally abandoned on 28 March 1795 . The Convention also called for joint and exclusive British -- Spanish exploitation of the Nootka Territory . On 19 August 1796 , the Spanish Empire joined the French First Republic in war against the British Empire with the signing of the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso , thus ending Spanish and British cooperation in the Americas . East of the Continental Divide , the Spanish Empire claimed all land south of the Arkansas River that was west of the Medina River and all land south of the Red River that was west of the Calcasieu River . The vast disputed region between the territorial claims of the United States and Spain was occupied primarily by native peoples with very few traders of either Spain or the United States . In the south , the disputed region between the Calcasieu River and the Sabine River encompassed Los Adaes , the first capital of the Nueva España Province of Tejas . The region between the Calcasieu and Sabine rivers become a lawless no man 's land . The United States saw great potential in these western lands , and hoped to settle their borders . Spain , seeing the end of New Spain , hoped to employ its territorial claims before it would be forced to grant Mexico its independence ( later in 1821 . ) Spain hoped to regain much of its territory after the regional demands for independence subsided . Details of the Treaty ( edit ) Expandable map of the Adams -- Onís Treaty The treaty , consisting of 16 articles was signed in Adams ' State Department office at Washington , on February 22 , 1819 , by John Quincy Adams , U.S. Secretary of State , and Luis de Onís , Spanish minister . Ratification was postponed for two years , because Spain wanted to use the treaty as an incentive to keep the United States from giving diplomatic support to the revolutionaries in South America . As soon as the treaty was signed , the U.S. Senate ratified unanimously ; but because of Spain 's stalling , a new ratification was necessary and this time there were objections . Henry Clay and other Western spokesmen demanded that Spain also give up Texas . This proposal was defeated by the Senate , which ratified the treaty a second time on February 19 , 1821 , following ratification by Spain on October 24 , 1820 . Ratifications were exchanged three days later and the treaty was proclaimed on February 22 , 1821 , two years after the signing . The Treaty closed the first era of United States expansion by providing for the cession of East Florida under Article 2 ; the abandonment of the controversy over West Florida under Article 2 ( a portion of which had been seized by the United States ) ; and the definition of a boundary with the Spanish province of Mexico , that clearly made Spanish Texas a part of Mexico , under Article 3 , thus ending much of the vagueness in the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase . Spain also ceded to the U.S. its claims to the Oregon Country , under Article 3 . The U.S. did not pay Spain for Florida , but instead agreed to pay the legal claims of American citizens against Spain , to a maximum of $5 million , under Article 11 . Under Article 12 , Pinckney 's Treaty of 1795 between the U.S. and Spain was to remain in force . Under Article 15 , Spanish goods received exclusive most - favored - nation tariff privileges in the ports at Pensacola and St. Augustine for twelve years . Under Article 2 , the U.S. received ownership of Spanish Florida ( British East Florida and West Florida 1763 -- 1783 ) . Under Article 3 , the U.S. relinquished its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas . Border ( edit ) ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Article 3 of the treaty states : The Boundary Line between the two Countries , West of the Mississippi , shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico , at the mouth of the River Sabine in the Sea ( 29 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 93 ° 50 ′ 03 '' W / 29.67822 ° N 93.83430 ° W / 29.67822 ; - 93.83430 ( Sabine Pass ) ) , continuing North , along the Western Bank of that River , to the 32d degree of Latitude ( 32 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 94 ° 02 ′ 45 '' W / 32 ° N 94.04574 ° W / 32 ; - 94.04574 ( Sabine River at 32 ° N ) ) ; thence by a Line due North to the degree of Latitude , where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Nachitoches , or Red - River ( 33 ° 33 ′ 04 '' N 94 ° 02 ′ 45 '' W / 33.55112 ° N 94.04574 ° W / 33.55112 ; - 94.04574 ( Red River at 94 ° 2 ′ 45 `` W ) ) , then following the course of the Rio - Roxo Westward to the degree of Longitude , 100 West from London and 23 from Washington ( 34 ° 33 ′ 37 '' N 100 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W / 34.56038 ° N 100 ° W / 34.56038 ; - 100 ( Red River at 100 ° W ) ) , then crossing the said Red - River , and running thence by a Line due North to the River Arkansas ( 37 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 100 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W / 37.74375 ° N 100 ° W / 37.74375 ; - 100 ( Arkansas River at 100 ° W ) ) , thence , following the Course of the Southern bank of the Arkansas to its source in Latitude , 42 . North and thence by that parallel of Latitude to the South - Sea . The whole being as laid down in Melishe 's Map of the United States , published at Philadelphia , improved to the first of January 1818 . But if the Source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall North or South of Latitude 42 , then the Line shall run from the said Source ( 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W / 39.2583225 ° N 106.3439141 ° W / 39.2583225 ; - 106.3439141 ( Arkansas River source ) ) due South or North , as the case may be , till it meets the said Parallel of Latitude 42 ( 42 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W / 42 ° N 106.3439141 ° W / 42 ; - 106.3439141 ( 42 ° N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W ) ) , and thence along the said Parallel to the South Sea ( 42 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 124 ° 12 ′ 46 '' W / 42 ° N 124.21266 ° W / 42 ; - 124.21266 ( Pacific Coast at 42 ° N ) ) . At the time the treaty was signed , the course of the Sabine River , Red River , and Arkansas River had only been partially charted . Furthermore , the rivers changed course periodically . It would take many years before the location of the border would be fully determined . South of the 32nd parallel north , the Spanish Empire and the United States settled for the U.S. claim along the Sabine River . Between the meridians 94 ° 2 ′ 45 '' and 100 ° west , the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Red River . West of the 100th meridian west , the parties settled on the Spanish claim along the Arkansas River . From the source of the Arkansas River in the Rocky Mountains , the parties settled on a border due north along that meridian ( 106 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W ) to the 42nd parallel north , thence west along the 42nd parallel to the Pacific Ocean . Spain won substantial buffer zones around its provinces of Tejas , Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and Alta California in Nueva España . While the United States relinquished substantial territory east of Continental Divide , the newly defined border allowed settlement of the southwestern part of the State of Louisiana , the Territory of Arkansaw , and the Territory of Missouri . Spain relinquished all claims in the Americas north of the 42nd parallel north . This was a historic retreat in its 327 - year pursuit of lands in the Americas . The previous Anglo - American Convention of 1818 meant that both the United States and the British Empire could settle land north of the 42nd parallel and west of the Great Divide . The United States now had a firm foothold on the Pacific Coast and could commence settlement of the jointly occupied Oregon Country ( known as the Columbia District to the rival United Kingdom . ) The Russian Empire also claimed this entire region as part of Russian America . For the United States , this Treaty ( and the Treaty of 1818 with Britain agreeing to joint occupancy of the Pacific Northwest ) meant that its claimed territory now extended far west from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean . For Spain , it meant that it kept its colony of Texas and also kept a buffer zone between its colonies in California and New Mexico and the U.S. territories . Many historians consider the Treaty to be a great achievement for the U.S. , as time validated Adams 's vision that it would allow the U.S. to open trade with the Orient across the Pacific . Informally this new border has been called the `` Step Boundary , '' although the step - like shape of the boundary was not apparent for several decades -- the source of the Arkansas , believed to be near the 42nd parallel north , was not known until John C. Frémont located it in the 1840s , hundreds of miles south of the 42nd parallel . Implementation ( edit ) Washington set up a commission , 1821 to 1824 , that handled American claims against Spain . Many notable lawyers , including Daniel Webster and William Wirt , represented claimants before the commission . During its term , the commission examined 1,859 claims arising from over 720 spoliation incidents , and distributed the $5 million in a basically fair manner . The treaty reduced tensions with Spain ( and after 1821 Mexico ) , and allowed budget cutters in Congress to reduce the army budget and reject the plans to modernize and expand the army proposed by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun . The treaty was honored by both sides , although inaccurate maps from the treaty meant that the boundary between Texas and Oklahoma remained unclear for most of the 19th century . The American boundary was expanded in 1848 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico . Later developments ( edit ) An 1833 map of the United States in the shape of an eagle The treaty was ratified by Spain in 1820 , and by the United States in 1821 ( during the time that Spain and Mexico were engaged in the prolonged Mexican War of Independence ) . Spain finally recognized the independence of Mexico with the Treaty of Córdoba signed on August 24 , 1821 . While Mexico was not initially a party to the Adams -- Onís Treaty , in 1831 Mexico ratified the treaty by agreeing to the 1828 Treaty of Limits with the U.S. With the Russo - American Treaty of 1824 , the Russian Empire ceded its claims south of parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north to the United States . With the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1825 , Russia set the southern border of Alaska on the same parallel in exchange for the Russian right to trade south of that border and the British right to navigate north of that border . This set the absolute limits of the Oregon Country / Columbia District between the 42nd parallel north and the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north west of the Continental Divide of the Americas . By the mid-1830s , a controversy developed regarding the border with Texas , during which the United States demonstrated that the Sabine and Neches rivers had been switched on maps , moving the frontier in favor of Mexico . As a consequence , the eastern boundary of Texas was not firmly established until the independence of the Republic of Texas in 1836 . It was not agreed upon by the United States and Mexico until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 , which concluded the Mexican -- American War . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formalized the cession by Mexico of Alta California and today 's American Southwest , except for the territory of the later Gadsden Purchase of 1854 . Another dispute occurred after Texas joined the Union . The treaty stated that the boundary between the French claims on the north and the Spanish claims on the south was Rio Roxo de Natchitoches ( Red River ) until it reached the 100th meridian , as noted on the John Melish map of 1818 . But , the 100th meridian on the Melish map was marked some 90 miles ( 140 km ) east of the true 100th meridian , and the Red River forked about 50 miles ( 80 km ) east of the 100th meridian . Texas claimed the land south of the North Fork , and the United States claimed the land north of the South Fork ( later called the Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River ) . In 1860 Texas organized the area as Greer County . The matter was not settled until a United States Supreme Court ruling in 1896 upheld federal claims to the territory , after which it was added to the Oklahoma Territory . The treaty gave rise to a later border dispute between the states of Oregon and California , which remains unresolved . Upon statehood in 1850 , California established the 42nd parallel as its constitutional de jure border as it had existed since 1819 when the territory was part of Spanish Mexico . In an 1868 -- 1870 border survey following the admission of Oregon as a state , errors were made in demarcating and marking the Oregon - California border , creating a dispute that continues to this day . See also ( edit ) History portal Geography portal New Spain portal United States portal Mexico portal List of treaties John Quincy Adams Luis de Onís y Gonzalez - Vara Spain -- United States relations Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest Alta California ( Spanish Upper California ) Santa Fe de Nuevo México ( Spanish New Mexico ) Tejas ( Spanish Texas ) Louisiana Territory of Arkansaw Missouri Territory Republic of East Florida References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crutchfield , James A. ; Moutlon , Candy ; Del Bene , Terry . The Settlement of America : An Encyclopedia of Westward Expansion from Jamestown to the Closing of the Frontier . Routledge . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 45461 - 8 . The formal name of the agreement is Treaty of Amity , Settlement , and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty . Jump up ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History . OUP USA . January 31 , 2013 . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975925 - 5 . Jump up ^ Danver , Steven L. ( May 14 , 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West . SAGE Publications . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 7606 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weeks , p. 168 . Jump up ^ A History of British Columbia , p. 90 , E.O.S. Scholefield , British Columbia Historical Association , Vancouver , British Columbia 1913 Jump up ^ Weeks , pp. 170 -- 175 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks Jump up ^ Alexander Deconde , A History of American Foreign Policy ( 1963 ) p. 127 Jump up ^ On April 9 , 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle claimed the Mississippi River and `` all lands whose waters flow to it '' for King Louis XIV of France . La Salle named the region La Louisiane in honor of the king . Jump up ^ Hämäläinen , Pekka ( 2008 ) , The Comanche Empire , New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 156 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12654 - 9 . Jump up ^ At the time of the treaty negotiations , the exploration of the western Mississippi River Basin had only begun . A modern definition of the border initially claimed by the United States begins at the mouth of Sabine Pass on the Gulf of Mexico ( 29 ° 40 ′ 42 '' N 93 ° 50 ′ 03 '' W / 29.67822 ° N 93.83430 ° W / 29.67822 ; - 93.83430 ( Sabine Pass ) ) , thence up the Sabine River to its source ( 33 ° 19 ′ 16 '' N 96 ° 12 ′ 58 '' W / 33.32108 ° N 96.21598 ° W / 33.32108 ; - 96.21598 ( Source of Sabine River ) ) , thence due north ( a distance of about 400 meters ( 1,300 ft ) along meridian 96 ° 12'58 `` W ) to the southern extent of the Red River drainage basin ( 33 ° 19 ′ 29 '' N 96 ° 12 ′ 57 '' W / 33.32474 ° N 96.21589 ° W / 33.32474 ; - 96.21589 ( 33 ° 19 ′ 29 '' N 96 ° 12 ′ 57 '' W ) ) , thence westward along the southern extent of the Red River drainage basin to the tripoint of the Red River , Arkansas River , and Brazos River drainage basins ( 34 ° 42 ′ 11 '' N 103 ° 39 ′ 37 '' W / 34.70300 ° N 103.66035 ° W / 34.70300 ; - 103.66035 ( Red -- Arkansas -- Brazos tripoint ) ) , thence northwestward along the southern extent of the Arkansas River drainage basin to the tripoint of the Mississippi River , Colorado River , and San Luis drainage basins ( 38 ° 20 ′ 51 '' N 106 ° 15 ′ 10 '' W / 38.34760 ° N 106.25274 ° W / 38.34760 ; - 106.25274 ( Mississippi -- Colorado -- San Luis tripoint ) ) , thence northward along the Continental Divide of the Americas to the tripoint of the Mississippi River , Colorado River , and Columbia River drainage basins ( on Three Waters Mountain ) ( 43 ° 23 ′ 12 '' N 109 ° 46 ′ 57 '' W / 43.38676 ° N 109.78260 ° W / 43.38676 ; - 109.78260 ( Mississippi -- Colorado -- Columbia tripoint ) ) . At this tripoint the United States claim to the Oregon Country began ( see # Oregon Country . ) Jump up ^ The claim of Spain to all lands west of the Continental Divide in the Americas dated to the papal bull Inter caetera issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4 , 1493 , which granted to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon the rights to colonize all `` pagan lands '' 100 leagues west of the Azores and south of the Cabo Verde islands . This edict was superseded by the Treaty of Tordesillas signed on June 7 , 1494 , which divided the Earth into hemispheres along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cabo Verde islands . In 1513 , explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa claimed the entire `` Mar de Sur '' ( Pacific Ocean ) and all lands adjacent for the Crowns of Castile and Aragon . Jump up ^ At the time of the treaty negotiations , the course of the Calcasieu River , Red River and Arkansas River were only partially known and the location of the Continental Divide of the Americas was yet to be determined . A modern definition of the border initially claimed by Spain begins at the mouth of Calcasieu Pass on the Gulf of Mexico ( 29 ° 45 ′ 41 '' N 93 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 29.76125 ° N 93.34429 ° W / 29.76125 ; - 93.34429 ( Calcasieu Pass ) ) , thence up the Calcasieu River to its source ( 31 ° 15 ′ 56 '' N 93 ° 12 ′ 47 '' W / 31.2654598 ° N 93.2129426 ° W / 31.2654598 ; - 93.2129426 ( Source of Calcasieu River ) ) , thence due north ( along meridian 93 ° 12'47 `` W ) to the Red River ( 31 ° 53 ′ 34 '' N 93 ° 12 ′ 47 '' W / 31.89271 ° N 93.2129426 ° W / 31.89271 ; - 93.2129426 ( Red River at 96 ° 12 ′ 58 '' W ) ) , thence up the Red River to the meridian ( 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W ) of the source of the Medina River ( 34 ° 22 ′ 20 '' N 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W / 34.37222 ° N 99.25532 ° W / 34.37222 ; - 99.25532 ( Red River at 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W ) ) , thence due north along that meridian ( 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W ) to the Arkansas River ( 38 ° 03 ′ 10 '' N 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W / 38.05290 ° N 99.25532 ° W / 38.05290 ; - 99.25532 ( Arkansas River at 99 ° 15 ′ 19 '' W ) ) , thence up the Arkansas River to its source ( 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 39.25832 ° N 106.34364 ° W / 39.25832 ; - 106.34364 ( Source of Arkansas River ) ) , thence due west ( a distance of about 12 kilometers ( 7.5 miles ) along the parallel 39 ° 15'30 `` N ) to the Continental Divide of the Americas ( 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 58 '' W / 39.25832 ° N 106.48266 ° W / 39.25832 ; - 106.48266 ( Continental Divide at 39 ° 15'30 `` N ) ) , thence northward along the Continental Divide of the Americas presumably all the way to the Bering Strait . Jump up ^ `` Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 '' . Sons of Dewitt Colony . TexasTexas A&M University , . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , John Quincy . `` Diary of John Quincy Adams '' . 31 : 44 . Jump up ^ Deconde , History of American Foreign Policy , p 128 Jump up ^ The U.S. commission established to adjudicate claims considered some 1,800 claims and agreed that they were collectively worth $5,454,545.13 . Since the treaty limited the payment of claims to $5 million , the commission reduced the amount paid out proportionately by 81⁄3 percent . Jump up ^ Howard Jones , Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 ( 2009 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ Cash , Peter Arnold ( 1999 ) , `` The Adams -- Onís Treaty Claims Commission : Spoliation and Diplomacy , 1795 -- 1824 '' , DAI , PhD dissertation U. of Memphis 1998 , 59 ( 9 ) , pp. 3611 -- A. DA9905078 Fulltext : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses . Jump up ^ The Border : Adams -- Onís Treaty , PBS Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1939 ) ch 6 Jump up ^ Meadows , William C. ( January 1 , 2010 ) . Kiowa Ethnogeography . University of Texas Press . p. 193 . ISBN 9780292778443 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Jeff ( May 19 , 1985 ) . `` California -- Oregon Dispute : Border Fight Has Townfolk on Edge '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Preliminary studies indicate that , as the result of an 1870 surveying error , Oregon has about 31,000 acres of California , while California has about 20,000 acres of Oregon . Jump up ^ Turner , Wallace ( March 24 , 1985 ) . `` SEA RICHES SPUR FEUD ON BORDER '' . New York Times . The border should follow the 42d parallel straight west from the 120th meridian to the Pacific . Instead it zigzags , and only one of the many surveyor 's markers put down in 1868 actually is on the 42d parallel . Jump up ^ Sims , Hank ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Will the North Coast Marine Protected Areas Spark a War With Oregon ? '' . Lost Coast Outpost . Jump up ^ California Department of Fish and Wildlife ( 1 Mar 2016 ) . Map : Pyramid Point State Marine Conservation Area ( PDF ) ( Map ) . California Department of Fish and Wildlife . Available from : http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=117182 ( show ) Map this section 's coordinates using OSM Map this section 's coordinates using Google Export this section 's coordinates as KML Export this section 's coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article `` Adams -- Onís Treaty '' , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Hugh C. ( 1956 ) . `` Alabama 's Political Leaders and the Acquisition of Florida '' ( PDF ) . Florida Historical Quarterly . 35 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 29 . ISSN 0015 - 4113 . Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 1949 ) . John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy . New York : A.A. Knopf . , the standard history . Brooks , Philip Coolidge ( 1939 ) . Diplomacy and the borderlands : the Adams -- Onís Treaty of 1819 . Weeks , William Earl ( 1992 ) . John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9058 - 4 ... Sources Avalon Project -- Treaty Text Text of the Adams -- Onís Treaty External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAdams -- Onís Treatyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Adams -- Onís Treaty John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . 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Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → James Monroe 5th President of the United States ( 1817 -- 1825 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) United States Secretary of War ( 1814 -- 1815 ) Governor of Virginia ( 1799 -- 1802 , 1811 ) United States Minister to the United Kingdom ( 1803 -- 1808 ) United States Minister to France ( 1794 -- 1796 ) United States Senator from Virginia ( 1790 -- 1794 ) Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation from Virginia ( 1783 -- 1786 ) Founding events Virginia Ratifying Convention Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Florida Treaty Treaty of 1818 Panic of 1819 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Seminole Wars Monroe Doctrine Tariff of 1824 State of the Union Address , 1824 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty War of 1812 Life Early life and career Birthplace and boyhood home Revolutionary War service Battle of Trenton Monroe Hill home and office James Monroe Law Office , Museum , and Memorial Library Ash Lawn -- Highland Oak Hill James Monroe Tomb Elections U.S. Senate election , 1790 1792 Governor of Virginia election , 1799 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1816 1820 Legacy and popular culture Monrovia , capital of Liberia List of places named for James Monroe Monroe , Michigan Monroe , Georgia Monroe County , Kentucky Monroe County , New York Monroe Township , New Jersey Monroe Hill ( 2015 film ) U.S. postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Related Virginia Dynasty Monroe on slavery American Colonization Society Family Elizabeth Kortright ( wife ) George Hay ( son - in - law ) Samuel L. Gouverneur ( son - in - law ) Spence Monroe ( father ) Elizabeth Jones ( mother ) ← James Madison John Quincy Adams → Commons Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource texts US Presidency Portal ( hide ) Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adams -- Onís_Treaty&oldid = 796894822 '' Categories : 1819 treaties Boundary treaties New Spain Missouri Territory Spanish Florida Spanish Texas Treaties of the Spanish Empire Treaties of the United States Mexico -- United States border 1819 in New Spain 1819 in the United States 1819 in Alta California 1819 in Mexico 16th United States Congress History of United States expansionism History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Pre-statehood history of Florida Spain -- United States relations Red River of the South February 1819 events Purchased territories Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 17 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did spain cede florida to the us	[ "The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819,[1] also known as the Transcontinental Treaty,[2] the Florida Purchase Treaty,[3] or the Florida Treaty,[4][5] was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution; and also during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams–Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase." ]	[ "1819" ]
-7214972573560147397	Abuja	Abuja - Wikipedia Abuja Jump to : navigation , search Abuja Municipality Federal Capital City ( FCC ) Abuja Municipal Area From top ( L-R ) : View of a street in Maitama District , Abuja National Mosque , Zuma Rock , fountain in Millennium Park , Central Bank headquarters , and skyline of CBD at night Abuja Location of Abuja in Nigeria Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Country Nigeria Territory Federal Capital Territory LGA ( s ) Abuja Municipal Area Council ( AMAC ) Settled 1828 Incorporated 1 October 1984 Declared capital 12 December 1991 Government City Planner Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) City Management Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) Area Municipality 1,769 km ( 683 sq mi ) Land 1,728 km ( 667 sq mi ) Water 41 km ( 16 sq mi ) Urban 713 km ( 275 sq mi ) Elevation 840 m ( 2,760 ft ) Population ( 2011 estimate ) Municipality 1,235,880 Rank 7th Density 700 / km ( 1,800 / sq mi ) Urban 2,440,000 Urban density 3,423 / km ( 8,870 / sq mi ) Metro 6,000,000 ( estimated ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Postal code 900211 to 900288 Climate Aw Website abujacity.com Abuja ( / əˈbuːdʒə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s , replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991 . Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400 - metre ( 1,300 ft ) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock . Zuma Rock , a 792 - metre ( 2,598 ft ) monolith , lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State . At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is still experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , still retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city ; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns , such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada , Lugbe , Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling . The unofficial metropolitan area of Abuja has a population of well over three million , making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Nigeria , surpassed only by Lagos , Kano and Ibadan . As at 2016 , the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at 6 million persons , placing it behind only Lagos , as the most populous metro area . Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose - built capital cities in Africa , as well as being one of the wealthiest . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Districts 2.1 Central Business District 2.2 Garki District 2.3 Wuse District 2.4 Maitama District 2.5 Asokoro District 2.6 Gwarinpa District 2.7 Durumi District 3 Climate 3.1 Vegetation 4 Skyline and landmarks 5 Universities in Abuja 6 International Schools in Abuja 7 Transportation 7.1 Airport 7.2 Rail 8 Parks and open areas 8.1 Bush Bars 9 Postal system 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Nigeria 's National Assembly in Abuja `` Abuja '' was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi ( Gwari ) as the major language , Bassa , Gwandara , Gade , Ganagana , Koro etc . In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria 's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties , and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria . The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity . Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid . As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development , the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country , and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja . The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital , Brasília . Construction broke ground and was dedicated in the late 1970s but , due to economic and political instability , the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s . The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) was developed by International Planning Associates ( IPA ) , a consortium of three American firms : Planning Research Corporation ; Wallace , McHarg , Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems , a division of the Hughes Organization . The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form . More detailed design of the central areas of the capital , particularly its monumental core , was accomplished by Kenzo Tange , a renowned Japanese architect , with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company . Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja , and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria . Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth ; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20 % to 30 % per year . Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits . Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003 . The FCT 's ministers have been as follows : Mobolaji Ajose - Adeogun 1976 -- 1979 John Jatau Kadiya , 1979 -- 1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa , 1982 -- 1983 Haliru Dantoro , 1983 -- 1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984 -- December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986 -- 1989 Gado Nasko , 1989 -- 1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993 -- 1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998 -- 1999 Ibrahim Bunu , 1999 -- 2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001 -- 2003 Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai , 2003 -- May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007 -- 2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008 -- 2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010 -- 2015 Mohammed Bello , 2015 -- Present Districts ( edit ) The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones . Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts ( Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08 ) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2 . Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 There are eleven districts in Phase 3 . Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarinpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts : Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu ( the main industrial zone ) , Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei - Dei ( housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market ) . Central business District ( edit ) National Christian Centre Abuja 's Central District , also called Central Area , spans from the foot of Aso Rock , across the Three Arms Zone , to the southern base of the inner ring road . It is like the city 's spinal cord , dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse , and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro . While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors , the Central District is the city 's principal Business Zone , where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices . An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive , legislative and judicial arms of the federal government . A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way , Aso Hill , the Abuja Plant Nursery , Eagle Square ( which has important historic significance , as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999 ) and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier across the road facing it . The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue . A well - known government office is the Ministry of Defense , colloquially nicknamed `` Ship House '' . Garki District ( edit ) The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city , having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east . The district is subdivided into units called `` Areas '' . Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of `` Area '' to refer to parts of Garki . These are designated as Areas 1 to 11 . Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2 . Visitors may find this system confusing . Garki is presently the principal business district of Abuja . Numerous buildings of interest are in this area . Some of them include the General Post Office , Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way , Nicon Luxury Hotel ( formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian ) , Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings ( Area 1 ) . A new five - star hotel , Hawthorn Suites Abuja , is in Garki . Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes , although a zoological garden as well as Garki Shopping Centre are in Area 2 . Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7 . The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces -- Army , Airforce and Navy -- are all in the Garki District . The tallest building in this district is the Radio House , which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications , the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria ( FRCN ) and Voice of Nigeria ( VON ) . The Nigerian Television Authority ( NTA ) stations and corporate headquarters are in Garki . The Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki . The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory , Abuja is in Area 10 . Other places of note include the Arts and Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force headquarters in Area 10 . The Abuja Municipal Area Council , which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10 . The new United States Embassy is in the Garki District . Wuse District ( edit ) Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city , with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south . The District is numbered Zones 1 -- 8 . The Wuse Market is Abuja 's principal market ( Zone 5 ) . The second most important post office in the city is here . This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers ( Zone 4 ) , Ibro International hotel , the Foreign Affairs Ministry Headquarters ( Zone 3 ) and Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters , Federal Civil Service Commission ( Zone 3 ) , Federal Road Safety Commission ( FRSC ) , National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration ( NAFDAC ) ( Zone 7 ) , Wuse General Hospital , and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation . Just as Garki District has Garki II , Wuse has Wuse II . This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2 . Maitama District ( edit ) Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city , with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively . This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business , and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive . Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters ( NCC ) , National Universities Commission ( NUC ) , Soil Conservation Complex , and Independent National Electoral Commission ( INEC ) . The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way , in Maitama . Also , the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama . Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies . Asokoro District ( edit ) Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts , houses all of the state 's lodges / guest houses . The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest . Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District . It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers ; in addition , the Presidential Palace ( commonly referred to as the Aso Rock ) is in Asokoro District . By virtue of this fact , Asokoro is the most secure area of the city . Gwarinpa District ( edit ) Gwarinpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council . It is a 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria , the Gwarinpa Housing Estate . The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa . It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarinpa . Durumi District ( edit ) Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast . Its borders are the Oladipo Dia Road to the southwest , the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast , and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast . The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District . Climate ( edit ) Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually . This includes a warm , humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two , there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind , with the main feature of dust haze and dryness . The rainy season begins from April and ends in October , when daytime temperatures reach 28 ° C ( 82.4 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) and nighttime lows hover around 22 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) to 23 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) . In the dry season , daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 ° C ( 53.6 ° F ) . Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) . The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory . Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory 's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year . ( hide ) Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 33.03 ( 91.45 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.36 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.7 ( 0.067 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 62.8 ( 2.472 ) 134.1 ( 5.28 ) 164.2 ( 6.465 ) 217.5 ( 8.563 ) 262.7 ( 10.343 ) 253.4 ( 9.976 ) 103.2 ( 4.063 ) 3.7 ( 0.146 ) ( 0.047 ) 1,221.2 ( 48.08 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source : World Meteorological Organization . Vegetation ( edit ) The FCT falls within the Guinean forest - savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region . Patches of rain forest , however , occur in the Gwagwa plains , especially in the rugged terrain to the south southeastern parts of the territory , where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found . These areas of the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria . Skyline and landmarks ( edit ) Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings . Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear . Most of the buildings are modern , reflecting that it is a new city . Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed . This structure looms 170 metres ( 560 ft ) above the city . The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre , a 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria . The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters , the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House , the National Stadium , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque Universities in Abuja ( edit ) African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International Schools in Abuja ( edit ) Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Nigerian - Turkish School Transportation ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region . It was named after Nigeria 's first president , Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals . Rail ( edit ) Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos -- Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja . There is a car park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre . A light rail system is now under construction , including a station at Idu . Parks and open areas ( edit ) Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by world - renowned architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003 . Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa ; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory . The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park , it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema , astro - turf , lawn tennis court , paintball arena and a variety of restaurants . Bush bars ( edit ) Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as `` Bush Bars '' that usually , though not always , include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks ( alcoholic and non-alcoholic ) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya , grilled catfish , pounded yam , egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja . Postal system ( edit ) Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes , street names and zones . Postal codes and district names can also be found on geocodes.com . Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also ( edit ) Centenary City Nigeria portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) '' . City Population . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaiyeola , Andrews . `` FCT Minister Harps on Development of Satellite Towns '' . Jump up ^ Demographia ( January 2015 ) . Demographia World Urban Areas ( PDF ) ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Define Abuja 's at Dictionary.com '' . dictionary.com . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News , Tuesday , 13 February 2007 . 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Notice on Publication of 2006 Census Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa '' . Euromonitor. 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Cities To Do Business In Nigeria . ABUJA Is 2nd '' . Abuja Facts. 22 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Senan . `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth . '' BBC . Tuesday 13 February 2007 . Retrieved on 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.naij.com/574434-nigeriaat55-top-5-reasons-nigerias-capital-moved-lagos-abuja-photos.html Jump up ^ Elleh , Nnamdi . Abuja , the single most ambitious urban design project of the 20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Conference : African Regional Roundtable on Upgrading Low - income Settlements '' ( PDF ) . www.citiesalliance.org . World Bank , 3 -- 5 October 2000 , Johannesburg , South Africa , p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Resettlement Issues , Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja , Nigeria 's Federal Capital '' ( PDF ) . fig.net . 5th FIG Regional Conference Accra , Ghana , 8 -- 11 March 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Polgreen , Lydia ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` In a Dream City , a Nightmare OF AKIM JOHN for the Common Man '' . nyt.com . New York Times , 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` How Nigeria is shared under Jonathan '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Us '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Avenue '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ship House '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Durumi ( Abuja ) Nigeria / Abuja Federal Capital Territory / Zubo / Abuja '' . wikimapia.org/ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja F.C.C. Developed Districts '' . Nairaland.com . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School '' . Google+ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School , Abuja '' . American International School of Abuja . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja Nigeria Tourist Information '' . Touristlink.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ World Weather Information Service - Abuja , World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Agabi , Chris ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` NRC begins Abuja - Kaduna daily free train service '' . Daily Trust . Jump up ^ Jeremy . `` Sunday , August 27 , 2006 Abuja bush bars '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Suya Recipe : For Nigerians in Diaspora '' . Copyright © 2013 allnigerianrecipes.com -- All Rights Reserved . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Nigerian Postal Service ! '' . Nipost.gov.ng . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ www.geopostcodes.com . `` ZIP Code database of Nigeria , Abuja ( FCT ) , Abuja , Abuja '' . Geopostcodes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja . Articles related to Abuja Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. Golf Club Pedam Dam The World Trade Centre Schools University of Abuja Nigerian Turkish Nile University Baze University The African University of Science and Technology Capitals of Africa Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea - Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Bujumbura , Burundi Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún ( claimed ) / Tifariti ( factual ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Freetown , Sierra Leone Funchal , Madeira Gaborone , Botswana Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland Jamestown , St Helena , Ascension & Tristan da Cunha Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Mamoudzou , Mayotte Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ) , Swaziland Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto - Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) , South Africa Rabat , Morocco Saint - Denis , Réunion Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas , Canary Islands São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro ( political ) Abidjan ( economic ) , Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation British Overseas Territory Overseas region of France Autonomous region of Portugal Autonomous community of Spain All - Africa Games host cities 1965 : Brazzaville 1973 : Lagos 1978 : Algiers 1987 : Nairobi 1991 : Cairo 1995 : Harare 1999 : Johannesburg 2003 : Abuja 2007 : Algiers 2011 : Maputo 2015 : Brazzaville 2019 : Luanda Federal Capital Territory Territory capital : Abuja Local Government Areas Abaji Abuja Municipal Bwari Gwagwalada Kuje Kwali ( hide ) Largest cities in Nigeria Aba Abakaliki Abeokuta Abuja Ado Ekiti Akure Asaba Awka Bauchi Benin City Birnin Kebbi Calabar Dutse Eket Enugu Gombe Gusau Ibadan Ife Ikeja Ikot - Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ikoyi Ilorin Iseyin Iwo Jalingo Jimeta Jos Kaduna Kano Katsina Lafia Lagos Lokoja Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Nnewi Nsukka Ogbomosho Okene Onitsha Ondo City Oron Osogbo Owerri Owo Oyo Port Harcourt Potiskum Sokoto Suleja Umuahia Uyo Warri Wukari Yenagoa Yola Zaria VIAF : 243839696 LCCN : n82129670 GND : 4365226 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuja&oldid=816268993 '' Categories : Abuja Capitals in Africa Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Local Government Areas in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Planned capitals Populated places in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Populated places established in the 1970s Cities in Nigeria Planned cities in Nigeria 1970s establishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did abuja became the capital of nigeria	[ "Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/)[4] is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s,[5] replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the road to Kaduna State." ]	[ "12 December 1991" ]
-9035799979097295693	United States twenty-dollar bill	United States twenty - dollar bill - wikipedia United States twenty - dollar bill Jump to : navigation , search Twenty dollars ( United States ) Value $20 Width 156 mm Height 66.3 mm Weight Approx 1 g Paper type 75 % cotton 25 % linen Years of printing 1861 -- present Obverse Design Andrew Jackson Design date 2003 Reverse Design White House Design date 2003 The United States twenty - dollar bill ( $20 ) is a denomination of U.S. currency . The seventh U.S. President ( 1829 -- 37 ) , Andrew Jackson has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928 , while the White House is featured on the reverse side . As of December 2013 , the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear . Approximately 11 % of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills . Twenty - dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Federal Reserve history 2 Federal Reserve history 3 Proposal for a woman 's portrait 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre-federal Reserve history ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1863 $20 Legal Tender note 1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton Series 1905 $20 gold certificate 1861 : A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front , and an abstract design on the back . The back is printed green . 1862 : A note that is very similar , the first $20 United States note . The back is different , with several small variations extant . 1863 : A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face . The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements . The back is orange . 1865 : A national bank note with `` The Battle of Lexington '' and of Pocahontas ' marriage to John Rolfe in black , and a green border . 1869 : A new United States note design with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword . The back design is green . 1875 : As above , except with a different reverse . 1878 : A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face . The back design is black . 1882 : A new gold certificate with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face . The back is orange and features an eagle . 1882 : A new national bank note . The front is similar , but the back is different and printed in brown . 1886 : A new silver certificate $20 note with Daniel Manning on the center of the face . 1890 : A treasury ( coin ) note with John Marshall on the left of the face . Two different backs exist : both with abstract designs . 1902 : A new national bank note . The front design features Hugh McCulloch , and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America . 1905 : A new gold certificate $20 note with George Washington on the center of the face . The back design is orange . Federal Reserve history ( edit ) 1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 $20 small - size Federal Reserve Note . Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank . Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note . Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note . The security strip in a twenty - dollar bill glows green under a blacklight . Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928 . Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson 's election as president , it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson . ( Cleveland 's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year ) . According to the U.S. Treasury , `` Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence . '' The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony ; as president , he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank . In his farewell address to the nation , he cautioned the public about paper money . 1914 : Began as a large - sized note , a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face , and , on the back , a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left , and a steamship approaching from the right . 1918 : A federal reserve bank note with Grover Cleveland on the front , and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note . 1928 : Switched to a small - sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse . The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver ( at the bearer 's discretion ) at any Federal Reserve Bank . 1933 : With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard , the bill is no longer redeemable in gold , but rather in `` lawful money '' , meaning silver . 1942 : A special emergency series , with brown serial numbers and `` HAWAII '' overprinted on both the front and the back , is issued . These notes are designed to circulate on the islands , and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion . 1948 : The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself , including the addition of the Truman Balcony , as well as the passage of time . Most notably , the trees are larger . 1950 : Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly , presumably for aesthetic reasons . 1963 : `` Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand '' is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait , and the legal tender designation is shortened to `` This note is legal tender for all debts , public and private '' ( eliminating `` and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury , or at any Federal Reserve Bank . '' ) Also , `` In God We Trust '' is added above the White House on the reverse . These two acts ( one taking U.S. currency off silver backing , and the other authorizing the national motto ) are coincidental , even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign . Also , several design elements are rearranged , less perceptibly than the change in 1950 , mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations . 1969 : The new treasury seal appears on all denominations , including the $20 . 1977 : A new type of serial - number press results in a slightly different font . The old presses are gradually retired , and old - style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination . 1992 : Anti-counterfeiting features are added : microprinting around the portrait , and a plastic strip embedded in the paper . Even though the bills read Series 1990 , the first bills were printed in April 1992 . September 24 , 1998 : Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting ; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view . A larger , off - center portrait of Jackson was used on front , and several anti-counterfeiting features were added , including color - shifting ink , microprinting , and a watermark . The plastic strip now reads `` USA 20 '' and glows green under a black light . The bills were first printed in June 1998 . October 9 , 2003 : The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow , and no oval around Andrew Jackson 's portrait ( background images of eagles , etc. were also added to the front ) ; the back is the same view of the White House , but without the oval around it . Ninety faint `` 20 '' s are scattered on the back in yellow as a `` EURion constellation '' to prevent photocopying . The first issue 's series date is 2004 with Marin - Snow signatures . The bills were first printed in April 2003 . Proposal for a woman 's portrait ( edit ) In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation . On May 12 , 2015 , Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that `` grassroots '' poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman , followed by Roosevelt , Parks and Mankiller . On June 17 , 2015 , then - Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman 's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020 , replacing Alexander Hamilton . However , that decision was reversed , at least in part due to Hamilton 's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton . On April 20 , 2016 , Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill , while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill , with Jackson appearing on the reverse . Lew simultaneously announced that the five - and ten - dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade . Steven Mnuchin , the current U.S. Treasury Secretary , said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty - dollar bill , explaining `` People have been on the bills for a long period of time . This is something we 'll consider ; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on . '' See also ( edit ) Twenty Bucks , a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How long is the life span of U.S. paper money ? '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Money Facts '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Currency FAQs '' . U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson as President '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill -- July 10 , 1832 '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved November 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Andrew Jackson 's Farewell Address Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1990 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09 / 21 / 98 '' . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 1996 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Counterfeiting '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . United States Treasury . 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USPaperMoney.Info : Series 2004 $20 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why the $20 ? '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Avianne ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Women on 20s ' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes ? BBC . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved on April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Round Candidates '' . Women On 20s . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill '' . New York Post . Reuters . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill '' . Huffington Post . April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Tina. `` '' Hamilton '' Fans , Rejoice : Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill `` . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : `` Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman , Lays Out Plans for New $20 , $10 and $5 '' ( Press release ) . United States Department of the Treasury . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Ben ; McCaskill , Nolan D. `` Treasury 's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Korte , Gregory ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Temple - West , Patrick ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill '' . Politico . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes . ( hide ) United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=805519077 '' Categories : 1861 establishments in the United States Currency introduced in 1861 Andrew Jackson Banknotes of the United States Twenty - base - unit banknotes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new 20 dollar bill come out	[ "October 9, 2003:[10] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint \"20\"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a \"EURion constellation\" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[11]" ]	[ "October 9, 2003" ]
2353002789142280634	The Strangers (2008 film)	The Strangers ( 2008 film ) - wikipedia The Strangers ( 2008 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2008 horror film . For other uses , see Strangers ( disambiguation ) . The Strangers Theatrical release poster Directed by Bryan Bertino Produced by Doug Davison Roy Lee Nathan Kahane Sonny Mallhi Written by Bryan Bertino Starring Liv Tyler Scott Speedman Music by Tomandandy Cinematography Peter Sova Edited by Kevin Greutert Production company Vertigo Entertainment Mandate Pictures Intrepid Pictures Distributed by Rogue Pictures Release date May 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 30 ) Running time 85 minutes ( theatrical ) 91 minutes ( unrated ) Country United States Language English Budget $9 million Box office $82.4 million The Strangers is a 2008 American horror film written and directed by Bryan Bertino . Kristen Liv Tyler and James Scott Speedman are expecting a relaxing weekend at a family vacation home , but their stay turns out to be anything but peaceful , for three masked torturers leave Kristen and James struggling for survival . Writer - director Bertino was inspired by two real - life events : the Manson family Tate murders , a multiple homicide , The Keddie Cabin Murders , that occurred in California in 1981 ; and a series of break - ins that occurred in his own neighborhood as a child . Made on a budget of $9 million , the film was shot on location in rural South Carolina in the fall of 2006 . Originally slated for a theatrical release in November 2007 , it was postponed before a theatrical release on May 30 , 2008 . It grossed $82 million at the box office worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , with some praising its atmosphere and tension , and others criticizing its script and characters . Contemporary film scholars have interpreted it as a criticism of the perceived safety of pastoral life , as well as an exploration of stranger - on - stranger violence . A sequel , titled The Strangers : Prey at Night , was released ten years later on March 9 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Screenplay and inspiration 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Music 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing and promotion 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 Works cited 12 External links Plot ( edit ) James Hoyt and his girlfriend Kristen McKay arrive at James ' remote childhood summer home , tired and irritable after a long evening at a friend 's wedding reception . At the wedding , James proposed to Kristen and she refused . James calls his friend Mike and asks him pick him up in the morning . Shortly after 4 a.m. , there is a loud knock at the door . A young blonde woman , whose face is hiding in the shadows , asks for Tamara . When told that she is at the wrong house , she leaves with the casual caveat that she will `` See them later . '' Due to the tension between them , James leaves to go for a drive and purchase a pack of cigarettes for Kristen ; before he departs , he starts a fire in the hearth . Shortly after he leaves , Kristen realizes the chimney flue is closed , and attempts to open it ; while she does this , smoke emanating from the fire triggers a smoke alarm . Kristen attempts to disarm the smoke alarm when she is startled by another knock at the door ; she drops the alarm on the floor and retreats to the bedroom , unnerved . She calls James ' cellphone from the landline , but their call is cut short . She returns to the kitchen , where , unbeknownst to her , a man in a sack mask watches her from an adjacent hallway . In the living room , Kristen notices the smoke alarm she left on the floor is now sitting on a chair , and realizes someone else has been in the house . Upon going to retrieve her cell phone from the wall charger , she finds it is missing , and begins to panic . When she hears a noise from the backyard , she arms herself with a knife , and opens the curtains to find the man in the mask , staring at her . She stumbles into the hallway , and watches as the front door unlatches . When she goes to push the door closed , she sees the blonde woman outside , now in a dollface mask . After locking the door , Kristen hides in the bedroom and hears the strangers outside banging violently against the walls of the house . The noise eventually stops and James returns to the home . After she explains what has happened , he goes outside to the car to get his phone , whereupon he find the car ransacked and sees Dollface watching him from afar . The couple attempt to leave in James ' car but another woman in a Pin - up mask rear - ends them with a pickup truck , forcing them to flee . Back inside the house , Kristen and James find a shotgun and wait for the intruders in a bedroom . One of the strangers enters and put on a country record on the turntable , filling the house with music . Mike arrives and realizes something is wrong after seeing the smashed car in the driveway . He enters the house , and James , mistaking him for one of the strangers , shoots him dead . Devastated , James remembers an old radio transmitter in the backyard shed . He leaves and encounters Pin - up searching the backyard with a flashlight . When James tries to shoot her , the Man in the Mask knocks him unconscious , discharging the gun in the process . Kristen hears the shot , and runs to the shed . She finds the radio , but Pin - up smashes it with an sledgehammer . Kristen rushes back to the house , where she encounters Dollface , who taunts her . She tries to leave but is incapacitated by the Man in the Mask . James and Kristen awaken at dawn , and find themselves tied to chairs in the living room with the masked strangers standing before them . Kristen asks them why they are doing this , to which Dollface replies , `` Because you were home . '' The strangers then unmask themselves to the couple offscreen , and take turns stabbing the couple in the stomach and chest before leaving the home . As they drive away in the pickup truck , they ride past two young Mormon boys on bicycles distributing religious tracts door - to - door . Dollface gets out of the truck and asks for a tract . The boy asks if she 's a sinner and she replies , `` Sometimes . '' The strangers drive away , as Pin - up states , `` It 'll be easier next time . '' The two boys come upon the house and discover the chaotic scene , including the bodies of Kristen , James , and Mike inside . One of the boys approach Kristen 's body , and as he reaches out to her , she wakes up and screams revealing she is still alive . Cast ( edit ) Liv Tyler as Kristen McKay Scott Speedman as James Hoyt Gemma Ward as Dollface Kip Weeks as Man in the Mask Glenn Howerton as Mike Laura Margolis as Pin - Up Alex Fisher and Peter Clayton - Luce as Mormon boys Themes ( edit ) Film scholar Kevin Wetmore noted the film 's portrayal of violence as a reflection of its contemporary culture , writing : `` Death is a random act in post-9 / 11 horror -- the result of being in the wrong place at the wrong time , as the cliché goes . Unlike in eighties slasher horror , for example , where engaging in negative behavior such as drinking , doing drugs , having premarital sex are often forerunners to being killed by the killer ( s ) ; ( here ) , death is random and unrelated to one 's behavior . '' In The Horror Show Guide : The Ultimate Frightfest of Movies , Mike Mayo noted the film 's `` grim realism , '' writing that the main characters `` could have wandered out of a gloomy Ingmar Bergman film , '' ultimately branding the film as an example of `` naturalistic domestic horror '' akin to Michael Haneke 's Funny Games . The film has also been noted by scholar Philip Simpson as highlighting `` the divide between the underprivileged and privileged classes , '' as well as for its inversion of commonly - held beliefs about violence in urban areas and pastoral ethics : `` The Strangers , as many horror films do ... undermines the conventional notion of rural society as a simpler , crime - free place . One might call the narrative sensibility informing The Strangers ' pastoral paranoia ' , in that danger lurks among the rough folk of the country rather than the suburbs and cities . Of course , it may be that provincial violence is a result of contamination , or in other words that the kind of stranger - upon - stranger violence typically associated with urban life metastasizes to the rural , a phenomenon noted by Louis Wirth . '' In his book Hearths of Darkness : The Family in the American Horror Film ( 2014 ) , scholar Tony Williams notes the film 's setting within a 1970s - era home as representative of an `` American tradition of violence that is random and without any coherent explanation . '' Additionally , Williams reads the three masked assailants as metaphors for the `` repressed and unresolved tensions affecting the couple inside the house . '' Production ( edit ) Screenplay and inspiration ( edit ) I was thinking about the Tate murders and realizing that these detailed descriptions had painted a story of what it was like in the house with the victims . But none of the victims knew about the Manson family or why it was happening to them . So , I got really fascinated with telling the victims ' tale . And not filling it in with an FBI profile and not filling it in with finding out that somebody 's grandmother beat them and now they want to kill everybody . You read obituaries every day where someone is killed for a random reason . Yes , we may eventually find out why , but sometimes they do n't . Bryan Bertino , on his inspiration for the film . Writer - director Bryan Bertino wrote the screenplay which was originally titled The Faces ; it was the third screenplay he had ever written . Bertino had a particular interest in the horror genre , noting how one can connect to an audience by scaring them , and would state in subsequent interviews that he grew up watching horror films . In particular , he stated he was significantly inspired by thriller films of the 1970s while writing the screenplay , and envisioned a film that `` put the audience in the world of the victims . '' According to production notes and subsequent interviews , the film was inspired by true events from Bertino 's childhood : Bertino explains : As a kid , I lived in a house on a street in the middle of nowhere . One night , while our parents were out , somebody knocked on the front door and my little sister answered it . At the door were some people asking for somebody who did n't live there . We later found out that these people were knocking on doors on the area and , if no one was home , breaking into the houses . In interviews , Bertino stated he was `` very impressed '' with some of the theories circulating on the Internet about the `` true events '' the movie is allegedly based on , but said that his main inspiration was the true crime book Helter Skelter about the Manson Family murders ; some journalists speculated that the film was also inspired by the unsolved Keddie Cabin Murders of 1981 that occurred in a small vacation community in California 's Sierra Nevada . The film 's premise has been compared by some film critics to the French horror film Them , released two years earlier , which also features a couple terrorized by strangers in their remote home . Bertino entered the screenplay for The Strangers into a screenwriting contest , after which he sold its directorial rights to Universal Pictures . Casting ( edit ) When casting the two leading actors in the film , Bertino sought Liv Tyler for the role of Kristen. Tyler , who had not worked for several years after the birth of her son , accepted the part after being impressed by the script , which she read while on a flight from Japan to Los Angeles : `` I especially liked Bryan 's way of saying a lot , but not saying everything . Often in movies , it 's all spelled out for you , and the dialogue is very explanatory . But Bryan does n't write like that ; he writes how normal people communicate -- with questions lingering . I knew it would be interesting to act that . '' Canadian actor Scott Speedman was cast as James . Speedman was also impressed by the script , stating that `` the audience actually gets time to breathe with the characters before things get scary as hell . That got me interested from the first pages '' . In casting the three masked intruders , Bertino chose Australian fashion model Gemma Ward for the part of Dollface , feeling she had the exact `` look '' he had imagined ; Ward was officially cast in the film in September 2006 . In preparing for the role , Ward read Vincent Bugioisi 's Helter Skelter for inspiration . Kip Weeks was then chosen as the Man in the Mask , and television actress Laura Margolis , who found the script to be a real `` page turner '' , was cast in the part of Pin - Up Girl . In retrospect , Bertino said he chose the three actors based on their abilities to convey their characters in spite of the fact that their faces remain unseen onscreen . Filming ( edit ) Mark Romanek ( pictured ) was originally attached to direct the project but after he backed out , Bertino took over . Bertino had not initially planned on directing The Strangers , and had been disconnected from the project after selling directorial rights to Universal Pictures . Both Justin Lin and Mark Romanek were attached to direct , but eventually backed out . Approximately two years after Bertino had sold the screenplay , Universal passed the project onto its subsidiary , Rogue Pictures , who approached Bertino to direct the project , despite his lack of experience . On a $9 million budget , filming for The Strangers began on October 10 , 2006 , and finished in early 2007 . It was shot on location roughly 10 miles outside of Florence , South Carolina , and the 2,000 - square - foot ( 190 m ) house interior was constructed by a set crew . Though the film takes place in 2005 , the house itself was deliberately constructed with an architecture reminiscent of 1970s ranch houses and dressed in furnishings applicable to the era . Bertino based the house on the types of homes common where he had grown up in rural Texas . The property was located on the outskirts of Timmonsville , South Carolina . Despite weather complications , the film was largely shot in chronological order . During production , it was reported that Liv Tyler came down with tonsillitis due to the extensive screaming the role required her to do . Tyler would later recall it being the most difficult film she had ever worked on , `` both physically and emotionally . '' According to Laura Margolis , who played the Pin - Up Girl , Tyler also specifically requested that she not see her mask prior to filming : `` I got strict instructions not to let Liv see me in my mask before we shot , '' Margolis recalled . `` The first scene that I shot was stalking ( her ) outside of the barn . I had been told that she really wanted to be scared . She did n't want to have to fake it , and so it was my responsibility to really scare her . So we shot that scene , I ran at her , she started actually screaming , and then she kicked me away . '' The masks featured in the film were chosen by Bertino , who wanted them to appear as though the killers `` could have picked them up at any store . '' Post-production ( edit ) Film editor Kevin Greutert was hired to edit the film ; at the time , he recently finished editing Saw III . Several changes were made to the film during post-production , primarily regarding the conclusion : In the screenplay and the original footage shot , the three masked strangers reveal their faces on camera . After the sequence in which Kristen and James are stabbed , the strangers wander around the house , cleaning up parts of the crime scene before dressing into Kristen and James 's clothes . Following test screenings , it was decided by the producers that the strangers ' faces should remain unseen to the audience , which required the sequences following the stabbing to be excised . Music ( edit ) A musical score , consisting of 19 pieces composed by score producer tomandandy , was released on May 27 , 2008 , and was distributed by Lakeshore Records . The album was received with generally positive reviews by critics . `` It 's a creepy score for what appears to be a movie that will make you jump as well as make sure that the doors are locked at night , '' writes reviewer Jeff Swindoll . `` This is an impressive score and adds a tremendous chill - factor to the film , '' says Zach Freeman of Blogger News , grading it with an A . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by tomandandy . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Opening '' 2 : 31 2 . `` The House '' 1 : 46 3 . `` Empty '' 1 : 26 4 . `` Wedding '' 2 : 53 5 . `` Apology '' 0 : 49 6 . `` James and Kristen '' 2 : 39 7 . `` 3 AM Knock '' 4 : 47 8 . `` Alone '' 4 : 02 9 . `` James Returns '' 3 : 51 10 . `` Run to Car '' 1 : 54 11 . `` Waiting '' 1 : 11 12 . `` Angry '' 1 : 44 13 . `` Mike '' 4 : 17 14 . `` Cold '' 0 : 53 15 . `` The Barn '' 3 : 05 16 . `` Run '' 2 : 36 17 . `` Scrape '' 1 : 57 18 . `` Mercy '' 2 : 02 19 . `` Alone '' 1 : 22 Release ( edit ) The producers originally planned for a summer release in July 2007 , which was eventually postponed to November 2007 ; however , this date was postponed as well . The producers instead opted for a summer release , and The Strangers had its theatrical debut in United States and Canada on May 30 , 2008 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $21 million in 2,467 theaters , ranking # 3 at the box office and averaging $8,514 per theater . The overall box office return was successful , earning $82.4 million worldwide . Marketing and promotion ( edit ) Scott Speedman and Liv Tyler promoting the film at the 2007 San Diego Comic Con In late July 2007 , Bertino , Tyler and Speedman attended San Diego 's annual Comic - Con event to promote the film ; all three were present for a questions - and - answers panel session , as well as a screening of the film 's official teaser trailer ; this trailer was released on the internet several weeks later . It was not until March 2008 that a full - length trailer for the film was released , which can be found on Apple 's QuickTime trailer gallery . The trailer originally began running in theaters attached to Rogue Pictures ' sci - fi film Doomsday in March 2008 , and television advertisements began airing on networks in early - mid April 2008 to promote the film 's May release . Two one - sheet posters for the film were released in August 2007 , one showing the three masked Strangers , and the other displaying a wounded Liv Tyler . In April 2008 , roughly two months before the film 's official theatrical debut , the final , official one - sheet for the film was released , featuring Liv Tyler standing in a darkened kitchen with a masked man looming behind her in the shadows . Home Media ( edit ) The Strangers was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United States on October 21 , 2008 . Both the Blu - ray and DVD feature rated and unrated versions of the film , with the unrated edition running approximately two minutes longer . Bonus materials include two deleted scenes and a making - of featurette . The DVD was released in the UK on December 26 , 2008 . The film was available on Universal VOD ( Video on Demand ) from November 19 , 2008 , through March 31 , 2009 . In commemoration of the film 's 10th anniversary , a two - disc collector 's edition Blu - ray by Scream Factory was released on March 6 , 2018 , featuring a 2K video transfer , as well as a combination of new and archival cast and crew interviews . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 45 % , based on 153 reviews , and an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Strangers provides a few scares , but offers little else to distinguish itself from other slasher films . '' Metacritic reported an average score of 47 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Unfavorable reviews included Roger Ebert 's of the Chicago Sun - Times , who gave the film one - and - a-half stars out of four , saying : `` The movie deserves more stars for its bottom - line craft , but all the craft in the world ca n't redeem its story . '' Bob Mondello of NPR said the film was `` A sadistic , unmotivated home - invasion flick . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that `` No one is getting at anything in The Strangers , except the cheapest , ugliest kind of sadistic titillation . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News compared the film to 2007 's Vacancy - a comparison which `` does `` Strangers '' no favors . Vacancy director Nimród Antal gave us a pair of heroes who fought like hell to survive , becoming closer and stronger in the effort . Bertino 's undeveloped protagonists are colossally stupid and frustratingly passive . '' Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post panned the film , calling it `` a fraud from start to finish . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle , said the film `` uses cinema to ends that are objectionable and vile , '' but admitted that `` it does it well , with more than usual skill . '' Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe said of the director , `` Bertino has the pretensions of an artist and the indelicacy of a hack . He tries to get under our skin with a pile driver . '' Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger opined of the film , `` Unfolding with an almost startling lack of self - awareness , young filmmaker Bryan Bertino 's debut is such a careful , straight - faced knockoff of ' 70s exploitation films that it plays like a parody . '' Among the positive reviews , Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times said The Strangers is `` suspenseful , '' `` highly effective , '' and `` smartly maintain ( s ) its commitment to tingling creepiness over bludgeoning horror . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter called the film a `` creepily atmospheric psychological thriller with a death grip on the psychological aspect . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , saying that , `` This is one of those rare horror movies that concentrates on suspense and terror rather than on gore and a high body count . '' Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club said that `` as an exercise in controlled mayhem , horror movies do n't get much scarier . '' Additional positive feedback for the film came from Joblo.com reviewer Berge Garabedian , who praised director Bertino for `` building the tension nicely , with lots of silences , creepy voices , jump scares , use of songs and a sharp eye behind the camera , as well as plenty of Steadicam give it all more of a voyeuristic feel . '' Empire Magazine remarked on the film 's retro - style , saying , `` Like much recent horror , from the homages of the Grindhouse gang through flat multiplex remakes of drive - in classics , The Strangers looks to the ' 70s . '' , and ultimately branded the film as `` an effective , scary emotional work - out . '' Slant Magazine 's Nick Schager listed The Strangers as the 9th best film of 2008 . In 2009 , the film was ranked # 13 on `` Bravo 's 13 Scarier Movie Moments '' television piece , and in a 2018 retrospective , Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly deemed the film a `` modern - day slasher classic . '' Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Strangers : Prey at Night In August 2008 , Rogue Pictures confirmed that a sequel was in the works , with Brian Bertino co-writing the screenplay with Ben Ketai . The project was originally slated to enter principal photography in 2009 , during which time it was tentatively titled The Strangers : Part II . Directors Laurent Briet and Marcel Langenegger were considered to direct , but landed eventually to Johannes Roberts . After a troubled development period , filming on the sequel began May 30 , 2017 . Later titled The Strangers : Prey at Night , the film was released on March 9 , 2018 . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE STRANGERS ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Strangers ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Disc 2 ) . Scream Factory . 2018 ( 2008 ) . ASIN B077Z82BCG . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strangers ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wetmore 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Mayo 2013 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2013 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Williams 2014 , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2013 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Strangers Production Notes provided by Universal Pictures '' ( PDF ) . Hollywood Jesus . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Alternate link at Cinema Review . ^ Jump up to : Bertino , Bryan ( 2018 ) . Defining Moments : Writing and Directing The Strangers ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Documentary short ) . Scream Factory . Jump up ^ Dawson , Angela ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Liv in the moment '' . Entertainment News Wire . AZCentral . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( May 26 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : The Strangers ' Bryan Bertino ( Pt. 2 ) '' . Shock Till You Drop . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Never Talk to Strangers '' . Shock Till You Drop . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` THE STRANGERS And The Real - Life Horrors That Inspired A Slasher Masterpiece '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ West 2016 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Strangers at the Door . The Strangers ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Documentary short ) . Scream Factory . 2018 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Gemma Ward 's One Of The Strangers '' . Empire . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson 2013 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Vander Kaay & Fernandez - Vander Kaay 2016 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Bertino Interview , The Strangers '' . MoviesOnline . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Elements of Terror : Making The Strangers ( DVD ) . Universal Studios . October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Collis , Clark ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Liv Tyler wanted to be genuinely terrified while making The Strangers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Greutert , Kevin ( 2018 ) . Deep Cuts : Editing The Strangers . The Strangers ( Blu - ray ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Documentary short ) . Scream Factory . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swindoll , Jeff ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Soundtrack Review : The Strangers '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Zach ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` CD Review : The Strangers Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , by tomandandy '' . Blogger News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krentcil , Faran ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Gemma Ward , Serial Killer '' . Fashionista . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coffman , Jason . `` The Strangers ( 2008 ) '' . Film Monthly . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Strangers 2 ' Moving Forward With Director Marcel Langenegger '' . / Film . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ullrich , Chris ( July 29 , 2007 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Balls of Fury ' , ' The Strangers ' , and ' Doomsday ' '' . Cinematical . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers '' . Apple.com . Apple Trailers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` New Trailer for Liv Tyler 's The Strangers '' . First Showing . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers Poster -- Internet Movie Poster Awards Gallery '' . Internet Movie Poster Awards . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers Poster ( ver. 2 ) -- Internet Movie Poster Awards Gallery '' . Internet Movie Poster Awards . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers Poster ( ver. 3 ) -- Internet Movie Poster Awards Gallery '' . Internet Movie Poster Awards . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Strangers ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Universal Home Video UK . 2008 . ASIN B001DDR6QE . Jump up ^ Universal -- VOD : The Strangers -- November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers : Collector 's Edition Blu - ray Detailed '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Strangers -- CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Strangers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mondello , Bob ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` When ' Strangers ' Come Calling , It 's Hard Knocks '' . NPR . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Bad things happen to no good end '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` ' Strangers ' may resemble other shockers , but it 's still creepy '' . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Do n't Fall Prey to ' Strangers ' '' . The Washington Post . 131 ( 177 ) . p. 37 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Movie review : Killers drop by in ' Strangers ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Wesley ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Scary ' Strangers ' frightfully lacking '' . Boston.com . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` You 'll want to scream , but not with delight '' . NJ.com . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Catsoulis , Jeannette ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Slow Crescendo of Intimidation '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Strangers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 2008 ) . `` The Strangers '' . ReelViews . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Strangers review '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garabedian , Berge ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` The Strangers '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Strangers Review '' . Empire Magazine . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick . `` 2008 : Year in Film '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's 13 Scarier Movie Moments '' . Scariest Movie Moments . October 2009 . Bravo . Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` '' The Strangers '' Sequel to Shoot in September `` . Worst Previews . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` Rogue Pictures confirms ' Strangers 2 ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Strangers '' Sequel to Shoot in September `` . Worst Previews . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Strangers 2 moving ahead with director Johannes Roberts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Christina Hendricks , Bailee Madison , Lewis Pullman Join ' Strangers 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` The masked maniacs are back in The Strangers : Prey at Night trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Works cited ( edit ) Mayo , Mike ( 2013 ) . The Horror Show Guide : The Ultimate Frightfest of Movies ( 2nd ed . ) . Visible Ink . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57859 - 420 - 7 . OCLC 833339608 . Simpson , Philip L. ( 2013 ) . `` '' There 's Blood on the Walls `` : Serial Killing as Post-9 / 11 Terror in The Strangers '' . In Alzena MacDonald . Murders and Acquisitions : Representations of the Serial Killer in Popular Culture . New York : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 9292 - 9 . OCLC 918760963 . Vander Kaay , Chris ; Fernandez - Vander Kaay , Kathleen ( 2016 ) . Horror Films by Subgenre : A Viewer 's Guide . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9837 - 6 . OCLC 908375271 . West , Alexandra ( 2016 ) . Films of the New French Extremity : Visceral Horror and National Identity . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 6348 - 7 . OCLC 934885163 . Wetmore , Kevin J. ( 2012 ) . Post-9 / 11 Horror in American Cinema . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 9797 - 9 . OCLC 787843534 . Williams , Kevin ( 2014 ) . Hearths of Darkness : The Family in the American Horror Film ( Updated ed . ) . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62846 - 107 - 7 . OCLC 903533974 . External links ( edit ) The Strangers at the American Film Institute Catalog The Strangers on IMDb The Strangers at Box Office Mojo The Strangers at Rotten Tomatoes The Strangers at Metacritic Films directed by Bryan Bertino The Strangers ( 2008 ) Mockingbird ( 2014 ) The Monster ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Strangers_(2008_film)&oldid=837267915 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 horror films 2000s independent films 2000s psychological thriller films American films American horror films American slasher films Directorial debut films Films about psychopaths Films about stalking Films produced by Roy Lee Films set in 2005 Films set in country houses Films shot in South Carolina Focus Features films Home invasions in film Intrepid Pictures films Mandate Pictures films Rogue ( company ) films Serial killer films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from December 2014 Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the strangers prey at night come out	[ "Originally slated for a theatrical release in November 2007, it was postponed before a theatrical release on May 30, 2008. It grossed $82 million at the box office worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, with some praising its atmosphere and tension, and others criticizing its script and characters. Contemporary film scholars have interpreted it as a criticism of the perceived safety of pastoral life, as well as an exploration of stranger-on-stranger violence. A sequel, titled The Strangers: Prey at Night, was released ten years later on March 9, 2018." ]	[ "March 9, 2018" ]
7616854344058881481	Indian Ocean	Indian Ocean - Wikipedia Indian Ocean Jump to : navigation , search For the rock band , see Indian Ocean ( band ) . Earth 's oceans Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern World Ocean Indian Ocean Extent of the Indian Ocean according to The World Factbook Location South Asia , Southeast Asia , Western Asia , Northeast Africa , East Africa , Southern Africa and Australia Coordinates 20 ° S 80 ° E / 20 ° S 80 ° E / - 20 ; 80 Coordinates : 20 ° S 80 ° E / 20 ° S 80 ° E / - 20 ; 80 Type Ocean Max . width 6,200 mi ( 10,000 km ) Surface area 70,560,000 km ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) Average depth 3,741 m ( 12,274 ft ) Max . depth 7,906 m ( 25,938 ft ) The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world 's oceanic divisions , covering 70,560,000 km ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) ( approximately 20 % of the water on the Earth 's surface ) . It is bounded by Asia on the north , on the west by Africa , on the east by Australia , and on the south by the Southern Ocean or , depending on definition , by Antarctica . It is named after India . The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara ( Sanskrit : रत्नाकर ) , `` the mine of gems '' in ancient Sanskrit literature , and as Hind Mahāsāgar ( Hindi : हिन्द महासागर ) , in Hindi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Marginal seas 2 Climate 3 Oceanography 4 Geology 5 Marine life 6 History 6.1 First settlements 6.2 Era of discovery 6.3 Industrial era 6.4 Contemporary era 7 Trade 7.1 Major ports and harbours 8 Bordering countries and territories 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Geography ( edit ) A - 17th century - 1658 Naval Map by Janssonius depicting the Indian Ocean , India and Arabia . The borders of the Indian Ocean , as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim , but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately , which removed waters south of 60 ° S from the Indian Ocean , but included the northern marginal seas . Meridionally , the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20 ° east meridian , running south from Cape Agulhas , and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146 ° 55'E , running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania . The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30 ° north in the Persian Gulf . The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km ( 27,240,000 sq mi ) , including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean , or 19.5 % of the world 's oceans ; its volume is 264,000,000 km ( 63,000,000 cu mi ) or 19.8 % of the world 's oceans ' volume ; it has an average depth of 3,741 m ( 12,274 ft ) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m ( 25,938 ft ) . The ocean 's continental shelves are narrow , averaging 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) in width . An exception is found off Australia 's western coast , where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) . The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m ( 12,762 ft ) . Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench , at 8,047 m ( 26,401 ft ) deep ; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258 -- 7,725 m ( 23,812 -- 25,344 ft ) . North of 50 ° south latitude , 86 % of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments , of which more than half is globigerina ooze . The remaining 14 % is layered with terrigenous sediments . Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes . The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb , Strait of Hormuz , the Lombok Strait , the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait . Seas include the Gulf of Aden , Andaman Sea , Arabian Sea , Bay of Bengal , Great Australian Bight , Laccadive Sea , Gulf of Mannar , Mozambique Channel , Gulf of Oman , Persian Gulf , Red Sea and other tributary water bodies . The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal , which is accessible via the Red Sea . All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean . Marginal seas ( edit ) Marginal seas , gulfs , bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include : Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Great Australian Bight Gulf of Mannar Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Tadjoura Gulf of Bahrain Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambat Gulf of Oman Indonesian Seaway ( including the Malacca , Sunda and Torres Straits ) Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Palk Strait connecting Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal Persian Gulf Red Sea Sea of Zanj Strait of Bab - el - Mandeb connecting Arabian Sea Strait of Hormuz connecting Persian Gulf Climate ( edit ) The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoon climate . Strong north - east winds blow from October until April ; from May until October south and west winds prevail . In the Arabian Sea the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent . In the southern hemisphere , the winds are generally milder , but summer storms near Mauritius can be severe . When the monsoon winds change , cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal . The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world . Long - term ocean temperature records show a rapid , continuous warming in the Indian Ocean , at about 0.7 -- 1.2 ° C ( 1.3 -- 2.2 ° F ) during 1901 -- 2012 . Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans , and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific . Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming , and changes in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean . Oceanography ( edit ) Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi , Shatt al - Arab , Indus , Godavari , Krishna , Narmada , Ganges , Brahmaputra , Jubba and Irrawaddy . The ocean 's currents are mainly controlled by the monsoon . Two large gyres , one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise ( including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current ) , constitute the dominant flow pattern . During the winter monsoon , however , currents in the north are reversed . Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean , the Red Sea , and Antarctic currents . North of 20 ° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , exceeding 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) to the east . Southward of 40 ° south latitude , temperatures drop quickly . Precipitation and evaporation leads to salinity variation in all oceans , and in the Indian Ocean salinity variations are driven by : ( 1 ) river inflow mainly from the Bay of Bengal , ( 2 ) fresher water from the Indonesian Throughflow ; and ( 3 ) saltier water from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf . Surface water salinity ranges from 32 to 37 parts per 1000 , the highest occurring in the Arabian Sea and in a belt between southern Africa and south - western Australia . Pack ice and icebergs are found throughout the year south of about 65 ° south latitude . The average northern limit of icebergs is 45 ° south latitude . Geology ( edit ) Bathymetric map of the Indian Ocean Main category : Landforms of the Indian Ocean As the youngest of the major oceans , the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges . In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge , including the Carlsberg Ridge , separating the African Plate from the Indian Plate ; the Southwest Indian Ridge separating the African Plate form the Antarctic Plate ; and the Southeast Indian Ridge separating the Australian Plate from the Antarctic Plate. The Central Ridge runs north on the in - between across of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa into the Mediterranean Sea . A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over the Indian Ocean . The Réunion hotspot ( active 70 -- 40 million years ago ) connects Réunion and the Mascarene Plateau to the Chagos - Laccadive Ridge and the Deccan Traps in north - western India ; the Kerguelen hotspot ( 100 -- 35 million years ago ) connects the Kerguelen Islands and Kerguelen Plateau to the Ninety East Ridge and the Rajmahal Traps in north - eastern India ; the Marion hotspot ( 100 -- 70 million years ago ) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands to the Eighty Five East Ridge . It should be noted that these hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above . Marine life ( edit ) Among the tropical oceans , the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer , due to the strong monsoon winds . The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling , which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and phytoplankton production . These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem , as the base of the marine food web , and eventually the larger fish species . The Indian Ocean accounts for the second largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch . Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export . Fishing fleets from Russia , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean , mainly for shrimp and tuna . Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem . A study on the phytoplankton changes in the Indian Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20 % in the marine phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean , during the past six decades . The tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century , mostly due to increased industrial fisheries , with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species . Endangered marine species include the dugong , seals , turtles , and whales . An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres ( 1.9 million square miles ) . Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre , this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa , down the Mozambique Channel , and back to Australia in a period of six years , except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre . In 2016 , UK researchers from Southampton University identified six new animal species at hydrothermal vents beneath the Indian Ocean . These new species were a `` Hoff '' crab , a `` giant peltospirid '' snail , a whelk - like snail , a limpet , a scaleworm and a polychaete worm . History ( edit ) The economically important Silk Road ( red ) and spice trade routes ( blue ) were blocked by the Ottoman Empire in c. 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire . This spurred exploration , and a new sea route around Africa was found , triggering the Age of Discovery . First settlements ( edit ) The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade ; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years . During this period , independent , short - distance oversea communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an all - embracing network . The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea , and Arabian Sea . Sherds of Ubaid ( 2500 -- 500 BCE ) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun , present - day Bahrain ; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia . Sumerian traded grain , pottery , and bitumen ( used for reed boats ) for copper , stone , timber , tin , dates , onions , and pearls . Coast - bound vessels transported goods between the Harappa civilisation ( 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) in India ( modern - day Pakistan and Gujarat in India ) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt . Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea -- including Africa and India -- from the first century CE , not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the monsoon winds . The contemporaneous settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well - populated and regularly traversed at least by this time . Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries . The world 's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia ( beginning with Sumer ) , ancient Egypt , and the Indian subcontinent ( beginning with the Indus Valley civilization ) , which began along the valleys of the Tigris - Euphrates , Nile and Indus rivers respectively , all developed around the Indian Ocean . Civilizations soon arose in Persia ( beginning with Elam ) and later in Southeast Asia ( beginning with Funan ) . During Egypt 's first dynasty ( c. 3000 BCE ) , sailors were sent out onto its waters , journeying to Punt , thought to be part of present - day Somalia . Returning ships brought gold and myrrh . The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley ( c. 2500 BC ) was conducted along the Indian Ocean . Phoenicians of the late 3rd millennium BCE may have entered the area , but no settlements resulted . The Indian Ocean 's relatively calmer waters opened the areas bordering it to trade earlier than the Atlantic or Pacific oceans . The powerful monsoons also meant ships could easily sail west early in the season , then wait a few months and return eastwards . This allowed ancient Indonesian peoples to cross the Indian Ocean to settle in Madagascar around 1 CE . Era of Discovery ( edit ) In the 2nd or 1st century BCE , Eudoxus of Cyzicus was the first Greek to cross the Indian Ocean . The probably fictitious sailor Hippalus is said to have discovered the direct route from Arabia to India around this time . During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD intensive trade relations developed between Roman Egypt and the Tamil kingdoms of the Cheras , Cholas and Pandyas in Southern India . Like the Indonesian peoples above , the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the ocean . The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes this route , as well as the commodities that were traded along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of Africa and India circa 1 CE . Among these trading settlements were Mosylon and Opone on the Red Sea littoral . Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them , almost all the islands , archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times . Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa , the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished . Maldivian ships used the Indian Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby coasts . From 1405 to 1433 Admiral Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean , ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa . British heavy cruisers Dorsetshire and Cornwall under Japanese air attack and heavily damaged on 5 April 1942 In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India and later the Far East . The European ships , armed with heavy cannon , quickly dominated trade . Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports . Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century . Later , the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers . The Dutch East India Company ( 1602 -- 1798 ) sought control of trade with the East across the Indian Ocean . France and Britain established trade companies for the area . From 1565 Spain established a major trading operation with the Manila Galleons in the Philippines and the Pacific . Spanish trading ships purposely avoided the Indian Ocean , following the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal . By 1815 , Britain became the principal power in the Indian Ocean . Industrial era ( edit ) The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the East , but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance . Since World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the area , to be replaced by India , the USSR , and the United States . The last two tried to establish hegemony by negotiating for naval base sites . Developing countries bordering the ocean , however , seek to have it made a `` zone of peace '' so that they may use its shipping lanes freely . The United Kingdom and United States maintain a military base on Diego Garcia atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean . Contemporary era ( edit ) On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were hit by a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake . The waves resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were left homeless . In the late 2000s the ocean evolved into a hub of pirate activity . By 2013 , attacks off the Horn region 's coast had steadily declined due to active private security and international navy patrols , especially by the Indian Navy . Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 , a Boeing 777 airliner with 239 persons on board , disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed into the southeastern Indian Ocean about 2,000 km from the coast of southwest Western Australia . Despite an extensive search , the whereabouts of the remains of the aircraft are unknown . Trade ( edit ) Main article : Indian Ocean trade The sea lanes in the Indian Ocean are considered among the most strategically important in the world with more than 80 percent of the world 's seaborne trade in oil transits through Indian Ocean and its vital choke points , with 40 percent passing through the Strait of Hormuz , 35 percent through the Strait of Malacca and 8 percent through the Bab el - Mandab Strait . A dhow off the coast of Kenya The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East , Africa , and East Asia with Europe and the Americas . It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia . Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia , Iran , India , and Western Australia . An estimated 40 % of the world 's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean . Beach sands rich in heavy minerals , and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries , particularly India , Pakistan , South Africa , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , and Thailand . Major ports and harbours ( edit ) Main article : List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean , located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific . Mumbai , Trivandrum , Chennai , Kolkata , Kochi , Mormugao Port , Mundra , Panambur , Hazira , Port Blair , Alang , Visakhapatnam , Paradip , Ennore , Tuticorin and Nagapattinam are the other major ports in India . South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh , Colombo , Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka , and ports of Karachi , Sindh province and Gwadar , Balochistan province in Pakistan . Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea . Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include : Mombasa ( Kenya ) , Dar es Salaam , Zanzibar ( Tanzania ) , Durban , East London , Richard 's Bay ( South Africa ) , Beira ( Mozambique ) , and Port Louis ( Mauritius ) . Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export . Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat ( Oman ) , Yangon ( Burma ) , Jakarta , Medan ( Indonesia ) , Fremantle ( port servicing Perth , Australia ) and Dubai ( UAE ) . Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports , including Gwadar , Hambantota , Colombo and Sonadia . This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments . Bordering countries and territories ( edit ) Small islands dot the continental rims . Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar ( the world 's fourth largest island ) , Bahrain , Comoros , Maldives , Mauritius , Seychelles and Sri Lanka . The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east . Heading roughly clockwise , the states and territories ( in italics ) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean ( including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf ) are : Africa South Africa Mozambique Madagascar French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( FRA ) France ( Mayotte and Réunion ) Mauritius Comoros Tanzania Seychelles Kenya Somalia Djibouti Eritrea Sudan Egypt Asia Egypt Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Iraq Iran Pakistan India Maldives British Indian Ocean Territory ( UK ) Sri Lanka Bangladesh Myanmar Thailand Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( AUS ) Christmas Island ( AUS ) Timor - Leste Australasia Ashmore and Cartier Islands ( AUS ) Indonesia Australia Southern Indian Ocean Heard Island and McDonald Islands ( AUS ) French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( FRA ) Prince Edward Islands ( RSA ) See also ( edit ) Environment portal Ecology portal Geography portal Weather portal Iranrud List of islands in the Indian Ocean List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean Piracy in Somalia Culture of the Indian Ocean Islands Indian Ocean literature Indian Ocean Research Group References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rais 1986 , p. 33 Jump up ^ `` ' Indian Ocean ' -- Merriam - Webster Dictionary Online '' . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . ocean E of Africa , S of Asia , W of Australia , & N of Antarctica area ab 73,427,795 square kilometres ( 28,350,630 sq mi ) Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . ( htcom / index. php ? search = indian + ocean&searchmode = none `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ IHO 1953 ; IHO 2002 Jump up ^ Eakins & Sharman 2010 ^ Jump up to : Roxy , Mathew Koll ; Ritika , Kapoor ; Terray , Pascal ; Masson , Sébastien ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming '' . Journal of Climate. 27 ( 22 ) : 8501 -- 8509 . doi : 10.1175 / JCLI - D - 14 - 00471.1 . ISSN 0894 - 8755 . Jump up ^ Han & McCreary Jr 2001 , Introduction , p. 859 Jump up ^ Stow 2006 , Map of Indian Ocean , p. 127 Jump up ^ Müller , Royer & Lawver 1993 , Fig. 1 , p. 275 Jump up ^ FAO 2016 ^ Jump up to : CIA World Factbook 2015 ^ Jump up to : Roxy 2016 Jump up ^ `` New marine life found in deep sea vents '' . BBC News . 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Alpers 2013 , Chapter 1 . Imagining the Indian Ocean , pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Alpers 2013 , Chapter 2 . The Ancient Indian Ocean , pp. 19 -- 22 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick & Callaghan 2009 Jump up ^ UNESCO & Greatest Imporium Jump up ^ UNESCO 2004 , Els maldivians : Mariners llegedaris , pp. 32 -- 38 Jump up ^ Romero - Frias 2016 Jump up ^ Dreyer 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bloomberg & 22 July 2013 Jump up ^ Diplomat , Sergei DeSilva - Ranasinghe , The . `` Why the Indian Ocean Matters '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Brewster 2014 Sources ( edit ) Alpers , E.A. ( 2013 ) . The Indian Ocean in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533787 - 7 . Lay summary . Arnsdorf , Isaac ( 22 July 2013 ) . `` West Africa Pirates Seen Threatening Oil and Shipping '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 23 July 2013 . Brewster , D. ( 2014 ) . `` Beyond the String of Pearls : Is there really a Security Dilemma in the Indian Ocean ? '' . Journal of the Indian Ocean Region. 10 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 19480881.2014. 922350 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . `` Oceans : Indian Ocean '' . CIA -- The World Factbook. 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Cabrero , Ferran ( 2004 ) . `` Cultures del món : El desafiament de la diversitat '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Dreyer , E.L. ( 2007 ) . Zheng He : China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty , 1405 -- 1433 . New York : Pearson Longman . ISBN 9780321084439 . Eakins , B.W. ; Sharman , G.F. ( 2010 ) . `` Volumes of the World 's Oceans from ETOPO1 '' . Boulder , CO : NOAA National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . El - Abbadi , M. `` The greatest emporium in the inhabited world '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Fitzpatrick , S. ; Callaghan , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Seafaring simulations and the origin of prehistoric settlers to Madagascar '' ( PDF ) . In Clark , G.R. ; O'Connor , S. ; Leach , B.F. Islands of Inquiry : Colonisation , Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes . ANU E Press . pp. 47 -- 58 . ISBN 9781921313905 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Han , W. ; McCreary Jr , J.P. ( 2001 ) . `` Modelling salinity distributions in the Indian Ocean '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 106 ( C1 ) : 859 -- 877 . doi : 10.1029 / 2000jc000316 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . `` Limits of Oceans and Seas '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization , Special Publication N ° 23 . 1953 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . `` The Indian Ocean and its sub-divisions '' . International Hydrographic Organization , Special Publication N ° 23 . 2002 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Müller , R.D. ; Royer , J.Y. ; Lawver , L.A. ( 1993 ) . `` Revised plate motions relative to the hotspots from combined Atlantic and Indian Ocean hotspot tracks '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 21 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 278 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1993 ) 021 < 0275 : rpmrtt > 2.3.co ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Parker , Laura ( April 2014 ) . `` Plane Search Shows World 's Oceans Are Full of Trash '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Rais , R.B. ( 1986 ) . The Indian Ocean and the Superpowers . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 4241 - 9 . Romero - Frias , Xavier ( 2016 ) . `` Rules for Maldivian Trading Ships Travelling Abroad ( 1925 ) and a Sojourn in Southern Ceylon '' . Politeja. 40 : 69 -- 84 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Roxy , M.K. ( 2016 ) . `` A reduction in marine primary productivity driven by rapid warming over the tropical Indian Ocean '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 43 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1002 / 2015GL066979 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Stow , D.A.V. ( 2006 ) . Oceans : an illustrated reference . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77664 - 6 . `` Tuna fisheries and utilization '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . External links ( edit ) Look up indian ocean in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Indian Ocean ( category ) `` The Indian Ocean in World History '' ( Flash ) . Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . `` The Indian Ocean Trade : A Classroom Simulation '' ( PDF ) . African Studies Center , Boston University . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean Africa Comoros Djibouti Egypt Eritrea France Mayotte Réunion Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rodrigues ( Mauritius ) Seychelles Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Zanzibar , Tanzania Asia Bahrain Bangladesh British Indian Ocean Territory Chagos Archipelago - United Kingdom Christmas Island ( Australia ) Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Oman Pakistan Qatar Saudi Arabia Sri Lanka Thailand Timor - Leste United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory French Southern and Antarctic Lands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Australia Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the deepest place in the indian ocean is	[ "The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m (26,401 ft) deep; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes." ]	[ "Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench" ]
-106307786839741432	Cape Canaveral	Cape Canaveral - wikipedia Cape Canaveral Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the area of Florida . For the city , see Cape Canaveral , Florida . For the port , see Port Canaveral . For the rocket launch sites , see Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and Kennedy Space Center . Cape Canaveral Cabo Cañaveral View from space in 1991 Location in Florida Location in Florida Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Location Florida , United States Coordinates 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W / 28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W / 28.46 ; - 80.53 Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W / 28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W / 28.46 ; - 80.53 Offshore water bodies Atlantic Ocean Elevation 10 ft ( 3 m ) Cape Canaveral , from the Spanish Cabo Cañaveral , is a cape in Brevard County , Florida , United States , near the center of the state 's Atlantic coast . Known as Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973 , it lies east of Merritt Island , separated from it by the Banana River . It was discovered by the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1513 . It is part of a region known as the Space Coast , and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island , the two are sometimes conflated with each other . In homage to its spacefaring heritage , the Florida Public Service Commission allocated area code 321 ( as in a launch countdown ) to the Cape Canaveral area . Other features of the cape include the Cape Canaveral lighthouse and Port Canaveral , one of the busiest cruise ports in the world . The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District . Mosquito Lagoon , the Indian River , Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are also features of this area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rocket launch site 1.2 Name changes 1.2. 1 Cape Kennedy 2 Notes 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) See also : Cape Canaveral , Florida A section of a map from the 1584 edition of Abraham Ortelius ' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , Additamentum III showing the name C. de Cañareal Humans have occupied the area for at least 12,000 years . During the middle Archaic period , from 5000 BC to 2000 BC , the Mount Taylor period culture region covered northeast Florida , including the area around Cape Canaveral . Late in the Archaic period , from 2000 BC to 500 BC , the Mount Taylor culture was succeeded by the Orange culture , which was among the earliest cultures in North America to produce pottery . The Orange culture was followed by the St. Johns culture , from 500 BC until after European contact . The area around the Indian River was in the Indian River variant of the St. Johns culture , with influences from the Belle Glade culture to the south . During the first Spanish colonial period the area around the Indian River , to the south of Cape Canaveral , was occupied by the Ais people , while the area around the Mosquito Lagoon , to the north of the Cape , was occupied by the Surruque people . The Surruque were allied with the Ais , but it is not clear whether the Surruque spoke a Timucua language , or a language related to the Ais language . In the early 16th century , Cape Canaveral was noted on maps , although without being named . It was named by Spanish explorers in the first half of the 16th century as Cabo Cañareal . The name `` Canaveral '' ( Cañaveral in Spanish , meaning `` reed bed '' or `` sugarcane plantation '' ) is the third oldest surviving European place name in the US . The first application of the name , according to the Smithsonian Institution , was from the 1521 -- 1525 explorations of Spanish explorer Francisco Gordillo . A point of land jutting out into an area of the Atlantic Ocean with swift currents , it became a landing spot for many shipwrecked sailors . An early alternative name was `` Cape of Currents '' . By at least 1564 , the name appeared on maps . English privateer John Hawkins and his journalist John Sparke gave an account of their landing at Cape Canaveral in the 16th century . A Presbyterian missionary was wrecked here and lived among the Indians . Other histories tell of French survivors from Jean Ribault 's colony at Fort Caroline , whose ship the Trinité wrecked on the shores of Cape Canaveral in 1565 , and built a fort from its timbers . In December 1571 , Pedro Menéndez was wrecked off the Coast of Cape Canaveral and encountered the Ais Indians . From 1605 to 1606 , the Spanish Governor of Florida Pedro de Ibarra sent Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian nation . The mission was a success ; diplomatic ties were made and an agreement for the Ais to receive ransoms for all the shipwrecked sailors they returned . The last naval battle of the Revolutionary War was fought off the shores of Cape Canaveral in 1783 , between the USS Alliance and the HMS Sybill , the American frigate being captained by Captain John Barry . The first Cape Canaveral Lighthouse was completed in January 1848 to warn ships of the coral shoals off the coast . The hurricane of August 1885 , pushed a `` wall of water '' over the barrier island ( elevation , 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) ) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas . The ocean waves flooded the homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area . The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation one mile ( 1.6 km ) west inland . The 1890 graduating class of Harvard University started a gun club called the `` Canaveral Club '' at the Cape . This was founded by C.B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed . A number of distinguished visitors including presidents Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison were reported to have stayed here . In the 1920s , the grand building fell in disrepair and later burned to the ground . In the 20th century , several communities sprang up in Cape Canaveral with names like Canaveral , Canaveral Harbor , Artesia and De Soto Beach . While the area was predominantly a farming and fishing community , some visionaries saw its potential as a resort for vacationers . However , the stock market crash of 1929 hampered its development . In the 1930s , a group of wealthy journalists started a community called `` Journalista Beach '' , now called Avon by the Sea . The Brossier brothers built houses in this area and started a publication entitled the Evening Star Reporter that was the forerunner of the Orlando Sentinel . Construction of Port Canaveral for military and commercial purposes was started in July 1950 and dedicated on November 4 , 1953 . Congress approved the construction of a deep - water port in 1929 , half a century after it was first petitioned by the U.S. Navy in 1878 . It is now the major deep - water port of Central Florida . Rocket launch site ( edit ) KSC shown in white ; CCAFS in green Main article : Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the 81st Congress and signed by President Harry Truman on May 11 , 1949 . Work began on May 9 , 1950 , under a contract with the Duval Engineering Company of Jacksonville , Florida , to build the Cape 's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site . The first rocket launched at the Cape was a V - 2 rocket named Bumper 8 from Launch Complex 3 on July 24 , 1950 . On February 6 , 1959 , the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile was accomplished . NASA 's Project Mercury and Gemini space flights were launched from Cape Canaveral , as were Apollo flights using the Saturn I and Saturn IB rockets . Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth 's rotation . The linear velocity of the Earth 's surface is greatest towards the equator ; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward , in the same direction as the Earth 's rotation . It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated , in case of accidents ; an ocean is ideal for this . The east coast of Florida has logistical advantages over potential competing sites . The Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is the easternmost near the tip of the cape . Name changes ( edit ) A post office in the area was built and listed in the U.S. Post Office application as `` Artesia '' and retained this name from 1893 to 1954 . It was `` Port Canaveral '' from 1954 to 1962 , and lastly the City of Cape Canaveral from 1962 to 1963 , when a larger post office was built . Cape Kennedy ( edit ) From 1963 to 1973 , the area had a different name when President Lyndon Johnson by executive order renamed the area `` Cape Kennedy '' after President John F. Kennedy , who had set the goal of landing on the moon . After Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 , his widow , Jacqueline Kennedy , suggested to President Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial . Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape , announced in a televised address six days after the assassination , on Thanksgiving evening . Accordingly , Cape Canaveral was officially renamed Cape Kennedy . Kennedy 's last visit to the space facility was on November 16 , six days before his death ; the final Mercury mission had concluded six months earlier . Although the name change was approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names of the Department of the Interior in December 1963 , it was not popular in Florida from the outset , especially in the bordering city of Cape Canaveral . In 1973 , the Florida Legislature passed a law in May restoring the former 400 - year - old name , and the Board went along . The name restoration to Cape Canaveral became official on October 9 , 1973 . Senator Ted Kennedy had stated in 1970 that it was a matter to be decided by the citizens of Florida . The Kennedy family issued a letter stating they `` understood the decision , '' and NASA 's Kennedy Space Center retains the `` Kennedy '' name . The Gemini , Apollo , and first Skylab missions were all launched from `` Cape Kennedy . '' The first manned launch under the restored name of `` Cape Canaveral '' was the final Skylab mission , on November 16 , 1973 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Florida was named earlier , April 2 , 1513 , by Ponce de Leon , whose men also named Las Tortugas , now Dry Tortugas . From the account by Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas , published in 1601 . Jump up ^ The 1865 Jules Verne novel From the Earth to the Moon located its `` Baltimore Gun Club '' which sent the mission to the Moon about 100 miles away . Mike Gruntman ( 2004 ) . Blazing the Trail : The Early History Spacecraft and Rocketry . Library of Flight . Reston , VA : International Academy of Aeronautics and Astronautics . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 1563477058 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cape Canaveral Map ( FL ) '' Archived May 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Yellow Maps . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1999 - 11 - 23 ) . `` 3 - 2 - 1 , Call Cape Canaveral '' . New York Times . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cargo Destinations Locator Map '' Archived August 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Port Canaveral Official Website . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Vera . `` THE FIRST SETTLERS , 10,000 BC to 1820 '' Archived December 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Milanich , Jerald T. ( 1994 ) . Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . pp. 887 -- 95 , 244 -- 247 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1273 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hann , John H. ( 2003 ) . Indians of Central and South Florida 1513 - 1763 . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2645 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : An Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Cape Canaveral , Chapter 1 : Cape Canaveral Before Rockets ( B.C. -- 1948 ) '' . Spaceline , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chatelain , Verne E ( 1941 ) , The defenses of Spanish Florida : 1565 to 1763 , Carnegie Institution of Washington publication , Nr. 511 , Carnegie Institution , p. 10 , OCLC 603544979 Jump up ^ Ranson , Robert ( 1989 ) , East Coast Florida Memoirs 1837 to 1886 ( reprint ed . ) , Florida Classics Library , ISBN 9780912451091 Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rouse , Irving . Survey of Indian River Archaeology . Yale University Publications in Anthropology 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 15668 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sonnenberg , Maria ( January 22 , 2007 ) . Group pays homage to the past . Florida Today , page 3B . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Img_0338 ( Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Florida heritage marker ) '' Archived 2013 - 06 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , John M. and Duedall , Iver W. `` Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms , Revised Edition '' ( from National Sea Grant Digital Library ) , pg. 7 . University Press of Florida . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , pp. 18 - 20 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , pp. 39 - 42 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the 45th Space Wing '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Patrick Air Force Base Official Website . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Proud History '' Archived October 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Port Canaveral Official Website . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lethbridge , Clifford J. ( 2013 ) . `` Cape Canaveral Launch Chronology , From July 1950 to September 2013 '' . Spaceline.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Programs - Cape Canaveral - The Cape Canaveral Name '' . Kennedy Space Center Official Website . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 42 Jump up ^ `` It 's Cape Kennedy now '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . November 29 , 1963 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Webb , Alvin B. , Jr . ( November 29 , 1963 ) . `` Cape Canaveral now Cape Kennedy '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Florida ) . UPI . p. 4A . Jump up ^ Warden , Philip ( November 29 , 1963 ) . `` Canaveral renamed for John F. Kennedy '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Cape 's space center named for Kennedy '' . Chicago Tribune . November 30 , 1963 . p. 3 , sec. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Kennedy remains despite the opposition '' . Victoria Advocate . ( Texas ) . Associated Press . December 8 , 1963 . p. 7A . Jump up ^ `` JFK views test firing of Polaris '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . November 16 , 1963 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy watches firing '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . ( Florida ) . UPI . November 17 , 1963 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Young , Robert ( November 17 , 1963 ) . `` Stage missile show at Cape for Kennedy '' . Chicago Tribune . p. 1 , sec. 1 . Jump up ^ Osborne 2008 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Canaveral 's name change is n't simple '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . November 30 , 1963 . p. 3 , sec. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senators ask for Canaveral '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . November 26 , 1970 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` House approves renaming Cape Kennedy '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . ( Florida ) . May 19 , 1973 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Fla . S.B. 217 , ch. 73 - 369 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Lethbridge , Clifford J. Spaceline.org `` Cape History '' . Spaceline.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gemini success spurs space hopes '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut says : ' Little late , but good show ! ' '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 7 , 1972 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Skylab linkup due today '' . Eugene - Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . wire services . July 28 , 1973 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Skylab astronauts set for 9 : 01 launch today '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . ( Florida ) . November 16 , 1973 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Third Skylab crew fired aloft '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . November 16 , 1973 . p. 1 . Sources ( edit ) Osborne , Ray ( 2008 ) . `` Images of America : Cape Canaveral '' . Arcadia Publishing , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 5327 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape Canaveral . Cape Canaveral travel guide from Wikivoyage City of Cape Canaveral , FL The Straight Dope : Why did they change the name of Cape Kennedy back to Cape Canaveral ? Nautical Chart of Cape Canaveral Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Canaveral&oldid=795466090 '' Categories : Headlands of Florida Indian River Lagoon Landforms of Brevard County , Florida Beaches of Brevard County , Florida Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Kennedy Space Center Tourist attractions in Brevard County , Florida Beaches of Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Sicilianu Slovenčina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 11 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why did they change the name of cape kennedy	[ "From 1963 to 1973, the area had a different name when President Lyndon Johnson by executive order renamed the area \"Cape Kennedy\" after President John F. Kennedy, who had set the goal of landing on the moon. After Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, his widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, suggested to President Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial. Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape, announced in a televised address six days after the assassination, on Thanksgiving evening.[25][26][27][28] Accordingly, Cape Canaveral was officially renamed Cape Kennedy.[23][29] Kennedy's last visit to the space facility was on November 16, six days before his death;[30][31] [32] the final Mercury mission had concluded six months earlier." ]	[ "After Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, his widow, Jacqueline Kennedy, suggested to President Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial" ]
5441263542571479182	It's a Small World	It 's a Small World - wikipedia It 's a Small World For other uses , see It 's a Small World ( disambiguation ) . It 's a Small World It 's a Small World at Disneyland in 1983 Disneyland Area Fantasyland Coordinates 33 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 117 ° 55 ′ 04 '' W / 33.8147 ° N 117.9178 ° W / 33.8147 ; - 117.9178 Status Operating Opening date May 28 , 1966 Website Official website Magic Kingdom Area Fantasyland Coordinates 28 ° 25 ′ 15 '' N 81 ° 34 ′ 55 '' W / 28.4208 ° N 81.5820 ° W / 28.4208 ; - 81.5820 Status Operating Opening date October 1 , 1971 Website Official website FastPass+ available Tokyo Disneyland Area Fantasyland Coordinates 35 ° 37 ′ 49 '' N 139 ° 52 ′ 52 '' E / 35.6304 ° N 139.8812 ° E / 35.6304 ; 139.8812 Status Operating Opening date April 15 , 1983 Website Official website Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Area Fantasyland Coordinates 48 ° 52 ′ 31 '' N 2 ° 46 ′ 34 '' E / 48.8753 ° N 2.7761 ° E / 48.8753 ; 2.7761 Status Operating Opening date April 12 , 1992 Website Official website Hong Kong Disneyland Area Fantasyland Coordinates 22 ° 18 ′ 49 '' N 114 ° 02 ′ 21 '' E / 22.3137 ° N 114.0391 ° E / 22.3137 ; 114.0391 Status Operating Opening date April 28 , 2008 Website Official website 1964 New York World 's Fair Status Closed Opening date April 22 , 1964 Closing date October 17 , 1965 General statistics Attraction type Old Mill Designer WED Enterprises / Walt Disney Imagineering Theme World peace and unity Music `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' , written by the Sherman Brothers Vehicle type Boats Riders per vehicle 16 Rows Riders per row Duration 12 -- 15 minutes Propulsion method Water jets , electric turbine Number of lifts 0 Wheelchair accessible It 's a Small World ( officially styled as `` it 's a small world '' ) is a water - based dark ride located in the Fantasyland area at the various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide ; these include : Disneyland Park in Anaheim , California , the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , Tokyo Disneyland , Disneyland Paris , and Hong Kong Disneyland . The ride features over 300 audio - animatronic children in traditional costumes from cultures around the world , frolicking in a spirit of international unity , and singing the attraction 's title song , which has a theme of global peace . According to Time.com , the song `` It 's A Small World '' is the most performed song of all time . Contents 1 History 1.1 Song / melody 2 Global installations 2.1 1964 New York World 's Fair 2.2 Disneyland 2.2. 1 Exterior 2.2. 2 Refurbishment with new dolls 2.2. 3 The Magic , the Memories and You 2.3 Magic Kingdom 2.4 Tokyo Disneyland 2.4. 1 2018 refurbishment 2.5 Disneyland Paris 2.5. 1 2015 refurbishment 2.6 Hong Kong Disneyland 3 Holiday overlay 4 In popular culture 4.1 Film 4.1. 1 Feature film appearances 4.2 Television 4.3 Toys 4.4 Video games 4.5 Transport 4.6 The Main Street Electrical Parade 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Fabricated at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank as Children of the World , it was created by WED Enterprises , then shipped to the 1964 New York World 's Fair 's UNICEF pavilion , sponsored by Pepsi , where it featured at its entrance a kinetic sculpture , The Tower of the Four Winds , a 120 - foot perpetually spinning mobile created by WED designer Rolly Crump . It was added to four attractions -- Magic Skyway ( Ford ) , Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln ( Illinois ) , The Carousel of Progress ( General Electric ) , and CircleVision 360 ( Kodak ) -- already under development , which were used by Disney to sponsor , fund , and test concepts and develop ride systems and innovative entertainment intended to be moved and rebuilt at Disneyland after the World 's Fair closed in 1966 . The Pepsi Board of Directors took so long to agree on what type of attraction to sponsor that then - board member and widow of past company president Alfred Steele , actress Joan Crawford , prevailed upon her longtime Hollywood friend Walt Disney to design such an attraction as would be suitable for Pepsi . Because of the short lead - time to design , create , and construct such an attraction , she insisted that the board of directors accept his proposal , seeing as he was already designing attractions for the state of Illinois , Ford , General Electric , and Kodak and knew Walt was the only one who could accomplish such a feat in the short time left until the fair was scheduled to open . The WED Enterprises company was given only 11 months to create and build the pavilion . Mary Blair was responsible for the attraction 's whimsical design and color styling . Blair had been an art director on several Disney animated features , including Cinderella , Alice In Wonderland , and Peter Pan . Like many Disneyland attractions , scenes and characters were designed by Marc Davis , while his wife , Alice Davis , designed the costumes for the dolls . Rolly Crump designed the toys and other supplemental figures on display . The animated dolls were designed and sculpted by Blaine Gibson . Walt was personally involved with Gibson 's and Greg S. Marinello development of the dolls ' facial design ; each animated doll face is completely identical in shape . Arrow Development was deeply involved in the design of the passenger - carrying boats and propulsion system of the attraction . Two patents that were filed by Arrow Development staff and assigned to The Walt Disney Company illustrate passenger boats and vehicle guidance systems with features very similar to those later utilized on the Disneyland installation of the attraction . The firm is credited with manufacturing the Disneyland installation . Song / melody ( edit ) `` Children of the World '' was the working title of the attraction . Its tentative soundtrack , which can be heard on the album , featured the national anthems of each country represented throughout the ride all playing all at once , which resulted in disharmonic cacophony . Walt conducted a walk - through of the attraction scale model with his staff songwriters Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman , saying , `` I need one song that can be easily translated into many languages and be played as a round . '' The Sherman brothers then wrote `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' in the wake of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis , which influenced the song 's message of peace and brotherhood . When they first presented it to Walt , they played it as a slow ballad . Walt requested something more cheerful , so they sped up the tempo and sang in counterpoint . Walt was so delighted with the final result that he renamed the attraction `` It 's a Small World '' after the Sherman Brothers ' song . Robert J. Sherman , youngest son of Robert B. Sherman , has claimed that this song is the single most - performed and most - translated piece of music on Earth . In 2014 , it was estimated that the song had played nearly 50 million times worldwide on the attractions alone , beating out the radio and TV estimates for You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' and Yesterday , which were believed to have been played at least eight and seven million times respectively . A third verse celebrating the attraction 's 45th anniversary was written and popularized , but not incorporated into the ride . Global installations ( edit ) 1964 New York World 's Fair ( edit ) The attraction debuted at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . The first incarnation of It 's a Small World , which debuted at the 1964 New York World 's Fair , was an afterthought and nearly did not happen . Ford and General Electric had engaged Disney early on to create their pavilions for the 1964 New York World 's Fair . WED Enterprises had already long been at work developing a `` dancing - doll '' designed to reproduce human movement resulting in a crude early audio - animatronics fashioned as Abraham Lincoln when the State of Illinois approached Disney to create the Illinois Pavilion , representatives of the state instantly approved after being `` introduced '' to the robotic figurehead . A nine wide - screen CircleVision 360 ° exhibit for Kodak 's pavilion was also being planned as an improvement over the existing Disneyland eleven 4 : 3 format screen Circarama ( which later failed the installation deadline for opening ) when Pepsi approached Disney with a plan to tribute UNICEF . Disney seemed to be the showman to give us the package we want ... He 's terrific . He 's got his hands in more bowls than anyone I 've ever seen , but he accomplishes what he sets out to do . -- J.G. Mullaly , Ford 's World 's Fair program manager . 1964 World 's Fair `` It 's a Small World '' ticket , logo portion April 22 , 1964 -- opening day `` A salute to the children of the world , designed by Walt Disney , presents animated figures frolicking in miniature settings of many lands . Visitors are carried past the scenes in small boats . In an adjoining building Pepsi sponsors exhibits by the U.S. Committee for the United Nations Children 's Fund . Above the pavilion rises the 120 - foot Tower of the Four Winds , a fanciful creation of coloured shapes that dance and twist in the breeze . '' -- 1965 Official Guide Book to the New York World 's Fair The attraction was incredibly successful . Ten million 60 ¢ and 95 ¢ tickets for children and adults , respectively , were collected in two half - year seasons and the proceeds were donated to UNICEF . While other attractions had lines out the doors , there seemed to always be a seat available aboard It 's a Small World . Its high rider - per - hour capacity was recognized as a valuable innovation and was incorporated indirectly and directly into future attractions . Pirates of the Caribbean had been under construction at Disneyland as a subterranean walk - through . That design was scrapped as concrete was broken out so similar boats could sail past scenes which ( because the original walk - through scene length was not shortened ) were now different each voyage , another concept which forever influenced attraction design and popularity . Disneyland ( edit ) The boats enter the show building through a tunnel under the Small World clock and emerge from the attraction fifteen minutes later . The show building interior is larger than the façade . Voyagers see animatronic dolls in traditional local costumes singing `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' together , each in their native language . Boats carry voyagers as they visit the regions of the world . Other Disney park installations wind the flume around one large room , emphasizing its theme that the world is small and interconnected . Each installation may vary the countries which are represented and the order in which they appear . The boats are stored behind the facade and go in and out backstage in between the Spanish room . Exterior ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Disneyland The Tower of the Four Winds was not relocated to Disneyland 's It 's a Small World after the New York World 's Fair ; in its place is an outdoor oval flume and boarding queue decorated with topiary backed by a large , flat facade with stylized cutout turrets , towers and minarets which are vaguely reminiscent of world landmarks ( such as the Eiffel Tower and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ) . The facade was designed by Disney Imagineer Rolly Crump , who was inspired by Mary Blair 's styling . Walt Disney asked Rolly to design a large 30 - foot clock , a central feature of the exterior facade , with a smiling face that rocks back and forth to a ticking sound . A parade of wooden dolls in native culture costumes dance out from doors at the base of the Small World clock to an instrumental toy soldier version of `` It 's a Small World ( After All ) '' in preparation for each quarter - hour , reminiscent of a European automaton clock . As the last doll returns into the clock , the parade doors close and the large central pair of doors open to reveal two giant toy blocks -- the large block displays stylized numerals of the hour , the small one displays the minutes , while large and small bells toll to count the hours and quarters . The exterior has been subtly repainted over the years , first as all - white with a gold / silver trim , then in various shades of blue , then in pink and white with pastel accents . Portions of the left side of the original facade were removed in 1993 to make room for the entrance to Mickey 's Toontown . As of 2015 , the facade is white with a gold trim as it was in 1966 , except the original gold and silver paint of the clock , the smiling clock face , is now entirely gold leaf . The gardens around the building are decorated with topiary animals . During the 2005 -- 2006 holiday season , an elaborate multimedia presentation was projected on the outdoor façade which registered colored patterns matched to the façade each quarter - hour after dusk . Guests were encouraged to view the popular Remember ... Dreams Come True fireworks presentation from the It 's a Small World Mall and nearby parade viewing platform built for Light Magic ( which had included a smoking area , now relocated under the Monorail track between the Matterhorn Bobsleds and Autopia ) to decrease overwhelming crowds gathered for viewing the fireworks spectacular in Plaza and Main Street . Refurbishment with New dolls ( edit ) Disneyland 's `` It 's a Small World '' was closed from January to November 2008 ( closed and reopening in holiday version , skipping the summer season ) to receive a major refurbishment . The building 's structure was improved , permanent attachments created for the `` It 's a Small World Holiday '' overlay , the water flume replaced and its propulsion upgraded to electric water jet turbines , and the attraction 's aging fiberglass boats redesigned in durable plastic . The refurbishment added 29 new Disney characters , each in their native land in a similar manner to the Hong Kong Disneyland version . This similar plan originally supposed to be in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom . Sylvania has agreed to a twelve - year sponsorship . In 2014 , the sponsor logo at the attraction 's entrance changed to that of Siemens , the parent company of Sylvania . The Magic , the Memories and You ( edit ) See also : Celebrate ! Tokyo Disneyland As part of Disney 's `` Let the Memories Begin '' campaign for 2011 , a nighttime projection show premiered at Disneyland 's It 's a Small World in Anaheim on January 27 , 2011 . The Magic , the Memories and You show projected sequences of Disney attractions and characters set to Disney music onto the exterior façade of It 's a Small World to fill its architectural features , personalized with exclusive photographs and videos of park guests taken that day by Disney 's PhotoPass cast members . The show also existed in Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , but was projected onto Cinderella Castle . As the `` Let the Memories Begin '' campaign drew to a close , the show ended its run on Labor Day , September 3 , 2012 at both locations . The Florida version was eventually replaced by Celebrate the Magic in fall 2012 and later by Once Upon a Time in 2016 . The Magic , The Memories and You theme song later rewritten for Celebrate ! Tokyo Disneyland as part of the Tokyo Disney Resort 35th Anniversary celebration that premiered at Tokyo Disneyland in July 10th 2018 which also created as nod and tribute for the former nighttime projection show . Magic Kingdom ( edit ) On October 1 , 1971 , a version of the ride opened in Florida 's Walt Disney World Fantasyland within the Magic Kingdom . The boarding queue was built inside , and the three - dimensional facade that is seen outdoors in the other Disney parks was instead located in a slightly smaller scale along the far wall . The clock lacks the parade of wooden dolls , and instead goes straight to opening the central pair of doors to reveal the time . The toy company Mattel sponsored the attraction from 1991 until 1998 , when it transferred its sponsorship to another Magic Kingdom attraction , Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin in nearby Tomorrowland from that attraction 's opening in 1998 until 1999 , when it also dropped its sponsorship of that attraction , thus ending Mattel 's history as a Walt Disney World sponsor . Magic Kingdom version Hula dancers representing Hawaii Dancers representing Thailand French dancers from the final scene Magic Kingdom Small World clock Eiffel Tower in line Clock , wooden soldier detail Tokyo Disneyland ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Tokyo Disneyland The Tokyo Disneyland version of the attraction is identical in layout to the Magic Kingdom version except for these differences : The façade 's design is an almost - complete replica of the California counterpart under a different color scheme , resembling Disneyland 's 1990s version . The loading area is split into two zones instead of one . A Welcome room was added during the 2018 refurbishment , resembling the one at the California version . There are scenes featuring various Disney characters redesigned in Mary Blair 's style that were added during the 2018 refurbishment . The Asian room features radically different sets and dolls for Japan and China compared to the Magic Kingdom version . A Mandarin language track was added to the China section in the 2018 refurbishment . The ride uses a different , more recent recording of the song sung in Japanese specifically created for this version instead of the original Japanese recording . The vocal track is used for both the Asian room and finale room . The walls of the African , South American , and Polynesian rooms are painted in colors similar to the Magic Kingdom version before its 2005 renovation compared to the current black walls in the Magic Kingdom version . The Polynesian room has vocals singing in English . The Goodbye room resembles the one found at the California version . 2018 refurbishment ( edit ) On March 1 , 2017 , Tokyo Disneyland 's version of `` It 's a Small World '' closed down for refurbishment for its first major update since the park 's opening in 1983 . Reopened on April 8 , 2018 coinciding with Tokyo Disneyland 's 35th anniversary , the attraction featured 40 characters from Disney properties including Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , The Aristocats , Brave , The Little Mermaid , Aladdin , Pinocchio , The Jungle Book , The Lion King , Hercules , The Three Caballeros , Mulan , Tangled , Lilo & Stitch , Frozen , Finding Nemo and Moana similar to its counterparts in California and Hong Kong . The attraction was initially set to be relocated to another area in Fantasyland with a new facade similar to the California counterpart as part of original expansion plans announced in October 2014 for the resort within the next ten years before being revised and updated . The updated version of the attraction soft opened on April 8 , 2018 , revealing a redone color scheme for the façade , a new tick - tock sound and parade music ( similar to the ones used in Hong Kong , Anaheim , and Orlando ) , an entirely redone loading area dubbed `` Small World Station , '' a new Welcome room , an extended Goodbye room , redone set pieces , and music tracks new to the ride including a Mandarin language track added to the China scene formerly exclusive to the Hong Kong version along with the aforementioned Disney characters . Disneyland Paris ( edit ) The attraction at Disneyland Paris is a departure from other versions of the attraction . The façade features rearranged and slightly redesigned landmarks with a completely different clock tower . The exterior clock face features a wide - awake sun on its left half and a sleeping moon on its right half . Unlike all other versions of the ride , every scene is housed in one room with arches being used to define sections of the ride . The scenery design is a complete departure from Mary Blair 's distinctive style , though the dolls used remain identical to all other versions . The ride also uses a completely different soundtrack composed by John Debney ( which was also used for roughly a decade at the Californian version from the early 1990s to the early 2000s ) , which can be described as more ornate compared to the original soundtrack . This is the first version of the ride to incorporate a scene for North America with dolls representing Canada and the United States , and a distinct Middle Eastern section with dolls singing in Arabic . In the Finale room , in addition to the song being sung in English , it is also sung in French and German . Also , the attraction had a post-show area called World Chorus that was sponsored by France Télécom , which opened with the park in 1992 and then closed in 2010 to make way for the Princess Pavilion meet and greet area . 2015 refurbishment ( edit ) As part of an ongoing plan to refurbish several attractions for the park 's 25th anniversary , this version went under an extensive refurbishment for six months before it reopened on December 19 , 2015 . The refurbishment included a different color scheme for the façade that is identical to the color scheme when it first opened , restored assets and special effects , refurbished boats , new LED lighting to replace the old stage lighting , and all 176 dolls in the ride being progressively replaced through 2017 . The entrance and exit rooms have been completely revamped , being identical to the entrance scene in Hong Kong Disneyland 's version and the exit scene in the Magic Kingdom and Hong Kong Disneyland versions ( rendered in the Mary Blair style similar to the other parks ) . The soundtrack has been completely remastered with the base instrumental removed from the majority of the ride 's audio except for the finale , making the soundtrack more similar to the original version . Additionally , new audio tracks are added including a new recording of someone yodeling to the tune of the song in the Switzerland scene . Hong Kong Disneyland ( edit ) It 's a Small World at Hong Kong Disneyland The Hong Kong Disneyland version of the attraction is mostly modeled after the original Disneyland counterpart , using a canal for the boats to travel through instead of the open - ended water track found in the Magic Kingdom , Tokyo , and Paris versions . Some of this version 's prominent and unique characteristics include : 38 Disney characters ( all rendered in the Mary Blair style ) added to scenes where their stories originated This plan was originally supposed for the Magic Kingdom version of the attraction . An expanded Asia sequence with Hong Kong , the Philippines and Korea represented with children singing in Cantonese , Tagalog and Korean , respectively , as well as an extended China scene with represented with children singing in Mandarin A distinct Middle Eastern room , and scenes for North America , similar to the Paris version Extraordinary fiber - optic lighting effects in the Finale room not seen on any other Disney attraction Cantonese , Korean , Mandarin , and Tagalog versions of the song that were specifically recorded for Hong Kong Disneyland . The finale is sung in three languages : Cantonese , English and Mandarin . The attraction is the largest indoor attraction at Hong Kong Disneyland . It is situated beyond the Hong Kong Disneyland Railroad , next to Disney 's Storybook Theater where Mickey and the Wondrous Book is performed daily . Holiday overlay ( edit ) `` It 's a Small World holiday '' lighting display Since 1997 , Disneyland has featured `` It 's a Small World holiday '' during the end - of - the - year Christmas and holiday season . The attraction is closed in late October to receive temporary holiday decorations inside and outside , and reopens in early November before the start of the busy holiday tourist season . Almost one million lights are included during the holidays . The overlay has proved very popular and has led to the installation of Fastpass machines . The attraction is the same boat voyage through many regions of the world , though the main theme song is not played in full . Instead , the children sing `` Jingle Bells '' and a bridge of `` Deck the Halls '' in addition to the main theme . The holiday overlay has since been implemented at Tokyo Disneyland with similar decorations . Since the holiday 2009 season , the Disney characters and The Spirit of America room ( formerly the covered transition room ) have joined in the `` It 's a Small World holiday '' at Disneyland . Disneyland Paris ' version used to add subtle decorations around the attraction and changed the music in the North American area to `` Deck The Halls '' . For the 2009 winter season , Disneyland Paris has added `` It 's a Small World celebration '' , a variation of `` It 's a Small World holiday '' highlighting winter season frolic shared by people worldwide . It includes new costumes , lighting , sounds , decorations and uses the Disneyland ( California ) version `` It 's a Small World holiday '' music -- Jingle Bells , Deck the Halls . Following the 2015 renovation , `` It 's a Small World celebration '' was planned to use an updated soundtrack originally set for Winter 2016 . However , it was delayed for unknown reasons . `` It 's a Small World celebration '' resumed once again for the 2017 holiday season , featuring the updated soundtrack revealing that the base instrumental for the soundtrack was removed for every scene except the North America and finale scenes , similar to the non-holiday soundtrack . Hong Kong Disneyland 's `` It 's a Small World Christmas '' changes the music seasonally and subtly adds a few Christmas decorations as well as an abridged version of the Holiday soundtrack , only ran from 2009 - 10 . Tokyo Disneyland also has a version of `` It 's a Small World holiday '' called `` It 's a Small World Very Merry Holidays '' . It ran seasonally from November to January from 2003 to 2014 . Due to damaged set pieces as a result of the 2011 earthquake , the overlay did not take place that year . The Magic Kingdom does not have its own holiday edition of `` It 's a Small World '' , and the regular ride operates continuously through the holiday season . In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Feature film appearances ( edit ) In the Disney film The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Scar tells Zazu to sing something `` with a little bounce in it . '' Zazu begins singing `` It 's a Small World , '' but Scar , annoyed , stops him , prompting Zazu to switch to `` I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts . '' On April 22 , 2014 , it was announced a feature film franchise about the ride was in the works , to be directed by Jon Turteltaub , written by Jared Stern , and produced by Turteltaub , Stern , and Dan Lin . No release date has been announced . The Disney film Tomorrowland , released in May 2015 , features the It 's a Small World attraction at the 1964 New York World 's Fair . In the film , it is portrayed as concealing a hidden entrance to Tomorrowland , accessible by possession of a `` T '' pin . A parody of the park ride , named `` It 's a Boko ( ボコ ; `` Beat - Up '' ) World `` , appears in the anime movie Girls und Panzer der Film , its theme altered to match the fictional Boko franchise from the accompanying TV series . Television ( edit ) In The Simpsons episode `` Selma 's Choice '' , Selma , Bart , and Lisa ride on a parody of It 's a Small World at Duff Gardens , with a song about Duff Beer . Though this has n't been a written incident at any `` Small World '' attraction , Bart and Selma force Lisa to drink the water which turns out to be beer . In the Sons of Anarchy season 5 episode `` Small World '' , Jax uses a musical `` It 's a Small World '' snow globe to beat a prison guard to death as revenge for killing Opie . In the Family Guy episode `` The Courtship of Stewie 's Father '' , Stewie is captured by Disney World employees and forced to sing at the `` It 's a Tiny World '' ride , which is modeled after It 's a Small World . In an episode of My Life as a Teenage Robot the song is mocked . At the end of The Muppet Show episode 317 , the song is performed by a chorus of Muppets and guest star Spike Milligan . Kermit is unable to stop the performance even for the closing titles . Toys ( edit ) Mattel released a line of dolls based on the ride in 1993 . Disney Store released a line of dolls based on the ride in 2013 . VIDEO games ( edit ) In Epic Mickey , Wasteland had its own vision of the ride . The Clock Tower also serves as a boss , having been driven mad after hearing `` It 's a Small World '' for 52 years . In 1992 Epic Megagames `` Super ZZT '' , Volume Seven , Monster Zoo ; after finishing the first level , a Chiptune version can be heard . Transport ( edit ) This song is the Departure melody of platform 2 of Maihama Station . The main Street Electrical parade ( edit ) During the 1980s , the attraction had its own unit in The Main Street Electrical Parade at Disneyland , Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disneyland . The Disneyland and Walt Disney World versions eventually got rid of theirs , and the original Tokyo version retired in 1995 with the unit still in it . The Tokyo version of the parade returned on June 17 , 2001 and featured brand new floats for the `` it 's a small world '' unit . Tokyo Disneyland Electrical Parade : DreamLights still runs at Tokyo Disneyland to this day and still features the attraction in the parade . See also ( edit ) List of Disneyland attractions List of Magic Kingdom attractions List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions List of Hong Kong Disneyland attractions Incidents at Walt Disney World Incidents at Disneyland Paris List of Disney attractions using Audio - Animatronics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Is This the Most Played Song in Music History ? '' . time.com . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kubersky , Seth ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Fact - Checking Saving Mr. Banks with Disney Historian Jim Korkis '' . orlandoweekly.com . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul F. Anderson ( 2001 ) . `` A Little Boat Ride : It 's A Small World '' . Excerpted from `` Disney and the 1964 New York World 's Fair '' , Persistence of Vision , Issue # 6 / # 7 . nywf64.com . Retrieved on November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube . Jump up ^ US patent 3404635 , Bacon , Karl W. & Morgan , Edgar A. , `` Boat amusement ride '' , published October 8 , 1968 , assigned to The Walt Disney Company Jump up ^ US patent D204282 , Morgan , Edgar A. , `` Passenger - carrying amusement boat '' , published April 5 , 1966 , assigned to The Walt Disney Company Jump up ^ Gurr , Bob ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` DESIGN : Those Were The Times -- No. 23 1955 Arrow Development -- Ed Morgan and Karl Bacon '' . MiceChat . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' It 's a small world '' by Disneyland Chorus `` . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( 2006 ) . Disney A to Z : The Official Disney Encyclopedia . Disney Editions . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 4919 - 3 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard . `` Is This the Most Played Song in Music History ? '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Caitlin . `` The Most Frequently Played Song in the World is One Everyone Hates '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sights and Sounds of Disney Parks : It 's a Classic Attraction . It 's Turning 50 . ' it 's a small world ! ' '' Disney Parks Blog `` . Disneyparks.disney.go.com. 2014 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Conversations , p. 83 ISBN 1 - 57806 - 713 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Designing `` It 's a Small World '' -- The 1964 New York World 's Fair `` . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' It 's a Small World '' attraction page `` . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press AP ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` Disney 's ' Small World ' to get big retrofit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` MousePlanet DLR Update '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Projection Show Turns ' Small World ' Into a Big Canvas , for ' The Magic , The Memories and You ' '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney Resort Event Calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` 東京ディズニーランドのアトラクション「イッツ・ア・スモールワールド」がリニューアル ! さらに幸せな船旅に . ( 公式 ) 東京ディズニーリゾート・ブログ '' . Jump up ^ `` All the Magical Art You Need to See for Tokyo Disney Resort 's 35th Anniversary Celebration '' . Jocelyn Buhlman . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney Resort Expansions Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS , VIDEO : `` it 's a small world '' Returns At Tokyo Disneyland Loaded With Disney Characters `` . Jose Castillo . Jump up ^ `` France Télécom hangs up on `` small world '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Beautified boats at `` it 's a small world '' `` . Jump up ^ Hong Kong Disneyland 2008 promo on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Three New Attractions in 2007 and 2008 '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eades , Mark ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Disneyland transforms Small World for holidays '' . The Orange County Register . p . Local News 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' it 's a small world '' is reopening : interview with Tracy Eck from Walt Disney Imagineering `` . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Disney To Make ' It 's A Small World ' Movie : Jon Turteltaub To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a small world dolls '' . Merrymuffinland.net . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Walt Disney World Resort -- It 's a Small World Tokyo Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Disneyland Park ( Paris ) -- It 's a Small World Hong Kong Disneyland -- It 's a Small World Richards , Jason ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` It 's an Annoying Song ( After All ) '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Links to related articles Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . 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( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Small_World&oldid=854430676 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1966 Amusement rides introduced in 1971 Amusement rides introduced in 1983 Amusement rides introduced in 1992 Amusement rides introduced in 2008 Closed amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1964 Amusement rides that closed in 1965 Amusement rides by name 1964 New York World 's Fair Audio - Animatronic attractions Dark rides Disneyland Park ( Paris ) Disneyland Fantasyland Hong Kong Disneyland Magic Kingdom 1964 songs Disney songs Songs written by the Sherman Brothers Songs about Earth Tokyo Disneyland Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Walt Disney Parks and Resorts gentle boat rides Water rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics 1966 establishments in California 1971 establishments in Florida 1983 establishments in Japan 1992 establishments in France 2008 establishments in Hong Kong Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from November 2013 Official website not in Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 08 : 36 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when was it's a small world made	[ "It's a Small World\nIt's a Small World at Disneyland in 1983\nDisneylandArea\nFantasylandCoordinates\n33°48′53″N 117°55′04″W / 33.8147°N 117.9178°W / 33.8147; -117.9178Status\nOperatingOpening date\nMay 28, 1966Website\nOfficial website\nMagic KingdomArea\nFantasylandCoordinates\n28°25′15″N 81°34′55″W / 28.4208°N 81.5820°W / 28.4208; -81.5820Status\nOperatingOpening date\nOctober 1, 1971Website\nOfficial website\n FastPass+ available\nTokyo DisneylandArea\nFantasylandCoordinates\n35°37′49″N 139°52′52″E / 35.6304°N 139.8812°E / 35.6304; 139.8812Status\nOperatingOpening date\nApril 15, 1983Website\nOfficial website\nDisneyland Park (Paris)Area\nFantasylandCoordinates\n48°52′31″N 2°46′34″E / 48.8753°N 2.7761°E / 48.8753; 2.7761Status\nOperatingOpening date\nApril 12, 1992Website\nOfficial website\nHong Kong DisneylandArea\nFantasylandCoordinates\n22°18′49″N 114°02′21″E / 22.3137°N 114.0391°E / 22.3137; 114.0391Status\nOperatingOpening date\nApril 28, 2008Website\nOfficial website\n1964 New York World's FairStatus\nClosedOpening date\nApril 22, 1964Closing date\nOctober 17, 1965General statisticsAttraction type\nOld MillDesigner\nWED Enterprises/Walt Disney ImagineeringTheme\nWorld peace and unityMusic\n\"It's a Small World (After All)\", written by the Sherman BrothersVehicle type\nBoatsRiders per vehicle\n16Rows\n4Riders per row\n4Duration\n12–15 minutesPropulsion method\nWater jets, electric turbineNumber of lifts\n0\n Wheelchair accessible" ]	[ "May 28, 1966" ]
8037795284877289952	History of submarines	History of submarines - wikipedia History of submarines Beginning in ancient times , humans sought to operate under the water . From simple submersibles to nuclear - powered underwater behemoths , humans have searched for a means to remain safely underwater to gain the advantage in warfare , resulting in the development of the submarine . It was first built in 1620 . Contents 1 Technology 1.1 Early submarines 1.2 Early military submarines 1.3 Mechanical power 1.4 Electric power 1.5 The modern submarine 1.6 Interwar developments 1.7 Nuclear propulsion and missile platforms 1.8 Recent 2 Associated technology 2.1 Sensors 2.2 Weapons and countermeasures 2.3 Safety 2.4 Communication and navigation 3 Military 3.1 American Civil War 3.2 Russo - Japanese War 3.3 World War I 3.4 World War II 3.4. 1 Germany 3.4. 2 Italy 3.4. 3 Britain 3.4. 4 Japan 3.4. 5 United States 3.5 Post-War 4 Major submarine incidents 5 See also 5.1 Articles on specific vessels 5.2 Articles on specific submarine classes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Technology ( edit ) Early submarines ( edit ) A 16th - century Islamic painting depicting Alexander the Great being lowered in a glass submersible . The concept of underwater combat has roots deep in antiquity . There are images of men using hollow sticks to breathe underwater for hunting at the temples at Thebes , but the first known military use occurred during the siege of Syracuse ( 415 - 413 BC ) , where divers cleared obstructions , according to the History of the Peloponnesian War . At the siege of Tyre ( 332 BC ) , Alexander the Great used divers , according to Aristotle . Later legends from Alexandria , Egypt from the 12th century AD , suggested that Alexander conducted reconnaissance , using a primitive submersible in the form of a diving bell , as depicted in a 16th - century Islamic painting . According to a report attributed to Tahbir al - Tayseer in Opusculum Taisnieri published in 1562 : two Greeks submerged and surfaced in the river Tagus near the City of Toledo several times in the presence of The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , without getting wet and with the flame they carried in their hands still alight . Submarine by William Bourne , in Inventions or devices , 1578 . Although there were various plans for submersibles or submarines during the Middle Ages , the Englishman William Bourne designed one of the first prototype submarines in 1578 . This was to be a completely enclosed boat that could be submerged and rowed beneath the surface . Comprising a completely enclosed wooden vessel sheathed in waterproofed leather , it was to be submerged by using hand operated wooden screw thread adjustable plungers pressing against flexible leather bags located at the sides in order to increase or decrease the volume of water to adjust the buoyancy of the craft . The sketch ( left ) suggests that the depth adjustment was by means of a crankset projecting above the surface . There is no obvious accommodation for crew . The first submersible to be actually built in modern times was constructed in 1605 by Magnus Pegelius . Its fate was to become buried in mud . In 1596 the Scottish mathematician and theologian John Napier wrote in his Secret Inventions the following : `` These inventions besides devises of sayling under water with divers , other devises and strategems for harming of the enemyes by the Grace of God and worke of expert Craftsmen I hope to perform . '' It 's unclear whether or not Napier ever carried out his plans . Henry Briggs , who was professor of mathematics at Gresham College , London , and later at Oxford , was a friend of Napier , whom he visited in 1615 and 1616 , and was also an acquaintance of Cornelius Van Drebbel , a Dutchman in the service of James I of England , who designed and built the first successful submarine in 1620 . Hence , it is not impossible that it was because of the interest taken by Napier in the submarine that Briggs came in touch with Drebbel . Submarine of Cornelius Jacobszoon Drebbel , 1620 and 1624 . Drebbel 's submarine was propelled by oars . The precise nature of this submarine is unclear , it may be possible that it resembled a bell towed by a boat . Two improved types were tested in the River Thames between 1620 and 1624 . Of one of these tests Constantijn Huygens reports in his autobiography of 1651 the following : Worth all the rest put together is the little ship , in which he calmly dived under the water , while he kept the king and several thousand Londoners in the greatest suspense . The great majority of these already thought that the man who had very cleverly remained invisible to them - for three hours , as rumour has it - had perished , when he suddenly rose to the surface a considerable distance from where he had dived down , bringing with him the several companions of his dangerous adventure to witness to the fact that they had experienced no trouble or fear under the water , but had sat on the bottom , when they so desired , and had ascended when they wished to do so ; that they had sailed whithersoever they had a mind , rising as much nearer the surface or again diving as much deeper as it pleased them to do , without even being deprived of light ; yea , even that they had done in the belly of that whale all the things people are used to do in the air , and this without any trouble . From all this it is not hard to imagine what would be the usefulness of this bold invention in time of war , if in this manner ( a thing which I have repeatedly heard Drebbel assert ) enemy ships lying safely at anchor could be secretly attacked and sunk unexpectedly by means of a battering ram -- an instrument of which hideous use is made now - a-days in the capturing of the gates and bridges of towns . His son Constantijn Huygens , Jr. commented in his diary on October 18 , 1690 on how Drebbel was able to measure the depth to which his boat had descended ( which was necessary to prevent the boat from sinking ) by means of a quicksilver barometer : Old Mistress Kuffler came to see me in the morning . She was still talking about a place at court or elsewhere ; I said I could not help her . She said that her father Cornelis Drebbel had a long tube of quicksilver in the boat in which he dived be under water . In order to solve the problem of the absence of oxygen , Drebbel was able to create oxygen out of saltpetre to refresh the air in his submarine . An indication of this can be found in Drebbels own work : On the Nature of the Elements ( 1604 ) , in the fifth chapter : Very dry , subtle or warm air , which then very quickly penetrates the coarse , heavy clouds , expands them , makes them subtle and thin , and again changes them into the nature of air , whereby its volume is increased an hundredfold in a moment , which brings forth the terrific motion which , cracking and bursting , sets the air alight and moves it , until volume and density are equal , when there is rest . Thus is the body of the saltpetre broken up and decomposed by the power of the fire and so changed in the nature of the air , or as when a wet hand or cloth is waved about on a hot iron , or molten lead , which by expansion or enlargement due to heat cracks and bursts with a noise like thunder . The introduction of Drebbel 's submarine concept seemed beyond conventional expectations of what science was thought to have been capable of at the time . Commenting on the scientific basis of Drebbel 's claims , renowned German astronomer Johannes Kepler was said to have remarked in 1607 : `` If ( Drebbel ) can create a new spirit , by means of which he can move and keep in motion his instrument without weights or propelling power , he will be Apollo in my opinion . '' Although the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water , it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential . The strategic advantages of submarines were first set out by Bishop John Wilkins of Chester in Mathematical Magick in 1648 : Tis private : a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly , without discovery or prevented in his journey . Tis safe , from the uncertainty of Tides , and the violence of Tempests , which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep . From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages ; from ice and great frost , which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles . It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies , who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up . It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water , to convey unto them invisible supplies ; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water . It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiments . Denis Papin 's submarine , second design , 1690 . Sub Marine Explorer 2007 . Between 1690 and 1692 , the French physicist Denis Papin , designed and built two submarines . The first design ( 1690 ) was a strong and heavy metallic square box , equipped with an efficient pump that pumped air into the hull to raise the inner pressure . When the air pressure reached the required level , holes were opened to let in some water . This first machine was destroyed by accident . The second design ( 1692 ) had an oval shape and worked on similar principles . A water pump controlled the buoyancy of the machine . According to some sources , a spy of German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz called Haes reported that Papin had met with some success with his second design on the River Lahn . By the mid 18th century , over a dozen patents for submarines / submersible boats had been granted in England . In 1747 , Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion . His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft . A mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface . In 1749 , the Gentlemen 's Magazine reported that a similar design had been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680 . By this point of development , further improvement in design stagnated for over a century , until new industrial technologies for propulsion and stability could be applied . The first submarine to successfully dive , cruise below the water surface and emerge to the surface again by its own was the Sub Marine Explorer of the German American engineer Julius H. Kroehl ( in German , Kröhl ) , which already comprised many technologies that are still essential to modern submarines . After its public maiden dive in 1866 , the Sub Marine Explorer was used for pearl diving off the coast of Panama . Due to its very advanced design , it was capable of diving deeper than 31 meters ( 103 feet ) , remarkably deeper than any other submarine built before . Early military submarines ( edit ) The first military submarine was built in 1720 by carpenter Yefim Nikonov by order of Tsar Peter the Great in Russia . Nikonov armed his submarine with `` fire tubes '' , weapons akin to flame - throwers . The submarine was designed to approach an enemy vessel , put the ends of the `` tubes '' out of the water , and blow up the ship with a combustible mixture . In addition , he designed an airlock for aquanauts to come out of the submarine and to destroy the bilge of the ship . With the death of Peter I in January 1725 , Nikonov lost his principal patron and the Admiralty withdrew support for the project . A cutaway depiction of David Bushnell 's Turtle , 1776 . The first American military submarine was Turtle in 1776 , a hand - powered egg - shaped ( or acorn - shaped ) device designed by the American David Bushnell , to accommodate a single man . It was the first submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement , and the first to use screws for propulsion . However , according to British naval historian Richard Compton - Hall , the problems of achieving neutral buoyancy would have rendered the vertical propeller of the Turtle useless . The route the Turtle must take to attack its intended target HMS Eagle was slightly across the tidal stream which would , in all probability , have resulted in Ezra Lee becoming exhausted . There are also no British records of an attack by a submarine during the war . In the face of these and other problems , Compton - Hall suggests that the entire story around the Turtle was fabricated as disinformation and morale - boosting propaganda , and that if Ezra Lee did carry out an attack , it was in a covered rowing boat rather than the Turtle . Replicas of Turtle have been built to test the design . One replica ( Acorn ) , created by Duke Riley and Jesse Bushnell ( claiming to be a descendant of David Bushnell ) , used the tide to get within 200 feet of the RMS Queen Mary 2 in New York City ( Acorn was stopped by a police boat for violating a security zone ) . Replicas of Turtle 's acknowledging its place in history are on display at the Connecticut River Museum , the U.S. Navy 's Submarine Force Library and Museum , Britain 's Royal Navy Submarine Museum and Monaco 's Oceanographic Museum . The Nautilus ( 1800 ) , built in France by Robert Fulton . An 1806 submarine design by Robert Fulton . In 1800 , the French Navy built a human - powered submarine designed by Robert Fulton , the Nautilus . It also had a sail for use on the surface and so was the first known use of dual propulsion on a submarine . It proved capable of using mines to destroy two warships during demonstrations . The French eventually gave up with the experiment in 1804 , as did the British , when Fulton later offered them the submarine design . The Submarino Hipopótamo was the first submarine in South America built and tested in Ecuador on September 18 , 1837 . It was designed by Jose Rodriguez Lavandera , who successfully crossed the Guayas River in Guayaquil accompanied by Jose Quevedo . Rodriguez Lavandera had enrolled in the Ecuadorian Navy in 1823 , becoming a Lieutenant by 1830 . The Hipopotamo crossed the Guayas on two more occasions , but it was abandoned , because of lack of funding and interest from the government . In 1851 , a Bavarian artillery corporal , Wilhelm Bauer , took a submarine designed by him called the Brandtaucher ( fire - diver ) to sea in Kiel Harbour . This submarine was built by August Howaldt and powered by a treadwheel . It sank , but the crew of three managed to escape . The `` Flach '' was commissioned in 1865 by the Chilean government during the Chincha Islands War between Chile and Peru against Spain ( 1864 -- 1866 ) . It was built by the German engineer Karl Flach . The submarine sank during tests in Valparaiso bay , on May 3 , 1866 , with the entire eleven - man crew . During the War of the Pacific in 1879 , the Peruvian government commissioned and built a submarine , the Toro Submarino . It never saw military action and was scuttled after Peru 's defeat to prevent its capture by the enemy . Mechanical power ( edit ) Plongeur , the first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion . The first submarine that did not rely on human power for propulsion was the French Navy submarine Plongeur , launched in 1863 , and equipped with a reciprocating engine using compressed air from 23 tanks at 180 psi . In practice , the submarine was virtually unmanageable underwater , with very poor speed and maneouverability . A replica of Monturiol 's wooden Ictineo II stands near Barcelona harbor . The first air independent and combustion powered submarine was the Ictineo II , designed by Narcís Monturiol . Originally launched in 1864 as a human - powered vessel , propelled by 16 men , it was converted to peroxide propulsion and steam in 1867 . The 14 meters ( 46 feet ) craft was designed for a crew of two , could dive to 30 metres ( 98 feet ) , and demonstrated dives of two hours . On the surface , it ran on a steam engine , but underwater such an engine would quickly consume the submarine 's oxygen . To solve this problem , Monturiol invented an air - independent propulsion system . As the air - independent power system drove the screw , the chemical process driving it also released oxygen into the hull for the crew and an auxiliary steam engine . Apart from being mechanically powered , Monturiol 's pioneering double hulled vessels also solved pressure , buoyancy , stability , diving and ascending problems that had bedeviled earlier designs . The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the first practical self - propelled torpedoes . The Whitehead torpedo was the first such weapon , and was designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead . His ' mine ship ' was an 11 - foot long , 14 - inch diameter torpedo propelled by compressed air and carried an explosive warhead . The device had a speed of 7 knots ( 13 km / h ) and could hit a target 700 yards ( 640 m ) away . Many naval services procured the Whitehead torpedo during the 1870s and it first proved itself in combat during the Russo - Turkish War when , on January 16 , 1878 , the Turkish ship Intibah was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads . During the 1870s and 1880s , the basic contours of the modern submarine began to emerge , through the inventions of the English inventor and curate , George Garrett , and his industrialist financier Thorsten Nordenfelt , and the Irish inventor John Philip Holland . Sketch of the design of Resurgam II by George Garrett . In 1878 , Garrett built a 14 - foot ( 4.3 m ) long hand - cranked submarine of about 4.5 tons , which he named the Resurgam . This was followed by the second ( and more famous ) Resurgam of 1879 , built by Cochran & Co. at Birkenhead , England . The construction was of iron plates fastened to iron frames , with the central section of the vessel clad with wood secured by iron straps . As built , it was 45 feet ( 14 m ) long by 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) in diameter , weighed 30 long tons ( 30 t ) , and had a crew of 3 . Resurgam was powered by a closed cycle steam engine , which provided enough steam to turn the single propeller for up to 4 hours . It was designed to have positive buoyancy , and diving was controlled by a pair of hydroplanes amidships . At the time it cost £ 1,538 . Although his design was not very practical - the steam boiler generated intense heat in the cramped confines of the vessel , and it lacked longitudinal stability - it caught the attention of the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt . Discussions between the two led to the first practical steam - powered submarines , armed with torpedoes and ready for military use . The Nordenfelt - designed , Ottoman submarine Abdül Hamid The first such boat was the Nordenfelt I , a 56 tonne , 19.5 metres ( 64 feet ) vessel similar to Garret 's ill - fated Resurgam , with a range of 240 kilometres ( 150 miles ; 130 nautical miles ) , armed with a single torpedo , in 1885 . Like Resurgam , Nordenfelt I operated on the surface by steam , then shut down its engine to dive . While submerged the submarine released pressure generated when the engine was running on the surface to provide propulsion for some distance underwater . Greece , fearful of the return of the Ottomans , purchased it . Nordenfelt commissioned the Barrow Shipyard in England in 1886 to build Nordenfelt II ( Abdül Hamid ) and Nordenfelt III ( Abdül Mecid ) in 1887 . They were powered by a coal - fired 250 hp Lamm steam engine turning a single screw , and carried two 356mm torpedo tubes and two 35mm machine guns . They were loaded with a total of 8 tons of coal as fuel and could dive to a depth of 160 feet . It was 30.5 m long and 6m wide , and weighed 100 tons . It carried a normal crew of 7 . It had a maximum surface speed of 6 knots , and a maximum speed of 4 knots while submerged . Abdülhamid became the first submarine in history to fire a torpedo submerged . Nordenfelt 's efforts culminated in 1887 with Nordenfelt IV , which had twin motors and twin torpedoes . It was sold to the Russians , but soon ran aground and was scrapped . Garrett and Nordenfelt made significant advances in constructing the first modern , militarily capable submarines and fired up military and popular interest around the world for this new technology . However , the solution to fundamental technical problems , such as propulsion , quick submergence , and the maintenance of balance underwater was still lacking , and would only be solved in the 1890s . Electric power ( edit ) A reliable means of propulsion for the submerged vessel was only made possible in the 1880s with the advent of the necessary electric battery technology . The first electrically powered boats were built by Stefan Drzewiecki in Russia , James Franklin Waddington and the team of James Ash and Andrew Campbell in England , Dupuy de Lôme and Gustave Zédé in France and Isaac Peral in Spain . In 1884 , Polish - Russian naval engineer Stefan Drzewiecki converted 2 mechanical submarines , installed on each a 1 hp engine with the new , at the time , source of energy - batteries . On tests submarine went under the water against the flow of the Neva River at a rate of 4 knots . It was the first submarine in the world with electric propulsion . Ash and Campbell constructed their craft , the Nautilus , in 1886 . It was 60 feet ( 18 m ) long with a 9.7 kW ( 13 hp ) engine powered by 52 batteries . It was an advanced design for the time , but became stuck in the mud during trials and was discontinued . Waddington 's Porpoise vessel showed more promise . Waddington had formerly worked in the shipyard in which Garrett had been active . Waddignton 's vessel was similar in size to the Resurgam and its propulsion system used 45 accumulator cells with a capacity of 660 ampere hours each . These were coupled in series to a motor driving a propeller at about 750 rpm , giving the ship a sustained speed of 13 km / h ( 8 mph ) for at least 8 hours . The boat was armed with two externally mounted torpedoes as well as a mine torpedo that could be detonated electronically . Although the boat performed well at trials , Waddington was unable to attract further contracts and went bankrupt . The Peral Submarine , one of the first electrical powered submarines . Built in 1888 , now preserved in Cartagena . In France , early electric boats Goubet I and Goubet II were built by the civil engineer , Claude Goubet . These boats were also unsuccessful , but they inspired the renowned naval architect Dupuy de Lôme to begin work on his submarine -- an advanced electric - powered submarine almost 20 metres long . He did n't live to see his design constructed , but the craft was completed by Gustave Zédé in 1888 and named the Gymnote . It was one of the first truly successful electrically powered submarines , and was equipped with an early periscope and an electric gyrocompass for navigation . It completed over 2,000 successful dives using a 204 - cell battery . Although the Gymnote was scrapped for its limited range , its side hydroplanes became the standard for future submarine designs . The Peral Submarine , constructed by Isaac Peral , was launched by the Spanish Navy in the same year , 1888 . It had three Schwarzkopf torpedoes 14 in ( 360 mm ) and one torpedo tube in bow , new air systems , hull shape , propeller , and cruciform external controls anticipating much later designs . Peral was an all - electrical powered submarine . After two years of trials the project was scrapped by naval officialdom who cited , among other reasons , concerns over the range permitted by its batteries . Many more designs were built at this time by various inventors , but submarines were not put into service by navies until the turn of the 20th century . The modern submarine ( edit ) USS Holland ( SS - 1 ) was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1900 . The turn of century marked a pivotal time in the development of submarines , with a number of important technologies making their debut , as well as the widespread adoption and fielding of submarines by a number of nations . Diesel electric propulsion would become the dominant power system and instruments such as the periscope would become standardized . Batteries were used for running underwater and gasoline ( petrol ) or diesel engines were used on the surface and to recharge the batteries . Early boats used gasoline , but quickly gave way to kerosene , then diesel , because of reduced flammability . Effective tactics and weaponry were refined in the early part of the century , and the submarine would have a large impact on 20th century warfare . The Irish inventor John Philip Holland built a model submarine in 1876 and a full scale one in 1878 , followed by a number of unsuccessful ones . In 1896 , he designed the Holland Type VI submarine . This vessel made use of internal combustion engine power on the surface and electric battery power for submerged operations . Launched on 17 May 1897 at Navy Lt. Lewis Nixon 's Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth , New Jersey , the Holland VI was purchased by the United States Navy on 11 April 1900 , becoming the United States Navy 's first commissioned submarine and renamed USS Holland . A prototype version of the A-class submarine ( Fulton ) was developed at Crescent Shipyard under the supervision of naval architect and shipbuilder from the United Kingdom , Arthur Leopold Busch , for the newly reorganized Electric Boat Company in 1900 . The Fulton was never commissioned by the United States Navy and was sold to the Imperial Russian Navy in 1905 . The submarines were built at two different shipyards on both coasts of the United States . In 1902 , Holland received U.S. Patent 708,553 for his relentless pursuit to perfect the modern submarine craft . Many countries became interested in Holland 's ( weapons ) product and purchased `` the rights '' to build them during this time . The Royal Navy commissioned the Holland - class submarine from Vickers , Barrow - in - Furness , under licence from the Holland Torpedo Boat Company during the years 1901 to 1903 . Construction of the boats took longer than anticipated , with the first only ready for a diving trial at sea on 6 April 1902 . Although the design had been purchased entirely from the US company , the actual design used was an untested improved version of the original Holland design using a new 180 hp petrol engine . The 1900 French submarine Narval . Meanwhile , the French steam and electric Narval was commissioned in June 1900 and introduced the classic double - hull design , with a pressure hull inside the outer shell . These 200 - ton ships had a range of over 100 miles ( 160 km ) underwater . The French submarine Aigrette in 1904 further improved the concept by using a diesel rather than a gasoline engine for surface power . Large numbers of these submarines were built , with seventy - six completed before 1914 . Although small numbers of submarines were built for the French Navy , Russian Navy and the US Navy , by 1914 the main submarine powers were the Kaiserliche Marine of Imperial Germany and the Royal Navy . At the start of World War One , the Royal Navy had the world 's largest submarine service by a considerable margin , with 74 boats of the B , C and D classes , of which 15 were oceangoing , with the rest capable of coastal patrols . The D - class , built 1907 - 1910 , were designed to be propelled by diesel motors on the surface to avoid the problems with petrol engines experienced with the A class . These boats were designed for foreign service with an endurance of 2500 nmi at 10 knots on the surface and much improved living conditions for a larger crew . They were fitted with twin screws for greater manoeuvrability and with innovative saddle tanks . They were also the first submarines to be equipped with deck guns forward of the conning tower . Armament also included three 18 inch torpedo tubes ( 2 vertically in the bow and 1 in the stern ) . D class was also the first class of submarine to be equipped with standard wireless transmitters . The aerial was attached to the mast of the conning tower that was lowered before diving . With their enlarged bridge structure the boat profile was recognisably that of the modern submarine . The D Class submarines were considered to be so innovative that the prototype D1 was built in utmost secrecy in a securely guarded building shed . The U-1 became the Kaiserliche Marine 's first commissioned submarine in 1906 . The British also experimented with other power sources . Oil - fired steam turbines powered the British `` K '' class submarines built during the First World War and in following years , but these were not very successful . The aim was to give them the necessary surface speed to keep up with the British battle fleet . The Germans were slower to recognize the importance of this new weapon . A submersible was initially ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy from the Kiel shipyard in 1904 , but cancelled after the Russo - Japanese War ended . One example was modified and improved , then commissioned into the Imperial German Navy in 1906 as its first U-boat , U-1 . It had a double hull , was powered by a Körting kerosene engine and was armed with a single torpedo tube . The fifty percent larger SM U-2 had two torpedo tubes . A diesel engine was not installed in a German navy boat until the U-19 class of 1912 -- 13 . At the start of World War I , Germany had 20 submarines of 13 classes in service with more under construction . Interwar developments ( edit ) Diesel submarines needed air to run their engines , and so carried very large batteries for submerged travel . These limited the speed and range of the submarines while submerged . An early submarine snorkel was designed by James Richardson , an Assistant Manager at Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , Greenock , Scotland as early as 1916 . The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion . Although the company received a British Patent for the design , no further use was made of it -- the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines . The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was U-58 , which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943 . The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a snuiver ( sniffer ) . As early as 1938 , a simple pipe system was installed on the submarines O - 19 and O - 20 that enabled them to travel at periscope depth operating on its diesels with almost unlimited underwater range while charging the propulsion batteries . Boats began to use it operationally in early 1944 . By June 1944 , about half of the boats stationed in the French bases were fitted with snorkels . HMS M2 launches a specially designed Parnall Peto seaplane . It sank accidentally in 1932 . Various new submarine designs were developed during the interwar years . Among the most notable were submarine aircraft carriers , equipped with a waterproof hangar and steam catapult to launch and recover one or more small seaplanes . The submarine and its plane could then act as a reconnaissance unit ahead of the fleet , an essential role at a time when radar was not available . The first example was the British HMS M2 , followed by the French Surcouf , and numerous aircraft - carrying submarines in the Imperial Japanese Navy . Early submarine designs put the diesel engine and the electric motor on the same shaft , which also drove a propeller with clutches between each of them . This allowed the engine to drive the electric motor as a generator to recharge the batteries and also propel the submarine as required . The clutch between the motor and the engine would be disengaged when the boat dived so that the motor could be used to turn the propeller . The motor could have more than one armature on the shaft -- these would be electrically coupled in series for slow speed and parallel for high speed ( known as `` group down '' and `` group up '' respectively ) . In the 1930s , the principle was modified for some submarine designs , particularly those of the U.S. Navy and the British U-class . The engine was no longer attached to the motor / propeller drive shaft , but drove a separate generator , which would drive the motors on the surface and / or recharge the batteries . This diesel - electric propulsion allowed much more flexibility . For example , the submarine could travel slowly whilst the engines were running at full power to recharge the batteries as quickly as possible , reducing time on the surface , or use of its snorkel . Also , it was now possible to insulate the noisy diesel engines from the pressure hull making the submarine quieter . An early form of anaerobic propulsion had already been employed by the Ictineo II in 1864 . The engine used a chemical mix containing a peroxide compound , which generated heat for steam propulsion while at the same time solved the problem of oxygen renovation in an hermetic container for breathing purposes . This system was n't employed again until 1940 when the German Navy tested a system employing the same principles , the Walter turbine , on the experimental V - 80 submarine and later on the naval U-791 submarine . At the end of the Second World War , the British and Russians experimented with hydrogen peroxide / kerosene ( paraffin ) engines , which could be used both above and below the surface . The results were not encouraging enough for this technique to be adopted at the time , although the Russians deployed a class of submarines with this engine type code named Quebec by NATO . They were considered a failure . Today , several navies , notably Sweden , use air - independent propulsion boats , which substitute liquid oxygen for hydrogen peroxide . Nuclear propulsion and missile platforms ( edit ) For further information on nuclear powered submarines , see Nuclear submarine . The first launch of a cruise missile ( SSM - N - 8 Regulus ) from a submarine occurred in July 1953 from the deck of USS Tunny ( SSG - 282 ) , a World War II fleet boat modified to carry this missile with a nuclear warhead . Tunny and her sister boat USS Barbero ( SSG - 317 ) were the United States 's first nuclear deterrent patrol submarines . They were joined in 1958 by two purpose - built Regulus submarines , USS Grayback ( SSG - 574 ) , USS Growler ( SSG - 577 ) , and , later , by the nuclear - powered USS Halibut ( SSGN - 587 ) . So that no target would be left uncovered , four Regulus missiles had to be at sea at any given time . Thus , Barbero and Tunny , each of which carried two Regulus missiles , patrolled simultaneously . Growler and Grayback , with four missiles , or Halibut , with five , could patrol alone . These five submarines made 40 Regulus strategic deterrent patrols between October 1959 and July 1964 . They were replaced by the introduction of a greatly superior system beginning in 1961 : the Polaris missile launched from nuclear - powered ballistic missile submarines ( SSBNs ) . The Soviet Navy developed submarine - launched ballistic missiles launched from conventional submarines a few years before the US , and paralleled subsequent US development in this area . USN `` Nautilus '' 's reactor core prototype at a facility in Idaho . In the 1950s , nuclear power partially replaced diesel - electric propulsion . The sailing of the first nuclear - powered submarine , the USN `` Nautilus '' in 1955 was soon followed by similar British , French and Russian boats . Equipment was also developed to extract oxygen from sea water . These two innovations , together with inertial navigation systems , gave submarines the ability to remain submerged for weeks or months , and enabled previously impossible voyages such as the crossing of the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice cap by the USS Nautilus in 1958 . Most of the naval submarines built since that time in the United States and the Soviet Union and its successor state the Russian Federation have been powered by nuclear reactors . The limiting factors in submerged endurance for these vessels are food supply and crew morale in the space - limited submarine . The Soviet Navy attempted to use a very advanced lead cooled fast reactor on Project 705 `` Lira '' ( NATO Alfa - class ) beginning in the 1970s , but its maintenance was considered too expensive , and only six submarines of this class were completed . By removing the requirement for atmospheric oxygen all nuclear - powered submarines can stay submerged indefinitely so long as food supplies remain ( air is recycled and fresh water distilled from seawater ) . These vessels always have a small battery and diesel generator installation for emergency use when the reactors have to be shut down . While the greater endurance and performance of nuclear reactors mean that nuclear submarines are better for long distance missions or the protection of a carrier battle - force , both nuclear and non-nuclear powers continue produce conventional diesel - electric submarines , because they can be made stealthier , except when required to run the diesel engine to recharge the ship 's battery . Technological advances in sound dampening , noise isolation and cancellation have substantially eroded this advantage . Though far less capable regarding speed and weapons payload , conventional submarines are also cheaper to build . The introduction of air - independent propulsion boats led to increased sales numbers of such types of submarines . In 1958 the USN carried out a series of trials with the USS Albacore . Various hull and control configurations were tested to reduce drag and so allow greater underwater speed and maneuverability . The results of these trials were incorporated into the Skipjack class and later submarines . From the same era is the first SSBN , the USS George Washington . Recent ( edit ) The German Type 212 submarine was the first series production submarine to use fuel cells for air - independent propulsion . It is powered by nine 34 - kilowatt hydrogen fuel cells . Most small modern commercial submarines , that are not expected to operate independently , use batteries that can be recharged by a mother - ship after every dive . Towards the end of the 20th century , some submarines were fitted with pump - jet propulsors , instead of propellers . Although these are heavier , more expensive , and often less efficient than a propeller , they are significantly quieter , giving an important tactical advantage . A possible propulsion system for submarines is the magnetohydrodynamic drive , or `` caterpillar drive '' , which has no moving parts . It was popularized in the movie version of The Hunt for Red October , written by Tom Clancy , which portrayed it as a virtually silent system . ( In the book , a form of propulsor was used rather than an MHD . ) Although some experimental surface ships have been built with this propulsion system , speeds have not been as high as hoped . In addition , the noise created by bubbles , and the higher power settings a submarine 's reactor would need , mean that it is unlikely to be considered for any military purpose . Associated technology ( edit ) Sensors ( edit ) ASDIC display unit , 1944 . The first submarines had only a porthole to provide a view to aid navigation . An early periscope was patented by Simon Lake in 1893 . The modern periscope was developed by the industrialist Sir Howard Grubb in the early 20th century and was fitted onto most Royal Navy designs . Passive sonar was introduced in submarines during the First World War , but active sonar ASDIC did not come into service until the inter-war period . Today , the submarine may have a wide variety of sonar arrays , from bow mounted to trailing ones . There are often upward - looking under - ice sonars as well as depth sounders . Early experiments with the use of sound to ' echo locate ' underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation began in the late 19th century . The first patent for an underwater echo ranging device was filed by English meteorologist Lewis Richardson a month after the sinking of the Titanic . The First World War stimulated research in this area . The British made early use of underwater hydrophones , while the French physicist Paul Langevin worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz . In 1916 , under the British Board of Invention and Research , Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle took on the active sound detection project with AB Wood , producing a prototype for testing in mid-1917 . This work , for the Anti-Submarine Division of the British Naval Staff , was undertaken in utmost secrecy , and used quartz piezoelectric crystals to produce the world 's first practical underwater active sound detection apparatus . By 1918 , both France and Britain had built prototype active systems . The British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920 , and started production in 1922 . The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC - equipped vessels in 1923 . An anti-submarine school , HMS Osprey , and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924 . The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931 . Weapons and countermeasures ( edit ) Early submarines carried torpedoes mounted externally to the craft . Later designs incorporated the weapons into the internal structure of the submarine . Originally , both bow - mounted and stern - mounted tubes were used , but the latter eventually fell out of favour . Today , only bow - mounted installations are employed . The modern submarine is capable of firing many types of weapon from its launch tubes , including UAVs . Special mine laying submarines were also built . Up until the end of the Second World War , it was common to fit deck guns to submarines to allow them to sink ships without wasting their limited numbers of torpedoes . To aid in the weapons targeting mechanical calculators were employed to improve the fire control of the on - board weaponry . The firing calculus was determined by the targets ' course and speed through measurements of the angle and its range via the periscope . Today , these calculations are achieved by digital computers with display screens providing necessary information on the torpedo status and ship status . German submarines in World War II had rubber coatings and could launch chemical devices to provide a decoy when the boat came under attack . These proved to be ineffective , as sonar operators learned to distinguish between the decoy and the submarine . Modern submarines can launch a variety of devices for the same purpose . Safety ( edit ) Davis breathing apparatus tested at the submarine escape test tank at HMS Dolphin , Gosport , 14 December 1942 After the sinking of the A1 submarine in 1904 , lifting eyes were fitted to British submarines and in 1908 air - locks and escape helmets were provided . The RN experimented with various types of escape apparatus , but it was not until 1924 that the `` Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus '' was developed for crew members . The USN used the similar `` Momsen Lung '' . The French used `` Joubert 's apparatus '' and the Germans used `` Draeger 's apparatus '' . Rescue submarines for evacuating a disabled submarine 's crew were developed in the 1970s . A British unmanned vehicle was used for recovering an entangled Russian submarine crew in 2005 . A new NATO Submarine Rescue System entered service in 2007 . Communication and navigation ( edit ) Wireless was used to provide communication to and from submarines in the First World War . The D - class submarine was the first submarine class to be fitted with wireless transmitters in 1907 . With time the type , range and bandwidth of the communications systems have increased . With the danger of intercept , transmissions by a submarine are minimised . Various periscope - mounted aerials have been developed to allow communication without surfacing . The standard navigation system for early submarines was by eye , with use of a compass . The gyrocompass was introduced in the early part of the 20th century and inertial navigation in the 1950s . The use of satellite navigation is of limited use to submarines , except at periscope depth or when surfaced . Military ( edit ) The first military submarine was Turtle in 1776 . During the American Revolutionary War , Turtle ( operated by Sgt . Ezra Lee , Continental Army ) tried and failed to sink a British warship , HMS Eagle ( flagship of the blockaders ) in New York harbor on September 7 , 1776 . There is no record of any attack in the ships ' logs . During the War of 1812 , in 1814 Silas Halsey lost his life while using a submarine in an unsuccessful attack on a British warship stationed in New London harbor . American Civil war ( edit ) The French - designed 1862 Alligator , first submarine of the U.S. Navy . During the American Civil War , the Union was the first to field a submarine . The French - designed Alligator was the first U.S. Navy sub and the first to feature compressed air ( for air supply ) and an air filtration system . It was the first submarine to carry a diver lock , which allowed a diver to plant electrically detonated mines on enemy ships . Initially hand - powered by oars , it was converted after 6 months to a screw propeller powered by a hand crank . With a crew of 20 , it was larger than Confederate submarines . Alligator was 47 feet ( 14 m ) long and about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) in diameter . It was lost in a storm off Cape Hatteras on April 1 , 1863 , while uncrewed and under tow to its first combat deployment at Charleston . The Intelligent Whale was built by Oliver Halstead and tested by the U.S. Navy after the American Civil War and caused the deaths of 39 men during trials . The Confederate States of America fielded several human - powered submarines , including CSS H.L. Hunley ( named for its designer and chief financier , Horace Lawson Hunley ) . The first Confederate submarine was the 30 - foot - long ( 9.1 m ) Pioneer , which sank a target schooner using a towed mine during tests on Lake Pontchartrain , but it was not used in combat . It was scuttled after New Orleans was captured and in 1868 was sold for scrap . The similar Bayou St. John submarine is preserved in the Louisiana State Museum . CSS Hunley was intended for attacking Union ships that were blockading Confederate seaports . The submarine had a long pole with an explosive charge in the bow , called a spar torpedo . The sub had to approach an enemy vessel , attach the explosive , move away , and then detonate it . It was extremely hazardous to operate , and had no air supply other than what was contained inside the main compartment . On two occasions , the sub sank ; on the first occasion half the crew died , and on the second , the entire eight - man crew ( including Hunley himself ) drowned . On February 17 , 1864 , Hunley sank USS Housatonic off the Charleston Harbor , the first time a submarine successfully sank another ship , though it sank in the same engagement shortly after signaling its success . Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war , but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare . Russo - Japanese war ( edit ) On 14 June 1904 , the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) placed an order for five Holland Type VII submersibles , which were built in Quincy , Massachusetts at the Fore River Yard , and shipped to Yokohama , Japan in sections . The five machines arrived on 12 December 1904 . Under the supervision of naval architect Arthur L. Busch , the imported Hollands were re-assembled , and the first submersibles were ready for combat operations by August 1905 , but hostilities were nearing the end by that date , and no submarines saw action during the war . Meanwhile , the Imperial Russian Navy ( IRN ) purchased German constructed submersibles built by the Germaniawerft shipyards out of Kiel . In 1903 Germany successfully completed its first fully functional engine - powered submarine , Forelle ( Trout ) , It was sold to Russia in 1904 and shipped via the Trans - Siberian Railway to the combat zone during the Russo - Japanese War . Due to the naval blockade of Port Arthur , Russia sent their remaining submarines to Vladivostok , and by the end of 1904 , seven subs were based there . On 1 January 1905 , the IRN created the world 's first operational submarine fleet around these seven submarines . The first combat patrol by the newly created IRN submarine fleet occurred on 14 February 1905 , and was carried out by Delfin and Som , with each patrol normally lasting about 24 hours . Som first made contact with the enemy on 29 April , when it was fired upon by IJN torpedo boats , which withdrew shortly after opening fire and resulting in no casualties or damage to either combatant . A second contact occurred on 1 July 1905 in the Tartar Strait when two IJN torpedo boats spotted the IRN sub Keta . Unable to submerge quick enough , Keta was unable to obtain a proper firing position , and both combatants broke contact . World war I ( edit ) German submarine U9 ( 1910 ) . It sank three British cruisers in a few minutes in September 1914 . The first time military submarines had significant impact on a war was in World War I. Forces such as the U-boats of Germany operated against Allied commerce ( Handelskrieg ) . The submarine 's ability to function as a practical war machine relied on new tactics , their numbers , and submarine technologies such as combination diesel / electric power system that had been developed in the preceding years . More like submersible ships than the submarines of today , submarines operated primarily on the surface using standard engines , submerging occasionally to attack under battery power . They were roughly triangular in cross-section , with a distinct keel , to control rolling while surfaced , and a distinct bow . Shortly before the outbreak of World War I , submarines were employed by the Italian Regia Marina during the Italo - Turkish War without seeing any naval action , and by the Greek Navy during the Balkan Wars , where notably the French - built Delfin became the first such vessel to launch a torpedo against an enemy ship ( albeit unsuccessfully ) . At the start of the war , Germany had 48 submarines in service or under construction , with 29 operational . These included vessels of the diesel - engined U-19 class with the range ( 5,000 miles ) and speed ( eight knots ) to operate effectively around the entire British coast . Initially , Germany followed the international `` Prize Rules '' , which required a ship 's crew to be allowed to leave before sinking their ship . The U-boats saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic . After the British ordered transport ships to act as auxiliary cruisers , the German navy adopted unrestricted submarine warfare ; generally giving no warning of an attack . During the war , 360 submarines were built , but 178 were lost . The rest were surrendered at the end of the war . A German U-boat sunk RMS Lusitania and is often cited among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war . R3 at sea . The R class was the first hunter - killer design , capable of destroying enemy submarines . In August 1914 , a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrol in history . Their aim was to sink capital ships of the British Grand Fleet , and so reduce the Grand Fleet 's numerical superiority over the German High Seas Fleet . Depending more on luck than strategy , the first sortie was not a success . Only one attack was carried out , when U-15 fired a torpedo ( which missed ) at HMS Monarch , while two of the ten U-boats were lost . The SM U-9 had better luck . On 22 September 1914 while patrolling the Broad Fourteens , a region of the southern North Sea , U-9 found three obsolescent British Cressy - class armoured cruisers ( HMS Aboukir , Hogue , and Cressy ) , which were assigned to prevent German surface vessels from entering the eastern end of the English Channel . The U-9 fired all six of its torpedoes , reloading while submerged , and sank the three cruisers in less than an hour . The British had 77 operational submarines at the beginning of the war , with 15 under construction . The main type was the `` E class '' , but several experimental designs were built , including the `` K class '' , which had a reputation for bad luck , and the `` M class '' , which had a large deck - mounted gun . The `` R class '' was the first boat designed to attack other submarines . British submarines operated in the Baltic , North Sea and Atlantic , as well as in the Mediterranean and Black Sea . Over 50 were lost from various causes during the war . France had 62 submarines at the beginning of the war , in 14 different classes . They operated mainly in the Mediterranean , and in the course of the war , 12 were lost . The Russians started the war with 58 submarines in service or under construction . The main class was the `` Bars '' with 24 boats . Twenty - four submarines were lost during the war . World war II ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Although Germany was banned from having submarines in the Treaty of Versailles , construction started in secret during the 1930s . When this became known , the Anglo - German Naval Agreement of 1936 allowed Germany to achieve parity in submarines with Britain . Germany started the war with only 65 submarines , with 21 at sea when war broke out . Germany soon built the largest submarine fleet during World War II . Due to the Treaty of Versailles limiting the surface navy , the rebuilding of the German surface forces had only begun in earnest a year before the outbreak of World War II . Having no hope of defeating the vastly superior Royal Navy decisively in a surface battle , the German High Command planned on fighting a campaign of `` Guerre de course '' ( Merchant warfare ) , and immediately stopped all construction on capital surface ships , save the nearly completed Bismarck - class battleships and two cruisers , and switched the resources to submarines , which could be built more quickly . Though it took most of 1940 to expand production facilities and to start mass production , more than a thousand submarines were built by the end of the war . Germany used submarines to devastating effect in World War II during the Battle of the Atlantic , attempting but ultimately failing to cut off Britain 's supply routes by sinking more ships than Britain could replace . The supply lines were vital to Britain for food and industry , as well as armaments from Canada and the United States . Although the U-boats had been updated in the intervening years , the major innovation was improved communications , encrypted using the famous Enigma cipher machine . This allowed for mass - attack tactics or `` wolfpacks '' ( Rudel ) , but was also ultimately the U-boats ' downfall . After putting to sea , the U-boats operated mostly on their own trying to find convoys in areas assigned to them by the High Command . If a convoy was found , the submarine did not attack immediately , but shadowed the convoy and radioed to the German Command to allow other submarines in the area to find the convoy . The submarines were then grouped into a larger striking force and attacked the convoy simultaneously , preferably at night while surfaced to avoid the ASDIC . During the first few years of World War II , the Ubootwaffe ( `` U-boat force '' ) scored unprecedented success with these tactics ( `` First Happy Time '' ) , but were too few to have any decisive success . By the spring of 1943 , German U-boat construction was at full capacity , but this was more than nullified by increased numbers of convoy escorts and aircraft , as well as technical advances like radar and sonar . High Frequency Direction Finding ( HF / DF , known as Huff - Duff ) and Ultra allowed the Allies to route convoys around wolfpacks when they detected radio transmissions from trailing boats . The results were devastating : from March to July of that year , over 130 U-boats were lost , 41 in May alone . Concurrent Allied losses dropped dramatically , from 750,000 tons in March to 188,000 in July . Although the Second Battle of the Atlantic would continue to the last day of the war , the U-boat arm was unable to stem the tide of personnel and supplies , paving the way for Operation Torch , Operation Husky , and ultimately , D - Day . Winston Churchill wrote the U-boat `` peril '' was the only thing to ever give him cause to doubt eventual Allied victory . By the end of the war , almost 3,000 Allied ships ( 175 warships , 2,825 merchantmen ) were sunk by U-boats . Of the 40,000 men in the U-boat service , 28,000 ( 70 % ) lost their lives . The Germans built some novel submarine designs , including the Type XVII , which used hydrogen peroxide in a Walther turbine ( named for its designer , Dr Hellmuth Walther ) for propulsion . They also produced the Type XXII , which had a large battery and mechanical torpedo handling . Italy ( edit ) Italy had 116 submarines in service at the start of the war , with 24 different classes . These operated mainly in the Mediterranean theatre . Some were sent to a base at Bordeaux in Occupied France . A flotilla of several submarines also operated out of the Eritrean colonial port of Massawa . Italian designs proved to be unsuitable for use in the Atlantic Ocean . Italian midget submarines were used in attacks against British shipping near the port of Gibraltar . Britain ( edit ) HMS Taurus of the T - class . The Royal Navy Submarine Service had 70 operational submarines in 1939 . Three classes were selected for mass production , the seagoing `` S class '' and the oceangoing `` T class '' as well as the coastal `` U class '' . All of these classes were built in large numbers during the war . The French submarine fleet consisted of over 70 vessels ( with some under construction ) at the beginning of the war . After the Fall of France , the French - German Armistice required the return of all French submarines to German - controlled ports in France . Some of these submarines were forcibly seized by British forces . The main operating theatres for British submarines were off the coast of Norway , in the Mediterranean , where a flotilla of submarines successfully disrupted the Axis replenishment route to North Africa from their base in Malta , as well as in the North Sea . As Germany was a Continental power , there was little opportunity for the British to sink German shipping in this theatre of the Atlantic . From 1940 , U-class submarines were stationed at Malta , to interdict enemy supplies bound for North Africa . Over a period of three years , this force sank over 1 million tons of shipping , and fatally undermined the attempts of the German High Command to adequately support General Erwin Rommel . Rommel 's Chief of Staff , Fritz Bayerlein conceded that `` We would have taken Alexandria and reached the Suez Canal , if it had not been for the work of your submarines '' . 45 vessels were lost during this campaign , and five Victoria Crosses were awarded to submariners serving in this theatre . In addition , British submarines attacked Japanese shipping in the Far East , during the Pacific campaign . The Eastern Fleet was responsible for submarine operations in the Bay of Bengal , Strait of Malacca as far as Singapore , and the western coast of Sumatra to the Equator . Few large Japanese cargo ships operated in this area , and the British submarines ' main targets were small craft operating in inshore waters . The submarines were deployed to conduct reconnaissance , interdict Japanese supplies travelling to Burma , and attack U-boats operating from Penang . The Eastern Fleet 's submarine force continued to expand during 1944 , and by October 1944 had sunk a cruiser , three submarines , six small naval vessels , 40,000 long tons ( 41,000 t ) of merchant ships , and nearly 100 small vessels . In this theatre , the only documented instance of a submarine sinking another submarine while both were submerged occurred . HMS Venturer engaged the U864 and the Venturer crew manually computed a successful firing solution against a three - dimensionally manoeveuring target using techniques which became the basis of modern torpedo computer targeting systems . By March 1945 , British boats had gained control of the Strait of Malacca , preventing any supplies from reaching the Japanese forces in Burma by sea . By this time , there were few large Japanese ships in the region , and the submarines mainly operated against small ships which they attacked with their deck guns . The submarine HMS Trenchant torpedoed and sank the heavy cruiser Ashigara in the Bangka Strait , taking down some 1,200 Japanese army troops . Three British submarines ( HMS Stonehenge , Stratagem , and Porpoise ) were sunk by the Japanese during the war . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Imperial Japanese Navy submarines Japanese I - 400 - class submarine , the largest submarine built in WW2 . Japan had the most varied fleet of submarines of World War II , including manned torpedoes ( Kaiten ) , midget submarines ( Ko - hyoteki , Kairyu ) , medium - range submarines , purpose - built supply submarines ( many for use by the Army ) , long - range fleet submarines ( many of which carried an aircraft ) , submarines with the highest submerged speeds of the conflict ( Sentaka I - 200 ) , and submarines that could carry multiple aircraft ( WWII 's largest submarine , the Sentoku I - 400 ) . These submarines were also equipped with the most advanced torpedo of the conflict , the oxygen - propelled Type 95 ( what U.S. historian Samuel E. Morison postwar called `` Long Lance '' ) . Overall , despite their technical prowess , Japanese submarines , having been incorporated into the Imperial Navy 's war plan of `` Guerre D ' Escadre '' ( Fleet Warfare ) , in contrast to Germany 's war plan of `` Guerre De Course '' , they were relatively unsuccessful . Japanese submarines were primarily used in the offensive roles against warships , which were fast , maneuverable and well - defended compared to merchant ships . In 1942 , Japanese submarines sank two fleet aircraft carriers , one cruiser , and several destroyers and other warships , and damaged many others , including two battleships . They were not able to sustain these results afterward , as Allied fleets were reinforced and became better organized . By the end of the war , submarines were instead often used to transport supplies to island garrisons . During the war , Japan managed to sink about 1 million tons of merchant shipping ( 184 ships ) , compared to 1.5 million tons for Great Britain ( 493 ships ) , 4.65 million tons for the U.S. ( 1,079 ships ) and 14.3 million tons for Germany ( 2,840 ships ) . Early models were not very maneuverable under water , could not dive very deep , and lacked radar . Later in the war units that were fitted with radar were in some instances sunk due to the ability of U.S. radar sets to detect their emissions . For example , Batfish ( SS - 310 ) sank three such equipped submarines in the span of four days . After the war , several of Japan 's most original submarines were sent to Hawaii for inspection in `` Operation Road 's End '' ( I - 400 , I - 401 , I - 201 and I - 203 ) before being scuttled by the U.S. Navy in 1946 , when the Soviets demanded access to the submarines as well . United States ( edit ) Tang off Mare Island in 1943 . After the attack on Pearl Harbor , many of the U.S. Navy 's front - line Pacific Fleet surface ships were destroyed or severely damaged . The submarines survived the attack and carried the war to the enemy . Lacking support vessels , the submarines were asked to independently hunt and destroy Japanese ships and submarines . They did so very effectively . During World War II , the submarine force was the most effective anti-ship and anti-submarine weapon in the entire American arsenal . Submarines , though only about 2 percent of the U.S. Navy , destroyed over 30 percent of the Japanese Navy , including 8 aircraft carriers , 1 battleship and 11 cruisers . U.S. submarines also destroyed over 60 percent of the Japanese merchant fleet , crippling Japan 's ability to supply its military forces and industrial war effort . Allied submarines in the Pacific War destroyed more Japanese shipping than all other weapons combined . This feat was considerably aided by the Imperial Japanese Navy 's failure to provide adequate escort forces for the nation 's merchant fleet . Of note , whereas Japanese submarine torpedoes of the war are considered the finest , those of U.S. Navy are considered the worst . For example , the U.S. Mark 14 torpedo typically ran ten feet too deep and was tipped with a Mk VI exploder , with both magnetic influence and contact features , neither reliable . The faulty depth control mechanism of the Mark 14 was corrected in August 1942 , but field trials for the exploders were not ordered until mid-1943 , when tests in Hawaii and Australia confirmed the flaws . In addition , the Mark 14 sometimes suffered circular runs , which sank at least one U.S. submarine , Tullibee . Fully operational Mark 14 torpedoes were not put into service until September 1943 . The Mark 15 torpedo used by U.S. surface combatants had the same Mk VI exploder and was not fixed until late 1943 . One attempt to correct the problems resulted in a wakeless , electric torpedo ( the Mark 18 ) being placed in submarine service . Tang was lost to a circular run by one of these torpedoes . Given the prevalence of circular runs , there were probably other losses among boats which simply disappeared . During World War II , 314 submarines served in the United States Navy , of which nearly 260 were deployed to the Pacific . On December 7 , 1941 , 111 boats were in commission and 203 submarines from the Gato , Balao , and Tench classes were commissioned during the war . During the war , 52 US submarines were lost to all causes , with 48 directly due to hostilities ; 3,505 sailors were lost , the highest percentage killed in action of any US service arm in World War II . U.S. submarines sank 1,560 enemy vessels , a total tonnage of 5.3 million tons ( 55 % of the total sunk ) , including 8 aircraft carriers , a battleship , three heavy cruisers , and over 200 other warships , and damaged several other ships including the battleships Yamato ( badly damaged by USS Skate ( SS - 305 ) ) and Musashi ( damaged by USS Tunny ( SS - 282 ) ) . In addition , the Japanese merchant marine lost 16,200 sailors killed and 53,400 wounded , of some 122,000 at the start of the war , due to submarines . Postwar ( edit ) During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union maintained large submarine fleets that engaged in cat - and - mouse games . This continues today , on a much - reduced scale . The Soviet Union suffered the loss of at least four submarines during this period : K - 129 was lost in 1968 ( which the CIA attempted to retrieve from the ocean floor with the Howard Hughes - designed ship named Glomar Explorer ) , K - 8 in 1970 , K - 219 in 1986 ( subject of the film Hostile Waters ) , and Komsomolets ( the only Mike class submarine ) in 1989 ( which held a depth record among the military submarines -- 1000 m , or 1300 m according to the article K - 278 ) . Many other Soviet subs , such as K - 19 ( first Soviet nuclear submarine , and first Soviet sub at North Pole ) were badly damaged by fire or radiation leaks . The United States lost two nuclear submarines during this time : USS Thresher and Scorpion . The Thresher was lost due to equipment failure , and the exact cause of the loss of the Scorpion is not known . The sinking of PNS Ghazi in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was the first submarine casualty in the South Asian region . The United Kingdom employed nuclear - powered submarines against Argentina during the 1982 Falklands War . The sinking of the cruiser ARA General Belgrano by HMS Conqueror was the first sinking by a nuclear - powered submarine in war . During this conflict , the conventional Argentinian submarine ARA Santa Fé was disabled by a Sea Skua missile , and the ARA San Luis claimed to have made unsuccessful attacks on the British fleet . Major submarine incidents ( edit ) Main article : Major submarine incidents since 2000 There have been a number of accidental sinkings , but also some collisions between submarines . Up to August 1914 , there were 68 submarine accidents . There were 23 collisions , 7 battery gas explosions , 12 gasoline explosions , and 13 sinkings due to hull openings not being closed . HMS Affray was lost in the English Channel in 1951 due to the snort mast fracturing and USS Thresher in 1963 due to a pipe weld failure during a test dive . Many other scenarios have been proven to be probable causes of sinking , most notably a battery malfunction causing a torpedo to detonate internally , and the loss of the Russian Kursk on 12 August 2000 probably due to a torpedo explosion . An example of the latter was the incident between the Russian K - 276 and the USS Baton Rouge in February 1992 . Since the year 2000 there have been 9 major naval incidents involving submarines . There were three Russian submarine incidents , in two of which the submarines in question were lost , along with three United States submarine incidents , one Chinese incident , one Canadian , and one Australian incident . In August 2005 , the Russian PRIZ , an AS - 28 rescue submarine was trapped by cables and / or nets off of Petropavlovsk , and saved when a British ROV cut them free in a massive international effort . See also ( edit ) List of submarine actions List of submarine museums List of sunken nuclear submarines Depth charge and Depth charge ( cocktail ) Nuclear navy Nuclear submarine Attack submarine List of countries with submarines Articles on specific vessels ( edit ) Nerwin ( NR - 1 ) Vesikko ( museum submarine ) ORP Orzeł Ships named Nautilus List of submarines of the Royal Navy List of submarines of the United States Navy List of Soviet submarines List of U-boats of Germany Kaikō ROV ( deepest submarine dive ) Bathyscaphe Trieste ( deepest manned dive ) Articles on specific submarine classes ( edit ) List of submarine classes List of submarine classes of the Royal Navy List of Soviet and Russian submarine classes List of United States submarine classes References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` ABC ( Madrid ) - 07 / 03 / 1980 , p. 89 - ABC.es Hemeroteca '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Submarines ? Here 's How They Were Invented '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ G. L'E . Turner , ' Bourne , William ( c. 1535 -- 1582 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 . The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource : `` Bourne , William '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Jump up ^ Tierie , Gerrit ( 1932 ) Cornelius Drebbel ( 1572 - 1633 ) : http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf : 63 Jump up ^ Tierie , Gerrit ( 1932 ) Cornelis Drebbel ( 1572 - 1633 ) : http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf : 60 Jump up ^ Davis , RH ( 1955 ) . Deep Diving and Submarine Operations ( 6th ed . ) . Tolworth , Surbiton , Surrey : Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693 . Jump up ^ Acott , C. ( 1999 ) . `` A brief history of diving and decompression illness '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 29 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tierie , Gerrit ( 1932 ) Cornelis Drebbel ( 1572 - 1633 ) : http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf : 59 Jump up ^ Tierie , Gerrit ( 1932 ) Cornelis Drebbel ( 1572 - 1633 ) : http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf : 62 Jump up ^ Tierie , Gerrit ( 1932 ) Cornelis Drebbel ( 1572 - 1633 ) : http://www.drebbel.net/Tierie.pdf : 65 Jump up ^ http://www.drebbel.net/1821%20Cappelle.pdf : 102 Jump up ^ by I.W.M.A. , London , printed by M.F. for Sa : Gellibrand at the brasen Serpent in Pauls Church - yard . 1648 . Quoted in Asbach - Schnitker , Brigitte : John Wilkins , Mercury ... Bibliography , 7.3 The Works of John Wilkins , n ° 24 Jump up ^ Acott , C. ( 1999 ) . `` A brief history of diving and decompression illness '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 29 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Invention Of The Submarine '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ James P. Delgado ( 2006 ) . `` Archaeological Reconnaissance of the 1865 American - Built Sub Marine Explorer at Isla San Telmo , Archipielago de las Perlas , Panama '' . International Journal of Nautical Archaeology Journal . 35 ( 2 ) : 230 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Delgado , James P. ( 6 March 2012 ) . Misadventures of a Civil War Submarine : Iron , Guns , and Pearls . Texas A&M University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 472 - 9 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Coggins , Jack ( 2002 ) . Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution . Mineola , NY : Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42072 - 1 . OCLC 48795929 . Jump up ^ Compton - Hall , pp. 32 -- 40 Jump up ^ `` Makeshift submarine found in East River '' . August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Egg - head skipper shore is n't upset Jotham Sederstrom and Christina Boyle , New York Daily News Jump up ^ An Artist and His Sub Surrender in Brooklyn Randy Kennedy , New York Times Jump up ^ Burgess , Robert Forrest ( 1975 ) . Ships Beneath the Sea . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 008958 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hipopotamo submarine : Scale model at the Museum of Maritime History of the Ecuadorian Navy ; http://www.digeim.armada.mil.ec/index.php?option=com_phocagallery&view=category&id=9:submarino-qhipopotamoq&Itemid=12 Jump up ^ Elliott , David . `` A short history of submarine escape : The development of an extreme air dive '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 29 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Recovering Chile 's 19th Century Shipwrecks in Valparaiso 's Port '' . The Santiago Times . 2006 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Pike , John . `` Submarine History '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Torpedo History : Whitehead Torpedo Mk1 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cochran and Co 1878 - 1898 '' . Old Merseytimes . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Construction and launch of the Resurgam '' . E. Chambré Hardman Archive . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Submarine Heritage Centre - submarine history of Barrow - in - Furness '' . Submarineheritage.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paul Bowers ( 1999 ) . The Garrett Enigma : And the Early Submarine Pioneers . Airlife . p. 167 . Jump up ^ James P. Delgado ( 2011 ) . Silent Killers : Submarines and Underwater Warfare . Osprey Publishing . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` French Sub Gymnote '' . battleships-cruisers.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Humble , Richard ( 1981 ) . Underwater warfare . Chartwell Books , p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89009 - 424 - 2 Jump up ^ `` John Philip Holland - American inventor '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Galantin , Ignatius J. , Admiral , USN ( Ret . ) . Foreword to Submariner by Johnnie Coote , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Submarines , war beneath the waves , from 1776 to the present day , by Robert Hutchinson ^ Jump up to : Showell p. 29 Jump up ^ Showell p. 36 Jump up ^ Showell , p. 36 & 37 Jump up ^ `` GB 106330 ( A ) - Improvements in or relating to Submarine or Submersible Boats '' . Scott 's Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. , and Richardson , James . May 19 , 1916 . Jump up ^ JF Robb , Scotts of Greenock : A Family Enterprise , 1820 -- 1920 , p. 424 Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur ( 2013 ) . `` HNMS O 20 '' . uboat.net . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl G. Strecker : `` Vom Walter - U-Boot zum Waffelautomaten '' , Köster Berlin 2001 , ISBN 3 - 89574 - 438 - 7 Jump up ^ List of Project 705 submarines Archived 2015 - 01 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Eyes from the Deep : A History of U.S. Navy Submarine Periscopes '' . Undersea Warfare . Jump up ^ Hill , M.N. ( 1962 ) . Physical Oceanography . Allan R. Robinson . Harvard University Press . p. 498 . Jump up ^ Chuck Veit `` The Innovative Mysterious Alligator '' page 26 U.S. Naval Institute NAVAL HISTORY published August 2010 ISSN 1042 - 1920 Jump up ^ Jentschura p. 160 Jump up ^ Showell p. 201 Jump up ^ Olender p. 175 Jump up ^ Roger Chickering , Stig Förster , Bernd Greiner , German Historical Institute ( Washington , D.C. ) ( 2005 ) . `` A world at total war : global conflict and the politics of destruction , 1937 - 1945 '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83432 - 2 Jump up ^ Douglas Botting , pages 18 - 19 `` The U-Boats '' , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7054 - 0630 - 7 Jump up ^ Thomas Adam . Germany and the Americas . p. 1155 . Jump up ^ Gibson and Prendergast , p. 2 Jump up ^ Crocker III , H.W. ( 2006 ) . Do n't Tread on Me . New York : Crown Forum . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5363 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1 . Royal Navy in World War 2 , Introductions '' . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul E. Fontenoy , Submarines : An Illustrated History of Their Impact , ABC - CLIO - 2007 , page 29 Jump up ^ `` '' Most Dangerous Service '' A Century of Royal Navy Submarines `` . Jump up ^ `` Submarine History : Submarine Service : Operations and Support : Royal Navy '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mars ( 1971 ) , p. 216 . Jump up ^ McCartney ( 2006 ) , pp. 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McCartney ( 2006 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Blair , p. 576 . Jump up ^ Blair , pp. 767 - 768 ; O'Kane , Clear the Bridge . Jump up ^ Blair , passim . ^ Jump up to : O'Kane , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Blair , Clay , Jr . Silent Victory , pp. 991 - 2 . The others were lost to accidents or , in the case of Seawolf , friendly fire . Jump up ^ Less the crews of S - 26 , R - 12 , and possibly Dorado lost to accident , and Seawolf , to friendly fire . S - 36 and Darter , lost to grounding , took no casualties . Blair , passim . ^ Jump up to : Blair , p. 878 . Further reading ( edit ) Blair , Clay Jr. , Silent Victory : The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan , ISBN 1 - 55750 - 217 - X Compton - Hall , Richard . Submarine Boats , the beginnings of underwater warfare , Windward , 1983 . Fontenoy , Paul . Submarines : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO , 2007 . ISBN 9781851095636 Harris , Brayton ( Captain , USN ret . ) . `` The Navy Times Book of Submarines : A Political , Social , and Military History . '' Berkley Books , 1997 Jentschura , Hansgeorg ; Dieter Jung , Peter Mickel . Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1869 -- 1945 . United States Naval Institute , 1977 . Annapolis , Maryland . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 893 - X . Lockwood , Charles A. ( VAdm , USN ret . ) , Sink ' Em All : Submarine Warfare in the Pacific , ( 1951 ) Polmar , Norman & Kenneth Moore . Cold War Submarines : The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines . Brassey 's , Washington DC , 2004 . ISBN 1574885944 Preston , Anthony . The World 's Greatest Submarines Greenwich Editions 2005 . Showell , Jak . The U-Boat Century - German Submarine Warfare 1906 -- 2006 . Great Britain ; Chatham Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 86176 - 241 - 0 . External links ( edit ) John Holland German Submarines of WWII Submarine Simulations Seehund - German Midget Submarine Submarines of WWI Molch - German Midget Submarine ( 1 ) Developed for the NOVA television series . Role of the Modern Submarine Submariners of WWII -- World War II Submarine Veterans History Project German submarines using peroxide record breaking Japanese Submarines German U-Boats 1935 -- 1945 U.S. ship photo archive Israeli missile trials The Sub Report The Invention of the Submarine Submersibles and Technology by Graham Hawkes Submarine of Karl Shilder Royal Navy submarine history A century of Royal Navy submarine operations Royal Navy submarines Still floating submarine Lembit ( 1936 ) Submarines , the Enemy Unseen , History Today American Society of Safety Engineers . Journal of Professional Safety . Submarine Accidents : A 60 - Year Statistical Assessment . C. Tingle . September 2009 . pp. 31 -- 39 . Ordering full article : https://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/indexes/2009.php ; or Reproduction less graphics / tables : http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-government/12939133-1.html . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_submarines&oldid=864661737 '' Categories : Maritime history Submarines Hidden categories : Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français 한국어 Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 17 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented the first submarine used in war	[ "The submarine became a potentially viable weapon with the development of the first practical self-propelled torpedoes. The Whitehead torpedo was the first such weapon, and was designed in 1866 by British engineer Robert Whitehead. His 'mine ship' was an 11-foot long, 14-inch diameter torpedo propelled by compressed air and carried an explosive warhead. The device had a speed of 7 knots (13 km/h) and could hit a target 700 yards (640 m) away.[27] Many naval services procured the Whitehead torpedo during the 1870s and it first proved itself in combat during the Russo-Turkish War when, on January 16, 1878, the Turkish ship Intibah was sunk by Russian torpedo boats carrying Whiteheads.\n" ]	[ "British engineer Robert Whitehead" ]
-3654146225923131622	Abu Dhabi	Abu Dhabi - wikipedia Abu Dhabi Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city . For the emirate , see Emirate of Abu Dhabi . Abu Dhabi أبوظبي Metropolis Abu Dhabi Clockwise from top : Abu Dhabi skyline , Aldar HQ , Etihad Towers , street view , Sheikh Zayed Mosque Flag Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Show map of United Arab Emirates Show map of Asia Show all Location of Abu Dhabi within UAE Coordinates : 24 ° 28 ′ N 54 ° 22 ′ E / 24.467 ° N 54.367 ° E / 24.467 ; 54.367 Coordinates : 24 ° 28 ′ N 54 ° 22 ′ E / 24.467 ° N 54.367 ° E / 24.467 ; 54.367 Country United Arab Emirates Emirate Abu Dhabi Government Type Absolute monarchy Ruler Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Area Total 972 km ( 375 sq mi ) Elevation 27 m ( 89 ft ) Population ( 2015 ) Total 1,145,000 Density 1,200 / km ( 3,100 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Abu Dhabian Time zone UAE Standard Time ( UTC + 4 ) Nominal GDP USD 262 billion Nominal GDP per capita USD 95,000 Website www.abudhabi.ae This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Aerial view of Abu Dhabi on the coast of the Persian Gulf . Abu Dhabi ( US / ˈɑːbuː ˈdɑːbi / , UK / ˈæbuː ˈdɑːbi / ; Arabic : أبو ظبي ‎ ‎ Abū Ẓabī Emirati pronunciation ( ɐˈbuˈðʕɑbi ) ) is the capital and the second most populous city of the United Arab Emirates ( the most populous being Dubai ) , and also capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , the largest of the UAE 's seven emirates . Abu Dhabi lies on a T - shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast . The city proper had a population of 1.5 million in 2014 . Abu Dhabi houses federal government offices , is the seat of the United Arab Emirates Government , home to the Abu Dhabi Emiri Family and the President of the UAE , who is from this family . Abu Dhabi 's rapid development and urbanisation , coupled with the relatively high average income of its population , has transformed the city into a large and advanced metropolis . Today the city is the country 's centre of political and industrial activities , and a major cultural and commercial centre , due to its position as the capital . Abu Dhabi accounts for about two - thirds of the roughly $400 - billion United Arab Emirates economy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Government 5 Cityscape 5.1 Neighbourhoods 5.2 Architecture 5.2. 1 Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque 5.3 Parks and Gardens 6 Economy 7 Utility services 8 City planning 9 Demographics 10 Transportation 10.1 Air 10.2 Public transport 11 Culture 12 Education 13 Sports 13.1 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix 14 Cinema and Media 15 International relations 15.1 Twin towns and cities 16 Sites and attractions 17 See also 18 References 19 Bibliography 20 External links Etymology ( edit ) `` Dhabi '' is the Arabic word for a particular species of native gazelle that was once common in the Arabian region . Abu Dhabi means father of the `` Dhabi '' ( gazelle ) . It is thought that this name came about because of the abundance of Gazelles in the area and a folk tale involving Shakhbut bin Dhiyab al Nahyan . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi is full of archaeological evidence that points to civilisations , such as the Umm an - Nar Culture , having been located there from the third millennium BCE . Settlements were also found farther outside the modern city of Abu Dhabi but closer to the modern city of Al Ain . There is evidence of civilisations around the mountain of Hafeet ( Jebel Hafeet ) . This location is very strategic because it is the UAE 's second tallest mountain , so it would have great visibility . It also contains a lot of moisture in its springs and lakes , which means that there would have been more moisture thousands of years ago . Origin of the name Abu Dhabi The origin of the name `` Abu Dhabi '' is uncertain . Meaning `` Father of the Gazelle '' , when literally translated from Arabic , it probably referred to the few gazelles that inhabit the emirate . According to Bilal al - Budoor , assistant under - secretary for Cultural Affairs at the Ministry of Culture , Youth and Community Development , `` The area had a lot of dhibaa ( deer ( plural ) ) , and was nicknamed after that . '' An old story tells about a man who used to chase deer ( dhabi ( deer -- singular ) ) and was named the `` father '' of the animal . Abu Dhabi 's original name was Milh `` salt '' , possibly referring to the salty water of the Persian Gulf , or the ancient salt marshes that surround the city . Some Bedouins called the city Umm Dhabi ( mother of deer ) , while British records refer to the place as Abu Dhabi . According to some historical accounts , the name Abu Dhabi was first used more than 300 years ago . The first word of Abu Dhabi is pronounced `` Bu '' by inhabitants on the city 's western coast . In the eastern part of the city , the pronunciation is `` Abu '' . Origins of the Al Nahyan family Main article : Al Nahyan family The Bani Yas bedouin were originally centred on the Liwa Oasis . This tribe was the most significant in the area , having over 20 subsections . In 1793 , the Al Bu Falah subsection migrated to the island of Abu Dhabi on the coast of the Persian Gulf due to the discovery of fresh water there . One family within this section was the Al Nahyan family . This family makes up the rulers of Abu Dhabi today . Pearl trade Abu Dhabi worked in the pearl business and traded with others . According to a source about pearling , the Persian Gulf was the best location for pearls . Pearl divers dove for one to one - and - a-half minutes , and would have dived up to thirty times per day . There were no air tanks and any other sort of mechanical device was forbidden . The divers had a leather nose clip and leather coverings on their fingers and big toes to protect them while they searched for oysters . The divers were not paid for a day 's work but received a portion of the season 's earnings . Trucial coast In the 19th century , as a result of treaties ( known as `` truces '' which gave the coast its name ) entered into between Great Britain and the sheikhs of the Arab States of the Persian Gulf , Britain became the predominant influence in the area . The main purpose of British interest was to protect the trade route to India from pirates , hence the earlier name for the area , the `` Pirate Coast '' . After piracy was suppressed , other considerations came into play , such as a strategic need of the British to exclude other powers from the region . Following their withdrawal from India in 1947 , the British maintained their influence in Abu Dhabi as interest in the oil potential of the Persian Gulf grew . First oil discoveries In the 1930s , as the pearl trade declined , interest grew in the oil possibilities of the region . On 5 January 1936 , Petroleum Development ( Trucial Coast ) Ltd ( PDTC ) , an associate company of the Iraq Petroleum Company , entered into a concession agreement with the ruler , Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan al Nahyan , to explore for oil . This was followed by a seventy - five - year concession signed in January 1939 . However , owing to the desert terrain , inland exploration was fraught with difficulties . In 1953 , D'Arcy Exploration Company , the exploration arm of BP , obtained an offshore concession which was then transferred to a company created to operate the concession : Abu Dhabi Marine Areas ( ADMA ) was a joint venture between BP and Compagnie Française des Pétroles ( later Total ) . In 1958 , using a marine drilling platform , the ADMA Enterprise , oil was struck in the Umm Shaif field at a depth of about 8,755 feet ( 2,669 m ) . This was followed in 1959 by PDTC 's onshore discovery well at Murban No. 3 . In 1962 , the company discovered the Bu Hasa field and ADMA followed in 1965 with the discovery of the Zakum offshore field . Today , in addition to the oil fields mentioned , the main producing fields onshore are Asab , Sahil and Shah , and offshore are al - Bunduq , and Abu al - Bukhoosh . Pictorial essay of old Abu Dhabi In 1904 , German explorer , Hermann Burchardt , took many photographs of historical sites in Abu Dhabi , photos that are now held at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin . Geography ( edit ) Abu Dhabi seen from SPOT satellite . The city of Abu Dhabi is on the southeastern side of the Arabian Peninsula , adjoining the Persian Gulf . It is on an island less than 250 metres ( 820 ft ) from the mainland and is joined to the mainland by the Maqta and Mussafah Bridges . A third , Sheikh Zayed Bridge , designed by Zaha Hadid , opened in late 2010 . Abu Dhabi Island is also connected to Saadiyat Island by a five - lane motorway bridge . Al - Mafraq bridge connects the city to Reem Island and was completed in early 2011 . This is a multilayer interchange bridge and it has 27 lanes which allow roughly 25,000 automobiles to move per hour . There are three major bridges of the project , the largest has eight lanes , four leaving Abu Dhabi city and four coming in . Most of Abu Dhabi city is located on the island itself , but it has many suburban districts on the mainland , for example : Khalifa City A , B , and C ; Khalifa City Al Raha Beach ; Al Bahia City A , B , and C ; Al Shahama ; Al Rahba ; Between Two Bridges ; Baniyas ; Shamkha ; AL Wathba and Mussafah Residential . Gulf waters of Abu Dhabi holds world 's largest population of Indo - Pacific humpbacked dolphins . Climate ( edit ) Abu Dhabi has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) . Sunny blue skies can be expected throughout the year . The months of June through September are generally extremely hot and humid with maximum temperatures averaging above 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) . During this time , sandstorms occur intermittently , in some cases reducing visibility to a few meters . The cooler season is from November to March , which ranges between moderately hot to mild . This period also sees dense fog on some days . On average , January is the coolest month in the year , while August is the hottest . Since the Tropic of Cancer passes through the emirate , the southern part falls within the Tropics . However , despite the coolest month having a 18.8 ° C ( 65.8 ° F ) average , its climate is far too dry to be classed as tropical . ( hide ) Climate data for Abu Dhabi Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.7 ( 92.7 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 43.0 ( 109.4 ) 44.7 ( 112.5 ) 46.9 ( 116.4 ) 48.8 ( 119.8 ) 48.7 ( 119.7 ) 49.2 ( 120.6 ) 47.7 ( 117.9 ) 43.0 ( 109.4 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 33.4 ( 92.1 ) 49.2 ( 120.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 39.3 ( 102.7 ) 40.8 ( 105.4 ) 42.1 ( 107.8 ) 42.9 ( 109.2 ) 40.4 ( 104.7 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 34.46 ( 94.02 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 18.8 ( 65.8 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 22.6 ( 72.7 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 24.5 ( 76.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 27.41 ( 81.33 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 26.6 ( 79.9 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 18.7 ( 65.7 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 21.55 ( 70.79 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 8.4 ( 47.1 ) 11.2 ( 52.2 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 17.0 ( 62.6 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 12.0 ( 53.6 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 7.1 ( 44.8 ) 5 ( 41 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 7.0 ( 0.276 ) 21.2 ( 0.835 ) 14.5 ( 0.571 ) 6.1 ( 0.24 ) 1.3 ( 0.051 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 1.5 ( 0.059 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.012 ) 5.2 ( 0.205 ) 57.1 ( 2.249 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 1.2 2.8 2.8 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.5 9.9 Average relative humidity ( % ) 68 67 63 58 55 60 61 63 64 65 65 68 63.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 246.1 232.6 251.1 280.5 342.2 336.9 314.2 307.5 302.4 304.7 286.6 257.6 3,462.4 Source : NOAA ( 1971 -- 1991 ) Abu Dhabi mean sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 22.2 ° C ( 72.0 ° F ) 20.6 ° C ( 69.1 ° F ) 22.4 ° C ( 72.3 ° F ) 25.0 ° C ( 77.0 ° F ) 29.0 ° C ( 84.2 ° F ) 31.6 ° C ( 88.9 ° F ) 32.7 ° C ( 90.9 ° F ) 33.8 ° C ( 92.8 ° F ) 33.4 ° C ( 92.1 ° F ) 31.5 ° C ( 88.7 ° F ) 28.3 ° C ( 82.9 ° F ) 24.5 ° C ( 76.1 ° F ) Government ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) Under the rule of the Department of Municipal Affairs , Abu Dhabi Central Capital District has its own local government . Members are selected through the emir . Councils such as the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council and the Regulation and Supervision Bureau are responsible for infrastructure projects in the city . Finances are mainly through the state government . Cityscape ( edit ) Panoramic view of the Corniche . Neighbourhoods ( edit ) Skyscrapers on West Corniche Rd , Al Ras Al Akhdar , in March 2013 . Etihad Towers at the right . Al Aman Al Bateen Al Dhafrah Al Falah Al Karama Al Khubeirah Al Lulu Island Al Madina Al Maryah Island Al Manaseer Al Manhal Al Maqtaa Al Markaziyah Al Meena Al Moroor Al Mushrif Al Muzoon Al Nahyan Al Qubesat Al Ras Al Akhdar Al Reem Island Al Rehhan Al Rowdah Bani Yas Al Zaab Al Zahiyah Al Zahraa Al Khalidyah Bain Al Jisrain Hideriyyat Khalifa City Marina Village Masdar City Mohammed Bin Zayed City Saadiyat Island Shakhbout City Officers City Qasr El Bahr Qasr El Shatie Yas Island Al Samha Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Abu Dhabi ADIA Tower to the left and The Landmark at the right in Abu Dhabi . Street View . The city was planned under the guidance of Sheikh Zayed by Japanese architect Dr Takahashi in 1967 initially for a population of 40,000 . The density of Abu Dhabi varies , with high employment density in the central area , high residential densities in central downtown and lower densities in the suburban districts . In the dense areas , most of the concentration is achieved with medium - and high - rise buildings . Abu Dhabi 's skyscrapers such as the notable Etihad Towers , Abu Dhabi Investment Authority Tower , the National Bank of Abu Dhabi headquarters , the Baynunah ( Hilton Hotel ) Tower . and the Etisalat headquarters are usually found in the financial districts of Abu Dhabi . Other notable modern buildings include the Emirates Palace with its design inspired by Arab heritage . The development of tall buildings has been encouraged in the Abu Dhabi Plan 2030 , which will lead to the construction of many new skyscrapers over the next decade , particularly in the expansion of Abu Dhabi 's central business district such as the new developments on Al Sowwah Island and Al Reem Island . Abu Dhabi already has a number of supertall skyscrapers under construction throughout the city . Some of the tallest buildings on the skyline include the 382 m ( 1,253.28 ft ) Central Market Residential Tower , the 324 m ( 1,062.99 ft ) The Landmark and the 74 - story , 310 m ( 1,017.06 ft ) Sky Tower , all of them completed . Also many other skyscrapers over 150 m ( 492.13 ft ) ( 500 ft ) are either proposed or approved and could transform the city 's skyline . As of July 2008 , there were 62 high - rise buildings 23 to 150 m ( 75.46 to 492.13 ft ) under construction , approved for construction , or proposed for construction . Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque ( edit ) Main article : Sheikh Zayed Mosque Front and entrance of the Sheikh Zayed Mosque . One of the most important architectural landmarks is the Sheikh Zayed Mosque . This is arguably one of the most important architectural treasures of contemporary UAE society -- and one of the most opulent in the world . It was initiated by the late president of the United Arab Emirates , HH Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , fondly thought of as the father of the UAE . Its design and construction reportedly ' unites the world ' , using artisans and materials from many countries including Italy , Germany , Morocco , Pakistan , India , Turkey , Iran , China , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Greece and of course the United Arab Emirates . More than 3,000 workers and 38 renowned contracting companies took part in the construction of the mosque . Natural materials were chosen for much of its design and construction due to their long - lasting qualities , including marble , stone , gold , semi-precious stones , crystals and ceramics . Construction began on 5 November 1996 . The maximum capacity is approximately 41,000 people and the overall structure is 22,412 square metres ( 241,240 square feet ) , the internal prayer halls were initially opened in December 2007 . As one of the most visited buildings in the UAE , the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Center was established to manage the day - to - day operations , as a place of worship and Friday gathering and as a centre of learning and discovery through its education and visitor programs . Parks and gardens ( edit ) Abu Dhabi has several parks and gardens and more than 400 kilometres ( 249 miles ) of coastline , of which 10 kilometres ( 6 miles ) are public beaches . The Lake Park A view from Heritage Park Turmeric plants at the Heritage Park Inside the Heritage Park Directions Pole at the Heritage Park Watch Tower at the Heritage Park Economy ( edit ) The UAE 's large hydrocarbon wealth gives it one of the highest GDP per capita in the world and Abu Dhabi owns the majority of these resources -- 95 % of the oil and 92 % of gas . Abu Dhabi thus holds 9 % of the world 's proven oil reserves ( 98.2 bn barrels ) and almost 5 % of the world 's natural gas ( 5.8 billion cubic metres or 200 billion cubic feet ) . Oil production in the UAE was in the region of 2.3 million barrels per day ( bpd ) in 2010 , and projects are in progress to boost production to 3m bpd . In recent years the focus has turned to gas as increasing domestic consumption for power , desalination and reinjection of gas into oil fields increases demand . Gas extraction is not without its difficulties , however , as demonstrated by the sour gas project at Shah where the gas is rich in hydrogen sulphide content and is expensive to develop and process . In 2009 , the government had been diversifying their economic plans . Served by high oil prices , the country 's non-oil and gas GDP has outstripped that attributable to the energy sector . Non-oil and gas GDP now constitutes 64 % of the UAE 's total GDP . This trend is reflected in Abu Dhabi with substantial new investment in industry , real estate , tourism and retail . As Abu Dhabi is the largest oil producer of the UAE , it has reaped the most benefits from this trend . It has taken on an active diversification and liberalisation programme to reduce the UAE 's reliance on the hydrocarbon sector . This is evident in the emphasis on industrial diversification with the completion of free zones , Industrial City of Abu Dhabi , twofour54 Abu Dhabi media free zone and the construction of another , ICAD II , in the pipeline . There has also been a drive to promote the tourism and real estate sectors with the Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority and the Tourism and Development Investment Company undertaking several large - scale development projects . These projects will be served by an improved transport infrastructure with a new port , an expanded airport and a proposed rail link between Abu Dhabi and Dubai all in the development stages . Abu Dhabi is the wealthiest emirate of the UAE in terms of Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) and per capita income . More than $1 trillion is invested worldwide in this city alone . In 2010 , the GDP per capita also reached $49,600 , which ranks ninth in the world after Qatar , Liechtenstein and Luxembourg and many others . Taxation in Abu Dhabi , as in the rest of the UAE , is nil for a resident and for a non-bank , non-oil company . Abu Dhabi is also planning many future projects sharing with the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) and taking 29 % of all the GCC future plannings . The United Arab Emirates is a fast - growing economy : in 2006 the per capita income grew by 9 % , providing a GDP per capita of $49,700 and ranking third in the world at purchasing power parity . Abu Dhabi 's sovereign wealth fund , the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority ( ADIA ) , currently estimated at US $875 billion , is the world 's wealthiest sovereign fund in terms of total asset value . Etihad Airways maintains its headquarters in Abu Dhabi . Abu Dhabi 's government is looking to expand revenue from oil and gas production to tourism and other sorts of things which would attract different types of people . This goal is seen in the amount of attention Abu Dhabi is giving to its International Airport . The airport , in 2009 , experienced a 30 % + growth in passenger usage . This idea of diversification of the economy is also seen in the Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030 planned by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council . In this plan Abu Dhabi 's economy will be sustainable and not be dependent on any one facet or source of revenue . More specifically the non-oil portion of income is planned to be increased from about 40 % to about 70 % . Many Hollywood and other national film production teams have used the UAE as filming locations . Whilst neighbouring Dubai gets a lot of attention , in recent years Abu Dhabi has become a popular destination . The Etihad Towers and Emirates Palace Hotel were some of the city 's landmarks used as filming locations for the movie Furious 7 . In this movie , cars rush through the building and smash through the windows of the Etihad Towers . Utility services ( edit ) See also : Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi The water supply in Abu Dhabi is managed by the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Company . As of 2006 , it supplied 560.2 MiGD ( million imperial gallons per day ) of water , while the water demand for 2005 -- 06 was estimated to be 511 MiGD . The Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi ( EAD ) states that groundwater is the most significant source of water , as well as desalinated potable water , and treated sewage effluent . At 40.6 MiGD , the Umm Al Nar storage is the largest water source for Abu Dhabi , followed by the rivers Shuweihat and Taweelah . With falling groundwater level and rising population density , Abu Dhabi faces a severely acute water shortage . On average each Abu Dhabi resident uses 550 litres ( 120 imp gal ; 150 US gal ) of water per day . Abu Dhabi daily produces 1,532 tonnes of solid wastes which is dumped at three landfill sites by Abu Dhabi Municipality . The daily domestic waste water production is 330 MiGD and industrial waste water is 40 MiGD . A large portion of the sewerage flows as waste into streams , and separation plants . The city 's per capita electricity consumption is about 41,000 kWh and the total supplied is 8,367 MW as of 2007 . The distribution of electricity is carried out by companies run by SCIPCO Power and APC Energy . The Abu Dhabi Fire Service runs 13 fire stations that attend about 2,000 fire and rescue calls per year . State - owned Etisalat and private du communication companies provide telephone and cell phone service to the city . Cellular coverage is extensive , and both GSM and CDMA ( from Etisalat and Du ) services are available . Etisalat , the government owned telecommunications provider , held a virtual monopoly over telecommunication services in Abu Dhabi prior to the establishment of other , smaller telecommunications companies such as Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ( EITC -- better known as Du ) in 2006 . Internet was introduced into Abu Dhabi in 1995 . The current network is supported by a bandwidth of 6 GB , with 50,000 dialup and 150,000 broadband ports . Etisalat recently announced implementing a fibre - to - the - home ( FTTH ) network in Abu Dhabi during the third quarter of 2009 to make the emirate the world 's first city to have such a network . City Planning ( edit ) A Public Park in the city . Public park in Abu Dhabi . Greeneries on the roadside near the Corniche Beach . Waterfront park in Abu Dhabi . At the corniche during sunset . Abu Dhabi in the 1970s was planned for a predicted topmost population of 600,000 . Following the urban planning ideals of the time period , the city has high - density tower blocks , and wide grid - pattern roads . The population density is at its apex on the most northerly part of the island . At this point the main streets have a large amount of 20 - to 30 - storey towers . These towers are in a rectangular pattern , and inside is an ordinary grid pattern of roads with low rise buildings such as 2 - story villas or 6 - story low - rise buildings . Due to this planning a modern city with tall offices , apartment buildings , broad boulevards and busy shops is present . Principal thoroughfares are the Corniche , Airport Road , Sheikh Zayed Street , Hamdan Street and Khalifa Street . Abu Dhabi is known in the region for its greenery ; the former desert strip today includes numerous parks and gardens . The design of the inner city roads and main roads are quite organised . Starting from the Corniche , all horizontal streets are oddly numbered , while all vertical streets are evenly numbered . Thus , the Corniche is Street # 1 , Khalifa is Street # 3 , Hamdan is Street # 5 , Electra street is Street # 7 and so on . Conversely , Salam Street is St # 8 . Mail is generally delivered to post-office boxes only ; however , there is door - to - door delivery for commercial organisations . There are many parks throughout the city . Entrance is usually free for children , however there is often an entrance fee for adults . The Corniche , the city 's seaside promenade , is about 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) in length , with gardens , playgrounds , and a BMX / skateboard ring . In 2007 the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council ( UPC ) was established , which is the agency responsible for the future of Abu Dhabi 's urban environments and the expert authority behind the visionary Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 Urban Structure Framework Plan that was published in September 2007 . The UPC is also working on similar plans for the regions of Al - Ain and Al - Gharbia . Because of the rapid development of Abu Dhabi , a number of challenges to the city 's urban organisation have developed , among them : Today , the city 's population far surpasses the original estimated maximum population when it was designed . This causes traffic congestion , a shortage of car parking spaces , and overcrowding . Although there is an addressing system for the city , it is not widely used , causing problems in describing building locations . Directions must often be given based on nearby landmarks . However , there is a new naming system under the name of Onwani which is overhauling the entire addressing system of the entire Abu Dhabi Emirate . Its phases have already been implemented and are a success . The addressing system is up to international standards Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1960 25,000 -- 1965 50,000 + 100.0 % 1969 46,400 − 7.2 % 127,763 + 175.4 % 1980 243,257 + 90.4 % 1985 283,361 + 16.5 % 1995 398,695 + 40.7 % 2003 552,000 + 38.5 % 2009 896,751 + 62.5 % 2013 921,000 + 2.7 % The town of Abu Dhabi first conducted a census in 1968 . All population figures in this table prior to 1968 are estimates obtained from populstat.info . Sources : As the emirate covers 67,341 km ( 26,001 sq mi ) , nearly 87 % of the UAE , the population density is 21.73 / km ( 56.3 / sq mi ) , making it the largest emirate in the UAE . Abu Dhabi also ranks as the 67th most expensive city in the world , and the second most in the region behind Dubai . As of 2014 , 477,000 of 2,650,000 people living in the emirate were UAE nationals . Approximately 80 % of the population were expatriates . The median age in the emirate was about 30.1 years . The crude birth rate , as of 2005 , was 13.6 % , while the crude death rate was about 2 % . Article 7 of the UAE 's Provisional Constitution declares Islam the official state religion of the UAE . The government subsidises almost 95 % of mosques and employs all imams . A majority of mosques are Maliki or Muwahhid oriented . The majority of the inhabitants of Abu Dhabi are expatriate workers from Nepal ‚ India , Pakistan , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Somalia , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Philippines , the United Kingdom and various countries from across the Arab world . Some of these expatriates have been in the country for many decades with only a few of them awarded nationality Consequently , English , Hindi - Urdu ( Hindustani ) , Malayalam , Tamil , Tulu , Somali , Tigrinya , Amharic and Bengali are widely spoken . The native - born population are Arabic - speaking Arabs who are part of a clan - based society . The Al Nahyan family , part of the al - Falah branch of the Bani Yas clan , rules the emirate and has a central place in society . There are also Arabs who are from other parts of the Arab World . Transportation ( edit ) Abu Dhabi International Airport The city 's Silver Taxi Air ( edit ) Abu Dhabi International Airport ( AUH ) is the city 's main aviation hub and the second busiest airport in the UAE . Passenger numbers at Abu Dhabi International Airport rose by 17.2 per cent in 2015 , with more than 23 million travellers passing through its terminals during that year . Public Transport ( edit ) City Bus Number 56 Public transport systems in Abu Dhabi include the Abu Dhabi public buses , taxis , ferries , and aeroplanes . Street taxis are easily recognised . They are either silver with a yellow roof sign ( newer taxis ) or white and gold with a green roof sign ( older taxis ) . All the old taxis have been phased out . There are no old taxis available for transportation anymore . The first town bus entered service in about 1969 but this was all part of a very informal service . There are other inter-city buses departing the Abu Dhabi Dhabi central bus station ; these inter-city buses are not only intra-emirate buses , but also inter-emirate services . On 30 June 2008 the Department of Transport began public bus service in Abu Dhabi with four routes . There are also public buses serving the airport . In an attempt to entice people to use the bus system , all routes were zero - fare until the end of 2008 . The four routes , which operate between 6 am and midnight every day , run at a frequency of 10 to 20 minutes . Within the first week of service the bus network had seen high usage . Some of the buses , which have a maximum capacity of 45 passengers , only had room for standing left . Some bus drivers reported as many as 100 passengers on a bus at one time . Due to the new , zero - fare bus service success , many taxi drivers were losing business . Taxi drivers have seen a considerable decrease in the demand for taxis while lines were forming for the buses . The service steadily expanded and by the end of 2008 , 230 buses were in service . In 2009 , the Department of Transport plans to have 21 bus routes in the city , operated by 820 buses . A total of 1,360 buses are expected to be in operation by 2010 . A massive expansion of public transport is anticipated within the framework of the government 's Surface Transport Master Plan 2030 . The expansion is expected to see 130 km ( 81 mi ) of metro and 340 km ( 210 mi ) of tramways and / or bus rapid transit ( BRT ) routes . See also : Abu Dhabi Bus service Culture ( edit ) Typical Arabic house displayed at the Heritage Village in Abu Dhabi . Abu Dhabi has a diverse and multicultural society . The city 's cultural imprint as a small , ethnically homogeneous pearling community was changed with the arrival of other ethnic groups and nationals -- first by the Iranians in the early 1900s , and later by various Asian and European ethnicities in the 1950s and 60s . Abu Dhabi has been criticised for perpetuating a class - based society , where migrant workers are in the lower classes , and suffer abuse which `` is endemic to the system '' . Major holidays in Abu Dhabi include Eid al Fitr , which marks the end of Ramadan , Eid ul - Adha which marks the end of Hajj , and National Day ( 2 December ) , which marks the formation of the United Arab Emirates . At the ADIPEC 2013 . This unique socioeconomic development in the Persian Gulf has meant that Abu Dhabi is generally more tolerant than its neighbours , including Saudi Arabia . Emiratis have been known for their tolerance ; Christian churches , Hindu temples , and Sikh gurdwaras ( but no synagogues ) can be found alongside mosques . The cosmopolitan atmosphere is gradually growing and as a result , there are a variety of Asian and Western schools , cultural centres and themed restaurants . Abu Dhabi is home to a number of cultural institutions including the Cultural Foundation and the National Theater . The Cultural Foundation , while closed for reconstruction as of spring 2011 , is home to the UAE Public Library and Cultural Center . Various cultural societies such as the Abu Dhabi Classical Music Society have a strong and visible following in the city . The recently launched Emirates Foundation offers grants in support of the arts , as well as to advance science and technology , education , environmental protection and social development . The International Prize for Arabic Fiction ( IPAF ) will be based in Abu Dhabi . The city also stages hundreds of conferences and exhibitions each year in its state - of - the - art venues , including the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre ( ADNEC ) which is the Persian Gulf 's largest exhibition centre and welcomes around 1.8 million visitors every year . The Red Bull Air Race World Series has been a spectacular sporting staple for the city for many years , bringing tens of thousands to the waterfront . Another major event is the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference ( ADIPEC ) . The diversity of cuisine in Abu Dhabi is a reflection of the cosmopolitan nature of the society . Arab food is very popular and is available everywhere in the city , from the small shawarma to the upscale restaurants in the city 's many hotels . Fast food and South Asian cuisine are also very popular and are widely available . The sale and consumption of pork , though not illegal , is regulated and it is sold only to non-Muslims in designated areas . Similarly , the sale of alcoholic beverages is regulated . A liquor permit is required to purchase alcohol ; however , alcohol , although available in bars and restaurants within four or five star hotels , is not sold as widely as in its more liberal neighbour Dubai . Shisha and qahwa boutiques are also popular in Abu Dhabi . Poetry in Abu Dhabi and the UAE is highly regarded and often is centric around the themes of satire , religion , family , chivalry and love . According to an article from an Abu Dhabi tourism page , sheikhs , teachers , sailors and princes make a large bulk of the poets within the UAE . A unique form of poetry to the UAE was formed in the 8th century by Al Khalil bin Ahmed and it was written in 16 metres ( 52 feet ) . The first known poet from the UAE , Ibn Majid , was born sometime between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al Khaimah . According to the tourism page Majid came from a family of sailors and 40 of his works have survived . Another Emirati poet , Ibn Daher is from the 17th century . Daher is important because he used Nabati poetry ( AKA Bedouin poetry ) , poetry written in the vernacular instead of the classical / religious Arabic . Other important poets from the UAE are Mubarak Al Oqaili ( 1880 -- 1954 ) , Salem bin Ali al Owais ( 1887 -- 1959 ) and Abdulla bin Sulayem ( 1905 -- 1976 ) . These poets made headway in the field of Classical Arabic poetry as opposed to the Nabati poetry of the 17th century . One of Ibn Masjid 's most prominent works is a book called , Kitab al - Fawa'id fi Usul ' Ilm al - Bahr wa ' l - Qawa'id ( Book of Useful Information on the Principles and Rules of Navigation ) , and it was written in 1490 . This book is effectually an encyclopædia about navigation and sailing in and around the Indian Ocean . Masjid also goes into detail about the intricacies and technologies of the Arab sailing techniques . An excerpt from his book is : `` We have 32 rhumbs , and tirfa , and zam , and the measurement of stellar altitudes , but they have not . They can not understand the way we navigate , but we can understand the way they do ; we can use their system and sail in their ships . For the Indian Ocean is connected to the All - Encompassing Ocean , and we possess scientific books that give stellar altitudes , but they do not have a knowledge of stellar altitudes ; they have no science and no books , only the compass and dead reckoning ... We can easily sail in their ships and upon their sea , so they have great respect for us and look up to us . They admit we have a better knowledge of the sea and navigation and the wisdom of the stars . '' Ahmad Ibn Majid on European Navigation Today in Abu Dhabi there is a group called the Abu Dhabi Cultural Foundation that works to preserve the art and culture of the city . According to an article from the English Pen Atlas Al jawaher wal la'li was the first manuscript to come out of the UAE . According to another article this book was written in the 1990s and was banned in the city for some time for making accusations about the ruling family . See also : Cultural Policy in Abu Dhabi Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi is home to international and local private schools and universities , including government - sponsored United Arab Emirates University in Al - Ain , New York University , Masdar Institute of Science and Technology , New York Institute of Technology , Higher Colleges of Technology , New York Film Academy , Paris - Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi and Abu Dhabi University in Abu Dhabi . These boast several languages that make up the population of the city . For example , the international business school established a campus in February 2010 , offering an Executive MBA and executive education courses . New York University opened a government - sponsored satellite campus in Abu Dhabi in September 2010 . All schools in the emirate are under the authority of the Abu Dhabi Education Council . This organisation oversees and administers public schools and licenses and inspects private schools . From 2009 , the Council has brought over thousands of licensed teachers from native English speaking countries to support their New School Model Program in government schools . Abu Dhabi Education Council ( ADEC ) maintains a comprehensive after - school program for interested and talented jiu - jitsu students . The Abu Dhabi Jiu - Jitsu Schools Program began in 2008 under the patronage of Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan , who is a keen Brazilian jiu - jitsu competitor . The program launched in 14 schools for pupils in grades 6 and 7 and has since expanded to 42 government schools , with 81 Brazilian coaches brought in as instructors . 9 to 13 - year - old students are taught Brazilian jiu - jitsu as part of the curriculum . The plan is for up to 500 schools to be participating in the school - jitsu program by 2015 . The project was set up by special request of HH Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan to the head coach of the Emirates jiu - jitsu team Carlos Santos , now also the managing director of the School - Jitsu Project . Every year in the season of admissions an exhibition is launched in Abu Dhabi Exhibition Center under the supervision of the government . Universities from every corner of the world exhibit their career programs and scholarship programs for globally bright students . This seems to be a well - defined platform for the students of all nationalities . Heriot - Watt University , University of Bolton , Cambridge University , Oxford University , the Petroleum Institute , Khalifa University and Abu Dhabi University attend . Sports ( edit ) Abu Dhabi has four football stadiums : Al Jazeera Stadium , Al Wahda stadium and Sheikh Zayed Football Stadium ( Zayed Sports City ) and Hazza Stadium . ZSC also contains a tennis court , an ice rink , and a bowling alley . The Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium is located on the outskirts of the city and is currently home to the Pakistan Cricket Team . The stadium hosts at least two series per year in the last 4 years . In 2014 , the stadium also hosted one leg of the Indian Premier League . It has also been considered as a venue for the B Pakistan Super League too . Football and cricket are very popular in the city . Many youth play football in parking lots nearby corniche because of the pleasant environment and enough space . Cricket is also popular because of South Asian expats . There have been many small competitions conducted between small - time football and cricket teams . Another location known as the Dome has been created for mainly football events among others . The purpose behind the development of the Dome@Rawdhat was to create a community football and sporting facility with indoor and outdoor pitches in the heart of the city of Abu Dhabi . Yas Marina Circuit Abu Dhabi Grand prix ( edit ) Main article : Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Since 2009 , Abu Dhabi has hosted a Formula One race every year in November at the Yas Marina Circuit . Motorsport is popular throughout the country and the circuit has also hosted other events such as the V8 Supercars series of Dubai . Cinema and media ( edit ) The 2007 film , The Kingdom , was filmed here , although the movie was about Saudi Arabia . Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , had some scenes taken and / or based in Abu Dhabi . In Sex and the City 2 ( 2010 ) , most of the plot takes place in Abu Dhabi , but the movie is not filmed there . International relations ( edit ) Main article : List of twin towns and cities in United Arab Emirates Twin towns and cities ( edit ) Abu Dhabi is twinned with : Bethlehem , Palestine Madrid , Spain ( 2007 ) Houston , Texas , United States ( 2002 ) Brisbane , Australia ( since 2009 ) Islamabad , Pakistan Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Minsk , Belarus ( since 2007 ) Nicosia , Cyprus ( since 2004 ) Iquique , Chile Jakarta , Indonesia Kish Island , Iran Roskilde , Denmark ( since 2011 ) Sites and attractions ( edit ) Sheikh Zayed Mosque Emirates Palace Yas Marina Circuit The Corniche Etihad Towers Yas Marina Yas Waterworld Abu Dhabi See also ( edit ) Abu Dhabi portal Asia portal Middle East portal United Arab Emirates portal Abu Dhabi Fund for Development Abu Dhabi Investment Council Abu Dhabi Vegetable Market Abu Dhabi Mall Aldar headquarters building Department of Municipal Affairs ( Abu Dhabi ) Dubai - Abu Dhabi Highway Marawah National Center for Documentation and Research Postage stamps and postal history of Abu Dhabi References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Middle East : : United Arab Emirates '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is abu dhabi a city or a country	[ "Abu Dhabi (US /ˈɑːbuː ˈdɑːbi/, UK /ˈæbuː ˈdɑːbi/; Arabic: أبو ظبي‎‎ Abū Ẓabī Emirati pronunciation [ɐˈbuˈðˤɑbi])[3] is the capital and the second most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (the most populous being Dubai), and also capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the largest of the UAE's seven emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper had a population of 1.5 million in 2014.[4]" ]	[ "city" ]
3101483906174569481	Serial-position effect	Serial - position effect - wikipedia Serial - position effect Jump to : navigation , search This article is missing information about `` recency bias '' , which is redirected here . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( December 2015 ) Graph showing the U-shaped serial - position curve , created by the serial - position effect . Serial - position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best , and the middle items worst . The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself , and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item 's position within a study list . When asked to recall a list of items in any order ( free recall ) , people tend to begin recall with the end of the list , recalling those items best ( the recency effect ) . Among earlier list items , the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items ( the primacy effect ) . One suggested reason for the primacy effect is that the initial items presented are most effectively stored in dormant memory because of the greater amount of processing devoted to them . ( The first list item can be rehearsed by itself ; the second must be rehearsed along with the first , the third along with the first and second , and so on . ) The primacy effect is reduced when items are presented quickly and is enhanced when presented slowly ( factors that reduce and enhance processing of each item and thus permanent storage ) . Longer presentation lists have been found to reduce the primacy effect . One theorised reason for the recency effect is that these items are still present in activated memory when recall is solicited . Items that benefit from neither ( the middle items ) are recalled most poorly . An additional explanation for the recency effect is related to temporal context : if tested immediately after rehearsal , the current temporal context can serve as a retrieval cue , which would predict more recent items to have a higher likelihood of recall than items that were studied in a different temporal context ( earlier in the list ) . The recency effect is reduced when an interfering task is given . Intervening tasks involve working memory , as the distractor activity , if exceeding 15 to 30 seconds in duration , can cancel out the recency effect . Additionally , if recall comes immediately after test , the recency effect is consistent regardless of the length of the studied list , or presentation rate . Amnesiacs with poor ability to form permanent long - term memories do not show a primacy effect , but do show a recency effect if recall comes immediately after study . People with Alzheimer 's disease exhibit a reduced primacy effect but do not produce a recency effect in recall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primacy effect 2 Recency effect 2.1 Dual - store models 2.2 Single - store models 2.3 Ratio rule 3 Related effects 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Primacy effect ( edit ) The primacy effect , in psychology and sociology , is a cognitive bias that results in a subject recalling primary information presented better than information presented later on . For example , a subject who reads a sufficiently long list of words is more likely to remember words toward the beginning than words in the middle . Many researchers tried to explain this phenomenon through free recall ( null tests ) . Coluccia , Gamboz , and Brandimonte ( 2011 ) explain free recall as participants try to remember information without any prompting . In some experiments in the late 20th century it was noted that participants who knew that they were going to be tested on a list presented to them would rehearse items : as items were presented , the participants would repeat those items to themselves and as new items were presented , the participants would continue to rehearse previous items along with the newer items . It was demonstrated that the primacy effect had a greater influence on recall when there was more time between presentation of items so that participants would have a greater chance to rehearse previous ( prime ) items . Overt rehearsal was a technique that was meant to test participants ' rehearsal patterns . In an experiment using this technique , participants were asked to recite out loud the items that come to mind . In this way , the experimenter was able to see that participants would repeat earlier items more than items in the middle of the list , thus rehearsing them more frequently and having a better recall of the prime items than the middle items later on . In another experiment , by Brodie and Murdock , the recency effect was found to be partially responsible for the primacy effect . In their experiment , they also used the overt - rehearsal technique and found that in addition to rehearsing earlier items more than later items , participants were rehearsing earlier items later on in the list . In this way , earlier items were closer to the test period by way of rehearsal and could be partially explained by the recency effect . In 2013 , a study showed that primacy effect is also prominent in decision making based on experience in a repeated - choice paradigm , a learning process also known as operant conditioning . The authors showed that importance attached to the value of the first reward on subsequent behaviour , a phenomenon they denoted as outcome primacy . In another study , participants received one of two sentences . For example , one may be given `` Steve is smart , diligent , critical , impulsive , and jealous . '' and the other `` Steve is jealous , impulsive , critical , diligent , and smart . '' These two sentences contain the same information . The first one suggests positive trait at the beginning while the second one has negative traits . Researchers found that the subjects evaluated Steve more positively when given the first sentence , compared with the second one . Recency effect ( edit ) Two traditional classes of theories explain the recency effect . Dual - store models ( edit ) These models postulate that later study list items are retrieved from a highly accessible short - term buffer , i.e. the short - term store ( STS ) in human memory . This allows items that are recently studied to have an advantage over those that were studied earlier , as earlier study items have to be retrieved with greater effort from one 's long - term memory store ( LTS ) . An important prediction of such models is that the presentation of a distractor , for example solving arithmetic problems for 10 -- 30 seconds , during the retention period ( the time between list presentation and test ) attenuates the recency effect . Since the STS has limited capacity , the distractor displaces later study list items from the STS so that at test , these items can only be retrieved from the LTS , and have lost their earlier advantage of being more easily retrieved from the short - term buffer . As such , dual - store models successfully account for both the recency effect in immediate recall tasks , and the attenuation of such an effect in the delayed free recall task . A major problem with this model , however , is that it can not predict the long - term recency effect observed in delayed recall , when a distractor intervenes between each study item during the interstimulus interval ( continuous distractor task ) . Since the distractor is still present after the last study item , it should displace the study item from STS such that the recency effect is attenuated . The existence of this long - term recency effect thus raises the possibility that immediate and long - term recency effects share a common mechanism . Single - store models ( edit ) According to single - store theories , a single mechanism is responsible for serial - position effects . A first type of model is based on relative temporal distinctiveness , in which the time lag between the study of each list item and the test determines the relative competitiveness of an item 's memory trace at retrieval . In this model , end - of - list items are thought to be more distinct , and hence more easily retrieved . Another type of model is based on contextual variability , which postulates that retrieval of items from memory is cued not only based on one 's mental representation of the study item itself , but also of the study context . Since context varies and increasingly changes with time , on an immediate free - recall test , when memory items compete for retrieval , more recently studied items will have more similar encoding contexts to the test context , and are more likely to be recalled . Outside immediate free recall , these models can also predict the presence or absence of the recency effect in delayed free recall and continual - distractor free - recall conditions . Under delayed recall conditions , the test context would have drifted away with increasing retention interval , leading to attenuated recency effect . Under continual distractor recall conditions , while increased interpresentation intervals reduce the similarities between study context and test context , the relative similarities among items remains unchanged . As long as the recall process is competitive , recent items will win out , so a recency effect is observed . Ratio rule ( edit ) Overall , an important empirical observation regarding the recency effect is that it is not the absolute duration of retention intervals ( RI , the time between end of study and test period ) or of inter-presentation intervals ( IPI , the time between different study items ) that matters . Rather , the amount of recency is determined by the ratio of RI to IPI ( the ratio rule ) . As a result , as long as this ratio is fixed , recency will be observed regardless of the absolute values of intervals , so that recency can be observed at all time scales , a phenomenon known as time - scale invariance . This contradicts dual - store models , which assume that recency depends on the size of STS , and the rule governing the displacement of items in the STS . Potential explanations either then explain the recency effect as occurring through a single , same mechanism , or re-explain it through a different type of model that postulates two different mechanisms for immediate and long - term recency effects . One such explanation is provided by Davelaar et al. ( 2005 ) , who argue that there are dissociations between immediate and long - term recency phenomena that can not be explained by a single - component memory model , and who argues for the existence of a STS that explains immediate recency , and a second mechanism based on contextual drift that explains long - term recency . Related effects ( edit ) In 1977 , William Crano decided to outline a study to further the previous conclusions on the nature of order effects , in particular those of primacy vs. recency , which were said to be unambiguous and opposed in their predictions . The specifics tested by Crano were : Change of meaning hypothesis The items on the beginning of a list establish a theme that the participants expect the rest of the list to fall into . The participant modified the meaning of some of the words on the list to fit with the expectation he or she established . Watkins and Peynicioglu ( 1984 ) explain this as participants changing the meaning of words , deviating from the established theme , to reduce the amount of deviation in the information presented . Inconsistency discounting Participants would disregard information that was not consistent with previous items presented to them . In other words , discounting involves thinking of inconsistent information as having less value than information that is consistent with other information presented ( Devine & Ostrom , 1985 ) . Attention decrement hypothesis Information presented first has a greater influence on participants than information that is presented later , causing a primacy effect to occur , even if the information is consistent . Steiner and Rain ( 1989 ) explain people pay more attention to information presented at the beginning , but progressively pay less attention to the information presented to them . The primacy effect occurs because participants pay attention to the beginning information and ignore the information presented later . On the other hand , if participants are in a situation where they have to continuously pay attention to information , a recency effect may occur . The continuity effect or lag - recency effect predicts that having made a successful recall , the next recalled item is less likely to come from a remote serial position , rather than a nearby serial position ( Kahana , Howard , Zaromb & Wingfiend , 2002 ) . The difference between the two items ' serial position is referred to as serial - position lag . Another factor , called the conditional - response probability , is the likelihood of recalling a certain serial - position lag . A graph of serial - position lag versus conditional response probability reveals that the next item recalled minimizes absolute lag , with a higher likelihood for the adjacent than the previous one . See also ( edit ) Clive Wearing Free recall Henry Molaison Law of primacy in persuasion Learning curve List of memory biases List of cognitive biases Outcome primacy Principles of learning Peak -- end rule Reminiscence bump Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coleman , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Psychology ( Second Edition ) . Oxford University Press . p. 688 . Jump up ^ Ebbinghaus , Hermann ( 1913 ) . On memory : A contribution to experimental psychology . New York : Teachers College . Jump up ^ Deese and Kaufman ( 1957 ) Serial effects in recall of unorganized and sequentially organized verbal material , J Exp Psychol. 1957 Sep ; 54 ( 3 ) : 180 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Murdock , Bennet ( 1962 ) . `` Serial Position Effect of Free Recall '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 64 ( 5 ) : 482 -- 488 . doi : 10.1037 / h0045106 . Jump up ^ Howard , Marc W. ; Michael J. Kahana ( 2002 ) . `` A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 46 : 269 -- 299 . doi : 10.1006 / jmps. 2001.1388 . Jump up ^ Bjork , Robert A. ; William B. Whitten ( 1974 ) . `` Recency - Sensitive Retrieval Processes in Long - Term Free Recall '' . Cognitive Psychology . 6 : 173 -- 189 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 74 ) 90009 - 7 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Bennet ; Janet Metcalf ( 1978 ) . `` Controlled Rehearsal in Single - Trial Free Recall '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 17 : 309 -- 324 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5371 ( 78 ) 90201 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carlesimo , Giovanni ; G.A. Marfia ; A. Loasses ; C. Caltagirone ( 1996 ) . `` Recency effect in anterograde amneisa : Evidence for distinct memory stores underlying enhanced retrieval of terminal items in immediate and delayed recall paradigms '' . Neuropsychologia. 34 ( 3 ) : 177 -- 184 . doi : 10.1016 / 0028 - 3932 ( 95 ) 00100 - x . Jump up ^ Bayley , Peter J. ; David P. Salmon ; Mark W. Bondi ; Barbara K. Bui ; John Olichney ; Dean C. Delis ; Ronald G. Thomas ; Leon J. Thai ( March 2000 ) . `` Comparison of the serial - position effect in very mild Alzheimer 's disease , mild Alzheimer 's disease , and amnesia associated with electroconvulsive therapy '' . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society . 6 ( 3 ) : 290 -- 298 . doi : 10.1017 / S1355617700633040 . Jump up ^ Glenberg , A.M ; M.M. Bradley , J.A. Stevenson , T.A. KrausM. J. Tkachuk , A.L. Gretz ( 1980 ) . `` A two - process account of long - term serial position effects '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Learning and Memory . 6 : 355 -- 369 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.6. 4.355 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Marshall , P.H. ; P.R. Werder ( 1972 ) . `` The effects of the elimination of rehearsal on primacy and recency '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 11 : 649 -- 653 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5371 ( 72 ) 80049 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rundus , D. `` Maintenance rehearsal and long - term recency '' . Memory and Cognition ( 8 ( 3 ) ) : 226 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Rundus , D ( 1971 ) . `` An analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 89 : 63 -- 77 . doi : 10.1037 / h0031185 . Jump up ^ Brodie , D.A. ; B.B. Murdock . `` Effects of presentation time on nominal and functional serial - position curves in free recall '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 16 : 185 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5371 ( 77 ) 80046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Shteingart , Hanan ; Tal Neiman ; Yonatan Loewenstein ( 2013 ) . `` The Role of First Impression in Operant Learning '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Psychology : General . 142 ( 2 ) : 476 -- 488 . doi : 10.1037 / a0029550 . PMID 22924882 . Jump up ^ Asch , S ( 1946 ) . `` Forming impressions of personality '' . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 41 : 258 -- 290 . doi : 10.1037 / h0055756 . ^ Jump up to : Bjork & Whitten ( 1974 ) . Recency sensitive retrieval processes in long - term free recall , Cognitive Psychology , 6 , 173 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Greene , R.L. ( 1986 ) . `` Sources of recency effects in free recall '' . Psychological Bulletin . 99 ( 12 ) : 221 -- 228 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.99. 2.221 . Jump up ^ Neath , I. ; Knoedler , A.J. ( 1994 ) . `` Distinctiveness and serial position effects in recognition and sentence processing '' . Journal of Memory and Language . 33 : 776 -- 795 . doi : 10.1006 / jmla. 1994.1037 . Jump up ^ Howard , M.W. ; Kahana , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory and Cognition . 24 ( 4 ) : 923 -- 941 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.25. 4.923 . Jump up ^ Howard , M.W. ; Kahana , M.J. ( 2002 ) . `` A distributed representation of temporal context '' . Journal of Mathematical Psychology . 46 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 299 . doi : 10.1006 / jmps. 2001.1388 . Jump up ^ Davelaar , E.K. ; Goshen - Gottstein , Y. ; Ashkenazi , A. ; Haarmann , H.J. ; Usher , M. ( 2005 ) . `` The demise of short - term memory revisited : Empirical and computational investigations of recency effects '' . Psychological Review . 112 : 3 -- 42 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 112.1. 3 . PMID 15631586 . References ( edit ) Coluccia , E. ; Gamboz , N. ; Brandimonte , M.A. ( 2011 ) . `` Normative data for a battery of free recall , cued recall and recognition tests in the elderly Italian population '' . Neurol Sci. 32 : 1103 -- 1114 . doi : 10.1007 / s10072 - 011 - 0747 - 5 . Frensch , P.A. ( 1994 ) . `` Composition during serial learning : a serial position effect '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 20 ( 2 ) : 423 -- 443 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.20. 2.423 . Healy , A.F. ; Havas , D.A. ; Parkour , J.T. ( 2000 ) . `` Comparing serial position effects in semantic and episodic memory using reconstruction of order tasks '' . Journal of Memory and Language . 42 : 147 -- 167 . doi : 10.1006 / jmla. 1999.2671 . Howard , M.W. ; Kahana , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Contextual Variability and Serial Position Effects in Free Recall '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory & Cognition . 25 ( 4 ) : 923 -- 941 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.25. 4.923 . Kahana , M.J. ; Howard , M.W. ; Polyn , S.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Associative Retrieval Processes in Episodic Memory '' . Psychology . Kahana , M.J. ; Howard , M.W. ; Zaromb , F. ; Wingfield , A. ( 2002 ) . `` Age dissociates recency and lag recency effects in free recall '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology . 28 : 530 -- 540 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.28. 3.530 . Further reading ( edit ) Liebermann , David A. Learning and memory : An integrative approach . Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 61974 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial-position_effect&oldid=835551028 '' Categories : Learning Cognitive biases Memory processes Psychological concepts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Polski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the fact that we tend to remember the items at the end of a list is referred to as	[ "Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.[1] The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list.[2] When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect). Among earlier list items, the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items (the primacy effect).[3][4]" ]	[ "Serial-position effect" ]
6971790685066076248	If We Must Die	If We Must Die - Wikipedia If We Must Die Jump to : navigation , search `` If We Must Die '' is a 1919 poem by Claude McKay published in the July issue of The Liberator . McKay wrote the poem as a response to mob attacks by white Americans upon African - American communities during Red Summer . The poem was later reprinted in The Messenger of the same year . The poem would also be read in Congress by Republican Senator from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McWhirter , Cameron ( 2011 ) . Red Summer : The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America . Henry Holt and Company . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 9781429972932 . This poetry - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_We_Must_Die&oldid=787776001 '' Categories : Poetry stubs Harlem Renaissance Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 13 : 27 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the poem if we must die	[ "\"If We Must Die\" is a 1919 poem by Claude McKay published in the July issue of The Liberator. McKay wrote the poem as a response to mob attacks by white Americans upon African-American communities during Red Summer.[1] The poem was later reprinted in The Messenger of the same year. The poem would also be read in Congress by Republican Senator from Massachusetts Henry Cabot Lodge." ]	[ "Claude McKay" ]
-7923618352224636528	The Heart of Rock & Roll	The Heart of Rock & Roll - wikipedia The Heart of Rock & Roll Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Huey Lewis and the News . For their UK - released compilation album , see The Heart of Rock & Roll -- The Best of Huey Lewis and The News . For the episode of the television series Fame , see The Heart of Rock ' N ' Roll . `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' Artwork for U.S. and continental European releases Single by Huey Lewis and the News from the album Sports B - side `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( Live ) Released April 10 , 1984 Format Vinyl Recorded Genre Rock Length 5 : 03 ( Album version ) 4 : 05 ( Single version ) Label Chrysalis Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Colla Huey Lewis Producer ( s ) Huey Lewis and the News Huey Lewis and the News singles chronology `` I Want a New Drug '' ( 1984 ) `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' ( 1984 ) `` If This Is It '' ( 1984 ) `` I Want a New Drug '' ( 1984 ) `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' ( 1984 ) `` If This Is It '' ( 1984 ) `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' is a song performed by Huey Lewis and the News , released as the third single from their album Sports in 1984 . The single peaked at number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The B - side to the single is a live version of `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' . Reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said that the reason `` well over half the album '' were hit singles is that they have `` memorable hooks , driven home with economical precision by a tight bar band , who are given just enough polish to make them sound like superstars . '' Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone said `` a fancy - pants sax solo and some moronic lyrics sabotage the spirited ' Heart of Rock & Roll ' ( it 's still kicking , says Huey ) , which should have ended a minute and a half earlier . '' In April 2009 , Blender magazine listed it sixth on its list of the `` 50 Worst Songs Ever '' . Personnel ( edit ) Huey Lewis - lead vocals , harmonica Mario Cipollina - bass Johnny Colla - guitar , saxophone , backing vocals Bill Gibson - drums , percussion , backing vocals Chris Hayes - lead guitar , backing vocals Sean Hopper - keyboards , backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 - 1986 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 58 Canadian RPM 50 Singles 8 German Singles Chart 71 New Zealand Singles Chart 21 UK Singles Chart 78 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks 5 Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 49 Music video ( edit ) The music video was a complicated video to produce , according to director Edd Griles . `` The complications occurred when we filmed in New York for 13 hours straight on the Brooklyn Bridge and then later in Times Square . In Brooklyn , we had the camera in the helicopter , but the ' copter could n't get in close enough and the bridge was windy , so the shot took a long time . In Times Square , it was only 21 degrees out and the band was dressed in either short sleeves or light jackets . As you know , filming takes time , lots of it , so Huey and the band were out there freezing their toes off in between takes , '' the director recalled . Also , Lewis ' wife was expecting a baby , which caused delays and problems . The video also includes clips from several 1950s rock ' n roll greats ( in chronological order ) : Elvis Presley , Buddy Holly , Bill Haley , Roy Orbison , Little Richard , and Chuck Berry ( and his famous `` duckwalk '' ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ultratop.be - Huey Lewis And The News - The Heart Of Rock & Roll '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . Huey Lewis & the News : Sports > Review at AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huey Lewis and the News : Sports : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Run for Your Life ! It 's the 50 Worst Songs Ever ! '' . blender.com . Alpha Media Group Inc . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles - Volume 40 , No. 18 , July 07 1984 '' . Library and Archives Canada . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top Singles - Volume 40 , No. 19 , July 15 , 1984 '' . Library and Archives Canada . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Huey Lewis And The News , The Heart Of Rock & Roll '' . charts.de . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz - Huey Lewis And The News - The Heart Of Rock & Roll '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Huey Lewis And The News - The Heart Of Rock ' N ' Roll '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Huey Lewis - Charts & Awards - Billboard Singles '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Huey Lewis And The News - The Heart Of Rock And Roll '' . chartstats.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Huey Lewis and the News Newsletter : Newsline '' . hln.org . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song ( hide ) Huey Lewis and the News Huey Lewis Johnny Colla Bill Gibson Sean Hopper John Pierce Stef Burns Marvin McFadden Rob Sudduth Chris Hayes Mario Cipollina Ron Stallings Studio albums Huey Lewis and the News Picture This Sports Fore ! Small World Hard at Play Four Chords & Several Years Ago Plan B Soulsville Live albums Live at 25 Compilations The Heart of Rock & Roll -- The Best of Huey Lewis and The News Time Flies ... The Best Of Greatest Hits & Videos Singles `` Do You Believe in Love '' `` Hope You Love Me Like You Say You Do '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' `` Heart and Soul '' `` I Want a New Drug '' `` The Heart of Rock & Roll '' `` If This Is It '' `` Walking on a Thin Line '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' `` Stuck with You '' `` Hip to Be Square '' `` Jacob 's Ladder '' `` I Know What I Like '' `` Doing It All for My Baby '' `` Perfect World '' `` Give Me the Keys ( And I 'll Drive You Crazy ) '' `` Couple Days Off '' `` It Hit Me Like a Hammer '' `` It 's All Right '' `` ( She 's ) Some Kind of Wonderful '' `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' Related articles Discography Songs Clover Book : Huey Lewis and the News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heart_of_Rock_%26_Roll&oldid=803536437 '' Categories : 1984 singles Huey Lewis and the News songs Music videos directed by Bruce Gowers Songs written by Huey Lewis Songs written by Johnny Colla Songs about music 1983 songs Chrysalis Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 03 : 00 . About Wikipedia	who sang the heart of rock and roll	[ "\n\n\"The Heart of Rock & Roll\"\n\n\n\nArtwork for U.S. and continental European releases\n\n\n\nSingle by Huey Lewis and the News\n\n\nfrom the album Sports\n\n\nB-side\n\"Workin' for a Livin'\" (Live)[1]\n\n\nReleased\nApril 10, 1984\n\n\nFormat\nVinyl\n\n\nRecorded\n1983\n\n\nGenre\nRock\n\n\nLength\n5:03 (Album version)\n4:05 (Single version)\n\n\nLabel\nChrysalis\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJohnny Colla\nHuey Lewis\n\n\nProducer(s)\nHuey Lewis and the News\n\n\nHuey Lewis and the News singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Want a New Drug\"\n(1984)\n\"The Heart of Rock & Roll\"\n(1984)\n\"If This Is It\"\n(1984)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"I Want a New Drug\"\n(1984)\n\"The Heart of Rock & Roll\"\n(1984)\n\"If This Is It\"\n(1984)\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Huey Lewis and the News" ]
-2420866156829707294	Bottled water	Bottled water - wikipedia Bottled water hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bottled mineral water Bottled water dispensed in a water cooler Bottled water is drinking water ( e.g. , well water , distilled water , mineral water , or spring water ) packaged in plastic or glass water bottles . Bottled water may be carbonated or not . Sizes range from small single serving bottles to large carboys for water coolers . Contents 1 History 1.1 Water chemistry 1.2 PET Plastic Bottles 2 Types 3 Product Forms 3.1 Purified water vending machines 3.2 Bottled water service 3.3 Storage 4 PET Recycling 5 Water and Energy Usage 6 Regulation 6.1 Food and Drug Administration 6.2 Food Standards Australia New Zealand 6.3 Industry reform 7 Markets 7.1 Global sales 7.2 Australia 7.3 European Union 7.4 India 7.5 Lebanon 7.6 New Zealand 7.7 Pakistan 7.8 United States 8 Consumer information 8.1 Labeling 8.2 Consumer information 9 Emergency preparedness 9.1 Bottled water in emergency response 10 Concerns 10.1 Bottled water debates 10.2 Perceptions about bottled water 10.3 Pricing 10.4 Bans 10.5 Health concerns 10.6 Safety 10.7 Bottled water versus carbonated beverages 10.8 Bottled water versus tap water 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Although vessels to bottle and transport water were part of the earliest human civilizations , bottling water began in the United Kingdom with the first water bottling at the Holy Well in 1621 . The demand for bottled water was fueled in large part by the resurgence in spa - going and water therapy among Europeans and American colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries . The first commercially distributed water in America was bottled and sold by Jackson 's Spa in Boston in 1767 . Early drinkers of bottled spa waters believed that the water at these mineral springs had therapeutic properties and that bathing in or drinking the water could help treat many common ailments . The popularity of bottled mineral waters quickly led to a market for imitation products . Carbonated waters developed as means for approximating the natural effervescence of spring - bottled water , and in 1809 Joseph Hawkins was issued the first U.S. patent for `` imitation '' mineral water . As technological innovation in nineteenth century lowered the cost of making glass and improved production speed for bottling , bottled water was able to be produced on a larger scale and the beverage grew in popularity . Bottled water was seen by many as a safer alternative to 19th century municipal water supplies that could be contaminated with pathogens like cholera and typhoid . By the middle of the century , one of America 's most popular bottlers , Saratoga Springs , was producing more than 7 million bottles of water annually . In the United States , the popularity of bottled water declined in the early 20th century , when the advent of water chlorination reduced public concerns about water - borne diseases in municipal water supplies . However , it remained popular in Europe , where it spread to cafes and grocery stores in the second half of the century . In 1977 , Perrier launched a successful advertisement campaign in the United States , heralding a rebirth in popularity for bottled water . Today , bottled water is the second most popular commercial beverage in the United States , with about half the domestic consumption as soft drinks . Water Chemistry ( edit ) Many of the early developments in the field of chemistry can be attributed to the study of natural mineral waters and attempts to replicate them for commercial sale . Joseph Priestley , who would discover oxygen in 1775 , made his first contributions to the field of chemistry by dissolving carbon dioxide in water , for which he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1773 . He would go on to work with Johann Jacob Schweppe , founder of Schweppes , in developing `` aerated '' waters for commercial sale . PET plastic bottles ( edit ) Main article : Polyethylene terephthalate In 1973 , DuPont engineer Nathaniel Wyeth patented Polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) bottles , the first plastic bottle to be able to withstand the pressure of carbonated liquids . Today , PET plastic has replaced glass as the preferred material for single - serving bottled water containers due to its light weight and resistance to breaking . PET Plastic Bottle Water Types ( edit ) Distilled , purified water , in Hong Kong Some of the more common types of bottled water are : Artesian water -- this is water that originates from a confined aquifer that has been tapped and in which the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer . Fluoridated -- this type of water contains added fluoride . This category includes water classified as `` For Infants '' or `` Nursery . '' Groundwater -- this type of water is from an underground source that is under a pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure . Mineral water -- water from a mineral spring that contains various minerals , such as salts and sulfur compounds . It comes from a source tapped at one or more bore holes or spring , and originates from a geologically and physically protected underground water source . No minerals may be added to this water . Purified water -- this type of water has been produced by distillation , deionization , reverse osmosis , or other suitable processes . Purified water may also be referred to as `` demineralized water '' . Sparkling water -- Sparkling water contains the same amount of carbon dioxide that it had at emergence from the source . The carbon dioxide may be removed and replenished after treatment . Spring water -- this type of water comes from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the Earth 's surface . Sterile water -- this type of water meets sterilization requirements , for example , those specified under `` sterility tests '' in the United States Pharmacopoeia . Well water -- well water is taken from a hole tapping , etc . This hole may be bored , drilled , or otherwise constructed in the ground . Product forms ( edit ) The Beverage Marketing Corporation defines the bottled water market segment as `` retail PET , retail bulk , home and office delivery , vending , domestic sparkling and imports '' , but excluding `` flavored and enhanced water . '' Purified water vending machines ( edit ) A bottle-less drinking water vending machine in Pattaya , Thailand . Customers bring their containers A number of cities and companies worldwide have vending machines that dispense purified water into customer 's own containers . All dispensers filter the location 's tap water . In North America , these machines are typically located outside of supermarkets . Of all the water vending companies , Glacier Water is the largest . Since its inception in 1983 , Glacier Water has experienced significant growth in machine placements . Bottled water service ( edit ) It is not uncommon for business or individuals to subscribe to a bottled water service . These services deliver water either monthly or weekly , sometimes even daily . Traditionally , water in glass bottles ( jugs ) was provided to electric coolers in areas of businesses without plumbing . Plastic containers have replaced those glass jugs , however , dispensers at businesses now may stand alongside existing water taps or fountains . Storage ( edit ) Bottled water is often stored as part of an emergency kit in case of natural disaster . The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) says the `` safest '' and `` most reliable '' source of drinking water is store bought bottled water . Commonly , disaster management experts recommend storing 1 - US - gallon ( 3.8 L ) of water per person , per day for at least three days . This amount is intended to include water for drinking and cooking as well as water for hand washing , washing dishes , and personal hygiene . Factory - containers of water have an indefinite shelf life , as long as they remain unopened and undamaged . The sell - by date is voluntarily and individually set by manufacturers to indicate the length of time that they believe the water will taste and smell fresh , rather than to indicate any issue of contamination or food safety . PET Recycling ( edit ) Main article : PET bottle recycling The most common packaging material for single - serve , non-carbonated bottled water in the United States and Europe is Polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) plastic . ) Marked in many countries with resin identification code number `` 1 , '' PET is 100 % recyclable , though recycling rates vary by region . In 2014 , approximately 1.8 billion pounds of post-consumer PET bottles were collected in the United States and 1.75 million metric tons ( approximately 3.9 billion pounds ) were collected in the European Union , making it the most recycled plastic in both the United States and Europe . In the United States , the recycling rate for PET packaging was 31.8 % in 2014 ; in the European Union , the recycling rate for PET packaging for the same period was approximately 52 % . The National Association for PET Container Resources ( NAPCOR ) , the trade association for the PET plastic packaging industry in the United States and Canada , identifies five major , generic end - use categories for recycled PET plastic : 1 ) packaging applications , including new bottles ; 2 ) sheet and film applications , including some thermoforming applications ; 3 ) strapping ; 4 ) engineered resins applications ; and 5 ) fiber applications . According to the nonprofit Recycling Across America , five individual serving PET plastic bottles provide enough fiber to make one square foot of carpet or to fill one ski jacket . In Europe , more than one - third of recovered PET plastic is used to produce polyester fibers , and another quarter is used in the production of preformed plastic containers -- such as egg cartons , fruit boxes , and other plastic beverage bottles . Water and energy usage ( edit ) Bottled drinking water delivery , Qiemo , Xinjiang , China On average , it takes 1.32 litres ( L ) of water to produce 1 L of bottled water . This includes 1 L of ingredient water and 0.32 L of water used in facility processes such as treatment , bottling , and maintenance . Small pack facilities ( facilities that package water in containers between 8 oz. and 2.5 gallons ) use the least amount of water ( 1.26 L per 1 L ) , followed by mixed packaging facilities ( 1.46 L per 1 L ) . Facilities that package water for home and office delivery in sizes of 2.5 gallons to 5 gallons use the most water ( 1.56 L per 1 L ) . Bottled water has lower water usage than bottled soft drinks , which average 2.02 L per 1 L , as well as beer ( 4 L per 1 L ) and wine ( 4.74 L per 1 L ) . The larger per - litre water consumption of these drinks can be attributed to additional ingredients and production processes , such as flavor mixing and carbonization for soft drinks and fermentation for beer and wine . In the United States , bottled water production represents 0.011 % of annual water consumption . Critics of bottled water argue that the industry should take in to account not just water used in its production and packaging process , but the total water footprint of its supply chain , which includes water used in the production of its packaging . A 2011 IBWA lifecycle inventory study found that the production , packaging , and transportation of bottled water within the United States consumes 107.4 trillion BTUs of energy annually , which represents about . 07 % of yearly energy consumption in the country . According to the same study , 6.8 million tons of CO2 eq are emitted by the bottled water industry a year in the United States , about . 08 % of annual emissions . An Aetna Group study in 2015 concluded that each litre of bottled water requires 0.24 megajoules of energy to produce . The lifecycle carbon footprint for a half litre of small pack bottled water is 111 grams CO2 eq . By comparison , the same sized PET plastic - bottled soft drink produces 240 grams CO2 eq . Soft drink bottles require much thicker plastic due to carbonation , and therefore many more grams of CO2 eq . Regulation ( edit ) Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) The Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) is the national Standards Body of India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food & Public Distribution , Government of India . It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act , 1986 which came into effect on 23 December 1986 . The Minister in charge of the Ministry or Department having administrative control of the BIS is the ex-officio President of the BIS . Food and Drug Administration ( edit ) Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) as a packaged food product . By law , the FDA regulations for bottled water must be at least as stringent as the Environmental Protection Agency standards for tap water . The FDA has established `` Standards of Identity '' for bottled water products sold in the U.S. For a product to be considered `` bottled water '' , it can not contain sweeteners or chemical additives ( other than flavors , extracts or essences ) and must be calorie - free and sugar - free . If flavors , extracts and essences -- derived from spice or fruit -- are added to the water , these additions must comprise less than 1 % by weight of the final product . The FDA Code of Federal Regulations establishes limitations for the amount of fluoride that can be added to water . Mineral water contains at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids ( TDS ) . `` Purified water '' is defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia . Food Standards Australia New Zealand ( edit ) Food Standards Australia New Zealand 's Food Standards Code limits fluoride in bottled water to between 0.6 and 1.0 milligrams per litre , and requires any addition to be specified on the product label . Industry reform ( edit ) The Council of Canadians , a social action organization , stressed the need for bottled water industry reform after launching a boycott of Nestlé in September 2016 after the company outbid a small town aiming to secure a long - term water supply through a local well as the country battles drought and depletion of ground water reserves . Premier Kathleen Wynne stated that her government will look for ways to put community needs ahead of bottled water corporations , saying `` as we look at the water bottling industry , that has to be a question because we 're talking about what we could argue is our most precious resource '' that they have this `` discussion about our water , the status of and the treatment of water bottling companies , that needs to be taken into consideration '' . Markets ( edit ) See also : List of bottled water brands Global sales ( edit ) Global bottled water sales have increased dramatically over the past several decades , reaching a valuation of around $60 billion and a volume of more than 115,000,000 cubic metres ( 3.0 × 10 US gal ) in 2006 . U.S. sales reached around 30 billion bottles of water in 2008 , a slight drop from 2007 levels The rate of consumption more than quadrupled between 1990 and 2005 . Spring water and purified tap water are currently the leading global sellers . By one estimate , approximately 50 billion bottles of water are consumed per year in the U.S. and around 200 billion bottles globally . Australia ( edit ) The Australasian Bottled Water Institute is a regional member of the International Council of Bottled Water Associations . The bottled water industry in Australia is worth approximately $400 million per year , An upmarket restaurant in Sydney has stopped selling bottled water and started using a machine costing A $5000 to filter , chill and carbonate tap water to get the same quality water . European Union ( edit ) Directive 2009 / 54 / EC deals with the marketing and exploitation of natural mineral waters in the European Union . The two main types of bottled water recognized are mineral water and spring water . Broadly speaking , `` mineral water '' is groundwater that has emerged from the ground and flowed over rock . Treatment of mineral water is restricted to removal of unstable elements such as iron and sulfur compounds . Treatment for such minerals may extend only to filtration or decanting with oxygenation . Free carbon dioxide may be removed only by physical methods , and the regulations for introduction ( or reintroduction ) of CO are strictly defined . Disinfection of natural mineral water is completely prohibited , including the addition of any element that is likely to change bacterial colony counts . If natural mineral water is effervescent , it must be labelled accordingly , depending on the origin of the carbon dioxide : naturally carbonated natural mineral water ( no introduction of CO ) ; natural mineral water fortified with gas from the spring ( reintroduction of CO ) ; carbonated natural mineral water ( CO added following strict guidelines ) . Directive 2001 / 83 / EC deals with bottled water that is considered a `` medicinal product '' and is thus excluded from the scope of the other regulation . India ( edit ) The bottled water industry in India witnessed a boom in the late 1990s soon after Bisleri launched its packaged drinking water in the country . This significant growth was fuelled by a surge in advertising by the industry players that `` bottled water was pure and healthy '' . The total market was valued at ₹ 60 billion ( US $840 million ) in 2013 , of which the top five players ( Bisleri , PepsiCo , Coca - Cola and Parle ) accounted for 67 % of the market share . This market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 22 % , to reach ₹ 160 billion ( US $2.2 billion ) in 2018 . In 2016 , Sikkim announced restrictions on the usage of plastic water bottles ( in government functions and meetings ) and styrofoam products as it is associated with adverse health and environment impacts . Available Sizes : 20 L ( jar ) , 5 L ( bottle ) , 1 L ( bottles - pack of 12 ) , 500 mL ( bottles - pack of 24 ) , 250 mL ( bottles - pack of 48 or 36 ) , 200 mL ( bottles - pack of 48 or 36 ) . Lebanon ( edit ) Lebanon has one of the fastest growth rate of per capita consumption of bottled water . Lebanon has seven major brands of bottled mineral water for local consumption and for exportation to the water - starved countries on the Arabian Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf . New Zealand ( edit ) Bottled water in New Zealand is regulated by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and must comply with the Food Act 1981 . From July 2009 fluoride was allowed to be present in bottled water as an additive or as a natural occurring mineral . Pakistan ( edit ) Due to contaminated water being widespread , in the mid-1980s urban families started installing filtration units at home . This later developed into companies providing mineral water delivery services at home . Use of these 1 - US - gallon ( 3.8 L ) bottles that could be attached to a dispenser is still widespread . Bottled water was made famous by one of the largest marketing campaigns in Pakistan history undertaken by Nestle . Eventually , other bottlers including dozens of local ones , Coca - Cola , Pepsi , Mineral Drops by water icon , Nature , Vey , Nova Pure Water Larkana , Mina Water , Great Water Islamabad , Dew Drop , and other imported brands such as Evian began marketing in the country . United States ( edit ) Main article : Bottled water in the United States The U.S. is the second largest consumer market for bottled water in the world , followed by Mexico , Indonesia , and Brazil . China surpassed the United States to take the lead in 2013 . In 2008 , U.S. bottled water sales topped 8.6 billion US gallons ( 33,000,000 m ) for 28.9 % of the U.S. liquid beverage market , exceeding sales of all other beverages except carbonated soft drinks , they are followed by fruit juices , and sports drinks . Americans drink 21 US gallons ( 79 L ) of bottled water per capita per year . In the United States , bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies : the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) regulates the quality of tap water . The International Bottled Water Association ( IBWA ) is headquartered in Alexandria , VA . From 1970 ( 16 brands ) over 1998 ( 50 brands ) to 2012 ( 195 brands ) , the number of mineral water brands in the U.S. has grown exponentially . Consumer information ( edit ) Labeling ( edit ) In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulates all packaged foods and beverage products , including bottled water , and mandates labeling requirements . FDA labeling requirements include a statement of the type of water in the container , compliance with the applicable definitions in the FDA Standards of Identity , ingredient labeling , name and place of business of the manufacturer , packer or distributor , net weight , and , if required , nutrition labeling . Consumer information ( edit ) Public water systems are required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to provide households in their service territories with a Consumer Confidence Report ( CCR ) that provides information on the quality of their water during the previous year . Such disclosures are not required by the FDA of any packaged food or beverage product , including bottled water . All packaged foods and beverages , must be manufactured according to FDA regulations and must meet all applicable quality and safety standards . A bottled water refill station in a Canadian grocery store In Canada , bottled water must meet the standards in the Food and Drugs Act & Regulations ( FDAR ) as it is considered a food . The FDAR works in partnership with Health Canada and Canadian in developing the policies regarding bottled water . The CFIA focuses more on regulations pertaining to packaging , labeling , advertising , and other safety practices , whereas the FDAR focuses more on the water itself . For example , the bottled water must meet the Food Inspection Agency ( CFIA ) Regulations in Division 12 , Part B of the Act must be met before it is approved for sale . Some of the regulations include : labeling terms , safety standards ( i.e. : what is / is n't acceptable ) , and microbiological standards ( i.e. : chlorine ) . In addition to this , the type of filtration method the water has gone through must be shown on the label , as stated in Section B. 12.009 Additional information regarding regulations can be found on the CFIA website . The regulations specific to bottled water is in Division 12 and 15 , which specify what can be added , such as the amount of arsenic and lead . Regulations are always being updated to conform with new scientific data , laws , new products , and new improvements . In terms of the types of water sold , spring and mineral water must meet the following criteria : originate from an underground source which is not part of a community water supply ; and be naturally fit to drink ( potable ) at the source ; and before bottling , not be treated in any way that changes the original chemical composition of the water . ( The allowable treatments are discussed in section 1.2 . ) In Canada , there are two categories of bottled water : 1 ) spring / mineral water , or 2 ) water other than mineral water or spring water . Emergency preparedness ( edit ) Emergency preparedness refers to the steps taken prior to a natural disaster or emergency to ensure safety throughout the event . The American Red Cross and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) recommend that individuals and families maintain disaster supply kits in the event that an emergency disrupts food supply or public water systems , blocks roads , or leaves people unable to find essentials . Following disasters such as floods , blizzards , or earthquakes , water sources can be cut off or contaminated , limiting access to safe , clean drinking water . For this reason , FEMA recommends that all disaster supply kits include one gallon of water per person per day for at least three days for drinking and sanitation . In hot climates , FEMA recommends doubling this quantity . For the water supply , FEMA recommends commercially bottled water kept in a cool , dark place . As an alternative , FEMA recommends using disinfected food - grade water containers to store tap water and replacing the water every six months . Bottled water in emergency response ( edit ) Hurricanes Following Hurricane Sandy , FEMA requested 5.4 million bottles of water from Nestle North America to aid in disaster relief efforts . Nestle donated 3 million bottles of water to Haiti following the 2010 earthquake . In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , FEMA requested 100 tractor trailers ' worth of bottled water ( approximately 200,000 cases ) from the American Beverage Association . Tornadoes AmeriCares , an international disaster relief non-profit , donated 109,000 bottles of water to residents in and around Moore , Oklahoma following the May 2013 tornadoes . Members of the International Bottled Water Association donated more than 400,000 additional bottles of water to the victims of the tornadoes . Contamination In August 2014 , city officials in Toledo , Ohio banned local tap water after toxins from an algae bloom in Lake Erie were found in the city 's water supply . The American Red Cross and AmeriCares responded by helping coordinate the distribution of bottled water to the 500,000 area residents impacted by the ban . Concerns ( edit ) Bottled water debates ( edit ) Bottled water is bought for many different reasons including taste , convenience , poor tap water quality and safety concerns , health concerns and as a substitute for sugary drinks . The environmental impact , container safety , water origin , emergency supplies and role of the bottled water industry continue to be areas of concern for many people . Most bottled water containers are made from recyclable PET plastic , and some of these bottles end up in the waste stream in landfills . The financial and environmental costs of transportation of bottled water has been another concern because of the energy used and the consequent release of carbon dioxide and the potential impact on climate change . In some cases it can be shown that bottled water is actually tap water . However , it is also argued that the quality specifications for some bottled waters in some jurisdictions are more stringent than the standards for tap - water . In the USA , bottled water that comes from municipal suppliers must be clearly labeled as such unless it has been sufficiently processed to be labeled as `` distilled '' or `` purified '' . It has been argued that bottled water companies should only exist for emergency situations when public water supplies are unsafe , unavailable or overwhelmed . The contrary view is that if regulations are placed on the availability of bottled water , bottled water companies will not have the sufficient supplies when a water system is compromised , and that the only reason bottled water is readily available during emergencies is because the industry is maintained by routine purchases . One American study showed that `` even in areas with safe tap water , African American , Polish American and Latino parents were three times more likely to give their children mostly bottled water compared to non-Latino white children , because of their belief that bottled water is safer , cleaner , better tasting , or more convenient . '' The economic implications of this also showed serious inequities : as a percentage of household income , whites reported median spending of 0.4 % of their income on bottled water ; African Americans and Latinos reported median spending to be more than twice as high . '' The study volunteers , `` For poor families , the use of bottled water may lead to less availability of resources for other health needs ... by the rather striking levels of expenditure on water relative to household income . '' On a global scale , markets for bottled water in poorer developing countries are growing rapidly due to increased fears of `` contaminated tap water , inadequate municipal water systems , and increased marketing on the part of bottled water companies . '' Sales of bottled water in Mexico , China , and parts of India are rising steeply . Perceptions about bottled water ( edit ) Bottled water is perceived by many as being a safer alternative to other sources of water such as tap water . Bottled water usage has increased even in countries where clean tap water is present . This may be attributed to consumers disliking the taste of tap water or its organoleptics . Another contributing factor to this shift could be the marketing success of bottled water . The success of bottled water marketing can be seen by Perrier 's transformation of a bottle of water into a status symbol . However , while bottled water has grown in both consumption and sales , the industry 's advertising expenses are considerably less than other beverages . According to the Beverage Marketing Corporation ( BMC ) , in 2013 , the bottled water industry spent $60.6 million on advertising . That same year , sports drinks spent $128 million , sodas spent $564 million , and beer spent $1 billion . Consumers tend to choose bottled water due to health related reasons . In communities that experience problems with their tap water , bottled water consumption is significantly higher . The International Bottled Water Association guidelines state that bottled water companies can not compare their product to tap water in marketing operations . Consumers are also affected by memories associated with particular brands . For example , Coca - Cola took their Dasani product off the UK market after finding levels of bromate that were higher than legal standards because consumers in the UK associated this flaw with the Dasani product . `` Bottled water sales are higher amongst African - American , Asians and Hispanic groups , which typically have lower incomes than whites . '' Some hypothesize that these differences are due to the geographic distribution of ethnic groups . It was theorized that ethnic differences in bottled water usage `` mirror the variability of water system quality between urban , suburban and rural areas ( Abrahams et al. 2000 ) and it was also pointed out that they might reflect the memory of past problems caused by deficient tap - water systems in deprived areas ( Olson 1999 ) . '' In France , a similar geographic study in the early 1970s found that bottled water consumption was found to be much higher in urban areas ( Ferrier 2001 ) . This finding was `` also explained in terms of the poor quality of urban tap water and of the bad condition of the old lead pipes in French cities . Nonetheless , while poor tap water quality may motivate the public to search for alternative sources , it alone does not necessarily lead to higher consumption of bottled water . '' Some surveys `` found that bottled water , far from being an alternative to tap water , seems to be mostly consumed as a substitute for alcoholic and traditional soft drinks ( e.g. AWWA - RF 1993 ; FWR 1996 ) -- the exception being when water contamination presents serious health risks and the trust in the tap water company is highly eroded ( e.g. Lonnon 2004 ) . '' Another explanation for the rise in popularity of bottled water is alternative explanation is that `` the consumption of ' pure ' and ' natural ' bottled water in degraded environments may represent a symbolic purging behavior . '' Many low - income families avoid drinking tap water because they fear it may cause sickness . Bottled , filtered , and tap water are all for the most part safe in the United States . The Environmental Protection Agency regulations for tap water are `` actually stricter than the Food and Drug Administration regulations for bottled water . '' A study of drinking water in Cincinnati , Ohio , discovered that bacterial counts in bottled water were often higher than those in tap water and fluoride concentration was inconsistent . Globally , there is an intensifying environmental backlash against bottled water usage . As global consumption of bottled water soars , environmental groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) and Greenpeace have warned of the huge environmental footprint of the plastic in which the water is packaged . In 2001 , a WWF study , `` Bottled water : understanding a social phenomenon '' , warned that in many countries , bottled water may be no safer or healthier than tap water and it sold for up to 1,000 times the price . It said the booming market would put severe pressure on recycling plastics and could lead to landfill sites drowning in mountains of plastic bottles . Also , the study discovered that the production of bottled water uses more water than the consumer actually buys in the bottle itself . Pricing ( edit ) A street vendor selling bottled water in Istanbul , Turkey Bottled water is more expensive than municipally - supplied tap water . Tap water sources and delivery systems ( taps and faucets ) are fixed in place while bottled water is available at many differing price points and in a variety of size formats . `` The consumption of bottled and filtered water has dramatically increased in the United States during the past decade , with bottled water sales tripling to about $4 billion a year . More than 50 % of the US population drinks bottled water and ' people spend from 240 to over 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than they typically do for tap water . ' An annual supply of bottled water for a person who consumes 8 glasses a day would cost approximately $200 ; the same amount of tap water would cost approximately $0.33 . In general , women are more likely to drink bottled water than men , and Hispanic women are the group most likely to drink bottled water . '' The Beverage Marketing Corporation ( BMC ) states that in 2013 , the average wholesale price per gallon of domestic non-sparkling bottled water was $1.21 . BMC 's research also shows that consumers actually tend to buy bottled water in bulk from supermarkets ( 25.3 % ) or large discount retailers ( 57.9 % ) because it costs significantly less . Convenience stores are likely to have higher prices ( 4.5 % ) , as do drug stores ( 2.8 % ) . The remaining 9.5 % is accounted for through vending machines , cafeterias and other food service outlets , and other types of sales . Bans ( edit ) Main article : Bottled water ban In response to environmental and financial concerns , a few localities and U.S. colleges are banning bottled water sales . In 2009 , the small New South Wales town of Bundanoon voted to become the first town in the world to ban the selling or dispensing of bottled water . Bundanoon caught the attention of many other cities around the world . After a Sydney - based beverage company wanted to open a water extraction plant in the New South Wales town Bundanoon , residents outlawed the sale of bottled water . The town continues to fight the company 's proposal in court . `` In the same week the New South Wales state premier also banned all state departments and agencies from buying bottled water because of its huge environmental footprint , joining more than 70 cities in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom that have banned bottled water in their departments . '' In 2012 , the town of Concord , Massachusetts became the first in the United States to ban the sale of bottled water . Specifically , sales of non-sparkling , unflavored drinking water in single - serving Polyethelyne terephthalate ( PET ) bottles of 1 litre ( 34 ounces ) or less are prohibited . The ban went into effect on 1 January 2013 . Health concerns ( edit ) In the United States , bottled water and tap water are regulated by different federal agencies : the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulates bottled water and the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) regulates the quality of tap water . Under the Safe Drinking Water Act the EPA has set maximum contaminant levels for approximately 90 contaminants that might be found in drinking water and 15 secondary maximum contaminant levels . In some areas , tap water may contain added fluoride , which helps prevent tooth decay and cavities . Some bottled water manufacturers in the United States add fluoride to their product , or provide a fluoridated bottled water product . The Food and Drug Administration of the United States does not require bottled water manufacturers to list the fluoride content on the label . However , unlike tap water where the amount of fluoride added by municipalities to drinking water is not federally regulated , the FDA has set specific limits for how much fluoride may be found in bottled water . Water fluoridation remains controversial in countries that require it ( the United States , United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Australia , and a handful of other countries ). Several studies have examined the content of fluoride and other chemicals in bottled water as well as the accuracy of these values as printed on the labels showing some significant difference between labeled and measured value . According to a 1999 NRDC study , in which roughly 22 percent of brands were tested , at least one sample of bottled drinking water contained chemical contaminants at levels above strict state health limits . Some of the contaminants found in the study could pose health risks if consumed over a long period of time . The NRDC report conceded that `` most waters contained no detectable bacteria , however , and the level of synthetic organic chemicals and inorganic chemicals of concern for which ( they ) were tested were either below detection limits or well below all applicable standards . '' Meanwhile , a report by the Drinking Water Research Foundation found that of all samples tested by NRDC , `` federal FDA or EPA limits were allegedly exceeded only four times , twice for total coliforms and twice for fluorides . '' Studies show that the plastics used for bottles contain chemicals having estrogenic activity , even when they claim otherwise . Although some of the bottled water contained in glass were found polluted with chemicals as well , the researchers believe some of the contamination of water in the plastic containers may have come from the plastic containers . Leaching of chemicals into the water is related to the plastic bottles being exposed to either low or high temperatures . A study has recently found that the vast majority of bottled water contains microplastics . Following this , the World Health Organization has launched a review into the safety of drinking microplastics . Analysis of some of the world 's most popular bottled water brands found that more than 90 % contained tiny pieces of plastic The tests were carried out at the State University of New York in Fredonia as part of a project involving original research and reporting by the US - based journalism organization Orb Media . Using a dye called Nile Red , which binds to free - floating pieces of plastic , the university 's Prof Sherri Mason found an average of 10 plastic particles per litre of water , each larger than the size of a human hair . Smaller particles assumed to be plastic but not positively identified were found as well - an average of 314 per litre . Safety ( edit ) There have been no major outbreaks of illness or serious safety concerns associated with bottled water in the past decade , an FDA official stated in testimony before a 9 July 2009 Congressional hearing . Conversely , as noted in the Drinking Water Research Foundation 's ( DWRF ) 2013 report , Microbial Health Risks of Regulated Drinking Waters in the United States , EPA researchers reported an estimated 16.4 million cases of acute gastrointestinal illness per year are caused by tap water . Subsequent research has estimated that number of illnesses to be closer to 19.5 million cases per year . In addition , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) reports that waterborne diseases , such as Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis , cost the U.S. healthcare system as much as $539 million a year in hospital expenses . Bottled water versus carbonated beverages ( edit ) Bottled noncarbonated drinking water competes in the marketplace with carbonated beverages ( including carbonated water ) sold in individual plastic bottles . Consumption of water often is considered a healthier substitute for sodas . According to the Container Recycling Institute , sales of flavoured , non-carbonated drinks are expected to surpass soda sales by 2010 . In response , Coca - Cola and Pepsi - Cola have introduced new carbonated drinks that are fortified with vitamins and minerals , Diet Coke Plus and Tava , marketed as `` sparkling beverages . '' Bottled water versus tap water ( edit ) See also : Water supply network , Water quality , and Water carbonator Bottled water may have reduced amounts of copper , lead , and other metal contaminants since it does not run through the plumbing pipes where tap water is exposed to metal corrosion ; however , this varies by the household and plumbing system . In much of the developed world , chlorine often is added as a disinfectant to tap water . If the water contains organic matter , this may produce other byproducts in the water such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids , which has shown to increase the risk of cancer . The level of residual chlorine found at around 0.0002 g per litre , which is too small to cause any health problems directly . The chlorine concentration recommended by World Health Organization is between 0.0005 and 0.0002 g / L . The Natural Resources Defense Council , Sierra Club , and World Wildlife Fund have urged their supporters to consume less bottled water . Anti-bottled - water - campaigns and organizations , such as Corporate Accountability International , typically argue that bottled water is no better than tap water , and emphasize the detrimental environmental side - effects of disposable plastic bottles . In a 2003 episode of the Showtime series Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! , restaurant diners appeared unable to discern between bottled water and water from a garden hose behind the restaurant . The recent documentary Tapped argues against the bottled water industry , asserting that tap water is healthier , more environmentally sustainable , and more ecologically sound than bottled water . The film focuses on the bottled water industry in the United States . The film has received largely positive reviews , and has spawned college campus groups such as Beyond the Bottle . Yet , as many people remain generally unaware of the negative health and environmental impacts associated with bottled water , recent research in environmental psychology has started to investigate how to reduce the public 's consumption of bottled water . 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'' Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 161.5 ( 2007 ) : 457 -- 461 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mail & Guardian Account Login . '' The M&G Online . N.p. , n.d. Web . 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Much Does Bottled Water Cost ? '' . IBWA . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Banning the bottle puts Bundy on the map '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 17 October 2007 ) . `` Bottled water leaves some cities with a bad taste '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Water Contaminants US EPA '' . Epa.gov . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lalumandier , J.A. ; Ayers , L.W. ( 2000 ) . `` Fluoride and bacterial content of bottled water vs tap water '' . Archives of Family Medicine . 9 : 246 -- 250 . doi : 10.1001 / archfami. 9.3. 246 . PMID 10728111 . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , Division of Oral Health ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` Bottled Water and Fluoride '' . Community Water Fluoridation . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 1600 Clifton Rd , Atlanta , GA 30333 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Fouladi Fard , Reza. ; Mahvi , A.H. ; Sadat Hosseini , S. ; Khazaei , M. ( 2014 ) . `` Fluoride concentrations in bottled drinking water available in Najaf and Karbala , Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Fluoride. 47 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 253 . Jump up ^ `` NRDC : Drinking Water FAQ '' . nrdc.org . March 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Bottled Water : Pure Drink or Pure Hype ? '' . nrdc.org . March 1999 . Jump up ^ `` DWRF Analysis of the February , 1999 Natural Resources Defense Council Report on Bottled Water '' . dwrf.info . Drinking Water Research Foundation . July 1999 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Yang , CZ ; Yaniger , SI ; Jordan , VC ; Klein , DJ ; Bittner , GD ( 2011 ) . `` Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals : A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved '' . Environ . Health Perspect. 119 : 989 -- 96 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1003220 . PMC 3222987 . PMID 21367689 . Jump up ^ `` Bottled water in plastic containers contaminated from plastic containers '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ Walter , Stephen ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Plastic found in most bottled water , triggering World Health Organisation review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Readfearn , Graham ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` WHO launches health review after microplastics found in 90 % of bottled water '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Shukman , David ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Plastic : WHO launches health review '' . BBC . BBC . BBC . Retrieved 30 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation of Bottled Water '' . fda.gov . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://thefactsaboutwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/CSA-FINAL-060117.pdf Jump up ^ `` CDC Newsroom Press Release : July 14 , 2010 '' ( Press release ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hamermesh , Daniel . Ban Water Bottles to Reduce Pollution ? Come On ! , Freakonomics Blog , The New York Times , 19 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Cutting down on liquid calories : A visual guide , Consumer Reports , August 2006 . Jump up ^ Gitlitz , Jennifer and Pat Franklin . `` Water , Water Everywhere : The growth of non-carbonated beverages in the United States '' , Container Recycling Institute , February 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew . Makers of Sodas Try a New Pitch : They 're Healthy , The New York Times , 7 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Petraccia , L. ; Liberati , G. ; Masciullo S.G. ; Grassi M. ; Fraioli , A. `` Water , mineral waters and health '' . Clinical Nutrition. 25 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 385 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clnu. 2005.10. 002 . Jump up ^ `` Final Report -- Health Risk of the Trihalomethanes Found in Drinking Water Carcinogenic Activity and Interactions -- Research Project Database -- NCER -- ORD -- US EPA '' . epa.gov. 3 September 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ World Health Organization , `` How to measure chlorine residual in water '' WHO -- Technical Notes for Emergencies , Technical Note No. 11 , 4 Draft revised : 7.1. 05 ( pdf ) Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bottled Water . Penn Jillette , Teller . Bullshit ! . Showtime . 7 March 2003 . No. 7 , season 1 . Jump up ^ van der Linden , S. `` Exploring Beliefs About Bottled Water and Intentions To Reduce Consumption : The Dual - Effect of Social Norm Activation and Persuasive Information '' . Environment and Behavior . doi : 10.1177 / 0013916513515239 . Jump up ^ Santos , Jessica ; van der Linden , Sander ( 2016 ) . `` Changing Norms by Changing Behavior : The Princeton Drink Local Program '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Practice. 18 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1017 / S1466046616000144 . Jump up ^ `` Persuading the public to reduce bottled water consumption '' ( pdf ) . European Commission . 3 September 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Arnold , Emily ; Larsen , Janet ( 2 February 2006 ) . `` Plan B Updates -- 51 : Bottled Water -- Pouring Resources Down the Drain '' . Earth Policy Institute . Gleick , Peter ( 5 May 2010 ) . Bottled and Sold : The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water . Shearwater . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59726 - 528 - 7 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2011 . United States . Congress . House . Committee on Energy and Commerce . Subcommittee on Commerce , Trade , and Consumer Protection . Regulation of Bottled Water : Hearing before the Subcommittee on Commerce , Trade , and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce , House of Representatives , One Hundred Eleventh Congress , First Session , July 8 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bottled water . hide Bottled water Bottled water List of bottled water brands Bottled water ban Canned water Carbonated water Drinking water International Bottled Water Association Mineral water Purified water Reuse of water bottles Bottled water portal Water portal Drink portal Companies portal Category : Bottled water WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bottled_water&oldid=866274378 '' Categories : Bottled water Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing POV - check from August 2014 Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 10 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when did bottled water start being sold in the uk	[ "Although vessels to bottle and transport water were part of the earliest human civilizations,[1] bottling water began in the United Kingdom with the first water bottling at the Holy Well in 1621.[2] The demand for bottled water was fueled in large part by the resurgence in spa-going and water therapy among Europeans and American colonists in the 17th and 18th centuries.[3] The first commercially distributed water in America was bottled and sold by Jackson’s Spa in Boston in 1767.[4] Early drinkers of bottled spa waters believed that the water at these mineral springs had therapeutic properties and that bathing in or drinking the water could help treat many common ailments.[3]\n" ]	[ "1621" ]
-5719825823377626362	Love Yourself	Love Yourself - wikipedia Love Yourself Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Love Yourself ( disambiguation ) . `` Love Yourself '' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released November 8 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Acoustic pop Length 3 : 53 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Love Yourself '' on YouTube `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong . On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number - one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best - performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . `` Love Yourself '' topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh - best - selling song of 2016 in the US . The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance on their house . Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows , as well as awards shows throughout 2015 -- 16 , while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Australia 5 Music video 5.1 Purpose : The Movement 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Background and release ( edit ) Ed Sheeran ( pictured ) initially wrote `` Love Yourself '' for his album ÷ before giving it to Bieber . On September 29 , 2015 , Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia 's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then - upcoming album . Later , during an interview for Capital FM , Bieber revealed details about the song , saying : `` It 's just me and a guitar . Basically that 's how I started , playing on the street with a guitar . '' About Sheeran , he said : `` I think he 's one of the most talented writers in the game right now , so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ' What have you been through ? , ' and telling the same story . '' In another interview for the same radio network , he commented about the collaboration , stating : `` It was a process . Just getting us together , you know , in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate . He is a good guy , super talented . Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really , really awesome . '' In 2017 , Sheeran revealed that `` Love Yourself '' was written for his album ÷ . He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song . On November 9 , 2015 `` Love Yourself '' premiered on Beats 1 along with `` The Feeling '' . The song was also made available on iTunes in the same day as a promotional single of Purpose , and later it was announced as the album 's official third radio single . When talking to Ryan Seacrest , Bieber said `` Love Yourself '' is `` definitely about someone in my past , someone who I do n't want to put on blast , '' he described the song as `` cool because so many people can resonate with that because how many women do we bring back that mom does n't really necessarily like ? . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Love Yourself '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Yourself '' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Love Yourself '' was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber , with production being done by Benny Blanco , who was also responsible for the song 's instrumentation and programming . It features background vocals by Sheeran . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderately tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of . Bieber 's vocals range from the note of B to B. It is an acoustic pop song , featuring just vocals , an electric guitar , and a brief flurry of trumpets , which was considered `` the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber 's new tracks . '' Lyrically , `` Love Yourself '' is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong , with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while `` hating on a girl for loving herself too much . '' In the pre-chorus , he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers : `` My mama do n't like you , and she likes everyone , '' `` in a style that molds well to Sheeran 's , '' according to Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos . `` And I ( never ) like to admit that I was wrong . And I 've been so caught up in my job , did n't see what 's going on , and now I know , I 'm better sleeping on my own , '' he continues . In the chorus , Bieber sings , `` Cause if you like the way you look that much , oh baby you should go and love yourself , '' which according to Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson , `` ' love yourself ' means ' go f * * k yourself ' in this context . '' On March 7 , 2017 , composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first , and the original lyric was indeed `` fuck yourself . '' In the song 's bridge , Bieber uses a `` brass - and - vocalese '' style . Critical reception ( edit ) Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` an earth - salting , cruelly chuckling kiss - off track , it features an unprecedented - for - Bieber caliber of lyrical detail , and its minimal arrangement allows every lyrical barb to pop like one of the song 's palm - mutes . For such sour grapes , though , ' Love Yourself ' still sounds exultant ; one of many reminders this year that for all his insistence on being a good person , Bieber may ultimately be best served as a Top 40 heel . '' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly complimented the track as one of her favourites from the album , naming it `` the world 's first campfire - folk diss track . '' Amy Davidson of Digital Spy agreed , calling it a ' deliciously evil poison - pen ballad ' . Sheldon Pearce of Complex praised `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' for `` display ( ing ) the best of Bieber in tandem : the full scope of his pop stylings -- blue - eyed soul fleshing out both electronic and acoustic spaces . '' Kenneth Partridge of Billboard wrote that Bieber `` overplay ( s ) his renewed spirituality ( ... ) mak ( ing ) like John Mayer doing Sam Smith , '' citing the track as an example . Josh Gonzalez of Music Times thought the song was `` a cool change of pace and nod musically to his 2014 duet with Cody Simpson ' Home to Mama ' , '' adding : `` Bieber is a great vocalist and does well on acoustic tracks . '' For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults , `` all the credit goes to Sheeran 's cherubic magic powers . Refreshingly , just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber 's coy delivery . '' Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track `` sounds exactly what you 'd expect from a meeting of these two minds , '' considering it `` ' Thinking Out Loud ' crossed with low - key , lovelorn Bieber . '' Kitty Empire , writing for The Observer , aprecciated the song for `` strip ( ping ) everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal . '' Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed , noting that `` despite being a nicely deadpan kiss - off to a snobby ex , is generic acoustic - pop . '' In a less favorable review , Pitchfork 's Brad Nelson wrote that , lyrically , `` it 's needlessly mean , neither funny nor clever , and it does n't do much to justify the severity of its perspective . '' Al Horner of NME noted that the song is `` more traditionally Bieber , and ( its ) big pop hook ( is ) out of place amidst the forward - thinking electronic scuttle . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics `` unintentionally hilarious . '' Alex Macpherson of The National called it `` a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration . '' Billboard ranked `` Love Yourself '' at number 34 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list . Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Bieber became the first male artist since Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) in 2006 to achieve three number - ones in the US from an album . In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Bieber his ninth top ten song and his third consecutive top ten debut from Purpose . It also debuted at number two and four on the Digital Songs and Streaming Songs charts , respectively , with 141,000 downloads and 17.4 million streams . The following week , it descended to number seven on the Hot 100 . Two weeks later , it ascended from seven to five on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and four , respectively . Thus , as he did three weeks prior when `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number four , Bieber had three concurrent songs in the Hot 100 's top five , becoming the third act to achieve it since 50 Cent in 2005 . Bieber and The Beatles are the only acts to earn the honor as a lead artist on all three songs . On the chart dated February 6 , 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' ascended from three to two on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' was at number one . With the feat , Bieber became the 17th act in the Hot 100 's history to rank at numbers one and 2 simultaneously . He was also the 11th act to hold the Hot 100 's top two as a lead artist on both songs . The following week , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at number one , becoming his third consecutive number - one single . Thus , Bieber was the 12th artist to succeed himself in the Hot 100 's 57 - year history ; the last artist before Bieber was The Weeknd , who is also from Canada . Additionally , Bieber 's Purpose became the first album by a male artist to produce three number - one songs since Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds did so in 2006 -- 07 . After being replaced at the top of the Hot 100 by Zayn 's debut single as a solo artist , `` Pillowtalk '' , for one week , it returned to the number one position the following date . Also , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at the top of the Radio Songs chart with 144 million weekly audience , becoming Bieber 's second number - one song on the chart . However , the next week , `` Love Yourself '' was replaced at the top by Rihanna 's `` Work '' and descended to number two . By the middle of 2016 , the song had sold 1.6 million copies in the U.S. On the chart dated 7 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' spent its 23rd consecutive week in the Hot 100 's top ten , breaking the record for the most consecutive weeks logged in the top 10 from a song 's debut , previously set by Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' , Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' and Bieber 's both `` What Do You Mean ? '' and `` Sorry '' . It has since been passed by The Chainsmokers 's `` Closer '' ( 2016 -- 2017 ) , which spent 32 weeks in the top 10 . Additionally , the song spent an eleventh week at the top of the Radio Songs chart . Additionally , on the chart dated 14 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' became Bieber 's first chart - topper on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was the most - played song in the United States in 2016 , with nearly 4 billion audience impressions . During 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' sold 1.8 million copies in the US , thus being listed seventh on the best - selling songs of the year list . Overall , it has sold 2.7 million copies in the country . `` Love Yourself '' finished at # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year - End of 2016 released in December 2016 , becoming Bieber 's highest charting song on Hot 100 Year - End to date , surpassing `` Boyfriend '' on the Hot 100 Year - End of 2012 . This made him the youngest artist to date to receive a # 1 single on a Hot 100 Year - End chart in Billboard 's history . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on 19 November 2015 , after the release of Purpose . The following week , it rose to number two before replacing `` Sorry '' at the top of the chart on 4 December 2015 . Bieber is the first artist to replace themselves at the chart 's summit since Elvis Presley in 2005 . `` Love Yourself '' marked Bieber 's third consecutive chart - topping song in Britain . The following week , the song stayed at the top of the chart with 114,000 combined sales and `` Sorry '' stayed at number two , which made Bieber the first artist ever to knock himself off the top spot with both songs holding at one and 2 for two consecutive weeks . `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' remained at the same place the next week , which made Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers one and 2 consecutively , breaking the record previously held by The Beatles , who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers one and 2 in 1967 -- 68 . `` Love Yourself '' was beaten to the top by NHS Choir 's `` A Bridge Over You '' charity single by nearly 31,000 chart sales . However , the single rose to the number - one spot the next week , logging a fourth week at the summit and claiming the first number - one song of 2016 . The following week , it remained at number one , making Bieber the first artist on the UK Singles Chart to occupy the top three spots on the chart at the same time with `` Sorry '' at number two and `` What Do You Mean ? '' climbing one place to three . `` Love Yourself '' spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one . On 4 January 2016 , the Official Charts Company announced that ' Love Yourself ' has earned 719,000 combined sales . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart , after the release of Purpose , giving Bieber his fifth top - three single in the country . That week the singer had three songs inside the top ten : `` Sorry '' ( 2 ) , `` Love Yourself '' ( 3 ) and `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 7 ) . Two weeks later , `` Love Yourself '' was the most streamed track in the country and rose to number two , also it earned a gold certification for sales of over 35,000 copies . In its fourth week , the song ascended from two to one , dethroning Adele 's `` Hello '' and earning a platinum certification for sales of over 70,000 copies . With that , Bieber became the only act to have two number - one songs in 2015 following previous single `` What Do You Mean ? '' , which topped the chart during four consecutive weeks in September . The song stayed at the top of the chart the following two weeks . On its third week at number one , Bieber 's ' Sorry ' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and eight , respectively . With that , Bieber became the first act to dominate the top two positions since Macklemore & Ryan Lewis did in 2013 with `` Same Love '' and `` Thrift Shop '' . He also was the first act to have three singles inside the chart 's top ten since 2012 . The song was the first number - one song of 2016 and has spent seven consecutive weeks at number one , which places Bieber at number 8 on the list for the most accumulated weeks ( 11 ) at number one in the 2010s . Also , it is his longest - running number - one single in Australia . `` Love Yourself '' also topped the charts in Sweden , Ireland , New Zealand , Netherlands and Denmark . Music video ( edit ) Purpose : the Movement ( edit ) The song 's music video was released on YouTube on November 14 , 2015 along with the other videos from `` Purpose : The Movement '' . The video starts with Bieber saying : `` Love is n't ' do this for me and I 'm going to do this for you . ' That 's not what love is . Love is just ' I 'm gon na do this for you because I wan na do this for you . ' '' Later , the video features husband and wife dancers Keone and Mari Madrid dancing their way through their house . They are later seen dancing on their phone screens . The video ends when the wife wakes up and finds a note on her husband 's pillow saying , `` Love Yourself . '' As of February 2018 , the music video has received over 1.3 billion views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Bieber during his show at 2016 Brit Awards Bieber first performed `` Love Yourself '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during ' Purpose ' week release . On November 18 , 2015 , the song was also performed on The Today Show along with other tracks from the album . Bieber also added the song to the set list of his show on Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 . He performed the song at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards . The singer performed an acoustic version of the track with James Bay on the guitar before performing `` Sorry '' during the 2016 Brit Awards . He also performed an acoustic version of the song during the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards before proceeding to a full performance of `` Company '' . `` Love Yourself '' is also part of the set list of his Purpose World Tour . The performance has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage . He performed the song at Radio Disney Music Awards during a special pocket show for fans , previously recorded . On June 4 , 2017 , Bieber performed `` Love Yourself '' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . Canadian singer Alessia Cara posted a video covering of the song on her YouTube channel on November 14 , 2015 . English singer Conor Maynard also posted a video covering the song on his YouTube channel on November 17 , 2015 . American singer Halsey also performed a cover version for Triple J 's Like a Version studio in Australia on February 4 , 2016 . Her version garnered attention since she replaced `` love yourself '' by `` fuck yourself . '' British singers Yo Preston and Kelly Kiara teamed up to write a reply to the song , with the version being called `` Love Yourself vs F * ck Yourself . '' In their version , Kiara responds to Bieber 's lyrics taking about the boy 's cheating habits and overwhelming jealousy . Their version charted on the ARIA Charts , reaching the top - twenty , peaking at number 16 . The song was also covered by American pop punk band Grayscale for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7 , a compilation album of covers , which was released by Fearless Records on July 14 , 2017 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Record Plant , Los Angeles Mixed at Henson Recording Studios Personnel Ed Sheeran -- writing , background vocals . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering . Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing . Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator . Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose , Def Jam Recordings . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 2,845,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various November 9 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam Italy April 15 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2016 ( South Africa ) List of number - one international songs of 2016 ( South Korea ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Justin Bieber 's Ed Sheeran - Penned Song , ' Love Yourself ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adelle Platon ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Shares Ed Sheeran - penned Tune ' Love Yourself , ' Announces L.A. Gig '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best - Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Yahoo ! Music . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber 's New Album , but Not One Direction 's '' . ABC News Radio . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Justin Bieber Tells Us ALL About His Ed Sheeran Song . We 've Got ACTUAL Chills ! '' . Capital FM . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Song With Ed Sheeran Is One Of His ' Favorites ' Off Purpose -- MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Justin Bieber Reveals He Wants To Perform ' Love Yourself ' Live With Ed Sheeran '' . Capital FM . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself ' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Eliza ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Listen to Justin Bieber 's New Song , Cowritten by Ed Sheeran '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Finally Releasing ' Purpose , ' Explains Story Behind ' Love Yourself ' '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- `` Love Yourself '' -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . MN0157475 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review , Track - by - Track '' . Universal Music Canada . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Andrew ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Sorry Seems to Be the Easiest Word for Justin Bieber on ' Purpose ' '' . Spin . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber has premiered his Ed Sheeran collaboration ' Love Yourself ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Justin Bieber 's New Album Will Almost Make You Forgive Him for His Troubled Past '' . Complex . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Casey ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Purpose Is the Comeback Album Justin Bieber Needed '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Amy ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Purpose review : Track - by - track with his best album yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals Original NSFW ' Love Yourself ' Lyric He Wrote for Rihanna , Not Justin Bieber '' . Howard Stern . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. Mac , Sam ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Review Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` From Boys to Men : EW reviews Justin Bieber and One Direction 's new albums '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Proves His Growth on ' Purpose ' Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Music Times Staff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review : Junk Mail '' . Musc Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaults , Janine ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber -- Purpose '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber premieres two new songs `` The Feeling '' and `` Love Yourself '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose review -- a grown - up sorry . Sort of '' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's comeback narrative has a few plot holes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Brad ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Reviews Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horner , Al ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` NME Reviews -- Justin Bieber -- ' Purpose ' NME.COM '' . NME . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Does ' Purpose ' establish Justin Bieber as now cool ? '' . The National . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Nielsen Music Mid-Year Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen 2016 Mid Year Report . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Desiigner 's ' Panda ' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100 , Bringing Americans Back to the Top '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber Earns First Adult Contemporary No. 1 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hugh McIntyre ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Owned Radio In 2016 , Ends The Year At No. 1 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Year - End -- 2016 '' . Billboard . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber replaces himself at the top of the Official Singles Chart with Love Yourself '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber extends his record breaking reign over the Official Singles Chart '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber sets a new Official Singles Chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` NHS Choir defeat Justin Bieber to secure the UK 's Official Christmas Number 1 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Love Yourself is the first Number 1 single of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sets UK singles chart record '' . BBC News . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber 's Love Yourself scores sixth week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber tops the ARIA Albums chart with ' Purpose ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Adele reigns supreme for sixth week in a row '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin , Ryan ( 12 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber snatches back # 1 spot '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber hits three weeks at # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds the first # 1 for 2016 '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 23 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds onto # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Ranking of Justin Bieber 's New Music Videos '' . Beautycon . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodulfo , Kristina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Who Is the Incredible Dancing Couple In Justin Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Music Video ? `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . JustinBieberVEVO . YouTube . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : A Full Recap of # BieberWeek So Far on Ellen '' . Universal Music Canada . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Norwin , Alyssa ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Rocks The Plaza With Hits From ' Purpose ' : Epic ' Today ' Show Concert '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We 're ALL Beliebers Now ! Justin Bieber Closes Our # CapitalJBB With An INCREDIBLE Live Show ! '' . Capital FM . December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayber ! How James Bay ended up playing with Justin Bieber '' . BBC . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs ' Love Yourself ' & ' Company ' at the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 wildest moments from Justin Bieber 's Purpose tour kick - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Surprised the Radio Disney Music Awards With an Acoustic Performance of `` Love Yourself '' `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polanco , Luis ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Alessia Cara Cover Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself ( Conor Maynard version ) '' . YouTube . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitz - Gerald , Sean ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Halsey Tweaked Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself , ' and Then Covered the Hell Out of It '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alyssa ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Halsey Sings Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Even Better Than Bieber `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Kendall ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` This Cover Of Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Tells The Other Side Of The Story '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-chart.com -- Yo Preston feat . Kelly Kiara -- Love Yourself vs. Fuck Yourself '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purpose ( inlay cover ) . Justin Bieber . Def Jam Recordings. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino > Top 20 Oficial Del 25 al 31 de Julio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 ... MonitorLatino.com Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201610 into search . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20161 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : Love Yourself '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 10 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Justin Bieber '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SEMANA 6 ) Top nacional da semana -- Section `` Top Nacional de Singles '' `` . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20169 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20168 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 02 - 23 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016 '' . Pure Charts ( in French ) . chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2016 '' . promusicae.es . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Justin Bieber in the field Interpret . Enter Love Yourself in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Justin Bieber ; ' Love Yourself ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love Yourself and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Enter Love Yourself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Yourself -- Justin Bieber '' . JustinBieberMusic.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' ( Radio Date : 15 / 04 / 2015 ) `` . Radio Date . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Yourself&oldid=824357902 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles 2010s ballads Justin Bieber songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Diss tracks Def Jam Recordings singles Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Scots Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote you should go and love yourself	[ "\"Love Yourself\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose (2015). The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8, 2015, and later was released as the album's third single. It was written by Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Bieber, and produced by Blanco. An acoustic pop song, \"Love Yourself\" features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation. During the song, Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers. Lyrically, the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong." ]	[ "Ed Sheeran, Benny Blanco and Bieber" ]
-3147430876122224248	2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold	2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold - wikipedia 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold Tournament details Dates 17 -- 22 January 2017 Level Grand Prix Gold Total prize money US $ 120,000 Venue Sibu Indoor Stadium Location Sarawak , Malaysia Champions Men 's Singles Ng Ka Long Women 's Singles Saina Nehwal Men 's Doubles Berry Angriawan Hardianto Women 's Doubles Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai Mixed Doubles Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing ← 2016 The 2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold was the first grand prix 's badminton tournament of the 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix . The tournament was held at the Sibu Indoor Stadium in Sarawak , Malaysia from 17 -- 22 January 2017 and had a total purse of $120,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 's singles 1.1 Seeds 1.2 Finals 1.3 Top half 1.3. 1 Section 1 1.3. 2 Section 2 1.3. 3 Section 3 1.3. 4 Section 4 1.4 Bottom half 1.4. 1 Section 5 1.4. 2 Section 6 1.4. 3 Section 7 1.4. 4 Section 8 2 Women 's singles 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 Men 's doubles 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 3 3.4. 2 Section 4 4 Women 's doubles 4.1 Seeds 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 3 4.4. 2 Section 4 5 Mixed doubles 5.1 Seeds 5.2 Finals 5.3 Top half 5.3. 1 Section 1 5.3. 2 Section 2 5.4 Bottom half 5.4. 1 Section 3 5.4. 2 Section 4 6 References 7 External links Men 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Ng Ka Long ( Champion ) Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk ( Withdrew ) Hu Yun ( Second Round ) Wong Wing Ki ( Withdrew ) Lee Hyun - il ( Final ) Ajay Jayaram ( Quarterfinals ) Tommy Sugiarto ( Semifinals ) Jonatan Christie ( Quarterfinals ) Iskandar Zulkarnain Zainuddin ( Withdrew ) Wei Nan ( First Round ) Sony Dwi Kuncoro ( First Round ) Wang Tzu - wei ( Second Round ) Zulfadli Zulkiffli ( Second Round ) Brice Leverdez ( Second Round ) B. Sai Praneeth ( Withdrew ) Ihsan Maulana Mustofa ( Third Round ) Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Ng Ka Long 13 21 21 8 Jonatan Christie 21 15 16 Ng Ka Long 21 21 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 18 15 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting 21 21 6 Ajay Jayaram 13 8 Ng Ka Long 14 21 10 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 15 9 7 Tommy Sugiarto 21 21 Wisnu Yuli Prasetyo 15 9 7 Tommy Sugiarto 17 16 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 21 5 Lee Hyun - il 21 21 Muhammad Bayu Pangisthu 10 15 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Ng KL 21 21 NE Sulistyo 15 7 Ng KL 21 21 A Pochtarov 19 12 Chiang JS 13 12 A Pochtarov 21 21 Ng KL 21 21 16 IM Mustofa 14 14 16 IM Mustofa 21 21 Q6 WMH Wan Hassan 9 16 IM Mustofa 21 17 21 H Dani 15 21 13 H Dani 21 21 Lee ZJ 19 17 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round 8 J Christie 21 21 Lim CW 19 13 8 J Christie 21 21 Goh GC 14 11 Q7 IS Yulianto 6 11 Goh GC 21 21 8 J Christie 24 21 SH Rhustavito 22 16 10 Wei N 8 19 SH Rhustavito 21 21 SH Rhustavito 21 21 Chong YH 14 15 Q1 MR Veerappen 5 Chong YH 21 21 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round PFQ A Yunus 12 17 Satheishtharan R . 21 21 Satheishtharan R . 14 14 AS Ginting 21 21 AS Ginting 26 21 21 K Phetpradab 28 10 12 AS Ginting 21 23 Chong WF 15 21 11 SD Kuncoro 21 6 9 Chong WF 12 21 21 Chong WF 21 21 KH Wibowo 15 9 KH Wibowo 21 21 A Namkul 15 19 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round 6 A Jayaram 21 17 21 Q4 Leong JH 10 21 14 6 A Jayaram 21 21 PFQ VA Saputra 9 12 Q3 DH Rumbaka 21 14 10 PFQ VA Saputra 16 21 21 6 A Jayaram 21 15 21 Hsueh H-y 12 21 15 13 Zf Zulkiffli 21 21 A Yelegar 13 14 13 Zf Zulkiffli 21 18 12 Hsueh H-y 19 21 21 Hsueh H-y 21 21 RY Chittaboina 16 11 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Lee CY 21 21 FA Kholik 13 17 Lee CY 21 21 14 B Leverdez 15 18 Zh Zulkiffli 14 B Leverdez 21 11 Lee CY 10 17 7 T Sugiarto 21 21 P Joshi 15 21 24 Ryan Ng ZR 21 16 22 P Joshi 9 27 7 T Sugiarto 21 29 Q5 Vincent Phuah CW 10 7 T Sugiarto 21 21 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round P Thongnuam 21 18 21 S Verma 10 21 17 P Thongnuam 21 21 12 Wang T-w 16 19 S Avihingsanon 15 19 12 Wang T-w 21 21 P Thongnuam 8 WY Prasetyo 14 A Joshi 20 18 WY Prasetyo 22 21 WY Prasetyo 21 21 Hu Y 15 13 A Marteen 21 15 14 Hu Y 16 21 21 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Chen C-w 21 25 Tan CS 17 23 Chen C-w 21 21 H M. Gowda 5 19 H M. Gowda 21 21 PFQ YF Mainaky 14 15 Chen C-w 14 7 5 Lee H-i 21 21 PA Sudrajat 14 15 Soong JV 21 21 Soong JV 12 10 5 Lee H-i 21 21 Q8 Sim FH 7 13 5 Lee H-i 21 21 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Q2 A Yunanto 22 15 PFQ Tan JW 24 21 PFQ Tan JW 20 21 21 Cheam JW 22 10 13 Cheam JW 21 21 PFQ YT Chan 7 6 PFQ Tan JW 18 10 MB Pangisthu 21 21 Soo TZ 8 21 18 MB Pangisthu 21 15 21 MB Pangisthu 14 21 21 FI Hadmadi 21 14 13 FI Hadmadi 21 21 PFQ Jaspar Yu WC 12 19 Women 's singles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Saina Nehwal ( Champion ) Cheung Ngan Yi ( Semifinals ) Beatriz Corrales ( Second Round ) Hsu Ya - ching ( Second Round ) Yip Pui Yin ( Semifinals ) Goh Jin Wei ( Second Round ) Chiang Mei - hui ( Second Round ) Fitriani ( Quarterfinals ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Saina Nehwal 21 21 5 Yip Pui Yin 13 10 Saina Nehwal 22 22 Pornpawee Chochuwong 20 20 Pornpawee Chochuwong 21 20 21 Cheung Ngan Yi 19 22 18 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals S Nehwal 21 21 Q1 C Korepap 9 8 S Nehwal 21 21 H Ramadini 17 12 H Ramadini 21 21 Yeo JM 16 17 S Nehwal 21 21 8 Fitriani 15 14 8 Fitriani 21 21 Ho YM 17 13 8 Fitriani 21 21 Soniia Cheah SY 16 17 Q4 Thinaah M . 21 10 10 Soniia Cheah SY 19 21 21 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Hsu Y-c 8 21 21 YY Susanto 21 18 17 Hsu Y-c 8 8 Lee YY 21 21 Lee YY 21 21 LA Mainaky 11 18 Lee YY 18 16 5 Yip PY 21 21 5 Yip PY 21 21 S Fatmawati 17 15 5 Yip PY 13 21 21 F Angguni 21 13 17 N Perminova 12 16 F Angguni 21 21 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals R Hartawan 12 21 11 P Chochuwong 21 16 21 P Chochuwong 21 22 7 Chiang M-h 8 20 PFQ J Muljati 21 14 7 Chiang M-h 23 21 P Chochuwong 21 21 DD Ayustine 10 17 Q2 A Rovita 16 11 DD Ayustine 21 21 DD Ayustine 21 19 22 B Corrales 16 21 20 Q3 Kisona S . 15 13 B Corrales 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals AD Widyaningrum 21 14 18 Lee C-h 15 21 21 Lee C-h 21 21 6 Goh JW 12 10 SKP Kudaravalli 12 21 6 Goh JW 21 23 Lee C-h 16 21 7 Cheung NY 21 19 21 Lim YF 21 21 RA Riodingin 19 16 Lim YF 13 11 Cheung NY 21 21 G Mariska 21 18 16 Cheung NY 15 21 21 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong ( Withdrew ) Lee Jhe - huei / Lee Yang ( First Round ) Manu Attri / B. Sumeeth Reddy ( Second Round ) Fajar Alfian / Muhammad Rian Ardianto ( Second Round ) Ong Yew Sin / Teo Ee Yi ( Withdrew ) Chooi Kah Ming / Low Juan Shen ( First Round ) Or Chin Chung / Tang Chun Man ( First Round ) Hoon Thien How / Teo Kok Siang ( Second Round ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Goh Sze Fei Nur Izzuddin 21 21 Hendra Aprida Gunawan Markis Kido 15 13 Goh Sze Fei Nur Izzuddin 19 12 Berry Angriawan Hardianto 21 21 PFQ Hiroyuki Endo Yuta Watanabe 20 19 Berry Angriawan Hardianto 22 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 21 21 21 Q2 LA Nugroho T Supriadi 15 23 8 PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 21 21 Tan CT Tan WG 15 19 Tan CT Tan WG 11 21 26 S Rankireddy C Shetty 21 15 24 PFQ Mak HC Tam CH 20 16 Goh SF N Izzuddin 22 21 7 Or CC Tang CM 21 18 18 Goh SF N Izzuddin 16 21 21 Goh SF N Izzuddin 13 21 21 Lu C-y Yang P-h 21 12 13 Lu C-y Yang P-h 23 15 21 MA Abdul Latif Lim KW 21 21 15 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals M Attri B. S Reddy 15 21 21 Q4 Chen JH Shia CK 21 13 18 M Attri B. S Reddy 17 21 12 HA Gunawan M Kido 21 18 21 HA Gunawan M Kido 21 21 A Adistia Ian Wong JS 14 16 HA Gunawan M Kido 19 21 21 Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 13 11 8 Hoon TH Teo KS 21 21 Q3 A Chia Tan JH 17 16 8 Hoon TH Teo KS 17 0 Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 0 Lee S-m Lin C-y 19 22 Terry Hee YK Loh KH 21 24 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 Q1 YR Sugiarto AY Wirawan 10 11 PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 Lee C-h Tsai C-h 13 11 Lee C-h Tsai C-h 21 22 PFQ SK Gutama F Wijaya 9 20 PFQ H Endo Y Watanabe 21 21 T Inoue Y Kaneko 16 18 T Inoue Y Kaneko 21 21 DB Chrisnanta H Wijaya 7 9 T Inoue Y Kaneko 10 21 21 F Alfian MR Ardianto 21 11 17 Lee JY Lim ZT 21 13 17 F Alfian MR Ardianto 15 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Arjun M.R. R Shlok 21 21 NMA Ayub J Singh 19 12 Arjun M.R. R Shlok 14 17 Law CH Lee CH 21 21 Law CH Lee CH 21 14 21 6 Chooi KM Low JS 16 21 15 Law CH Lee CH 21 22 11 B Angriawan Hardianto 23 20 21 A Francis T Kona 14 18 B Angriawan Hardianto 21 21 B Angriawan Hardianto w / o M Ahsan RA Saputro M Ahsan RA Saputro 20 21 21 Lee J-h Lee Y 22 15 13 Women 's doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Jongkolphan Kititharakul / Rawinda Prajongjai ( Champion ) Chiang Kai - hsin / Hung Shih - han ( Quarterfinals ) Keshya Nurvita Hanadia / Devi Tika Permatasari ( Quarterfinals ) Lim Yin Loo / Yap Cheng Wen ( Semifinals ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai 22 21 21 Hsu Ya - ching Wu Ti - jung 24 19 11 Jongkolphan Kititharakul Rawinda Prajongjai 21 21 Poon Lok Yan Tse Ying Suet 17 9 Lim Yin Loo Yap Cheng Wen 20 22 15 Poon Lok Yan Tse Ying Suet 22 20 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals J Kititharakul R Prajongjai BYE J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 22 Goh YC Woon KW 16 20 A Ponnappa N. S Reddy Goh YC Woon KW w / o J Kititharakul R Prajongjai 21 21 Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 17 11 Ng TY Yeung NT BYE Ng TY Yeung NT 9 9 Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 21 21 Chow MK Vivian Hoo KM 21 21 Sruthi K.P HM Harinarayanan 9 13 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals KN Hanadia DT Permatasari BYE KN Hanadia DT Permatasari 21 21 Chin KM Yap Z 17 15 Chin KM Yap Z w / o M Aggarwal K. Maneesha KN Hanadia DT Permatasari 8 0 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 0 AM Khasanah RS Putri BYE AM Khasanah RS Putri 6 8 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 21 Hsu Y-c Wu T-j 21 21 Lee MY Lim CS 16 17 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals R Amelia Anna Cheong CY 21 21 Joyce Choong WC Lim JL 14 12 R Amelia Anna Cheong CY 16 12 Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 21 21 Lim PY Lim PZ 14 18 Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 21 21 Tan WH Crystal Wong JY 11 11 Lim YL Yap CW 21 21 A Rovita SN Azisah 5 11 AA Anscelly Teoh MX 21 21 AA Anscelly Teoh MX 12 11 Lim YL Yap CW 21 21 BYE Lim YL Yap CW Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals CS Ayunidha VD Rumete 16 9 Poon LY Tse YS 21 21 Poon LY Tse YS 21 14 21 D Fitriani N Melati 17 21 14 BYE D Fitriani N Melati Poon LY Tse YS 22 21 Chiang K-h Hung S-h 20 10 A Balan P Sawant 21 21 AF Laili VAP Lejarsari 10 11 A Balan P Sawant 18 14 Chiang K-h Hung S-h 21 21 BYE Chiang K-h Hung S-h Mixed doubles ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying ( Withdrew ) Tan Kian Meng / Lai Pei Jing ( Champion ) Lee Chun Hei / Chau Hoi Wah ( Withdrew ) Ronald Alexander / Melati Daeva Oktavianti ( Second Round ) Tang Chun Man / Tse Ying Suet ( Quarterfinals ) Tontowi Ahmad / Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja ( Semifinals ) Pranaav Jerry Chopra / N. Sikki Reddy ( Withdrew ) Terry Hee Yong Kai / Tan Wei Han ( Quarterfinals ) Finals ( edit ) Semifinals Final 6 Tontowi Ahmad Gloria Emanuelle Widjaja 17 18 Goh Soon Huat Shevon Jemie Lai 21 21 Goh Soon Huat Shevon Jemie Lai 17 9 Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 21 21 Tam Chun Hei Ng Tsz Yau 21 13 12 Tan Kian Meng Lai Pei Jing 19 21 21 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals PFQ MR Fahlepi AM Khasanah 18 12 YF Mainaky LA Mainaky 21 21 YF Mainaky LA Mainaky 6 12 Lin C-y Wu T-j 21 21 Q3 Hoo PR Peck YW 20 16 Lin C-y Wu T-j 22 21 Lin C-y Wu T-j 12 21 14 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 17 21 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 21 B. S Reddy A Ponnappa 17 17 6 T Ahmad GE Widjaja 21 21 M Attri J Gutta 18 10 LA Nugroho R Amelia 19 18 M Attri J Gutta 21 21 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals PFQ S Aditha AF Laili 21 11 HJP Wibowo RS Putri 13 8 PFQ S Aditha AF Laili 7 6 Goh SH SJ Lai 21 21 Goh SH SJ Lai 21 21 T Supriadi DT Permatasari 19 12 Goh SH SJ Lai 15 21 21 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 15 13 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 21 Q2 AY Wirawan N Melati 9 9 8 Terry Hee YK Tan WH 21 21 Y Khrishnan P Sawant 17 17 Y Khrishnan P Sawant 21 22 Mak HC Yeung NT 14 20 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals S Rankireddy K. Maneesha 10 14 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 PFQ D Juang KN Hanadia 13 11 Low HY Cheah YS 21 14 17 PFQ D Juang KN Hanadia 11 21 21 Tam CH Ng TY 21 21 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 19 17 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 21 T Wardhana VAP Lejarsari 12 12 Lee Y Hsu Y-c 21 12 24 R Alexander MD Oktavianti 17 21 22 Q1 Chen TJ Tew JJ 16 14 R Alexander MD Oktavianti 21 21 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Quarterfinals DB Chrisnanta Crystal Wong JY 21 21 YT Chan Y Kawasaki 8 DB Chrisnanta Crystal Wong JY 17 19 5 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 A Yunanto SN Azisah 12 10 5 Tang CM Tse YS 21 21 5 Tang CM Tse YS 19 16 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 Q4 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 21 21 P Thongnuam N Saengchote 10 16 Q4 MA Abdul Latif RA Riodingin 6 12 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 FS Surbakti CS Ayunidha 8 7 Tan KM Lai PJ 21 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Victor Far East Malaysia Masters 2017 '' . Badminton World Federation . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Master Grand Prix Gold 2017 '' . SignedEvents . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 280 top shuttlers to battle in Sibu '' . The Borneo Post . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Tournament Link Preceded by 2016 Korea Masters Grand Prix Gold BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix 2017 BWF Season Succeeded by 2017 Syed Modi International Grand Prix Gold 2017 BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix Malaysia India Thailand Germany Switzerland China Thailand Open Taipei Canada Russia U.S. New Zealand Vietnam Netherlands Bitburger Macau Scotland Korea Italics denotes Gold event Malaysia Masters 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Malaysia_Masters_Grand_Prix_Gold&oldid=796252512 '' Categories : Malaysia Masters BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix 2017 in Malaysian sport 2017 in badminton Sport in Sarawak Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 15 : 16 . About Wikipedia	who won men's singles in master grand gold tournament in 2017	[ "\n2017 Malaysia Masters Grand Prix Gold\n\nTournament details\n\n\nDates\n17 – 22 January 2017\n\n\nLevel\nGrand Prix Gold\n\n\nTotal prize money\nUS$120,000\n\n\nVenue\nSibu Indoor Stadium\n\n\nLocation\nSarawak, Malaysia\n\n\nChampions\n\n\nMen's Singles\n Ng Ka Long\n\n\nWomen's Singles\n Saina Nehwal\n\n\nMen's Doubles\n Berry Angriawan\n Hardianto\n\n\nWomen's Doubles\n Jongkolphan Kititharakul\n Rawinda Prajongjai\n\n\nMixed Doubles\n Tan Kian Meng\n Lai Pei Jing\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2016\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Ng Ka Long" ]
-8324707491272355637	2018 Tata Open Maharashtra	2018 Tata Open Maharashtra - wikipedia 2018 Tata Open Maharashtra Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Maharashtra Open Date 1 -- 6 January 2018 Edition 23rd Draw 28S / 16D / 32Q Prize money $447,480 Surface Hard Location Pune , India Champions Singles Gilles Simon Doubles Robin Haase / Matwé Middelkoop ← 2017 Maharashtra Open 2019 → The 2018 Maharashtra Open was a 2018 ATP World Tour tennis played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 23rd edition of the only ATP tournament played in India and took place in Pune , India , from 1 January through 6 January 2018 . It was the first edition of the tournament to be held after it was moved from Chennai to Pune . Contents ( hide ) 1 Points and prize money 1.1 Point distribution 1.2 Prize money 2 ATP singles main draw entrants 2.1 Seeds 2.2 Other Entrants 2.3 Withdrawals 2.4 Retirements 3 ATP doubles main draw entrants 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Other Entrants 4 Champions 4.1 Men 's Singles 4.2 Men 's Doubles 5 References 6 External links Points and prize money ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q2 Q1 Singles 250 150 90 45 20 0 12 6 0 Doubles 0 N / A N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q2 Q1 Singles $89,435 $47,105 $25,515 $14,535 $8,565 $5,075 $2,285 $1,145 Doubles $27,170 $14,280 $7,740 $4,430 $2,590 N / A N / A N / A Doubles prize money per team ATP singles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Rank Seed CRO Marin Čilić 6 RSA Kevin Anderson 14 ESP Roberto Bautista Agut 20 FRA Benoît Paire 41 NED Robin Haase 42 5 CZE Jiří Veselý 62 6 KAZ Mikhail Kukushkin 74 7 FRA Pierre - Hugues Herbert 81 8 Rankings as of December 25 , 2017 Other entrants ( edit ) The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw : Arjun Kadhe Benoît Paire Ramkumar Ramanathan The following players received entry using a protected ranking : Pablo Andújar The following players received entry from the qualifying draw : Ilya Ivashka Thiago Monteiro Sumit Nagal Ricardo Ojeda Lara Withdrawals ( edit ) Before the tournament Jérémy Chardy → replaced by Pablo Andújar Rogério Dutra Silva → replaced by Marco Cecchinato Ivo Karlović → replaced by Yuki Bhambri Lukáš Lacko → replaced by Roberto Carballés Baena Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Ruben Bemelmans Retirements ( edit ) Thiago Monteiro ATP doubles main draw entrants ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Country Player Country Player Rank Seed SWE Robert Lindstedt CRO Franko Škugor 114 NED Robin Haase NED Matwé Middelkoop 117 CHI Hans Podlipnik - Castillo BLR Andrei Vasilevski 119 IND Rohan Bopanna IND Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan 120 Rankings are as of December 25 , 2017 . Other entrants ( edit ) The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw : Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Arjun Kadhe / Benoît Paire Champions ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Maharashtra Open -- Singles Gilles Simon def . Kevin Anderson , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Maharashtra Open -- Doubles Robin Haase / Matwé Middelkoop def. Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Gilles Simon , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tournament overview - Tata Open Maharashtra '' . atpworldtour.com . atpworldtour.com . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 TATA OPEN MAHARASHTRA '' . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Pune ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Uniondale ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tata_Open_Maharashtra&oldid=828888436 '' Categories : Sports competitions in Pune 2018 Maharashtra Open 2018 ATP World Tour 2018 in Indian sport January 2018 sports events in Asia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 10 : 32 . About Wikipedia	who has won the 2018 men’s singles tata open maharashtra tennis tournament	[ "\n\n2018 Maharashtra Open\n\n\nDate\n1 – 6 January 2018\n\n\nEdition\n23rd\n\n\nDraw\n28S / 16D / 32Q\n\n\nPrize money\n$447,480\n\n\nSurface\nHard\n\n\nLocation\nPune, India\n\n\nChampions\n\n\nSingles\n\n\n Gilles Simon\n\n\nDoubles\n\n\n Robin Haase / Matwé Middelkoop\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2017 ·\nMaharashtra Open\n· 2019 →\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Gilles Simon" ]
-3273728735789734468	Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis)	Basilica of Saint Mary ( Minneapolis ) - wikipedia Basilica of Saint Mary ( Minneapolis ) Jump to : navigation , search For other basilicas dedicated to the Virgin Mary , see Basilica of St. Mary . The Basilica of Saint Mary -- Catholic U.S. National Register of Historic Places The Basilica of Saint Mary in 2008 Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show all Location 1600 Hennepin Ave . Minneapolis , Minnesota Coordinates 44 ° 58 ′ 23 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 11 '' W / 44.97306 ° N 93.28639 ° W / 44.97306 ; - 93.28639 Coordinates : 44 ° 58 ′ 23 '' N 93 ° 17 ′ 11 '' W / 44.97306 ° N 93.28639 ° W / 44.97306 ; - 93.28639 Area 2.5 acres ( 1.0 ha ) Built 1907 -- 1914 Architect Masqueray , E.L. Architectural style Classical Revival , Other NRHP reference # 75000985 Added to NRHP March 26 , 1975 The Basilica of Saint Mary is a Roman Catholic minor basilica located on its own city block along Hennepin Avenue between 16th & 17th Streets in downtown Minneapolis , Minnesota . It was the first basilica established in the United States . The Basilica of Saint Mary is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Venue 3 Music 3.1 Basilica Block Party 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Interior of the Basilica of Saint Mary The Basilica of Saint Mary replaced a previous church , the Church of the Immaculate Conception . It was originally built in 1871 , located at 3rd Street and 3rd Avenue North , but the expanding warehouse district was engulfing the church property . Archbishop John Ireland announced plans for a new Church of the Immaculate Conception on Christmas Day , 1903 . In 1905 , Lawrence S. Donaldson donated a one - block parcel on Hennepin Avenue near Loring Park for the new church buildings . The design was awarded to Franco - American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray , the designer of the Cathedral of Saint Paul . Masqueray designed it in the Classical / Baroque style . The groundbreaking was held on August 7 , 1907 , with foundation construction continuing through May 1908 . The cornerstone was laid on May 31 , 1908 , with a ceremony involving 30,000 Catholics , twenty bishops , 300 priests and seminarians from the Saint Paul Seminary , and 500 cadets from the College of Saint Thomas . As construction on the Basilica and the St. Paul Cathedral progressed , Masqueray 's architectural genius attracted attention . American Architect magazine commented , `` The two Catholic Cathedrals will be -- when completed , noteworthy achievements in church building for any period ; in extent and splendor they promise to surpass anything yet attempted in ecclesiastical work in the United States . '' Domed ceiling above the altar Civic dedication of the church took place on November 4 , 1913 , and the church was informally opened on May 31 , 1914 . It was informally referred to as the Pro-Cathedral of the archdiocese from its beginning , but the parish was still officially named the Church of the Immaculate Conception until September 21 , 1921 . It was formally named the Procathedral of Saint Mary at that time . Although the building was open for worship in 1914 , the interior decoration , windows , and plaster work were not completed until 1925 . It was established as a minor basilica by Pope Pius XI in 1926 , making it the first basilica in the United States . In 1941 the basilica was formally consecrated by Archbishop Dennis Dougherty of Philadelphia as part of the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress ( which was taking place in Minneapolis and St. Paul at the time ) . Stained glass windows The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 . Its significance is due to three reasons : its excellent architecture and engineering design , as an expression of Baroque influence in church architecture ; an example of the history of religious movements in Minnesota ; and its place as the first basilica in the United States . The foundation of the church is of Rockville granite . The walls are built of white Vermont granite , with a height of 70 feet ( 21 m ) from the floor to the eave - line . The main entrance is a colonnaded portico with two 116 - foot ( 35 m ) spires on each side . The nave is lighted by five large arched stained glass windows . The nave has a barrel vault of 82 feet ( 25 m ) , exceeding that of the St. Peter 's Basilica by two feet . The sanctuary , at the north end of the nave , is topped with a grand dome measuring 40 square feet ( 3.7 m ) at the base and rising 138 feet ( 42 m ) above the floor . Above the dome is a flesche or lantern topped with a bronze cross , measuring another 62 feet ( 19 m ) , making the total height 200 feet ( 61 m ) above floor level . The marble altar is located underneath a 50 - foot - high ( 15 m ) marble - columned baldacchino . In 1991 its old copper roof was replaced , stopping the water leaks and damage and that were occurring . In 2011 , after being named one of 25 Twin City finalists , the building was the recipient of a $100,000 preservation grant from Partners in Preservation , chosen through a public vote ; the funds were used to repair the narthex and sacristy of the Basilica , and help restore the paint and gold leaf found throughout the structure . Venue ( edit ) Since 1995 , the site has been the venue for the Basilica Block Party weekend music festival . Proceeds have gone toward repairing the aging structure and assisting the needs of poor families in the area . The Basilica also hosts the Minnesota Sinfonia , a professional non-profit orchestra , for their winter classical concert series . Concerts are always free to the public and are funded by grant makers , corporations , and individual contributions . DeLaSalle High School uses the church for its commencement ceremonies every spring . Music ( edit ) The choir pews located behind the altar , with the organ pipes above them The Basilica Cathedral Choir , a 90 - voice auditioned , volunteer choir provides choral music on Sunday for the 9 : 30am Mass as well as on Holy Days of Obligation . The Basilica Cathedral Choir sings repertoire spanning a wide range of genres and covering many centuries . Music for vespers , confirmations , and special services is provided by the Schola Cantorum , a 12 - voice professional choir . The present Basilica organ was installed in 1949 as Wicks Opus No. 3047 . The instrument includes several stops that were scaled and designed by Henry Vincent Willis IV of England as one of a few larger Wicks instruments installed throughout the United States in the 1930s and 1940s . After undergoing a complete renovation in Winter , 2008 , including an entirely new relay and console , the organ now consists of 82 ranks on 4 manuals and pedal . The en - chamade Herald Trumpet is actually tuba - scale and modeled after the English town hall Willis tubas . Voiced on 25 ' wind , it is the most commanding such stop in the Upper Midwest . Since 1996 , the Basilica has hosted a variety of artists and musical ensembles through its artist - in - residence program . As of 2015 , the following musical entities were in residence : Director of Music Teri Larson Composer Donald Krusback The Basilica Brass Ensemble The Minnesota Sinfonia The Rose Ensemble Basilica Block Party ( edit ) Cities 97 Basilica Block Party 2008 Logo Genre Rock , Pop Dates June / July Location ( s ) United States Minneapolis ( 1995 - present ) Years active 1995 - present Founded by Rev. Michael O'Connell Website Official website The Basilica Block Party is an annual music festival held at the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . It was first held in 1995 and drew more than 15,000 people , raising over $100,000 . Proceeds from the event are put towards the maintenance and restoration of the Basilica . Attendance numbers have grown to more than 25,000 people who gather annually in the presence of the historic Basilica of Saint Mary . See also ( edit ) List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States List of cathedrals in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Basilica of Saint Mary '' . Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Charles W. ( 1974 - 10 - 28 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form : Basilica of Saint Mary '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ninth National Eucharistic Congress , St. Paul and Minneapolis , June 23 - 26 , 1941 : Official History and Record . Executive Committee of the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress . 1941 . Jump up ^ Marianne Combs ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Basilica of Saint Mary wins Partners in Preservation grant '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sarah McKenzie . `` Check it out : : Basilica Block Party '' . Downtown Journal . Minnesota Premier Publications . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.mary.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=135 Jump up ^ http://www.mary.org/liturgical-celebrations/music/schola-cantorum Jump up ^ http://www.mary.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125&Itemid=136 Jump up ^ http://www.mary.org/who-we-are/art Jump up ^ `` Business Wire , June 27 , 2001 '' . Business Wire . June 27 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Star Tribune , July 19 , 1996 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Basilica Landmark -- The Building of Hope Cities 97 Basilica Block Party 2015 Presented by Bud Light Cities 97 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Effie Awards Application '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Basilica of Saint Mary ( Minneapolis ) at Wikimedia Commons Official Cathedral Site Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Official Site History of the Basilica Basilica of St Mary , Minneapolis at `` MNopedia '' , Minnesota Historical Society by R.L. Cartwright , 2012 ( CC - By - SA ) . Basilica Block Party Basilica of Saint Mary Digital Collection , Minnesota Reflections Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis Ordinaries Bishops Joseph Crétin Thomas Grace Archbishops John Ireland Austin Dowling John Gregory Murray William O. Brady Leo Binz John Roach Harry Joseph Flynn John Clayton Nienstedt Bernard Hebda Coadjutor Archbishop Leo Christopher Byrne Auxiliary Bishops John Jeremiah Lawler James J. Byrne Leonard Philip Cowley Gerald Francis O'Keefe James P. Shannon John Robert Roach Raymond Alphonse Lucker Paul Vincent Dudley John Francis Kinney William Henry Bullock James Richard Ham Robert James Carlson Joseph Charron Lawrence Harold Welsh Frederick F. Campbell Richard Pates Lee A. Piché Andrew H. Cozzens Churches Cathedrals Cathedral of Saint Paul Basilica of Saint Mary Parishes Guardian Angels Church , Chaska Saint Peter 's Church , Mendota Our Lady of Lourdes Church , Minneapolis Church of Saint Stephen , Minneapolis Church of St. Wenceslaus , New Prague Church of Saint Mary , New Trier Church of St. Michael , St. Michael Church of the Assumption , St. Paul Church of St. Agnes , St. Paul Church of St. Bernard , St. Paul Church of St. Casimir , St. Paul Saint Mary 's Church of the Purification , Shakopee Church of the Annunciation , Webster Township Church of the Most Holy Trinity , Wheatland Township Historic Church of St. Hubertus , Chanhassen Chapel Our Lady of Victory Chapel Education Higher Education St. Catherine University University of St. Thomas Seminaries St. John Vianney College Seminary Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity High Schools Academy of Holy Angels , Richfield Benilde - St. Margaret 's , St. Louis Park Bethlehem Academy , Faribault Chesterton Academy , Edina Convent of the Visitation , Mendota Heights Cretin - Derham Hall , St. Paul Cristo Rey Jesuit High School , Minneapolis DeLaSalle High School , Minneapolis Hill - Murray School , Maplewood Holy Family Catholic High School , Victoria Providence Academy , Plymouth Saint Agnes High School , St. Paul Saint Thomas Academy , Mendota Heights Totino - Grace High School , Fridley Priests Joseph Francis Busch Peter F. Christensen Alexander Christie Jozef Cieminski James Louis Connolly Timothy J. Corbett James Albert Duffy Hilary Baumann Hacker Patrick Richard Heffron James Keane John M. LeVoir James McGolrick Thomas O'Gorman James O'Reilly Jakub W.J. Pacholski John A. Ryan Francis Joseph Schenk Alphonse James Schladweiler John Shanley Paul Sirba John Stariha Thomas Anthony Welch Catholicism portal U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Lists by county Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Scott Sherburne Sibley St. Louis Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Voyageurs National Park Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_(Minneapolis)&oldid=796618577 '' Categories : Roman Catholic churches in Minneapolis Basilica churches in Minnesota Roman Catholic cathedrals in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Roman Catholic churches completed in 1907 Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Beaux - Arts architecture in Minnesota Neoclassical architecture in Minnesota Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the basilica of st mary built	[ "\nBuilt\n1907–1914\n" ]	[ "1907–1914" ]
-860760154096920745	Homer	Homer - wikipedia Homer This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Homer ( disambiguation ) . `` Homeric '' and `` Homerus '' redirect here . For other uses , see Homeric ( disambiguation ) and Homerus ( disambiguation ) . Roman bust of Homer from the second century AD , portrayed with traditional iconography , based on a Greek original dating to the Hellenistic Period Homer ( Ancient Greek : Ὅμηρος ( hómɛːros ) , Hómēros ) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey , two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature . The Iliad is set during the Trojan War , the ten - year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states . It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war . The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus , king of Ithaca , after the fall of Troy . Many accounts of Homer 's life circulated in classical antiquity , the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia , a region of central coastal Anatolia in present - day Turkey . Modern scholars consider them legends . The Homeric Question -- concerning by whom , when , where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed -- continues to be debated . Broadly speaking , modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups . One holds that most of the Iliad and ( according to some ) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius . The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and re-working by many contributors , and that `` Homer '' is best seen as a label for an entire tradition . It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late 8th or early 7th century BC . The poems are in Homeric Greek , also known as Epic Greek , a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries ; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic . Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally . From antiquity until the present day , the influence of the Homeric epics on Western civilization has been great , inspiring many of its most famous works of literature , music , art and film . The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education ; to Plato , Homer was simply the one who `` has taught Greece '' -- ten Hellada pepaideuken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Works attributed to Homer 2 Ancient biographies of Homer 3 Homeric studies and the Homeric question 4 Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society 5 Homeric language 6 Homeric style 7 Textual transmission 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Selected bibliography 10.1 Editions 10.2 Interlinear translations 10.3 English translations 10.4 General works on Homer 10.5 Influential readings and interpretations 10.6 Commentaries 10.7 Dating the Homeric poems 11 Further reading 12 External links Works attributed to Homer ( edit ) Homer and His Guide ( 1874 ) by William - Adolphe Bouguereau Today only the Iliad and Odyssey are associated with the name ' Homer ' . In antiquity , a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him , including the Homeric Hymns , the Contest of Homer and Hesiod , the Little Iliad , the Nostoi , the Thebaid , the Cypria , the Epigoni , the comic mini-epic Batrachomyomachia ( `` The Frog - Mouse War '' ) , the Margites , the Capture of Oechalia , and the Phocais . These claims are not considered authentic today and were by no means universally accepted in the ancient world . As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer 's life , they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture . Ancient biographies of Homer ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Ancient accounts of Homer . Many traditions circulated in the ancient world concerning Homer , most of which are lost . Modern scholarly consensus is that they have no value as history . Some claims were established early and repeated often - that Homer was blind ( taking as self - referential a passage describing the blind bard Demodocus ) , that he was born in Chios , that he was the son of the river Meles and a nymph , that he was a wandering bard , that he composed a varying list of other works ( the Homerica ) , that he died either in Ios or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen , and various explanations for the name ' Homer ' . The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the Life of Homer by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the Contest of Homer and Hesiod . Homeric studies and the Homeric Question ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Homeric scholarship and Homeric Question . Part of an 11th - century manuscript , `` the Townley Homer '' . The writings on the top and right side are scholia . The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship , dating back to antiquity . The aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia . Ancient Greek scholars first sought to establish a canonical text of the poems and to explicate points that were difficult ( whether linguistically or culturally ) . The Byzantine scholars such as Eustathius of Thessalonica and John Tzetzes produced commentaries , extensions and scholia to Homer , especially in the 12th century . Virgil was more widely read during the Renaissance and Homer was often seen through a Virgilian lens . Friedrich August Wolf 's Prolegomena ad Homerum launched modern Homeric scholarship , arguing that the poems were assembled at a late date by literate authors from a large group of much shorter poems that were originally transmitted orally . Wolf and the ' Analyst ' school , which led the field in the 19th century , sought to recover the original , authentic poems which were thought to be concealed by later excresences . In contrast the ' Unitarians ' saw the later additions as superior , the work of a single inspired poet . In the 20th century , Milman Parry and Albert Lord , after their studies of folk bards in the Balkans , developed the ' Oral - Formulaic theory ' that the Homeric poems were originally improvised . This theory found very wide scholarly acceptance . The ' Neoanalysts ' sought to bridge the gap between the ' Analysts ' and ' Unitarians ' . Today Homeric scholarship continues to develop . Most scholars , although disagreeing on other questions about the genesis of the poems , agree that the Iliad and the Odyssey were not produced by the same author , based on `` the many differences of narrative manner , theology , ethics , vocabulary , and geographical perspective , and by the apparently imitative character of certain passages of the Odyssey in relation to the Iliad . '' Some ancient scholars believed Homer to have been an eyewitness to the Trojan War ; others thought he had lived up to 500 years afterwards . Contemporary scholars continue to debate the date of the poems ; at one extreme Richard Janko has taken an 8th century BC date , at the other scholars such as Gregory Nagy see ' Homer ' as a continually evolving tradition which only ceased when the poems were written down in the 6th century BC . Martin West has argued that the Iliad echoes the poetry of Hesiod , and that it must have been composed around 660 - 650 BC at the earliest , with the Odyssey up to a generation later . A long history of oral transmission lies behind the composition of the poems , complicating the search for a precise date . ' Homer ' is a name of unknown etymological origin , around which many theories were erected in antiquity ; one such linkage was to the Greek ὅμηρος ( hómēros ) , `` hostage '' ( or `` surety '' ) . The explanations suggested by modern scholars tend to mirror their position on the overall Homeric question . Nagy interprets it as `` he who fits ( the song ) together '' . West has advanced both possible Greek and Phoenecian etymologies . Historicity of the Homeric epics and Homeric society ( edit ) Greece according to the Iliad Main article : Historicity of Homer Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place - and if so when and where - and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was , even at the time of the poems ' composition , known only as legend . The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the Mediterranean , with some scattered references to Egypt , Ethiopia and other distant lands , in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems ' composition . In ancient Greek chronology , the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC . By the nineteenth century there was widespread scholarly skepticism that Troy or the Trojan War had ever existed , but in 1873 Heinrich Schliemann announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer 's Troy at Hissarlik in modern Turkey . Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of Troy VIIa circa 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War , others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries . However , Homer depicts customs that are not characteristic of any one historical period . For instance , his heroes use bronze weapons , characteristic of the Bronze Age rather than the later Iron Age during which the poems were composed ; yet they are cremated ( an Iron Age practice ) rather than buried ( as they were in the Bronze Age ) . In the Iliad 10.260 - 265 , Odysseus is described as wearing a helmet made of boar 's tusks . Such helmets were not worn in Homer 's time , but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC . The decipherment of Linear B in the 1950s by Michael Ventris and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars ' understanding of Aegean civilisation , which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer . Homeric language ( edit ) Main article : Homeric Greek Detail of The Parnassus ( painted 1509 - 1510 ) by Raphael , depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop Mount Parnassus , with Dante Alighieri on his right and Virgil on his left The Homeric epics are written in an artificial literary language or ' Kunstsprache ' only used in epic hexameteric poetry . Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods , but is fundamentally based on Ionic Greek , in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia . Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey , and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems . Homeric style ( edit ) The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed dactylic hexameter ; ancient Greek metre was quantity rather than stress based . Homer frequently uses set phrases such as epithets ( ' crafty Odysseus ' , ' rosy - fingered Dawn ' , ' owl - eyed Athena ' , etc ) , Homeric formulae ( ' and then answered ( him / her ) , Agamemnon , king of men ' , ' when the early - born rose - fingered Dawn came to light ' , ' thus he / she spoke ' ) , simile , type scenes , ring composition and repetition . These habits aid the extemporizing bard , and are characteristic of oral poetry . For instance , the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning , whereas literate poets like Virgil or Milton use longer and more complicated syntactical structures . Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses ; this technique is called parataxis . The so - called ' type scenes ' ( typischen Scenen ) , were named by Walter Arend in 1933 . He noted that Homer often , when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating , praying , fighting and dressing , used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet . The ' Analyst ' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric , whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically . Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures . ' Ring composition ' or chiastic structure ( when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story , or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A , B , C ... before being reversed as ... C , B , A ) has been observed in the Homeric epics . Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device , a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling . Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the Muse . In the Iliad , the poet invokes her to sing of `` the anger of Achilles '' , and , in the Odyssey , he asks her to sing of `` the man of many ways '' . A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his Aeneid . Textual transmission ( edit ) A Reading from Homer ( 1885 ) by Lawrence Alma - Tadema The orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the 8th and 6th centuries BC . Some scholars believe that they were dictated by the poet ; Albert Lord noted that , in the process of dictating , the Balkan bards he recorded revised and extended their lays . Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process occurred when the Homeric poems were first written . Other scholars such as Gregory Nagy hold that , after the poems were formed in the 8th century , they were orally transmitted with little deviation until they were written down in the 6th century . After textualisation , the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes , today referred to as books , and labelled by the letters of the Greek alphabet . These divisions probably date from before 200 BC , and may have been made by Homer . In antiquity it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens by the tyrant Pesistratos ( died 528 / 7 BC ) , in the famed ' Pesistratean recension ' . From around 150 BC the text seems to have become relatively established . After the establishment of the Library of Alexandria , Homeric scholars such as Zenodotus of Ephesus , Aristophanes of Byzantium and in particular Aristarchus of Samothrace helped establish a canonical text . The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan . Today scholars use medieval manuscripts , papyri and other sources ; some argue for a ' multi-text ' view , rather than seeking a single definitive text . The 19th century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus 's work , whereas van Thiel 's ( 1991 , 1996 ) follows the medieval vulgate . Others , such as Martin West ( 1998 - 2000 ) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes . See also ( edit ) Ancient Greece portal Poetry portal Literature portal Achaeans ( Homer ) Aeneid Bibliomancy Catalogue of Ships Creophylus of Samos Cyclic Poets Deception of Zeus Epithets in Homer Geography of the Odyssey Greek mythology Hector Historicity of Homer Homeric scholarship Ithaca List of Homeric characters Peisistratos Sortes Homericae Tabula iliaca Telemachy The Golden Bough Trojan Battle Order Trojan War in popular culture Troy VII Venetus A Manuscript Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Portrait Bust '' . britishmuseum.org . The British Museum . Jump up ^ Wilson , Nigel . Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece . Routledge . p. 366 . ISBN 9781136788000 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Romilly , Jacqueline de . A Short History of Greek Literature . University of Chicago Press . p. 1 . ISBN 9780226143125 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Graziosi , Barbara . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic . Cambridge University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9780521809665 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Croally , Neil ; Hyde , Roy . Classical Literature : An Introduction . Routledge . p. 26 . ISBN 9781136736629 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hose , Martin ; Schenker , David . A Companion to Greek Literature . John Wiley & Sons . p. 445 . ISBN 9781118885956 . Jump up ^ Miller , D. Gary . Ancient Greek Dialects and Early Authors : Introduction to the Dialect Mixture in Homer , with Notes on Lyric and Herodotus . Walter de Gruyter . p. 351 . ISBN 9781614512950 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahl , Frederick ; Roisman , Hanna . The Odyssey Re-formed . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801483352 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Latacz , Joachim . Homer , His Art and His World . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0472083538 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Too , Yun Lee . The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World . OUP Oxford . p. 86 . ISBN 9780199577804 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Dennis R. Christianizing Homer : The Odyssey , Plato , and the Acts of Andrew . Oxford University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 9780195358629 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Adrian D. ( 2012 ) . `` Homerica '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0606 / abstract . Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara ; Haubold , Johannes ( 2005 ) . Homer : The Resonance of Epic . A&C Black . pp. 24 -- 26 . ISBN 9780715632826 . Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic . Cambridge University Press . pp. 165 -- 168 . ISBN 9780521809665 . Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521809665 . Jump up ^ Odyssey , 8 : 64ff . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Mary R. ( 2013 ) . The Lives of the Greek Poets . A&C Black . pp. 14 -- 30 . ISBN 9781472503077 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Adrian D. ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies of Homer '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0243 / abstract . Jump up ^ Dickey , Eleanor ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , Ancient '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1307 / abstract . Jump up ^ Kaldellis , Anthony ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , Byzantine '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1308 / abstract . Jump up ^ Heiden , Bruce ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , Renaissance through 17th Century '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1310 / abstract . Jump up ^ Heiden , Bruce ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , 18th Century '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1311 / abstract . Jump up ^ Heiden , Bruce ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , 19th Century '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1312 / abstract . Jump up ^ Foley , John Miles ( 1988 ) . The Theory of Oral Composition : History and Methodology . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0253342600 . Jump up ^ Heiden , Bruce ( 2012 ) . `` Scholarship , 20th Century '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1313 / abstract . Jump up ^ Edwards , Mark W. ( 2012 ) . `` Neoanalysis '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0968 / abstract . Jump up ^ West , M.L. ( 1999 ) , `` The Invention of Homer '' , Classical Quarterly 49.2 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ West , Martin L. ( 2012 ) . `` Homeric Question '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0605 / abstract . Jump up ^ Latacz , Joachim ; Bierl , Anton ; Olson , S. Douglas ( 2015 ) . `` New Trends in Homeric Scholarship '' in Homer 's Iliad : The Basel Commentary . De Gruyter . ISBN 9781614517375 . Jump up ^ Saïd , Suzanne ( 2011 ) . Homer and the Odyssey . OUP Oxford . pp. 14 -- 17 . ISBN 9780199542840 . Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic . Cambridge University Press . pp. 90 -- 92 . ISBN 9780521809665 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Robert ; Fowler , Robert Louis ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Homer . Cambridge University Press . pp. 220 -- 232 . ISBN 9780521012461 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jonathan M. ( 2002 ) . Hellenicity : Between Ethnicity and Culture . University of Chicago Press . pp. 235 -- 236 . ISBN 9780226313290 . Jump up ^ West , Martin L. ( 2012 ) . `` Date of Homer '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0330 / abstract ; jsessionid = f237f171e98ed309c3fe21243e81c3f6. f01t02 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Jonathan S. ( 2003 ) . The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle . JHU Press . pp. 49 -- 53 . ISBN 9780801874819 . Jump up ^ Graziosi , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Inventing Homer : The Early Reception of Epic . Cambridge University Press . pp. 51 -- 89 . ISBN 9780521809665 . Jump up ^ West , M.L. ( 1997 ) . The East Face of Helicon : West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 622 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2012 ) . `` Historicity of Homer '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0601 / abstract . Jump up ^ Finley , Moses I. ( 1991 ) . The World of Odysseus . Penguin . ISBN 9780140136869 . Jump up ^ Wees , Hans van ( 2009 ) . War and Violence in Ancient Greece . ISD LLC . ISBN 9781910589298 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 1986 ) . `` The Use and Abuse of Homer '' . Classical Antiquity. 5 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 138 . doi : 10.2307 / 25010840 . Jump up ^ Dowden , Ken ; Livingstone , Niall ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Greek Mythology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 440 . ISBN 9781444396935 . Jump up ^ Sacks , David ; Murray , Oswyn ; Brody , Lisa R. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World . Infobase Publishing . p. 356 . ISBN 9781438110202 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ; Powell , Barry B. ( 1997 ) . A New Companion to Homer . BRILL . pp. 434 -- 435 . ISBN 9789004217607 . Jump up ^ Boardman , John ; Griffin , Jasper ; Murray , Oswyn ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World . Oxford University Press . pp. 66 -- 68 . ISBN 9780192854384 . Jump up ^ Wood , Michael ( 1996 ) . In Search of the Trojan War . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Mycenaeans . Los Angeles , California : The J. Paul Getty Museum . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 867 - 9 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Everson , Tim ( 2004 ) . Warfare in Ancient Greece : Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great . Brimscombe Port : The History Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 9506 - 4 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ; Powell , Barry B. ( 1997 ) . A New Companion to Homer . BRILL . p. 625 . ISBN 9789004217607 . Jump up ^ Willi , Andreas ( 2012 ) . `` Language , Homeric '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0792 / abstract . Jump up ^ Bakker , Egbert J. ( 2010 ) . A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language . John Wiley & Sons . p. 401 . ISBN 9781444317404 . Jump up ^ W. Edwards , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Meter '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0913 / abstract . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , G.B. ( 1986 ) . Homer 's Metre : A Practical Guide for Reading Greek Hexameter Poetry . Bristol Classical Press . ISBN 9780862921729 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Mark W. ( 2012 ) . `` Style '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1377 / abstract . Jump up ^ Reece , Steve T. ( 2012 ) . `` Type - Scenes '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1488 / abstract . Jump up ^ Edwards , MW ( 1992 ) . `` Homer and Oral Tradition : The Type - Scene '' . Oral Tradition. 7 : 284 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Keith ( 2014 ) . The Shield of Homer : Narrative Structure in the Illiad . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9781400863372 . Jump up ^ Minchin , Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . `` Ring Composition '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1287 / abstract . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Eve ( 2003 ) . Vergil 's Empire : Political Thought in the Aeneid . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2167 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kirk , G.S. ( 1976 ) . Homer and the Oral Tradition . Cambridge University Press . p. 117 . ISBN 9780521213097 . Jump up ^ Foley , John Miles ( 2012 ) . `` Oral Dictated Texts '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1029 / abstract . Jump up ^ Nagy , Gregory ( 1996 ) . Poetry as Performance : Homer and Beyond . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521558488 . Jump up ^ West , Martin L. ( 2012 ) . `` Book Division '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe0253 / abstract . Jump up ^ Jensen , Minna Skafte ( 1980 ) . The Homeric Question and the Oral - formulaic Theory . Museum Tusculanum Press . p. 128 . ISBN 9788772890968 . ^ Jump up to : Haslam , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Text and Transmission '' . The Homer Encyclopedia . Blackwell Publishing Ltd . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444350302. wbhe1413 / abstract . Selected bibliography ( edit ) Éditions ( edit ) Texts in Homeric Greek Demetrius Chalcondyles editio princeps , Florence , 1488 the Aldine editions ( 1504 and 1517 ) 1st ed. with comments , Micyllus and Camerarius , Basel , 1535 , 1541 ( improved text ) , 1551 ( incl . the Batrachomyomachia ) Th . Ridel , Strasbourg , c. 1572 , 1588 and 1592 . Wolf ( Halle , 1794 -- 1795 ; Leipzig , 1804 1807 ) Spitzner ( Gotha , 1832 -- 1836 ) Bekker ( Berlin , 1843 ; Bonn , 1858 ) La Roche ( Odyssey , 1867 -- 1868 ; Iliad , 1873 -- 1876 , both at Leipzig ) Ludwich ( Odyssey , Leipzig , 1889 -- 1891 ; Iliad , 2 vols. , 1901 and 1907 ) W. Leaf ( Iliad , London , 1886 -- 1888 ; 2nd ed. 1900 -- 1902 ) William Walter Merry and James Riddell ( Odyssey i -- xii. , 2nd ed. , Oxford , 1886 ) Monro ( Odyssey xiii -- xxiv . with appendices , Oxford , 1901 ) Monro and Allen ( Iliad ) , and Allen ( Odyssey , 1908 , Oxford ) . D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917 -- 1920 , Homeri Opera ( 5 volumes : Iliad = 3rd edition , Odyssey = 2nd edition ) , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814528 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 814529 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 814531 - 4 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 814532 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 814534 - 9 H. van Thiel 1991 , Homeri Odyssea , Hildesheim . ISBN 3 - 487 - 09458 - 4 , 1996 , Homeri Ilias , Hildesheim . ISBN 3 - 487 - 09459 - 2 M.L. West 1998 -- 2000 , Homeri Ilias ( 2 volumes ) , Munich / Leipzig . ISBN 3 - 598 - 71431 - 9 , ISBN 3 - 598 - 71435 - 1 P. von der Mühll 1993 , Homeri Odyssea , Munich / Leipzig . ISBN 3 - 598 - 71432 - 7 Interlinear translations ( edit ) The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear , Handheldclassics.com ( 2008 ) Text ISBN 978 - 1 - 60725 - 298 - 6 English translations ( edit ) Main article : English translations of Homer This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey . Augustus Taber Murray ( 1866 -- 1940 ) Homer : Iliad , 2 vols. , revised by William F. Wyatt , Loeb Classical Library , Harvard University Press ( 1999 ) . Homer : Odyssey , 2 vols. , revised by George E. Dimock , Loeb Classical Library , Harvard University Press ( 1995 ) . Robert Fitzgerald ( 1910 -- 1985 ) The Iliad , Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 52905 - 1 The Odyssey , Farrar , Straus and Giroux ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 52574 - 9 Robert Fagles ( 1933 -- 2008 ) The Iliad , Penguin Classics ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 027536 - 3 The Odyssey , Penguin Classics ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 14 - 026886 - 3 Stanley Lombardo ( b . 1943 ) Iliad , Hackett Publishing Company ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 87220 - 352 - 2 Odyssey , Hackett Publishing Company ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 87220 - 484 - 7 Iliad , ( Audiobook ) Parmenides ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 930972 - 08 - 3 Odyssey , ( Audiobook ) Parmenides ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 930972 - 06 - 7 The Essential Homer , ( Audiobook ) Parmenides ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 930972 - 12 - 1 The Essential Iliad , ( Audiobook ) Parmenides ( 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 930972 - 10 - 5 Barry B. Powell ( b . 1942 ) `` Iliad '' , Oxford University Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 932610 - 5 `` Odyssey '' , Oxford University PressI ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 936031 - 4 `` Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey : The Essential Books '' , Oxford University Press ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 939407 - 4 Samuel Butler ( 1835 -- 1902 ) The Iliad , Red and Black Publishers ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 934941 - 04 - 1 The Odyssey , Red and Black Publishers ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 934941 - 05 - 8 Herbert Jordan ( b . 1938 ) Iliad , University of Oklahoma Press ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3974 - 6 ( soft cover ) General works on Homer ( edit ) Carlier , Pierre ( 1999 ) . Homère ( in French ) . Paris : Les éditions Fayard . ISBN 2 - 213 - 60381 - 2 . de Romilly , Jacqueline ( 2005 ) . Homère ( 5th ed . ) . Paris : Presses Universitaires de France . ISBN 2 - 13 - 054830 - X . Fowler , Robert , ed. ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Homer . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01246 - 5 . Latacz , J. ; Windle , Kevin , Tr. ; Ireland , Rosh , Tr. ( 2004 ) . Troy and Homer : Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926308 - 6 . In German , 5th updated and expanded edition , Leipzig , 2005 . In Spanish , 2003 , ISBN 84 - 233 - 3487 - 2 . In modern Greek , 2005 , ISBN 960 - 16 - 1557 - 1 . Monro , David Binning ( 1911 ) . `` Homer '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 626 -- 39 . Morris , Ian ; Powell , Barry B. , eds. ( 1997 ) . A New Companion to Homer . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09989 - 1 . Powell , Barry B. ( 2007 ) . Homer ( 2nd ed . ) . Malden , MA ; Oxford , UK ; Carlton , Victoria : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 5325 - 6 . Vidal - Naquet , Pierre ( 2000 ) . Le monde d'Homère ( in French ) . Paris : Perrin . ISBN 2 - 262 - 01181 - 8 . Wace , A.J.B. ; F.H. Stubbings ( 1962 ) . A Companion to Homer . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 07113 - 1 . Influential readings and interpretations ( edit ) Auerbach , Erich ( 1953 ) . `` Chapter 1 '' . Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11336 - X . ( orig . publ. in German , 1946 , Bern ) de Jong , Irene J.F. ( 2004 ) . Narrators and Focalizers : the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Bristol Classical Press . ISBN 1 - 85399 - 658 - 0 . Edwards , Mark W. ( 1987 ) . Homer , Poet of the Iliad . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3329 - 9 . Fenik , Bernard ( 1974 ) . Studies in the Odyssey . Hermes , Einzelschriften 30 . Wiesbaden : Steiner . Finley , Moses ( 2002 ) . The World of Odysseus . New York : New York Review of Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59017 - 017 - 5 . Nagy , Gregory ( 1979 ) . The Best of the Achaeans : Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry . Baltimore ; London : Johns Hopkins University Press . Nagy , Gregory ( 2010 ) . Homer : the Preclassic . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95024 - 5 . Commentaries ( edit ) Iliad : P.V. Jones ( ed . ) 2003 , Homer 's Iliad . A Commentary on Three Translations , London . ISBN 1 - 85399 - 657 - 2 G.S. Kirk ( gen . ed . ) 1985 -- 1993 , The Iliad : A Commentary ( 6 volumes ) , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 28171 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28172 - 5 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28173 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28174 - 1 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31208 - 6 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 31209 - 4 J. Latacz ( gen . ed . ) 2002 Homers Ilias . Gesamtkommentar . Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis - Hentze - Cauer ( 1868 -- 1913 ) ( 6 volumes published so far , of an estimated 15 ) , Munich / Leipzig . ISBN 3 - 598 - 74307 - 6 , ISBN 3 - 598 - 74304 - 1 N. Postlethwaite ( ed . ) 2000 , Homer 's Iliad : A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore , Exeter . ISBN 0 - 85989 - 684 - 6 M.W. Willcock ( ed . ) 1976 , A Companion to the Iliad , Chicago . ISBN 0 - 226 - 89855 - 5 Odyssey : A. Heubeck ( gen . ed . ) 1990 -- 1993 , A Commentary on Homer 's Odyssey ( 3 volumes ; orig . publ. 1981 -- 1987 in Italian ) , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814747 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 872144 - 7 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 814953 - 0 P. Jones ( ed . ) 1988 , Homer 's Odyssey : A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore , Bristol . ISBN 1 - 85399 - 038 - 8 I.J.F. de Jong ( ed . ) 2001 , A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46844 - 2 Dating the Homeric poems ( edit ) Janko , Richard ( 1982 ) . Homer , Hesiod and the Hymns : Diachronic Development in Epic Diction . Cambridge Classical Studies . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23869 - 2 . Further Reading ( edit ) Buck , Carl Darling ( 1928 ) . The Greek Dialects . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Evelyn - White , Hugh Gerard ( tr . ) ( 1914 ) . Hesiod , the Homeric hymns and Homerica . The Loeb Classical Library . London ; New York : Heinemann ; MacMillen . Ford , Andrew ( 1992 ) . Homer : the poetry of the past . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2700 - 2 . Graziosi , Barbara ( 2002 ) . Inventing Homer : The Early Perception of Epic . Cambridge Classical Studies . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Kirk , G.S. ( 1962 ) . The Songs of Homer . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press ; Perseus Digital Library . Murray , Gilbert ( 1960 ) . The Rise of the Greek Epic ( Galaxy Books ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . Schein , Seth L. ( 1984 ) . The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer 's Iliad . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05128 - 9 . Silk , Michael ( 1987 ) . Homer : The Iliad . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83233 - 0 . Smith , William , ed. ( 1876 ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . Vol . I , II & III . London : John Murray . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Homer . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Homer Wikisource has original works written by or about : Homer Library resources about Homer Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Homer Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library Homer at Encyclopædia Britannica Works by Homer at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Homer at Internet Archive Works by Homer at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Homer ; Murray , A.T. The Iliad with an English Translation ( in Ancient Greek and English ) . I , Books I -- XII . London ; New York : William Heinemann Ltd. ; G.P. Putnam 's Sons ; Internet Archive . The Chicago Homer Daitz , Stephen ( reader ) . `` Homer , Iliad , Book I , lines 1 -- 52 '' . Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature ( SORGLL ) . Heath , Malcolm ( May 4 , 2001 ) . `` CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II : Aristotle 's Poetics : Notes on Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey '' . Department of Classics , University of Leeds ; Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 . Bassino , Paola ( 2014 ) . `` Homer : A Guide to Selected Sources '' . Living Poets : a new approach to ancient history . Durham University . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Works related to Homer in antiquity Attributed to Homer Batrachomyomachia Cercopes Cypria Epigrams ( Kiln ) Epigoni Homeric Hymns Iliad Little Iliad Margites Nostoi Odyssey Capture of Oechalia Phocais Thebaid About Homer Ancient accounts of Homer Contest of Homer and Hesiod Life of Homer ( Pseudo-Herodotus ) Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus , Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal Associated subjects Theban Cycle Poems Oedipodea Thebaid Epigoni Alcmeonis Nominal authors Cinaethon ( Oedipodea ) Homer ( Thebaid , Epigoni ) Antimachus of Teos ( Epigoni ) Epic Cycle Cypria Iliad Aethiopis Little Iliad Iliupersis Nostoi Odyssey Telegony Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Eumaeus ( swineherd ) Philoetius ( cowherd ) Melanthius ( goatherd ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) Keyhole ( 2012 ) TV L'Odissea ( 1968 ) Ulysses 31 ( 1981 Japanese anime ) The Odyssey ( 1997 ) Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists ( 2007 ) Star Trek : Odyssey ( 2007 ) Literature True History ( 2nd century AD ) Les Aventures de Télémaque ( 1699 ) The World 's Desire ( 1890 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) Trojan Odyssey ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Lost Books of the Odyssey ( 2010 ) Poems Ulysses ( 1842 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Cantos ( 1962 ) Pagan Operetta ( 1998 ) Stage Current Nobody ( play ) Cyclops ( play ) Ithaka ( play ) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( opera ) The Golden Apple ( musical ) Glam Slam Ulysses ( musical ) Home Sweet Homer ( musical ) Song `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' ( song ) `` The Odyssey '' ( song ) The Odyssey ( symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Geography of the Odyssey Historicity of the Homer epics Odysseus Unbound Homer 's Ithaca Rediscovering Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` Odysseus ' scar '' Hermoniakos ' Iliad Hysteron proteron Epithets in Homer Dactylic hexameter Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Video games Odyssey : The Search for Ulysses Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey Phrases In medias res Between Scylla and Charybdis Related Telemachy Nekyia Trojan Horse Suitors of Penelope The Odyssey Old Man of the Sea The Apotheosis of Homer Contempt Cold Mountain ( novel ) Cold Mountain ( film ) Homer 's Daughter Homer 's Iliad ( 8th century BC ) Characters Achaeans Acamas Achilles Agamemnon Agapenor Ajax the Greater Ajax the Lesser Alcimus Anticlus Antilochus Arcesilaus Ascalaphus Automedon Balius and Xanthus Bias Calchas Diomedes Elephenor Epeius Eudoros Euryalus Eurybates Eurydamas Eurypylus Guneus Helen Ialmenus Idomeneus Leitus Leonteus Lycomedes Machaon Medon Meges Menelaus Menestheus Meriones Neoptolemus Nestor Nireus Odysseus Palamedes Patroclus Peneleos Philoctetes Phoenix Podalirius Podarces Polites Polypoetes Promachus Protesilaus Prothoenor Schedius Stentor Sthenelus Talthybius Teucer Thersites Thoas Thrasymedes Tlepolemus Trojans Aeneas Aesepus Agenor Alcathous Amphimachus Anchises Andromache Antenor Antiphates Antiphus Archelochus Asius Asteropaios Astyanax Atymnius Axylus Briseis Calesius Caletor Cassandra Chryseis Chryses Clytius Coön Dares Phrygius Deiphobus Dolon Epistrophus Euphemus Euphorbus Glaucus Gorgythion Hector Hecuba Helenus Hyperenor Hypsenor Ilioneus Imbrius Iphidamas Kebriones Laocoön Lycaon Melanippus Mentes Mydon Mygdon of Phrygia Othryoneus Pandarus Panthous Paris Pedasus Peirous Phorcys Polites Polydamas Polybus Polydorus Priam Pylaemenes Pylaeus Pyraechmes Rhesus of Thrace Sarpedon Theano Ucalegon Major deities Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Poseidon Zeus Minor deities Deimos Eris Iris Leto Phobos Proteus Scamander Thetis Films Helena ( 1924 ) Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) The Trojan Horse ( 1961 ) Troy ( 2004 ) Literature Verse Priapea 68 De bello Troiano ( 1183 ) The Rape of the Lock ( 1712 ) `` The Shield of Achilles '' ( 1952 ) War Music ( 1959 ) Omeros ( 1990 ) Novels The Firebrand ( 1987 ) Black Ships Before Troy ( 1993 ) Troy ( 2000 ) Ilium ( 2003 ) Ransom ( 2009 ) The Adventures of Odysseus ( 2010 - 2014 ) Starcrossed ( 2011 ) Alternate versions Ilias Latina ( 60 -- 70 CE ) Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani ( 4th century ? ) Daretis Phrygii de excidio Trojae historia ( 5th century ) Hermoniakos ' Iliad ( 14th century ) Men in Aida ( 1983 ) Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Stage The Golden Apple ( musical ) Rhesus ( play ) Sections Catalogue of Ships Deception of Zeus Trojan Battle Order Manuscripts Ambrosian Iliad Codex Nitriensis Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 20 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 21 Uncial 098 Venetus A Venetus B Phrases `` Ever to Excel '' `` Hold your horses '' Television The Myth Makers ( 1965 ) In Search of the Trojan War ( 1985 ) Helen of Troy ( 2003 miniseries ) Art The Apotheosis of Homer The Loves of Paris and Helen Menelaus supporting the body of Patroclus Orestes Pursued by the Furies The Revelers Vase Statue of Zeus at Olympia Music King Priam ( 1961 Tippett opera ) The Triumph of Steel ( 1992 album ) `` And Then There Was Silence '' ( 2001 song ) The Odyssey ( Smith symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Historicity of Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` The Iliad or the Poem of Force '' ( 1939 essay ) Milawata letter Rediscovering Homer Dactylic hexameter Other Warriors : Legends of Troy ( video game ) Age of Bronze ( comics ) Sortes Homericae Tabula iliaca `` In medias res '' `` Noblesse oblige '' The Trojan War Will Not Take Place Heraclitus Weighing of souls Where Troy Once Stood Blood rain VIAF : 224924963 LCCN : n78095639 ISNI : 0000 0001 2145 7753 GND : 11855333X SELIBR : 189316 SUDOC : 026924005 BNF : cb11907688f ( data ) BIBSYS : 90069675 ULAN : 500279109 MusicBrainz : b721f499 - 8caa - 4442 - a411 - 568807b14464 NLA : 35204200 NDL : 00443699 NKC : jn19981001474 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 018814 RLS : 000082457 BNE : XX907843 IATH : w6qz9r2d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homer&oldid=818892582 '' Categories : Homer Oral epic poets Epic poets Blind writers Mythography Ancient Greek poets 8th - century BC Greek people 8th - century BC poets Blind people from Greece Mycenaean Greece Greek historical hero cult Greek culture heroes Greek speculative fiction writers Greek gods Ancient Chians Ancient Smyrnaeans Deified people People whose existence is disputed Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) AC with 17 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 06 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is called the homer of english literature	[ "Homer (Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems which are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The Odyssey focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the fall of Troy." ]	[ "legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey," ]
-764852198977198327	North America	North America - Wikipedia North America Jump to : navigation , search `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 , 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $21.2 trillion ( 2016 , 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $24.4 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $41,830 ( 2016 , 1st ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , are Francophone in composition ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , that which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is also used to refer to Canada , Mexico , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America , Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Central America , the Caribbean , and Mexico . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are the British Columbia Coast , Canadian Prairies , Central Canada , Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , East North Central States , West North Central States , South Atlantic States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have also formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( UK ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( NLD ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( UK ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( NLD ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( UK ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( UK ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( FRA ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( NLD ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( FRA ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( FRA ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( FRA ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( NLD ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( NLD ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( UK ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States ‌ 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the US state of Hawaii , which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. ( 1992 ) . `` On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia '' . GSA Today . 2 ( 11 ) : 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Merali , Zeeya ; Skinner , Brian J. Visualizing Earth Science . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 41847 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Land Bridge Linking Americas Rose Earlier Than Thought '' . LiveScience.com . ^ Jump up to : Dodson , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` American Dinosaurs '' . In Currie , Phillip J. ; Padian , Kevin . Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press . pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ( 2004 ) . Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Halszka , Osmólska , eds . Dinosaur distribution ( Late Jurassic , North America ) . The Dinosauria . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 543 -- 545 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Curtin ( 2014 ) . Creation Myths of Primitive America . Jazzybee Verlag . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8496 - 4454 - 3 . Jump up ^ Phillip M. White ( 2006 ) . American Indian chronology : chronologies of the American mosaic . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33820 - 5 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ William Haviland ; Harald Prins ; Dana Walrath ; Bunny McBride ( 2013 ) . Anthropology : The Human Challenge . Cengage Learning . pp. 219 , 220 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 67758 - 3 . Jump up ^ Timothy R. Pauketat ( 23 February 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of North American Archaeology . OUP US . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Skoglund , P. ; Mallick , S. ; Bortolini , M.C. ; Chennagiri , N. ; Hünemeier , T. ; Petzl - Erler , M.L. ; Salzano , F.M. ; Patterson , N. ; Reich , D. ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas '' . Nature . 525 ( 7567 ) : 104 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 525 ... 104S . doi : 10.1038 / nature14895 . PMC 4982469 . PMID 26196601 . Jump up ^ Peter Bellwood ; Immanuel Ness ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . 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The five rings of the Olympic flag represent the five inhabited , participating continents ( Africa , America , Asia , Europe , and Oceania Archived 23 February 2002 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Continente '' . Océano Uno , Diccionario Enciclopédico y Atlas Mundial . pp. 392 , 1730 . ISBN 84 - 494 - 0188 - 7 . Jump up ^ Los Cinco Continentes ( The Five Continents ) . Planeta - De Agostini Editions. 1997 . ISBN 84 - 395 - 6054 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Encarta , `` Norteamérica '' '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas '' . Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications ( M49 ) . United Nations Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North America '' . Atlas of Canada . Archived from the original on 21 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` North America Atlas '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` Central America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Current Results . `` Rainfall of NYC '' . Current Results . Jump up ^ Andrea Thompson . `` Top 10 wettest cities '' . livescience . Jump up ^ Rita D. Haberlin ( 2015 ) . `` Climates Regions of North America '' . Peralta Colleges , Physical Geography . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : David Waugh ( 2000 ) . `` Manufacturing industries ( chapter 19 ) , World development ( chapter 22 ) '' . Geography , An Integrated Approach ( 3rd ed . ) . Nelson Thornes Ltd . pp. 563 , 576 -- 579 , 633 , and 640 . ISBN 0 - 17 - 444706 - X . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Human development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme . pp. 148 -- 151 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Independence on ice '' . The Economist. 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Global Religious Landscape A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life , p. 18 Jump up ^ Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Christian Population Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Largest Catholic Communities '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 10 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnstone , Patrick ; Miller , Duane ( 2015 ) . `` Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background : A Global Census '' . IJRR. 11 : 14 . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religiously Unaffiliated '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religions in Canada -- Census 2011 '' . Statistics Canada / Statistique Canada . 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Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Note : An exchange rate of 1 CUC to US $1.08 was used to convert GDP . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidencia de la República ; Generalidades '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 22 November 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Haiti '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 U.S. Census Data '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Jamaica '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grønlands Statistik '' . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's population overtakes Chicago '' . Toronto Star . 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cetron , Marvin J. ; O'Toole , Thomas ( April 1982 ) . Encounters with the future : a forecast of life into the 21st century . Mcgraw - Hill . p. 34 . ISBN 9780070103474 . 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Federation of American Scientists . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Central American Community and Market '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails '' , May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 10 May 1869 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Emmot , Robert ( 1 June 2011 ) . `` Special report : If Monterrey falls Mexico falls -- Reuters '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` The ' Big Five ' in North American Pro Sports '' , FiveThrityEight , Nate Silver , 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MLS vs the major leagues : can soccer compete when it comes to big business ? '' , Guardian.com , 12 March 2014 . External links Houghton Mifflin Company , `` North America '' Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750 -- 2008 animation North America articles History Settlement of the Americas Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era European colonization New Spain New France British North America Turtle Island Geography Cities Countries and dependent territories by population Extreme points Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics American imperialism North American Union ( NAU ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Transatlantic relations Economy Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Transportation Countries by GDP ( per capita ) PPP per capita HDI Internet users Minimum wages Society Languages endangered Social ( and financial ) rankings Universities Culture Art painting sculpture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Music Philosophy Religion Sport Symbols Demographics Countries by population density Ethnic groups 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America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga 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Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name the continent with which north america has a land link	[ "North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America (which, less commonly, is considered by some as a single continent[52][53][54] with North America a subcontinent).[55] North America's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama. The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia-Panama border, placing all of Panama within North America.[56][57][58] Alternatively, some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point.[59] The Caribbean islands, or West Indies, are considered part of North America.[3] The continental coastline is long and irregular. The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent, followed by Hudson Bay. Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California." ]	[ "South America" ]
-4789415721978859256	Britain's Next Top Model (cycle 12)	Britain 's Next Top model ( cycle 12 ) - wikipedia Britain 's Next Top model ( cycle 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search Britain 's Next Top Model ( cycle 12 ) Cycle 12 contestants Country of origin United Kingdom Ireland No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Lifetime Original release 19 October ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) -- 21 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) Additional information Judges Abbey Clancy Cindy Bishop Nicky Johnston Max Rogers No. of contestants 12 Winner Ivy Watson Cycle chronology ← Previous Cycle 11 Series summary The twelfth cycle of Britain 's Next Top Model premiered on 19 October 2017 on Lifetime . This was the third cycle of the series to be hosted by former contestant Abbey Clancy . Photographer Nicky Johnston returned for the new series as well . Previous judges Hilary Alexander and Paul Sculfor did not return . Sculfor was replaced by British male model Max Rogers , while Hilary Alexander 's place at judging remained open for a guest judge each week . This cycle re-introduced individual critiques as elimination . The prizes for this cycle included a modelling contract with Models 1 , a fashion spread in Cosmopolitan magazine , nationwide campaigns for Show Beauty , Missguided , Cinere , and Lola Make Up along with a yearly supply of each brand 's products , and a gift of portable electronic devices courtesy of Alcatel . The winner of the competition was 22 - year - old Ivy Watson from Lincoln , Lincolnshire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Contestants 1.2 Judges 2 Episodes 3 Results 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages stated are at start of contest ) Contestant Age Hometown Finish Place Georgia Mason - Mottram 18 Surrey Episode 2 12 Alisia Grant 19 Birmingham Episode 3 11 Tamsin Hough 19 Cornwall Episode 4 10 Efi Muntoni - Clements 21 London Episode 5 9 ( quit ) Shaunagh Slattery 21 Port Talbot Episode 6 8 Louisa Northcote 20 London 7 Martha Miller 23 Brighton Episode 7 6 ( quit ) Cirrah Leah Webb 18 Manchester Episode 8 5 Sophia Chawki 20 Essex Episode 9 Kira MacLean 23 Nairn Episode 10 3 - 2 Eleanor Sippings 19 Colchester Ivy Watson 22 Lincoln Judges ( edit ) Abbey Clancy ( host ) Cindy Bishop ( host ) Nicky Johnston Max Rogers Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 129 `` Episode 1 '' 19 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) The semi-finalists arrived at a country manor in Chelmsford for a fairy tale themed boot camp , and met host Abbey Clancy for the first time . After changing into nude leotards to show off their catwalks and have one on one interviews with Clancy , the models were styled for a princess photo shoot with judge and photographer Nicky Johnston . On set , the contestants had to pose alongside judge Max Rogers . At the end of the week the models faced their first elimination , as the judges revealed that only 11 contestants would be moving into the model house . In the elimination process , Kira was saved , and Ocean and Gabriella were the first two to leave . Special guests : Paul Edmonds , Lee Pycroft Featured photographer : Nicky Johnston 130 `` Episode 2 '' 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) The contestants moved into the model home , and learned that former contestant Eleanor Sippings would be joining them in the competition after having had to drop out from her original cycle due to an eye injury . On set , the models were introduced to designer Savannah Miller , and had a lookbook photo shoot showcasing a range of fall - winter accessories for Debenhams . They later had to practice their runway walks in a Kinky Boots catwalk challenge at the Adelphi Theatre . Efi was chosen as the best performer , winning immunity from the upcoming elimination . At panel the judges were joined by designer and guest judge Giles Deacon , and Shaunagh received picture of the week . Georgia and Kira landed in the bottom two , and Georgia was eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Savannah Miller , Robyn Bright , Dominic Tribuzio , Philip Town , Giles Deacon Featured photographer : David Yeo 131 `` Episode 3 '' 2 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) The contestants arrived at Big Sky Studios and had a photo shoot for PETA , where they had to pose in a campaign regarding issues concerning the commercialized abuse of animals . They were later taken to the woods and had a challenge in which they had to film a nude commercial advertisement for Creative Nature Superfoods . Cirrah Leah was chosen as the best performer , winning immunity from the upcoming elimination . At panel , global PETA ambassador Lucy Watson was introduced as the week 's guest judge , and Kira received picture of the week . Alisia and Sophia landed in the bottom two , and Alisia was eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Dan Matthews , Julianne Ponan , Lucy Watson Featured photographer : Ruth Rose Featured director : Charlotte Taylor 132 `` Episode 4 '' 9 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) The remaining 10 contestants attended `` beauty bootcamp '' and received makeovers under the direction of professional beauty experts . The models were later taken to a studio and had a photo shoot for Ghost fragrances in which they were suspended in the air over a crescent moon . Each model was required to embody the essence of one of the brands two new scents , Whitelight or Deep Night . At panel , fashion designer Daniel Lismore was introduced as the week 's guest judge , and Kira received picture of the week . Eleanor and Tamsin landed in the bottom two , and Tamsin was eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Paul Edmunds , Lee Pycroft , Bennett Connelly , Louise Rigley , Daniel Lismore Featured photographer : Alex Beer 133 5 `` Episode 5 '' 16 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) Efi disclosed to the other contestants that she had been diagnosed with depression some time prior to the competition , and was taking medication to cope with her condition . The models took part in a photo shoot for Spectrum Collections makeup brushes in which they had to pose as life - size dolls . On set , Efi decided to quit the competition . The remaining eight contestants later had a challenge at the Bridge Academy in which they had to coach child models for a press event featuring clothing from Kimberley Walsh 's Kimba collection . Eleanor was chosen as the best performer , winning immunity from the upcoming elimination . At panel , Cosmopolitan editor in chief Farrah Storr was introduced as the week 's guest judge , and Martha received picture of the week . Cirrah Leah and Louisa landed in the bottom two , and were both allowed to remain in the competition due to Efi 's decision to quit earlier that week . Special guests : Hannah Pycroft , Sophie Pycroft , Kimberley Walsh , Farrah Storr Featured photographer : Joseph Sinclair 134 6 `` Episode 6 '' 23 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) The contestants arrived at Dalston Heights and took part in a casting challenge to star in a digital marketing campaign for Tinder , which entailed creating personalized profiles to impress a panel of judges . Sophia was chosen as the best performer , winning immunity from the upcoming elimination . The models later had a photo shoot for Carmex lip balm with male model David Tausz in which they had to deliver a passionate kiss . Model and actress Kelly Brook was introduced as the week 's guest judge at panel , where the contestants learned that a double elimination would be taking place . Ivy received picture of the week , while Louisa , Martha , and Shaunagh landed in the bottom three . The judges decided to save Martha , and the other two contestants were eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Farrah Storr , Rosette Pambakian , Steve Bartlett , Oliver Proudlock , Stephanie Begin , David Tausz , Kelly Brook Featured photographer : Catherine Harbour 135 7 `` Episode 7 '' 30 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) The contestants were taken to the Blok London fitness center , and took part in a paired challenge for Fitbit overseen by former Pussycat Doll Kimberly Wyatt in which they had to perform in a series of instructional exercise videos . As the winners of the challenge , Cirrah Leah and Eleanor had their video featured on the brand 's social media platforms . The models also had a beauty photo shoot inside a bathtub for Lola Make Up 's new matte lipstick collection , whilst the judges secretly watched their performance in a separate room . Abbey Clancy later payed the contestants a visit to reveal that the remaining five models at the end of the episode would be flown to Thailand for the remainder of the competition , and that Asia 's Next Top Model 's Cindy Bishop would be taking over the competition 's hosting duties during their time abroad . At elimination , Karen Diamond , the agency director of Models 1 , was introduced as the week 's guest judge . Martha became ill during deliberation , and had to drop out of the competition per a doctor 's advice due to her recurring fainting spells . As a result of the circumstances , no elimination took place . Special guests : Kimberly Wyatt , Karen Mcadoo , Estrella Corral , Karen Diamond Featured photographer : Fern Berresford 136 8 `` Episode 8 '' 7 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) The remaining five contestants were flown to Bangkok and moved into their new home at the Lebua State Tower . They later had a go - see challenge with designers from Asava , Vatanika and Crème de la Crème , and took part in a photo shoot with photographer Nat Prakobsantisuk overlooking the ancient city of Ayutthaya decked out in traditional Thai attire . The models were introduced to host Cindy Bishop for the first time at elimination , where designer Polpat Asavaprapha joined the panel as the week 's guest judge . Eleanor and Kira were revealed to be the winners of the go - see challenge that had taken place earlier in the episode , and after deliberation , Ivy received picture of the week . Cirrah - Leah and Kira landed in the bottom two , and Cirrah - Leah was eliminated from the competition . Special guests : Sven Brunssen , Victoria Sertic , Polpat Asavaprapha , Sirisak , Vatanika Patamasingh Featured photographer : Nat Prakobsantisuk 137 9 `` Episode 9 '' 14 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) The remaining four contestants were asked to memorize lines from a script to perform in a biligual Thai - English commercial for Thai Airlines . Sophia was deemed as the best performer , and was allowed to bring Kira with her on a boat ride through the city . The models were later introduced to representatives from sportswear label Sixty Ninety , and had to perform in a photo shoot for the brand . Kira received picture of the week at elimination . Eleanor and Sophia landed in the bottom two , and Sophia was eliminated from the competition , leaving Eleanor , Ivy , and Kira as the three remaining finalists who would be flown back to London for the finale . Special guests : Featured photographer : Olmo Reverter 138 10 `` Episode 10 '' 21 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) The finalists were sent to take part in a final photo shoot for Radox , where they each had to embody a different Radox fragrance as they were splashed with cold water . After the challenge , the models met host Abbey Clancy at the Mayfair Hotel , where she revealed to them that they would be taking part in a final catwalk show wearing designs by Giles Deacon during London Fashion Week Festival in front the press and important fashion A-listers . The final three later reunited with the previously eliminated contestants , as well as contestants from cycle 's past . Immediately after the final show , the judges deliberated over each finalists ' work and progress throughout the competition , and Ivy was crowned as the winner . Special guests : Featured photographer : Results ( edit ) Order Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shaunagh Shaunagh Kira Kira Martha Ivy N / A Ivy Kira Ivy Efi Efi Cirrah Leah Martha Eleanor Sophia Eleanor Ivy Eleanor Kira Ivy Ivy Martha Cirrah Leah Kira Cirrah Leah Sophia Eleanor Sophia Louisa Efi Shaunagh Shaunagh Kira Kira Sophia 5 Cirrah Leah Martha Eleanor Efi Ivy Eleanor Cirrah Leah 6 Alisia Cirrah Leah Louisa Louisa Sophia Martha Martha 7 Tamsin Tamsin Ivy Sophia Cirrah Leah Louisa Louisa 8 Georgia Alisia Shaunagh Ivy Shaunagh 9 Martha Eleanor Tamsin Eleanor Efi 10 Louisa Sophia Sophia Tamsin 11 Kira Kira Alisia 12 Georgia The contestant was immune from elimination The contestant was eliminated The contestant quit the competition The contestant was part of a non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cindy Bishop took over the shows hosting duties for episodes 8 and 9 , which were filmed overseas in Thailand . Clancy resumed her role for the finale , which took place back in London . Jump up ^ Episode 1 was the casting episode . The 13 semifinalists met for boot camp , after which two contestants were eliminated . The remaining 11 contestants moved on to the main competition . Jump up ^ In episode 2 , Eleanor entered the competition . She was originally a contestant on the show 's previous cycle , but had to drop out of the competition after being diagnosed with a corneal ulcer . She was invited back by the show 's producers to continue competing in this year 's cycle . Jump up ^ In episode 4 , there was no immunity challenge . It was replaced by the makeover segment . Jump up ^ In episode 5 , Efi decided to quit the competition . Cirrah Leah and Louisa landed in the bottom two at panel , but were both allowed to remain in the competition due to Efi 's decision to quit . Jump up ^ In episode 6 , Louisa , Martha , and Shaunagh landed in the bottom three . The final results were revealed in reverse order with Shaunagh placing 8th and Louisa placing 7th . Jump up ^ In episode 7 , Martha had to withdraw from the competition at panel due to health reasons . No elimination or call - out took place that week . The remaining five contestants at the end of the episode advanced collectively to the next round . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://bntm.co.uk/meet-your-judges/ ^ Jump up to : http://tv.bt.com/tv/tv-from-bt/britains-next-top-model-meet-the-girls-11364221613836 Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/tvandshowbiz/4497538/britains-next-top-model-abbey-clancy-coming-soon/ Jump up ^ https://www.thesun.co.uk/fabulous/4622537/max-rogers-says-the-britains-next-top-model-hopefuls-must-ditch-their-egos-and-not-get-too-hung-up-on-their-looks/ Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lNM3buiUoc Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5197943/Ivy-Watson-crowned-winner-Britains-Model.html Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/georgia-mason-mottram/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/alisia-grant/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/tamsin-hough/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/efi-muntoni-clements/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/shaunagh-slattery/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/louisa-northcote/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/martha-miller/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/cirrah-leah-webb/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/sophia-chawki/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/kira-maclean/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/the_girls/ivy-watson/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-1-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-4997430/Moment-TWO-girls-booted-Britain-s-Model.html Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-2-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/britains-next-top-model-exclusive-interview-georgia-1102137.html?f=rss Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-3-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5039893/Britain-s-Model-contestants-bullfighting-shoot.html Jump up ^ https://www.peta.org.uk/blog/britains-next-top-model-contestants-pose-peta-campaigns/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-4-season-12/ Jump up ^ https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/britains-next-top-model-ghost-photoshoot-elimination-interview-1105708.html Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-5-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5088489/BNTM-contestant-forced-QUIT-anxiety.html Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-6-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-7-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-8-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-9-season-12/ Jump up ^ http://bntm.co.uk/episodes/episode-10-season-12/ External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Britain 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Contestants Winners Lucy Ratcliffe Lianna Fowler Lauren McAvoy Alex Evans Mecia Simson Tiffany Pisani Jade Thompson Letitia Herod Lauren Lambert Chloe Keenan Olivia Wardell Ivy Watson Other alumni Abbey Clancy Jasmia Robinson Georgina Edewor - Thorley Rachael Cairns Sophie Sumner Jade McSorley Charlotte Holmes Susan Loughnane Juste Juozapaityte Lisa Madden Holly Carpenter Related America 's Next Top Model : British Invasion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britain%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_12)&oldid=819804968 '' Categories : Britain & Ireland 's Next Top Model 2017 British television seasons 2017 Irish television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 10 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wins britain's next top model cycle 12	[ "The winner of the competition was 22-year-old Ivy Watson from Lincoln, Lincolnshire.[6]" ]	[ "Ivy Watson" ]
-84461718448136248	Winthrop Fleet	Winthrop Fleet - wikipedia Winthrop Fleet Jump to : navigation , search Arrival of the Winthrop Colony , by William F. Halsall The Winthrop Fleet was a group of 11 ships led by John Winthrop which carried about 1,000 Puritans plus livestock and provisions from England to New England over the summer of 1630 , during the period of the Great Migration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motivation 2 Voyage 3 Ships 4 Notable passengers 5 Notes 6 References Motivation ( edit ) The Puritan population in England had been growing for several years leading up to this time . The Puritans disagreed with the practices of the Church of England , whose rituals they viewed as superstitions . An associated political movement attempted over many years to modify religious practice in England to conform to their views . King James I wished to suppress this growing rebellious movement . Nevertheless , the Puritans eventually gained a majority in Parliament . James ' son Charles came into direct conflict with Parliament , and viewed them as a threat to his authority . He temporarily dissolved parliament in 1626 , and again the next year , before dissolving parliament permanently in March 1629 . The King 's imposition of Personal Rule gave many Puritans a sense of hopelessness regarding their future in that country , and many prepared to leave it permanently for life in New England . Motivated by these political events , a wealthy group of leaders obtained a Royal Charter in March 1629 for a colony at Massachusetts Bay . A fleet of five ships had departed a month previously for New England that included approximately 300 colonists , led by Francis Higginson . However , the colony leaders and the bulk of the colonists remained in England for the time being , to plan more thoroughly for the success of the new colony . Later that year , the group who remained in England elected John Winthrop to be Governor of the Fleet and the Colony . Over the ensuing winter , the leaders recruited a large group of Puritan families , representing all manner of skilled labor , to ensure a robust colony . Voyage ( edit ) The initial group ( Arbella and her three escorts ) departed Yarmouth , Isle of Wight on April 8 , the remainder following in two or three weeks . Seven hundred men , women , and children were distributed among the ships of the fleet . The voyage itself was rather uneventful , the direction and speed of the wind being the main topic in Winthrop 's journal , as it affected how much progress was made each day . There were a few days of severe weather , and every day was cold . The children were cold and bored , and there is a description of a game played with a rope that helped with both problems . Many were sick during the voyage . The Winthrop Fleet was a well - planned and financed expedition that formed the nucleus of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . However they were not the first settlers of the area . There was an existing settlement at Salem , started in about 1626 , populated by a few hundred Puritans , most of whom had arrived in 1629 , and who were governed by John Endicott . Winthrop superseded Endicott as Governor of the Colony upon his arrival in 1630 . The flow of Puritans to New England continued for another ten years , during a period known as the Great Migration . Ships ( edit ) Winthrop 's journal lists the eleven ships that were in his fleet : Arbella : The flagship , designated ' Admiral ' in the consortship ; named for Lady Arbella , wife of Isaac Johnson ( see below ) . Talbot : Designated ' Vice Admiral ' . Henry Winthrop , John Winthrop 's son and first husband of Elizabeth Fones , sailed on this ship . Ambrose : Designated ' Rear Admiral ' . Jewel : Designated a ' Captain ' . Mayflower ( a different ship to the Mayflower of the Pilgrims ) Whale Success Charles William and Francis Hopewell Trial Six other ships arrived at Massachusetts Bay in 1630 , for a total of seventeen ships that year . Notable passengers ( edit ) See also : Winthrop Society Nine leading men both applied for the charter for the Massachusetts Bay Colony and came to New England in Winthrop 's Fleet . Mr. John Winthrop , Governor , and three of his sons , including two minors and one adult son , Henry Winthrop Sir Richard Saltonstall , three sons and two daughters Mr. Isaac Johnson Esq. and the Lady Arabella his wife and daughter of Thomas Clinton , 3rd Earl of Lincoln Mr. Charles Fiennes the said Earl 's son Mr. Thomas Dudley , his wife , two sons , and four daughters Mr. William Coddington , the first Governor of Rhode Island , and his wife Mr. William Pynchon , and his wife and three daughters Mr. William Vassall , for whom Vassalboro , Maine was named , and his wife Mr. John Revell , merchant , who loaned the Plymouth Colony money , and who was chosen assistant to the Massachusetts Bay Colony Captain Thomas Wiggin , the first Governor of New Hampshire Other passengers of historical significance include ( in alphabetical order ) : Robert Abell Stephen Bachiler Founder of Hampton , New Hampshire . Simon Bradstreet and his wife Anne Bradstreet Jehu Burr Great Great Grandfather of Aaron Burr Edward Convers Thomas Mayhew Allan Perley Robert Seeley Isaac Stearns Captain John Underhill John Wilson , first minister of the Boston church Captain Edward Johnson ( 1598 -- 1672 ) was a leading figure in colonial Massachusetts , and is one of the founders of Woburn , Massachusetts . A complete list of passengers is maintained by The Winthrop Society , a hereditary organization of descendants of the Winthrop Fleet and later Great Migration ships that arrived before 1634 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While the Plymouth Colony preceded both Winthrop and Endicott , they maintained their own system of government and did not fall under the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony at this point in time . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lane , C. Arthur ( 1898 ) . Illustrated Notes on English Church History . 2 . New York : E. & J.B. Young & Co. p. 384 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 7 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . 1891 . p. 231 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Higginson , Thomas ( 1891 ) . Life of Francis Higginson , First Minister in the Massachusetts Bay Colony . New York : Dodd , Mead , & Co. p. 69 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Banks , Charles Edward ( 1999 ) ( 1961 ) . The Winthrop Fleet of 1630 . Baltimore , MD : Genealogical Publishing Co. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8063 - 0020 - 5 . reprint of original 1930 edition . Jump up ^ Winthrop , John ( 1853 ) . The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 . New York : Little , Brown and co . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Second publication of the original text of John Winthrop 's journal . Jump up ^ Winthrop , John ( 1853 ) . The History of New England from 1630 to 1649 . New York : Little , Brown and co . p. 442 ... In a letter to his wife , Winthrop himself put the number of passengers at 700 persons , 240 cows , and 60 horses . Jump up ^ Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine , ( Article : `` Life and Letters of Governor Winthrop '' ) , Vol CII , No DCXXI , August 1867 ( Edinburgh : William Blackwood & Sons ) , p 181 Jump up ^ Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society . 9 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . 1804 . p. 205 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Society , New England Historic Genealogical ( 1921 ) . `` Leaders in the Winthrop Fleet , 1630 '' . The New England Historical and Genealogical Register . 25 : 236 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Selected Biographies of Early Settlers in Northern New England . Portsmouth NH : Peter E. Randall. 2000 . Retrieved 20 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Winthrop Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winthrop_Fleet&oldid=776341602 '' Categories : English colonization of the Americas History of the Thirteen Colonies Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts New England Puritanism 1630 in the Thirteen Colonies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2017 , at 12 : 16 . About Wikipedia	what was the name of the puritans ship	[ "The Winthrop Fleet was a group of 11 ships led by John Winthrop which carried about 1,000 Puritans plus livestock and provisions from England to New England over the summer of 1630, during the period of the Great Migration." ]	[ "Winthrop Fleet" ]
6280263670883085998	List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters	List of Sabrina the Teenage witch characters - wikipedia List of Sabrina the Teenage witch characters Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The television series Sabrina the Teenage Witch has hosted a wide array of characters and guests over its series run . Sabrina and Salem are the only two characters to remain on the show throughout all consecutive seven seasons and all three made - for - TV movies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Sabrina Spellman 2.2 Hilda Spellman 2.3 Zelda Spellman 2.4 Harvey Kinkle 2.5 Salem Saberhagen 2.6 Jenny Kelley 2.7 Libby Chessler 2.8 Valerie Birkhead 2.9 Mr. Willard Kraft 2.10 Dreama 2.11 Josh Blackhart 2.12 Roxie King 2.13 Morgan Cavanaugh 2.14 Miles Goodman 2.15 Aaron Jacobs 2.16 Brad Alcerro 2.17 Mr. Eugene Pool 2.18 Albert the Quizmaster 3 Relatives 4 Other characters 5 Lost in Time people 6 Celebrity guest appearances 6.1 Other musical guests 7 References Cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 Melissa Joan Hart Sabrina Spellman Main Nick Bakay Salem Saberhagen Main Caroline Rhea Hilda Spellman Main Guest Beth Broderick Zelda Spellman Main N / A Nate Richert Harvey Kinkle Main Recurring Main Jenna Leigh Green Libby Chessler Main Michelle Beaudoin Jenny Kelley Main Paul Feig Mr. Pool Main Martin Mull Willard Kraft Main Lindsay Sloane Valerie Birkhead Main Alimi Ballard Quizmaster a.k.a. Albert Main David Lascher Josh Blackhart Main Jon Huertas Brad Alcerro Main China Shavers Dreama Main Soleil Moon Frye Roxie King Main Elisa Donovan Morgan Cavanaugh Main Trevor Lissauer Miles Goodman Main Diana - Maria Riva Annie Martos Main Andrew Walker Cole Harper Main John Ducey Leonard Main Bumper Robinson James Main Dylan Neal Aaron Jacobs Main Main characters ( edit ) Sabrina Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Sabrina Spellman Sabrina is depicted from the middle of high school through all the way to marriage . On her sixteenth birthday , she learned that she was a half - witch ( through her father 's side ) and had magical powers . She also learned that her two aunts were witches themselves and that their black cat Salem was a witch who had been turned into a talking household pet as a punishment for attempting worldwide domination . At Westbridge High , she befriended Jenny Kelley ( and later Valerie Birkhead in seasons 2 and 3 ) and had an on - again , off - again relationship with Harvey Kinkle . She also has to deal with her Vice Principal Kraft who dates her aunt Zelda and then in season 4 becomes principal and stops dating Zelda and then goes back on and again not due to car crashes . In the finale they finally stop dating due to Salem driving a car into him . In season 4 , Harvey believes Sabrina is cheating on him . They get back together later in Season 4 and then break up again when Harvey discovers she 's a witch . She also had to deal with the snobby and headstrong cheerleader Libby Chessler , who became Sabrina 's rival for school activities as well as Harvey 's affections . Sabrina also at some points transforms herself into Libby to gain popularity ( Libby is the queen of the school ) for her `` dorky '' activities . In later seasons , Sabrina was enrolled at the fictional Adams College in Boston . Her roommates are gloomy Roxie , fashion - glamour Morgan , and paranormal activist Miles , who , at one point almost got Sabrina exposed as a witch . After getting her degree in journalism she moved back to her aunts ' house with Morgan and Roxie . She took a job with the fictitious ScorchMagazine , a music theme magazine where she interviewed famous artists . Later on , she met a man named Aaron , who also worked in the music industry and the two began dating . Before long , Aaron proposed and in the finale , the two were set to wed when unforeseen events take place . She started to suspect that Aaron was not the one and after Sabrina had tried to connect her soul stone with his , she was sure of it . While it mostly fit , it was not a perfect fit . She tried to ignore it , but followed her heart and canceled the marriage at the altar . When she ran out of the church , she found Harvey waiting for her outside on his motorcycle , holding his soul stone that Amanda , her cousin , had left him . After both Harvey and Sabrina 's soul stones were tossed to the side and fit together perfectly , it proved that those two are destined to be together and they rode off together into the distance in true finale fashion at 12 : 36 on the dot , the same hour they first met . Sabrina 's magic takes the form of yellow sparks . Hilda Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Hilda Spellman Hildegarde Antoinette `` Hilda '' Spellman ( played by Sherry Miller in the 1996 movie , then Caroline Rhea in the series ) is one of Sabrina 's aunts , a 642 - year - old European witch who is Zelda 's younger sister both of whom moved at some point to America . She is often portrayed as the less pragmatic of the two aunts , and constantly worries about things that could be considered superficial . Hilda was also the more outgoing and fun - loving aunt . She was formerly engaged to Drell , head of the Witches Council ( played by Penn Jillette ) , and they were set to marry , but Drell jilted Hilda , and their engagement was called off . She also dated Sabrina 's vice principal , Mr. Kraft , until she begins to hate him ( with Sabrina ) and they desperately try to break him and Zelda apart when Zelda begins to date him . During the college seasons , she became the owner of the coffee shop where Sabrina and Josh worked , and where many of the show 's scenes took place . At one point , Hilda tried to help Salem Saberhagen in his quest to conquer the mortal realm , but , when he was caught , convicted and transformed into a cat , Hilda was punished with the job of keeping him worm - free ( a job Sabrina took on when Hilda left the series ) . However , she was pardoned in the final episode of season five , though she decided to keep custody of Salem anyway . It is also claimed by her sister that she caused the American Revolution . For the first three seasons , Hilda played a violin , but was clearly not very good at it as she failed at every audition : In one episode , the violin came flying through the patio doors , and the bow went right through it like an arrow through a heart . At the start of Season 4 , Hilda gave up on her violin , and blew it up with a stick of dynamite . She bought a clock shop which had a magical Lost in Time clock in the back room ; whenever famous people in the past centuries made a mistake at some point in their lives , they would become lost in time , and Hilda and Zelda had to try to figure out what went wrong . By the start of Season 5 , though , the clock shop was out of business , and Hilda bought the coffee shop much to Sabrina 's annoyance as she had just moved out of her aunt 's house , and was now living with Roxie , Morgan , and Miles . Hilda often made a great fuss over the silliest things : For example , in one episode , Hilda ran for office after a politician publicly stated that her coffee was too expensive . She lost the election without a single vote ( the one vote she did receive was disqualified because it was signed with a pawprint rather than a signature , indicating that Salem was the voter in question ) . As Sabrina 's time in college came to an end , Hilda met her soul mate , a train conductor on the Halloween Express , and impulsively married him . However , it almost did not happen after Zelda and Sabrina meddled for what they thought were the right reasons . Hilda later came back in Season 7 to attend Sabrina 's wedding . Hilda 's magic takes the form of puffs of white smoke . Zelda Spellman ( edit ) Main article : Zelda Spellman Zelda Spellman ( played in the 1996 movie by Charlene Fernetz , then Beth Broderick in the series ) is Sabrina 's brainy aunt who is always engaging in new scientific experiments . She is often referred to as a quantum physicist . Zelda is a 659 - year - old European witch who at some point moved along with her sister to America . She sometimes teaches at Westbridge High , and ( in later seasons ) Adams College . In one episode she says she has been accredited with discovering 17 moons . Zelda often plays the role of the mature , logical one , to bring Sabrina and sometimes Hilda back to earth after they attempt some zany scheme or otherwise get into trouble . Towards the end of Sabrina 's time in college , Zelda gave up her adult years to bring a broken Sabrina back to life . As a child again , Zelda left Sabrina to run her own life , upon Sabrina 's request . Young Zelda in the first episode of season 7 was played by Alexandra Hart - Gilliams ( who played Ally in season 3 ) . Zelda came back with Hilda , during Sabrina 's wedding in Season 7 , only this time as a candle . Zelda was volunteered by Hilda to become a candle for the duration of Sabrina 's wedding so that Sabrina 's mother could attend the wedding and not become a ball of wax , per her Witches ' Council curse . Zelda is more strict than Hilda . Her magic takes the form of purple sparks . Harvey Kinkle ( edit ) Harvey Kinkle ( played in the 1996 movie by Tobias Mehler , then Nate Richert in the series ) is a mortal boy whose full name is Harvey Dwight Kinkle . As revealed in episode 62 ( season 3 ) , he has some Slavic ancestry . He was close friends with Sabrina , Salem , Roxie , Morgan , Jenny , Valerie and Brad Alcerro . Harvey is portrayed as a very popular and athletic young man , though not very bright . He is second string on the football team , and the object of affection of Libby Chessler , fueling Sabrina 's rivalry with her . Harvey was Sabrina 's boyfriend until the 4th season , when he discovered that she was a witch in the season finale . The reason for this was that Sabrina had cast too many spells on him over the years and when the limit was reached his memory was no longer erased after each spell was reversed . After this , Harvey left the show . Harvey made a few brief appearances during Season Five . In `` Do You See What I See ? '' , Harvey called Sabrina and apologized for the way he acted after learning she was a witch . Harvey returned to the show full - time in Season Six . Sabrina 's Great Aunt Irma ( played by Barbara Eden ) later discovered Harvey knew Sabrina was a witch , and put him on trial to make sure he was trustworthy . Harvey was first attached to a lie detector which was not even plugged in , strapped to a spit and cooked , and even put on the torture rack , but he finally convinced Irma that Sabrina 's secret was safe with him , and she let him go . Harvey became Morgan 's boyfriend for a time , but had developed feelings for Sabrina again , even coming to her rescue a couple of times . In season 7 , it is revealed that Harvey is still in love with her . He makes Aaron jealous since he is Sabrina 's ex and they are still close . In `` Spellmanian Slip '' , Harvey still has a special place in Sabrina 's heart ( with a room of his own ) . In `` A Fish Tale '' , Harvey has also shown himself to be unselfish ; when Aunt Irma turned Aaron into a goldfish , Sabrina tried unsuccessfully to reverse the spell , so she gave up her magic ; Harvey harnessed Sabrina 's magic , and changed Aaron back . When Sabrina talked to Aunt Irma , she found out that Harvey was able to undo her spell because he wanted to make Sabrina happy ( which , in Irma 's opinion was a more powerful motivation than Sabrina 's , which was to defy Irma ) . Sabrina went to Harvey 's apartment , only to find him gone ; she found only a cardboard box with the vase that contained Sabrina 's magic , a picture of them together , and a good luck note . In the series finale , Sabrina realized that she and Harvey were soul mates , and she abandoned her wedding and rode off with him , her first and true love . Salem Saberhagen ( edit ) Main article : Salem Saberhagen Salem Saberhagen ( voiced by Nick Bakay ) is a 500 - year - old warlock who was a criminal of the Other Realm and was sentenced to spend 100 years as a cat as punishment for attempting to take over the world . He was sent to live with Hilda who was punished with keeping Salem worm - free . Despite his megalomaniacal desires for world domination ( which he attempts periodically throughout the series ) , he is generally portrayed as having a good heart and being a loyal friend to Sabrina . In the series he would generally serve two roles : one as a mentor for Sabrina , as she found it easier to go to him with her messier problems , or the trouble - maker , such as finding another illicit way to become human without being punished or convincing Sabrina to use magic to solve her problems , both of which generally ended up putting Sabrina in even more trouble . When Sabrina 's aunts left for the Other Realm , Salem stayed with Sabrina , and continued his attempts to become human . Salem became good pals with Harvey after he returned to the series , and would generally attempt to abuse this friendship to get some more power to take over the world . Salem also went on vacations with Sabrina in the made - for - television movies . Salem has a grown - up daughter named Annabelle . Salem was seen in human form a couple of times in flashbacks ( as a teenager and adult ) , but his face was always obstructed from view , although Nick Bakay did make a cameo appearance in `` A Girl And Her Cat '' as a man who tries to kiss Zelda when Sabrina and her aunts were knocking on doors , looking for Salem . 50 more years were added to Salem 's sentence at the end of the episode Salem , the Boy in Season 3 . At the end of the series 32 years of his imprisonment are over , meaning he has 68 more years until his punishment is terminated ( If he behaves , of course . ) In `` Spellmanian Slip '' , he states that he wishes that Sabrina would marry Harvey . Jenny Kelley ( edit ) Jenny is a mortal character , Sabrina 's best friend in the first season until Michelle Beaudoin left the show . Her disappearance is never mentioned or explained . Jenny had a powerful social conscience , was a vegetarian , and a very honest and loyal friend . She always dreamed of other worlds behind closets . Her dream came true when she accidentally entered the linen closet and met Drell . Drell turned her into a grasshopper , but she was saved by Sabrina and her aunts by making Jenny believe everything was a dream . Jenny was very imaginative and whimsical . Libby Chessler ( edit ) Played by Jenna Leigh Green , Libby is a snobby , rich , and spoiled cheerleader who delighted in tormenting Sabrina and her friends . She often referred to Sabrina as a `` freak '' , and , while ignorant of the fact that Sabrina was a witch , she suspected that Sabrina was different . Libby 's major conflict with Sabrina revolved around the girls ' competition for the affection of Harvey Kinkle , who clearly preferred Sabrina . Only a few personal details are known about Libby . She was once dubbed `` pure evil '' but simply took this as a compliment . She apparently comes from extreme wealth , and lives in a step - family arrangement of some sort . Her mother appeared in the episode `` Five Easy Pieces of Libby '' and is played by Cristine Rose ; the mother is much like the daughter -- snobby and mean - spirited . She has a stepbrother , Russell , who is seen in the episode `` Sabrina Claus '' , and is played by Richard Taylor Olson ; he and Libby have a combative relationship . In one episode , Sabrina accidentally turned her into a puzzle , so Sabrina had to learn more about her . She found out that Libby is bad in math , she takes after her mother in that she is rude and snobby , and that her grandma is very close to her heart . Her appearances generally involve her being mean to Sabrina and others , and getting poetic justice at the end of the episode . At the start of season 4 , Libby was sent off to boarding school and was never seen again . Valerie Birkhead ( edit ) Valerie is Sabrina Spellman and Harvey Kinkle 's mortal best friend at Westbridge High School . She is also despised by headstrong cheerleader Libby , who rivals both her and Sabrina for much of the show . Valerie remains Sabrina 's best friend until she moves to Anchorage , Alaska in 1999 . She is a shy and often awkward girl who looks up to Sabrina despite being quite bright herself . Valerie often expresses her wish to be in the `` cool crowd '' even trying her hand , and winning a spot on the second string cheerleading squad in season 3 , much to the worry of Sabrina who feared Valerie would transform into a mean , spiteful person like Libby . At the start of Season 4 , she moved to Alaska with her family . She had agreed to move in with Sabrina to attend their senior year together , but then she decided to stay in Alaska instead . She was played by American actress Lindsay Sloane . Mr. willard Kraft ( edit ) `` Mr. Kraft '' , as he is often addressed on the show , is portrayed by Martin Mull . He is an administrator at Westbridge High School and regularly issues detentions at the drop of a hat ( sometimes literally ) . He also expresses a personal dislike for Sabrina , Harvey , and Valerie ( particularly Sabrina ) , and occasionally gives them detentions simply because he does not like them . He started out as Vice Principal in the second and third seasons before becoming principal in Season 4 . He is known to have one brother and one sister . Mr. Kraft dated both Hilda and Zelda during the show , causing complications for Sabrina . Mr. Kraft is a mortal , but in one of the episodes where Sabrina and Hilda try to separate Zelda and Mr. Kraft , they find out that he was once married to a witch ( named Lucy , played by actress Julia Duffy ) who tried using her magic to trick Mr. Kraft as revenge for leaving her . At the end of season 4 , Zelda breaks up with Mr. Kraft , who is then hit by a car , thanks to joyriding Hilda , and again by a joyriding Salem , and is never seen again . Dreama ( edit ) Dreama is a young girl who has Sabrina Spellman as a quiz master . Dreama is learning how to use her magic in the episodes of season 4 . She is quite clumsy in the beginning . She gets turned into a mouse in one episode by Brad , but she is turned back when Brad 's witch hunting gene is removed . Sabrina helps her learn and control her powers . Josh blackhart ( edit ) Josh is a mortal guy that runs the coffee shop and gave Sabrina the job . Technically , Josh is her manager , although the relationship is somewhat different because Sabrina 's aunt Hilda later owns the shop . Josh is interested in photography , and manages to sell one of his photographs for $1000 ( with Sabrina 's magical help ) . He was attracted to Sabrina in the fourth season , but at that time she was dating Harvey . He often acted jealously towards Harvey , and got a mostly negative review by the fans of the show . In the fifth season he dated Morgan , and then in the sixth season he dated Sabrina . In this season Sabrina is willing to tell Josh she is a witch , so that she can tell him she loves him , but in the end she does not have to and he never figures it out . In the Season 6 finale , Sabrina gambles her love life in order to bring her Aunt Hilda back to life because of this Josh took the offer in Prague , and he was never seen again . Sabrina later discovers she is meant to be with Harvey . He was played by David Lascher , formerly of the Nickelodeon series Hey Dude . Roxie King ( edit ) Roxie , a mortal , was introduced to the show in Season 5 as Sabrina 's college roommate . At first she dislikes Sabrina , but they later became best friends . Roxie is environmentally conscious and sometimes staged protests . She is a cynical character who puts up the front that she despises the thought that her housemate Miles has romantic interests in her . However , in `` You Ca n't Twin '' , she has a dream about Miles and many episodes hint a romantic future for the two of them . In a Valentine 's Day episode , Sabrina casts a spell on Roxie to make her see the good points of Miles , bringing out an exaggeration of her possible true feelings for him . In Season 7 , Roxie became one of the leading characters in the absence of Sabrina 's aunts . She was played by Soleil Moon Frye , formerly of NBC 's Punky Brewster from 1984 until 1988 , and the cartoon spinoff It 's Punky Brewster in 1985 . Morgan cavanaugh ( edit ) Morgan , a mortal , was introduced in season five as one of Sabrina 's college housemates and resident adviser . When she was first introduced , she spoke with a normal tone ( much how Elisa Donovan , the actress who played Morgan speaks ) , but as the series progressed she developed , and spoke in , a more high - pitched tone . She is very shallow , superficial , and over-assertive , but she became one of Sabrina 's best friends . She dated both Josh and Harvey ( among many others ) . In a Christmas episode , Morgan invites Sabrina to spend the holidays with her family , since she finds dealing with them alone quite daunting . In the seventh season , Morgan 's supporting role becomes a leading one in the absence of Sabrina 's aunts . Miles Goodman ( edit ) Miles is a mortal character that was introduced in the fifth season as one of Sabrina 's college housemates . His behavior was endearingly abnormal and he was a conspiracy theorist , something his family did not exactly approve of . Miles had romantic interests in Roxie , but she did not outwardly reciprocate . However , in a Valentine 's Day storyline , Sabrina cast a spell on Roxie to soften her feelings towards an initially frightened Miles . In another episode it was revealed that he is a huge fan of Adrienne Barbeau . It is hinted in many episodes that Miles and Roxie become a couple in the future , even to the stage of getting married and having children . In the episode `` I Fall To Pieces '' , Miles finally began to notice the unusual behavior of Sabrina 's witch - turned - cat Salem . Unfortunately , Miles was never seen again and his disappearance was never explained on - screen , although in one of the season 7 episodes the reporter on the TV can be heard saying `` Goodman was shot today '' possibly implying he has died . Miles was played by Trevor Lissauer . Aaron jacobs ( edit ) Aaron is Sabrina 's last mortal boyfriend , who appears in the seventh season. She meets Aaron at the Scorch magazine office . They become engaged but Sabrina 's aunt Irma turns him into a goldfish but Aaron is turned back when Harvey ( who is in love with Sabrina ) uses Sabrina 's magic because he wants to make Sabrina happy . In the series finale , Sabrina prepares for her wedding but stops it when she realizes Aaron is not her soulmate and she runs off with Harvey , her soulmate and first true love ( they are soulmates because when their soul stones drop to the ground they fit perfectly ) at 12 : 36 , the time they first met seven years ago . and whom Sabrina chose to be her groom . He gets jealous of Harvey since he is still close with Sabrina . Aaron was played by Dylan Neal . Brad Alcerro ( edit ) Brad was Harvey 's best friend from Texas . He was not very nice to Sabrina . Sabrina later learned that Brad had a rare witch - hunting gene that made those who have it want to ferret out witches , which explained why he did not like Sabrina ; because he sensed the magic in her ( although he did n't know that ) and it made him suspicious . Should a witch reveal herself to a witch - hunter , she is condemned to spend the next century as a mouse . Unfortunately , Dreama just happened to do this , and she became a mouse . The only way to restore her without waiting 100 years was to remove Brad 's witch - hunting gene ( which was literally a tiny pair of blue jeans ) within 1 - hour before the mouse form becomes permanent . With the witch - hunting gene gone , Brad 's relationship with Sabrina became slightly friendlier , and Sabrina can use magic on him without ever risking exposure or becoming a mouse . Brad 's departure was never explained . Brad was played by Jon Huertas . Mr. eugene Pool ( edit ) Mr. Pool is mortal . He is Sabrina 's favorite teacher who teaches Biology until Paul Feig left the show after season 1 . He was sometimes bitter and sarcastic , but always interesting and usually lively . In one episode , Sabrina casts a spell that endows him with the knowledge of changing lead to gold , but is later forced to retract the knowledge due to the potential economic difficulties it would have caused . Mr. Pool , who had benefited greatly from the knowledge , was very unhappy when he lost it . In the episode `` As Westbridge Turns '' , he reveals that Sabrina is one of his best students . In that same episode , he also plans to marry the school nurse , who ends up running away with the new janitor . Mr. Pool 's response to that situation was a calm , `` Meh . I got farther than I thought I would . '' Albert the Quizmaster ( edit ) Albert is Sabrina 's quizmaster in season 2 with the job of teaching her how to use magic rightfully so that she can receive her witches ' license after a year of witch training . Though Sabrina likes to work with him , she often finds him annoying . In spite of disliking him a little , she found that she could n't have any Quizmaster but Albert teach her . The Quizmaster taught Sabrina how to turn herself into fire , water and wind , which is said to be very hard for a witch to do . Throughout the year , he was only known as Quizmaster ; however , his name is revealed on `` Quiz Show '' episode of season 2 . It turns out to be `` Albert '' , but they decide to stick with Quizmaster instead . The actor who played him ( Alimi Ballard ) left the show after the second season , as Sabrina receives her witches ' license , giving the character no further role in the series . He had a strange but colorful clothing style and was afraid of clowns . Relatives ( edit ) Throughout the series , Sabrina met members of her family who were also witches . Throughout Season Three , relatives would come to the Spellman house for a visit , and at the end of their visit , they would give Sabrina a clue to the family secret . Sabrina did not solve it until the Season Three finale : `` Every member of the Spellman family is born with a twin '' . Here are some of Sabrina 's relatives . ( 2nd ) Cousin Amanda Wiccan : Amanda ( played by Melissa Joan Hart 's real life sister Emily Hart ) appeared several times throughout the series . She appears three times in Seasons 1 - 6 , but appeared most often in Season 7 . She is mischievous and typically causes trouble with her magic . In her first appearance , she is shown to have the habit of shrinking people she does not like into jars . In another appearance , she turns Sabrina into a doll before being outsmarted and changed into a doll herself . In another appearance , she develops a crush on Harvey , before being shown that she does not want to grow up . In another appearance , she was visited by Sabrina in Witchright Hall , a school for maladjusted young witches . This episode was a pilot for a spin - off featuring Amanda , although the series was not picked up . Amanda 's character slowly grew into a slightly more caring and respectable person , often helping Sabrina when possible . Such was the case when she appeared in the series finale `` Soul Mates '' , where she gives Harvey his soul stone , which matches Sabrina 's . Amanda eventually became taller than Sabrina . Amanda is actually Sabrina 's second cousin as her mother , Marigold Wiccan Nee Spellman , is Hilda and Zelda 's first cousin . ( 2nd ) Cousin Ally Wiccan : Ally ( played by Melissa Joan Hart 's real life half - sister Alexandra Hart - Gilliams ) is Amanda 's little sister . She appeared in the season 3 episode The Matchmaker . Grandma Lydia Spellman : Lydia ( played by Shirley Jones of The Partridge Family fame ) appeared in only one episode ( `` Little Orphan Hilda '' in Season 4 ) . She is shrill and overbearing and is the mother of Vesta , Zelda , Hilda , Ted and Sophia . When Zelda and Hilda were little , the envious Vesta turned Lydia and her husband into pigs due to the attention that Hilda and Zelda had . Lydia spent 200 years of violin lessons on Hilda , and literally exploded when she learned Hilda had given up her violin to buy her clock shop . Cousin Zsa Zsa Goowhiggie : Zsa Zsa ( played by Sheryl Lee Ralph ) appeared in only one episode ( `` What Price Harvey ? '' in Season Three ) . She was a notorious prankster who sold a line of `` Ambition '' products . Salem pinched some concealer from her make - up bag to try to hide some bags under his eyes , but he used too much , and made himself invisible , and she also gave Hilda and Zelda some Walk - a-Mile moccasins which switched their personalities . Sabrina sought Zsa Zsa 's help when Harvey told her he was not going to college , so she sold her the whole line of Ambition products . Unfortunately , they turned Harvey into a ruthless businessman . Zsa Zsa was forced to import some perspective which came in the form of an eyeball which Sabrina used to make Harvey normal again . At the end of her visit , Zsa Zsa gave Sabrina her clue to the family secret : a snake . Great Aunt Dorma : Dorma ( Voiced by Rosalind Ayres ) is ( quite literally ) the black sheep of the Spellman family . She appeared in `` The Big Sleep '' . She sleeps for ten years at a time , and to wake her would be a huge mistake . When Sabrina woke her up to ask her about the family secret , Dorma took her revenge by sending Other Realm poppies to the Spellman house which put both Hilda and Zelda to sleep , but they had a different effect on Sabrina as she was half - mortal ; they only made her drowsy . Sabrina eventually dealt with the poppies by causing it to snow in her house ( just like in The Wizard of Oz ) . Aunt Dorma appeared at the end of the episode ( as an actual black sheep ) to apologize , and she thanked Sabrina for waking her up as she had left her oven on , then gave her a clue to family secret ; she conjured up several birds ( quite possibly the aviary clue ) . She is one of Lydia 's sisters . Cousin Pele : Pele ( portrayed by Kellye Nakahara ) is a Hawaiian goddess of fire who appeared in the last episode of Season Three . She gave Sabrina the final clue to the family secret : a ball of twine . When she first meets Sabrina , she also introduces herself as Sabrina 's cousin . She also gives Sabrina her official witches license at the end of the episode . Uncle Nicholas : Santa Claus is revealed to be a Spellman in Season Three ( in episode 61 , `` Christmas Amnesia '' ) . In an episode in one of the earlier seasons , however , it is said that Santa Claus 's name is Bob . It was also hint at the end of the episode , Uncle Nicholas was also the father of the holiday Bobunk ( a holiday Salem erased in his younger years ) . His clue to the family secret was a picture of Robert E. Lee . Aunt Vesta Spellman : Sabrina 's Aunt Vesta ( played by Raquel Welch ) appeared in the season one episode `` Third Aunt From the Sun '' . She lives in the Pleasure Dome in the Other Realm . She appeared disguised as a substitute teacher after she gave Mr. Pool a twenty - four - hour bug -- which turns out to be a real giant bug that terrorizes Mr. Pool . After class , she introduced herself to Sabrina , and took her on a shopping spree . In Paris , Vesta told Sabrina that while Hilda and Zelda enjoyed living on Earth , she herself could not stand mortals for too long . She is later mentioned in the second - season finale as taking her mother shopping , bringing Hilda and Zelda to the conclusion that Vesta was their mother 's favorite daughter . Cousin Susie : Susie `` She 's your no - good Uncle Floyd 's illegitimate daughter '' - Hilda Spellman . Susie 's appearance made Sabrina uncomfortable because she had green skin and warts , making looks like The Wicked Witch of the West . To teach Sabrina a lesson about caring about looks , she cast a spell on Harvey which turned him into a furry beast . However , once Sabrina had learned her lesson , the spell was lifted , and Susie gave Sabrina her clue to the family secret ; a whip . She gave Sabrina another clue , telling her `` We all have good and bad parts '' , possibly referring to the answer to the family secret . Despite her hideous appearance , she has a good heart , at times taking time to heal the sick or feed homeless witches . It is mentioned by Hilda that she is illegitimate . She was played by Sonje Fortag . Great Aunt Irma : Irma ( played by Barbara Eden ) is the matriarch of the Spellman family , and , as Zelda described her , `` Dreaded holy terror of the Other Realm '' . She first appeared in A Birthday Witch in Season Six where she tried Harvey to be sure he could keep the fact that Sabrina was a witch to himself . Harvey passed Irma 's test , and she let him go , but she turned Hilda , Zelda and Salem into three pigs after Hilda called her `` prune face '' ( it was easy to tell which pig Salem was as one of the pigs was all black ) . Sabrina bravely stood up to Aunt Irma ( which nobody else has ever done ) , and Irma removed her spell ; when Sabrina confronted her , she mentioned that she was busy frying her brother - in - law . When her daughter Phyllis told a mortal that she was a witch , Irma trapped her daughter in a snow globe . She appeared in two more episodes ( Season Six 's The Arrangement and Season Seven 's A Fish Tale ) . The casting of Barbara Eden is a reference to her role of Jeannie in I Dream of Jeannie . In the show The IT Crowd , the character Jen 's period is referred to as `` Aunt Irma visiting . '' Cousin Marigold Wiccan : Marigold is the mother of Amanda and Ally and the first cousin of Hilda and Zelda . She first appeared in Season One 's A Halloween Story in which Salem learns from M'lady , Marigold 's cat that Marigold is divorcing her husband , Harold . She later appeared in Season Three 's Sabrina the Matchmaker where a romantic dinner , with a mortal plumber named Emil was ruined by her two daughters , Amanda and Ally . Marigold ended up revealing to Emil that she was a witch . Emil ran off , but later returned and kissed Marigold . Because she had revealed she was a witch to a mortal , Marigold lost her powers , but she told Sabrina that she had never been happy in all the years that she had had magic . She also gave Sabrina another clue to the family secret ; a heart shaped card with rough edges . In her two appearances , Marigold was played by two different actresses ( first by Robin Riker and by Hallie Todd in the second ) . Cousin Mortimer : Mortimer ( played by Dom DeLuise ) was a witch and professional magician who appeared in Season Three 's The Pom Pom Incident . When Valerie decided to try to become a cheerleader , Sabrina , fearing she may end up being as mean as Libby , sought Mortimer 's help , and he gave her a coin that she had to just slip into Valerie 's ear . It put Valerie off the idea , but not for long as she still expressed her wish to be a cheerleader , but , this time , Sabrina used her magic to convince Libby to give Valerie a second chance . Meanwhile , Mortimer put on a magic show for Harvey 's little brother for his birthday , and , unfortunately , ended up sending him to Calcutta , India . Luckily , he managed to bring him back . At the end of his visit , Mortimer revealed he had hidden a clue to the family secret somewhere in the house . Sabrina found the clue under a cushion ; a picture of a man in a Superman - type outfit with ABC on his chest ( meaning `` Spellman '' ) . It was later suggested , by Aunt Hilda , that she and Mortimer were originally scheduled to sit next to each other at Sabrina 's wedding , much to Hilda 's dismay . Mortimer was never seen on - screen during this episode . Kong : Kong was the second to last relative to give Sabrina a clue to the family secret . Kong made a hand - only appearance at the end of Silent Movie . He had a blond woman ( who was supposed to be Fay Wray ) sitting on his palm . Hilda told Sabrina that Kong is a third cousin with a pituitary problem . Sabrina put the Fay Wray clue with a picture of herself and a picture of Robert E. Lee , and she then knew that the family secret was about the Spellman family . Edward `` Ted '' Spellman : Ted is Sabrina 's father . He and Sabrina 's mother divorced when Sabrina was ten years old , and he later gained a new girlfriend named Gail Kipling . Ted was played by Robby Benson when he appeared in the pilot episode and Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend ( Season 1 episodes ) , but was played by Doug Sheehan of Knots Landing fame in his later appearances ( Season Four 's No Place Like Home and the series finale where he arrives to walk Sabrina down the aisle ) . A few times in Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend , Ted speaks in a loud , booming voice , possibly a reference to Disney 's Beauty and the Beast in which Robby Benson provided the voice for Beast . Diana : Diana is Sabrina 's mother . After the divorce , she became an archaeologist in Peru . Diana is mortal , and therefore has no magic . Also , she is unable to be with her daughter because of a term set by the Witch 's Council ; if they lay eyes on each other , Diana will turn into a ball of wax . Diana appeared four times in the series ; she first appeared ( briefly ) in `` Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend '' when Sabrina used the Sneak - a-Peek magnifying glass , but the identity of the actress playing her is unknown as it was an aerial shot , although some have speculated that it is Melissa Joan Hart 's mother , Paula . In her second appearance ( in Season Two 's `` Mom vs Magic '' ) , Diana actually got to see her daughter after Sabrina was forced to choose between her mother and her magic after she sent her a letter ( she later discovered that this was a test ) , and the two had a heart - to - heart when Sabrina was not sure whom to choose between Harvey and Dashell ( she was played by Pam Blair ) . In her next appearance ( in Season Six 's `` The Whole Ball of Wax '' ) , Diana was turned into a ball of wax , and though Sabrina was able to bring her back , she was told by her aunts that if her mother turned into a ball of wax again , nothing would bring her back . Diana did manage to attend Sabrina 's wedding in the series finale , but at a price as Zelda was temporarily turned into a candle ( in her last two appearances , Diana was played by Alley Mills ) . Gail Kipling : Gail is a witch , lawyer and Ted 's girlfriend introduced in the First Season 's episode `` Meeting Dad 's Girlfriend '' , when she quarreled with Ted over Sabrina questioning whether they would get married or not . Over the course of the next two years their relationship further developed upon the point of getting married , thus Gail became Sabrina 's step - mother . Sabrina temporarily moves in with her and Ted when her life on Westbridge takes a stumble in `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , when it 's revealed that she has a son called Donald and is fluent in French . She has a strange blood type , just like Ted . Donald Kipling : Gail 's son and Ted 's step - son who is never actually seen but is mentioned by Gail in `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Donald 's magic is shown to be a cyan , circling beam of light . Great Aunt Beulah : Beulah ( played by Jo Anne Worley ) is Sabrina 's great aunt . She appeared in Season Three 's `` Good Will Haunting '' . She sent Hilda and Zelda invitations to her Halloween party over the centuries , but they always said they could not go for one reason or another ( these excuses included the two World Wars and the Chicago fires ) , but they eventually ran short of excuses , so they would have to go . Sabrina convinced Zelda to let her stay home ( because Valerie had invited Harvey and Justin round to Sabrina 's house to watch scary movies ( in the end , they ended up watching The Bridges of Madison County ) ) , and Aunt Beulah sent Sabrina a Molly Dolly . Unfortunately , the doll had a life of its own , and while it terrorized Sabrina and her friends , sealing the doors and windows , Hilda and Zelda ended up trapped in what they thought was an insane asylum , and had their brains switched with those of two chickens . When Sabrina arrived to seek help , Hilda and Zelda learned that Aunt Beulah 's parties were theme parties . Travelling to the Spellman household , Beulah stopped the Molly Dolly , who had unleashed a group of monsters , by singing in a high operatic voice . She is one of Lydia 's sisters . Cousin Doris West : ( played by Carol Ann Susi ) Appeared in the episode `` It 's a Mad Mad Mad Mad Season Opener '' as the official to issue Sabrina her witch license and took her photograph . Doris was supposed to be the first family member to reveal a clue to the family secret , but we never see what it is . However , Sabrina was too preoccupied with her romance ( Harvey versus Dashell ) dilemma . Doris , unfortunately , has a bit of a temper , and when she gets angry , she emits a green , slimy goo from her fingers . She later shows up at Sabrina 's school where a spell to help Sabrina decide between Harvey and Dashell has gotten completely out of hand , and the two of them are dressed as ninjas and are fighting each other . Sabrina accidentally manages to make Doris lose her temper again , and Doris shoots slime at Harvey and Dashell . Sabrina knocked Harvey to the floor and Dashell got slimed . Doris then left , saying she 'll be back later , yet she was never seen or heard from again . Boyd , Racine , and Maw - Maw : ( played by Gary Grubbs , Loni Anderson & Edie McClurg ) Seen only in the episode `` Witch Trash '' , husband and wife , Boyd and Racine , Hilda and Zelda 's hillbilly cousins , upset that Hilda and Zelda were in possession of the magic book , sealed the windows and doors of the Spellman house . Sabrina later brought Boyd and Racine , along with Maw - Maw over from the Other Realm to talk things over , but to no avail . Later , when the hillbillies levitated her , Sabrina was ready to give them the book when Great - Granny arrived to set the record straight . Great - Granny told the hillbillies they chose her money while Hilda and Zelda got the magic book . Eventually , Racine unsealed the house and Great - Granny send them home . Great Granny : Granny ( played by Alice Ghostley ) appeared in only one episode , `` Witch Trash '' . She is Hilda 's and Zelda 's grandmother and Sabrina 's great - grandmother . She arrived to settle the feud among Hilda , Zelda and their hillbilly cousins . Granny owned the magic book but passed it down to Hilda and Zelda in one of her many wills . She has a magic bell which she can use to summon family members at any time . Great - Granny does not like to be interrupted , and will discipline those who try to by levitating them into the corner and making them face the wall , which is what she did to Zelda for telling Boyd , Racine , and Maw - Maw to `` Let Great - Grandmother talk '' right after Great - Granny had given them a warning . Zelda was still floating in the corner as the episode ended . Cousin Monty : Monty ( played by Dana Gould ) appeared in `` A Girl And Her Cat '' , the first series ' Christmas episode in which Zelda invited him to Christmas dinner . Monty arrived at the Spellman house with his familiar , Newt ( a talking newt , voiced by Billy West ) , and a wheeled suitcase from which a circus performer named Lulu ( played by Kerry Norton ) emerged . Newt was one of Salem 's underlings in his bid for global conquest , and Salem apparently promised him Denmark , and Monty told Hilda and Zelda Lulu was poor . However , an angry Sabrina left Salem in a dumpster after he stowed away in her bag and got her kicked out of the Slicery . Later , he was kidnapped by a little boy with a lisp who refused to give him up , but Sabrina managed to rescue him . In the end , after accepting Monty 's marriage proposal , Lulu revealed she was not poor after all ; she had a rich father . Jezebelda : Jezebelda is Zelda 's evil twin . Her Dolly Parton - style hair and Southern drawl make her distinguishable from Zelda . She shares a cell in the Other Realm Prison with Sabrina 's twin , Katrina . Jezebelda appeared in two episodes ( `` You Ca n't Twin '' and `` Deliver Us From E-Mail '' ) . She apparently caused the bubonic plague . Katrina : Katrina is Sabrina 's evil twin . Unlike Zelda and Jezebelda , Katrina is physically indistinguishable from Sabrina . She and Sabrina faced a series of tests to determine which of the two was the good one and the bad one . When Sabrina was dubbed the evil twin because she had cheated in solving the family secret , she was sentenced to be pushed into a volcano . Katrina pushed her in , but the judge then said that no good twin has ever had the heart to push her evil twin in , but he points out that Hilda almost did ( Hilda 's twin was never seen on - screen ) . This last test proved Katrina was the evil twin ; Sabrina was saved from the volcano , and Katrina was sent to prison . In her next appearance ( in Season Five 's You Ca n't Twin ) , Katrina stole Sabrina 's passport , and slipped into the mortal realm , determined to destroy Sabrina 's life . Fortunately , Sabrina was able to get a message to her aunts , who rescued her , and Katrina was sent back to prison . She was last seen in Season Six 's `` Deliver Us From E-Mail '' . Sabrina sends Katrina a rude e-mail , fed up over her limericks about a witch from Helsinki who did something with her pinky . In return , Katrina , under the pseudonym `` Nasty Girl '' e-mailed Sabrina a computer virus which turned Sabrina into a bimbo . Harvey noticed a change in Sabrina 's behaviour and took her to her aunts to see if they could find what was wrong with her . Zelda confronted Katrina in the other realm prison , and had to give in to a bribe from her own twin , Jezebelda to get the information she wanted . With Harvey 's help , Hilda and Zelda were able to return Sabrina to normal . In the end , Sabrina got her own back on Katrina by e-mailing her a `` Kill Them With Kindness '' spell . Katrina was last seen giving Jezebelda a pedicure , swearing revenge on Sabrina . Sophia Spellman ( also played by Melissa Joan Hart ) was only seen in `` Sabrina Goes to Rome '' , as it was revealed that Sophia was one of Edward 's sisters , who was lost in time during an incident centuries ago . She is identical to her niece , Sabrina . Uncle Noonie ( unseen ) is a Spellman uncle who is deaf and attended a Halloween celebration in the Other Realm during `` A Halloween Story '' . Uncle George ( unseen ) is a Spellman uncle who attended the Spellman Family Reunion in Hawaii with his fat second wife , Ruby ( played by Lisa K. Wyatt ) . Uncle Danny ( played by David Alan Graf ) is a Spellman uncle who attended the Spellman Family Reunion as well , who loves to drink after a celebration . Aunt Bootsie ( unseen ) is a Spellman aunt who apparently has a moustache and loves to kiss everyone . She was mentioned in `` The Good , The Bad and the Luau '' . Uncle Clyde ( unseen ) is Sabrina 's uncle , and Cousin Susie 's father , mentioned only in `` Sabrina and the Beast '' . Cousin Stanislav ( unseen ) is Sabrina 's cousin , mentioned in Sabrina , the Sandman . He gave Sabrina a clue to the family secret ; a picture of Sabrina . Other characters ( edit ) Mrs. Quick : Mrs. Quick is mortal and is originally from Indiana and her mother still resides in Terre Haute . She was played by Mary Gross and appeared in 21 episodes . She was very timid and not confident . Sabrina seemed to be her favorite student . In the episode `` Finger Flu '' , Sabrina had finger - flu epidemic and accidentally sneezed her magic into Mrs. Quick . With the magic , Mrs. Quick turned Mr. Kraft into a chimp . Mrs. Quick has several allergies and phobias . Drell : Drell ( played by Penn Jillette of the Penn and Teller fame ) Head of the Witches Council in Season 1 . Dated Hilda Spellman on and off and was once engaged but left Hilda at the altar . Is known to send Hilda a pot roast when he 's either going to be late to a date or calling it off . Was once stood up on a date by Hilda . The Comic book and Hanna - Barbara Cartoon version is Drella , who is female . It is revealed in Season 6 that he was turned into cattle along with the rest of the old Witches Council and replaced with a group of apathetic young witches and wizards . Skippy : Skippy ( played by Teller of the Penn and Teller fame ) Much like the actor who plays him , Skippy is silent and is only in two episodes : the pilot episode and Jenny 's Non-Dream , . Skippy 's official title as Drell 's assistant is `` Skippy , the overlords underling '' on his business card , as shown to Jenny while in Limbo , in the Episode `` Jenny 's Non-Dream '' . Cassandra : Cassandra ( Portrayed by Deborah Harry ) Cassandra is the only female member shown with the head of the Witches Council , she is featured in the Pilot episode , Where in Sabrina makes a request for a time reversal , to redeem her first day at Westbridge High School . Before her request is `` denied '' by Drell , She tells Sabrina that she does not have an appointment , then asks Drell if he remembered to feed the candle they have on the table , before exclaiming `` Let 's humour her . '' thereby giving Sabrina a chance to explain why she needs to turn back time . Rule Bearer : Rules Bearer ( portrayed by Morwenna Banks Only appearance : Season 1 , Episode 13 `` Jenny 's Non-Dream '' Jill and Cee Cee : ( played by Bridget Flanery and Melissa Murray respectively ) were two mean , popular high school girls and friends of Libby 's . They often joined in Libby 's taunting of Sabrina and her friends , however in the episode ' When Teens Collide ' , it was revealed that they 'd always liked Sabrina but were simply too afraid of Libby to befriend her . Whilst under the influence of a truth spell , Libby accidentally confessed that Jill had once had a nose job . They never appear after Libby leaves Westbridge . Marnie : Marnie ( played by Essence Atkins ) was a Coffee House Co-worker , as seen in the fourth season during episode 15 `` Love in Bloom '' . Cupid : Cupid ( played by Patrick Thomas O'Brien first appearance Season 2 , Episode 17 `` The Equalizer '' . Duke : Duke ( played by Dick Van Dyke ) was one of Salem 's underlings in his bid to take over the world . While Salem got the 100 - year sentence for his crime , Duke and Salem 's other underlings got shorter sentences . Upon finishing his sentence , Duke paid the Spellman house a visit . Unfortunately , Duke 's magic was very rusty , and he ended up blowing up Hilda 's clock shop . In an attempt to help Sabrina be a better dancer , he ended up giving her two right feet ( literally ) , and he also cast a spell that made Harvey act like a little boy . Caligula : ( played by Glenn Shadix ) appeared in the episode `` Salem , The Boy '' . When Hilda and Zelda wanted to throw Salem a Birthday Party , they Perform a time travel chant into the past to see what one of Salem 's `` ideal parties '' was , they discover `` Caligula '' there as Caligula tries to serve and flirt with Hilda and Zelda , they quickly Bail and Caligula somehow stowaways or follows them back home . Meanwhile , Salem is running around Sabrina 's school as Gordy , being it was Sabrina 's Birthday Gift to Salem from 1 of Roland 's 3 wish tickets . ( Roland was a Leprechaun in this episode , This episode was also St. Patrick 's Day themed . ) Annabelle Saberhagen : Annabelle ( portrayed by Victoria Jackson ) is Salem 's daughter , whom he loves dearly . A rift developed between the two while Annabelle was growing up because Salem was always away , and Salem rarely contacted her due to his shame of being a cat . When an announcement was made that Annabelle was getting married to a man named Larid Prescott , Sabrina went to see Annabelle , and helped mend the rift between her and her father , and Salem performed all duties of father of the bride that he could in his furry state . Sabrina agreed to be Annabelle 's maid of honour , but she soon discovered that an Other Realm wedding has strange traditions ; the groom wears a suit of armour , the maid of honour wears cowboy boots and a Napoleon - style hat , has to carry a sapling down the aisle , blow up a balloon , and the father of the bride must wrestle the father of the groom for the permission of allowing his son to marry the bride . Because Salem was a cat , and in his own words `` Protected by the humane society '' , Sabrina had to take on the father of the groom Xavier `` The Avenger '' Prescott ( played by then - WWE wrestler , Billy Gunn ) . Thanks to interference by Salem , Sabrina pinned Prescott after a roll - up . Next , the bride and groom had to exchange ring fingers , and Sabrina had to kiss the bride . Annabelle was never seen again . Sabrina notes that Annabelle had inherited Salem 's `` cry . '' Candy King : Roxie 's mother ( played by Kate Jackson of Charlie 's Angels fame ) appeared in It 's a Hot , Hot , Hot , Hot Christmas in Season Seven . A rift developed between her and her daughter because of her criminal past . Roxie was anything but pleased to see her . Later , when the condo that Roxie , Morgan , and Sabrina were staying in was robbed , Candy was accused . In the end , though , her boyfriend , Zack is revealed to be the true culprit . He tries to make a run for the door , but Sabrina quickly cast a spell so that when he opened the door , he found himself facing a group of Christmas Caroller 's who were singing the line `` We Wo n't Go Until We Get Some '' from `` We Wish You A Merry Christmas '' . With her reputation cleared , Candy patched things up with her daughter . Kevin : Mid-season 5 , Sabrina meets Kevin , a student from Adams whom she constantly seems to bump into but is officially introduced through her roommate Morgan . Kevin is a guitar player and apparently got inspiration from Sabrina to write songs , even calling her his muse . They only seem to date for 1 month and ends as Sabrina and Kevin do n't seem to find time to define their romantic relationship . Louisa : Louisa is the woman in the portrait seen on the wall of the kitchen of the Spellman house . She spoke for the first time in Bundt Friday when Zelda was telling Sabrina about a secret cabinet where they kept some of their potions , and it turns out Louisa 's portrait was hung on the cabinet door . Louisa spoke again in Dream Date after Sabrina hung up the phone after Harvey called asking her about their science homework , and when she realised Louisa had been listening , Sabrina stomped up the stairs while Louisa sang Salem 's song , `` Harvey and Sabrina '' . She spoke for the last time in the episode `` In Sabrina We Trust '' , in which she informs Sabrina about the upcoming magical systems check to be performed on the house . Louisa 's voice was originally provided by Caroline Rhea , but her voice was sped up electronically so her voice would not be recognized . Annie O'Donnell was the voice of Louisa the last time she spoke . Juliette Jingleheimer : Juliette is Dreama 's cat . A former prom queen , Juliette ( voice of Bebe Neuwirth ) was turned into a cat for attempting to take over the universe , but unlike Salem , Juliette has longer hair , and is white . Salem was looking for a date for a high - school reunion , so Sabrina and Dreama fixed him up with Juliette . Later , though , Salem was confronted by Billy Luto , a man who had bullied Salem as a teenager . When Juliette stood up to Billy , he tried to give both of them a wedgie , but Sabrina , who was close by , quickly hung Billy up by his `` heenie '' ( just as he did to Salem ) . Gordie : Gordie is Sabrina 's nerdy friend in high school , played by Curtis Andersen . Gordie lacks the confidence to stand up for himself , but has the heart of a loyal friend . He often hangs out with Sabrina , Valerie , and Harvey , and sometimes Libby . He and Valerie sometimes show sparks , but never really had a relationship . Roland : ( played by Phil Fondacaro ) A troll who had a long - time crush on Sabrina and on several occasions tried to steal her heart or marry her with magic , but always ended up failing . He has three different jobs : a finder , an equalizer and a detective . He calls Harvey is `` farm boy '' . Appears in `` Troll Bride '' , `` The Equalizer '' , `` Suspicious Minds '' , `` Salem the Boy '' and `` Love in Bloom '' . It is possible he is Rumpelstiltskin as mentioned by Sabrina in `` The Equalizer '' . Gwen : A British witch , played by Tara Strong ( credited with her maiden name Charendoff ) , who only appears in the movies Sabrina Goes to Rome and Sabrina , Down Under , as Sabrina 's friend during her travels . Like Dreama , she has a hard time controlling her magic and her spells never work the way she expects them to ; while Sabrina casts spells with her index finger , Gwen casts spells by clenching her fist . She is shown to have a liking for jellybeans . In the first film , she aided Sabrina in solving the mystery of her family locket , while also facing her own dilemma after she accidentally turned her crush , Alberto , into a pigeon ; in order to reverse the spell , she went around randomly kissing pigeons ( the only way to reverse the spell ) and eventually succeeded . In the second film , she goes on holiday with Sabrina in the Australian Great Barrier Reef , where she helps Sabrina to prevent the destruction of a mermaid colony at the hands of water pollution and a greedy marine biologist . By the time of the second film , she has gained more control over her powers through practice , but has yet to completely perfect them ; upon reuniting with Sabrina , she demonstrates this by transforming Sabrina 's shell necklace into a flower lei , but unintentionally gave her a rabbit 's tail in the process ; in response to this , Gwen explains , `` In my defense , I did n't say I was good ; just said I was better . '' Stonehenge : ( voiced by Richard Steven Horvitz ) A guinea pig familiar taken care of by Gwen . Unlike other animal familiars in the series , it is left ambiguous as to whether or not Stoney was once a human who was punished for misdeeds . Though Salem initially attempts to eat him , he ultimately forms a partnership with him in order to obtain free food . Bob Gordon : Bob was a news anchor who was judging a cat show that Sabrina entered Salem in . However , Sabrina found out that the owner of one of the other cats entered in the competition was using a photo of Bob without his hairpiece to blackmail him into throwing the competition . When Sabrina showed the photo to her aunts , Zelda used a reverse angle spell to reveal the culprit , but the blackmailers face was hidden by a big camera with only the right hand visible . However , Sabrina noticed the blackmailer was missing half an index finger . Sabrina 's investigation hit a dead end when she found her three prime suspects were all missing half an index finger on the right hand , but she confronted Bob Gordon over his secret , and she found he was afraid his career would be ruined if everyone knew he was bald , because he said the public had not trusted a bald man since Eisenhower . However , Bob finally came clean and ripped off his wig in front of all the contestants before disqualifying the blackmailer . Annie Martos : ( played by Diana - Maria Riva ) Annie was Sabrina 's boss when she became a writer at Scorch Magazine . Sabrina made countless attempts to make Annie like her . In the end , she found her insults too much and quit her job . Cole Harper : ( played Andrew Walker ) Cole was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . James : ( played by Bumper Robinson ) James was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . He worked as a professional photographer . Interestingly enough , Bumper Robinson also appeared in the Season 1 episode , Trial By Fury portraying a completely different character . Leonard : ( played by John Ducey ) Leonard was Sabrina 's co-worker at Scorch Magazine . He was most unprofessional , and often tried to grab an opportunity with a girl . He also has an interest of collecting action figures . He invited Sabrina , Morgan , and Roxie to a condo in Miami to celebrate Christmas after James and Cole bailed . Peter : ( played by Greg Vaughan ) Sabrina 's arranged groom . Both did not have feelings for each other , in fact , Peter fell in love with Roxie and Roxie , Peter . This was a problem for Sabrina since Great Aunt Irma , the matriarch , wanted Sabrina to marry Peter , and Roxie and Peter 's relationship was unknown to Irma , which almost made chaos at the wedding , but Sabrina was in position as the bride and later stood to Great Aunt Irma about the marriage after Peter said he did not want to marry Sabrina , he wanted to marry Roxie . Lost in time people ( edit ) In Season Four , Hilda bought a clock shop which had what seemed like an ordinary grandfather clock in the back room . However it turned out to be a magical Lost in Time clock from which certain people from past centuries or decades emerged . These people included : Marie and Pierre Curie : In Ageing Not So Gracefully , the Curies became lost in time after having an argument ( circa 1899 ) . Marie was first to come from the clock . When Hilda got her to the house , she was spouting French , but Zelda turned her French to English with her magic . Pierre later turned up , and Hilda and Zelda tried to find out what attracted one Curie to the other . While Hilda danced with Pierre , Zelda worked with Marie . However , Hilda soon became too tired to dance , and Zelda soon got fed up of Marie 's bossing her about , and accidentally setting the carpet on fire . Luckily , following another argument which Hilda and Zelda could hear from the kitchen , they started waltzing around the living room where Marie accidentally knocked over Zelda 's vase . It is also revealed in season 3 that Marie dated Salem before cheating on him with Pierre . Leif Ericson and Daniel Boone : In Salem 's Daughter , Hilda and Zelda used the Lost in Time clock to get dates for Anabelle 's wedding . Zelda selected Leif Ericson , and Hilda picked Daniel Boone . Daniel appeared again in the following episode , Love in Bloom ( which aired before Salem 's Daughter , but is set afterwards ) in which Zelda learns that Hilda has been hiding him in the attic , and forces her to send him back . A running gag throughout Salem 's Daughter is that Daniel is frequently mistaken for Davy Crockett , make Daniel replies `` I _́ m Daniel Boone '' a gets a little angry ; this happens so often , when somebody ( Salem ) says he real name , he screams `` I _́ M DANIEL BOONE ! Oh , sorry ... '' Celebrity guest appearances ( edit ) Many episodes involve Sabrina getting to meet , through natural or supernatural means , popular real - life musical artists of the time , including the band of Melissa Joan Hart 's then - boyfriend ( now husband ) Mark Wilkerson , appeared in an episode in 2002 . Eddie Cibrian appeared as himself in The True Adventures of Rudy Kazootie S. 1 Ep. 3 when Sabrina said his name three times and he appeared in her room saying that he needed to save someone from a burning corvette . Milo Ventimiglia appeared as a football player in `` Terrible Tjings6 S. 1 when Jenny is running for student body president , against Libby , both are fighting for his signature . Randy Travis made a cameo appearance as himself ( credited as Ideal Man ) in The True Adventures of Rudy Kazootie . S. 1 Ep. 3 He 's seen at the parent - teacher conference in Mr. Pool 's room then towards the end doing a jigsaw puzzle with Hilda and Zelda . Sally Jessy Raphael appeared in the opening scene of `` A Halloween Story '' , S. 1 Ep. 5 . Sabrina was wearing a Halloween costume consisting only of a pair of red - rimmed glasses , similar to Sally Jessy Raphael 's . Hilda and Zelda were not sure what to make of it , so Sabrina invited her aunts to do better . Hilda pointed at Sabrina , and when the smoke cleared , Sabrina had been turned into Sally Jessy Raphael , complete with her voice . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa The Japanese American actor appeared in Sweet and Sour Victory S. 1 Ep. 10 as a karate master who fought Sabrina twice , once when she cheated with a spell and a ( magic - free ) rematch in which he won with ease . Jack Wagner Jack appeared as himself in Jenny 's Non-Dream S. 1 Ep. 13 when Jenny is in the other realm and Sabrina , Hilda and Zelda try to convince she is dreaming , Jenny mentions that Jack Wagner is in her dreams saving her from something , So Sabrina zaps in Jack and Jenny jumps in his arms and tells him about all the things he has saved her from , Later Sabrina zaps him away . Brady Anderson Brady Anderson Major League baseball player guest starred as himself in Sabrina Through the Looking Glass S. 1 Ep. 14 helping Sabrina through her bad mood when she was trapped in her mirror by her bad mood and she could not get out of the mirror . Peter Marshall appeared as himself ( credited as Game Show Host ) in First Kiss S. 1 Ep. 17 hosting a fictional game show called `` The True Love Game Show '' ( Probably a parody of The Dating Game ) when Sabrina kissed Harvey and he turned into a frog . She had to take a test of true love and the game show was her first test behind door number one . Erik Estrada Erik Estrada Actor from CHiPs has made a few cameo appearances in Sabrina Gets Her License : Part 1 S. 2 Ep. 1 and Sabrina Gets Her License : Part 2 S. 2 Ep. 2 , i.e. Being seen in a thought cloud in Hilda 's mind and driving a car when Hilda created a defective potion zapping her and Zelda into his car and another time when Sabrina Accidentally zapped herself in his car . Davy Jones The Monkees ' lead vocalist appeared in the episode Dante 's Inferno S. 2 Ep. 4 ; Jones first appeared at the start of the episode when Hilda , who was suffering from punitis ( a condition that makes puns out of things she says ) , said something about a monkey on her back . Jones made a second appearance when Sabrina was making comments about the name of Harvey 's date , Jean ; Jones told Sabrina he thought Jean was a lovely name , and he started to sing the chorus from Daydream Believer . The end of the show Jones helps Sabrina and her aunts walk together like The Monkees at the start of their show . Drew Carey Appeared in episode To Tell a Mortal S. 2 Ep. 10 when Valerie 's last wish is to dance with him . Both Drew and she magically acquire evening wear . Valerie later keeps his glasses . Mark Langston Mark Langston Major League Baseball Player appeared as himself in To Tell A Mortal S. 2 Ep. 10 when Harvey made a wish ( his last wish ) that he could meet him and Mark comes and Harvey asks him to throw a baseball to him and catch it . Steve Allen , actor , appeared as Sabrina 's fear in `` Fear Strikes Up a Conversation '' , S. 2 Ep. 21 when Sabrina is told she has to present her math essay at an assembly , When she hears that she uses a magic spell to get rid of her fear , but her fear gets loose and starts scaring the whole school , When that happens she has to go through the forest of her fears and conquer them and her last fear was reading in front of the assembly , When she did her fear disappeared and Steve Allen appeared as Fear and a small version of his body was put on Sabrina 's jacket to remind her that fear will always be a part of her . He was credited as Fear in the credits . When Sabrina sees Fear she says My fear looks like Steve Allen , and when a small version of Steve appeared on her jacket she said `` So is Steve Allen gon na be on all my clothes ? '' Kenan Thompson and Kel Mitchell guest - starred as themselves in `` Sabrina 's Choice '' S. 2 Ep. 24 when Sabrina had to choose which aunt she wanted to live with and there was a little crystal ball with a `` What - If '' spell and she said `` What If Kenan & Kel Won the lottery ? '' Kenan and Kel appeared in their house where Kenan was looking for the lottery ticket while Kel is making a sandwich and Kenan finds it and accidentally puts it in the sandwich that Kel was making and runs and says that he found the ticket , Kel comes back in the kitchen not realizing that the ticket is in the sandwich he made and puts the remaining ingredients he was going to put on plus the other bread and starts eating the sandwich , Kenan comes back and sees that Kel is eating the sandwich and he got sad . Gary Owens Gary Owens appeared in the episode Good Will Haunting S. 3 Ep. 6 where Hilda and Zelda were invited to Aunt Beaulah 's Halloween party , and Beaulah switched their brains with those of two chickens . In the closing credits , he was credited as `` The Guy Who Thinks He 's Gary Owens '' . Dick Clark Dick Clark made a small cameo appearance as himself in And the Sabrina Goes To ... S. 3 Ep. 8 when Sabrina says that she 's giving all of her Sabrina Awards to Gordy and the other Do - gooders and he is in a studio and says `` What 's Sabrina Doing , This never happens at the American Music Awards Cue the band , Cue the band . '' Mary Hart Mary Hart appeared as herself in And The Sabrina Goes To ... S. 3 Ep. 8 hosting the first annual Sabrina Awards when Sabrina was tired of not getting any praise for her hard work so she ate some special cake to get praise which brought up the idea for the Sabrina Awards . José Eber José appeared as himself in Sabrina and the Beast S. 3 Ep. 10 when Sabrina was having a bad hair day so she zapped Jose into her bedroom to help her with her hair , Her and Hilda kept fighting over for whose hair he should do and he said he charges 1,000 dollars an hour . Jerry Springer Springer appeared in Mrs. Kraft S. 3 Ep. 14 where Sabrina and Hilda bring back Mr. Kraft 's ex-wife , Lucy , to lure him away . The Spellman 's , Mr. Kraft , and Lucy all ended up on The Jerry Springer Show ( a production of Studios USA Television , now NBC Universal Television Distribution . ) Sabrina said she was not comfortable living with Mr. Kraft , so she and Hilda decided to bring back Lucy . When the audience gasped in shock , Sabrina said she did not know Lucy was a witch , and Hilda started yelling at the audience ( most of what she was saying was bleeped out to make it sound like she was swearing ) . Their appearance on the show ended with a fight between Zelda and Lucy . In this series , he appears to have magical powers . Steve Sax Steve Sax Major League Baseball Player guest starred as himself ( Credited as Baseball Player ) in Sabrina the Matchmaker S. 3 Ep. 16 when Sabrina 's Cousin Marigold was on a date with a plumber named Emil and He was talking about Baseball , Marigold went into the kitchen telling Sabrina she had no idea what he was talking about and Sabrina Told her and then Marigold zapped Steve into the kitchen and Sabrina said , `` Wait , You ca n't just walk in there with a professional baseball player . '' Mary Ann Mobley Mary Ann Mobley made a brief guest appearance as herself in Salem , the Boy S. 3 Ep. 17 when Salem is planning a party and she is on the list . At the end of the episode , Mary Ann Mobley comes and Zelda says Oh , Hello Mary Ann Mobley and she replies `` And What is Castro doing here ? '' Monty Hall Monty Hall guest starred as himself in The Long and Winding Short Cut S. 3 Ep. 22 hosting a fictional game show called `` Guess The Family Secret '' when Sabrina was trying to figure out the Family Secret to her Family and she used Mrs. Quick to help her and Mrs. Quick was excited to be on the show and Sabrina needed to move things along so she zapped Monty Hall to host and as the game show went on when Mrs. Quick was on the second clue Aunt Zelda comes in and stops Sabrina from Cheating to figure out the Family Secret . Britney Spears Britney appeared in No Place Like Home S. 4 Ep. 1 when Harvey gives Sabrina parking passes to the Britney Spears concert because he can not afford tickets to the show . Sabrina 's dad wants her to move to Paris with him and his wife . While there , Sabrina becomes bored so her dad magically zaps in Britney who performs in their living room . They talk a little and dance a little and then Sabrina zaps her back . She decides to move back in with her aunts and she is seen with Harvey in the parking lot of the concert . Britney comes out of the concert hall and waves at Sabrina . At the end of the show Mr. Kraft is being his usual uptight self when Sabrina puts a spell on him to start dancing in the school halls to `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' , the theme song to Melissa Joan Hart 's movie Drive Me Crazy . The music video was shown during the credits of the show , which starred Melissa . Tara Lipinski Tara Lipinski , professional figure skater , appeared as herself in Jealousy S. 4 Ep. 3 when a new student named Brad transferred to Westbridge and Sabrina was getting jealous of him because Harvey kept hanging out with him and Sabrina zapped Tara into her room and Tara says where am I and then Sabrina says to her `` You 're my new best friend '' and takes her to school with her to show everybody , All the students are all surrounding her and asking her questions , and later Tara says I liked your friends especially Brad , and when Tara says that Sabrina says , `` Go find yourself a new best friend '' and zaps her away . Billy Blanks Billy appeared as himself at the beginning of Prelude to a Kiss S. 4 Ep. 7 when Salem wanted to learn karate and Sabrina zapped him in and he did a move which Sabrina tried to do and she ended up kicking Salem into the wall . Paula Abdul The pop singer / American Idol judge appeared in Aging Not So Gracefully ' S. 4 Ep. 8 `` . Salem becomes obsessed with her after seeing her music video for Opposites Attract , and after failing to contact her , Salem started pretending to be kidnapped , sending her photos and a ransom note ( which did not work ) . Abdul also appeared during the end credits , reading a note ( obviously penned by Salem ) which asked her to `` comfort my cat '' . The episode ended with Paula stroking Salem . Danny Bonaduce Appeared in the Christmas - themed episode Sabrina , Nipping At Your Nose . S. 4 Ep. 12 As one of a series of gifts inspired by the song `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' , Sabrina zaps him in as he 's sitting in a pear tree ( `` Partridge in a Pear Tree '' ) . John Salley John appeared as himself ( credited as NBA Player ) in Welcome Back , Duke S. 4 Ep. 16 when Hilda and Zelda were having trouble coaching Sabrina 's basketball team so they got him to coach them because he was tall and the girls behaved better . Towards the end of the episode Harvey says he had a dream about him and told Sabrina that he said he was going to give him a time out . Frankie Avalon Frankie appeared as himself in Beach Blanket Bizarro S. 5 Ep. 17 when Hilda and Zelda find out Sabrina will be going to Pelican Cove , Florida with her boyfriend and they just want her to have `` Good Clean Fun '' so they zap in Frankie Avalon in their house and tell him about where Sabrina is going . Later he appears at the end of the episode doing the Swim with Hilda and Zelda . Adrienne Barbeau Adrienne appeared as herself in The Gift Of Gab S. 6 Ep. 5 when Miles sold a cut - out of her on Ebay . Miles 's is at the Coffee House telling Sabrina that he had to sell it , Adrienne comes in the Coffee House telling him that she was the high bidder and that she has been looking for a cut - out of her for a long time . Isaac Hanson Isaac along with his brothers appeared in A Birthday Witch S. 6 Ep. 9 . Isaac and Roxie used to go out before he became famous . Miles and Morgan get really excited when they find out Isaac will be coming . Isaac is late but he finds Roxie at the soup kitchen . The Hanson brothers perform a show at the soup kitchen . Andy Roddick Andy Roddick Professional Tennis Player guest starred as himself in The Competition S. 6 Ep. 17 helping Sabrina with her Tennis skills when her boyfriend Josh always said to her that he was gon na `` Polish her off '' every time they play a Tennis game . Kelly Clarkson appeared as a student in the episode The Whole Ball of Wax S. 6 Ep. 20 , prior to her appearance and subsequent fame on American Idol . Carson Daly Carson Daly and his MTV show TRL guest starred as himself in I Fall to Pieces ( 1 ) S. 6 Ep. 22 / Total Sabrina Live ! ( 2 ) S. 7 Ep. 1 hosting Total Request Live when Sabrina was looking for a job to be a writer , Roxie wanted to be on TRL to see Carson , Later Sabrina says on TRL that she 's looking for a job . Guest starred but was uncredited in the credits list . Daniel Bedingfield appeared in `` The Lyin ' , The Witch , And The Wardrobe '' , S. 7 Ep. 11 . He first appeared wearing a ghastly outfit designed by Morgan , and he ended up with green feathers in his hair . At the end of the episode , he sang `` Gotta Get Thru This '' . Other musical guests ( edit ) Coolio ( `` A Girl and Her Cat S. 1 Ep. 11 '' ) Violent Femmes ( `` Hilda and Zelda : The Teenage Years S. 1 Ep. 15 '' ) The Smashing Pumpkins ( only mentioned in `` The Great Mistake S. 1 Ep. 22 '' episode when Sabrina 's friend Jenny gets tickets to one of their concerts , which Sabrina did not get to go to . ) 10,000 Maniacs ( `` A River of Candy Corn Runs Through It S. 2 Ep. 7 '' ) Johnny Mathis ( `` Sabrina Claus S. 2 Ep. 12 '' ) Backstreet Boys ( `` The Band Episode S. 2 Ep. 18 '' ) Lisa Loeb ( Background music only in `` Sabrina 's Choice S. 2 Ep. 24 '' when Harvey and Sabrina went to a concert featuring her ; not actually seen . ) RuPaul ( `` Sabrina 's Choice S. 2 Ep. 24 '' ) S. 2 Ep. 24 Phantom Planet ( `` And the Sabrina Goes To ... S3 Ep. 8 '' ) ' N Sync ( `` Sabrina and the Pirates S. 3 Ep. 15 '' ) Aaron Carter ( `` Beach Blanket Bizarro S. 5 Ep. 17 '' ) Eden 's Crush ( `` Finally ! S. 5 Ep. 22 '' ) Hanson ( `` A Birthday Witch S. 6 Ep. 9 '' ) Vitamin C ( `` Cloud Ten S. 6 Ep. 11 '' ) Usher ( `` I Think I Love You S. 6 Ep. 13 '' ) Course of Nature ( `` Total Sabrina Live ! S. 7 Ep. 1 '' ) Ashanti ( `` Call Me Crazy S. 7 Ep. 3 '' ) Da Brat as Baby K2K ( `` Shift Happens S. 7 Ep. 4 '' ) Goo Goo Dolls ( `` Witch Way Out S. 7 Ep. 7 '' ) Avril Lavigne ( `` Bada - Ping ! S. 7 Ep. 8 '' ) Drew Lachey ( `` Ping , Ping a Song S. 7 Ep. 10 '' ) Sixpence None the Richer ( `` Getting to Nose You S. 7 Ep. 16 '' ) Mario ( `` What a Witch Wants S. 7 Ep. 21 '' ) References ( edit ) ( hide ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch Created by : Dan DeCarlo George Gladir Characters Sabrina Spellman Hilda Spellman Zelda Spellman Salem Saberhagen Publications Archie 's Mad House Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch In other media Animated television series The Sabrina the Teenage Witch Show Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Live - action television series Sabrina the Teenage Witch Episode list `` Pilot '' Home media releases Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Television films Sabrina the Teenage Witch Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Sabrina : Friends Forever Related articles Archie Comics List of Archie Comics characters Shararat The sitcom character of `` Sabrina '' , from the 1996 live - action series was referenced to in the first episode of `` American Horror Story : Coven '' by the character `` Queenie '' as portrayed by Gabourey Sidibe . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_characters&oldid=832466855 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Sabrina the Teenage Witch Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played aunt vesta in sabrina the teenage witch	[ "Aunt Vesta Spellman: Sabrina's Aunt Vesta (played by Raquel Welch) appeared in the season one episode \"Third Aunt From the Sun\". She lives in the Pleasure Dome in the Other Realm. She appeared disguised as a substitute teacher after she gave Mr. Pool a twenty-four-hour bug—which turns out to be a real giant bug that terrorizes Mr. Pool. After class, she introduced herself to Sabrina, and took her on a shopping spree. In Paris, Vesta told Sabrina that while Hilda and Zelda enjoyed living on Earth, she herself could not stand mortals for too long. She is later mentioned in the second-season finale as taking her mother shopping, bringing Hilda and Zelda to the conclusion that Vesta was their mother's favorite daughter." ]	[ "Raquel Welch" ]
-1453536348206790727	Chase Bank	Chase Bank - wikipedia Chase Bank Jump to : navigation , search For the buildings , see Chase Tower ( Chicago ) and Chase Manhattan Bank Building . JPMorgan Chase Bank , N.A. The current logo , in use since 2007 Type Subsidiary Industry Banking Predecessor Bank of the Manhattan Company Founded December 1 , 2000 ; 16 years ago ( 2000 - 12 - 01 ) Headquarters 270 Park Avenue , New York City , New York , United States Key people William C. Weldon ( Chairman ) Products Financial services Revenue US $ 71.651 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $14.778 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $2.49 trillion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 250,355 ( 2016 ) Parent JPMorgan Chase Divisions Retail Financial Services , Card Services , Commercial Banking Website www.chase.com Chase branches in the U.S. in 2010 JPMorgan Chase Bank , N.A. , doing business as Chase Bank , is a national bank that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company , JPMorgan Chase . The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000 . Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company in 1955 . The bank has been headquartered in Columbus , Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004 . The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual . Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,000 ATM 's nationwide . JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees ( as of 2016 ) and operates in more than 100 countries . JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US $2.49 trillion . JPMorgan Chase , through its Chase subsidiary , is one of the Big Four banks of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Manhattan Company 1.2 Chase National Bank 1.3 Merger as Chase Manhattan Bank 1.4 Mergers with Chemical , J.P. Morgan 1.5 Bank One Corporation 1.6 Washington Mutual 1.7 Other recent acquisitions 2 Controversies 2.1 Purchase of Nazi Germany 's Reichsmarks during WWII 2.2 Release of funds for Nazi Germany during WWII 2.3 Refusal to release funds belonging to Jews in Occupied France 2.4 Recent controversies 2.4. 1 Targeted account closures 2.4. 2 Dakota Access Pipeline 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links History ( edit ) Aaron Burr , 3rd Vice President of the United States and founder of The Manhattan Company . John D. Rockefeller , Jr. and the Rockefeller family were the largest shareholders of Chase National Bank . From September 1 , 1799 , to 1955 , it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company ( New York ) ; after a 1955 merger with the Chase National Bank ( which existed separately from 1877 to 1954 ) it was called The Chase Manhattan Bank . Chase 's southwest regional headquarters in Phoenix , Arizona . The Manhattan Company ( edit ) Main article : Bank of the Manhattan Company Chase traces its history back to the founding of The Manhattan Company by Aaron Burr on September 1 , 1799 , in a house at 40 Wall Street : After an epidemic of yellow fever in 1798 , during which coffins had been sold by itinerant vendors on street corners , Aaron Burr established the Manhattan Company , with the ostensible aim of bringing clean water to the city from the Bronx River but in fact designed as a front for the creation of New York 's second bank , rivaling Alexander Hamilton 's Bank of New York . -- The Economist In 2006 , the modern - day Chase bought the retail banking division of the Bank of New York , which then only months later merged with Pittsburgh - based Mellon Financial to form the present - day BNY Mellon . Chase National Bank ( edit ) Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson . It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , although Chase did not have a connection with the bank . The Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s , through its Chase Securities Corporation . In 1926 , for instance , it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank . Specimen Stock Certificate However , its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930 , the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller , Jr . This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed , in the world . Chase was primarily a wholesale bank , dealing with other prominent financial institutions and major corporate clients , such as General Electric , which had , through its RCA subsidiary , leased prominent space and become a crucial first tenant of Rockefeller Center , rescuing that major project in 1930 . The bank is also closely associated with and has financed the oil industry , having longstanding connections with its board of directors to the successor companies of Standard Oil , especially ExxonMobil , which are also Rockefeller holdings . Merger as Chase Manhattan Bank ( edit ) The September 1 , 1799 - 1877 logo The 1877 - 1954 logo The 1954 -- 1960 logo The 1960 -- 1976 logo In 1955 , Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank . As Chase was a much larger bank , it was first intended that Chase acquire the `` Bank of Manhattan '' , as it was nicknamed , but it transpired that Burr 's original charter for the Manhattan Company had not only included the clause allowing it to start a bank with surplus funds , but another requiring unanimous consent of shareholders for the bank to be taken over . The deal was therefore structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National , with John J. McCloy becoming chairman of the merged entity . This avoided the need for unanimous consent by shareholders . For Chase Manhattan Bank 's new logo , Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961 , which remains part of the bank 's logo today . The Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company , which were made by nailing together wooden planks . The bank included an asset management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation . Under McCloy 's successor , George Champion , the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one . In 1969 , under the leadership of David Rockefeller , the bank became part of a bank holding company , the Chase Manhattan Corporation . Mergers with Chemical , J.P. Morgan ( edit ) The 1976 -- 2007 logo In July 1996 , Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank . Chemical 's previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation , in 1991 , and Texas Commerce Bank , in 1987 . Although Chemical was the nominal survivor , the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known ( particularly outside the United States ) . In December 2000 , the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J.P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date . The combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase . In 2004 , the bank acquired Bank One , making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States . JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively . After closing nearly 400 overlapping branches of the combined company , less than 10 % of its total , Chase will have approximately 5,410 branches in 23 states as of the closing date of the acquisition . According to data from SNL Financial ( data as of June 30 , 2008 ) , this places Chase third behind Wells Fargo and Bank of America in terms of total U.S. retail bank branches . In October 2010 , Chase was named in two lawsuits alleging manipulation of the silver market . The suits allege that by managing giant positions in silver futures and options , the banks influenced the prices of silver on the New York Stock Exchange 's Comex Exchange since early 2008 . Chase branch located in Athens , Ohio Chase bank in Chinatown , Manhattan Chase offices and branch in One Utah Center tower in Salt Lake City The following is an illustration of the company 's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors to 1995 ( this is not a comprehensive list ) : Chase Manhattan Bank ( merged 1995 ) Chemical Bank ( merged 1991 ) Chemical Bank ( merged 1986 ) The Chemical Bank of New York ( est. 1823 ) Texas Commerce Bank ( Formerly Texas National Bank of Commerce ) ( merged 1864 ) Manufacturers Hanover ( merged 1961 ) Manufacturers Trust Company ( est. 1905 ) Hanover Bank ( est. 1873 ) Chase Manhattan Bank ( merged 1955 ) Bank of the Manhattan Company ( est. 1799 ) Chase National Bank of the City of New York ( est. 1877 ) Bank One Corporation ( edit ) Main article : Bank One Corporation In 2004 , JPMorgan Chase merged with Chicago - based Bank One Corp. , bringing on board its current chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon as president and COO and designating him as CEO William B. Harrison , Jr. 's successor . Dimon 's pay was pegged at 90 % of Harrison 's . Dimon quickly made his influence felt by embarking on a cost - cutting strategy and replaced former JPMorgan Chase executives in key positions with Bank One executives -- many of whom were with Dimon at Citigroup . Dimon became CEO in January 2006 and Chairman in December 2006 after Harrison 's resignation . Bank One Corporation was formed upon the 1998 merger between Banc One of Columbus , Ohio and First Chicago NBD . These two large banking companies were themselves created through the merger of many banks . JPMorgan Chase completed the acquisition of Bank One in Q3 2004 . The merger between Bank One and JPMorgan Chase meant that corporate headquarters were now in New York City while the retail bank operations of Chase were consolidated in New York . The following is an illustration of Bank One 's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors ( this is not a comprehensive list ) : Bank One ( merged 1998 ) Banc One Corp ( merged 1968 ) City National Bank & Trust Company ( Columbus , Ohio ) Farmers Saving & Trust Company First Chicago NBD ( merged 1995 ) First Chicago Corp ( est. 1863 ) NBD Bancorp ( Formerly National Bank of Detroit ) ( est. 1933 ) Louisiana 's First Commerce Corp . Washington Mutual ( edit ) Main article : Washington Mutual On September 25 , 2008 , JPMorgan Chase bought most banking operations of Washington Mutual from the receivership of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) . That night , the Office of Thrift Supervision , in what was by far the largest bank failure in American history , seized Washington Mutual Bank and placed it into receivership . The FDIC sold the bank 's assets , secured debt obligations and deposits to JPMorgan Chase Bank , NA for $1.888 billion , which re-opened the bank the following day . As a result of the takeover , Washington Mutual shareholders lost all their equity . Through the acquisition , JPMorgan became owner of the former accounts of Providian Financial , a credit card issuer WaMu acquired in 2005 . The company completed rebranding of Washington Mutual branches to Chase in late 2009 . Other recent acquisitions ( edit ) In the first - quarter of 2006 , Chase purchased Collegiate Funding Services , a portfolio company of private equity firm Lightyear Capital , for $663 million . CFS was used as the foundation for the Chase Student Loans , previously known as Chase Education Finance . In April of that same year ( 2006 ) , Chase acquired the Bank of New York Co. 's retail and small business banking network . This gave Chase access to 338 additional branches and 700,000 new customers in New York , New Jersey , Connecticut and Indiana . Controversies ( edit ) Purchase of Nazi Germany 's reichsmarks during WWII ( edit ) A press release from the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) in 2004 announced that many of the new Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) files had become declassified . This declassification enabled the discovery that before and during the early years of World War II , the German government sold a special kind of Reichsmark , known as Rückwanderer ( returnee ) Marks , to American citizens of German descent . Chase National Bank , along with other businesses , were involved in these transactions . Through Chase , this allowed Nazi sympathizers to purchase Marks with dollars at a discounted rate . Specifically , `` The financial houses understood that the German government paid the commissions ( to its agents , including Chase ) through the sale of discounted , blocked Marks that came mainly from Jews who had fled Germany . '' In other words , Nazi Germany was able to offer these Marks below face - value because they had been stolen from emigrés fleeing the Nazi regime . Between 1936 and 1941 , the Nazis amassed over $20 million , and the businesses enabling these transactions earned $1.2 million in commissions . Of these commissions , over $500,000 went to Chase National Bank and its subagents . These facts were discovered when the FBI began its investigation in October 1940 . The purpose of the investigation was to follow German - Americans who had bought the Marks . However , Chase National Bank 's executives were never federally prosecuted because Chase 's lead attorney threatened to reveal FBI , Army , and Navy `` sources and methods '' in court . Publicly naming the sources and methods could have posed security risks and threatened future intelligence gathering . To avoid such revelations , the executives ' violations of the Johnson Act , the Espionage Act , and the Foreign Agents Registration Act were never prosecuted . Release of funds for Nazi Germany during WWII ( edit ) Besides the controversial Rückwanderer Mark Scheme , NARA records also revealed another controversy during the occupation of France by the Nazis . From the late 1930s until June 14 , 1941 , when President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( FDR ) issued an Executive Order freezing German assets , Chase National Bank worked with the Nazi government . The order blocking any access to French accounts in the U.S. by anyone , but especially by the Nazis was issued by Secretary of the Treasury , Henry Morgenthau Jr. , with the approval of FDR . Within hours of the order , Chase unblocked the accounts and the funds were transferred through South America to Nazi Germany . Refusal to release funds belonging to Jews in occupied France ( edit ) US Treasury officials wanted an investigation of French subsidiaries of American banks , such as Chase Bank , J.P. Morgan & Co , National City Corporation , Guaranty Bank , Bankers Trust , and American Express . Of these banks , only Chase and Morgan remained open in France during the Nazi occupation . The Chase branch chief in Paris , France , Carlos Niedermann , told his supervisor in New York that there had been an `` expansion of deposits '' . Also , Niedermann was , `` very vigorous in enforcing restrictions against Jewish property , even going so far as to refuse to release funds belonging to Jews in anticipation that a decree with retroactive provisions prohibiting such release might be published in the near future by the occupying Nazi authorities '' . In 1998 , Chase general counsel William McDavid , said that Chase did not have control over Niedermann . Whether that claim was true or not , Chase Manhattan Bank acknowledged seizing about 100 accounts during the Vichy regime . Kenneth McCallion , an attorney , led a lawsuit against Barclays Bank for the illegal seizure of assets during WWII and has since turned his attention toward Chase . The World Jewish Congress ( WJC ) , entered into discussions with Chase and a spokesperson for the WJC said , `` Nobody at Chase today is guilty . They were not involved in whatever happened , but they do accept that they have an institutional responsibility . '' A Chase spokesman said , `` This is a moral issue that we take very seriously . '' Chase general counsel McDavid added , `` that Chase intends to compensate Jewish account holders whose assets were illegally plundered '' . In 1999 , the French government formed a commission to report findings to Prime Minister Lionel Jospin . Claire Andrieu , a commission member and history professor at the Sorbonne , said that under the Vichy regime , French banks received visits from Nazi officials but U.S. banks did not . At that time , they did not have to report Jewish accounts , but they did just as the French banks did . She goes on to say that an American ambassador protected the U.S. subsidiaries . Recent controversies ( edit ) JPMorgan Chase has paid $16 billion in fines , settlements and other litigation expenses from 2011 to 2013 . Of the $16 billion JPMorgan Chase has paid , about $8.5 billion were for fines and settlements resulting from illegal actions taken by bank executives , according to Richard Eskow at the Campaign for America 's Future , who cited a new report from Joshua Rosner of Graham Fisher & Co . The $16 billion total does not include a recent settlement that calls for JPMorgan Chase to pay $100 million to waive $417 million in claims it had made against clients of the firm MF Global . The U.S. Treasury 's Office of Foreign Assets Control found that JPMorgan had illegally aided dictatorships in Cuba , Sudan , Liberia and Iran , including transferring 32,000 ounces of gold bullion ( valued at approximately $20,560,000 ) to the benefit of a bank in Iran . JPMorgan did not voluntarily self - disclose the Iranian matter to OFAC . Among its other transgressions , JPMorgan has been found to have : Misled investors Engaged in fictitious trades Collected illegal flood insurance commissions Wrongfully foreclosed on soldiers ; charged veterans hidden fees for refinancing Violated the Federal Trade Commission Act by making false statements to people seeking automobile loans Illegally increased their collection of overdraft fees by processing large transactions before smaller ones Helped drive Jefferson County , Alabama , into bankruptcy by switching its fixed - rate debt to variable Violated antitrust provision of the Sherman Act relating to bid rigging Targeted account closures ( edit ) During 2013 and 2014 , Chase and other banks received media attention for the practice of canceling the personal and business accounts of hundreds of legal sex workers , citing in some instances the `` morality clause '' of their account agreement . Later it was discovered that this practice included mortgage accounts and business loans . Chase canceled the mortgage refinancing process for one individual , that the bank had initiated , whose production company made soft core films like those broadcast on Cinemax . This resulted in a lawsuit which cited evasive dealings and misleading statements by several Chase executives including Securities Vice President Adam Gelcich , Legal Fair Lending Department Vice President Deb Vincent , and an unnamed executive director and assistant general counsel . Chase Bank in Rye , New York In addition to closing accounts for sex workers , the bank has also been using its `` morality clause '' to disassociate from other types of businesses . Some of these other businesses include medical marijuana dispensaries and any that are `` gun related '' . Another was a woman - owned condom manufacturing company called Lovability Condoms . Company founder Tiffany Gaines was rejected by Chase Paymentech services `` as processing sales for adult - oriented products is a prohibited vertical '' and was told that it was a `` reputational risk '' to process payment for condoms . Gaines then started a petition to ask Chase to review and change its policy of classifying condoms as an `` adult oriented product '' . The bank later reversed its decision and invited Gaines to submit an application citing that was already doing business with a `` wide variety of merchants , including grocers and drug stores , that sell similar products '' . Dakota access Pipeline ( edit ) Financial documents from Energy Transfer Partners , the pipeline builder for the Dakota Access Pipeline , lists a number of large banking institutions that have provided credit for the project , including JP Morgan Chase . Because of these financial ties , Chase and other banks have been a target of the Dakota Access Pipeline protests during 2016 and 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Touryalai , Halah ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dimon 's Power Struggle : Loses Bank Chairman Role , A Bigger Blow May Come Next '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : The History of JPMorgan Chase & Co . ( PDF ) . JPMorgan Chase & Co. 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.P. Morgan Chase & Co . '' . International Directory of Company Histories . St. James Press . 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` History of Our Firm '' . JPMorgan Chase & Co . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tully , Shawn ( February 27 , 2009 ) . `` Will the banks survive ? '' . Fortune Magazine / CNN Money . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Citigroup posts 4th straight loss ; Merrill loss widens '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` $7.5 Bil . Chase Manhattan Bank Merger Set '' . American Banker . January 14 , 1955 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koppell , Gerard T. ( March 16 , 2000 ) . `` Soaking the poor '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rockefeller , David ( October 15 , 2002 ) . David Rockefeller : Memoirs . New York : Random House . pp. 124 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 40588 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Manhattan Bank '' . Chermayeff & Geismar . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tett , Gillian ( May 12 , 2009 ) . Fool 's Gold : How the Bold Dream of a Small Tribe at J.P. Morgan Was Corrupted by Wall Street Greed and Unleashed a Catastrophe . New York : Free Press . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9857 - 2 . Jump up ^ Feeley , Jef ; Church , Steven ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` WaMu lists debt of $8 B in bankruptcy '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A What former WaMu customers can expect '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . September 26 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 -- via Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Benoit , David ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` J.P. Morgan , HSBC sued for silver manipulation '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase , Bank One complete merger '' ( Press release ) . JPMorgan Chase . July 1 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ; Sahadi , Jeanne ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` JPMorgan buys WaMu '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chase to Acquire Collegiate Funding Services '' . Business Wire . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands of Intelligence Documents Opened under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . May 13 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Breitman , Richard ; Goda , Norman ; Naftali , Timothy ; Wolfe , Robert ( April 4 , 2005 ) . `` Banking on Hitler : Chase National Bank and the Rückwanderer Mark Scheme , 1936 -- 1941 '' . U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis . Cambridge University Press . pp. 173 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0521617949 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Yeadon , Glen ; Hawkins , John ( June 1 , 2008 ) . The Nazi Hydra in America : Suppressed History of a Century . Joshua Tree , California : Progressive Press . p. 195 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Siemaszko , Corky ( December 7 , 1998 ) . `` Chase Banked On Nazis - Report '' . New York Daily News . newsmine.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Anthony C. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Eleven : Wall Street - Nazi Collaboration in World War II '' . Wall Street And The Rise Of Hitler . Studies in Reformed Theology . ISBN 978 - 1568497266 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Barclays to Compensate Jews '' . BBC News . BBC.com . December 17 , 1998 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` World : Europe US banks gave Jewish money to Nazis '' . BBC News . BBC . February 3 , 1999 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Javers , E. , `` JPMorgan to Pay $88 Million for Violating US Sanctions '' , CNBC , Aug 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase Still Going Strong Despite Paying Billions for Long List of Misdeeds '' . March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase Whale Trades : A Case History of Derivatives RIsks and Abuses , Majority and Minority Staff Report '' . United States Senate , Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs , Carl Levin , Chairman , John McCain , Ranking Minority Member . March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase Whale Trades : A Case History of Derivatives Risks and Abuses '' . March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Price of Evil at JPMorgan Chase '' . March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JPMorgan Chase Caught `` Misrepresenting '' Credit Card Collections ; Whistleblower Fired `` . March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniel , James ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Moral issues ' lead banks to refuse porn stars bank accounts and loans '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Porn Stars Are Getting The Shaft From Chase Bank ! AGAIN ! ! Accounts Closed For 100s In The Biz ? ! '' . Perezhilton.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ del Castillo , Michael . `` '' Hundreds '' of porn stars reportedly blacklisted from Chase Bank `` . Business Journals . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Banks to porn stars your money 's not welcome '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dotinga , William . `` Look Who 's Talking , Porn Mogul Tells Bank '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hymes , Tom ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Chase Sued for Denying Porn King Loan on ' Moral ' Grounds '' . Adult Video News . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kernes , Mark . `` JPMorgan Chase Closes Porn Star Accounts , Citing ... ' Ethics ' ! ? ! The most ethical thing adult industry members can do is to close any Chase accounts they may have . '' . Adult Video News . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kingkade , Tyler ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Chase Will Process Payments For Lovability Condoms After All '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EnergyTransfer.com - Investor Relations - SEC Filings '' . governance.energytransfer.com . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` Environmentalists Target Bankers Behind Pipeline '' -- via NYTimes.com . Further reading ( edit ) Bird , Kai ( 1992 ) . The Chairman : John J. McCloy , the Making of the American Establishment . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45415 - 9 . OCLC 25026508 . Koeppel , Gerard T. ( 2000 ) . Water for Gotham : A History . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01139 - 4 . OCLC 247735191 . Rockefeller , David ( 2002 ) . Memoirs . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 40588 - 7 . OCLC 231967677 . Wilson , John Donald ( 1986 ) . The Chase : The Chase Manhattan Bank , N.A. , 1945 -- 1985 . Boston , Mass : Harvard Business School Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87584 - 134 - 2 . OCLC 13581810 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chase Bank . Official website Chase mobile banking An Evolutionary View of Internationalization : Chase Manhattan Bank , 1917 to 1996 . A Financial Institutions Center study ( PDF ) completed in 2002 . About J.P. Morgan Chase ( hide ) JPMorgan Chase Divisions J.P. Morgan & Co . Chase Bank Chase Paymentech Chase Card Services Canada EMC Mortgage Company Highbridge Capital Management J.P. Morgan Cazenove One Equity Partners Notable current executives Jamie Dimon ( CEO ) Matthew E. Zames Steven Black Jing Ulrich Notable former executives John Pierpont Morgan J.P. Morgan Jr . Junius Spencer Morgan George Peabody Henry Sturgis Morgan David Rockefeller William B. Harrison Jr . John B. McCoy Walter V. Shipley Douglas A. Warner III Temple Bowdoin Jes Staley Blythe Masters James B. Lee Jr . Thomas W. Lamont Dennis Weatherstone John J. McCloy Winthrop Aldrich Board of directors Linda B. Bammann James A. Bell Crandall C. Bowles Stephen B. Burke Todd A. Combs James S. Crown Jamie Dimon Timothy P. Flynn Laban P. Jackson Jr . Michael A. Neal Lee R. Raymond William C. Weldon Historical components American Fletcher Anchor Savings Bank Banca Commerciale Italiana Trust Co . Bank One Corporation The Manhattan Company Bank United of Texas Bear Stearns CenTrust Bank Chase Manhattan Bank Chemical Bank Corn Exchange Bank Dime Savings Bank of New York First Chicago Bank First USA Bank Great Western Bank Hambrecht & Quist H.F. Ahmanson & Co . Indiana National Jardine Fleming J.P. Morgan & Co . Lincoln Savings Manufacturers Hanover National Bank of Detroit National Park Bank New York Trust Company Providian Robert Fleming & Co . State Bank of Chicago Texas Commerce Bank Valley National Bank of Arizona Washington Mutual Buildings 125 London Wall 245 Park Avenue 25 Bank Street 270 Park Avenue 277 Park Avenue 383 Madison Avenue Chase Field Chase Tower ( Amarillo ) Chase Tower ( Chicago ) Chase Tower ( Dallas ) Chase Tower ( El Paso ) Chase Tower ( Englewood , Colorado ) Chase Tower ( Indianapolis ) Chase Tower ( Milwaukee ) Chase Tower ( Oklahoma City ) Chase Tower ( Phoenix ) Chase Tower ( Rochester ) Chater House Indiana Michigan Power Center ( Fort Wayne ) JPMorgan Chase Building ( San Francisco ) JPMorgan Chase Tower ( Houston ) McCoy Building One Chase Manhattan Plaza The Qube ( Detroit ) Commons Wikiversity Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chase_Bank&oldid=799656696 '' Categories : 1799 establishments in New York ( state ) Banks based in New York ( state ) Banks based in New York City Banks established in 1799 Companies based in New York ( state ) House of Morgan JPMorgan Chase Online brokerages Rockefeller family Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from September 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was chase bank before it became chase	[ "JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., doing business as Chase Bank, is a national bank that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company, JPMorgan Chase. The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000.[2] Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company in 1955.[3] The bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004.[4] The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual." ]	[ "The Manhattan Company" ]
7295848582247324522	Vagus nerve	Vagus nerve - wikipedia Vagus nerve Vagus nerve Plan of the upper portions of the glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerves . Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal , vagus , and accessory nerves . Details Innervates Levator veli palatini , Salpingopharyngeus , Palatoglossus , Palatopharyngeus , Superior pharyngeal constrictor , Middle pharyngeal constrictor , visceratyppi , Inferior pharyngeal constrictor , viscera rass Identifiers Latin nervus vagus MeSH D014630 NeuroNames 702 TA A14. 2.01. 153 FMA 5731 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table The vagus nerve ( / ˈveɪɡəs / VAY - gəs ) , historically cited as the pneumogastric nerve , is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X , and interfaces with parasympathetic control of the heart , lungs , and digestive tract . The vagus nerves are paired , however they are normally referred to in the singular . It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body . The vagus nerve also has a sympathetic function via the peripheral chemoreceptors . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Nuclei 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Sympathetic function 3.2 Vagus nerve and the heart 3.3 Physical and emotional effects 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Vagus nerve stimulation 4.2 Vagotomy 4.3 Chagas disease 5 History 5.1 Etymology 6 Additional illustrations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Upon leaving the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the inferior cerebellar peduncle , the vagus nerve extends through the jugular foramen , then passes into the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein down to the neck , chest , and abdomen , where it contributes to the innervation of the viscera , reaching all the way to the colon . Besides giving some output to various organs , the vagus nerve comprises between 80 % and 90 % of afferent nerves mostly conveying sensory information about the state of the body 's organs to the central nervous system . The right and left vagus nerves descend from the cranial vault through the jugular foramina , penetrating the carotid sheath between the internal and external carotid arteries , then passing posterolateral to the common carotid artery . The cell bodies of visceral afferent fibers of the vagus nerve are located bilaterally in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve ( nodose ganglia ) . The right vagus nerve gives rise to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve , which hooks around the right subclavian artery and ascends into the neck between the trachea and esophagus . The right vagus then crosses anterior to the right subclavian artery , runs posterior to the superior vena cava , descends posterior to the right main bronchus , and contributes to cardiac , pulmonary , and esophageal plexuses . It forms the posterior vagal trunk at the lower part of the esophagus and enters the diaphragm through the esophageal hiatus . The left vagus nerve enters the thorax between left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery and descends on the aortic arch . It gives rise to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve , which hooks around the aortic arch to the left of the ligamentum arteriosum and ascends between the trachea and esophagus . The left vagus further gives off thoracic cardiac branches , breaks up into the pulmonary plexus , continues into the esophageal plexus , and enters the abdomen as the anterior vagal trunk in the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm . Pharyngeal nerve Superior laryngeal nerve Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve Inferior cervical cardiac branch Recurrent laryngeal nerve Thoracic cardiac branches Branches to the pulmonary plexus Branches to the esophageal plexus Anterior vagal trunk Posterior vagal trunk Hering - Breuer reflex in alveoli The vagus runs parallel to the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein inside the carotid sheath . Nuclei ( edit ) The vagus nerve includes axons which emerge from or converge onto four nuclei of the medulla : The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve -- which sends parasympathetic output to the viscera , especially the intestines The nucleus ambiguus -- which gives rise to the branchial efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the heart The solitary nucleus -- which receives afferent taste information and primary afferents from visceral organs The spinal trigeminal nucleus -- which receives information about deep / crude touch , pain , and temperature of the outer ear , the dura of the posterior cranial fossa and the mucosa of the larynx Development ( edit ) The motor division of the vagus nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata , while the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest . Function ( edit ) The vagus nerve supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all the organs ( except the adrenal glands ) , from the neck down to the second segment of the transverse colon . The vagus also controls a few skeletal muscles , including : Cricothyroid muscle Levator veli palatini muscle Salpingopharyngeus muscle Palatoglossus muscle Palatopharyngeus muscle Superior , middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors Muscles of the larynx ( speech ) . This means that the vagus nerve is responsible for such varied tasks as heart rate , gastrointestinal peristalsis , sweating , and quite a few muscle movements in the mouth , including speech ( via the recurrent laryngeal nerve ) . It also has some afferent fibers that innervate the inner ( canal ) portion of the outer ear ( via the auricular branch , also known as Alderman 's nerve ) and part of the meninges . This explains why a person may cough when tickled on the ear , such as when trying to remove ear wax with a cotton swab . Efferent vagus nerve fibers innervating the pharynx and back of the throat are responsible for the gag reflex . In addition , 5 - HT receptor - mediated afferent vagus stimulation in the gut due to gastroenteritis is a cause of vomiting . Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the cervix uteri ( as in some medical procedures ) can lead to a vasovagal response . The vagus nerve also plays a role in satiation following food consumption . Knocking out vagal nerve receptors has been shown to cause hyperphagia ( greatly increased food intake ) . Sympathetic function ( edit ) The vagus nerve also has a sympathetic function via the peripheral chemoreceptors . Peripheral chemoreceptors are activated primarily due to hypoxemia . When stimulated , these chemoreceptors relay impulses throughout the vagus nerves in order to enable a vasoconstrictor response and increase blood pressure . Vagus nerve and the heart ( edit ) H&E stained fibers of the vagus nerve ( bottom right ) innervate the sinoatrial node tissue ( middle left ) Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is partially controlled by the vagus nerve and is shared by the thoracic ganglia . Vagal and spinal ganglionic nerves mediate the lowering of the heart rate . The right vagus branch innervates the sinoatrial node . In healthy people , parasympathetic tone from these sources are well - matched to sympathetic tone . Hyperstimulation of parasympathetic influence promotes bradyarrhythmias . When hyperstimulated , the left vagal branch predisposes the heart to conduction block at the atrioventricular node . At this location , neuroscientist Otto Loewi first demonstrated that nerves secrete substances called neurotransmitters , which have effects on receptors in target tissues . In his experiment , Loewi electrically stimulated the vagus nerve of a frog heart , which slowed the heart . Then he took the fluid from the heart and transferred it to a second frog heart without a vagus nerve . The second heart slowed down without an electrical stimulation . Loewi described the substance released by the vagus nerve as vagusstoff , which was later found to be acetylcholine . Drugs that inhibit the muscarinic receptors ( anticholinergics ) such as atropine and scopolamine , are called vagolytic because they inhibit the action of the vagus nerve on the heart , gastrointestinal tract , and other organs . Anticholinergic drugs increase heart rate and are used to treat bradycardia . Physical and emotional effects ( edit ) Excessive activation of the vagal nerve during emotional stress , which is a parasympathetic overcompensation of a strong sympathetic nervous system response associated with stress , can also cause vasovagal syncope due to a sudden drop in cardiac output , causing cerebral hypoperfusion . Vasovagal syncope affects young children and women more than other groups . It can also lead to temporary loss of bladder control under moments of extreme fear . Research has shown that women having had complete spinal cord injury can experience orgasms through the vagus nerve , which can go from the uterus , cervix , and , it is presumed , the vagina to the brain . Insulin signaling activates the adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) - sensitive potassium ( KATP ) channels in the arcuate nucleus , decreases AgRP release , and through the vagus nerve , leads to decreased glucose production by the liver by decreasing gluconeogenic enzymes : Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , Glucose 6 - phosphatase . Clinical significance ( edit ) Vagus nerve stimulation ( edit ) Main article : Vagus nerve stimulation Vagus nerve stimulation ( VNS ) therapy using a neurostimulator implanted in the chest is a treatment used since 1997 to control seizures in epilepsy patients and has been approved for treating drug - resistant cases of clinical depression . A non-invasive VNS device that stimulates an afferent branch of the vagus nerve is also being developed and will soon undergo trials . Clinical trials are underway in Antwerp , Belgium , using VNS for the treatment of tonal tinnitus after a breakthrough study published in early 2011 by researchers at the University of Texas - Dallas showed successful tinnitus suppression in rats when tones were paired with brief pulses of stimulation of the vagus nerve . VNS may also be achieved by one of the vagal maneuvers : holding the breath for a few seconds , dipping the face in cold water , coughing , or tensing the stomach muscles as if to bear down to have a bowel movement . Patients with supraventricular tachycardia , atrial fibrillation , and other illnesses may be trained to perform vagal maneuvers ( or find one or more on their own ) . Vagus nerve blocking ( VBLOC ) therapy is similar to VNS but used only during the day . In a six - month open - label trial involving three medical centers in Australia , Mexico , and Norway , vagus nerve blocking has helped 31 obese participants lose an average of nearly 15 percent of their excess weight . A year - long 300 - participant double - blind , phase II trial has begun . Vagotomy ( edit ) Vagotomy ( cutting of the vagus nerve ) is a now - obsolete therapy that was performed for peptic ulcer disease . Vagotomy is currently being researched as a less invasive alternative weight - loss procedure to gastric bypass surgery . The procedure curbs the feeling of hunger and is sometimes performed in conjunction with putting bands on patients ' stomachs , resulting in average weight loss of 43 % at six months with diet and exercise . One serious side effect of a vagotomy is a vitamin B deficiency later in life -- perhaps after about 10 years -- that is similar to pernicious anemia . The vagus normally stimulates the stomach 's parietal cells to secrete acid and intrinsic factor . Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B from food . The vagotomy reduces this secretion and ultimately leads to the deficiency , which , if left untreated , causes nerve damage , tiredness , dementia , paranoia , and ultimately death . Researchers from Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital have demonstrated that vagotomy prevents ( halves the risk of ) the development of Parkinson 's disease , suggesting that Parkinson 's disease begins in the gastrointestinal tract and spreads via the vagus nerve to the brain . Or giving further evidence to the theory that dysregulated environmental stimuli , such as that received by the vagus nerve from the gut , may have a negative effect on the dopamine reward system of the substantia nigra , thereby causing Parkinsons disease . Chagas disease ( edit ) The neuropathy in Chagas disease spreads in part via the major parasympathetic branches of the vagus nerve . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The Latin word vagus means literally `` wandering '' ( the words vagrant , vagabond , and vague come from the same root ) . Sometimes the right and left branches together are spoken of in the plural and are thus called vagi ( / ˈveɪdʒaɪ / VAY - jy ) . The vagus was also historically called the pneumogastric nerve since it innervates both the lungs and the stomach . Additional illustrations ( edit ) Inferior view of the human brain , with the cranial nerves labeled . Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra Transverse section of thorax , showing relations of pulmonary artery The arch of the aorta , and its branches Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull , and the brain The tracheobronchial lymph glands Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive Hind - and mid-brains ; postero - lateral view Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind - and mid-brains ; posterior aspect , exposed in situ The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic , abdominal , and pelvic plexuses The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum , seen from behind The thyroid gland and its relations The thymus of a full - term fetus , exposed in situ Deep dissection of vagus nerve Vagus nerve -- dissection See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Porphyria -- A rare disorder can cause seizures and damage to the vagal nerve . Vagovagal reflex Inflammatory reflex Vagus ganglion Vagus nerve stimulation Vagusstoff References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Berthoud , H.R. ; Neuhuber , W.L. ( 2000 ) . `` Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system '' . Autonomic Neuroscience. 85 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / S1566 - 0702 ( 00 ) 00215 - 0 . PMID 11189015 . Jump up ^ Dutschmann , Mathias ; Bautista , Tara G. ; Mörschel , Michael ; Dick , Thomas E. ( 2014 ) . `` Learning to breathe : Habituation of Hering -- Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation '' . Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 195 : 44 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resp. 2014.02. 009 . ISSN 1569 - 9048 . PMC 4111629 . PMID 24566392 . Jump up ^ Eljamel , Sam . Problem Based Neurosurgery . p. 66 . doi : 10.1142 / 7830 . Jump up ^ Mandal , Ananya ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Vomiting Mechanism '' . News Medical . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Berthoud HR ( 2008 ) . `` The vagus nerve , food intake and obesity '' . Regulatory Peptides. 149 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 15 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / j. regpep. 2007.08. 024 . PMC 2597723 . PMID 18482776 . Jump up ^ de Lartigue G , Ronveaux CC , Raybould HE ( 2014 ) . `` Deletion of leptin signaling in vagal afferent neurons results in hyperphagia and obesity '' . Molecular Metabolism. 3 ( 6 ) : 595 -- 607 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molmet. 2014.06. 003 . PMC 4142400 . PMID 25161883 . Jump up ^ `` Peripheral chemoreceptors -- an overview ScienceDirect Topics '' . www.sciencedirect.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring the Mind - Body Orgasm '' . Wired. 10 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Komisaruk BR , Whipple B , Crawford A , Liu WC , Kalnin A , Mosier K ( 2004 ) . `` Brain activation during vaginocervical self - stimulation and orgasm in women with complete spinal cord injury : fMRI evidence of mediation by the vagus nerves '' . Brain Res. 1024 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 77 -- 88 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2004.07. 029 . PMID 15451368 . Jump up ^ Pocai , A ; TK Lam ; Gutierrez - Juarez R ( 2005 ) . `` Hypothalamic K ( ATP ) channels control hepatic glucose production '' . Nature . 434 ( 7036 ) : 1026 -- 31 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03439 . PMID 15846348 . Jump up ^ Pagotto , U. ( 2009 ) . `` Where does insulin resistance start ? The brain '' . Diabetes Care . 32 ( 2 ) : S174 -- 77 . doi : 10.2337 / dc09 - S305 . Jump up ^ Nemeroff , Charles B. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` VNS therapy in treatment - resistant depression : clinical evidence and putative neurobiological mechanisms '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 ( 7 ) : 1345 -- 55 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. npp. 1301082 . PMID 16641939 . link Archived 17 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Neurodevice startups target peripheral nervous system '' . Nature Biotechnology . 31 ( 10 ) : 865 -- 66 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt1013 - 865 . PMID 24104737 . Jump up ^ `` Feedback on Nexium Side Effects and Usage , page 54 '' . www.askdocweb.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Clinical trials are currently underway in Antwerp , Belgium using VNS for the treatment of tonal tinnitus . This came from a breakthrough published in 2011 by researchers at the University of Texas , Dallas . They found that tinnitus could be successfully suppressed in rats when tones were paired with brief pulses of stimulation of the vagus nerve . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vibhuti N , Singh ; Monika Gugneja ( 22 August 2005 ) . `` Supraventricular Tachycardia '' . eMedicineHealth.com . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic . Device Blocking Stomach Nerve Signals Shows Promise in Obesity Archived 8 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ulcer surgery may help treat obesity -- Diet and nutrition . MSNBC.com Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Could nerve - snip spur weight loss ? '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ The Pernicious Anemia Society Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parkinson 's disease may begin in the gut . Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Córdova , E ; et al. ( April 2010 ) . `` Neurological manifestations of Chagas ' disease '' . Neurological research . 32 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 44 . doi : 10.1179 / 016164110X12644252260637 . PMID 20406601 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nervus vagus . MedEd at Loyola grossanatomy / h_n / cn / cn1 / cn10. htm `` 10 - 1 '' . Cranial Nerves . Yale School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . figures / chapter_24 / 24 - 7. HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( X ) The cranial nerves Terminal Nuclei septal nuclei Course no significant branches Olfactory Nuclei anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract Optic Nuclei lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract Oculomotor Nuclei oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion inferior Trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches Trigeminal Nuclei PSN spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular Abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches Facial Near origin Intermediate nerve Geniculate Inside facial canal Greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion Nerve to the stapedius Chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion At stylomastoid foramen Posterior auricular Suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid Parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus Vestibulocochlear Nuclei vestibular nuclei cochlear nuclei Cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus Vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion Glossopharyngeal Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion Stylopharyngeal branch Pharyngeal branches Tonsillar branches Lingual branches Carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus Vagus Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Meningeal branch Auricular branch Neck Pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus Superior laryngeal external internal Recurrent laryngeal Superior cervical cardiac Thorax Inferior cardiac Pulmonary Vagal trunks anterior posterior Abdomen Celiac Renal Hepatic Anterior gastric Posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus Accessory Nuclei nucleus ambiguus spinal accessory nucleus Cranial Spinal Hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vagus_nerve&oldid=854378920 '' Categories : Vagus nerve Cranial nerves Autonomic nervous system Thorax ( human anatomy ) Abdomen Gustatory system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 22 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen	[ "Upon leaving the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, the vagus nerve extends through the jugular foramen, then passes into the carotid sheath between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein down to the neck, chest, and abdomen, where it contributes to the innervation of the viscera, reaching all the way to the colon. Besides giving some output to various organs, the vagus nerve comprises between 80% and 90% of afferent nerves mostly conveying sensory information about the state of the body's organs to the central nervous system.[1]\nThe right and left vagus nerves descend from the cranial vault through the jugular foramina, penetrating the carotid sheath between the internal and external carotid arteries, then passing posterolateral to the common carotid artery. The cell bodies of visceral afferent fibers of the vagus nerve are located bilaterally in the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve (nodose ganglia).\n" ]	[ "internal jugular vein" ]
3215431940003053695	Goff	Goff - wikipedia Goff Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Goff ( disambiguation ) . Goff Origin Region of origin 1 . German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish Meaning 1 . Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest , 2 . `` smith '' 3 . `` son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh 4 . `` red haired '' Other names Variant ( s ) Gough , McGough , Goffstein Goff is a surname with several distinct origins . It is the 946th most common family name in the United States . When the surname originates from England it is derived from an occupational name from German , Cornish and Breton . The German Goff means a godly person , a strong warrior , or a priest . The Breton goff means `` smith '' ( cognate with Gaelic gobha ) . The English - originating surname is common in East Anglia , where it is of Breton origin . The Welsh name is a variant of the surname Gough , and is derived from a nickname for someone with red hair . The native Irish name is derived from a patronymic form of the Gaelic personal name Eochaidh / Eachaidh , which means `` horseman '' . Notable people ( edit ) Barbara Goff , classics professor Bruce Goff , architect Darius Goff ( 1809 -- 1891 ) , industrialist and businessman Frederick R. Goff ( 1916 -- 1982 ) , librarian Greg Goff , American college baseball coach Guy D. Goff ( 1866 -- 1933 ) , US Senator from West Virginia H.N. Goff , American politician and businessman Harper Goff , American artist , musician , and actor Helen Lyndon Goff author , better known as P.L. Travers the creator of Mary Poppins Jared Goff , American football quarterback Jacques Le Goff , French historian John William Goff ( 1848 -- 1924 ) , American lawyer and politician from New York Jonathan Goff , American football player Keli Goff , American journalist , playwright and screenwriter Kenneth Goff , American anti-communist Martyn Goff ( 1923 - 2015 ) , British author , bookseller and literary administrator Mike Goff , professional baseball player / manager Mike Goff ( football player ) , American football player Nathan Goff Jr. , member of the United States Congress Phil Goff , former leader of the Labour Party of New Zealand Robert Goff ( football player ) , American football player Robert Goff , Baron Goff of Chieveley ( 1926 -- 2016 ) , British judge and law lord Sir Park Goff , 1st Baronet , British Conservative party politician , MP Stan Goff , author Trish Goff , fashion model References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most Common Surnames ( Last Names ) in the United States ( top 1000 ) '' . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mcgough Name Meaning & Mcgough Family History at Ancestry.com '' . www.ancestry.com . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goff Name Meaning & Goff Family History at Ancestry.com '' . www.ancestry.com . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Goff / Gough Surname DNA Study Most Common Surnames in the U.S. The Goff Surname , Ancestry.com The Gough Surname , Ancestry.com The McGough Surname , Ancestry.com Surnames associated with the occupation of smith Armenian Darbinyan Celtic Cowell Goff Gow Gowan Mac a ' Ghobhainn MacGavin / McGavin MacGowan / McGowan Germanic De Smet Schmid Schmidt Schmied Schmieden Schmitt Schmitz Schmitzer Smeets Smet Smets Smit Smith Smithe Smither Smithers Smithies Smithson Smits Smyth Smythe Szmidt Indic Lohar Kartvelian Mchedlidze Mchedlishvili Romance Fabbri Faber Fabre Fabri Faure Favre Feaver Ferrara Ferrari Ferraris Ferraro Ferrara Ferré Ferreira Ferrer Ferrero Ferreiro Ferretti Ferrier Fieraru Fierarul Herrera Herrero Lefébure Lefebvre Lefèvre Semitic Haddad Hadodo Al - Haddad El - Haddad Slavic Covaci Kavalyow Kovač Kovačić Kovačević Kovachev Kovács Koval Kovalchuk ( Kowalczuk ) Kovalenko Kovalevich ( Kowalewicz ) Kovalevsky Kovalic Kovalik Kovalyuk Kovals Kovalyov Kovář Kovařík Kowal , Kowalczyk , Kowalewski , Kowalik , Kowalski Kuznets Kuznetsov Turkic Demirci Demircioğlu Uralic Sepp Seppä Seppänen Seppälä From `` spark '' rel. to occ . ' smith ' Funke Vonck Vonk This page lists people with the surname Goff . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goff&oldid=810087283 '' Categories : Occupational surnames Surnames German - language surnames Cornish - language surnames Breton - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the last name goff come from	[ "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n", "\n\nGoff\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nRegion of origin\n1. German Dutch English French Italian Greek Cornish Welsh Indian Jewish\n\n\nMeaning\n1. Godly person / strong warrior / a high priest,\n2. \"smith\"\n3. \"son of Eochaidh / Eachaidh\n4. \"red haired\"\n\n\nOther names\n\n\nVariant(s)\nGough, McGough, Goffstein\n\n" ]	[ "German", "Dutch", "English", "French", "Italian", "Greek", "Cornish", "Welsh", "Indian", "Jewish" ]
5148044761818946150	Daredevil (TV series)	Daredevil ( TV series ) - wikipedia Daredevil ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Daredevil Genre Action Crime drama Legal drama Superhero Created by Drew Goddard Based on Daredevil by Stan Lee Bill Everett Starring Charlie Cox Deborah Ann Woll Elden Henson Toby Leonard Moore Vondie Curtis - Hall Bob Gunton Ayelet Zurer Rosario Dawson Vincent D'Onofrio Jon Bernthal Élodie Yung Stephen Rider Theme music composer John Paesano Braden Kimball Composer ( s ) John Paesano Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Allie Goss Kris Henigman Cindy Holland Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Dan Buckley Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Drew Goddard Steven S. DeKnight ( season 1 ) Marco Ramirez ( season 2 ) Doug Petrie ( season 2 ) Erik Oleson Producer ( s ) Kati Johnston Location ( s ) New York City Cinematography Matthew J. Lloyd Martin Ahlgren Petr Hlinomaz Editor ( s ) Jonathan Chibnall Monty DeGraff Jo Francis Michael N. Knue Damien Smith Running time 48 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Marvel Television ABC Studios DeKnight Productions ( season 1 ) Goddard Textiles Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Original release April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Followed by Marvel 's Jessica Jones Related shows Marvel 's The Punisher Marvel Cinematic Universe television series External links Official website marvel.com/tv/show/216/marvels_daredevil Marvel 's Daredevil , or simply Daredevil , is an American web television series created for Netflix by Drew Goddard , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise , and is the first in a series of shows that lead to The Defenders crossover miniseries . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Goddard Textiles , with DeKnight Productions for the first season . Steven S. DeKnight serves as showrunner on the first season , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over for the second , and Erik Oleson joining the series as its showrunner for its third ; Goddard serves as a consultant for the series . Charlie Cox stars as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , a blind lawyer - by - day who fights crime at night . Deborah Ann Woll , Elden Henson , Rosario Dawson , and Vincent D'Onofrio also star , with Toby Leonard Moore , Vondie Curtis - Hall , Bob Gunton , and Ayelet Zurer joining them for the first season , and Jon Bernthal , Élodie Yung , and Stephen Rider joining the cast for season two . Daredevil entered development in late 2013 , a year after the film rights to the character reverted to Marvel , with Goddard initially hired in December 2013 . DeKnight replaced him as showrunner and Cox was hired to star in May 2014 . Filming takes place in New York City , in areas that still look like the old Hell 's Kitchen . All episodes of the first season were released on Netflix on April 10 , 2015 , while the second season was released in its entirety on March 18 , 2016 . They were met with positive reviews . In July 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , slated to release in 2018 . A spin - off series , centered on Bernthal 's character Frank Castle / Punisher and titled Marvel 's The Punisher , was ordered by Netflix in April 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.4. 1 Costumes 4.4. 2 Title sequence 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 4.8 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Spin - off 8 Other media 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The first season sees lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock use his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood as Daredevil , while uncovering a conspiracy of the criminal underworld being led by Wilson Fisk . In the second season , Murdock continues to balance life as a lawyer and Daredevil , while crossing paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , as well as the return of an ex-girlfriend -- Elektra Natchios . Cast and characters ( edit ) Cast of Daredevil at the 2015 New York Comic Con . ( L to R : Cox , Woll , Henson , Bernthal , Yung ) Main article : List of Daredevil characters Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil : A blind lawyer who becomes the vigilante Daredevil . Season one showrunner Steven DeKnight explained that Murdock is `` not super strong . He 's not invulnerable ... he just has senses that are better than a normal human 's . '' On the character 's `` grey '' morals , he noted , `` He 's a lawyer by day , and he 's taken this oath . But every night he breaks that oath , and goes out and does very violent things . '' The character 's Catholicism plays a large role in the series , with DeKnight calling him `` one of the most , if not the most , religious characters in the Marvel Universe '' . Cox worked with blind consultant Joe Strechay , and was conscious of what his eyes were doing at all times , to ensure they would not look at or react to something unlike a blind person . Skylar Gaertner plays a young Matt Murdock . Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page : An enigmatic young woman whose quest for justice sends her crashing into Murdock 's life . After portraying Jessica Hamby in True Blood from 2008 -- 14 , Woll specifically tried to `` steer differently than that '' with Page . Woll noted that Page 's backstory would be different than the one from the comics , saying , `` In the comic books , in the beginning Karen is very innocent , and then towards the end she 's really swung a full 180 , she 's in a lot of trouble , so I wanted to find a way to make her both of those things at the same time . Can she be a really wonderful , kind person who is a little bit attracted to danger ? She 's not just always getting into trouble because ' Oh , silly woman ! ' Karen is actually looking for it , and she wo n't let her fear stop her from finding the truth . '' Elden Henson as Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson : Murdock 's close friend and law partner . In April 2015 , Henson spoke of his excitement for the character 's role in the series , saying `` I was really excited as I was getting the scripts and reading that Foggy was n't just a useless sidekick . He 's not just comic relief . I mean , he is some of those things . He does have comic relief , but it was exciting to know that these other characters would have their own path and their own things that they 're dealing with . '' Toby Leonard Moore as James Wesley : Wilson Fisk 's right hand man . Moore described Wesley as both charming and `` dastardly as all hell '' . Vondie Curtis - Hall as Ben Urich : An investigative journalist for the New York Bulletin . Bob Gunton as Leland Owlsley : A Wall Street financialist , accountant , and a key figure in Wilson Fisk 's plans for Hell 's Kitchen . Ayelet Zurer as Vanessa Marianna : An art gallery employee who , unlike the comic version , knows of and accepts Wilson Fisk 's true dealings . Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple : A nurse who helps Murdock . The character is an amalgam of the comic characters Claire Temple and Night Nurse . The character was originally going to be `` the actual Night Nurse '' , but was merged with Temple when the writers learned that Marvel Studios had plans for that character in their films . Dawson explained that Temple `` is a normal person and she becomes more heroic in a way that she maybe did n't expect '' , and `` She 's not a love interest -- she 's this skeptical eye looking at this strange situation . She 's the one who can be like , `` You 're not really good at this . '' That makes it feel more real . '' Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin : A powerful businessman whose interests in the future of Hell 's Kitchen brings him into conflict with Murdock and Daredevil . D'Onofrio stated that he hoped his portrayal of Fisk was a new way to look at the character , and that it would be the definitive portrayal of Fisk . DeKnight detailed that `` Fisk has very many different aspects so it 's not all , `` I want to conquer the city and make a lot of money '' . In our story , we tell the story of how he met his wife Vanessa and how they fell in love `` . He also said that `` if you 're looking for a juicy , multi-faceted crime drama , Wilson Fisk was the obvious choice to play the antagonist ... ( he ) really felt like the right yin to the yang for Matt , and for what we wanted to do this season . '' Cole Jensen plays a young Wilson Fisk . Jon Bernthal as Frank Castle / Punisher : A vigilante who aims to clean up Hell 's Kitchen by any means necessary , no matter how lethal the results . DeKnight said this version of Punisher would be `` completely the Marvel version , '' as previous portrayals did not appear under the Marvel Studios / Marvel Television banner . He also felt Bernthal 's Punisher would not be as `` graphically violent '' as in Punisher : War Zone . Season two showrunner Doug Petrie stated that Travis Bickle from Taxi Driver was an influence on the character , as well as current events , saying , `` Taking lethal justice into your own hands in America in 2015 is tricky shit . We have not shied away from the rich complicated reality of Now . If you 've got a gun and you 're not the police you 're going to incite strong feelings . '' Bernthal added that `` This character has resonated with law enforcement and military ... and the best thing about him is that if he offends you , he just does n't care . '' Élodie Yung as Elektra Natchios : A mysterious and dangerous woman from Murdock 's past . The character was referred to in the first season , before Yung was cast in the role . Describing Elektra 's effect on Murdock , Petrie called her `` the best bad girlfriend you can possibly have . She does everything wrong and attractive , she 's ( Matt 's ) id , the wild side . Matt is always taming his wild side . Elektra just lets it out . He 's both repulsed and deeply drawn to that . '' Yung described Elektra as `` kind of a sociopath . This world is a game for her . It 's like a chess game , and what motivates her is what she wants . She 'll use anything she needs to use to get to her goal , and if she needs to kill people , she would . '' She added that Elektra is neither good nor bad , but a `` person with different traits '' and layers . Lily Chee plays a young Elektra . Stephen Rider as Blake Tower : A New York district attorney who assists Daredevil `` with information to help track down and capture criminals . '' Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Into the Ring '' Phil Abraham Drew Goddard April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) `` Cut Man '' Phil Abraham Drew Goddard April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) `` Rabbit in a Snowstorm '' Adam Kane Marco Ramirez April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) `` In the Blood '' Ken Girotti Joe Pokaski April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 5 5 `` World on Fire '' Farren Blackburn Luke Kalteux April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 6 6 `` Condemned '' Guy Ferland Joe Pokaski & Marco Ramirez April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 7 7 `` Stick '' Brad Turner Douglas Petrie April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 8 8 `` Shadows in the Glass '' Stephen Surjik Steven S. DeKnight April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 9 9 `` Speak of the Devil '' Nelson McCormick Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 10 10 `` Nelson v. Murdock '' Farren Blackburn Luke Kalteux April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 11 11 `` The Path of the Righteous '' Nick Gomez Steven S. DeKnight & Douglas Petrie April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 12 12 `` The Ones We Leave Behind '' Euros Lyn Douglas Petrie April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 13 13 `` Daredevil '' Steven S. DeKnight Steven S. DeKnight April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` Bang '' Phil Abraham Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 15 `` Dogs to a Gunfight '' Phil Abraham Marco Ramirez & Douglas Petrie March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 16 `` New York 's Finest '' Marc Jobst Mark Verheiden March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 17 `` Penny and Dime '' Peter Hoar John C. Kelley March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 18 5 `` Kinbaku '' Floria Sigismondi Lauren Schmidt Hissrich March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 19 6 `` Regrets Only '' Andy Goddard Sneha Koorse March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 20 7 `` Semper Fidelis '' Ken Girotti Luke Kalteux March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 21 8 `` Guilty as Sin '' Michael Uppendahl Whit Anderson March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 22 9 `` Seven Minutes in Heaven '' Stephen Surjik Marco Ramirez & Lauren Schmidt Hissrich March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 23 10 `` The Man in the Box '' Peter Hoar Story by : John C. Kelley Teleplay by : Whit Anderson & Sneha Koorse March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 24 11 ``. 380 '' Stephen Surjik Mark Verheiden March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 25 12 `` The Dark at the End of the Tunnel '' Euros Lyn Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Douglas Petrie March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) 26 13 `` A Cold Day in Hell 's Kitchen '' Peter Hoar Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Season 3 ( edit ) The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016 . It is intended to release in 2018 . Production ( edit ) See also : Production of season 1 and season 2 Development ( edit ) In April 2013 , Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige confirmed that the film rights to Daredevil and his associated characters reverted to Marvel from 20th Century Fox in October 2012 , allowing those characters to be used within the Marvel Cinematic Universe . As explained by head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb in 2015 , Marvel Studios had `` first dibs '' on the character once the rights had reverted . Drew Goddard pitched a new Daredevil film to Marvel , but Marvel was not looking to create an R - rated film , and Goddard did not want a `` watered down version '' of the character , as he also explained in 2015 : `` I went into Marvel and talked to them about making it as a movie a couple of years ago , long after the Affleck movie . But what we all sort of realised is that , this movie does n't want to cost $200 million . The thing about Matt Murdock is , he 's not saving the world . He 's just keeping his corner clean . So it would feel wrong to have spaceships crashing in the middle of the city . But because of that , Marvel on the movie side is not in the business of making $25 million movies . They 're going big , as they should . '' Marvel Studios eventutally decided that the character would be better served in a television series . In October 2013 , Deadline reported that Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries , totaling 60 episodes , to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon and WGN America expressing interest . A few weeks later , Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . This format was chosen due to the success of Marvel 's The Avengers , for which the characters of Iron Man , The Hulk , Captain America , and Thor were all introduced separately before being teamed up in that film . In December , Goddard was officially hired as executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , but Marvel announced in May 2014 that he had stepped down from the role to focus on directing a feature film based on Marvel 's Sinister Six for Sony Pictures Entertainment . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes of the series , remained with the show as a consultant and executive producer , while Steven S. DeKnight took over as showrunner . Marvel revealed that the series would officially be titled Marvel 's Daredevil , with DeKnight , Goddard , Loeb , Jim Chory , Dan Buckley , Joe Quesada , Stan Lee , Alan Fine , Cindy Holland , Kris Henigman , Allie Goss , and Peter Friedlander serving as executive producers . In April 2015 , Marvel and Netflix announced that Daredevil had been renewed for a second season , but DeKnight would not be returning due to prior commitments . He was replaced as showrunner by Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez , who served as writers for the first season and worked closely with DeKnight and Goddard . Petrie , Ramirez , Alison Engel , and Mark Verheiden joined the executive producing team for the second season , while Friedlander also left the show . The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016 , with the thought that Petrie and Ramirez were returning as showrunners . In October 2017 , it was announced that Erik Oleson would serve as showrunner for the third season . Writing ( edit ) On choosing to write the character and develop the series initially , Goddard said , `` With Matt Murdock I just had such a personal connection to that character it was just like , ' I have to do this . ' I do n't want to ... be a guy that just takes the comics and then shoots them onscreen . I think it 's our job to treat it as if it 's our run . If I 'm the writer of a comic book , you would n't just retell someone else 's story , you would just take that ball and move it forward . '' In August 2014 , when talking about the series in comparison to the 2003 film , Ted Sarandos said , `` The series will not be afraid to go darker than the film did . What we love about this particular set of heroes is that they 're a little more down to Earth . Costume wise and also in that these are gritty crime stories , more in the streets than in the clouds . '' Elaborating on this , DeKnight said , `` It is a little grittier and edgier than Marvel has gone before , but we 're not looking to push it to extreme graphic violence , gratuitous nudity or anything like that . The story does not require that and I think ( it ) would suffer if you pushed it that far . '' Marvel Television head and executive producer Loeb later stated that , `` There are n't going to be people flying through the sky ; there are no magic hammers . We 've always approached this as a crime drama first , superhero show second . '' DeKnight took inspiration from The French Connection , Dog Day Afternoon , and Taxi Driver , and stated that `` we would rather lean toward The Wire than what 's considered a classic superhero television show . '' Loeb compared the series ' approach to telling stories over multiple seasons to `` the world of publishing , where you have the Frank Miller , you have the Brian Bendis run , you have the Ed Brubaker run . I was lucky enough to do Daredevil : Yellow . But they feel different . They have different elements to them . Same cast . In many cases , same tone . But a different adventure ... you can watch Daredevil season two without having seen Daredevil season one . But if you watch each of them , it 's like getting two different books . It 's closer to the world of the graphic novel than it is to the world of the ongoing , serialized show . '' Casting ( edit ) At the end of May 2014 , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . Cox was the first choice for the role , suggested by Quesada in 2012 before Marvel Studios gained the rights to the character from 20th Century Fox . On June 10 , Marvel announced that Vincent D'Onofrio would portray Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in the series , and on June 20 , Rosario Dawson joined the cast . A few days later , Elden Henson was cast as Foggy Nelson , while on July 17 , Deborah Ann Woll was cast as Karen Page . On October 11 , Dawson 's role was revealed to be Claire Temple , a character resembling that of Night Nurse , while Ayelet Zurer , Bob Gunton , Toby Leonard Moore , and Vondie Curtis - Hall joined the series as Vanessa Mariana , Leland Owlsley , James Wesley , and Ben Urich , respectively . In June 2015 , Marvel announced that Jon Bernthal was cast as Frank Castle / Punisher for the second season , joining season one returners Cox , Woll , Henson , Dawson , and D'Onofrio . The next month , Élodie Yung was cast as Elektra Natchios , a character that had been mentioned already in the first season . In September 2015 , Stephen Rider joined the cast in the role of Blake Tower . Cox , Woll , Henson , and D'Onofrio return for the third season . On the casting process , DeKnight stated that `` You just have to hope you find the right way . Luckily our cast came together , and I could n't have been happier . No one will ever perfectly fit what 's in your head . For me , the more important thing is not whether or not they look the part , but if they feel the part . '' Laray Mayfield and Julie Schubert served as casting directors on the series . Design ( edit ) Costumes ( edit ) Costume designer Stephanie Maslansky , talking about the inspiration and vision for the series , said `` Daredevil is rooted in the authentically gritty New York City neighborhood , Hell 's Kitchen where Matt Murdock grew up . In the comics -- particularly those of the Frank Miller era in the early 1990s -- there were detailed illustrations we endeavored to bring to life in a grounded , gritty , and updated way , with respect and a strong nod to the original characters . We wanted to pick up where the comics version left off . I studied the illustrations from The Man Without Fear , Daredevil Yellow , and the issues of the 1960s , to which the newer collections pay homage . I wanted the costume design to reflect the illustrations of those volumes through a modern lens while maintaining a retro sensibility . '' Joshua Shaw , who has also done design work on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , helped design costumes for several characters on Daredevil , while Lorraine Calvert took over as costume designer for the second season . For Daredevil 's red suit , introduced at the end of the first season , Marvel Comics ' Chief Creative Officer Quesada contacted Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists and design team at Marvel Studios , who all contributed design ideas , with one of Meinerding 's ultimately being picked . Quesada , who previously worked as an artist on Daredevil comics , gave several suggestions , including the incorporation of some of how New York was created into the suit , which lead to the use of rivets and `` architectural '' shapes . The suit is intended to look like a Kevlar vest , and the black sections are an homage to comic panels where the artists higlighted certain areas with red , with `` deeper portions '' in shadow . On the mask , Meinerding noted the difficulty in designing the entire top half of a face that is intended to match the bottom half of an actor 's face , `` because half of his face has to be covered and has its own expression and the actor 's face is going to be doing something else '' . For the billy clubs used by Daredevil in the series , which were designed by Andy Park , `` There was a discussion early in the process , because Charlie Cox ( and his stunt double ) Chris Brewster are both right handed , of having the billy clubs holster on the right leg . But Daredevil wears those billy clubs on the left hand side . So while it would have been easier to place the holster on the right we all felt that we had to keep to the classic profile and keep them on the left . '' The suit was upgraded for the second season , with Calvert calling it `` a much more fluid suit and much more tactical in a way . '' The costume department `` streamlined '' the suit to make it simpler , using less material on the gauntlets and boots . Cox described the changes as `` tweaks '' that were needed after seeing the suit in action in the first season , and noted that the changes are weaved into the storyline of the season , including the need for a new , redesigned mask . Title sequence ( edit ) External video The opening title sequence of Daredevil , showcasing Elastic 's design work and composer John Paesano 's main theme for the series . The opening title sequence was created by Elastic . The company previously created the title sequence for True Detective , which had stood out to the creators in terms of `` imagination and delivering on what the show was about '' . DeKnight explained that multiple companies had made pitches to the creative team involving `` variations of the same idea , where you zoom in on an eye and you see a sonar map of the city . '' However , one of Elastic 's pitches had `` fluid - like blood dripping over everything ... as if paint were covering something invisible and revealing it '' , which both DeKnight and Loeb wanted to use immediately . Elastic 's Creative Director Patrick Clair `` came up with the idea of making a red world that was revealed by liquid . '' Simulating the CG liquid , which was meant to be an ambiguous reference to poison and blood that behaved like `` something in between liquid chocolate and tar '' , was difficult , with Clair saying `` It 's hard to make an algorithm act `` insidious '' `` . CG Lead Andrew Romatz elaborated that `` Developing the right consistency and behavior of the fluids was definitely a tricky process . Getting the scale to feel right was something that we had to play with quite a bit in simulation and also in lighting and texturing . Patrick wanted the sculptures we were forming to feel like miniatures , so we did a lot of experimenting with scene scale and with camera settings , simulating depth of field to achieve that look . '' Fluids Lead Miguel A. Salek stated that `` Each shot required custom flow maps to be painted on the sculptures , along with small attraction fields and thousands of tiny adjustments to achieve the shapes and behavior Patrick was looking for . In the end I simulated hundreds of tests and thousands of frames of fluids to achieve just the right balance for each shot . '' Due to time constraints , references to Murdock 's boxing history such as a punching bag and boxing ring were cut from the final sequence . The final sequence was animated to a temp track -- `` an old piece of 90s trip hop '' -- before John Paesano 's music for the sequence was completed . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the series takes place in New York City , in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell 's Kitchen , in addition to sound stage work . The production has an eight - day - per - episode shooting schedule . On the feel of the show , DeKnight stated , `` We 're going for a gritty , 1970s ' New York feel for the show . We love the idea of beauty and the decay of the city , and Hell 's Kitchen being a place that 's both beautiful and gritty at the same time . And that 's why Matt Murdock loves it and wants to protect it . '' The series ' action sequences take inspiration from The Raid films . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects for the series were completed by the New York studio Shade VFX . Bryan Goswin serves as visual effects supervisor . Music ( edit ) It was revealed that John Paesano would be composing the music for the series in October 2014 . The main theme of the series , which was co-composed by Braden Kimball , is derived from Paesano 's original demo for the series , which he submitted during the auditioning process . Paesano noted that it is rare for such material to be incorporated into a final score like this . A soundtrack album for the first season was released on iTunes on April 27 , 2015 , and for the second season on July 15 , 2016 . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) If you live in New York , there are things that are going on all the time . I would never make light of the tragedy of 9 / 11 , but 9 / 11 affected different neighborhoods in very different ways . They were all aware that this had happened , but the further down you got towards that area , the more affected you were by it . So we started with that sort of idea , that if the sky opened up and Chitauri were raining down with giant whales , and the Hulk and the Avengers were there to save the day , that 's really exciting , but how did that affect the people who were six blocks over and three avenues down ? That 's the richness of the Marvel Universe . You can have that sort of thing happen and refer to it , but not have it be -- we 're not the world of the comics where you look up in the sky and Thor flies by all the time . This is a world where people do refer to Tony Stark as a billionaire in a tin suit , or the idea that they think there 's a Thor out there with a magic hammer . But the truth of the matter is , ' I 've never seen him . Have you ever seen him ? ' It 's that kind of world that we exist in . For us , it makes Marvel what Marvel has always been , which is grounded . Jeph Loeb on the opportunities that Daredevil existing within the Marvel Cinematic Universe presents . Daredevil is the first of the ordered Netflix series , and is followed by Marvel 's Jessica Jones , Marvel 's Luke Cage , and Marvel 's Iron Fist , which lead to the miniseries , Marvel 's The Defenders . In November 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that , if the characters prove popular on Netflix , `` It 's quite possible that they could become feature films , '' which Sarandos echoed in July 2015 . In August 2014 , D'Onofrio stated that after the `` series stuff with Netflix '' , Marvel has `` a bigger plan to branch out '' . In December 2014 , Loeb explained that `` Within the Marvel universe there are thousands of heroes of all shapes and sizes , but the Avengers are here to save the universe and Daredevil is here to save the neighborhood ... It does take place in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . It 's all connected . But that does n't necessarily mean that we would look up in the sky and see ( Iron Man ) . It 's just a different part of New York that we have not yet seen in the Marvel movies . '' Dawson later elaborated that `` When you 've got that level of superpowers , the fighting is different , the stakes are different , and it has a grander feel . In that world , they exist in it , so they know it and it 's normal to them . But in reality when people are fighting and doing really bad , elicit ( sic ) crimes on the ground and there are guns and drugs -- bones are going to break . People are n't hitting each other and nothing 's going to happen because they 're indestructible . These are people . They 're vulnerable and you get to experience that . '' In March 2015 , Loeb spoke on the ability for the series to crossover with the MCU films and the ABC television series , saying , `` As it is now , in the same way that our films started out as self - contained and then by the time we got to The Avengers , it became more practical for Captain America to do a little crossover into Thor 2 and for Bruce Banner to appear at the end of Iron Man 3 . We have to earn that . The audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling in terms of where it 's going . '' In April , Cox stated that crossing over with the films is `` possible . I think there 's a way that the worlds can merge . I think our show feels tonally and thematically a bit different from the Avengers movies , but it 's all one universe and I feel like there 's a way for Daredevil -- and other characters , Luke Cage and street level crime characters -- to fit into that universe . I think there has to be a way , and I think it 's about finding an autonomous tone for that ( crossover ) film '' . Cox also said that he is contractually obligated to appear in films if asked by Marvel . Release ( edit ) Season Episodes Original release DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) November 8 , 2016 October 3 , 2016 December 7 , 2016 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) August 22 , 2017 May 15 , 2017 June 14 , 2017 Daredevil is available on the streaming service Netflix , in all territories where it is available , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range ( HDR ) . The first two seasons were enhanced to be available in HDR after their initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe . The episodes for each season were released simultaneously , as opposed to a serialized format , to encourage binge - watching , a format which has been successful for other Netflix original series . Daredevil was the first Netflix original series to receive its Descriptive Video Service audio description track . Marketing ( edit ) Disney Consumer Products created a small line of products to cater to a more adult audience , given the show 's edgier tone . Paul Gitter , senior VP of Marvel Licensing for Disney Consumer Products explained that the focus would be more on teens and adults than very young people , with products at outlets like Hot Topic . Additionally , a Marvel Knights merchandise program was created to support the series , which creates new opportunities for individual product lines and collector focused products . Licensing partners wanted to pair up with Marvel , despite this not being a film project , given its previous successes . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Karim Zreik , senior vice president of original programming at Marvel Television , provided some viewership demographics for Daredevil in August 2017 , noting that the series has attracted a large amount of male viewers . Also in the month , Netflix released viewing patterns for the Marvel Netflix series . The data , which came from Netflix 's `` 1,300 ' taste communities ' around the world , where subscribers are grouped based on what they watch '' , showed that viewers would not watch the series in chronological order by release , rather starting with Jessica Jones , then Daredevil , Luke Cage and finally Iron Fist . Todd Yellin , Netflix 's vice president of product innovation , noted that audiences watch the series `` in order of how they 're interested in them and how they learn about them . '' Netflix 's data also showed that a viewer watching Daredevil would most often then move on to Jessica Jones , and vice versa , while other series `` with antiheroes and themes of moral ambiguity '' such as Bloodline , Breaking Bad , Dexter and House of Cards led viewers to starting Daredevil . Critical response ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 98 % ( 51 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 76 % ( 33 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 98 % approval rating for the first season , based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With tight adherence to its source material 's history , high production quality , and a no - nonsense dramatic flair , Daredevil excels as an effective superhero origin story , a gritty procedural , and an exciting action adventure . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The second season has a 76 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Bolstered by some impressive action , Daredevil keeps its footing in season two , even if the additions of Punisher and Elektra ca n't quite fill the void left by Wilson Fisk . '' On Metacritic , it has a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) In December 2015 , IGN named Daredevil the second best Netflix original programming series released to date . Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2015 Helen Keller Achievement Award Honoree Charlie Cox Won Online Film & Television Association Award Best New Titles Sequence Daredevil Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Main Title Design Daredevil Nominated Outstanding Special and Visual Effects in a Supporting Role `` Speak of the Devil '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Nominated EWwy Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Vincent D'Onofrio Nominated Camerimage Best Cinematography -- Pilot `` Into the Ring '' Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Daredevil Nominated 2016 Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode `` Speak of the Devil '' Nominated Golden Reel Awards Television -- Short Form , Dialogue & ADR Daredevil Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Daredevil Nominated SXSW Film Festival Excellence in Title Design Daredevil Nominated Got Your 6 6 Certified -- for `` a representative and balanced depiction of veterans '' `` Semper Fidelis '' Won Saturn Awards Best Supporting TV Actor Vincent D'Onofrio Nominated Best Guest Performance on TV Scott Glenn Nominated Best TV Actor Charlie Cox Nominated Best New Media Television Series Daredevil Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series `` New York 's Finest '' Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Drama Series , Limited Series or Movie Philip J. Silvera Nominated Online Film & Television Association Award Best Sound in a Series Daredevil Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Daredevil Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Daredevil Nominated Best Actor on a Television Series Charlie Cox Nominated Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in season two , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone project , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , confirmed Bernthal 's involvement and named Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Woll reprises her role as Karen Page in the series . Other media ( edit ) In November 2015 , an update for the mobile fighting game , Marvel : Contest of Champions , was released featuring a six - part story quest involving Daredevil and Jessica Jones , along with a level based on Hell 's Kitchen . 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Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher spin - off ordered by Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Daredevil Series Character Appears on The Punisher Set '' . SuperheroHype ! . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Adds Netflix Heroes To Rosters Of Popular Mobile Games '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 3 of the daredevil come out	[ "All episodes of the first season were released on Netflix on April 10, 2015, while the second season was released in its entirety on March 18, 2016. They were met with positive reviews. In July 2016, the series was renewed for a third season, slated to release in 2018. A spin-off series, centered on Bernthal's character Frank Castle / Punisher and titled Marvel's The Punisher, was ordered by Netflix in April 2016." ]	[ "in 2018" ]
-156748715548751505	I Will Remember You (Sarah McLachlan song)	I Will Remember You ( Sarah McLachlan song ) - wikipedia I Will Remember You ( Sarah McLachlan song ) `` I Will Remember You '' 1999 U.S. live commercial re-release Single by Sarah McLachlan from the album The Brothers McMullen soundtrack Released 1995 Format CD single Recorded 1995 Genre Pop Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Sarah McLachlan , Séamus Egan , Dave Merenda Producer ( s ) Pierre Marchand Sarah McLachlan singles chronology `` Good Enough '' ( 1994 ) `` I Will Remember You '' ( 1995 ) `` Full of Grace '' ( 1996 ) `` I Will Remember You '' is a song written by Sarah McLachlan , Séamus Egan and Dave Merenda . The song first appeared on the soundtrack for the movie The Brothers McMullen in 1995 and 1996 where it peaked at # 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart & # 10 in Canada and was featured on her remix album Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff . The original inspiration came from Seamus Egan 's instrumental song , `` Weep Not for the Memories '' , which appeared on his album A Week in January ( 1990 ) . McLachlan and Merenda added lyrics and modified the melody for her version . It was re-released and became a hit when McLachlan released a live version of the song on her 1999 album Mirrorball placing at # 14 in the US on July 20 , 1999 , after reaching the Top 40 on June 8 and it peaked again at # 10 in Canada . The live version of `` I Will Remember You '' earned McLachlan her second Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 2000 ( after winning for `` Building a Mystery '' in 1998 and being nominated for `` Adia '' in 1999 ) . The Rarities version of the song has three verses , the first of which is omitted during live performances ( as heard on Mirrorball ) . Sarah McLachlan performed this song during an `` in memoriam '' slide show at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , held on September 20 , 2009 . Contents 1 Reception 2 Charts 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Covers 4 References 5 External links Reception ( edit ) On the week ending January 20 , 1996 , the original recording of the song peaked at number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart and number 65 on Hot 100 Singles chart . The live rerecording of the song peaked number three at the Adult Top 40 chart in July and August 1999 and also number three at the Adult Contemporary chart in August and September 1999 . On the week ending July 31 , 1999 , it peaked at number fourteen on the Hot 100 chart and number seven at the Hot 100 Airplay chart . The song has sold more than two million copies worldwide as of February 2000 . A Billboard reviewer Brett Atwood praised the original release as `` solemn ballad . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 99 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Hit Tracks 10 US Billboard Hot 100 14 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard Adult Top 40 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 67 Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 63 US Billboard Hot 100 70 Covers ( edit ) This song was covered by Kenny Rogers on his 1999 album , She Rides Wild Horses . Séamus Egan 's band Solas included a version of the song on their 2000 album The Hour Before Dawn . Andy Bernard sings an acoustic version of the song on the ninth - season episode of The Office entitled `` Livin ' the Dream '' . This song opened the series finale of Melrose Place `` Ashes to Ashes '' in 1999 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard ( May 13 , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Hot 100 Single Sales , p. 85 . Billboard , January 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles , p. 86 . Billboard , January 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Dolly : Welcome to the Chart '' by Fred Bronson , p. 128 . Billboard , September 6 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Adult Top 40 ( July 17 , 1999 ) . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard , p. 75 . August 21 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Adult Contemporary , Billboard . p. 90 . September 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Billboard , October 2 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Billboard . July 31 , 1999 . p. 98 . Jump up ^ `` Culture 2000 Budget Disappoints '' by Emmanuel LeGrand . February 26 , 2000 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( August 26 , 1995 ) . `` Single Reviews . '' Billboard , edited by Larry Flick . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . October 16 , 1995 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah McLachlan -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarah McLachlan -- Chart History Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sarah McLachlan Studio albums Touch Solace Fumbling Towards Ecstasy Surfacing Afterglow Wintersong Laws of Illusion Shine On Wonderland Live albums Mirrorball Afterglow Live Mirrorball : The Complete Concert Compilations Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff iTunes Originals Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 Closer : The Best of Sarah McLachlan The Essential The Box Set Series The Classic Christmas Album Remix albums The Freedom Sessions Remixed Bloom : Remix Album EPs Live Live Acoustic Live From Etown : 2006 Christmas Special Singles `` Vox '' `` The Path of Thorns ( Terms ) '' `` Into the Fire '' `` Drawn to the Rhythm '' `` Possession '' `` Hold On '' `` I Will Remember You '' `` Building a Mystery '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Adia '' `` Angel '' `` Fallen '' `` Stupid '' `` World on Fire '' `` River '' `` U Want Me 2 '' Other songs `` Silence '' `` Sing '' `` When She Loved Me '' Collaborators Pierre Marchand Ashwin Sood Terry McBride Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Lilith Fair Nettwerk Music of Canada Music of British Columbia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Remember_You_(Sarah_McLachlan_song)&oldid=856362711 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1996 singles 1999 singles Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Sarah McLachlan songs Pop ballads Arista Records singles Songs written by Sarah McLachlan 1995 songs 1990s ballads Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what movie is the song i will remember you from	[ "\"I Will Remember You\" is a song written by Sarah McLachlan, Séamus Egan and Dave Merenda. The song first appeared on the soundtrack for the movie The Brothers McMullen in 1995 and 1996 where it peaked at #65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart & #10 in Canada and was featured on her remix album Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff. The original inspiration came from Seamus Egan's instrumental song, \"Weep Not for the Memories\", which appeared on his album A Week in January (1990). McLachlan and Merenda added lyrics and modified the melody for her version. It was re-released and became a hit when McLachlan released a live version of the song on her 1999 album Mirrorball placing at #14 in the US on July 20, 1999, after reaching the Top 40 on June 8 and it peaked again at #10 in Canada.\n" ]	[ "The Brothers McMullen" ]
-8329853816389106377	Mork & Mindy	Mork & Mindy - wikipedia Mork & Mindy Jump to : navigation , search Mork & Mindy First season title card Genre Sitcom Science fiction Fantasy Comedy Slapstick Created by Garry Marshall Dale McRaven Joe Glauberg Starring Robin Williams Pam Dawber Elizabeth Kerr Conrad Janis Tom Poston Jay Thomas Gina Hecht Jim Staahl Crissy Wilzak Jonathan Winters Theme music composer Perry Botkin , Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 91 ( original run ) 95 ( syndication ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Antony W. Marshall Garry Marshall Producer ( s ) Bruce Johnson Brian Levant Dale McRaven Ed Scharlach Tom Tenowich Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Henderson Productions Miller - Milkis Productions ( 1978 - 1981 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions ( 1981 - 1982 ) Paramount Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Audio format Monaural Original release September 14 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 14 ) -- May 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 27 ) Chronology Preceded by Love , American Style Happy Days Related shows Laverne & Shirley Blansky 's Beauties Out of the Blue Joanie Loves Chachi Mork & Mindy is an American sitcom and a spin - off of Happy Days that aired on ABC from September 14 , 1978 to May 27 , 1982 . It stars Robin Williams as Mork , an extraterrestrial who comes to Earth from the planet Ork in a small , one - Orkan egg - shaped spaceship . Pam Dawber co-stars as Mindy McConnell , his human friend and roommate , and later his wife and the mother of his child . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Premise and initial success 1.2 Second season 1.3 Third season 1.4 Fourth season 2 Characters 2.1 Recurring characters 3 Connections to other shows 4 DVD releases 5 Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings 6 Primetime Emmy Award nominations 7 Syndication 8 Filming locations 9 Spin - offs and adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Premise and initial success ( edit ) The character of Mork was played by a then - unknown Robin Williams , who impressed producer Garry Marshall with his quirky comedic ability as soon as they met . When Williams was asked to take a seat at the audition , Williams immediately sat on his head on the chair and Marshall cast him on the spot , and later wryly commented that Williams was the only alien who auditioned for the role . Mork appears in the Happy Days season five episode , `` My Favorite Orkan '' , which first aired in February 1978 and is a take on the 1960s sitcom My Favorite Martian . Williams ' character , Mork , attempts to take Richie Cunningham back to his planet of Ork as a human specimen , but his plan is foiled by Fonzie . In the initial broadcast of this episode , it all turned out to be a dream that Richie had , but when Mork proved so popular , the ending was re-edited to show Mork erasing the experience from everyone 's minds , thus meaning the event had actually happened and was not a dream . Mork & Mindy , is set in Boulder , Colorado , in the then present - day late 1970s and early 1980s ( as opposed to the Happy Days setting of Milwaukee in the late - 1950s ) . Mork explains to Richie that he is from the `` future '' -- the 1970s . Mork arrives on Earth in an egg - shaped spacecraft . He has been assigned to observe human behavior by Orson , his mostly unseen and long - suffering superior ( voiced by Ralph James ) . Orson has sent Mork to get him off Ork , where humor is not permitted . Attempting to fit in , Mork dresses in an Earth suit , but wears it backward . Landing in Boulder , Colorado , he encounters 21 - year - old Mindy ( Pam Dawber ) , who is upset after an argument with her boyfriend , and offers assistance . Because of his odd garb , she mistakes him for a priest and is taken in by his willingness to listen ( in fact , simply observing her behavior ) . When Mindy notices his backward suit and unconventional behavior , she asks who he really is , and he innocently tells her the truth . She promises to keep his identity a secret and allows him to move into her attic . Mindy 's father Fred ( Conrad Janis ) objects to his daughter living with a man ( particularly one as bizarre as Mork ) , but Fred 's mother - in - law Cora ( Elizabeth Kerr ) approves of Mork and the living arrangement . Mindy and Cora work at Fred 's music store , where Cora gives violin lessons to Eugene ( Jeffrey Jacquet ) , a 10 - year - old boy who becomes Mork 's friend . Also seen occasionally are Mindy 's snooty old high school friend Susan ( Morgan Fairchild ) and the possibly insane Exidor ( Robert Donner ) . Storylines usually center on Mork 's attempts to understand human behavior and American culture as Mindy helps him to adjust to life on Earth . It usually ends up frustrating Mindy , as Mork can only do things according to Orkan customs . For example , lying to someone or not informing them it will rain , is considered a practical joke ( called `` splinking '' ) on Ork . At the end of each episode , Mork reports back to Orson on what he has learned about Earth . These end - of - show summaries allow Mork to humorously comment on social norms . Mork 's greeting is `` Na - Nu Na - Nu '' ( pronounced / ˈnɑːnuː ˈnɑːnuː / ) along with a hand gesture similar to Mr. Spock 's Vulcan salute from Star Trek combined with a handshake . It became a popular catchphrase at the time , as did `` Shazbot '' ( / ˈʃæzbɒt / ) , an Orkan profanity that Mork uses . Mork says `` KO '' in place of `` OK '' . This series is Robin Williams ' first major acting role and became famous for Williams ' use of his manic improvisational comedic talent . Williams made up so many jokes during filming , eventually scripts had specific gaps where Williams was allowed to freely perform . Pam Dawber found him so funny that she had to bite her lip in many scenes to avoid breaking up in laughter and ruining the take , often a difficult task with Williams 's talent . The series was extremely popular in its first season . The Nielsen ratings were very high , ranking at 3 , behind Laverne & Shirley ( at 1 ) and Three 's Company ( at 2 ) , both on ABC , which was the highest - rated network in the U.S. in 1978 . The show gained higher ratings than the Happy Days series that had spawned it , at 4 . However , the network management sought to improve the show in several ways . This was done in conjunction with what is known in the industry as counterprogramming , a technique in which a successful show is moved opposite a ratings hit on another network . The show was moved from Thursdays , where it outrated CBS ' The Waltons , to Sundays where it replaced the canceled sci - fi series Battlestar Galactica . The show then aired against two highly rated shows : NBC 's anthology series titled The Sunday Big Event and CBS ' revamped continuation of All in the Family titled Archie Bunker 's Place . Second season ( edit ) The second season saw an attempt to seek younger viewers and premiered a new disco arrangement of the gentle theme tune . The characters of Fred and Cora were dropped from the regular cast . It was explained that Fred went on tour as a conductor with an orchestra , taking Cora with him . Fred and Cora made return appearances in later episodes . Recurring characters Susan and Eugene made no further appearances after season one and were never mentioned again . New cast members were added . Among the new supporting characters were Remo and Jeanie DaVinci ( Jay Thomas and Gina Hecht ) , a brother and sister from New York City who owned a new neighborhood deli where Mork and Mindy now spent a lot of time . Also added as regulars were their grumpy neighbor Mr. Bickley ( who was seen occasionally in the first season and ironically worked as a verse writer for a greeting - card company ) , portrayed by Tom Poston , and Nelson Flavor ( Jim Staahl ) , Mindy 's snooty cousin who ran for city council . The show 's main focus was no longer on Mork 's slapstick attempts to adjust to the new world he was in , but on the relationship between Mork and Mindy on a romantic level . Also , some of the focus was on Mork trying to find a steady - paying job . Because of the abrupt changes to the show and time slot , ratings slipped dramatically ( from 3 to 27 ) . The show was quickly moved back to its previous timeslot and efforts were made to return to the core of the series ; however , ratings did not recover . Third season ( edit ) For the third season , Jeanie , Remo , and Nelson were retained as regulars with Jeanie and Remo having opened a restaurant . Nelson was no longer into politics and wore more casual clothes . Mindy 's father and grandmother returned to the series . The show acknowledged this attempt to restore its original premise , with the third season 's hour - long opener titled `` Putting The Ork Back in Mork '' . Several new supporting characters were added to the lineup . Joining were two children from the day - care center where Mork worked named Lola and Stephanie . Also added was Mindy 's close friend Glenda Faye Comstock ( Crissy Wilzak ) , a lovely young widow whom Nelson falls for . Wilzak lasted one season as a regular . When these ideas failed to improve ratings , many wilder ideas were tried to attempt to capitalize on Williams ' comedic talents . The season ended at number 49 in the ratings . Fourth season ( edit ) Despite the show 's steady decline , ABC agreed to a fourth season of Mork & Mindy , but executives wanted changes . The show began to include special guest stars this year . In the fourth season , Mork and Mindy were married . Jonathan Winters , one of Williams ' idols , was brought in as their child , Mearth . Because of the different Orkan physiology , Mork laid an egg , which grew and hatched into the much older Winters . Winters had previously appeared in a season 3 episode as Dave McConnell ( Mindy 's uncle and Fred 's brother ) . It had been previously explained that Orkans aged `` backwards '' , thus explaining Mearth 's appearance and that of his teacher , Miss Geezba ( portrayed by then - 11 - year - old actress Louanne Sirota ) . After four seasons and 95 episodes , Mork & Mindy was canceled in the summer of 1982 . The show ended at 60th place at season 's end . Characters ( edit ) Mork ( Robin Williams ) -- An alien from the planet Ork sent to observe human behavior . Mork mentions many times that Orkan scientists grew him in a test - tube . Mindy McConnell ( Pam Dawber ) -- A pretty female human who finds Mork and teaches him about human behavior . Eventually falls in love , marries Mork and raises an Orkan `` child '' . Fred McConnell ( Conrad Janis ) -- Mindy 's father , a widower with conservative values . In the first season , Fred owned a music shop with Cora . In the third season , Fred became the conductor of the Boulder Symphony Orchestra . Grandma Cora Hudson ( Elizabeth Kerr ) -- Mindy 's less - conservative , progressive grandmother and Fred 's mother - in - law . Franklin Delano Bickley ( Tom Poston ) -- Mindy 's downstairs neighbor . He has a job involving writing out greeting cards . At first , he is a total grump and always complains about noise . In time , however , he warms up and becomes a friend to Mork and Mindy and the gang . Mearth ( Jonathan Winters ) -- The `` child '' of Mork and Mindy and godson of Orson . Because of Orkan physiology , Orkans age backwards , starting with elderly adult bodies but with the mind of a child and regressing to feeble `` old '' kids . Remo DaVinci ( Jay Thomas ) -- The brother of Jeanie DaVinci co-owner of The New York Delicatessen in season 2 and DaVinci 's Restaurant in season 3 . Jeanie DaVinci ( Gina Hecht ) -- The sister of Remo DaVinci and co-owner of The New York Delicatessen in season 2 and DaVinci 's Restaurant in season 3 . Nelson Flavor ( Jim Staahl ) -- The strait - laced , driven , yet aloof cousin of Mindy with dreams of political power . Orson ( voiced by Ralph James ) -- Mork 's mostly unseen and long - suffering superior who has sent Mork to Earth to get him off - world because humor is not permitted on Ork . Recurring characters ( edit ) Susan Taylor ( Morgan Fairchild ) -- Mindy 's snooty ex-friend from high school who was only seen in Season 1 . In the episode `` Mork 's First Christmas '' , a glimpse into why Susan is such a shallow person was shown . Exidor ( Robert Donner ) -- An odd man ( with possible mental illness ) who regards himself as a prophet . He often appears wearing a flowing white robe with a brown sash . He recognizes Mork as an alien , but nobody believes him . As the leader of a cult called `` The Friends of Venus '' , of which he was the only member , he regularly engaged in conversations with imaginary members of his cult ( such as `` Pepe '' and `` Rocco '' ) , but was the only person who could see them . Most times he is found yelling at his imaginary cult . He makes the comment , `` Entourages can be the pits ! '' Later , since the Venusians had abandoned him , he began to worship O.J. Simpson when Mork encountered him at the Boulder Police Station . He also had a plan to become `` Emperor of the Universe '' by becoming a rock - star ; his musical instrument of choice was the accordion . Exidor appears to be something of a squatter , as on at least two separate occasions he is present in homes not his own . Once Mork visited Exidor at a very nice apartment where he supposedly lived with his imaginary girlfriend and her twin sister . Another time , he is `` on vacation '' in Mindy 's family home , where he apparently believed there was a beach in the living room closet . ( `` Everybody out of the water ! Ca n't you see that fin ? '' ) He eventually got married , in a `` forest '' ( Mindy 's attic ) . Mindy thought his wife would be imaginary , but she turned out to be a real woman named Ambrosia . Exidor became highly popular with audiences and prompted wild applause from the studio audience when entering a scene . Mr. Miles Sternhagen ( Foster Brooks ) -- Mindy 's boss when she gets a job at a local TV station . He is overbearing and demanding of Mindy when sober , but occasionally turns up drunk and cheerful ( per Brooks ' famous `` drunk '' act ) . Glenda Faye Comstock ( Crissy Wilzak ) -- Mindy 's friend and recent widow who becomes the love interest of Nelson and was only seen in Season 3 . Todd Norman `` TNT '' Taylor ( Bill Kirchenbauer ) -- An obnoxious and arrogant womanizer . He later teaches Mork to drive at the FastLane Driving School . Cathy McConnell ( Shelley Fabares ) -- Fred 's new younger wife and Mindy 's stepmother seen in Seasons 2 - 4 . Lola and Stephanie ( Amy Tenowich and Stephanie Kayano ) -- Two children from the daycare center Mork works at later in the series during Season 3 . Lola is a young philosopher and Stephanie is a chubby girl who loves to eat . Billy ( Corey Feldman ) -- A daycare - center child who appeared during Season 3 . He wants to be like his namesake Billy the Kid . Mork introduces him to the Orkan hero Squellman the Yellow . Bebo -- Mork 's ball - of - fur pet who spoke Orkan gibberish and was introduced and only seen in Season 3 . He was occasionally seen around the house and stood by Mork during his reports to Orson . Eugene ( Jeffrey Jacquet ) -- A ten - year - old boy who takes violin lessons from Cora and befriends Mork during his appearances in Season 1 . Arnold Wanker ( Logan Ramsey ) -- The landlord of Fred and Mindy 's music store during Season 1 . He dies in Fred 's music store , but Mork ( misinterpreting the comments made to his wife ) brings him back to life ( a `` one - in - a-billion '' chance ) . Connections to other shows ( edit ) Actor - director Jerry Paris was inspired to create the character of Mork after directing an unusual and memorable episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show titled `` It May Look Like a Walnut '' , in which Van Dyke 's Rob Petrie has a dream wherein he believes the Earth has been surreptitiously invaded by walnut - eating aliens who steal humans ' thumbs and imaginations . Series creator Carl Reiner had written the episode , which was the 20th in the show 's second season and the 50th episode produced . When he moved on to direct Happy Days , Paris introduced Mork in a similarly atypical season - five episode titled My Favorite Orkan . In it , Richie tells everyone he has seen a flying saucer , but no one else believes him . Fonzie tells him that people make up stories about UFOs because their lives are `` humdrum . '' Then while Richie is at home , Mork walks in . He freezes everyone with his finger except Richie and says he was sent to Earth to find a `` humdrum '' human to take back to Ork . Richie runs to Fonzie for help . When Mork catches up to him , he freezes everyone , but finds himself unable to freeze Fonzie because of The Fonz 's famous and powerful thumbs . Mork challenges Fonzie to a duel : finger vs. thumb . After their duel , The Fonz admits defeat , and Mork decides to take Fonzie back to Ork instead of Richie . Then , Richie wakes up and realizes he was dreaming . There is a knock on the door and much to Richie 's dismay , it is a man who looks exactly like Mork , except in regular clothes , asking for directions . When production on Mork & Mindy began , an extra scene was filmed and added to this episode for subsequent reruns . In the scene , Mork contacts Orson and explains that he decided to let Fonzie go , and was going to travel to the year 1978 to continue his mission . In the pilot episode of Mork & Mindy , Orson tells Mork that he is assigning him to study the planet Earth . Mork remembers that he has been to Earth before to collect a specimen ( Fonzie ) but he `` had to throw it back , though . Too small . '' Fonzie and Laverne of Laverne & Shirley appeared in the first episode of the show . In this segment , Mork relays to Mindy his trip to 1950s Milwaukee where Fonzie sets Mork up on a date with Laverne . Mork returned to Happy Days in the episode `` Mork Returns '' in which Mork tells Richie that he enjoys coming to the 1950s because life is simpler and more `` humdrum '' than in the 1970s . Fonzie sees Mork and immediately tries to run away , but Mork freezes him and makes him stay . He eventually lets him go , but not before Fonzie asks Mork to reveal two things about the future : `` cars and girls '' . Mork 's response is , `` In 1979 ... both are faster . '' The episode is mostly a retrospective in which clips are shown as Richie and Fonzie try to explain the concepts of love and friendship to Mork . Mork also appears in the first episode of Out of the Blue , `` Random 's Arrival '' , as a crossover stunt . DVD releases ( edit ) Paramount Home Entertainment has released the entire series of Mork & Mindy on DVD in Region 1 in both individual season sets and a complete series configuration , while the first three seasons are available in Regions 2 and 4 . The Region 1 DVD release of season 1 was from Paramount alone ; subsequent releases in Region 1 , as well as international season 1 releases , have been in conjunction with CBS DVD . DVD name Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season 25 September 7 , 2004 October 29 , 2007 September 19 , 2007 The Second Season 26 April 17 , 2007 April 7 , 2008 March 6 , 2008 The Third Season 22 November 27 , 2007 September 1 , 2008 September 4 , 2008 The Fourth Season 22 December 9 , 2014 TBA TBA The Complete Series 95 December 9 , 2014 December 15 , 2014 TBA Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1 ) 1978 -- 1979 Thursday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 25 ) Thursday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 2 ) 28.6 ( Tied with Happy Days ) 2 ) 1979 -- 1980 Sunday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 , 3 - 11 , 13 - 16 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM ( Episodes 2 , 12 ) Thursday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 17 - 26 ) 27 20.2 3 ) 1980 -- 1981 Thursday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM ( Episode 1 , 3 - 22 ) Thursday at 8 : 30 - 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 2 ) N / A 4 ) 1981 -- 1982 Thursday at 8 : 00 - 8 : 30 PM Primetime Emmy award nominations ( edit ) For its first season , Mork & Mindy was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards : Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for Robin Williams . The program lost to Taxi and Williams lost to Carroll O'Connor for All in the Family . Syndication ( edit ) Mork & Mindy was syndicated off network by Paramount beginning in the Fall of 1982 , to low ratings . By 1983 , most stations that owned the show rested it much of the year running it only in the summer , when weaker programming tended to air . Few stations renewed the show a few years later . By 1987 , the show only aired in a handful of TV markets . With the expansion of cable channels available , the show began airing on cable . Nick at Nite reran the show from March 4 , 1991 to November 27 , 1995 . The show has also aired on FOX Family Channel in the late 1990s . From 2008 to 2011 , the show aired in marathons on SyFy . It has aired in subsequent years on Me - TV , the Hub Network and various other classic television stations airing on various digital subchannels . The show currently airs on Antenna TV Filming locations ( edit ) 1619 Pine Street , Boulder , Colorado , the location used for the external shots of Mindy 's house on Mork & Mindy In an interview with Garry Marshall on June 30 , 2006 , Pat O'Brien mentioned that Mork & Mindy was filmed on Paramount stage 27 , the former studio for his infotainment program The Insider . The house from the show is located at 1619 Pine Street , just a few blocks away from the Pearl Street Mall in Boulder . This was also used in the show as Mindy 's actual address in Boulder , as shown in the episode `` Mork Goes Public '' . The same house was later used for exterior shots on the series Perfect Strangers in Episode 21 of Season 5 , `` This Old House '' , where the show 's main characters , cousins Larry and Balki , remodel a home for a fix - and - flip in hopes of huge profits . Often mistaken , it was not the house the cousins moved into with their wives during the final two seasons . In addition , it was used in three episodes of Family Matters as Myra 's house . As of July 2016 , the house was valued at $1.9 million , with a last sale date of 1974 for US $80,000 ( equivalent to $385,000 in 2015 ) . Spin - offs and adaptations ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , a long - running comic strip version was written by Angus P. Allan , illustrated by Bill Titcombe , and printed in children 's television magazine , Look - In . Several British - produced annuals were also released that tied in with the series . A subsequent Saturday morning cartoon titled Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour ran on ABC from 1982 to 1983 . The Mork & Mindy segments were a prequel with Mindy as a student in high school . The character of Eugene returned in this spin - off voiced by Shavar Ross . In 2005 , a made - for - television movie titled Behind the Camera : The Unauthorized Story of Mork & Mindy aired on NBC . Chris Diamantopoulos portrayed Robin Williams , Erinn Hayes portrayed Pam Dawber and Daniel Roebuck portrayed producer Garry Marshall . The movie depicts Williams ' instant stardom and behind the scenes turmoil that the cast and crew would have with the network . In 1979 , a short - lived Brazilian version of the series appeared as Superbronco . It was produced by Rede Globo and starred comedian Ronald Golias and actress Liza Vieira . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 1970s portal 1980s portal List of Mork & Mindy episodes My Favorite Martian ALF Out of This World 3rd Rock from the Sun The Neighbors Marvin Marvin My Hero ( UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robin Williams Biography '' . Biography Channel . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Tim ; Earl Marsh ( 2003 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Source : Top TV Shows , 1970 's '' . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Playbook : Let 's Add a Kid ! '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Full cast and crew for `` Mork & Mindy '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Mork & Mindy - To Tell the Truth '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Weissman , Ginny ; Coyne Steven Sanders ( 1993 ) . The Dick Van Dyke Show . Macmillan . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 08766 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Days : My Favorite Orkan ( 1978 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mork & Mindy DVD news : Announcement for The 4th Season and The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mork & Mindy : Complete Collection ( DVD ) '' . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1688 -- 1689 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nick at Nite Log - 1985 - present Jump up ^ `` Mork And Mindy finally being used on SyFy '' . Sitcoms Online . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We 're Going to Disney World ( Part 2 ) '' , `` Crazy For You ( Part 1 ) '' , and `` Crazier for You ( Part 2 ) '' Jump up ^ `` 1619 Pine St , Boulder , CO 80302 '' . zillow.com . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Mork & Mindy at Wikiquote Mork & Mindy on IMDb Happy Days Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 `` My Cousin the Cheat '' `` My Favorite Orkan '' Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Characters Richard `` Richie '' Cunningham Arthur `` Fonzie '' Fonzarelli Ralph Malph Warren `` Potsie '' Weber Joanie Cunningham Charles `` Chachi '' Arcola Al Delvecchio Howard Cunningham Marion Cunningham Lori Beth Allen Roger Phillips Spin - offs Laverne & Shirley Blansky 's Beauties Mork & Mindy Out of the Blue Joanie Loves Chachi The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang Laverne & Shirley in the Army Mork & Mindy / Laverne & Shirley / Fonz Hour Related Theme from Happy Days Happy Days ( musical ) Jumping the shark `` Buddy Holly '' ( song ) Fonz ( video game ) Bronze Fonz ( sculpture ) Love , American Style Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season . People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Martin ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mork_%26_Mindy&oldid=804207668 '' Categories : 1978 American television series debuts 1982 American television series endings 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1970s American comedy television series 1980s American comedy television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American science fiction television series American television sitcoms Comic science fiction Culture of Boulder , Colorado English - language television programs Fictional extraterrestrial characters Happy Days Television duos Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Colorado Television spin - offs Television programs adapted into comics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Vèneto Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did mork talk to at the end of the show	[ "Storylines usually center on Mork's attempts to understand human behavior and American culture as Mindy helps him to adjust to life on Earth. It usually ends up frustrating Mindy, as Mork can only do things according to Orkan customs. For example, lying to someone or not informing them it will rain, is considered a practical joke (called \"splinking\") on Ork. At the end of each episode, Mork reports back to Orson on what he has learned about Earth. These end-of-show summaries allow Mork to humorously comment on social norms." ]	[ "Orson" ]
2461100314651964514	As You Were (Liam Gallagher album)	As You Were ( Liam Gallagher album ) - wikipedia As You Were ( Liam Gallagher album ) Jump to : navigation , search As You Were Studio album by Liam Gallagher Released 6 October 2017 Recorded 2016 -- 2017 Genre Britpop Length 44 : 43 Label Warner Bros . Producer Greg Kurstin Dan Grech - Marguerat Andrew Wyatt Singles from As You Were `` Wall of Glass '' Released : 1 June 2017 `` Chinatown '' Released : 30 June 2017 `` For What It 's Worth '' Released : 10 August 2017 `` Greedy Soul '' Released : 27 September 2017 `` Come Back to Me '' Released : 23 November 2017 As You Were is the debut solo studio album by English singer and songwriter Liam Gallagher . It was released on 6 October 2017 by Warner Bros. Records . The album debuted at number one in the UK , outselling the rest of the top 10 of the UK Albums Chart combined and achieving gold certification in its first week . It has since been certified platinum in the UK . It also achieved the highest single - week vinyl sales in 20 years , with 16,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 2.1 Accolades 3 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 References Background ( edit ) The album was announced in June 2017 with the release of the single `` Wall of Glass '' . Gallagher also revealed that he would launch his first solo tour of the United States and Canada to support the album 's release . The album 's title comes from the sign - off Gallagher typically uses for his Twitter posts . Gallagher worked with producers Greg Kurstin , Andrew Wyatt and Dan Grech - Marguerat on the album , with Kurstin producing the tracks `` Wall of Glass '' , `` Paper Crown '' , `` Come Back to Me '' , and `` Does n't Have to Be That Way '' , Wyatt producing `` Chinatown '' , and Grech - Marguerat producing the remaining tracks . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 71 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B+ The Daily Telegraph The Guardian Mojo NME Pitchfork 4.9 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Uncut 7 / 10 As You Were received generally positive reviews from critics at Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 71 , based on 24 reviews . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic was highly positive about the record in his four - star review , saying , `` As You Were does n't sound retro even though it is , in essence , a throwback to a throwback -- a re-articulation of Liam 's ' 90s obsession with the ' 60s . That production does Gallagher a favor but so does Kurstin 's presence as a co-songwriter , helping to rein in Liam 's wandering ear and sharpen his melodies . Ranging from the icy onslaught of `` Wall of Glass '' to the stark swirl of `` Chinatown '' this is his best record in nearly a decade , and they add up to an album that illustrates exactly who Liam Gallagher is as an artist . Now in his middle age , he 's a richer , nuanced singer than he was during Oasis 's heyday , yet he 's retained his charisma and , unlike his brother , he favors color and fire in his records , elements that not only enhance this fine collection of songs but make this the best post-Oasis album from either Gallagher to date . '' Halina Watts from the Daily Mirror was also very positive towards the record , scoring the album five stars and saying , `` ' As You Were ' is the legendary rocker at his very best '' and that the album was `` well worth the wait '' . She went onto describe `` Chinatown '' as a `` catchy uplifting poem to the capital '' and `` For What It 's Worth '' and `` Paper Crown '' as `` fantastic ballads '' . Watts rounded off the review by saying , `` Bring on album two '' . Accolades ( edit ) Publication Accolade Year Rank Ref . Rough Trade Albums of the Year 2017 32 Commercial performance ( edit ) As You Were sold 103,000 units in its first week in the United Kingdom . It is the ninth - fastest selling debut of the decade within the nation . In 2018 , the album was certified Platinum with sales of over 300,000 units in the UK . In the United States , it opened at number 30 on the Billboard 200 with 15,000 album - equivalent units , including 14,000 traditional sales . Track listing ( edit ) The album was released in numerous formats , from digital versions to vinyl , CD , and a `` special box set '' that includes a colorised vinyl record , an `` exclusive seven - inch , hardback book and an art print by Klaus Voormann , the artist behind the Beatles ' Revolver '' . The track listing was revealed by Gallagher with the release of the album 's second single `` Chinatown '' . Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Wall of Glass '' Liam Gallagher Greg Kurstin Andrew Wyatt Michael Tighe Andrew Sidney Fox Kurstin 3 : 43 2 . `` Bold '' Gallagher Dan Grech - Marguerat Iain Archer 3 : 59 3 . `` Greedy Soul '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 3 : 34 4 . `` Paper Crown '' Wyatt Tighe Kurstin 3 : 28 5 . `` For What It 's Worth '' Gallagher Simon Jons Grech - Marguerat 4 : 11 6 . `` When I 'm in Need '' Gallagher Archer Grech - Marguerat Archer 4 : 18 7 . `` You Better Run '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 3 : 24 8 . `` I Get By '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 3 : 09 9 . `` Chinatown '' Wyatt Tighe Wyatt 3 : 20 10 . `` Come Back to Me '' Gallagher Kurstin Wyatt Kurstin 3 : 21 11 . `` Universal Gleam '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 4 : 07 12 . `` I 've All I Need '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 4 : 09 Total length : 44 : 43 ( show ) Deluxe edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 13 . `` Does n't Have to Be That Way '' Gallagher Kurstin Wyatt Kurstin 3 : 58 14 . `` All My People / All Mankind '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat 3 : 55 15 . `` I Never Wanna Be Like You '' Gallagher Grech - Marguerat Dan McDougall 3 : 51 Total length : 56 : 27 ( show ) Japanese edition bonus tracks No . Title Length 16 . `` For What It 's Worth '' ( live at Air Studios ) 4 : 13 17 . `` Greedy Soul '' ( live at Air Studios ) 3 : 33 18 . `` Paper Crown '' ( live at Air Studios ) 3 : 35 Total length : 1 : 07 : 48 Notes signifies original song production . signifies original demo production . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from liner notes . Musicians Liam Gallagher -- lead vocals ( all tracks ) , acoustic guitar ( tracks 3 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Greg Kurstin -- bass , drums , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , harmonica , percussion , mellotron , piano , organ , tanpura ( tracks 1 , 4 , 10 , 13 ) Dan Grech - Marguerat -- programming ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Davey Badiuk -- programming ( tracks 2 , 3 , 11 , 12 , 14 ) Mike Moore -- electric guitar ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 8 , 11 -- 13 , 15 ) , bass ( track 5 ) Dan McDougall -- drums , bass , acoustic guitar , electric guitar , keyboards ( tracks 2 -- 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Martin Slattery -- keyboards , saxophone ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 7 , 11 , 12 , 14 ) Ben Edwards -- trumpet ( tracks 3 , 6 -- 8 , 11 ) Mark Brown -- saxophone ( tracks 3 , 6 -- 8 , 11 ) Mike Kearsey -- trombone ( tracks 3 , 6 -- 8 , 11 ) Sally Herbert -- violin , string arrangement ( tracks 2 , 5 , 6 , 11 , 14 ) , brass arrangement ( tracks 3 , 6 -- 8 , 11 ) Ian Burdge -- cello ( tracks 2 , 5 , 6 , 11 , 14 ) Rachel Robson -- viola ( tracks 5 , 6 , 11 , 14 ) Tom Pigott Smith -- violin ( tracks 6 , 11 , 14 ) Andrew Wyatt -- acoustic guitar ( track 4 ) , drum programming , piano , bass , synth , additional guitar , production ( track 9 ) , backing vocals ( track 1 ) Drew McConnell -- bass ( track 8 ) Jay Mehler -- acoustic guitar , electric guitar ( track 8 ) Christian Madden -- keyboards ( track 8 ) Michael Tighe -- acoustic guitar ( track 9 ) Bridget Sarai -- backing vocals ( track 1 ) Vicky Akintola -- backing vocals ( 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 11 ) Production Greg Kurstin -- production , engineering ( tracks 1 , 4 , 10 , 13 ) , mixing ( track 10 ) Dan Grech - Marguerat -- production , engineering ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) , mixing ( track 15 ) Andrew Wyatt -- production ( track 9 ) Iain Archer -- original song production ( tracks 2 , 6 ) Dan McDougall -- original demo production ( track 15 ) Alex Pasco -- engineering ( tracks 1 , 4 , 10 , 13 ) Julian Burg -- engineering ( tracks 1 , 4 , 10 , 13 ) Ben Mclusky -- engineering ( track 9 ) , engineering assistance ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 7 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Joseph Rogers -- engineering ( track 9 ) Joe Rodgers -- engineering ( track 15 ) Joel Davies -- engineering assistance ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Charles Haydon Hicks -- engineering assistance ( tracks 2 , 3 , 5 -- 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 ) Matt Mysko -- engineering assistance ( track 8 ) Mark `` Spike '' Stent -- mixing ( tracks 1 -- 9 , 11 -- 14 ) Richard Woodcraft -- brass section recording ( track 11 ) Julian Simmons -- brass section recording ( track 11 ) Brian Lucey -- mastering ( all tracks ) Design Hedi Slimane -- cover shot , photography Liam Gallagher -- art direction , design Richard Welland -- art direction , design Pixie Higson -- photography commissioning Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 9 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 12 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 28 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 15 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 22 French Albums ( SNEP ) 24 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 14 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 16 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 10 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 13 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 30 US Top Rock Albums ( Billboard ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position UK Albums ( OCC ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 300,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fricke , David ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher : As You Were '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Kreps ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher Announces New LP ' As You Were , ' First Solo U.S. Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : White , Jack ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher 's As You Were charges in at Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart and sets new vinyl record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Noah Yoo and Jazz Monroe ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher Announces Tour , Details New Album As You Were '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Anna Gaca ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher Announces Solo Album As You Were , Manchester Benefit Concert '' . Spin . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Reed ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Watch Liam Gallagher Wander Through London in ' Chinatown ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews and Tracks for As You Were by Liam Gallagher '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` As You Were -- Liam Gallagher '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher , As You Were '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher , As You Were , review : as fresh and surprising as he endlessly boasted it would be '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher : As You Were review -- motormouth meets the Beatles , again '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Andrew ( November 2017 ) . `` I should solo ! '' . Mojo ( 288 ) : 95 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Leonie ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher -- ' As You Were ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Snapes , Laura ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher : As You Were '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Moody , Paul ( November 2017 ) . `` Comeback King '' . Q ( 378 ) : 102 . Jump up ^ Staunton , Terry ( November 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher : As You Were '' . Uncut ( 246 ) : 28 . Jump up ^ Watts , Halina ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher wants to ' meet up and hug it out ' with brother Noel : `` Enough is enough now '' `` . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albums of the Year '' . Rough Trade . November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The fastest - selling debut albums of the decade so far '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` British album certifications -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Enter As You Were in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : Stone Temple Pilots ' ' Core ' Reissue Hits Top 40 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Levine ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Liam Gallagher unveils full ' As You Were ' album tracklist '' . NME . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` Hear Liam Gallagher 's Tender New Solo Song ' Chinatown ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts : October 15 , 2017 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Gallagher : As You Were '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 41 , 2017 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album - , DVD - és válogatáslemez - lista '' . MAHASZ . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 13 October 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 41 ( dal 2017 - 10 - 06 al 2017 - 10 - 12 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` リアム・ギャラガー '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon. 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 41 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 41 : del 06.10. 2017 al 12.10. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Liam Gallagher -- As You Were '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Gallagher Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Gallagher Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` The Top 40 biggest albums of 2017 on the Official Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_You_Were_(Liam_Gallagher_album)&oldid=834445500 '' Categories : 2017 debut albums Liam Gallagher albums Warner Bros. Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული 日本語 Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote the songs on as you were	[ "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n", "\n\nStandard edition\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nWriter(s)\nProducer(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"Wall of Glass\"\n\n\n\nLiam Gallagher\nGreg Kurstin\nAndrew Wyatt\nMichael Tighe\nAndrew Sidney Fox\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:43\n\n\n2.\n\"Bold\"\nGallagher\n\n\n\nDan Grech-Marguerat\nIain Archer[a]\n\n\n\n3:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Greedy Soul\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:34\n\n\n4.\n\"Paper Crown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:28\n\n\n5.\n\"For What It's Worth\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nSimon Jons\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:11\n\n\n6.\n\"When I'm in Need\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nArcher\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGrech-Marguerat\nArcher[a]\n\n\n\n4:18\n\n\n7.\n\"You Better Run\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:24\n\n\n8.\n\"I Get By\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n3:09\n\n\n9.\n\"Chinatown\"\n\n\n\nWyatt\nTighe\n\n\n\nWyatt\n3:20\n\n\n10.\n\"Come Back to Me\"\n\n\n\nGallagher\nKurstin\nWyatt\n\n\n\nKurstin\n3:21\n\n\n11.\n\"Universal Gleam\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:07\n\n\n12.\n\"I've All I Need\"\nGallagher\nGrech-Marguerat\n4:09\n\n\nTotal length:\n44:43\n\n" ]	[ "Liam Gallagher", "Greg Kurstin", "Andrew Wyatt", "Michael Tighe", "Andrew Sidney Fox", "Simon Jons", "Iain Archer" ]
4102002209886373355	List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant	List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant - wikipedia List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Jump to : navigation , search Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant is an American retired shooting guard who played for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for his entire 20 - year career . Bryant is the only son of former Philadelphia 76ers player and former Los Angeles Sparks head coach Joe Bryant . Selected 13th overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers for Vlade Divac a month later . He and then - teammate Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002 . After O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat following the 2003 -- 04 season , Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers franchise . He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second - highest number of points scored in a game in NBA history , behind only Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 point performance . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in the 2007 -- 08 season and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant currently ranks third both on the league 's all - time post-season scoring and all - time regular season scoring lists . He has been selected to 15 All - NBA Team ( eleven times to the All - NBA First Team ) and 12 All - Defensive Team ( nine times to the All - Defensive First Team ) . He was selected to play in the NBA All - Star Game on 18 occasions , winning All - Star MVP Awards in 2002 , 2007 , 2009 and 2011 ( he shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal ) . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 . He has had 1 eighty - point game , 6 sixty - point games ( including his final game ) , 26 fifty - point games , and 134 forty - point games in his career . Kobe had been also in a three way tie with Stephen Curry and Donyell Marshall for most three pointers with 12 in a game until November 8 , 2016 when Curry set a new record with 13 . In his final game on April 13 , 2016 , at 37 years old , he became the oldest player to score 60 in a single game and set the highest point total in the 2015 - 16 regular season . Contents ( hide ) 1 NBA career statistics 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 1.3 Career ranking 2 NBA awards and accomplishments 3 NBA records 3.1 Currently holds 3.2 Previously held 4 Los Angeles Lakers franchise records 5 Miscellaneous records 6 Others 7 See also 8 References 9 External links NBA career statistics ( edit ) Denotes seasons in which the Lakers won an NBA Championship * Denotes seasons in which the Lakers reached the NBA Finals Denotes seasons in which Bryant led the league Bold Denotes career - highs Regular season ( edit ) Season Team Games played Games started Minutes per game Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Rebounds per game Assists per game Steals per game Blocks per game Points per game 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.9 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 ^ 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 ^ 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 * L.A. Lakers * 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 ^ 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 ^ 2007 -- 08 * L.A. Lakers * 82 ^ 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 L.A. Lakers 82 ^ 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 14 14 27.8 . 507 . 333 . 806 4.9 4.5 2.6 . 4 20.0 Source : Playoffs ( edit ) Season Team Games played Games started Minutes per g Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Rebounds per game Assists per game Steals per game Blocks per game Points per game 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.2 19.8 1999 -- 00 L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2000 -- 01 L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2001 -- 02 L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 ^ 2003 -- 04 * L.A. Lakers * 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 ^ 2007 -- 08 * L.A. Lakers * 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 ^ 2008 -- 09 L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.9 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2009 -- 10 L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.4 . 7 29.2 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Source : Career ranking ( edit ) Career -- season Points -- 3rd ( 33,644 ) Field goal attempts -- 3rd ( 26,200 ) Field goals made -- 5th ( 11,719 ) Field goals missed -- 1st ( 14,481 ) Free throws made -- 3rd ( 8,378 ) Free throw attempts -- 5th ( 10,011 ) Points per game -- 12th ( 25.00 ) 3 - point field goal attempts -- 6th ( 5,546 ) Turnovers -- 3rd ( 4,010 ) 3 - point field goals made -- 12th ( 1,827 ) Steals -- 14th ( 1,944 ) Minutes played -- 6th ( 48,637 ) Steals per game -- 92nd ( 1.44 ) Minutes per game -- 41st ( 36.13 ) Games played -- 11th -- ( 1,346 ) Assists -- 29th ( 6,306 ) Free throw % -- 84th (. 8369 ) Personal fouls -- 39th ( 3,353 ) Defensive rebounds -- 46th ( 5,548 ) Assists per game -- 134th ( 4.69 ) Rebounds -- 100th ( 7,047 ) Blocks -- 180th ( 640 ) Offensive rebounds -- 190th ( 1,499 ) Career -- playoffs 3 - point field goal attempts -- 3rd ( 882 ) 3 - point field goals made -- 6th ( 292 ) Field goal attempts -- 3rd ( 4,499 ) Free throws made -- 3rd ( 1,320 ) Points -- 4th ( 5,640 ) Minutes played -- 3rd ( 8,641 ) Turnovers -- 3rd ( 647 ) Field goals made -- 5th ( 2,014 ) NBA awards and accomplishments ( edit ) Bryant shooting a free throw 5 - time NBA champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 7 NBA Finals appearances : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 2 - time NBA Finals MVP : 2009 , 2010 NBA Most Valuable Player : 2008 2 - time scoring champion : 2006 , 2007 18 - time NBA All - Star : 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 18 consecutive selections , 13 consecutive appearances ( No All - Star game in 1999 due to a league - wide lockout ) Missed the 2010 , 2014 and 2015 games due to injury 4 - time NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ( shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal ) 15 - time All - NBA Team selection : First team : 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Second team : 2000 , 2001 Third team : 1999 , 2005 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection : First team : 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Second team : 2001 , 2002 , 2012 NBA All - Rookie Team selection : Second team : 1997 NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion : 1997 17 - time Player of the Month : December 2000 , November 2001 , January 2003 , March 2004 , January 2006 , April 2006 , December 2006 , March 2007 , April 2007 , February 2008 , April 2008 , December 2008 , January 2009 , December 2009 , March 2011 , December / January 2012 , February 2013 Player of the Month was awarded separately to Eastern and Western Conference starting from the 2001 -- 02 season . NBA regular season leader : games played : 1998 -- 99 ( 50 ) , 2007 -- 08 ( 82 ) , 2008 -- 09 ( 82 ) usage percentage : 2005 -- 06 ( 38.7 ) , 2010 -- 11 ( 35.1 ) , 2011 -- 12 ( 35.7 ) points : 2002 -- 03 ( 2,461 ) , 2005 -- 06 ( 2,832 , 7th in NBA history ) , 2006 -- 07 ( 2,430 ) , 2007 -- 08 ( 2,323 ) points per game : 2005 -- 06 ( 34.5 , 8th in NBA history ) , 2006 -- 07 ( 31.6 ) field goals attempted : 2005 -- 06 ( 2,173 ) , 2006 -- 07 ( 1,757 ) , 2007 -- 08 ( 1,690 ) , 2010 -- 11 ( 1,639 ) , 2011 -- 12 ( 1336 ) field goals made : 2002 -- 03 ( 868 ) , 2005 -- 06 ( 978 ) , 2006 -- 07 ( 813 ) free throws attempted : 2006 -- 07 ( 768 ) free throws made : 2005 -- 06 ( 696 ) , 2006 -- 07 ( 667 ) 2nd most points in a game : 81 ( on January 22 , 2006 vs. the Toronto Raptors ) 2x Best NBA Player ESPY Award winner : 2008 , 2010 NBA playoffs leader : win shares : 2001 ( 3.8 ) points : 2004 ( 539 ) , 2008 ( 633 ) , 2009 ( 695 ) , 2010 ( 671 ) points per game : 2003 ( 32.1 ) , 2007 ( 32.8 ) , 2008 ( 30.1 ) minutes played : 2002 ( 833 ) , 2004 ( 973 ) field goals made : 2004 ( 190 ) , 2008 ( 222 ) , 2009 ( 242 ) , 2010 ( 234 ) field goals attempted : 2002 ( 431 ) , 2004 ( 460 ) , 2008 ( 463 ) , 2009 ( 530 ) , 2010 ( 511 ) free throws made : 2004 ( 135 ) , 2008 ( 157 ) , 2009 ( 174 ) , 2010 ( 154 ) free throws attempted : 2008 ( 194 ) , 2010 ( 183 ) steals : 2000 ( 32 ) , 2009 ( 38 ) turnovers : 2010 ( 79 ) personal fouls : 2000 ( 89 ) NBA Records ( edit ) Currently holds ( edit ) Bryant scored 50 points or more in four consecutive games in 2007 . Bryant holds or shares numerous NBA records : Most Seasons played for a single NBA Franchise : 20 Most All - Star Game MVP awards won , career : 4 ( tied with Bob Pettit ) Most All - Star Game field goals made , career : 115 Most offensive rebounds in an All - Star Game : 10 Most All - NBA Total Selections won , career : 15 ( tied with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan ) Most All - NBA First Team honors won , career : 11 ( tied with Karl Malone and LeBron James ) Most All - Defensive First Team honors won , career : 9 ( tied with Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , and Kevin Garnett ) Only player in NBA history with more than 30,000 points , 6,000 assists and 6,000 rebounds . Most field goal attempts , career - playoffs : 4,500 Most three - point field goal attempts , career - finals : 153 Most free throws made , four - game playoff series : 51 ( second round vs. Sacramento Kings , 2001 ) Most points scored in one arena , career : 16,161 ( as of April 14 , 2016 , at Staples Center , Los Angeles ) Most games played at one arena , career : 599 ( as of April 14 , 2016 , at Staples Center , Los Angeles Highest Score against rest of teams in the league above 40 ( share with Bob Pettit ) Surpassed Hakeem Olajuwon , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to score 24,000 points : ( 31 years , 76 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Since surpassed by LeBron James , who achieved this at 30 years , 17 days Youngest player to score 25,000 points : ( 31 years , 151 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Since surpassed by LeBron James . Youngest player to score 26,000 points : ( 32 years , 80 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Since surpassed by LeBron James . Youngest player to score 27,000 points : ( 32 years , 160 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Since surpassed by Lebron James . Youngest player to score 28,000 points : ( 33 years , 131 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Since surpassed by Lebron James . Youngest player to score 29,000 points : ( 33 years , 199 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to score 30,000 points : ( 34 years , 104 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to score 31,000 points : ( 34 years , 185 days ) Surpassed Wilt Chamberlain , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to score 32,000 points : ( 36 years , 87 days ) Surpassed Karl Malone , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to score 33,000 points : ( 37 years , 138 days ) Surpassed Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , the previous holder of the record Youngest player to be named to the NBA All - Rookie Team : ( 1996 -- 97 ) Youngest player to be named to the NBA All - Defensive Team : ( 1999 -- 00 ) Youngest player to start a game : ( 7003673300000000000 ♠ 18 years , 158 days ) Youngest player to win the NBA Slam Dunk Championship : ( 18 years , 169 days ) Youngest player to start an All - Star game : ( 7003710900000000000 ♠ 19 years , 169 days ) Only player in NBA history to score at least 600 points in the postseason for three consecutive years . 633 ( 2008 ) , 695 ( 2009 ) , 671 ( 2010 ) Oldest player to score 60 + points , one game : ( 37 years , 234 days ) Previously held ( edit ) Most three - point field goals made , one game : 12 ( on January 7 , 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics ; shared with Donyell Marshall and Stephen Curry ) Surpassed by Curry ( 13 ) on November 7 , 2016 Most three - point field goals made , one half : 8 ( on March 28 , 2003 vs. Washington Wizards ; shared with 5 other players ) Broken by Deron Williams on March 8 , 2013 . Youngest player to score 23,000 points : ( 30 years , 171 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James ( 29 years , 95 days ) on April 4 , 2014 Youngest player to score 22,000 points : ( 30 years , 99 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James ( 29 years , 11 days ) on January 10 , 2014 . Youngest player to score 20,000 points : ( 29 years , 122 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 . Chamberlain ( 29 years , 134 days ) , Jordan ( 29 years , 326 days ) , Bryant and James are the only four players to reach the milestone before reaching the age of 30 . Youngest player to score 18,000 points : ( 28 years , 156 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James ( 27 years , 35 days ) on February 3 , 2012 . Youngest player to score 15,000 points : ( 27 years , 136 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James ( 7003921000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 79 days ) on March 19 , 2010 Youngest player to score 10,000 points : ( 7003895900000000000 ♠ 24 years , 193 days ) on March 4 , 2003 Surpassed by LeBron James ( 7003845900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 Youngest player to appear in an NBA game : ( 7003664700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 72 days ) on November 3 , 1996 Surpassed by Jermaine O'Neal ( 7003662800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 53 days ) on December 5 , 1996 Then Surpassed by Andrew Bynum ( 7003658400000000000 ♠ 18 years , 9 days ) on November 2 , 2005 Los Angeles Lakers franchise Records ( edit ) Bryant set a record at the modern Madison Square Garden with 61 points . Bryant holds or shares numerous Lakers franchise records : Most seasons played 20 ( 1996 -- 1997 to 2015 -- 2016 ) Most playoff seasons played 15 ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2012 ) Most All - Star Game Selections 18 ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) Most All - NBA First Team 11 ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) Most All - Defensive First Team 9 ( 2000 , 2003 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) Games Most career regular - season games played : 1,346 Most career playoff games played : 220 Points Career : 33,643 Surpassed Jerry West , the previous holder of the record , on February 1 , 2010 Career , playoffs : 5,640 Surpassed Jerry West , the previous holder of the record , on April 23 , 2010 ) Season : 2,832 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Game : 81 ( on January 22 , 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors ) Half : 55 ( 2nd half , on January 22 , 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors ) Quarter : 30 ( twice , most recently on November 30 , 2006 in 3rd quarter vs. Utah Jazz ) Games scoring 60 points or more , career : 6 Games scoring 50 points or more , career : 26 Games scoring 50 points or more , season : 10 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Games scoring 40 points or more , career : 134 Games scoring 40 points or more , season : 27 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Bryant goes in for a layup in a 2010 game against the Magic . Consecutive games of 50 points or more : 4 ( March 16 -- 23 , 2007 ) Behind Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 consecutive games five times in 1961 -- 62 ) Consecutive games of 40 points or more : 9 ( February 6 -- 23 , 2003 ) Tied with Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 ) and behind Wilt Chamberlain ( 14 consecutive games twice in 1961 -- 62 and 10 consecutive games in 1962 -- 63 ) Field goals made and attempted Career attempts : 26,200 Career : 11,719 Career , playoffs : 2,014 Career attempts , playoffs : 4,499 Half : 18 ( 2nd half , on January 22 , 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors ) Half attempts : 28 ( tied with Elgin Baylor ; on November 17 , 2002 at Boston Celtics ) Half , playoffs : 12 ( tied with Elgin Baylor ; on April 20 , 2003 at Minnesota Timberwolves ) Quarter : 11 ( twice , most recently on January 22 , 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors ) Quarter attempts , playoffs : 13 ( tied with 3 players ; on May 13 , 2003 at San Antonio Spurs ) Free throws made and attempted Career : 8,378 Career attempts : 10,011 Career , playoffs : 1,320 Career attempts , playoffs : 1,617 Game , playoffs : 21 ( on May 4 , 2008 vs. Utah Jazz ) Quarter , playoffs : 11 ( tied with 3 players ; on May 8 , 1997 vs. Utah Jazz ) Most free throws in a game without a miss , playoffs : 18 ( May 18 , 2012 ) Consecutive : 62 ( January 11 -- 22 , 2006 ) Three - point field goals made and attempted Career : 1,827 Career , playoffs : 292 Game : 12 ( on January 7 , 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) Half : 8 ( 1st half , on March 28 , 2003 vs. Washington Wizards ) Consecutive : 9 ( on January 7 , 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) Career attempts : 5,546 Career attempts , playoffs : 882 Season attempts : 518 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Game attempts : 18 ( on January 7 , 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) Steals Career : 1,944 Half : 6 ( tied with 3 players ; on February 13 , 2006 vs. Utah Jazz ) Quarter , playoffs : 3 ( five times , tied with 9 players ; most recently on June 15 , 2008 vs. Boston Celtics ) Minutes played Career : 48,637 Career , playoffs : 8,641 Personal Fouls Career : 3,353 Career , playoffs : 660 Turnovers Career : 4,010 Miscellaneous records ( edit ) Most points scored as an opponent at the modern Madison Square Garden ( IV ) : 61 ( on February 2 , 2009 vs. New York Knicks ) Most points scored in Christmas Day games : 395 ( as of December 25 , 2015 ) Surpassed Oscar Robertson Most points scored in final career game : 60 ( on April 13 , 2016 vs. Utah Jazz ) Others ( edit ) Bryant playing at the 2008 Summer Olympics 1995 Adidas Academic Betterment and Career Development ( ABCD ) Summer Camp Senior MVP 1996 Naismith High School Player of the Year 1996 Gatorade Circle of Champions High School Player of the Year 1996 McDonald 's High School All - American 1996 USA Today All - USA First Team USA Today and PARADE 's 1996 National High School Player of the Year with a seasonal average of 30.8 points , 12.0 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4.0 steals and 3.8 blocks per game . Named Most Outstanding Player at the Beach Ball Classic in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina in his senior year The all - time leading scorer in Southeastern Pennsylvania school history with 2,883 points Surpassed Carlin Warley ( 2,441 ) and Wilt Chamberlain ( 2,359 ) Led Lower Merion High School to a 31 -- 3 record , including 27 straight wins , and the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association ( PIAA ) Class AAAA state title as a senior . The Aces defeated Erie Cathedral Prep 48 -- 43 to win the gold ( 1996 ) . Had his Lower Merion High School number 33 retired in 2002 Became the 27th player to enter the NBA straight from high school ( Jermaine O'Neal was the other player to do so in the 1996 NBA draft ) Won 5 ESPY Awards 2002 Outstanding Team Award ( Los Angeles Lakers ) 2006 Under Armour Undeniable Performance Award ( Kobe Bryant 's 81 points ) 2008 Best NBA Player Award ( Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ) 2009 Best Team Award ( Los Angeles Lakers ) 2010 Best NBA Player Award ( Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ) Gold medal with Team USA , 2007 FIBA Americas Championship ( Tournament of Americas ) Gold medal with Team USA , 2008 Summer Olympics Gold medal with Team USA , 2012 Summer Olympics Sporting News NBA Athlete of the Decade ( 2000s ) TNT NBA Player of the Decade ( 2000s ) Ranked # 12 in SLAM Magazine 's 2009 revision of the top 50 greatest players of all time ( published in the August 2009 issue ) Sports Illustrated Top 20 Male Athlete of the Decade ( 2000s ) # 7 ( the only NBA player in the top 10 ) Ranked # 10 in SLAM Magazine 's 2011 revision of the top 500 greatest players of all time ( published in the February 2011 issue ) Ranked # 1 in Dime Magazine 's 2012 list of the top 10 greatest players since the year 2000 ( published in the September 2012 issue ) See also ( edit ) List of 40 - plus point games by Kobe Bryant List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise List of NBA players with most championships NBA regular season records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bio : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert , Selena ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Destination Portland : A Big Man , a Small Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Say It Ai n't So ( Transactions that broke our hearts ) '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . May 26 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Buss tells Bryant he is the Lakers ' franchise ' cornerstone ' '' . ESPN . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe 's 81 - point game third only to Cheryl Miller ( Reggie Miller 's sister ) . '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Watch All of Kobe 's 82 Points in 3 Minutes . NBA via YouTube . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Leaders and Records '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 9 , 1998 ) . `` NBA Drops All - Stars -- What 's Left ? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kidd replaces injured Kobe ; Lee steps in for Iverson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game : Year - by - Year Results '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - NBA and All - ABA Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Defensive Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star : Slam Dunk Year - by - Year Results '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Players of the Month '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Season Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Season Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/b/bryanko01.html Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoff Records -- Free Throws in a Series '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . May 13 , 2001 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elias Says ... '' . Elias Sports Bureau . ESPN Internet Ventures . April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's 33 power Lakers past Dwyane Wade , Heat '' . ESPN . March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : Lakers vs Grizzlies Recap : Kobe scores 24,000 th point as short - handed Lakers get by Grizzlies '' . ESPN . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt . `` LeBron James becomes youngest to reach 24,000 points '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Youngest Ever '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant scores 26,000 th point '' . ESPN . November 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . January 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant reaches 28,000 career points in loss to Nuggets '' . ESPN . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant says he was unaware about eclipsing 28,000 career points '' . Los Angeles Times . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Surpasses 29,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant reaches 30,000 - point plateau in Lakers ' win '' . ESPN . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Becomes Youngest Player To Score 31,000 Points In Win Over Mavs '' . businessinsider.com . BusinessInsider Internet Ventures . February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe youngest to 32,000 points '' . foxsports.com . Fox Sports . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( February 9 , 1997 ) . `` King Kobe ; At 18 , Lakers ' Bryant Steals the Show by Becoming Youngest to Win Slam - Dunk Contest and Scoring 31 Points in Rookie All - Star Game '' . Los Angeles Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN : Daily Dime , 14 June 2010 '' . ESPN . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe scores 60 points unbelievable farewell victory '' . ESPN . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Three - Point Field Goals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet shot : Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . ESPN.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Nuggets at Bulls Play By Play '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Wizardss at Nets Recap : Nets ' Deron Williams hits franchise - best 11 3 - pointers in rout '' . ESPN . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant falls short of Chamberlain record '' . MSNBC . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Fast Facts from Last Night 's Games -- LeBron Fouls Out but Becomes Youngest to 22K , J - Smoove Joins Dream and Kareem '' . sheridanhoops.com . SHERIDANHOOPS . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Reaches 20,000 - Point Plateau '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Zach ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James Youngest Ever to Score 20,000 Points in NBA History '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe youngest to reach 20,000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . December 23 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 23 , 2007 ) . `` An 81 - point boost for Kobe 's marketing power '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Cavaliers at Bulls Recap : LeBron surpasses 15,000 - point mark as Cavaliers pull away late '' . ESPN . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Horry wins it : Kobe youngest to reach 10,000 career points '' . Sports Illustrated . March 6 , 2003 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Cavaliers at Celtics Recap : LeBron overcomes ankle injury , but Celtics still beat Cavs '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2011 -- 12 Lakers Media Guide , p. 131 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : 2011 -- 12 Lakers Media Guide , p. 266 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant Stats '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : Lakers at Grizzlies Recap : Kobe passes West as Lakers scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies '' . ESPN . February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe breaks West 's playoff mark '' . ESPN . April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : Lakers at New York Recap : Bryant 's 61 set record for most points at current MSG '' . ESPN . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Lakers vs Phoenix Recap : Kobe 's 43 beats Suns , puts Lakers in playoffs '' . ESPN . April 16 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe scores 50 ( again ) , leads Lakers past Hornets '' . ESPN . March 23 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : SuperSonics at Lakers Recap : Lakers move into seventh place in Western Conference '' . ESPN . February 23 , 2003 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Bryant Amongst the Scoring Elite '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 2010 -- 11 Lakers Media Guide , p. 102 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved on 2011 - 6 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA game : Undermanned Bucks continue Lakers ' road struggles '' . ESPN . January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Field Goal Attempts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2008 -- 09 Lakers Media Guide , p. 103 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved on 2009 - 3 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : 2008 -- 09 Lakers Media Guide , p. 319 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved on 2009 - 3 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Free Throws '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA game : Jazz at Los Angeles Recap : Lakers open second round with sound win over Jazz '' . ESPN . May 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2008 -- 09 Lakers Media Guide , p. 318 . NBA.com/Lakers . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . 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-2307955647443513796	Romeo + Juliet	Romeo + Juliet - wikipedia Romeo + Juliet Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For Hamza Nadeem ' 2007 ballet , see Romeo + Juliet ( ballet ) . For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . `` Verona Beach '' redirects here . For the park in Upstate New York , see Verona Beach State Park . Romeo + Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Baz Luhrmann Gabriella Martinelli Screenplay by Craig Pearce Baz Luhrmann Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Claire Danes Brian Dennehy John Leguizamo Pete Postlethwaite Paul Sorvino Paul Rudd Diane Venora Music by Nellee Hooper Marius de Vries Craig Armstrong Cinematography Donald M. McAlpine Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company Bazmark Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 27 ) ( Mann 's Chinese Theatre ) November 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14.5 million Box office $147.5 million William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ( shortened to Romeo + Juliet ) is a 1996 American romantic drama film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Baz Luhrmann , co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli , and co-written by Craig Pearce , being an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet , who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her , despite their being members of the Montague and Capulet family ; Brian Dennehy , John Leguizamo , Pete Postlethwaite , Paul Sorvino , and Diane Venora star in supporting roles . While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue , the film represents the Montagues and the Capulets as warring mafia empires ( with legitimate business fronts ) during 1990s America , and swords are replaced with guns ( with brand names such as `` Dagger '' and `` Sword '' ) . Some characters ' names are also changed . Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names ( in the original , their first names are never mentioned ) ; Friar Laurence becomes Father Laurence , and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince . The adaptation eliminates the character of Friar John , and some characters change families -- in the original , Gregory and Sampson are Capulets , but in the film , they are Montagues ( Abram , as Abra , and Petruchio , conversely , are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family ) . In addition , a few plot details are shifted , most notably toward the ending . The film was released on November 1 , 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial success , and was met with generally positive reviews . The film grossed over $147.5 million over a $14.5 million budget . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . In 2005 , the film was included on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Verona Beach , the Capulets and the Montagues are arch - rivals . The animosity of the older generation -- Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague -- is felt by their younger relatives . A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio , Romeo 's cousin , and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt , Juliet 's cousin , creates chaos in the city . The Chief of Police , Captain Prince , reprimands the families , warning them that if such behavior continues , their lives `` shall pay the forfeit of the peace '' . Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach . While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate - crash . Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline , with whom he is in love , is attending . Later , the Montague boys meet their friend , Mercutio , who has tickets to the party . Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion . The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo , who goes to the restroom . While admiring an aquarium , he sees Juliet on the other side , and the two instantly fall in love . Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family 's home , but Fulgencio stops him . Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss . The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away , telling her that Romeo is a Montague . At the same time , Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet . Mercutio removes Romeo from the party , but he sneaks back to the mansion , hiding under Juliet 's balcony . Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her . Juliet warns him that he is risking his life , but Romeo tells her he does n't care whether he is caught . Knowing her nurse is looking for her , Juliet tells him that , if he sends word by the following day , they will be betrothed . The next day , Romeo visits Father Laurence , telling him he wants to marry Juliet . He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families . Romeo passes the word on to Juliet 's nurse and the lovers are married . Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives . Romeo attempts to make peace , but Tybalt assaults him . Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt , and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him . Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach . Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo 's arms . Enraged , Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down . Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city . Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence , who treats his injuries and says that , after some time passes , he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends . The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him . When Romeo climbs over Juliet 's balcony , she kisses him and they consummate their marriage . Meanwhile , Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris , the governor 's son . The next morning , Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris . She refuses , and Fulgencio threatens to disown her . Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris . To get out of this , Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence , imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide . Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later . Romeo will be told of the plot , sneak into the vault , and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua . He gives her a potion which mimics death . After saying goodnight to her mother , Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma . She is found in the morning , declared dead , and placed in the vault . Balthasar , one of Romeo 's cousins , learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo , who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence . Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison . As he goes to the church , Captain Prince finds out he is back , and tries to capture him , without success . Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive . Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye . She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison ; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies . A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo 's gun and shoots herself in the head , dying instantly . The two lovers are soon discovered in each other 's arms . Prince condemns both families , whose feuding led to such tragedy , while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue . Cast ( edit ) The House of Montague Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague , Romeo 's father Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague , Romeo 's mother Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague , Romeo 's cousin Zak Orth as Gregory Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague , Romeo 's cousin The House of Capulet Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet , Juliet 's father Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet , Juliet 's mother Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet / Juliet Capulet - Montague John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Miriam Margolyes as Nurse , Juliet 's nanny Others Harold Perrineau as Mercutio , Romeo 's best friend Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence , the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet Paul Rudd as Dave Paris , the governor 's son and Juliet 's fiance Vondie Curtis - Hall as Captain Prince , the chief of police M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy , the singer at Romeo and Juliet 's wedding Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman , who assumes the role of the Chorus Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but , during rehearsals , it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was `` molesting '' her . Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time , and made DiCaprio look older than intended . He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14 . After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts , DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast , as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious . Production ( edit ) After the success of Strictly Ballroom , Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be : Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life , choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling , and then follow that road . With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director . How would he make it ? We do n't know a lot about Shakespeare , but we do know he would make a ' movie ' movie . He was a player . We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters , from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear - baiting and prostitution . So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story . That was what we wanted to do . Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney . Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it . Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene , they agreed to support it . All of the development was done in Australia , with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia . While some parts of the film were shot in Miami , most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio , Veracruz . For instance , the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios ; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered on November 1 , 1996 in the United States and Canada , in 1,276 theaters , and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the box office . It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada , with a worldwide total of USD $147,554,998 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film `` Fresh '' , with 72 % of 53 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 with the consensus that says , `` Baz Luhrmann 's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive '' . James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Ultimately , no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies , the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors : the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members . Luhrmann , Danes , and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands . '' Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards , Danes won Best Female Performance . DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance , and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On - Screen Duo . At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards , director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction , Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay , Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music , and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Editing , and Best Sound . The film won several awards . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . Conversely , Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4 , saying , `` I 've seen `` King Lear '' as a samurai drama and `` Macbeth '' as a Mafia story , and two different `` Romeo and Juliets '' about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan ( `` West Side Story '' and `` China Girl '' ) , but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of `` Romeo & Juliet '' makes of Shakespeare 's tragedy . '' The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions list in 2002 . Home media ( edit ) The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997 . A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6 , 2007 , while a Blu - ray edition was released on October 19 , 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Romeo + Juliet ( soundtrack ) `` # 1 Crush '' -- Garbage `` Local God '' -- Everclear `` Angel '' -- Gavin Friday `` Pretty Piece of Flesh '' -- One Inch Punch `` Kissing You ( Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet ) '' -- Des'ree `` Whatever ( I Had a Dream ) '' -- Butthole Surfers `` Lovefool '' -- The Cardigans `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Kym Mazelle `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' -- Quindon Tarver `` To You I Bestow '' -- Mundy `` Talk Show Host '' -- Radiohead `` Little Star '' -- Stina Nordenstam `` You and Me Song '' -- The Wannadies `` Layers of Darkness '' - Marching Show Concept 's Recording `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' - Radiohead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 'S ROMEO + JULIET ( 12 ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 1996 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : 1997 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) : Awards '' . IMDb.com . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kim . `` CONSIDERING ' THE BFI LIST OF 50 FILMS YOU SHOULD WATCH BY THE AGE OF 14 ' '' . MUBI . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitington , Paul ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` From stage to screen '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . New Yorker Magazine . New Yorker Magazine . p. 2 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James ( February 25 , 1996 ) . `` UP AND COMING : Natalie Portman ; Natalie Portman ( Not Her Real Name ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . NewYorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Baz Luhrmann '' , Signet , 19 December 1996 accessed 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet - Official Website , Production Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare 's Romeo & Juliet - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` Review : Romeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . ReelReviews.net . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Romeo + Juliet Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . General Lehmann , Courtney . `` Strictly Shakespeare ? Dead Letters , Ghostly Fathers , and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 52.2 ( Summer 2001 ) pp. 189 -- 221 . Malone , Toby . Behind the Red Curtain of Verona Beach : Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' Shakespeare Survey . 65 ( 1 ) , 2012 . pp 398 - 412 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Romeo + Juliet Official website ( Archive ) Romeo + Juliet on IMDb Romeo + Juliet at Box Office Mojo Romeo + Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Romeo + Juliet at Metacritic Romeo + Juliet at Virtual History William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played paris in romeo and juliet with leonardo dicaprio	[ "Paul Rudd as Dave Paris, the governor's son and Juliet's fiance" ]	[ "Paul Rudd" ]
6636197264151778943	There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back	There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back - wikipedia There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Jump to : navigation , search `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 19 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Geoff Warburton Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Andrew Maury Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on YouTube `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' is a `` dance - y '' pop rock track . A Billboard editor noted it features some electric guitar and `` strained '' vocals on the chorus . As the upbeat track progresses , it incorporates handclaps , funky guitar riffs , and foot - tapping bass . The pre-chorus was inspired by early works of Timbaland and Justin Timberlake . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Taylor Weatherby noted `` the song 's sound falls right in line with the guitar - laced goodness he brought on his sophomore effort , but this time bringing in a little more edge . '' Allison Bowsher for Much opined the sound `` is a return to the earworms that launched Mendes ' career back in 2015 . Reminiscent of the high energy pop sensibilities of Mendes ' `` Something Big , '' today 's new track plays with lifts and falls throughout , allowing Mendes to show off the strength of his voice . '' In MTV News , Madeline Roth thought the track is `` more danceable than anything in his catalog . His voice is gritty and hoarse , especially on the passionate , aggressive hook . '' Live performances ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is featured on the Illuminate World Tour setlist . The singer performed the single on The Graham Norton Show on June 9 , 2017 , at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2017 on June 10 , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 19 and at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27th . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song has peaked at number six . It has also reached higher positions on the charts of other countries , such as Australia and the UK , reaching number four in both , and in Mendes ' home country of Canada , where it has achieved number six . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on June 20 , 2017 . The clip , filmed in Paris , Amsterdam and the United Kingdom , sees Mendes and his love interest ( played by actress Ellie Bamber ) exploring Europe while the singer is out on tour . The couple races through transportation hubs , ride trains and trek along the coastline . The video also shows footage from Mendes ' concerts . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download ( NOTD Remix ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 14 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States April 25 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Island Republic Worldwide May 12 , 2017 Digital download NOTD Remix Island France July 6 , 2017 Acoustic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes Launch World Arena Tour , Debut New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' : The Dancey Differenc '' . KYLD . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` How early - 2000s Timbaland inspired Shawn Mendes ' dancey new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Listen To Shawn Mendes ' New Track ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Much . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Releases ' There 's Nothing Holding Me Back ' & It 's Fire '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graham Norton Show Episode 10 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Scheduled To Perform On June 19 `` Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' `` . Headline Planet . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Adventurous ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( NOTD Remix ) - Single on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( Acoustic ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 29 de Mayo al 4 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia - Semana 29 del 2017 - Del 14 / 07 / 2017 al 20 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 11 al 16 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Guatemala -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 05 - 12 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 05 - 19 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 11 al 17 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( To access search `` Shawn Mendes '' and click on `` Sök '' . ) ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Nothing_Holdin%27_Me_Back&oldid=802500268 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Teddy Geiger Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song there's nothing holding me back	[ "\"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes. Written by Mendes, Teddy Geiger, Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris,[1] and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury, it was released as a single on April 20, 2017. The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate (2016). The song's accompanying music video was released on June 20, 2017." ]	[ "Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes" ]
-2614853643381581775	Chromosomal crossover	Chromosomal crossover - wikipedia Chromosomal crossover Jump to : navigation , search Crossing over occurs between prophase 1 and metaphase 1 and is the process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material to form recombinant chromosomes . It can also happen during mitotic division , which may result in loss of heterozygosity . Crossing over is essential for the normal segregation of chromosomes during meiosis . Crossing over also accounts for genetic variation , because due to the swapping of genetic material during crossing over , the chromatids held together by the centromere are no longer identical . So , when the chromosomes go on to meiosis II and separate , some of the daughter cells receive daughter chromosomes with recombined alleles . Due to this genetic recombination , the offspring have a different set of alleles and genes than their parents do . In the diagram , genes B and b are crossed over with each other , making the resulting recombinants after meiosis Ab , AB , ab , and aB . Thomas Hunt Morgan 's illustration of crossing over ( 1916 ) A double crossing over Chromosomal crossover ( or crossing over ) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction . It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination , which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis . Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome . Crossing over was described , in theory , by Thomas Hunt Morgan . He relied on the discovery of Frans Alfons Janssens who described the phenomenon in 1909 and had called it `` chiasmatypie '' . The term chiasma is linked if not identical to chromosomal crossover . Morgan immediately saw the great importance of Janssens ' cytological interpretation of chiasmata to the experimental results of his research on the heredity of Drosophila . The physical basis of crossing over was first demonstrated by Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock in 1931 . The linked frequency of crossing over between two gene loci ( markers ) is the crossing - over value . For fixed set of genetic and environmental conditions , recombination in a particular region of a linkage structure ( chromosome ) tends to be constant and the same is then true for the crossing - over value which is used in the production of genetic maps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 DNA repair theory 1.2 Links to bacterial transformation 2 Chemistry 2.1 MSH4 and MSH5 2.2 Chiasma 3 Consequences 4 Non-homologous crossover 5 See also 6 References Origins ( edit ) There are two popular and overlapping theories that explain the origins of crossing - over , coming from the different theories on the origin of meiosis . The first theory rests upon the idea that meiosis evolved as another method of DNA repair , and thus crossing - over is a novel way to replace possibly damaged sections of DNA . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating diversity . DNA repair theory ( edit ) Crossing over and DNA repair are very similar processes , which utilize many of the same protein complexes . Recombinases and primases lay a foundation of nucleotides along the DNA sequence . One such particular protein complex that is conserved between processes is RAD51 , a well conserved recombinase protein that has been shown to be crucial in DNA repair as well as cross over . Several other genes in D. melanogaster have been linked as well to both processes , by showing that mutants at these specific loci can not undergo DNA repair or crossing over . Such genes include mei - 41 , mei - 9 , hdm , spnA , and brca2 . This large group of conserved genes between processes supports the theory of a close evolutionary relationship . Furthermore , DNA repair and crossover have been found to favor similar regions on chromosomes . In an experiment using radiation hybrid mapping on wheat 's ( Triticum aestivum L . ) 3B chromosome , crossing over and DNA repair were found to occur predominantly in the same regions . Furthermore , crossing over has been correlated to occur in response to stressful , and likely DNA damaging , conditions Links to bacterial transformation ( edit ) The process of bacterial transformation also shares many similarities with chromosomal cross over , particularly in the formation of overhangs on the sides of the broken DNA strand , allowing for the annealing of a new strand . Bacterial transformation itself has been linked to DNA repair many times . The second theory comes from the idea that meiosis evolved from bacterial transformation , with the function of propagating genetic diversity. . Thus , this evidence suggests that it is a question of whether cross over is linked to DNA repair or bacterial transformation , as the two do not appear to be mutually exclusive . It is likely that crossing over may have evolved from bacterial transformation , which in turn developed from DNA repair , thus explaining the links between all three processes . Chemistry ( edit ) A current model of meiotic recombination , initiated by a double - strand break or gap , followed by pairing with an homologous chromosome and strand invasion to initiate the recombinational repair process . Repair of the gap can lead to crossover ( CO ) or non-crossover ( NCO ) of the flanking regions . CO recombination is thought to occur by the Double Holliday Junction ( DHJ ) model , illustrated on the right , above . NCO recombinants are thought to occur primarily by the Synthesis Dependent Strand Annealing ( SDSA ) model , illustrated on the left , above . Most recombination events appear to be the SDSA type . Meiotic recombination may be initiated by double - stranded breaks that are introduced into the DNA by exposure to DNA damaging agents or the Spo11 protein . One or more exonucleases then digest the 5 ' ends generated by the double - stranded breaks to produce 3 ' single - stranded DNA tails ( see diagram ) . The meiosis - specific recombinase Dmc1 and the general recombinase Rad51 coat the single - stranded DNA to form nucleoprotein filaments . The recombinases catalyze invasion of the opposite chromatid by the single - stranded DNA from one end of the break . Next , the 3 ' end of the invading DNA primes DNA synthesis , causing displacement of the complementary strand , which subsequently anneals to the single - stranded DNA generated from the other end of the initial double - stranded break . The structure that results is a cross-strand exchange , also known as a Holliday junction . The contact between two chromatids that will soon undergo crossing - over is known as a chiasma . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral structure which can be ' pulled ' by other recombinases , moving it along the four - stranded structure . Holliday Junction Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . Molecular structure of a Holliday junction . From PDB : 3CRX . MSH4 and MSH5 ( edit ) The MSH4 and MSH5 proteins form a hetero - oligomeric structure ( heterodimer ) in yeast and humans . In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH4 and MSH5 act specifically to facilitate crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis . The MSH4 / MSH5 complex binds and stabilizes double Holliday junctions and promotes their resolution into crossover products . An MSH4 hypomorphic ( partially functional ) mutant of S. cerevisiae showed a 30 % genome wide reduction in crossover numbers , and a large number of meioses with non exchange chromosomes . Nevertheless , this mutant gave rise to spore viability patterns suggesting that segregation of non-exchange chromosomes occurred efficiently . Thus in S. cerevisiae proper segregation apparently does not entirely depend on crossovers between homologous pairs . Chiasma ( edit ) The grasshopper Melanoplus femur - rubrum was exposed to an acute dose of X-rays during each individual stage of meiosis , and chiasma frequency was measured . Irradiation during the leptotene - zygotene stages of meiosis ( that is , prior to the pachytene period in which crossover recombination occurs ) was found to increase subsequent chiasma frequency . Similarly , in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus , exposure to X-irradiation during the zygotene - early pachytene stages caused a significant increase in mean cell chiasma frequency . Chiasma frequency was scored at the later diplotene - diakinesis stages of meiosis . These results suggest that X-rays induce DNA damages that are repaired by a crossover pathway leading to chiasma formation . Consequences ( edit ) The difference between gene conversion and chromosomal crossover . In most eukaryotes , a cell carries two versions of each gene , each referred to as an allele . Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring . An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase plate . Without recombination , all alleles for those genes linked together on the same chromosome would be inherited together . Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes , as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes . Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome . Although the same genes appear in the same order , some alleles are different . In this way , it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring , and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination . This principle of `` independent assortment '' of genes is fundamental to genetic inheritance . However , the frequency of recombination is actually not the same for all gene combinations . This leads to the notion of `` genetic distance '' , which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a ( suitably large ) sample of pedigrees . Loosely speaking , one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another . If two genes are located close together on a chromosome , the likelihood that a recombination event will separate these two genes is less than if they were farther apart . Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome . Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apart . This concept is applied when searching for a gene that may cause a particular disease . This is done by comparing the occurrence of a specific DNA sequence with the appearance of a disease . When a high correlation between the two is found , it is likely that the appropriate gene sequence is really closer . Non-homologous crossover ( edit ) Crossovers typically occur between homologous regions of matching chromosomes , but similarities in sequence and other factors can result in mismatched alignments . Most DNA is composed of base pair sequences repeated very large numbers of times . These repetitious segments , often referred to as satellites , are fairly homogenous among a species . During DNA replication , each strand of DNA is used as a template for the creation of new strands using a partially - conserved mechanism ; proper functioning of this process results in two identical , paired chromosomes , often called sisters . Sister chromatid crossover events are known to occur at a rate of several crossover events per cell per division in eukaryotes . Most of these events involve an exchange of equal amounts of genetic information , but unequal exchanges may occur due to sequence mismatch . These are referred to by a variety of names , including non-homologous crossover , unequal crossover , and unbalanced recombination , and result in an insertion or deletion of genetic information into the chromosome . While rare compared to homologous crossover events , these mutations are drastic , affecting many loci at the same time . They are considered the main driver behind the generation of gene duplications and are a general source of mutation within the genome . Many proteins are implicated in DSB repair ; this figure shows a probable , simplified mechanism . The specific causes of non-homologous crossover events are unknown , but several influential factors are known to increase the likelihood of an unequal crossover . One common vector leading to unbalanced recombination is the repair of double - strand breaks ( DSBs ) . DSBs are often repaired using non-homologous end joining , a process which involves invasion of a template strand by the DSB strand ( see figure below ) . Nearby homologous regions of the template strand are often used for repair , which can give rise to either insertions or deletions in the genome if a non-homologous but complementary part of the template strand is used . Sequence similarity is a major player in crossover -- crossover events are more likely to occur in long regions of close identity on a gene . This means that any section of the genome with long sections of repetitive DNA is prone to crossover events . The presence of transposable elements is another influential element of non-homologous crossover . Repetitive regions of code characterize transposable elements ; complementary but non-homologous regions are ubiquitous within transposons . Because chromosomal regions composed of transposons have large quantities of identical , repetitious code in a condensed space , it is thought that transposon regions undergoing a crossover event are more prone to erroneous complementary match - up ; that is to say , a section of a chromosome containing a lot of identical sequences , should it undergo a crossover event , is less certain to match up with a perfectly homologous section of complementary code and more prone to binding with a section of code on a slightly different part of the chromosome . This results in unbalanced recombination , as genetic information may be either inserted or deleted into the new chromosome , depending on where the recombination occurred . While the motivating factors behind unequal recombination remain obscure , elements of the physical mechanism have been elucidated . Mismatch repair ( MMR ) proteins , for instance , are a well - known regulatory family of proteins , responsible for regulating mismatched sequences of DNA during replication and escape regulation . The operative goal of MMRs is the restoration of the parental genotype . One class of MMR in particular , MutSβ , is known to initiate the correction of insertion - deletion mismatches of up to 16 nucleotides . Little is known about the excision process in eukaryotes , but E. coli excisions involve the cleaving of a nick on either the 5 ' or 3 ' strand , after which DNA helicase and DNA polymerase III bind and generate single - stranded proteins , which are digested by exonucleases and attached to the strand by ligase . Multiple MMR pathways have been implicated in the maintenance of complex organism genome stability , and any of many possible malfunctions in the MMR pathway result in DNA editing and correction errors . Therefore , while it is not certain precisely what mechanisms lead to errors of non-homologous crossover , it is extremely likely that the MMR pathway is involved . See also ( edit ) Unequal crossing over Coefficient of coincidence Genetic distance Independent assortment Mitotic crossover Recombinant frequency References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , AJF ; Gelbart , WM ; Miller , JH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Modern Genetic Analysis : Mitotic Crossing - Over '' . New York : W.H. Freeman . Jump up ^ Creighton H , McClintock B ( 1931 ) . `` A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing - Over in Zea Mays '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 17 ( 8 ) : 492 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 17.8. 492 . PMC 1076098 . PMID 16587654 . ( Original paper ) Jump up ^ Rieger R. Michaelis A. , Green M.M. ( 1976 ) . Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics : Classical and molecular . Heidelberg - New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 3 - 540 - 07668 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ King R.C. , Stransfield W.D. ( 1998 ) : Dictionary of genetics . Oxford University Press , New York , Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 50944 - 1 - 7 ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 509442 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harris Bernstein , Carol Bernstein and Richard E. Michod ( 2011 ) . Meiosis as an Evolutionary Adaptation for DNA Repair . Chapter 19 in DNA Repair . Inna Kruman , editor . InTech Open Publisher . doi : 10.5772 / 25117 http://www.intechopen.com/books/dna-repair/meiosis-as-an-evolutionary-adaptation-for-dna-repair ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , H ; Bernstein , C ( 2010 ) . `` Evolutionary origin of recombination during meiosis '' . BioScience. 60 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 505 . doi : 10.1525 / bio. 2010.60. 7.5 . Jump up ^ Dangel , NJ ; Knoll , A ; Puchta , H ( 2014 ) . `` MHF1 plays Fanconi anaemia complementation group M protein ( FANCM ) - dependent and FANCM - independent roles in DNA repair and homologous recombination in plants '' . Plant J. 78 ( 5 ) : 822 -- 33 . doi : 10.1111 / tpj. 12507 . PMID 24635147 . Jump up ^ Saponaro , M ; Callahan , D ; Zheng , X ; Liberi , G ( 2010 ) . `` Cdk1 Targets Srs2 to Complete Synthesis - Dependent Strand Annealing and to Promote Recombinational Repair '' . PLoS Genet. 6 ( 2 ) : e1000858 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 1000858 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Esposito , M ( September 1978 ) . `` Evidence that Spontaneous Mitotic Recombination Occurs at the Two - Strand Stage '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 75 ( 9 ) : 4436 -- 4440 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 75.9. 4436 . Jump up ^ Kumar , A ; Bassi , F ; Paux , E ( 2012 ) . `` DNA repair and crossing over favor similar chromosome regions as discovered in radiation hybrid of Triticum '' . BMC Genomics. 13 ( 339 ) . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 13 - 339 . PMC 3443642 . PMID 22827734 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinboeck , F ( 2010 ) . `` The relevance of oxidative stress and cytotoxic DNA lesions for spontaneous mutagenesis in non-replicating yeast cells '' . Mutat Res. 688 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 47 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrfmmm. 2010.03. 006 . PMID 20223252 . Jump up ^ Nedelcu , M ; Marcu , O ; Michod , RE ( 2004 ) . `` Sex as a response to oxidative stress : a twofold increase in cellular reactive oxygen species activates sex genes '' . Proc. R. Soc . B. 271 : 1591 -- 1596 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2004.2747 . PMC 1691771 . PMID 15306305 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charpentier , X ( 2010 ) . `` Antibiotics and UV Radiation Induce Competence for Natural Transformation in Legionella pneumophila '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 193 ( 5 ) : 1114 -- 1121 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 01146 - 10 . PMC 3067580 . PMID 21169481 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Keeney , S ; Giroux , CN ; Kleckner , N ( 1997 ) . `` Meiosis - Specific DNA Double - Strand Breaks Are Catalyzed by Spo11 , a Member of a Widely Conserved Protein Family '' . Cell. 88 ( 3 ) : 375 -- 84 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81876 - 0 . PMID 9039264 . Jump up ^ Sauvageau , S ; Stasiak , Az ; Banville , I ; Ploquin , M ; Stasiak , A ; Masson , Jy ( June 2005 ) . `` Fission Yeast Rad51 and Dmc1 , Two Efficient DNA Recombinases Forming Helical Nucleoprotein Filaments '' ( Free full text ) . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 25 ( 11 ) : 4377 -- 87 . doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 25.11. 4377 - 4387.2005 . ISSN 0270 - 7306 . PMC 1140613 . PMID 15899844 . ^ Jump up to : Pochart P , Woltering D , Hollingsworth NM ( 1997 ) . `` Conserved properties between functionally distinct MutS homologs in yeast '' . J. Biol. Chem. 272 ( 48 ) : 30345 -- 9 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 272.48. 30345 . PMID 9374523 . Jump up ^ Winand NJ , Panzer JA , Kolodner RD ( 1998 ) . `` Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene '' . Genomics. 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1006 / geno. 1998.5447 . PMID 9787078 . Jump up ^ Bocker T , Barusevicius A , Snowden T , Rasio D , Guerrette S , Robbins D , Schmidt C , Burczak J , Croce CM , Copeland T , Kovatich AJ , Fishel R ( 1999 ) . `` hMSH5 : a human MutS homologue that forms a novel heterodimer with hMSH4 and is expressed during spermatogenesis '' . Cancer Res. 59 ( 4 ) : 816 -- 22 . PMID 10029069 . Jump up ^ Krishnaprasad GN , Anand MT , Lin G , Tekkedil MM , Steinmetz LM , Nishant KT ( 2015 ) . `` Variation in crossover frequencies perturb crossover assurance without affecting meiotic chromosome segregation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae '' . Genetics . 199 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 412 . doi : 10.1534 / genetics. 114.172320 . PMC 4317650 . PMID 25467183 . Jump up ^ Church K , Wimber DE ( 1969 ) . `` Meiosis in the grasshopper : chiasma frequency after elevated temperature and x-rays '' . Can . J. Genet . Cytol. 11 ( 1 ) : 209 -- 16 . doi : 10.1139 / g69 - 025 . PMID 5797806 . Jump up ^ Westerman M ( 1971 ) . `` The effect of x-irradiation on chiasma frequency in Chorthippus brunneus '' . Heredity. 27 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 91 . doi : 10.1038 / hdy. 1971.73 . PMID 5289295 . Jump up ^ `` genetic recombination '' . Jump up ^ Genetic Recombination ^ Jump up to : Smith , George P. ( 1976 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evolution of Repeated DNA Sequences by Unequal Crossover '' . Science . 191 ( 4227 ) : 528 -- 535 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1251186 . JSTOR 1741301 . Jump up ^ Graur , Dan ; Li , Wen - Hsiung ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution . Sinauer . ISBN 9780878932665 . ^ Jump up to : Puchta , Holger ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The repair of double - strand breaks in plants : mechanisms and consequences for genome evolution '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 56 ( 409 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / eri025 . ISSN 0022 - 0957 . PMID 15557293 . Jump up ^ Metzenberg , Ab ; et al. ( May 1991 ) . `` Homology Requirements for Unequal Crossing Over in Humans '' . Genetics . Jump up ^ Robberecht , Caroline ; Voet , Thierry ; Esteki , Masoud Zamani ; Nowakowska , Beata A. ; Vermeesch , Joris R. ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Non-allelic homologous recombination between retrotransposable elements is a driver of de novo unbalanced translocations '' . Genome Research . 23 : gr. 145631.112 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 145631.112 . ISSN 1088 - 9051 . PMC 3589530 . PMID 23212949 . ^ Jump up to : Kunkel , Thomas A. ; Erie , Dorothy A. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Dna Mismatch Repair '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 74 ( 1 ) : 681 -- 710 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 74.082803. 133243 . PMID 15952900 . Jump up ^ Surtees , J.A. , J.A. ; Argueso , J.L. ; Alani , E. ( 2004 ) . `` Mismatch Repair Proteins : Key Regulators of Genetic Recombination '' . Cytogenetic and Genome Research . 107 : 146 -- 59 . doi : 10.1159 / 000080593 . ( hide ) Genetics : homologous recombination / mobile genetic elements Primarily prokaryotic Conjugation Transduction Transformation Occurs in eukaryotes Transfection Chromosomal crossover Gene conversion Fusion gene Horizontal gene transfer Sister chromatid exchange Transposon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromosomal_crossover&oldid=812471837 '' Categories : Cellular processes Molecular genetics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	during which phase of meosis does crossing over occur	[ "Chromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis. Synapsis begins before the synaptonemal complex develops and is not completed until near the end of prophase I. Crossover usually occurs when matching regions on matching chromosomes break and then reconnect to the other chromosome." ]	[ "in the pachytene stage of prophase I" ]
1140045930278456946	Hartford Whalers	Hartford Whalers - wikipedia Hartford Whalers Jump to : navigation , search Hartford Whalers Founded 1972 History New England Whalers 1972 -- 1979 ( WHA ) Hartford Whalers 1979 -- 1997 ( NHL ) Carolina Hurricanes 1997 -- present Home arena Boston Arena Boston Garden The Big E Coliseum Springfield Civic Center Hartford Civic Center City Hartford , Connecticut Colors Green , black , white ( 1972 -- 1975 ) Green , gold , white ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Green , blue , white ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Navy , green , silver , white ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Stanley Cups 0 Avco World Trophy 1 ( 1972 -- 73 ) Conference championships 2 ( 1972 -- 73 , 1977 -- 78 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 4 ( 1972 -- 73 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1986 -- 87 ) The Hartford Whalers were an American professional ice hockey team based for most of its existence in Hartford , Connecticut . The club played in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) from 1972 until 1979 , and in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) from 1979 to 1997 . Originally based in Boston , the team joined the WHA in the league 's inaugural season , and was known as the New England Whalers throughout its time in the WHA . The Whalers moved to Hartford in 1974 and joined the NHL in the NHL -- WHA merger of 1979 . In 1997 , the Whalers franchise relocated to North Carolina , where it became the Carolina Hurricanes . The team played in Greensboro , North Carolina until 1999 , when it moved to its current home , PNC Arena in Raleigh , North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 WHA history 1.1 Early seasons in Boston ( 1971 -- 1974 ) 1.2 Relocation to Hartford ( 1974 ) 1.3 Admission to the NHL 1.4 Career leaders ( WHA , 1972 -- 1979 ) 2 NHL history 2.1 Inaugural NHL season 2.2 The early 1980s 2.3 Success in the mid-1980s 2.4 The 1989 -- 1990 season 2.5 The Ron Francis trade 2.6 The 1992 playoffs 2.7 The Brian Burke and Paul Holmgren years 2.8 New ownership 2.9 Departure from Hartford 2.10 Post-departure 2.11 Theme song 3 Season - by - season record 3.1 WHA -- New England Whalers 3.2 NHL -- Hartford Whalers 4 Notable players 4.1 Hall of Famers 4.2 Team captains 4.3 Retired numbers 4.4 First round draft picks 4.5 Hartford Whalers individual records ( NHL ) 4.6 Franchise scoring leaders in Hartford 4.7 Career leaders ( NHL , 1979 -- 1997 ) 5 See also 6 References 7 External links WHA history ( edit ) Early seasons in Boston ( 1971 -- 1974 ) ( edit ) The Whalers franchise was created in November 1971 when the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) awarded a franchise to New England businessmen Howard Baldwin , John Coburn , W. Godfrey Wood and William Edward Barnes to begin play in Boston . The team began auspiciously , signing former Detroit Red Wings star Tom Webster , hard rock Boston Bruins ' defenseman Ted Green ( the team 's inaugural captain ) , Toronto Maple Leafs ' defensemen Rick Ley , Jim Dorey and Brad Selwood , and former Pittsburgh Penguins ' goaltender Al Smith . New England signed an unusually large number of American players , including Massachusetts natives and former U.S. Olympic hockey team members Larry Pleau ( who had been a regular with the Montreal Canadiens the previous season ) , Kevin Ahearn , John Cunniff and Paul Hurley . Two other ex-U.S. Olympians on the Whalers ' roster ( Minnesotans Timothy Sheehy and Tommy Williams ) had spent a significant part of their careers in Boston with Boston College and the Bruins , respectively . New England Whalers logo 1972 -- 1979 The Whalers had the WHA 's best regular - season record in the 1972 -- 73 season . Webster led the team in scoring and through the playoffs . Behind legendary ex-Boston University Head Coach Jack Kelley , the team defeated the Winnipeg Jets to win the inaugural Avco World Trophy , the WHA championship . Relocation to Hartford ( 1974 ) ( edit ) The club played its first season 's home games at Boston Garden and Boston Arena . However , the Garden was owned by the rival NHL Bruins , and the Whalers found themselves fourth in priority for dates behind the Bruins , Boston Celtics and even the American Hockey League 's Boston Braves . Fed up with the situation , Baldwin decided to move elsewhere . Hartford was about to open a new , modern downtown arena and convention center , the Hartford Civic Center . The city had hoped to get an American Basketball Association team as the main tenant , but when that fell through , city leaders got in touch with the Whalers . Aside from various minor league teams in New Haven , the area had been largely bereft of professional hockey until the Whalers ' arrival . The Civic Center was still being finished when the 1974 -- 75 season began , so the Whalers played the first part of the 1974 -- 75 season at The Big E Coliseum in West Springfield , Massachusetts . On January 11 , 1975 , the team played its first game at the Hartford Civic Center in front of a sellout crowd . The franchise remained in Hartford until it relocated to North Carolina for the 1997 -- 98 season , save for a temporary relocation to the nearby Springfield Civic Center in the late 1970s while their Hartford arena was being rebuilt after heavy snow followed by heavy rain caused the roof to collapse , which suffered from several engineering and construction shortcomings . Though they never again won the WHA championship , the New England Whalers were a successful team , never missing the playoffs in league history , and finishing first in their division three times . They had a more stable roster than most WHA teams : Ley , Webster , Selwood , Pleau , and Tommy Earl played over 350 games each with the club . The team scored a major coup when it signed legend Gordie Howe and his sons Mark and Marty from the Houston Aeros in 1977 . While the first two full seasons in Hartford were not glittering ( the Whalers recorded losing records both years ) , the final two WHA seasons saw more success . They went to the finals again in 1978 , with a veteran team spearheaded by the Howes -- 50 - year - old Gordie led the team in scoring -- future NHL stars Gordie Roberts and Mike Rogers , All - Star defenseman Ron Plumb , and forwards John McKenzie , Dave Keon and Mike Antonovich , and possessed of the league 's best defense . The next season was not so fine , however , but while age finally caught up with Gordie Howe , the slack was picked up by Andre Lacroix , the WHA 's all - time leading scorer , acquired from the Aeros . Admission to the NHL ( edit ) As the Whalers were one of the most stable WHA teams , the club was one of the four franchises admitted to the NHL when the rival leagues merged in 1979 . Following lobbying from the Boston Bruins , one of the conditions of the merger stipulated that the Whalers were to drop `` New England '' from their name . The Howes , Rogers , Ley , Keon , Smith , Roberts and Lacroix wore the uniform of the Hartford Whalers . The team also changed its colors to blue and green , a combination that was unused in the NHL at the time . Unlike the other former WHA teams , the Whalers were not stripped of most of their players . Only Selwood , George Lyle and Warren Miller were reclaimed by their former NHL teams . Career leaders ( WHA , 1972 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Games : Rick Ley , 478 Goals : Tom Webster , 220 Assists : Larry Pleau , 215 Points : Webster , 425 Penalty Minutes : Ley , 716 Goaltending Wins : Al Smith , 141 NHL history ( edit ) The original Hartford Whalers logo ( 1979 -- 1992 ) , designed by Peter Good , a Connecticut - based graphic designer combines a green `` W '' with a blue whale 's tail to create the letter `` H '' in the negative ( white ) space . This logo was updated in 1992 , with a darkening of the colors and the addition of a silver background . Subtle changes to the shape of the whale 's tail were also made , resulting in the logo seen at the top right of this page . The Whalers were never as successful in the NHL as they had been in the WHA , yet they attracted a decent fan base over the years . They recorded three winning seasons in their 18 years in the NHL , made the Stanley Cup playoffs eight times and won one playoff series , earning the nickname `` Forever . 500s '' in mocking jest of their winning percentage . Whenever they did make the playoffs , they faced the near - certainty of having to get past the Boston Bruins or Montreal Canadiens to make it to the Eastern Conference Finals . The team developed a heated rivalry with the Bruins , who were based just two hours northeast of Hartford , because of the fact that they used to play in the same building . These games usually attracted the Whalers ' largest crowds , as many Bruins fans followed their team to Hartford . The Whalers had an all - time head - to - head record of 37 -- 69 -- 12 against Boston . The Whalers were hampered by numerous off - ice factors . Hartford was the smallest American market in the NHL and was located on the traditional dividing line between the home territories for Boston and the two New York area teams , the Rangers and Islanders . This limited the team 's marketability . Additionally , for most of the Whalers ' tenure as an NHL team , the Hartford Civic Center was one of the smallest arenas in the league . At its maximum , it seated just 15,635 for hockey . The team averaged over 14,000 fans only twice in its 15 years at the Civic Center . They averaged only 13,867 from 1980 to 1997 . Most of their sellouts came when the Bruins or New York Rangers played in Hartford , bringing thousands of their own fans with them . Inaugural NHL season ( edit ) The Whalers ' first NHL season in 1979 -- 80 looked somewhat promising . They were led by Mike Rogers , Blaine Stoughton , Dave Keon , Mark Howe , Rick Ley , NHL legend Gordie Howe and the all - time WHA leading scorer , Andre Lacroix , along with the franchise 's first starting goaltender , Al Smith . The Whalers also acquired another NHL legend , Bobby Hull , near the NHL trade deadline in 1980 . They finished the season with 73 points and a playoff berth and had the best record of the four former WHA franchises that entered the NHL in 1979 -- 80 . Along with the Edmonton Oilers , the Whalers are the most recent first year expansion franchise to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the NHL . In the first round of the playoffs , the Whalers were swept by the Montreal Canadiens three games to none . Following this season , Gordie Howe , Bobby Hull and Andre Lacroix all announced their retirements from professional hockey . The early 1980s ( edit ) Following the 1979 -- 80 season , the Whalers had many aging veterans left over from their WHA days . To make matters worse , the Whalers reputation of making disastrous trades began to unfold , as the team began to trade away stars for mediocre players in an attempt to gain depth . For instance , they traded star defenseman Mark Howe and their first NHL scoring leader , Mike Rogers , in separate deals for players and draft picks which never panned out , and also swapped defensive - defenseman Gordie Roberts , who would go on to play 15 remaining professional seasons , for the remaining half - season of Mike Fidler 's NHL career . The Whalers bottomed out in the 1982 -- 83 season with a record of 19 -- 54 -- 7 ( 45 points ) , ranked 20th out of 21 teams in the NHL standings . On May 2 , 1983 , the Whalers hired Emile Francis as their new general manager to rebuild the team . About two months later , on July 7 , Francis hired Jack Evans to be the Whalers ' new head coach . By the end of the 1986 -- 87 season , Francis had cut or traded away every player from the 1982 -- 83 Whalers ' roster save for Ron Francis , Paul MacDermid , and Greg Millen . Success in the mid-1980s ( edit ) The team had a brief moment of success in the 1985 -- 86 and 1986 -- 87 seasons . The Whalers began 1985 -- 86 looking like a playoff contender . By the end of January , they had a record of 26 -- 20 -- 1 for 53 points after 47 games . At this time , however , the Whalers began to struggle when they lost their franchise player Ron Francis and star goal scorer Kevin Dineen to injuries . As a result , the Whalers struggled through February , winning just two games in the month and in danger of missing the playoffs for the sixth year in a row . In March , Francis and Dineen returned from their injuries and the Whalers put up a record of 12 -- 4 -- 2 in the months of March and April . The Whalers finished fourth in the Adams Division in the 1985 -- 86 regular season , earning themselves a playoff berth for the first time since 1980 . The Whalers went on to eliminate the first - place Quebec Nordiques in a three - game sweep in the first round , winning their first , and only , NHL playoff series in Hartford . The Whalers then pushed the division finals to seven games , losing the final game 2 -- 1 in overtime to the eventual Stanley Cup champions , the Montreal Canadiens . The Canadiens disposed of both the Rangers and Calgary Flames in five games in the Conference Finals and Stanley Cup Finals , respectively . The following season , 1986 -- 87 , the Whalers won their lone division championship , led by centers Ron Francis and Ray Ferraro , emerging winger Kevin Dineen , defenseman Ulf Samuelsson , superstar goaltender Mike Liut and troubled scorer Sylvain Turgeon . The 93 points earned that season were the most they would earn as an NHL team in Hartford ; however , they were quickly eliminated in the first round by the Nordiques . The Whalers started the series strongly , winning the first two games at home , but , beginning in Game 3 , the Nordiques were able to successfully take the Whalers off their game by playing a tough , chippy style of hockey . As a result , both teams broke NHL records in penalty minutes for an individual playoff game and a whole playoff series . The Nordiques won the next four games and thus the series , four games to two . While Hartford would make the playoffs for the next five seasons in a row , they never came close to duplicating their previous success , with one exception in the 1989 -- 90 season . The 1989 -- 1990 season ( edit ) In 1989 -- 90 , the Whalers finished seventh overall in the NHL standings and fourth overall in the Wales Conference , with 85 points . This was the franchise 's second - highest point total in the NHL while located in Hartford . The regular season was highlighted by captain Ron Francis putting up career highs in goals ( 32 ) , assists ( 69 ) and points ( 101 ) . Later in his career , Francis was only able to exceed 101 points once ( in 1995 -- 96 ) and never again exceeded 32 goals in a single season . At the trade deadline , the Whalers first year General Manager Eddie Johnston made the first in a series of destructive trades by sending franchise goaltender Mike Liut to the Washington Capitals in exchange for center Yvon Corriveau . Liut was having a career year during the 1989 -- 90 season and this trade left the Whalers with sophomore goaltender Peter Sidorkiewicz as their starter , with rookie Kay Whitmore as the backup . The Whalers went on to face the Boston Bruins in the first round of the playoffs . In Game 4 , the Whalers were in front of their home crowd with a two games to one series lead and a 5 -- 2 lead in the game entering the third period . Bruins starting goaltender Reggie Lemelin was struggling throughout the series and was replaced by backup Andy Moog in the third period . At the same time , Peter Sidorkiewicz began struggling in goal for the Whalers , and the Bruins scored four unanswered goals in the third period , winning the game 6 -- 5 . Sidorkiewicz struggled for the rest of the series and Moog was spectacular for the Bruins . Without Liut , the Whalers had to either stick with Sidorkiewicz , which they did , or use the unproven rookie , Kay Whitmore , in goal . Goaltending turned out to be one of the big differences in this series and the Bruins won it in seven games . The Bruins went on to dispose of the Canadiens in five games , then sweep the Capitals in the Wales Conference Finals before losing in the Stanley Cup finals to the Edmonton Oilers . The Ron Francis trade ( edit ) On March 4 , 1991 , Francis was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins , along with Ulf Samuelsson and Grant Jennings , in exchange for John Cullen , Zarley Zalapski and Jeff Parker . Francis was one of the most popular players on the team , and held nearly every significant offensive record in the franchise 's history , both in the WHA and NHL . The trade was condemned by Whalers fans , most of whom were not willing to believe The Hockey News assessment that the Whalers had actually received the better end of the bargain . Less than two weeks after the trade , Parker suffered a career - ending knee injury . The Francis trade was made all the more painful when Francis and Samuelsson promptly helped lead the Penguins to two consecutive Stanley Cup titles . Coincidentally , Eddie Johnston , the Hartford general manager who had orchestrated the Francis trade , would follow him to Pittsburgh as the Penguins ' head coach two years later . The trades that Johnston made , particularly the Ron Francis trade , proved to be disastrous for the Whalers , since the players acquired did not meet the team 's expectations , leaving the Whalers depleted of talent and costing them substantial goodwill in Hartford . The links below show all of the trades and transactions Ed Johnston made as the General Manager of the Whalers . 1989 - 90 Hartford Whalers Transactions 1990 - 91 Hartford Whalers Transactions 1991 - 92 Hartford Whalers Transactions The 1992 playoffs ( edit ) The Whalers went to the playoffs for the final time in 1992 behind Jimmy Roberts ' coaching , but faced the heavily - favored Montreal Canadiens in the Adams Division Semi-finals . The Whalers lost Game 1 by a score of 2 -- 0 and Game 2 by a score of 5 -- 2 , creating the expectation that the Canadiens would sweep the Whalers out of the first round , as they did in the 1989 playoffs . However , the Whalers came back home to win Games 3 and 4 by scores of 5 -- 2 and 3 -- 1 , respectively . The main turning point in the series came in the second period of Game 5 -- the Whalers had a 3 -- 1 lead midway through the second period , where the Canadiens began rushing the crease and getting in the face of Whalers goaltender Frank Pietrangelo to distract him . The strategy worked , as the Canadiens scored four unanswered goals in the final five minutes of the second period . These goals were not called back , since this was before the time when the NHL began strictly enforcing crease infractions on goals . The Whalers lost Game 5 by a score of 7 -- 4 . The Whalers came back to win Game 6 by a score of 2 -- 1 just 24 seconds into overtime on a goal by Yvon Corriveau . The series went back to Montreal for game 7 and the Whalers lost a dramatic double overtime game by a score of 3 -- 2 , as Russ Courtnall scored on a turn - around shot against Pietrangelo . Corriveau had an excellent chance for a second consecutive overtime winner in the first overtime period on a breakaway , but his shot missed the net . Roberts was fired thereafter , along with General Manager Eddie Johnston . At the end of the three - year Johnston era , only seven players remained from the Whalers ' active roster prior to Johnston taking over as general manager . Those players were forwards Ed Kastelic and Terry Yake ; defensemen Randy Ladouceur , Brad Shaw and Adam Burt ; and goaltenders Peter Sidorkiewicz and Kay Whitmore . During the summer of 1992 , following Johnston 's departure , Shaw and Whitmore were traded away , Kastelic left via free agency and Sidorkiewicz was lost to the Ottawa Senators in the expansion draft . The Brian Burke and Paul Holmgren years ( edit ) In the summer of 1992 , the Whalers hired Brian Burke to replace Eddie Johnston as general manager to rebuild the Whalers . Burke had worked for the Vancouver Canucks , helping them build the team that eventually went to the Stanley Cup Finals in 1994 . Burke hired Paul Holmgren to be the Whalers ' new head coach . Holmgren had been the head coach of the Philadelphia Flyers . Holmgren immediately named Pat Verbeek the new captain and he ended up playing on a line with young stars Andrew Cassels and Geoff Sanderson . The Whalers also acquired goaltender Sean Burke in exchange for former first - round draft pick Bobby Holik . Cassels , Sanderson and Sean Burke remained star players for the Whalers through their final season in Hartford . In addition , future NHL star Michael Nylander began his NHL career with the Whalers during the 1992 -- 93 season . Since the 1992 -- 93 season was a rebuilding year for the Whalers , they finished the season with only 58 points , the second - worst point total in franchise history , and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1985 . The Whalers entered the 1993 -- 94 season with high hopes from a core of young talented players . The Whalers were also able to draft defenseman Chris Pronger , who began his career with the Whalers , playing alongside veteran defenseman Brad McCrimmon , and later became an NHL star . However , problems began at the management level when General Manager Brian Burke announced he would resign when the season began to take an executive position with the NHL . In addition , Burke had some disagreements with Whalers Owner Richard Gordon . After Burke left , Holmgren took over as both the head coach and general manager . The Whalers started off the season poorly . Holmgren felt he was unable to handle the job of GM and head coach , so he made Pierre McGuire the new head coach . The coaching change did not help the Whalers , however , since McGuire was not popular with the players ; the Whalers continued to struggle . The Whalers reached a low point in the season when six players and two assistant coaches were arrested in Buffalo , New York , after being involved in a bar room brawl . Pronger was one of the players arrested ; he was 19 years of age at the time , two years below than the legal drinking age in the State of New York . Around this same time , Paul Holmgren checked himself into rehab for alcohol addiction after being arrested with a DUI in Simsbury . The Whalers finished the season with 63 points , only a five - point improvement from the previous season . One bright spot for the Whalers was the emergence of Sean Burke as their franchise and star goaltender . Another highlight of the 1993 -- 94 season was when Brian Propp scored his 1,000 th career NHL point with the Whalers . Propp announced his retirement after the season . New ownership ( edit ) In the summer of 1994 , the Whalers were purchased , in a deal brokered by the Connecticut Development Authority , by Compuware CEO Peter Karmanos , along with partners Thomas Thewes and Jim Rutherford . Rutherford became the team 's new general manager and Holmgren returned as the head coach . The new ownership wanted to turn the team into a winner for the 1994 -- 95 season , so Rutherford went out to the free agent market and signed Jimmy Carson and Steven Rice . On draft day , the Whalers selected the highly rated Jeff O'Neill in the first round . Rutherford also acquired defenseman Glen Wesley from the Boston Bruins in exchange for three first - round draft picks ( Kyle McLaren , Johnathan Aitken and Sergei Samsonov ) . Despite these acquisitions , the Whalers struggled at the beginning of the season , starting off with a record of 2 -- 7 -- 2 . In mid-February , the Whalers began improving , led by their top line of Sanderson , Cassels and Verbeek , along with franchise goaltender Sean Burke . For the next 30 games , the Whalers put up a record of 16 -- 11 -- 3 and it appeared as if the Whalers were on their way to their first playoff berth since 1992 . Unfortunately , the Whalers played poorly down the stretch , winning only one game in the last seven and missed the playoffs by four points . Before the beginning of the 1995 -- 96 season , the Whalers management became frustrated with the slow development of highly rated prospect Chris Pronger . As a result , Pronger was sent to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Brendan Shanahan . Shanahan was not happy with the trade even before playing a single game in Hartford . However , he was immediately made the team 's new captain . The Whalers won their first four games of the season , but then struggled for the rest of the calendar year of 1995 . As a result , Paul Maurice replaced Holmgren as head coach in November . On December 28 , 1995 , the Whalers received a morale boost when they reacquired one of their most popular players from the 1980s , Kevin Dineen . His skills and leadership had an immediate impact on the team , as the Whalers began playing significantly better in January . Despite the strong finish in the second half of the season , the Whalers were unable to recover from their poor start and they missed the playoffs for the fourth year in a row . Before the beginning of the 1996 -- 97 season , Brendan Shanahan ended his silence about his displeasure about playing in Hartford . He demanded a trade out of Hartford because he claimed he did not want to play in a small market for a team with an uncertain future about its location . Whalers fans and local media condemned Shanahan for his comments and he was immediately stripped of his captaincy ; Kevin Dineen took over the role . After the second game of the season , Shanahan was traded ( along with Brian Glynn ) to the Detroit Red Wings for Keith Primeau , Paul Coffey and a first - round draft pick . Despite these problems , the Whalers got off to a very good start , with a 14 -- 7 -- 6 record after the first 27 games , sitting in first in their division . They were led by a strong first line of Sanderson , Cassels and Dineen along with a solid second line of Primeau , O'Neill and Sami Kapanen . During the calendar year of 1996 , the Whalers achieved a record of 41 -- 30 -- 10 in 81 games . In 1997 , following the good start , the Whalers ' season began to slip away . This included a nine - game losing streak in January and a six - game losing streak in March . Despite the poor performance down the stretch , the Whalers still had an opportunity to make the playoffs in the final week of the season . However , the Whalers lost two games on the road to Ottawa and the New York Islanders , which eliminated them from the playoffs before their final regular season game against the Tampa Bay Lightning . Departure from Hartford ( edit ) Owner Peter Karmanos pledged to keep the Whalers in the city of Hartford for four years when he purchased the team in 1994 . However , two years later , frustrated with lackluster attendance and little corporate support , he announced that if the Whalers were unable to sell at least 11,000 season tickets for the 1996 -- 97 season , he would likely move the team . Furthermore , ownership only made season tickets available in full - season ( 41 - game ) packages , eliminating the popular six - , 9 - , 10 - and 20 - game mini-plans in a strategy largely designed to spur purchases from corporations and wealthier individuals . Sales were underwhelming at the beginning of the campaign , and at the end of the 1995 -- 96 season , it was still unknown whether the Whalers would stay in Connecticut past 1998 or move elsewhere . However , thanks to an aggressive civic campaign and the efforts of many fans , the Whalers announced that they would stay in Connecticut through at least 1997 . The `` Save the Whale '' campaign netted season ticket sales totaling 8,563 in less than a 45 - day span , despite the Whalers raising ticket prices by an average of 20 percent , eliminating partial ticket plans and increasing the deposit amount for season tickets by 750 percent . This represented an expansion of over 3,500 tickets from the existing base . In early 1997 , Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland stated that he did not want to spend Connecticut taxpayer dollars to fund a new arena in Hartford . Despite this , negotiations between the Whalers and Rowland to build a new $147.5 million arena seemed to be going well . Talks fell apart when Karmanos wanted an additional $45 million to cover losses during the three years the new arena was to be built . The Whalers ultimately announced that they would be leaving Hartford after the 1996 -- 97 season . This marks one of the few times that a team announced it would leave its current city without having already announced an agreement with a new one . Karmanos had discussed relocating the Whalers to Norfolk , Virginia ( which would have been the first major sports team for that market ) as the Hampton Roads Rhinos , but the failure of a season - ticket drive in Norfolk , coupled with a lack of an adequate arena , led to those plans being canceled . Karmanos stated that Rowland had no intention making a serious offer to keep the Whalers in Connecticut since Rowland harbored hopes to bring a National Football League ( NFL ) franchise to the State . Rowland went on to negotiate a tentative deal that would bring the New England Patriots to Connecticut , but those talks also fell apart after the State and Patriots ownership failed to reach an agreement on a new stadium . Post-departure ( edit ) On April 13 , 1997 , the Whalers played their last game in Hartford , defeating the Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 1 . Team captain Kevin Dineen , who had returned to Hartford midway through the 1995 -- 96 season after a brief stint with the Philadelphia Flyers , scored the final goal in Whalers history . On May 6 , 1997 , Karmanos announced the team would move to Raleigh , North Carolina , to become the Carolina Hurricanes , playing its first two seasons in North Carolina at the Greensboro Coliseum while awaiting arena construction in Raleigh , a year earlier than planned . The following summer in 1997 , the Binghamton Rangers , the American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate of the New York Rangers , relocated to the Hartford market to take the place of the Whalers , renaming themselves the Hartford Wolf Pack . Former Whalers owner Howard Baldwin acquired the team in 2010 and announced that the Wolf Pack were changing their name to the Connecticut Whale in the middle of the 2010 -- 11 season adopting the Whalers ' old green - blue - white palette ; The team changed back to the Wolfpack after Baldwin sold the team following the 2010 -- 2011 season . Goaltender Jean - Sébastien Giguère was the final former Hartford Whalers player still playing in the NHL ; he retired after the end of the 2013 -- 14 season . Robert Petrovicky was the last former Whaler active in professional hockey , playing in European leagues through the end of the 2016 season . Glen Wesley was the last Whaler still active with the Hartford / Carolina franchise , upon his retirement on June 5 , 2008 , though his stint was not continuous , playing seven games for the Toronto Maple Leafs in 2003 after a deadline deal before re-signing in Carolina in the 2003 off - season . Craig Adams was the last player drafted in Whalers ' history . However , Adams did not become a member of the team until 2000 , when the team had already moved to Carolina . The Hurricanes continued to use the old goal horn from the Hartford Civic Center when they moved to Greensboro , and it is still used at their current arena , PNC Arena . Theme song ( edit ) The Hartford Whalers ' official theme song / goal song was `` Brass Bonanza '' , a tune composed and arranged by Jacques Ysaye ( under the pseudonym of Jack Say ) and originally called `` Evening Beat '' . The song became a big hit after it was introduced in the mid-1970s . However , then - General Manager Brian Burke cancelled the use of the song in 1992 because he said `` there were players who were embarrassed by it '' , and replaced the song with a goal horn and the song `` Hot , Hot , Hot '' by Buster Poindexter then following that , `` Rock and Roll Part 2 '' by Gary Glitter . After Burke left , `` Brass Bonanza '' was quickly reintroduced . The song is still very popular with Hartford crowds and continues to occasionally be played at XL Center events , including at Hartford Wolf Pack / Connecticut Whale games until 2013 and at the University of Connecticut 's XL Center basketball and men 's hockey games . It was also previously used by the Danbury Whalers of the Federal Hockey League ( FHL ) and Quinnipiac University 's men 's and woman 's ice hockey teams . It has also been played at Fenway Park in Boston during Boston Red Sox games in between innings for several years . It is currently the goal song for the University of Connecticut 's XL Center hockey games since the 2015 - 16 season . On January 30 , 2018 , the song was played at the PNC Arena , the Hurricanes ' home ice , during a time out , for the first time since moving to Raleigh . New Hurricanes owner Tom Dundon has expressed interest in using Whaler colors and gear in a retro setting , and possibly even selling the gear online . Season - by - season record ( edit ) Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , GF = Goals scored for , GA = Goals scored against , PIM = Penalty minutes WHA -- New England Whalers ( edit ) Season GP Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 1972 -- 73 78 46 30 94 318 263 858 first , Eastern Won Quarter - final ( Nationals ) Won Semi-final ( Crusaders ) Won Final ( Jets ) 1973 -- 74 78 43 31 90 291 260 875 first , Eastern Lost Quarter - final ( Cougars ) 1974 -- 75 78 43 30 5 91 274 279 867 first , Eastern Lost Quarter - final ( Fighting Saints ) 1975 -- 76 80 33 40 7 73 255 290 1012 third , Eastern Won Preliminary ( Crusaders ) Won Quarter - final ( Racers ) Lost Semi-final ( Aeros ) 1976 -- 77 81 35 40 6 76 275 290 1254 fourth , Eastern Lost Quarter - final ( Nordiques ) 1977 -- 78 80 44 31 5 93 335 269 1255 second , WHA Won Quarter - final ( Oilers ) Won Semi-final ( Nordiques ) Lost Final ( Jets ) 1978 -- 79 80 37 34 9 83 298 287 1090 fourth , WHA Won Quarter - final ( Stingers ) Lost Semi-final ( Oilers ) WHA Totals 555 281 236 38 600 2,046 1,938 7,211 NHL -- Hartford Whalers ( edit ) Season GP Pts GF GA PIM Finish Playoffs 1979 -- 80 80 27 34 19 73 303 312 875 fourth , Norris Lost Preliminary ( Canadiens ) 1980 -- 81 80 21 41 18 60 292 372 1584 fifth , Norris Did not qualify 1981 -- 82 80 21 41 18 60 264 351 1493 fifth , Adams Did not qualify 1982 -- 83 80 19 54 7 45 261 403 1392 fifth , Adams Did not qualify 1983 -- 84 80 28 42 10 66 288 320 1184 fifth , Adams Did not qualify 1984 -- 85 80 30 41 9 69 268 318 1606 fifth , Adams Did not qualify 1985 -- 86 80 40 36 84 332 302 1759 fourth , Adams Won Adams Semifinal ( Nordiques ) Lost Adams Final ( Canadiens ) 1986 -- 87 80 43 30 7 93 287 270 1496 first , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Nordiques ) 1987 -- 88 80 35 38 7 77 249 267 2046 fourth , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Canadiens ) 1988 -- 89 80 37 38 5 79 299 290 1672 fourth , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Canadiens ) 1989 -- 90 80 38 33 9 85 275 268 2102 fourth , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Bruins ) 1990 -- 91 80 31 38 11 73 238 276 2209 fourth , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Bruins ) 1991 -- 92 80 26 41 13 65 247 283 1793 fourth , Adams Lost Adams Semifinal ( Canadiens ) 1992 -- 93 84 26 52 6 58 284 369 2354 fifth , Adams Did not qualify 1993 -- 94 84 27 48 9 63 227 288 1809 sixth , Northeast Did not qualify 1994 -- 95 48 19 24 5 43 127 141 915 fifth , Northeast Did not qualify 1995 -- 96 82 34 39 9 77 237 259 1834 fourth , Northeast Did not qualify 1996 -- 97 82 32 39 11 75 226 256 1513 fifth , Northeast Did not qualify NHL Totals 1,420 534 709 177 1,245 4,704 5,345 29,636 Grand Total 1,975 815 945 215 1,845 6,750 7,283 36,847 Season was shortened due to the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout . Notable players ( edit ) Whaler banners hanging from the Hartford Civic Center rafters in 2007 . The numbers 2 , 9 and 19 were retired while the team was still in Hartford and honor Rick Ley , Gordie Howe and John McKenzie , respectively . In 2006 , the numbers 5 , 10 and 11 were added by Hartford Wolf Pack management in honor of Ulf Samuelsson , Ron Francis and Kevin Dineen , respectively . These are joined by a banner commemorating the Whalers ' only divisional title and a New England Whalers championship banner . Hall of Famers ( edit ) Hartford Whalers Hall of Famers Players Name Position Tenure Inducted Paul Coffey Dave Keon 1976 -- 1982 1986 Gordie Howe RW 1977 -- 1980 1972 Mark Howe 1977 -- 1982 2011 Bobby Hull LW 1980 Ron Francis 1981 -- 1991 2007 Brendan Shanahan RW / LW 1995 -- 1996 2013 Chris Pronger 1993 -- 1995 2015 Builders Name Position Tenure Inducted Emile Francis General Manager 1983 -- 1989 1982 Team captains ( edit ) Note : includes both WHA Whalers and NHL Whalers Ted Green , 1972 -- 1975 Rick Ley , 1975 -- 1980 Mike Rogers , 1980 -- 1981 Dave Keon , 1981 -- 1982 Russ Anderson , 1982 -- 1983 Mark Johnson , 1983 -- 1985 Ron Francis , 1985 -- 1990 Randy Ladouceur , 1991 -- 1992 Pat Verbeek , 1992 -- 1995 Brendan Shanahan , 1995 -- 1996 Kevin Dineen , 1996 -- 1997 Retired numbers ( edit ) Hartford Whalers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure No . Retirement Rick Ley 1972 -- 1981 December 26 , 1982 9 Gordie Howe RW 1977 -- 1980 February 18 , 1981 19 John McKenzie RW 1977 -- 1979 1979 The retirement of McKenzie 's number was notable , in so far as it was one of the only three instances in NHL history ( the others being the NHL Quebec Nordiques retiring J.C. Tremblay 's number and the Ottawa Senators retiring Frank Finnigan 's number ) that a NHL franchise retired the number of a player who had never played for it while the franchise was in the NHL . After the move to North Carolina , the Hurricanes returned number 2 and 19 to circulation ; Glen Wesley was the only player to wear number 2 in Carolina before that number was re-retired in 2009 in his honor . Howe 's number 9 remained officially retired by Carolina , and has never been issued since the relocation to North Carolina , but there is no banner to acknowledge it . First round draft picks ( edit ) Note : This list does not include selections from the WHA . 1979 : Ray Allison ( 18th overall ) 1980 : Fred Arthur ( eighth overall ) 1981 : Ron Francis ( fourth overall ) 1982 : Paul Lawless ( 14th overall ) 1983 : Sylvain Turgeon ( second overall ) 1984 : Sylvain Cote ( 11th overall ) 1985 : Dana Murzyn ( fifth overall ) 1986 : Scott Young ( 11th overall ) 1987 : Jody Hull ( 18th overall ) 1988 : Chris Govedaris ( 11th overall ) 1989 : Bobby Holik ( 10th overall ) 1990 : Mark Greig ( 15th overall ) 1991 : Patrick Poulin ( ninth overall ) 1992 : Robert Petrovicky ( ninth overall ) 1993 : Chris Pronger ( second overall ) 1994 : Jeff O'Neill ( fifth overall ) 1995 : Jean - Sebastien Giguere ( 13th overall ) 1996 : none Hartford Whalers individual records ( NHL ) ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Blaine Stoughton , 56 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Most assists in a season : Ron Francis , 69 ( 1989 -- 90 ) Most points in a season : Mike Rogers , 105 ( 1979 -- 80 / 1980 -- 81 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Torrie Robertson , 358 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season , defenceman : Mark Howe , 80 ( 1979 -- 80 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Sylvain Turgeon , 72 ( 1983 -- 84 ) Most wins in a season : Mike Liut , 31 ( 1986 -- 87 ) Franchise scoring leaders in Hartford ( edit ) These are the top - ten point - scorers in Hartford Whalers ' history , combining NHL and WHA totals . Further information : Carolina Hurricanes § Franchise scoring leaders Legend : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Ron Francis 714 264 557 821 1.14 Kevin Dineen RW 587 235 268 503 0.85 Mike Rogers 434 182 285 467 1.08 Tom Webster RW 352 220 205 425 1.21 Pat Verbeek RW 433 192 211 403 0.93 Mark Howe LW / D 360 123 273 396 1.10 Blaine Stoughton RW 393 228 161 389 0.99 Larry Pleau RW 468 157 215 372 . 79 Geoff Sanderson LW 439 189 163 352 . 80 Ray Ferraro 442 157 194 351 . 79 Career leaders ( NHL , 1979 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Games : Ron Francis , 714 Goals : Ron Francis , 264 Assists : Ron Francis , 557 Points : Ron Francis , 821 Penalty minutes : Torrie Robertson , 1,368 Goaltender games : Sean Burke , 256 Goaltender wins : Mike Liut , 115 Shutouts : Mike Liut , 13 See also ( edit ) List of defunct and relocated National Hockey League teams Professional hockey in Connecticut List of Hartford Whalers broadcasters Hartford Wailers , a roller derby team named for the former hockey team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartford Civic Center Arena Roof Collapse Archived 2012 - 09 - 14 at WebCite Jump up ^ Hanley , Christine ( 1996 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Hartford rally to save the Whale a so - so event '' . Boca Raton News . p. 1B . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` How 's It Goin ' , Pete ? Part 4 '' . sophia.smith.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ The Patriots Nix Hartford , Stay in Foxboro - Background Archived 2007 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Jeff Jacobs ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Wolf Pack 's Name Changing To Whale '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knabenbauer , Ron ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jean - Sebastien Giguere Announces Retirement '' . Colorado Avalanche . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Journals ( Craig Adams ) '' . Jump up ^ Jeff Jacobs ( November 27 , 2010 ) . `` The Beat Turned Into A Bonanza '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Evan . `` The legacy of Brass Bonanza '' . NHL.com . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Petchesky , Barry . `` The Hurricanes Are Finally Ready To Embrace Their Hartford Whaler Past '' . Deadspin . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Kation 's Korner , Feb. 26 2011 '' . hurricanes.nhl.com. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hartford Whalers . The Official Hartford Whalers Booster Club - Still Active ! The Blowhole , Uniform history WHAhockey.com - New England Whalers WhalersHockey.com BrassBonanza.com - Theme song audio and game highlights Photo gallery from The Hartford Courant Hartford Whalers Founded in 1972 Based in Hartford , Connecticut Relocated as the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997 Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players WHA players NHL players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons History NHL -- WHA merger Records Award winners Retired numbers Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Big E Coliseum Springfield Civic Center Hartford Civic Center Media Broadcasters Culture and lore Brass Bonanza Links to related articles Hartford Whalers seasons 1970s 1970 -- 71 . 1971 -- 72 . 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 Carolina Carolina Hurricanes Formerly the New England / Hartford Whalers Founded in 1972 Based in Raleigh , North Carolina Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Thomas Dundon ( majority ) Peter Karmanos Jr. ( minority ) General manager Vacant Head coach Bill Peters Team captain Justin Faulk & Jordan Staal Current roster Arenas Greensboro Coliseum PNC Arena Affiliates AHL Charlotte Checkers ECHL Florida Everblades Media Fox Sports South ESPN The Fan ( 99.9 FM ) The Buzz ( 620 AM ) Culture and lore Miracle at Molson 0.2 Seconds World Hockey Association Teams Alberta Oilers Baltimore Blades Birmingham Bulls Calgary Broncos Calgary Cowboys Chicago Cougars Cincinnati Stingers Cleveland Crusaders Dayton Aeros Denver Spurs Edmonton Oilers Houston Aeros Indianapolis Racers Los Angeles Sharks Miami Screaming Eagles Michigan Stags Minnesota Fighting Saints New England Whalers Jersey Knights New York Golden Blades New York Raiders Ottawa Civics Ottawa Nationals Philadelphia Blazers Phoenix Roadrunners Quebec Nordiques San Diego Mariners San Francisco Sharks Toronto Toros Vancouver Blazers Winnipeg Jets Trophies and awards Avco World Trophy Gary L. Davidson Award / Gordie Howe Trophy Bill Hunter Trophy Lou Kaplan Trophy Ben Hatskin Trophy Dennis A. Murphy Trophy Paul Deneau Trophy Howard Baldwin Trophy / Robert Schmertz Memorial Trophy WHA Playoff MVP Related articles : List of WHA seasons WHA Amateur Draft NHL -- WHA merger NAHL Defunct and relocated National Hockey League teams Defunct California / Oakland ( Golden ) Seals / Cleveland Barons Montreal Maroons Montreal Wanderers New York / Brooklyn Americans Ottawa Senators ( original ) / St. Louis Eagles Pittsburgh Pirates / Philadelphia Quakers Quebec Bulldogs / Hamilton Tigers Relocated ( still active ) Atlanta Flames ( Calgary Flames ) Atlanta Thrashers ( Winnipeg Jets ) Hartford Whalers ( Carolina Hurricanes ) Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies ( New Jersey Devils ) Minnesota North Stars ( Dallas Stars ) Quebec Nordiques ( Colorado Avalanche ) Winnipeg Jets ( 1972 -- 96 ) ( Phoenix / Arizona Coyotes ) National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartford_Whalers&oldid=833198615 '' Categories : Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States Defunct National Hockey League teams Hartford Whalers Ice hockey teams in Connecticut National Hockey League in New England Ice hockey clubs established in 1972 Sports clubs disestablished in 1997 Sports in Hartford , Connecticut 1972 establishments in Massachusetts 1997 disestablishments in Connecticut 1974 establishments in Connecticut 1974 disestablishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the hartford whalers hockey team move to	[ "On April 13, 1997, the Whalers played their last game in Hartford, defeating the Tampa Bay Lightning 2–1. Team captain Kevin Dineen, who had returned to Hartford midway through the 1995–96 season after a brief stint with the Philadelphia Flyers, scored the final goal in Whalers history. On May 6, 1997, Karmanos announced the team would move to Raleigh, North Carolina, to become the Carolina Hurricanes, playing its first two seasons in North Carolina at the Greensboro Coliseum while awaiting arena construction in Raleigh, a year earlier than planned." ]	[ "Raleigh, North Carolina" ]
-3984685808971183991	Walt Disney World	Walt Disney World - Wikipedia Walt Disney World Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney World Cinderella Castle , the icon of the Magic Kingdom Industry Theme parks and resorts Founded October 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 10 - 01 ) Founders Walt and Roy Disney Headquarters Lake Buena Vista , Florida , U.S. Key people George Kalogridis ( President ) Number of employees 62,000 Parent Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resorts Coordinates : 28 ° 23 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 50 '' W / 28.385233 ° N 81.563874 ° W / 28.385233 ; - 81.563874 Walt Disney World , officially known as the Walt Disney World Resort , also known as just Disney World , is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista , Florida , near Orlando and Kissimmee , Florida . Opened on October 1 , 1971 , the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products , a division of The Walt Disney Company . It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company . The property covers 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , featuring four theme parks , two water parks , twenty - seven themed resort hotels , nine non-Disney hotels , several golf courses , a camping resort , and other entertainment venues , including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs . Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 , the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s . `` The Florida Project '' , as it was known , was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions . Walt Disney 's original plans also called for the inclusion of an `` Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow '' ( EPCOT ) , a planned community intended to serve as a test bed for new city living innovations . After extensive lobbying , the government of Florida created the Reedy Creek Improvement District , a special government district that essentially gave The Walt Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city . Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , during construction of the complex . Without Disney spearheading the construction , the company created a resort similar to Disneyland , abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community . Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex , in 1971 , followed by Epcot in 1982 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 1989 , and the most recent , Disney 's Animal Kingdom in 1998 . Today , Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world , with an average annual attendance of over 52 million . The resort is the flagship destination of Disney 's worldwide corporate enterprise , and has become a popular staple in American culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.1. 1 Conception 1.1. 2 Roy Disney 's oversight of construction 1.2 Recent history 1.3 Timeline 1.4 Future expansion 2 Location 3 Attractions 3.1 Theme parks 3.2 Water parks 3.3 Other attractions 3.4 Golf and recreation 3.5 Former attractions 4 Resorts 4.1 On - site Disney resorts 4.2 On - site non-Disney hotels 4.3 Former resorts 4.4 Proposed resorts 4.5 Never - built resorts 4.6 Disney 's Magical Express 5 Attendance 6 Operations 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Employment 6.3 Corporate culture 6.4 Security 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Planning and construction ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Walt Disney ( left ) with his brother Roy O. Disney ( right ) and then - governor of Florida W. Haydon Burns ( center ) on November 15 , 1965 , publicly announcing the creation of Disney World . In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5 % of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75 % of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida -- one of many -- in November 1963 . After witnessing the well - developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally - located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically - named companies such as the `` Ayefour Corporation '' , `` Latin - American Development and Management Corporation '' and the `` Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation '' . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called `` outs '' . They were 5 - acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time . Another issue was the mineral rights to the land , which were owned by Tufts University . Without the transfer of these rights , Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals . Eventually , Disney 's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000 . Working strictly in secrecy , real estate agents unaware of their client 's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties . The agents were careful not to reveal the extent of their intentions , and they were able to negotiate numerous land contracts with some including large tracts of land for as little as $100 an acre . With the understanding that the recording of the first deeds would trigger intense public scrutiny , Disney delayed the filing of paperwork until a large portion of the land was under contract . Early rumors and speculation about the land purchases assumed possible development by NASA in support of the nearby Kennedy Space Center , as well as references to other famous investors such as Ford , the Rockefellers , and Howard Hughes . An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20 , 1965 , acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an `` East Coast '' version of Disneyland . However , the publication denied its accuracy based on an earlier interview with Disney at Kennedy Space Center , in which he claimed a $50 million investment was in the works for Disneyland , and that he had no interest in building a new park . In October 1965 , editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park 's 10th - anniversary celebration . In an interview with Disney , she asked him if he was behind recent land purchases in Central Florida ; Bavar later described that Disney `` looked like I had thrown a bucket of water in his face '' before denying the story . His reaction , combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit , led Bavar to author a story on October 21 , 1965 , where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida . Three days later after gathering more information from various sources , the Sentinel published another article headlined , `` We Say : ' Mystery Industry ' Is Disney '' . Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15 , 1965 , but in light of the Sentinel story , Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25 . His announcement called the new theme park `` the greatest attraction in the history of Florida '' . The official reveal was kept on the previously - planned November 15 date , and Disney joined Burns in Orlando for the event . Roy Disney 's oversight of construction ( edit ) Roy O. Disney inspecting design plans on - site in Florida . Walt Disney died from circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer on December 15 , 1966 , before his vision was realized . His brother and business partner , Roy O. Disney , postponed his retirement to oversee construction of the resort 's first phase . On February 2 , 1967 , Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park , Florida . The role of EPCOT was emphasized in the film that was played . After the film , it was explained that for Disney World , including EPCOT , to succeed , a special district would have to be formed : the Reedy Creek Improvement District with two cities inside it , Bay Lake and Reedy Creek , now Lake Buena Vista . In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city , which include the issuance of tax - free bonds , the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land - use laws . The only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections . The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. on May 12 , 1967 . The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax - exempt bonds for public projects within the district , despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions . The district soon began construction of drainage canals , and Disney built the first roads and the Magic Kingdom . The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park 's opening on October 1 , 1971 . The Palm and Magnolia golf courses near Magic Kingdom had opened a few weeks before , while Fort Wilderness opened a month later . 24 days after the park opened , Roy O. Disney dedicated the property and declared that it would be known as `` Walt Disney World '' in his brother 's honor . In his own words : `` Everyone has heard of Ford cars . But have they all heard of Henry Ford , who started it all ? Walt Disney World is in memory of the man who started it all , so people will know his name as long as Walt Disney World is here . '' After the dedication , Roy Disney asked Walt 's widow , Lillian , what she thought of Walt Disney World . According to biographer Bob Thomas , she responded , `` I think Walt would have approved . '' Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20 , 1971 , less than three months after the property opened . Admission prices in 1971 were $3.50 for adults , $2.50 for juniors under age 18 , and one dollar for children under twelve . Recent history ( edit ) Much of Walt Disney 's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city . The concept evolved into the resort 's second theme park , EPCOT Center , which opened in 1982 ( renamed EPCOT in 1996 ) . While still emulating Walt Disney 's original idea of showcasing new technology , the park is closer to a world 's fair than a `` community of tomorrow '' . One of EPCOT 's main attractions is their world 's showcase which highlights 11 countries across the globe . Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later . The resort 's third theme park , Disney - MGM Studios ( renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2008 ) , opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business . The resort 's fourth theme park , Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened in 1998 . George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012 , replacing Meg Crofton , who had overseen the site since 2006 . On January 21 , 2016 , the resort 's management structure was changed , with general managers within a theme park being in charge of an area or land , instead of on a functional basis as previously . Theme parks have already had a vice-president overseeing them . Disney Springs and Disney Sports were also affected . Now hotel general managers manage a single hotel instead of some managing multiple hotels . On October 18 , 2017 , it was announced that resort visitors could bring dogs to Disney 's Yacht Club Resort , Disney Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside , Disney 's Art of Animation Resort and Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground . Timeline ( edit ) Some popular Disney characters ( from left to right ) : Goofy , Donald Duck , Mickey Mouse , and Minnie Mouse can be found throughout the resort . ( hide ) Year Event 1965 Walt Disney announces Florida Project 1966 Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at age 65 1967 Construction of Walt Disney World Resort begins 1971 Magic Kingdom Opened Palm and Magnolia Golf Courses Opened Disney 's Contemporary Resort Opened Disney 's Polynesian Resort Opened Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Opened Roy O. Disney dies at age 78 1972 Disney 's Village Resort opens 1973 The Golf Resort opens Discovery Island opens Walt Disney Village Marketplace opens 1976 Disney 's River Country opens 1980 Walt Disney World Conference Center opens 1982 EPCOT Center opens 1986 The Golf Resort is expanded and renamed The Disney Inn Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort opens Disney - MGM Studios opens Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon opens Pleasure Island opens Disney 's Yacht and Beach Club resorts open Walt Disney World Swan opens Walt Disney World Dolphin opens 1991 Disney 's Port Orleans Resort French Quarter opens Disney Vacation Club is launched Disney 's Old Key West Resort opens Disney 's Port Orleans Resort Riverside ( Dixie Landings ) opens Bonnet Creek Golf Club opens Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort and Disney 's All Star Music Resort opens Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens The Disney Inn is Shades of Green 1995 Disney 's Blizzard Beach opens Disney 's Wedding Pavilion opens Walt Disney World Speedway opens EPCOT Center is renamed Epcot Disney Institute opens Disney 's BoardWalk Inn and BoardWalk Villas open Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort opens Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex opens Downtown Disney West Side opens 1998 Disney 's Animal Kingdom opens DisneyQuest opens 1999 Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort opens Discovery Island closes Hurricane Floyd closes the resort for September 15 . 2000 The Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge opens Disney 's River Country closes September 11 attack causes all parks on property to evacuate early due to national safety concerns . 2002 Disney 's Beach Club Villas opens 2003 Disney 's Pop Century Resort opens Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa opens Hurricane Frances causes the second closure on both Sept. 4 and 5 . Hurricane Jeanne closes the resort for its third time on September 26 . 2007 Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas opens 2008 Disney - MGM Studios is renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2009 Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort opens Treehouse Villas opens 2011 Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort opens 2012 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Phase 1 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2013 The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens 2014 Phase 2 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2015 Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows open Downtown Disney is expanded and renamed Disney Springs 2016 Disney Springs finishes construction Hurricane Matthew forced the resort to close for its fourth time on October 7 . 2017 Pandora -- The World of Avatar opens at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Hurricane Irma forced the resort to close for its fifth time on September 10 and 11 . DisneyQuest closes permanently for the NBA experience Future expansion ( edit ) The resort has a number of expansion projects planned or ongoing , including : Toy Story Land due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios on June 30 2018 . This plans to feature various rides and attractions including a Slinky Dog Roller Coaster Star Wars Hotel ( opening date to be announced ) Disney Riviera Resort an all new Disney resort opening fall 2019 Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2019 A Tron themed ride at Magic Kingdom due to open in 2021 Expansion at Epcot including new attractions related to Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille due to open by the end of 2021 Disney Skyliner , a new gondola lift style transportation system . Select cabins will feature iconic Disney characters on the exterior and will transport guests across Disney property Main Street Show Theatre Location ( edit ) Map of the resort as of May 2015 One of four arches welcoming guests to the resort . The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits but is southwest of Downtown Orlando . Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County , with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County . The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District . The site is accessible from Central Florida 's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B ( World Drive ) , 64B ( US 192 West ) , 65B ( Osceola Parkway West ) , 67B ( SR 536 West ) , and 68 ( SR 535 North ) , and Exit 8 on SR 429 , the Western Expressway . At its founding , the park occupied approximately 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) . Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed , including land now occupied by the Disney - built community of Celebration . Now the resort occupies 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , about the size of San Francisco , or twice the size of Manhattan . Attractions ( edit ) Further information : List of Walt Disney World Resort attractions Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom Spaceship Earth at Epcot The Chinese Theatre at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Tree of Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Theme parks ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , opened October 1 , 1971 Epcot , opened October 1 , 1982 Disney 's Hollywood Studios , opened May 1 , 1989 Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened April 22 , 1998 Water parks ( edit ) Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon , opened June 1 , 1989 Disney 's Blizzard Beach , opened April 1 , 1995 Other attractions ( edit ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Typhoon Lagoon , one of two waterparks at the resort View of Disney Springs Multiple resorts across Disney property offer a variety of spa treatments including Disney 's Grand Floridian and Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort Disney 's Boardwalk is located outside of their Boardwalk Inn and is a quarter - mile of shopping , entertainment , dining , and nightlife options that are fun for a variety of ages EPCOT has annual festivals that run for limited amounts of time throughout the year like the EPCOT Flower and Garden Festival , EPCOT Festival of the Arts , and the EPCOT Food and Wine Festival Disney does special ticketed events throughout the year including the Mickey 's Not So Scary Halloween Party , which usually runs late August through October , and Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Disney Springs , opened March 22 , 1975 ( Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village , Disney Village Marketplace , and Downtown Disney ) Disney 's Wedding Pavilion , opened July 15 , 1995 ESPN Wide World of Sports , opened March 28 , 1997 Golf and recreation ( edit ) Disney 's property includes four golf courses . The three 18 - hole golf courses are Disney 's Palm ( 4.5 stars ) , Disney 's Magnolia ( 4 stars ) , and Disney 's Lake Buena Vista ( 4 stars ) . There is also a nine - hole walking course ( no electric carts allowed ) called Oak Trail , designed for young golfers . The Magnolia and Palm courses played home to the PGA Tour 's Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic . Arnold Palmer Golf Management manages the Disney golf courses . Additionally , there are two themed miniature golf complexes , each with two courses , Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland . The two courses at Fantasia Gardens are Fantasia Garden and Fantasia Fairways . The Garden course is a traditional miniature - style course based on the `` Fantasia '' movies with musical holes , water fountains and characters . Fantasia Fairways is a traditional golf course on miniature scale having water hazards and sand traps . The two courses at Winter Summerland are Summer and Winter , both themed around Santa . Summer is the more challenging of the two 18 - hole courses . Former Attractions ( edit ) Discovery Island -- an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds . It opened on April 8 , 1974 , and closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney 's River Country -- the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort . It opened on June 20 , 1976 , and closed on November 2 , 2001 . Walt Disney World Speedway -- a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience . It opened November 28 , 1995 , and closed on August 9 , 2015 . DisneyQuest -- an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions . It opened June 19 , 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks . It closed on July 2 , 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience . La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil -- opened December 23 , 1998 , and closed after December 31 , 2017 . Resorts ( edit ) See also : Category : Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort Of the thirty - four resorts and hotels on the Walt Disney World property , twenty - eight are owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products . These are classified into four categories -- Deluxe , Moderate , Value , and Disney Vacation Club Villas -- and are located in one of five resort areas : the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Wide World of Sports , Animal Kingdom , or Disney Springs resort areas . While all of the Deluxe resort hotels have achieved an AAA Four Diamond rating , Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa is considered the highest tier flagship luxury resort on the Walt Disney World Resort complex . On - site Disney resorts ( edit ) Name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Resort Area Deluxe resorts Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge April 16 , 2001 African Wildlife preserve 1,307 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Resort November 19 , 1990 Newport Beach cottage 576 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Inn July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic and Ocean City 378 Disney 's Contemporary Resort October 1 , 1971 Modern 655 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa July 1 , 1988 Early 20th Century Florida 867 Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort October 1 , 1971 South Seas 492 Disney 's Wilderness Lodge May 28 , 1994 Pacific Northwest , National Park Service rustic 729 Disney 's Yacht Club Resort November 5 , 1990 Martha 's Vineyard Resort 621 Epcot Moderate resorts Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort October 1 , 1988 Caribbean Islands 2,112 Epcot Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort August 1 , 1997 Mexico , American Southwest 1,915 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- French Quarter May 17 , 1991 New Orleans French Quarter 1,008 Disney Springs Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside February 2 , 1992 Antebellum South 2,048 Value resorts Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort January 15 , 1999 Disney films 1,920 Animal Kingdom Disney 's All - Star Music Resort November 22 , 1994 Music 1,604 Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort April 24 , 1994 Sports 1,920 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort May 31 , 2012 Disney and Pixar animated films 1,984 Wide World of Sports Disney 's Pop Century Resort December 14 , 2003 20th Century American pop culture 2,880 Disney Vacation Club Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort August 4 , 2009 Modern 428 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas August 15 , 2007 African safari lodge 708 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Villas July 1 , 2002 Newport resort 282 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Villas July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic City 530 Disney 's Old Key West Resort December 20 , 1991 Early 20th Century Key West 761 Disney Springs Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows April 1 , 2015 South Seas 380 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa May 17 , 2004 1880s Upstate New York resort 1,320 Disney Springs The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa October 23 , 2013 Early 20th Century Florida 147 Magic Kingdom Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge November 15 , 2000 Pacific Northwest 181 Copper Creek Villas and Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge July 17 , 2017 Pacific Northwest 184 Disney Riviera Resort Fall 2019 Riviera 300 Epcot Cabins and campgrounds Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground November 19 , 1971 Rustic Woods Camping 800 campsites 409 cabins Magic Kingdom Residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Fall 2011 Varies 450 homes Magic Kingdom The Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , Walt Disney World 's flagship resort Disney 's Polynesian Resort , a deluxe level resort Caribbean Beach Resort , the first moderate resort at Walt Disney World Fort Wilderness , Disney 's campground and cabin resort Disney 's All Star Movies Resort , one of five value resorts On - site non-Disney hotels ( edit ) Hotel name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Owner Area Best Western Lake Buena Vista Resort Hotel November 21 , 1972 None 325 Drury Hotels Hotel Plaza Boulevard , close to Disney Springs Doubletree Guest Suite Resort March 15 , 1987 229 Hilton Hotels Corporation Wyndham Lake Buena Vista October 15 , 1972 626 Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Hilton Walt Disney World November 23 , 1983 787 Hilton Hotels Corporation Holiday Inn in the Walt Disney World Resort February 8 , 1973 323 InterContinental Hotels Group B Resort October 1 , 1972 394 B Hotels & Resorts Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa March 10 , 1983 1,014 Hilton Hotels Corporation Four Seasons Orlando at Walt Disney World Resort August 3 , 2014 450 Four Seasons Magic Kingdom Bonnet Creek Resort Various Various , 3,000 total Hilton Worldwide , Wyndham Worldwide Epcot Walt Disney World Dolphin June 1 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 1509 Sheraton Walt Disney World Swan January 13 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 756 Westin Shades of Green February 1 , 1994 Upscale Country Club 586 United States Department of Defense Magic Kingdom Shades of Green Resort , owned and operated by the United States Military The Walt Disney World Dolphin The Walt Disney World Swan The Hilton at Walt Disney World , located at Hotel Plaza Boulevard Former resorts ( edit ) The Golf Resort -- Became The Disney Inn , and later became Shades of Green . Disney 's Village Resort -- Became the Villas at Disney Institute and then Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa . The `` Tree House '' Villas were decommissioned for a time because they were not accessible to disabled guests . Until early 2008 , they were used for International Program Cast Member housing . In February 2008 , Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas . The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009 . Celebration -- a town designed and built by Disney , now managed by a resident - run association . Lake Buena Vista -- Disney originally intended this area to become a complete community with multiple residences , shopping , and offices , but transformed the original homes into hotel lodging in the 1970s , which were demolished in the early 2000s to build Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa ) Proposed resorts ( edit ) Star Wars Hotel -- planned to be built just outside of the under - construction Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge land of Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park planning to open in 2019 . Never - built resorts ( edit ) Disney 's Asian Resort Disney 's Persian Resort Disney 's Venetian Resort Disney 's Mediterranean Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Disney 's Magical Express ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Magical Express Guests with a Disney Resort reservation ( excluding the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin ) that arrive at Orlando International Airport can be transported to their resort from the airport using the complimentary Disney Magical Express service , which is operated by Mears Destination Services . Guests can also have their bags picked up and transported to their resort for them through a contract with BAGS Incorporated on participating airlines . Many resorts feature Airline Check - in counters for guests returning to the airport . Here their bags will be checked all the way through to their final destination and they can also have boarding passes printed for them . Some participating airlines are Delta , United , American , Jet Blue , and Alaska Airlines . Attendance ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , the world 's most visited theme park In 2014 , the resort 's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world ; ( 1st ) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors , ( 6th ) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors , ( 7th ) Disney 's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors , and ( 8th ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors . Year Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Overall Ref . 2008 17,063,000 10,935,000 9,608,000 9,540,000 47,146,000 2009 17,233,000 10,990,000 9,700,000 9,590,000 47,513,000 16,972,000 10,825,000 9,603,000 9,686,000 47,086,000 2011 17,142,000 10,826,000 9,699,000 9,783,000 47,450,000 2012 17,536,000 11,063,000 9,912,000 9,998,000 48,509,000 2013 18,588,000 11,229,000 10,110,000 10,198,000 50,125,000 2014 19,332,000 11,454,000 10,312,000 10,402,000 51,500,000 2015 20,492,000 11,798,000 10,828,000 10,922,000 54,040,000 2016 20,395,000 11,712,000 10,776,000 10,844,000 53,727,000 Total overall 1,347,096,000 Operations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation ( edit ) The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transport across the resort . The Walt Disney World Resort is serviced by Disney Transport , a complimentary mass transportation system allowing guest access across the property . The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transportation at Walt Disney World . Guests can aboard the monorail from select on property resorts including The Grand Floridian and The Polynesian . The system operates on three routes that interconnect at the Transportation and Ticket Center ( TTC ) , adjacent to the Magic Kingdom 's parking lot . A fleet of Disney - operated buses on property , branded Disney Transport , is also complimentary for guests . Disney Transport also operates a fleet of watercraft , ranging in size from water taxis , up to the ferries that connect the Magic Kingdom to the Transportation and Ticket Center . Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams that are used for shuttling visitors between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances . Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport : the Walt Disney World Airport which was also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport . During the early 1970s , scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC - 6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops which had STOL ( short take off and landing ) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando . The airport is no longer in operation . Employment ( edit ) When the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 , the site employed about 5,500 `` cast members '' . Today , Walt Disney World employs more than 74,000 cast members , spending more than $1.2 billion on payroll and $474 million on benefits each year . The largest single - site employer in the United States , Walt Disney World has more than 3,700 job classifications . The resort also sponsors and operates the Walt Disney World College Program , an internship program that offers American college students ( CP 's ) the opportunity to live about 15 miles ( 24 km ) off - site in four Disney - owned apartment complexes and work at the resort , and thereby provides much of the theme park and resort `` front line '' cast members . There is also the Walt Disney World International College Program , an internship program that offers international college students ( ICP 's ) from all over the world the same opportunity . Corporate culture ( edit ) Walt Disney World 's corporate culture uses jargon based on theatrical terminology . For example , park visitors are always `` guests '' , employees are called `` cast members '' , rides are `` attractions '' or `` adventures '' , cast members costumed as famous Disney characters in a way that does not cover their faces are known as `` face characters '' , jobs are `` roles '' , and public and nonpublic areas are respectively labeled `` onstage '' and `` backstage '' . Security ( edit ) Disney 's security personnel are generally dressed in typical security guard uniforms , though some of the personnel are dressed as tourists in plain clothes . Since September 11 , 2001 , uniformed security has been stationed just outside each Disney park in Florida to search guests ' bags as they enter the parks . Disney Security Vehicle , picture taken July 2 , 2009 in front of Epcot The land where Walt Disney World resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District ( RCID ) , a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney . RCID provides 911 services , fire , environmental protection , building code enforcement , utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services . The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company . Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads . Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares , traffic cones , and chalk commonly used by police officers . These security personnel are charged with traffic control by the RCID and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees , not the general public . Despite the appearance of the uniformed security personnel , they are not considered a legal law enforcement agency . Disney and The Reedy Creek Improvement District were sued for access to Disney Security records by Bob and Kathy Sipkema following the death of their son at the resort in 1994 . The court characterized Disney security as a `` night watchman '' service not a law enforcement agency and was not subject to Florida 's open records laws . An appeals court later upheld the lower court 's ruling . In late 2015 , Disney confirmed the addition of randomized secondary screenings and dogs trained to detect body - worn explosives within parks , in addition to metal detectors at entrances . It has also increased the number of uniformed security personnel at Walt Disney World and Disneyland properties . Disney Security personnel in Florida have investigated traffic accidents and issued accident reports . The forms used by Disney Security may be confused with official , government forms by some . The Orange County Sheriff maintains an office on Disney property , but this is primarily to process guests accused of shoplifting by Disney security personnel . See also ( edit ) Walt Disney World Company Walt Disney Travel Company Walt Disney World Hospitality and Recreation Corporation Disney College Program Incidents at Walt Disney World Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney World Casting Center The Walt Disney World Explorer Walt Disney World International Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Telling , Gillian. `` 10 crazy things you never knew about Walt Disney World '' . Today . NBC . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World '' . uscitytraveler.com . US City Traveler . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fogleson , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 274 . 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Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Floridian Construction Project '' . Laughing Place . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse Villas To Be Replaced By New Treehouses At Walt Disney World '' . Netcot.com . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Magic Kingdom Tops The List Of The 25 Most Visited Theme Parks In The World '' . dwtickets.com . OrlandoTastic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2008 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2009 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2010 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Rubin , Judith ; Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Beth ; Cheu , Linda ; Elsea , Daniel ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Lock , Jodie ; Linford , Sarah ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Pincus , Jeff ; Robinett , John ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , Will ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris . `` TEA / AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index : The Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association ( TEA ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Bet ; Chen , Bryan ; Cheu , Linda ; Fischer , Lucia ; Hoffman , Marina ; Kondaurova , Olga ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Li , Shaojin ; Linford , Sarah ; Marling , George ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Robinett , John ; Rubin , Judith ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , William ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` TEA / AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index : Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Airlines ( International ) system timetable June 15 , 1972 timetableimages.com Jump up ^ Eastern Air Lines system timetable , Air Commuter Service section Sept. 6 , 1972 departedflights.com Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Grand Opening '' . www.thisdayindisneyhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Disney donates $1 million to help those affected by Orlando massacre '' . 7 News Miami . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Profile '' . Hospitality Online . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Rich ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Walt Disney 's Love of Trains Changed the World '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sehlinger , Bob ; Testa , Len ( 2014 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World 2014 . Birmingham , AL : Keen Communications . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781628090000 . ^ Jump up to : Mohney , Chris ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Irreverent Guide to Walt Disney World . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley Publishing , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 9780470089880 . Jump up ^ Foglesong , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . Yale University Press , . pp. 69,139 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09828 - 6 . Jump up ^ Southern Reporter . Second Series . Alabama . Supreme Court , Alabama . Court of Appeals , Florida . Supreme Court , Louisiana . Courts of Appeal , Louisiana . Supreme Court , Florida . District Court of Appeals , Mississippi . Supreme Court . West Pub. Co . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Pastor , James F. ( 2006 ) . Security Law and Methods . Butterworth - Heinemann , . pp. 505 -- 512 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7994 - 8 . Jump up ^ Louissant , Moise . `` The Walt Disney Company : A Case Study in Private Security Trends '' . Fast Guard Service . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Rochelle Schweizer ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , Corruption , and Children at Risk . Regnery Publishing . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 387 - 4 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what city is walt disney world florida in	[ "Walt Disney World, officially known as the Walt Disney World Resort, also known as just Disney World, is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company. 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8071869690771444755	Head of the Class	Head of the class - wikipedia Head of the class Jump to : navigation , search Head of the Class Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Elias Rich Eustis Starring Howard Hesseman Billy Connolly Theme music composer Ed Alton Composer ( s ) Ed Alton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 114 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Elias Rich Eustis Producer ( s ) Alan Rosen Frank Pace Larry Spencer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) Eustis / Elias Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network ABC Original release September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) -- June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) Chronology Related shows Billy Head of the Class is an American sitcom that ran from 1986 to 1991 on the ABC television network . The series follows a group of gifted students in the Individualized Honors Program ( IHP ) at the fictional Monroe High School ( later Millard Fillmore High School ) in Manhattan , and their history teacher Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) . The program was ostensibly a vehicle for Hesseman , best known for his role as radio DJ Dr. Johnny Fever on the sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati ( 1978 -- 1982 ) . Hesseman left Head of the Class in 1990 and was replaced by Scottish personality Billy Connolly ( in his first major American production ) as teacher Billy MacGregor for the final season . After the series ended , Connolly appeared in a short - lived spin - off titled Billy . The series was created and executive produced by Rich Eustis and Michael Elias . Rich Eustis had previously worked as a New York City substitute teacher while hoping to become an actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Cast 2.1 Regular characters 2.2 Recurring characters 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 3.2 Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) 3.3 Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) 3.3. 1 `` Mission to Moscow '' 3.4 Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) 3.5 Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 4 Episodes 4.1 Broadcast history 5 Novel tie - in 6 Spin - off 7 Home video and syndication 8 International broadcasts 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Characters ( edit ) Head of the Class deals with an entire classroom of academically gifted high school students . The IHP students comprised a diverse range of personalities , ethnicities , and academic specialties . For the first three years of the show , the IHP class had ten students . Arvid Engen ( Dan Frischman ) was a skinny , bespectacled nerd , mathematics expert and budding scientist . Arvid 's best friend was the overweight , wisecracking cynic Dennis Blunden ( Dan Schneider ) , a computer whiz whose fields were chemistry and physics and who more often than not had a knack for getting the socially - inept Arvid involved in various schemes . Alan Pinkard ( Tony O'Dell ) was an ultra-conservative preppy and egotist ; his area of expertise was political science and he was a devout fan of Ronald Reagan . Alan competed for the highest grades in the class with Darlene Merriman ( Robin Givens ) , a spoiled rich girl who was probably even more self - centered than Alan , and whose specialties were speech and debate . Both Alan and Darlene held the ambition of being named class valedictorian . Sarah Nevins ( Kimberly Russell ) did not have any one particular area of expertise ; she was the most down - to - earth of the IHP class , and was once cited as having the lowest G.P.A. Maria Borges ( Leslie Bega ) was very passionate about getting A 's ( going as far as grounding herself in the pilot episode for getting a ' B ' ) , and Jawaharlal Choudhury ( Jory Husain aka Joher Coleman ) was an exchange student from India whose expertise was natural science . Eleven - year - old Janice Lazarotto ( Tannis Vallely ) , despite her young age , was in high school and the IHP class because of her advanced intellect . Arts student Simone Foster ( Khrystyne Haje ) was a quiet , sensitive redhead with a particular fondness for poetry . A notable development in the show was the relationship between Simone and Eric Mardian ( Brian Robbins ) , an aspiring writer and , outwardly , the most unlikely member of the IHP - Eric wore black leather , drove a motorcycle , acted tough and ostensibly disliked anything academic ( to Dr. Samuels 's delight , he was the only one in the class not on the academic team , although he would never leave the IHP ) . Eric constantly hit on Simone ( on whom he had a crush ) and the two eventually had an on - again - off - again romance . There was some turnover in the cast in seasons four and five . Janice left for Harvard , Maria went to Performing Arts High School , and Jawarhalal moved to California . New students included Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) , described by Dennis as `` this reject from Do the Right Thing '' for his dreadlocks , Vicky Amory ( Lara Piper ) , a new - ager interested in quantum physics and skin - revealing clothing , and Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) , who had transferred from parochial school . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) and Jasper Kwan ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) , who had appeared as potential IHP members in earlier seasons , were eventually added to the program and the cast . Appearing as regulars throughout all five seasons were school staff members Dr. Harold Samuels ( William G. Schilling ) and Bernadette Meara ( Jeannetta Arnette ) . Dr. Samuels was the blustery , overweight principal of the school . His attitude towards the IHP students was one of ambivalence : on the one hand , Dr. Samuels distrusted the kids ( and had a particularly antagonistic relationship with Dennis , and tried to avoid Eric ) , but at the same time he was proud of their achievements and valued the prestige they brought to the school . He also distrusted the teaching methods of the class 's teacher , Charlie Moore ( Howard Hesseman ) , concerned that Charlie 's methods -- which often involved helping the IHP students branch out of their comfort zones and help them deal with the typical problems of kids their age , as well as using unorthodox methods of teaching the class subject at hand -- might distract them too much from their studies . Ms. Meara was the level - headed assistant principal . There was some romantic tension between her and Charlie , although this ultimately came to nothing , and later had a romantic ' friendship ' with Billy . In the series , the students often faced off against the rival Bronx High School of Science . Also , in every season , the IHP students produced the school musical . Musicals staged by the students included Grease , Little Shop of Horrors , and Hair . A number of someday - famous actors made appearances on the show , including Brad Pitt . Cast ( edit ) Regular characters ( edit ) Charles P. `` Charlie '' Moore -- Howard Hesseman ( 1986 -- 1990 ; Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Billy MacGregor -- Billy Connolly ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Harold Samuels -- William G. Schilling ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bernadette Meara -- Jeannetta Arnette ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Maria Borges -- Leslie Bega ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Arvid Engen -- Dan Frischman ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Darlene Merriman -- Robin Givens ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Simone Foster -- Khrystyne Haje ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Jawaharlal Choudhury -- Jory Husain ( aka Joher Coleman ) ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Alan Pinkard -- Tony O'Dell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Eric Mardian -- Brian Robbins ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Sarah Nevins -- Kimberly Russell ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Dennis Blunden - Dan Schneider ( 1986 -- 1991 , Seasons 1 -- 5 ) Janice Lazarotto -- Tannis Vallely ( 1986 -- 1989 ; Seasons 1 -- 3 , guest in Season 5 ) Alex Torres -- Michael DeLorenzo ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Viki Amory -- Lara Piper ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Theola June `` T.J. '' Jones -- Rain Pryor ( 1988 -- 1991 ; Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Jasper Kwong -- Jonathan Ke Quan ( 1990 -- 1991 ; Season 5 ) Aristotle McKenzie -- De'voreaux White ( 1989 -- 1991 ; Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Recurring characters ( edit ) Lori Applebaum -- Marcia Christie Jeremy Irizarry -- Joshua Duty Dr. Enric Engen -- Bruce Gray Madeline Mardian -- Patricia McCormack Season synopses ( edit ) Season one ( 1986 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Out - of - work actor Charlie Moore began the first season as a substitute teacher , but warmed to the IHP class immediately , making it his mission to get them to think rather than merely to know . Although they are gifted academically , the IHP students had plenty of problems in their personal lives , and Mr. Moore not only is there to listen , he shows an unswerving ability to get the students to solve their own problems while making it seem like they came up with the answers on their own . By Episode 6 ( `` Teacher 's Teacher '' ) , the class 's original teacher Mr. Thomas ( Roscoe Lee Browne ) had returned to Monroe High , announcing his return to the IHP class once Mr. Moore 's tenure ended . After observing Mr. Moore 's unorthodox teaching methods for most of the episode ( much to Charlie 's chagrin , as it also made apparent how much he would miss the IHP students ) , Mr. Thomas ultimately decides to retire from teaching , allowing Mr. Moore to become their full - time teacher . Throughout the first season , Mr. Moore attempted to get the class involved in more than just their studies , encouraging them to play volleyball and make a music video for the school 's time capsule ( this marks the first foray into the fondness of Head of the Class for musical production numbers ) . At the same time , the class brought Mr. Moore into the present , acclimating him to the importance of personal computers . Near the end of the season , the IHP faces their Russian counterparts in an academic tournament , foreshadowing their famous trip to Moscow in season three . Season two ( 1987 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) Season two began involving the IHP in the school as a whole , with Mr. Moore involving the class in the school literary journal and encouraging a lampoon of the school newspaper . Season three ( 1988 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) `` Mission to Moscow '' ( edit ) In 1988 , Head of the Class broke new ground as it became the first American sitcom to be filmed in the Soviet Union and was entirely filmed in Moscow . The IHP is invited to come to the country for a rematch of the academic meet that happened in season one , which ended in a tie . The class has a lot of experiences while in Moscow : Dennis and Arvid take an interest in two beautiful women , until they realize they might be KGB spies ; Eric meets up with his relatives in what is a very positive experience for him ; capitalist Alan has an argument with a die - hard socialist in a store ( who is also on the opposing Russian academic team ) ; Sarah and Darlene decide to record the sights and sounds of Moscow ; Simone goes to put flowers on a poet 's grave and meets up with a charming Russian musician ; Dr. Samuels believes that his hotel room is bugged , but ends up making a fool of himself ; and Charlie has a brief romance with a schoolteacher . The IHP eventually wins the meet and the respect of the Russian team . The episode concludes with both teams attending a concert in Gorky Park swaying to the song `` Far Away Lands '' ( written and performed by American David Pomeranz and Russian rock star Sasha Malinin ) . Season four ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) The fourth season saw some significant changes to the cast of characters - Maria , Jawaharlal and Janice left ( Maria went to a performing arts school , Jawarhalal moved to California , and Janice went to college ) . Several new characters took their place : Alex Torres ( Michael DeLorenzo ) was a Hispanic athletics student , somewhat stereotypically portrayed as having an eye for the ladies . Although Alex seemed attracted to Darlene particularly , both he and Eric competed for the affections of another new IHP student , the blonde hippie Viki Amory ( Lara Piper ) . Another new character was aspiring filmmaker Aristotle McKenzie ( De'voreaux White ) . T.J. Jones ( Rain Pryor ) , a recurring character since the third season , joined the IHP in the fourth season ( a remedial student with a streetwise attitude , T.J. was found to be smart enough to join the IHP ) . The students ' final year of high school was split over seasons four and five . Howard Hesseman left the show after the fourth season . Season five ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) In the first episode of season five , Scottish teacher Billy MacGregor ( Billy Connolly ) arrived to replace the departed Charlie Moore ( in the first episode of the season , it is explained to the dismayed IHP students that Mr. Moore 's acting career finally took off ) . Despite initial uncertainty and some hostility from the students , Billy proved to be a successful replacement for Charlie . He insisted that the students refer to him by his first name , and although he was more rousing and less laid - back than his predecessor , he proved to be just as wise and caring ( Billy also had a habit of boisterously greeting his class every morning with the phrase , `` good morning , geniuses '' , and facetiously barking to his students to , `` get out of here '' , when the bell rang at the end of the class . He also taught his class in a manner more akin to a stand - up comedian than a teacher ) . Many episodes from this season focused on Billy having to adapt to living in America , and his attempts to romance Ms. Meara . Other aspects of Billy were his dislike of an outdated French textbook , which actually prompted one student to take a spur - of - the - moment jaunt to Paris , and his encouragement to the male students that the best way to get girls was to be themselves . Also , the character of Jasper Quong ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) was added to the IHP class . The season ( and the program itself ) concluded with the IHP students graduating from high school . Janice Lazarotto ( from seasons one -- three ) returned for a guest appearance in the finale , in which T.J. is named class valedictorian and the school is closed down and demolished . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Head of the Class episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 17 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 06 ) 30 16.4 22 September 23 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 23 ) May 11 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 11 ) 23 16.7 ( Tied with The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 22 October 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 19 ) May 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 10 ) 20 17.1 26 September 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 27 ) May 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 02 ) 26 14.8 5 22 September 11 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 11 ) June 25 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) 26 14.5 Broadcast history ( edit ) Schedule Time slot ( ET ) 1986 -- 87 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM ( Episodes 1 - 3 , 5 - 22 ) Wednesday at 9 : 00 PM ( Episode 4 ) 1989 -- 90 Wednesday at 8 : 30 PM 1990 -- 91 Tuesday at 8 : 30 PM Novel tie - in ( edit ) One major novelization was released , with the plotlines based on 6 episodes of the show . The book makes all the chapters flow together as one story , even though they did n't happen one right after the other on the show . It was written by Susan Beth Pfeffer and released in December 1989 by Bantam Books . The book is 120 pages long , with six chapters and each chapter is based on an episode . Chapter 1 - `` First Day '' , based on the 1986 episode `` First Day '' , written by Lisa Rosenthal ( otherwise known as the pilot ) Chapter 2 - `` A Problem Like Maria '' is based on the 1986 episode `` A Problem Like Maria '' written by Cynthia Thompson Chapter 3 - `` Crimes of the Heart '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Crimes of the Heart '' written by Valri Bromfield Chapter 4 - `` Cello Fever '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Cello Fever '' written by show creators Rich Eustis and Michael Elias Chapter 5 - `` Trouble in Perfectville '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Trouble in Perfectville '' written by George Beckerman Chapter 6 - `` Parents Day '' is based on the 1987 episode `` Parents Day '' written by Ellis Bufton and Scott Glaze All copyrights belong to Warner Bros . The novelization erroneously credits `` First Day '' as having been made in 1988 rather than 1986 . Spin - off ( edit ) A year after Head of the Class left the air , Billy Connolly reprised the role of Billy MacGregor for a short - lived spin - off series , Billy . Home video and syndication ( edit ) Head of the Class has never been released on DVD . No official reason has been forthcoming from Warner Home Video , although the show had multiple musical episodes , and licensing music rights for home video is often a sticking point for many series , including WKRP in Cincinnati , which also featured Hesseman . The show also seems to appear infrequently in syndicated reruns , airing on local stations and then briefly on TBS during the 1990s , and on Nick at Nite in the early 2000s . Antenna TV began airing it in January 2018 . International broadcasts ( edit ) In Canada , the series was simulcast on the Global Television Network throughout its original run . In Australia , the series aired on the Nine Network . In the UK the show aired on BBC Two and in Ireland on RTÉ One . In Indonesia , it was aired by RCTI . In Italy the series arrived in 1989 and first season was aired by Telemontecarlo . Then it was aired by Italia 1 , from 1992 to 1993 . See also ( edit ) Welcome Back , Kotter ( 1975 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : J. O'Connor , John ( November 2 , 1988 ) . `` Review / Television ; ' Head of the Class ' Goes to Moscow '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Mike Tyson : ' Brad Pitt had sex with my wife ' Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1962 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Class ( 1986 ) '' . TV Shows on Demand . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Amber ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` 5 TV Shows That Are n't On DVD -- And Should Be '' . Film School Rejects . Jump up ^ Bylund , Anders ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` How TV shows on DVD suffer from music licensing '' . ars TECHNICA . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` The weird legal reason many of your favorite shows are n't on DVD '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Comedy Guide - Head of the Class '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2005 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Head of the Class on IMDb Head of the Class at TV.com Head of the Class at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_of_the_Class&oldid=821235388 '' Categories : 1986 American television series debuts 1991 American television series endings 1980s American sitcoms 1990s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American high school television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 05 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played eric on head of the class	[ "Eric Mardian – Brian Robbins (1986–1991, Seasons 1–5)" ]	[ "Brian Robbins" ]
2754291703725512096	Always and Forever (Heatwave song)	Always and Forever ( Heatwave song ) - wikipedia Always and Forever ( Heatwave song ) `` Always and Forever '' Picture sleeve of one of UK vinyl releases Single by Heatwave from the album Too Hot to Handle B - side `` Mind Blowing Decisions '' ( UK ) `` Super Soul Sister '' ( US ) Released December 3 , 1977 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1976 Genre R&B soul Length 3 : 32 ( single edit ) 6 : 14 ( album version ) Label GTO ( UK ) Epic 50490 ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Rod Temperton Producer ( s ) Barry Blue Heatwave singles chronology `` Too Hot to Handle '' ( 1977 ) `` Always and Forever '' ( 1977 ) `` The Groove Line '' ( 1978 ) `` Too Hot to Handle '' ( 1977 ) `` Always and Forever '' ( 1977 ) `` The Groove Line '' ( 1978 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release `` Always and Forever '' A sample of Heatwave 's `` Always and Forever '' from Too Hot to Handle Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Always and Forever '' is an R&B song written by Rod Temperton and produced by Barry Blue . It was first recorded by the British - based multinational funk - disco band Heatwave in 1976 . Released as a single on December 3 , 1977 , the song is included on Heatwave 's debut album Too Hot to Handle ( 1976 ) and has been covered by numerous artists , becoming something of a standard . The song reached number 18 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in March of 1978 after peaking at number two on the US Billboard R&B chart , the band 's highest showing on that tally . The single was certified platinum by the RIAA on September 6 , 2001 . In the UK , the songs `` Too Hot to Handle '' and `` The Groove Line '' were released before a double A-sided `` Always and Forever '' / `` Mind Blowing Decisions '' was issued in November 1978 . This became the band 's second top ten on the UK Singles Chart when it spent two weeks at number 9 in December of that year . Contents 1 Heatwave version 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Luther Vandross version 3.1 Track list 3.2 Charts 4 Other cover versions 5 References 6 External links Heatwave version ( edit ) After the international success of Heatwave 's debut single , the disco song `` Boogie Nights '' , `` Always and Forever '' was chosen as the U.S. follow - up single in late 1977 . A ballad featuring lead vocals by Johnnie Wilder , Jr. , `` Always and Forever '' stood out among the band 's predominantly disco repertoire and became a successful U.S. hit song in early 1978 . In the late 1970s through the 1980s it was a popular `` slow dance '' song at high school proms , weddings , particularly in inner - city areas with a high minority population . The song was also played during the slow dance scene in the movie House Party . In the liner notes to Heatwave 's 1996 compilation album The Best of Heatwave : Always and Forever , music writer and former Billboard contributor Brian Chin notes that Wilder `` says that it was right around the time of the single release of `` Always and Forever '' that he knew Heatwave 's music would stand the test of time . This pop standard is emblematic of the Heatwave fusion of influences - R&B , teen romance , and both European and American flavors of pop . '' AllMusic reviewer Craig Lytle states that the song `` was and continues to be an ageless piece . Johnnie Wilder 's vocal exhibition throughout the vamp is breathtaking . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 78 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 9 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 18 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 12 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 33 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 75 U.S. Cash Box 99 Luther Vandross version ( edit ) `` Always and Forever '' Single by Luther Vandross from the album Songs Released September 1994 ( UK ) January 1995 ( U.S. ) Format cassette , CD Single Genre R&B , soul , adult contemporary Length 4 : 53 Label Epic Records Songwriter ( s ) Rod Temperton Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff Luther Vandross ( co-producer ) Luther Vandross singles chronology `` Endless Love '' ( 1994 ) `` Always and Forever '' ( 1994 ) `` Love the One You 're With / Going in Circles '' ( 1995 ) `` Endless Love '' ( 1994 ) `` Always and Forever '' ( 1994 ) `` Love the One You 're With / Going in Circles '' ( 1995 ) R&B / soul singer Luther Vandross released his cover of `` Always and Forever '' as the second single from his album , Songs ( 1994 ) . His recording earned him a Grammy Award nomination in the category Best Male R&B Vocal performance at the Grammy Awards of 1995 and placed on four Billboard charts , with its best showing on the R&B chart where it reached number 16 . Vandross ' single made the Hot 100 at # 58 and also appeared on Billboard adult contemporary and rhythmic top 40 charts . Track list ( edit ) US , UK - CD Single Always And Forever ( Radio Edit ) - 4 : 00 Searching - 8 : 02 The Glow of Love - 6 : 11 Always And Forever ( Live ) - 5 : 03 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 20 US Billboard Hot 100 58 US Billboard Rhythmic 37 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 16 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 25 Other cover versions ( edit ) Among many artists who have recorded versions of `` Always and Forever '' is the American R&B vocal group Whistle , who released their single in 1990 from their album of the same name . Their take on the song made the top ten on the Billboard R&B chart , peaking at # 9 , while also cracking the top of the Hot 100 at # 35 . Mexican - American singer Adán Sánchez also recorded a version in Spanish titled `` Siempre y para siempre '' . Other artists who have recorded the song include : The Four Tops Beverley Knight Navin Kundra Kyla Johnny Mathis Nicole McCloud Alexander O'Neal Cliff Richard in a duet with Candi Staton Kenny Rogers Diana Ross Silk Luther Vandross References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIAA platinum certification - Heatwave - Always and Forever '' , RIAA , retrieved November 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2010 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 9th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 293 . Jump up ^ Liner notes from The Best of Heatwave : Always and Forever , 1996 , Sony Music Entertainment . Jump up ^ Too Hot to Handle album review AllMusic . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always and Forever '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heatwave - Always and Forever '' . UK Singles Chart . UK Official Charts Company . November 4 , 1978 . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heatwave Billboard chart info AllMusic.com . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 22 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Vandross Billboard chart info AllMusic.com . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Vandross - Always And Forever at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Luther Vandross - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chart archive : Luther Vandross '' . Archive. today . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B Singles - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whistle Billboard chart info AllMusic.com . Retrieved 10 August 2009 . External links ( edit ) Heatwave US 7 '' single Discogs Heatwave UK 12 '' single Discogs Whistle US 12 '' single Discogs Luther Vandross UK CD single Discogs Heatwave Johnnie Wilder Jr . Eric Johns Rod Temperton Mario Mantese Ernest Berger Keith Wilder Roy Carter Billy Jones Calvin Duke Derek Bramble J.D. Nicholas Keith Harrison Studio albums Too Hot to Handle Central Heating Hot Property Candles Current The Fire Compilation albums Heatwave 's Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Boogie Nights '' `` Always and Forever '' `` The Groove Line '' Book : Heatwave Luther Vandross Discography Tours Studio albums Never Too Much Forever , for Always , for Love Busy Body The Night I Fell in Love Give Me the Reason Any Love Power of Love Never Let Me Go Songs This Is Christmas Your Secret Love I Know Luther Vandross Dance with My Father Compilation albums The Best of Luther Vandross ... The Best of Love One Night with You : The Best of Love , Volume 2 Love Is on the Way Always & Forever : The Classics Greatest Hits Super Hits Smooth Love The Ultimate Luther Vandross Stop to Love The Very Best of Love The Essential Luther Vandross Artist Collection : Luther Vandross Love , Luther Lovesongs Live albums Live Radio City Music Hall 2003 Singles `` Never Too Much '' `` Do n't You Know That ? '' `` If This World Were Mine '' `` Bad Boy '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Since I Lost My Baby '' `` How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye '' `` I 'll Let You Slide '' `` Superstar '' / `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do ) '' ( Medley ) `` Til My Baby Comes Home '' `` It 's Over Now '' `` Wait for Love '' `` Give Me the Reason '' `` Stop to Love '' `` There 's Nothing Better Than Love '' `` I Really Did n't Mean It '' `` Any Love '' `` She Wo n't Talk to Me '' `` For You to Love '' `` Here and Now '' `` Treat You Right '' `` Power of Love / Love Power '' `` Do n't Want to Be a Fool '' `` The Rush '' `` Sometimes It 's Only Love '' `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' `` Little Miracles ( Happen Every Day ) '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Endless Love '' `` Always and Forever '' `` Love the One You 're With '' / `` Going in Circles '' `` Every Year , Every Christmas '' `` Your Secret Love '' `` I Can Make It Better '' `` Nights in Harlem '' `` I Know '' `` Take You Out '' `` Can Heaven Wait '' `` I 'd Rather '' `` Dance with My Father '' `` Think About You '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` One Shining Moment '' `` Shine '' Other songs `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Any Day Now '' Tribute albums Forever , for Always , for Luther So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross Forever , for Always , for Luther Volume II Related articles Luther ( album ) This Close to You Change ( band ) Book : Luther Vandross Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_and_Forever_(Heatwave_song)&oldid=864862191 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles 1990 singles 1994 singles Heatwave ( band ) songs Luther Vandross songs Rhythm and blues ballads Pop ballads Songs written by Rod Temperton GTO Records singles Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Soul ballads 1970s ballads Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original song always and forever	[ "\"Always and Forever\" is an R&B song written by Rod Temperton and produced by Barry Blue. It was first recorded by the British-based multinational funk-disco band Heatwave in 1976. Released as a single on December 3, 1977, the song is included on Heatwave's debut album Too Hot to Handle (1976) and has been covered by numerous artists, becoming something of a standard.\n" ]	[ "Heatwave" ]
-4530639663140701816	Flag of Saudi Arabia	Flag of Saudi Arabia - wikipedia Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Use State and war flag , state and naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted March 15 , 1973 Design A green field with the Shahada or Muslim creed written in the Thuluth script in white above a horizontal saber , in which the tip was pointed to the hoist - side in the center . reverse This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The flag of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( Arabic : علم المملكة العربية السعودية ‎ ) is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15 , 1973 . It is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword . The inscription is the Islamic creed , or shahada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Colours scheme 3 Use 4 History 5 Past flags 6 Other flags 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) The Arabic inscription on the flag , written in the calligraphic Thuluth script , is the shahada or Islamic declaration of faith : لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله lā ʾilāha ʾillā - llāh , muhammadun rasūlu - llāh There is no god but God ; Muhammad is the Messenger of God . '' The green of the flag represents Islam and the sword stands for the strictness in applying justice . The flag is manufactured with identical obverse and reverse sides , to ensure the shahada reads correctly , from right to left , from either side . The sword points to the left on both sides , in the direction of the script . The flag is sinister hoisted , meaning that it is hoisted to the left of the flagpole , as viewed from the obverse ( front ) side . The flag 's green is Pantone 349 C ( C90 , M12 , Y95 , K40 ) . Colours scheme ( edit ) Green White RGB 0 / 108 / 53 255 / 255 / 255 Hexadecimal # 006c35ff # FFFFFF CMYK 100 / 0 / 51 / 58 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 Use ( edit ) The flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half - mast . Because the shahada is considered holy , the flag is not normally used on T - shirts or other items . Saudi Arabia protested against its inclusion on a planned football to be issued by FIFA , bearing all the flags of the participants of the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Saudi officials said that kicking the creed with the foot was completely unacceptable . Similarly , an attempt by the U.S. military to win favour with children of the Khost Province of Afghanistan by distributing footballs adorned with flags , including that of Saudi Arabia , ended in demonstrations . The flag is never lowered to half - mast as a sign of mourning , because lowering it would be considered blasphemous . Similarly , the flags of Afghanistan , Iran , Somaliland , and Iraq are also never at half - mast . The normal flag can not be hoisted vertically according to Saudi legislation . Special vertical flags are manufactured where both the inscription ( the creed ) and the emblem ( the sword ) are rotated , although this is rare , as most Arab countries traditionally do not hoist flags vertically . History ( edit ) flag ( hanging ) The Al Saud , the ruling family of Saudi Arabia , has long been closely related with Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab . He and the people who followed him , since the 18th century , had used the shahada on their flags . In 1902 Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al - Saud , leader of the Al Saud and the future founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , added a sword to this flag . The design of the flag was not standardized prior to March 15 , 1973 , and variants with two swords and / or a white vertical stripe at the hoist were frequently used . By 1938 , the flag had basically assumed its present form , except the sword had a different design ( with a more curved blade ) and it , along with the shahada above , took up more of the flag 's space . Variant of the flag in use from 1932 to 1934 , with white stripe on the hoist . Variant of the flag in use from 1934 to 1938 , with a thinner white stripe . Variant of the flag in use from 1938 to 1973 , with no stripe . Past flags ( edit ) The precursor states to Saudi Arabia were Nejd and Hejaz . The state flag of Nejd followed today 's Saudi flag pattern very closely . The state of Hijaz followed the patterns seen in countries like Palestine and Sudan . From 1744 a crescent was present . From 1902 until 1921 a different Arabic inscription was used . One of the primary opponents to the Saudis was the Al Rashid family in the north of the peninsula , until their defeat in 1921 . Flag of the Umayyad Caliphate , from 661 to 750 . Flag of the Abbasid Caliphate , from 750 to 1517 . Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il , from 1835 to 1920 . Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il , from 1920 to 1921 . Flag of the First Saudi State , from 1744 to 1818 . Flag of the Second Saudi State from 1824 to 1891 and the Flag of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa from 1902 to 1921 . Flag of Nejd from 1921 to 1926 , closely resembling the modern Saudi flag . Flag of Nejd from 1926 to 1932 , with a white border and no sword . Provisional Flag of Hejaz , 1916 to 1917 . Flag of Hejaz from 1917 to 1920 , based on the Flag of the Arab Revolt . Flag of Hejaz from 1920 to 1926 . Flag of Hejaz from 1926 to 1932 . Flag of Upper Asir from 1918 to 1923 . Other flags ( edit ) The civil ensign , for use by merchant vessels at sea , is a green flag with the state flag in the canton with a white border . The royal standard is the state flag with the palm tree and swords in the canton . Royal Standard of the King of Saudi Arabia . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Royal Standard of the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Civil ensign . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Flag of the Royal Saudi Land Forces . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Flag of the Royal Saudi Air Force . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Flag of the Royal Saudi Naval Forces . ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Flag of the Royal Saudi Air Defense Force ( Ratio : 2 : 3 ) Naval Ensign of Saudi Arabia . ( Ratio : 12 : 25 ) The Ikhwan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Saudi Arabia : Facts and figures '' . The Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Eriksen , Thomas ; Jenkins , Richard ( 2007 ) . Flag , Nation and Symbolism in Europe and America . p. 171 . ISBN 9780415444040 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ UN Map Library Jump up ^ Leithead , Alastair ( 2007 - 08 - 26 ) . `` ' Blasphemous ' balls anger Afghans '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi King Fahd is laid to rest '' . BBC News . 2 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Saudi Arabia , FOTW Flags Of The World , 19 January 2008 . Accessed 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Firefly Guide to Flags of the World . 2003 . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1552978139 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Saudi Arabia . Saudi Arabia at Flags of the World World Flags Information , Saudi Arabian page Saudi Arabian flag and associated information Saudi Arabia articles History Pre-Islamic Arabia Early Islamic State Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Nejd Kingdom of Hejaz Unification Modern history Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Governorates Mountains Regions Politics Allegiance Council Cabinet Consultative Assembly Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Foreign relations King Mabahith ( secret police ) National Security Council Nuclear program Prime Minister Law Basic Law Capital punishment Freedom of religion Human rights LGBT Rape Women Mutaween ( religious police ) Passport Military Air Defense Air Force Army General Intelligence Presidency Military ranks National Guard Navy Economy Agriculture Companies Council of Economic and Development Affairs Energy Oil reserves History of the oil industry Foreign workers Irrigation OPEC Riyal ( currency ) Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ( central bank ) Supreme Economic Council Tadawul ( stock exchange ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Censorship Crime Demographics Education List of universities Health care Human trafficking Obesity Prostitution Religion Terrorism Response to ISIL Water supply and sanitation Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Islam Language Media television Music Public holidays Sport Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Outline Index Book Portal Flags of the Arab League States Algeria Bahrain Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman State of Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somalia Somaliland Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen partially unrecognized Suspended from Arab League since 2012 Flags of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia&oldid=850419377 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1973 Flags of Asia National symbols of Saudi Arabia Flags representing the Shahada National flags Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 19 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is written on the flag of saudi arabia	[ "لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ الله\nlā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh\nThere is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God.\"[1]" ]	[ "There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God" ]
708037729197446651	2018 Tour de France	2018 Tour de France - Wikipedia 2018 Tour de France 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour , race 25 of 37 Route of the 2018 Tour de France Race details Dates 7 -- 29 July Stages 21 Distance 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Winning time 83h 17 ' 13 '' Results Winner Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Second Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) ( Team Sunweb ) Third Chris Froome ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) Mountains Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) ( Quick - Step Floors ) Youth Pierre Latour ( FRA ) ( AG2R La Mondiale ) Combativity Dan Martin ( IRL ) ( UAE Team Emirates ) Team Movistar Team ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's three Grand Tours . The 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) race started from Noirmoutier - en - l'Île , in the Vendée department , on 7 July and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris , on 29 July . A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21 - stage race . The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée . The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky . Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) placed second , with Thomas ' teammate and four - time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third . The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick - Step Floors , who became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) then took the race lead the following stage . BMC Racing Team won stage three 's team time trial , putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow . He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage , where stage winner Thomas took the lead . He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race . As a result , Team Sky -- and additionally British riders -- won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012 . Sagan won the points classification for the sixth time , Julian Alaphilippe ( Quick - Step Floors ) won the mountains classification , and Pierre Latour of AG2R La Mondiale won the young rider classification . Movistar Team won the team classification , and UAE Team Emirates rider Dan Martin was named the most combative for the entire race . Contents 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 2.1 Froome 2.2 Others 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 8.3 Sources 9 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2018 Tour de France The Place Napoléon ( fr ) square in La Roche - sur - Yon , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 5 July . The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race . On 6 January 2018 , organisers of the Tour , the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event . The four teams were Cofidis , Direct Énergie , Fortuneo -- Samsic , from France and Belgium 's Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , all of which have participated in the race before . This meant that new French team Vital Concept , with their team leader , sprinter Bryan Coquard , missed out on the race . Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place on Place Napoleon ( fr ) in the town of La Roche - sur - Yon on 5 July , two days before the opening stage . New rules by the cycling 's governing body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8 , resulting in a start list total of 176 , instead of the usual 198 . Of these , 35 competed in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 145 . The riders came from 30 countries . Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 35 ) , Belgium ( 19 ) , the Netherlands ( 13 ) , Italy ( 13 ) , Australia ( 11 ) , Germany ( 11 ) and Spain ( 11 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years , ranging from the 21 - year - old Egan Bernal ( Team Sky ) to the 40 - year - old Franco Pellizotti ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . Groupama -- FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain -- Merida had the oldest . The teams entering the race were : UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data Groupama -- FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Samsic Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Froome ( edit ) Defending champion Chris Froome ( pictured at the 2017 Tour de France ) had been considered the favourite for the general classification . Defending champion Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification . He had won four out of the last five editions , and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours , the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia . However , Froome 's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España , which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol . This was considered not as a positive doping result , but as an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' ( AAF ) , meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved . He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results . The ASO were unhappy with the situation , which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador , who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved . The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF , which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia . With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely , the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race , citing article 28 of the race 's rules , saying that the organiser `` expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in -- or to exclude from -- the event , a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event '' . Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018 , with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence `` that Mr Froome 's sample results do not constitute an AAF '' . He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well . Others ( edit ) The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana , Mikel Landa ( both of Movistar Team ) , Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) , and Vincenzo Nibali ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Adam Yates ( Mitchelton -- BikeExchange ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Rigoberto Urán ( EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale ) , Dan Martin ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Bob Jungels ( Quick - Step Floors ) and Ilnur Zakarin ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Fernando Gaviria ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) , Marcel Kittel ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) , Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Alexander Kristoff ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( Bahrain -- Merida ) and John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Route and stages ( edit ) The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col de Portet Pyrenean pass , at 2,215 m ( 7,267 ft ) . It was used for the first time in the Tour de France . On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France , the Tour 's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour ( known as the Grand Départ ) would be in the Vendée department , in the Pays de la Loire region . The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903 . Since then , the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times , five of which have set out from the Vendée . The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011 . Two weeks after the announcement , the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages , with the third a team time trial . In June 2017 , the UCI 's Professional Cycling Council ( PCC ) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The full route was announced on 17 October 2017 ; it was almost completely within France , with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions . It would feature two of the Tour 's most historic climbs , Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet , which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively . For the first time in 60 to 70 years , it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau . Of the route , Mark Cavendish labelled it `` absolutely brutal '' . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) , the shortest of the 21st century . The race also included 21.7 km ( 13.5 mi ) of cobblestones ( or pavés ) in stage 9 , which were last featured in 2015 . In the first week of the race , two laps of the short , but steep , Mûr - de-Bretagne were included . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Stage type Winner leader of the GC 7 July Noirmoutier - en - l'Île to Fontenay - le - Comte 201 km ( 125 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) Fernando Gaviria 8 July Mouilleron - Saint - Germain to La Roche - sur - Yon 182.5 km ( 113 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Peter Sagan 9 July Cholet to Cholet 35.5 km ( 22 mi ) Team time trial BMC Racing Team ( CHE ) Greg van Avermaet 10 July La Baule to Sarzeau 195 km ( 121 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 5 11 July Lorient to Quimper 204.5 km ( 127 mi ) Medium mountain Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 6 12 July Brest to Mûr - de-Bretagne 181 km ( 112 mi ) Medium mountain Dan Martin ( IRL ) 7 13 July Fougères to Chartres 231 km ( 144 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 8 14 July Dreux to Amiens 181 km ( 112 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 9 15 July Arras to Roubaix 156.5 km ( 97 mi ) 20px Cobbled Stage John Degenkolb ( GER ) 16 July Annecy Rest day 10 17 July Annecy to Le Grand - Bornand 158.5 km ( 98 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Greg van Avermaet 11 18 July Albertville to La Rosière 108.5 km ( 67 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Geraint Thomas 12 19 July Bourg - Saint - Maurice to Alpe d'Huez 175.5 km ( 109 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 13 20 July Le Bourg - d'Oisans to Valence 169.5 km ( 105 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 14 21 July Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux to Mende 188 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain Omar Fraile ( ESP ) 15 22 July Millau to Carcassonne 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain Magnus Cort Nielsen ( DNK ) 23 July Carcassonne Rest day 16 24 July Carcassonne to Bagnères - de-Luchon 218 km ( 135 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Geraint Thomas 17 25 July Bagnères - de-Luchon to Saint - Lary - Soulan ( Col de Portet ) 65 km ( 40 mi ) High mountain Nairo Quintana ( COL ) 18 26 July Trie - sur - Baïse to Pau 171 km ( 106 mi ) Flat Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 19 27 July Lourdes to Laruns 200.5 km ( 125 mi ) High mountain Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 20 28 July Saint - Pée - sur - Nivelle to Espelette 31 km ( 19 mi ) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) 21 29 July Houilles to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 116 km ( 72 mi ) Flat Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Total 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2018 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 The peloton during the finale of the sixth stage Stage one 's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria , with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third . Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Kévin Ledanois ( Fortuneo -- Samsic ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys , with Dion Smith of Wanty -- Groupe Gobert claiming the polka . Stage three 's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead , with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second . Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint . Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five . Also in stage five , Toms Skujiņš of Trek -- Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka . Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification . Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for , seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders . Team Sky , BMC Racing Team , and Movistar Team controlled the peloton , where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification . With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders . Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time . Stage seven was the longest stage . At the start of stage seven , Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind . The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen . There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven , six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Luis León Sánchez ( Astana ) , and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews . This marked the end of the first week of the tour . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) wearing the race leader 's yellow on one of stage nine 's pavé sectors . He held the jersey from stage three to ten . Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row . Notably , Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points . Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage . Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint . Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders . Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row . Egan Bernal , Jakob Fuglsang , Chris Froome , and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders ; many riders had flat tires as well , including Bardet who got three of them . Meanwhile , Yves Lampaert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Degenkolb , and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage , as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey . The following day was the Tour 's first rest day . The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps , the tenth , was won by Quick - Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet . Eventually , Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes , when many people thought he would not be retaining it . Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification . Thomas achieved back - to - back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end . In the steep finish of the eleventh , Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve ( Mitchelton -- Scott ) to take the win . He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez . Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris . Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) dueled it out . In stage fourteen , Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty - minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders . After the Alps , it was basically down to three riders in contention , Thomas , Froome , and Dumoulin . There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel , Mark Cavendish , Rigoberto Uran , Gaviria , Groenewegen , and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez . Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week . Tom Dumoulin of Team Sunweb ( left ) placed second to Team Sky 's Geraint Thomas ( right ) ( pictured on stage nineteen ) in the final general classification . Stage fifteen , the start of the final week , was once again a breakaway victory . Magnus Cort took Astana 's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall . The next day was the second rest day of the race . Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road . As the riders passed that point , there was still gas in the air . The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them . After the restart , a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , while in the lead on a descent , lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall . Later , Adam Yates , having taken the lead , fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe , giving him his second stage win of the tour . On the first of the three Pyrenan stages , seventeen , Froome 's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification , 2 : 31 behind Thomas . Dumoulin moved into second place , 1 : 59 off the lead . Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb , moving himself up to fifth overall , behind Primož Roglič . The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish ; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury . On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns , Roglič attacked on the final climb , the Col d'Aubisque , and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites . Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s . The penultimate stage was a 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) time trial , Dumoulin won the stage , one second ahead of Froome . Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked , but completed the time trial successfully , finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage . The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Classification leadership ( edit ) Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages . The first three riders would get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . Time bonuses of three , two and one seconds , would be given to the first three riders to cross a `` bonus point '' in each of the first nine mass - start stages of the race . It would affect the general classification , but not the points . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie ( read : `` beyond category '' ) . Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees ( 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993 . The leader wears a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was , again , awarded by a jury . A total of € 2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money . The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider would get € 20,000 . The team classification winners was given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There were also two special awards each with a prize of € 5000 . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Portet on stage seventeen , and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , given to the first rider to pass Goddet 's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen . Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Kévin Ledanois Fernando Gaviria Quick - Step Floors Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Dion Smith Sylvain Chavanel BMC Racing Team Greg Van Avermaet Søren Kragh Andersen No award Fernando Gaviria Jérôme Cousin 5 Peter Sagan Toms Skujiņš Toms Skujiņš 6 Daniel Martin Damien Gaudin 7 Dylan Groenewegen Laurent Pichon 8 Dylan Groenewegen Fabien Grellier 9 John Degenkolb Damien Gaudin 10 Julian Alaphilippe Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Greg Van Avermaet 11 Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Alejandro Valverde 12 Geraint Thomas Steven Kruijswijk 13 Peter Sagan Michael Schär 14 Omar Fraile Jasper Stuyven 15 Magnus Cort Nielsen Rafał Majka 16 Julian Alaphilippe Bahrain -- Merida Philippe Gilbert 17 Nairo Quintana Movistar Team Tanel Kangert 18 Arnaud Démare Luke Durbridge 19 Primož Roglič Mikel Landa 20 Tom Dumoulin No award 21 Alexander Kristoff Final Geraint Thomas Peter Sagan Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Dan Martin In stage two , Marcel Kittel , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan , who was second in the points classification , wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion . In stage two , Dylan Groenewegen , who was second in the best young rider classification , wore the white jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . In stage three , Alexander Kristoff , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification , and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start , so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage . Final standings ( edit ) Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 83h 17 ' 13 '' Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 1 ' 51 '' Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky + 2 ' 24 '' Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 3 ' 22 '' 5 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 6 ' 08 '' 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 6 ' 57 '' 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 7 ' 37 '' 8 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates + 9 ' 05 '' 9 Ilnur Zakarin ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 12 ' 37 '' 10 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 14 ' 18 '' show Final general classification ( 11 -- 145 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Bob Jungels ( LUX ) Quick - Step Floors + 16 ' 32 '' 12 Jakob Fuglsang ( DEN ) Astana + 19 ' 46 '' 13 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 22 ' 13 '' 14 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 27 ' 26 '' 15 Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 27 ' 52 '' 16 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana + 34 ' 52 '' 17 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 37 ' 06 '' 18 Domenico Pozzovivo ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 39 ' 08 '' 19 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 39 ' 57 '' 20 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 42 ' 31 '' 21 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 44 ' 39 '' 22 Ion Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 46 ' 36 '' 23 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 49 ' 19 '' 24 Gorka Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 50 ' 02 '' 25 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 50 ' 15 '' 26 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 06 ' 33 '' 27 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 09 ' 09 '' 28 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 10 ' 14 '' 29 Adam Yates ( GBR ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 1h 17 ' 35 '' 30 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 18 ' 09 '' 31 Robert Gesink ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 21 ' 13 '' 32 Tejay van Garderen ( USA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 23 ' 05 '' 33 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors + 1h 28 ' 08 '' 34 David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 30 ' 01 '' 35 Julien Bernard ( FRA ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 34 ' 12 '' 36 Daniel Felipe Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 38 ' 38 '' 37 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 39 ' 01 '' 38 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 47 ' 36 '' 39 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 47 ' 47 '' 40 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 48 ' 06 '' 41 Arthur Vichot ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 51 ' 19 '' 42 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 1h 58 ' 08 '' 43 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 44 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 20 '' 45 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 00 ' 32 '' 46 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 2h 00 ' 53 '' 47 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 01 ' 52 '' 48 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 2h 03 ' 20 '' 49 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 05 ' 29 '' 50 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 05 ' 38 '' 51 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 22 '' 52 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 23 '' 53 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 07 ' 14 '' 54 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 09 ' 54 '' 55 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 10 ' 29 '' 56 Jesper Hansen ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 33 '' 57 Omar Fraile ( ESP ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 59 '' 58 Wout Poels ( NED ) Team Sky + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 59 Tom - Jelte Slagter ( NED ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 13 ' 58 '' 60 Franco Pellizotti ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 17 ' 32 '' 61 Pavel Kochetkov ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 17 ' 52 '' 62 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 18 ' 51 '' 63 Jasper Stuyven ( BEL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 20 ' 24 '' 64 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 20 ' 31 '' 65 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 24 ' 41 '' 66 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 29 ' 36 '' 67 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 32 ' 02 '' 68 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 26 '' 69 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 35 ' 47 '' 70 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2h 36 ' 06 '' 71 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 38 ' 08 '' 72 Chad Haga ( USA ) Team Sunweb + 2h 39 ' 40 '' 73 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 42 ' 53 '' 74 Tobias Ludvigsson ( SWE ) Groupama -- FDJ + 2h 45 ' 40 '' 75 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 45 ' 57 '' 76 Gregor Mühlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 46 ' 13 '' 77 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 47 ' 46 '' 78 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 48 ' 29 '' 79 Ian Boswell ( USA ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 51 ' 47 '' 80 Yves Lampaert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 52 ' 37 '' 81 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 52 ' 46 '' 82 Toms Skujiņš ( LAT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 53 ' 41 '' 83 Silvan Dillier ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 55 ' 15 '' 84 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 57 ' 00 '' 85 Anthony Perez ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 58 ' 56 '' 86 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 00 ' 48 '' 87 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 00 ' 54 '' 88 Edward Theuns ( BEL ) Team Sunweb + 3h 02 ' 15 '' 89 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 04 ' 07 '' 90 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 04 ' 14 '' 91 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 04 ' 27 '' 92 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 04 ' 48 '' 93 Jérôme Cousin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 05 ' 34 '' 94 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 07 ' 14 '' 95 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 34 '' 96 Kévin Ledanois ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 11 ' 55 '' 97 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 12 ' 24 '' 98 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 12 ' 46 '' 99 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 13 ' 47 '' 100 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 101 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 15 ' 55 '' 102 Kristijan Koren ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 16 ' 54 '' 103 Tomasz Marczyński ( POL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 19 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 19 ' 22 '' 105 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 19 ' 49 '' 106 Rory Sutherland ( AUS ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 21 ' 22 '' 107 Simon Gerrans ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 21 ' 37 '' 108 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 109 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 110 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 24 ' 25 '' 111 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 26 ' 35 '' 112 Daniel Oss ( ITA ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 32 ' 29 '' 113 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 32 ' 54 '' 114 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 33 ' 33 '' 115 Sep Vanmarcke ( BEL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 34 ' 17 '' 116 Anthony Turgis ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 36 ' 11 '' 117 Michael Hepburn ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 36 ' 30 '' 118 Luke Durbridge ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 37 ' 21 '' 119 Niki Terpstra ( NED ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 37 ' 31 '' 120 Fabien Grellier ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 37 ' 56 '' 121 Jack Bauer ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 39 ' 02 '' 122 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 39 ' 20 '' 123 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 40 ' 30 '' 124 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 41 ' 55 '' 125 Heinrich Haussler ( AUS ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 42 ' 24 '' 126 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 42 ' 54 '' 127 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 49 ' 03 '' 128 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 3h 50 ' 55 '' 129 Tom Scully ( NZL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 50 ' 59 '' 130 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 15 '' 131 Timothy Dupont ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 16 '' 132 Lukas Pöstlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 56 ' 53 '' 133 Oliviero Troia ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 57 ' 02 '' 134 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 58 ' 01 '' 135 Maximiliano Richeze ( ARG ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 58 ' 58 '' 136 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 59 ' 07 '' 137 Timo Roosen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 01 ' 05 '' 138 Roberto Ferrari ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 4h 01 ' 34 '' 139 Amund Grøndahl Jansen ( NOR ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 02 ' 04 '' 140 Damien Gaudin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 4h 02 ' 07 '' 141 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 08 ' 18 '' 142 Jasper De Buyst ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 08 ' 54 '' 143 Jay Thomson ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 09 ' 49 '' 144 Jacopo Guarnieri ( ITA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 12 ' 29 '' 145 Lawson Craddock ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 4h 34 ' 19 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 477 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates 246 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ 203 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo 178 5 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 143 6 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 134 7 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert 115 8 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 110 9 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 104 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 98 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 170 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic 91 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 76 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 74 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 63 6 Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 56 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 41 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 40 9 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana 39 10 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 36 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 83h 39 ' 26 '' Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 5 ' 39 '' Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 22 ' 05 '' David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 07 ' 18 '' 5 Daniel Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac + 1h 16 ' 01 '' 6 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 16 ' 48 '' 7 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 1h 44 ' 10 '' 8 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 45 ' 01 '' 9 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 1h 56 ' 14 '' 10 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 13 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Movistar Team 250h 24 ' 53 '' Bahrain -- Merida + 12 ' 33 '' Team Sky + 31 ' 14 '' LottoNL -- Jumbo + 47 ' 24 '' 5 Astana + 1h 15 ' 32 '' 6 Team Sunweb + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 15 ' 49 '' 8 BMC Racing Team + 2h 35 ' 45 '' 9 Quick - Step Floors + 3h 06 ' 17 '' 10 Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 13 ' 41 '' See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2018 in men 's road cycling 2018 in sports 2018 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start of the tour was postponed a week in order to reduce overlap with the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertshaw , Henry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 2018 Tour de France rescheduled to reduce clash with FIFA World Cup '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energie , Cofidis , Fortuneo and Wanty receive 2018 Tour de France wild cards '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France wildcard decision explained by Christian Prudhomme '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France team presentation -- Gallery '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour teams to be reduced from nine to eight riders from 2018 '' . Cycling Weekly . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of starters -- Tour de France 2018 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official classifications of Tour de France 2018 -- Stage 21 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cyclingnews.com. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Similarities of Chris Froome now to Alberto Contador in 2011 are clear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASO try to block Chris Froome from racing Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UCI statement on anti-doping proceedings involving Mr Christopher Froome '' . uci.org . Union Cycliste Internationale. 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Prudhomme says attempt to bar Chris Froome from Tour de France is now ' obsolete ' '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dumoulin to ride Tour de France after second place at the Giro d'Italia '' . Cyclist.co.uk . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 start list -- Cycling Weekly '' . Cyclingweekly.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are this year 's favourites and can anybody challenge Chris Froome ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are the bookmakers backing for victory ? '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome , Mark Cavendish , Peter Sagan - all you need to know '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : All you need to know about the 105th race for the yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist predictions : Who we 're backing at the 2018 Tour de France '' . Cyclist . Dennis Publishing . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 yellow jersey guide and top 10 predictions '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 contenders : Chris Froome starts as favourite against challenge of Richie Porte , Nairo Quintana and more '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 green jersey guide - Sagan , Matthews , Gaviria , Kittel ... '' Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Henrys , Colin ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Jane ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' It 's what I want to be ' - the green jersey contenders '' . SBS . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France announces 2018 Grand Départ '' . VeloNews . Pocket Outdoor Media . Agence France - Presse. 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 to start on Passage du Gois '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Stephen ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 route revealed '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Riders and teams react to the 2018 Tour de France route announcement '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route of Tour de France '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2018 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Ostanek ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins opener and takes first yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostanek , Daniel ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Peter Sagan wins crash - marred stage 2 and takes yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At Tour de France , BMC Presents Chris Froome With an Uphill Climb '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Tejay van Garderen misses Tour de France yellow jersey on tiebreak '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins stage 4 in Sarzeau '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fernando Gaviria out - sprints Peter Sagan to take second stage win of Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Peter Sagan powers to stage five win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Dan Martin wins on the Mur de Bretagne '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Dan Martin takes uphill victory on Tour de France stage six as Bardet and Dumoulin lose time '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Organisation , Amaury Sport . `` Tour de France 2018 '' . racecenter.letour.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Laurence ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen wins stage seven with sprint win over Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan '' . The Independebt . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Greipel , Gaviria relegated in separate incidents during sprint in Amiens '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen takes stage eight for second straight win '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthurs - Brennan , Michelle ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Richie Porte abandons 2018 Tour de France after stage nine crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McCleary , John ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage nine : John Degenkolb triumphs after Richie Porte crashes out on day of chaos on cobbles '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Degenkolb wins much - feared stage in Roubaix '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittle , Jeremy ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Julian Alaphilippe takes stage 10 as Tour de France starts Alps climb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Greg Van Avermaet : ' It 's an honour to ride in the yellow jersey , that 's why I tried to defend it ' '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 11 at La Rosiere , takes yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 12 : Geraint Thomas makes history on Alpe d'Huez as Welshman extends overall lead '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Kristoff : I thought I had it , but Peter Sagan was too fast '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Omar Fraile wins stage 14 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Cort Nielsen sprints to victory in Tour de France Stage 15 '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France - etappe tijdelijk stilgelegd na gebruik traangas door politie '' ( The Tour de France -- the stage of his career in style at the doorstep of the door of politics ) . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Alaphilippe wins stage 16 after Adam Yates crash '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 17 : Geraint Thomas tightens grip on yellow as Chris Froome cracks as Nairo Quintana ends five - year wait for victory '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arnaud Demare wins Tour de France stage 18 ; Geraint Thomas retains yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas edges closer to victory after second place on stage 19 '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas set to win after maintaining lead on stage 20 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins as Chris Froome finishes third '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Stage 17 preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Quintana wins on Col du Portet as Froome cracks and Thomas strengthens GC grip '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Geraint Thomas extends lead as Primoz Roglic zips to Stage 19 win '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2018 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tour de France . Official website 2018 Tour de France `` 2017 2019 '' Teams and cyclists Stage 1 -- 11 Stage 12 -- 21 Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Part of the Grand Tour 2018 UCI World Tour Races Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne RideLondon -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic Ouest -- France GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin Lotto -- Soudal LottoNL -- Jumbo Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2018 UCI WorldTeams and riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tour_de_France&oldid=856152108 '' Categories : 2018 in French sport 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour July 2018 events in France July 2018 sports events in Europe Tour de France by year Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from August 2018 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with missing files CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Føroyskt Français Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 06 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the 2018 tour de france start	[ "The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's three Grand Tours. The 3,351 km (2,082 mi) race started from Noirmoutier-en-l'Île, in the Vendée department, on 7 July and concluded with the Champs-Élysées stage in Paris, on 29 July.[n 1] A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21-stage race. The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée. The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky. Tom Dumoulin (Team Sunweb) placed second, with Thomas' teammate and four-time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third.\n" ]	[ "7 July" ]
-6753385398463145211	Hell's Kitchen (U.S. season 17)	Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) - wikipedia Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. season 17 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network Fox Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 16 List of Hell 's Kitchen episodes The seventeenth season of the reality series Hell 's Kitchen ( officially known as Hell 's Kitchen All Stars ) began airing on September 29 , 2017 on Fox . This season marks the first in Hell 's Kitchen history to have an all star edition as sixteen former contestants return to compete once again , and the winner of this season will receive the position as head chef at the first - ever Gordon Ramsay Hell 's Kitchen Restaurant at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas , Nevada . All of the returning chefs made it onto the Black Team in their respective seasons . Gordon Ramsay returns as host and head chef , Season 10 winner ( and Season 15 sous - chef ) Christina Wilson returns as the Red Team 's sous - chef replaced Andi Van Willigan - Cutspec , who was pregnant at the time of filming , and British MasterChef judge James `` Jocky '' Petrie makes his Hell 's Kitchen debut as the Blue Team 's sous - chef replaced Aaron Mitrano . Marino Monferrato returns as the maître d ' . This was the first season since Season 14 and second since Season 9 to feature only one team reassignment . It was the fourth season overall , and second in three , to feature both a chef eliminated from the winning team and another chef eliminated during service , as well as two eliminated by Ramsay 's nomination and three eliminated without participating in a dinner service . It was also the first season ever where one team ( red ) sent only one chef to the black jacket round . It was also the first time since Season 13 that both teams won the same dinner service . This was the first time since season 13 that the finale did not feature two women . In addition , this is the first time since Season 9 to feature a sole female at the top 4 . Also , this is the first season to feature three chefs in the finale . The red team won only two out of nine services outright , with one joint win and one joint loss . In four of the other five , they were thrown out of the kitchen . The team that won the challenge only lost two of the subsequent dinner services , a record fewest for a season . This is the fifth season in a row to feature a female winner ( last season to feature a male winner was in season 12 , by Scott Commings ) . The winner is Michelle Tribble , who previously landed in third place in Season 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Opening sequence 2 Chefs 3 Contestant progress 4 Episodes 5 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References Opening sequence ( edit ) Ramsay uses his telekinesis to destroy Hell 's Kitchen while leaving the building as the intro ends with the title card featuring him and the all stars . This is the first season that does n't list contestants individually in the intro . Chefs ( edit ) 16 returning chefs competed in Season 17 . Contestant Age Hometown Competed Finished Robyn Almodovar 36 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Season 10 6th Jared Bobkin 31 Troy , Michigan Season 15 4th Nicholas `` Nick '' Peters Bond 28 Newburyport , Massachusetts Season 14 5th Dana Cohen 32 Emerson , New Jersey Season 10 3rd Giovanni Filippone 46 Santa Rosa Beach , Florida Season 5 6th Elise Harris 32 Stafford , Virginia Season 9 3rd Vincent `` Van '' Hurd 34 South Glastonbury , Connecticut Season 6 6th Benjamin Knack 41 San Antonio , Texas Season 7 3rd Barbra `` Barbie '' Marshall 39 Strasburg , Pennsylvania Season 10 4th Milton `` Milly '' Medley 37 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Season 14 4th Ashley Nickell 29 Orlando , Florida Season 15 3rd Jennifer Normant 40 Burlington , Massachusetts Season 9 5th Amanda `` Manda '' Palomino 32 Atlantic City , New Jersey Season 15 5th Michelle Tribble 26 Dallas , Texas Season 14 3rd Joshua `` Josh '' Trovato 28 Los Angeles , California Season 14 6th Benjamin `` Ben '' Walanka 36 Overland Park , Kansas Season 5 4th Contestant progress ( edit ) Original teams Switched teams Individuals Final No . Chef 1701 / 02 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 Michelle LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE NOM IN BoB IN IN WINNER Benjamin WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN LOSE WIN WIN IN IN IN IN RUNNER - UP Nick WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN LOSE WIN WIN IN IN IN OUT Milly WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE NOM WIN NOM WIN WIN IN NOM OUT 5 Robyn LOSE NOM WIN WIN NOM NOM WIN NOM WIN WIN IN OUT 6 Jennifer LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE LOSE OUT 7 Elise NOM LOSE WIN WIN WIN NOM LOSE NOM NOM NOM OUT 8 Dana LOSE LOSE WIN WIN WIN IN LOSE LOSE LOSE OUT 9 Barbie LOSE NOM WIN WIN WIN NOM NOM NOM OUT 10 Van WIN WIN LOSE WIN LOSE IN WIN OUT 11 Manda NOM NOM WIN WIN WIN NOM OUT 12 Giovanni WIN WIN NOM WIN LOSE OUT 13 Jared WIN WIN LOSE WIN OUT 14 Josh WIN WIN NOM OUT 15 Ashley LOSE OUT 16 Ben OUT Keywords WIN = Won the dinner service LOSE = Lost the dinner service IN = not nominated for elimination NOM = nominated for elimination OUT = eliminated LEFT = withdrew from competition Color key Chef was eliminated after nomination Chef was eliminated without nomination Chef was eliminated during service Chef withdrew from the competition Chef was retained after nomination The winner of Hell 's Kitchen The runner - up of Hell 's Kitchen Notes Jump up ^ Chef was immune from elimination ^ Jump up to : Chef participated in the `` Cook for your life '' challenge ^ Jump up to : Chef was nominated by Ramsay Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated in the `` Cook for your life '' challenge Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay during service Jump up ^ Chef was eliminated by Ramsay despite being on the winning team Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 251 `` All - Stars Arrive '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.02 Ramsay calls up 16 chefs from previous seasons and invites them back to compete again in Hell 's Kitchen . When they arrive , they are welcomed by fans , and their sous - chefs Christina and Jocky are introduced . Ramsay then reveals that the winner of this season will be the head chef of the new Hell 's Kitchen restaurant in Las Vegas . Team challenge / signature dish : Unlike previous seasons , Ramsay gives the chefs each different ingredients which they will use to create new signature dishes in 45 minutes , and go head to head on main proteins . The scoring system is the same 1 -- 5 ranking . On the duck dishes , both Ashley and Jared scored a 4 , while on the chicken dishes , Barbie scored a 3 , while Ben scored 2 . Both Giovanni and Jennifer score 3 on their lamb dishes while on the scallop dishes , Michelle scored 4 over Nick 's 3 . In the pork chop dishes , Milly scored 4 , while Manda scored 3 . In the filet dishes , Dana scored 4 over Josh 's 2 , but both Van and Elise scored a perfect 5 on their lobster dishes . Finally , on the salmon dishes , Benjamin also scores a perfect 5 , while Robyn scores a measly 1 . The men triumph 28 -- 27 . Rewards / punishment : The men went to Downtown Los Angeles to slide down the Skyslide at the U.S. Bank Tower and to celebrate their win with Marino . Afterwards , they had dinner with Ramsay at WP24 where they had their food cooked and served by Wolfgang Puck . The women , meanwhile , were forced to clean up the risers and confetti outside . While the women were angry at Robyn for costing them the challenge and puzzled at her demonstration of a fortune - telling rock ( Elise even suggested that the rock could have told Robyn when to cook the salmon ) , they were even more annoyed at Elise for not helping out with the risers outside of Hell 's Kitchen . Challenge -- part 1 : Before the first service begins , Ramsay calls on the teams to the bar area . He announces that an individual challenge will take place before service that will have them cook a dish for the new bar menu with immunity on the line as the episode ends in a cliffhanger . 252 `` Raising the Bar '' October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 2.80 Challenge -- part 2 : Continuing from the last episode , Chef Ramsay announces this year Hell 's Kitchen will offer a special bar menu ; they are to create a bar menu item ; whoever has the best item will be featured throughout the whole season and the winning chef from this challenge is also safe from tonight 's elimination . The time limit is 40 minutes . The sous chefs will sample each dish and then select four from each team . Out of these dishes , Ramsay will pick the top four , which turned out to be Michelle , Milly , Elise , and Van . Milly 's hand - cut French fries topped with a lobster cheese sauce won him immunity for tonight 's service . Michelle , who came second , later expressed disappointment at this , as she felt her dish had been more adventurous whereas Milly 's had been something he had made numerous times before . After the challenge , Ben starts to feel unwell , and admits to his teammates that he was recently diagnosed with diabetes . With 30 minutes to dinner service , Ben goes to see the medic , who takes his vitals as he continues to worry about his diabetes and at this point needs to decide if he is going to take the chance or if he is `` out '' . Ultimately , he decides to stay . Service : A Hell 's Kitchen first featured chef 's table on opening night with Jordin Sparks in the red kitchen and Joe Mantegna in the blue kitchen . French Stewart , Keith Sweat and Kirstin Maldonado also attended as guests . Dana and Milly served tableside shrimp and pasta . For the men , Josh served perfect cold appetizers but took too long on them , irritating Ramsay . Jared and Ben served up a raw salmon . Ben took the blame for the blunder and suddenly became unbalanced , forcing Jared to catch him before he fell . They then serve an acceptable salmon . After that , however , the men had an almost perfect service , thanks to Nick and Giovanni serving perfect meat . For the women , Ashley served a soupy carbonara , but quickly served another one . Despite Robyn 's strong performance on meat , Elise served up first raw and then overcooked New York Strip , causing Chef Ramsey to send the women to the dining room to apologize . When the women return , Chef Ramsay calls over Giovanni to help Elise with the meat . With Giovanni 's help , the women 's entrees finally reach the dining room . However , Manda serves up raw salmon , then burns the skin on the refire for the chef 's tables , leading to Ramsay kicking the women out of the kitchen with the men finishing opening night on a strong note . Elimination : Manda was quickly agreed on as the women 's first nominee , and despite Elise and Barbie trying to persuade the other women that Robyn should be nominated for not doing enough to help Elise on the meat station , Elise herself was named as the second nominee . The women are then asked by Ramsay who they would send home . Ashley , Jennifer , Barbie and Michelle pick Manda while Robyn and Dana choose Elise . To the shock of everyone , Ramsay sent Manda and Elise back in line and called Ben down , revealing that he would be the one eliminated as Ramsay felt his health problems would make him a liability and unable to effectively continue . This made Ben the eighth chef to be eliminated despite being on the winning team . Ramsay 's comment : `` Big Ben ? More like big liability . He clearly was n't going to be able to keep up , so I had to let him down . '' After elimination : After returning to the dorms , the episode ends in another cliffhanger as the argument between Elise and Robyn begins to implode . 253 `` Tower of Terror '' October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 2.87 After elimination -- continued : Robyn and Elise have a heated argument over service which is only stopped when Manda drags Robyn to the other room . Prior to the next challenge , Josh threw up after eating vitamins and chimichanga for breakfast . Team challenge : Before the next challenge begins , Ramsay demonstrated how effective a chef 's hands are by having a kid over to play speed stacking . Michelle and Jared then competed in a cup stacking competition , with Michelle easily winning in just 18 seconds , and Jared taking over a minute longer . The women gained a 30 second head start for the real challenge : to recreate a seafood tower with four tiers as different pairs of chefs replicated one part of the tower to Ramsay 's approval . Despite the disadvantage , the men won the challenge by a matter of seconds , with the women losing their advantage after Michelle and Elise had major problems putting together the second part of the tower . Rewards / punishment : The men were sent to Ocean Club in Malibu where they ate a seafood lunch with Jocky and Marino . They later played soccer with U.S. soccer Olympians Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston . The women in the meantime were forced to take in deliveries of seafood , prep it for service , and forced to eat a disgusting fish dish , causing Barbie to vomit over Dana and Robyn 's graphic descriptions of the dish . Elise tries to weasel out of the dish , but Sous - Chef Christina forces her to eat it . As they were unloading the deliveries , Barbie annoyed her teammates by telling them what to do . Service : Philadelphia Eagles tight end Zach Ertz , professional golfer Jon Rahm , and the aforementioned Alyssa Naeher and Julie Johnston were guests in the dining room . Michelle and Giovanni served a seafood appetizer tableside . The men continued their winning streak with a near perfect service thanks to Milly 's leadership with the only problems being Josh briefly getting confused on orders until Jared helped him out , and Van momentarily delaying a ticket by not having the salmon quite ready in time . While the women had a good start on appetizers , they soon fell apart on entrees . Despite Barbie cooking perfect meat , she openly argued with and criticized Robyn , who sent up raw salmon . Ashley was kicked out of the kitchen temporarily for being distracted by her watch , and Manda again struggled on garnishes . After Robyn served an overcooked piece of salmon and Barbie ruined three pieces of meat , Ramsey gave them one more chance . However , when an overcooked lobster wellington and raw halibut comes up the pass , an angry Ramsay threw the women out for the second time in a row and had the men finish service . Elimination : Ramsay called the women 's performance even worse than the previous one , and ordered them to nominate two people . Barbie and Robyn were agreed on as the nominees due to Barbie 's poor performance on meat and communication and Robyn for her poor performance on fish ; Barbie argued that Ashley and Manda should be up as well due both of them struggling on their stations . Ramsay agreed and brought up the four women , ultimately eliminating Ashley for not doing much in service and believing she had no fight back left . Ramsay 's comment : `` Ashley spent more time staring at her watch than paying attention to her station . And so , her time here on Hell 's Kitchen is done . '' 254 `` Just Letter Cook '' October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 2.86 Team challenge : Ramsay brought everyone together for a game of chance . Both teams took turns in picking ingredients which started with a letter . As soon as a member could not think of an ingredient , the other team won the choice of an ingredient that had been said and were allowed to give the other team a bad ingredient . Each team member had to cook an individual dish using all of the ingredients on their team 's list . The women chose mushrooms , snap peas , asparagus and rice and were given cantaloupe , peanut butter and blueberries , while the men won cauliflower , portabella mushrooms and bacon and were given maraschino cherries , syrup , artichoke and raisins . Barbie scored 4 ( although she was unable to taste her own sauce as she was allergic to peanuts ) , Manda scored 2 , Dana scored a perfect 5 but Robyn again scored a 1 . Elise and Michelle also scored 5 while Jennifer scored 4 . Milly scored 4 , Van scored 3 , Benjamin scored 5 and Jared scored 1 . Nick scored 5 , Josh scored 3 and Giovanni scored 4 , giving the women their first challenge victory , 26 - 25 . Rewards / punishment : The women flew in a private plane to Santa Barbara to stay at the Belmond El Encanto resort . The men dealt with a delivery of potatoes and then sifted through garbage to find what was recyclable . During the punishment , the men became infuriated with Josh after he revealed he was a celebrity caterer who only worked three hours a day . Service : Shannon Tweed dined in the red kitchen and Paige VanZant in the blue . Both kitchens had to prepare for a twelve - top table for a guest celebrating his 30th birthday . Ramsay had both kitchens coordinate their dishes in sync with one another for the appetizers and the entrees . Throughout the service , the red team had an almost flawless performance , as Michelle and Jennifer both managed to properly coordinate the kitchens so the twelve - top could be served . Their only real problems came with Michelle adding too much garlic to a risotto and Barbie temporarily struggling on garnishes , though even then , both quickly recovered . The blue team 's service was much more rocky ; Josh slowed the team on appetizers and then twice sent up far too many orders of risotto , with Ramsay making him eat the leftovers with the VIP guests . Giovanni sent up a burnt order of pork alongside a well - cooked one , and Benjamin and Jared sent up a raw order of duck for the twelve - top table , forcing Jennifer to step in and rescue the table . When Benjamin sent up a cold beef wellington , Ramsay threw the blue team out , having the red team finish their service and asking them to come up with two nominees . Team change : The men voted for Josh to go up as he had consistently been the weakest performer , though Josh denied this , and insisted Benjamin and Giovanni go up . In the end , Josh and Giovanni were selected as the nominees . After they had both pleaded their cases , Benjamin raised his hand to state that the men had considered Josh their weakest member , agreed to by the rest of the team after questioning by Ramsay . Ramsay had Josh take off his jacket and sent him to the women 's team , much to their dismay , before asking Robyn to move to the men 's team . Ramsay believed Josh 's team had given up on him while he himself has not seen either Josh or Robyn perform at their best , giving them both one more chance . Notably , Robyn and Josh both also switched teams during their previous Hell 's Kitchen appearances in Seasons 10 and 14 , respectively . 255 5 `` Josh Josh Josh '' November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 3.10 Team challenge : Bringing everybody outside , Ramsay explains that some chefs use wood planks to cook fish on , which will be their next challenge . Both teams will have three pairs of two and one lone chef cook their fish and produce over a fire pit on top of cedar wood or hickory wood . Ramsay is then joined by Chef Ben Ford ( Harrison Ford 's son ) in the judging . During the challenge , Josh smothered the Red Team 's fire causing frustration between him and the team . Both teams tie at 3 -- 3 , but Ramsay and Ford deem Robyn and Nick 's dish the best of the chefs , giving the blue team the win . Rewards / punishment : The blue team heads down to Apex Farm and enjoys a horseback ride . The red team also go to Apex Farm , but are forced to clean horse manure in a pen . Service : Actor Shaun Brown was in attendance for this service . A tableside appetizer of smoked salmon rillette is served by Van and Barbie . In the blue kitchen , Benjamin uses oil on a non-stick pan for scallops but recovers , though he irritates his teammates by responding to Ramsay in French , though ironically , Ramsay did n't seem to mind . Robyn accidentally drops an order of chicken and serves a raw Beef Wellington , and Milly has trouble communicating with Nick on garnish . Otherwise , the blue team had a decent service . On the red team , Josh was slow on the fish and chips for the bar menu , leading Manda to repeatedly take over his station , frustrating him . After he serves salty spinach and liquid mashed potatoes , Ramsay catches him handling cold garnishes with his bare hands when the entree it goes with is already at the pass . A frustrated Ramsay kicks Josh out of service , much to the relief of the red team who perform much better afterward , though Elise earned some of the other chefs ' ire by standing around and doing nothing . Automatic elimination : After a while , Josh decides to come back to the kitchen and fight his way back in . Ramsay , however , takes him into the back room and eliminates him from Hell 's Kitchen due to his poor performances , stubbornness , and failure to improve upon his past mistakes , although he acknowledges Josh 's big heart and talent . Josh takes his jacket off and leaves through the front door , making him the eighth person to be eliminated during service , the second after switching teams ( after Lacey in Season 5 ) , and the second who was asked to use the front door ( after Gabriel in Season 12 ) . Ramsay does n't give an explanation for Josh 's elimination , and his jacket is not hung up , nor is his picture burned . After service , Ramsay decides to name both teams the winners , and nobody else is eliminated . 256 6 `` A Little Slice of Hell '' November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 3.11 After Josh 's elimination and the post-service meeting , Chef Ramsay told the chefs to all get some rest , as big changes were coming . Everyone was relieved that Josh was gone , with Milly specifically stating that every remaining contestant hated Josh and that he was not at any of their levels , in terms of overall skill . They all sat around drinking and talking about each other 's sex lives , making fun of who they thought was `` vanilla , '' and who might be a freak in the bed . Suddenly , Van fell into the hot tub . Team challenge : The challenge was to create and bake a pizza at the DeSano Pizzeria and Bakery . Each pizza would consist of ingredients inspired by a country selected by a random spin of a wheel , and each chef from one team would go head - to - head against a chef from the other team to create the better pizza as judged by Ramsay , Marino , and Chef Steve Samson . Barbie scored the first point for the red team against Robyn with her pizza inspired by India , with all three judges voting in her favor . Milly scored the first point for the blue team against Jennifer with his pizza inspired by Morocco , with Ramsay and Marino voting in favor of him , but Samson voting in favor of Jennifer . Manda scored the second point for the red team against Van with her pizza inspired by Vietnam , with all three judges voting in her favor . Nick scored the second point for the blue team against Dana with his pizza inspired by Greece , with all three judges voting in his favor . Neither Elise nor Jared managed to score a point for their teams with their pizzas inspired by South Korea , as Elise 's pizza was badly misshapen and Jared had served raw cabbage , thinking it was kimchi . But Michelle scored the third and winning point for the red team against Giovanni with her pizza inspired by France . Because the blue team had an extra member , Benjamin 's pizza , also inspired by France , was omitted in favor of Giovanni 's , although the blue team ultimately regretted this decision due to Giovanni 's pizza being burnt . Rewards / punishment : The red team headed to The Magic Castle after a tour of Hollywood on a double - decker bus where they were entertained by Joel Ward . The blue team was forced to prepare the entire dining room for the upcoming Italian Night in Hell 's Kitchen . Service : Chef 's tables were featured for Italian night as actress Melissa Fumero sat in the red kitchen while the blue team had a pair of VIP guests in their respective kitchen which includes 2012 Miss Universe Olivia Culpo and Victoria 's Secret model Devon Windsor . A tableside Italian entrée was served by Nick and Elise . In the blue kitchen , Benjamin caused confusion by not communicating with Robyn in terms of when to drop scallops for their first appetizer . When the entrées rolled around , Van and Giovanni sent up a raw serving of lamb , which made Ramsay force the entire team into the pantry . Worse still , after returning to the kitchen , Van and Giovanni took too long in delivering the lamb , and when Van laughed at Ramsay 's admonishment of Giovanni , Ramsay forced him back into the pantry to deride him some more . Later , Jared miscommunicated with his team and eventually lied to them about when his garnish would be ready ( due to him being overwhelmed by how many different garnishes he was cooking at once ) . Unable to take being called out for it by the whole team , he faked a medical emergency by saying he had a cut on his finger that turned out not to be there ( although he insisted that it was ) , which left him room to leave the kitchen to see the medic ( who would later confirm that there was , in fact , no cut ) . The final straw came when Robyn overcooked two orders of salmon , and Giovanni overcooked two orders of veal . Fed up with their mistakes , Ramsay chastised the blue team for not performing as strongly as they had on opening night , and then kicked them out of the kitchen , giving them the loss . Conversely , on the red team , Manda , due to having Celiac Disease , could not taste any of the pasta for the team 's first appetizer and instead had to rely on Michelle to determine whether or not it had been cooked properly . Michelle mistakenly told her that it had been , but Ramsay sent it back when he revealed that it had actually been undercooked . She nearly misinformed Manda a second time , but thanks to Elise taking over tasting duty , Manda was able to deliver a perfectly - cooked pasta . Michelle then suffered a fall while trying to cook an order of lamb for one of the team 's entrées ( something that Manda considered to be karma for her pasta error ) , but still managed to cook it properly . Elise also tried much too hard to be a team player and annoyed her teammates in trying to assist them on their stations when they did not need her help . Besides these mishaps , the red team had a strong , solid service and were given the victory . Elimination : After a long , heated debate back in the dorms that put Van , Giovanni , Jared , and Robyn in the crosshairs , the blue team nominated Jared for his `` medical emergency '' that disrupted the garnish station , and Robyn for her errors with the scallops and the salmon . Jared continued to insist that he truly had cut himself , while Robyn went as far as to plead with Ramsay to send her back to the red team since it had become clear that she was just not bonding with the blue team . In the end , Ramsay shocked everyone on both teams when he eliminated Jared for faking being injured and inconsistent performances . Jared exited while continuing to insist that his cut had been real , despite contradictory testimony from the medic . Ramsay 's comment : `` Medic ? More like , pathetic . While Jared 's cut was imaginary , now he knows what it really is like to get cut . '' 257 7 `` Trimming Fat '' November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 3.21 Challenge : For their next challenge , both teams are to cook six of the most popular dishes in Hell 's Kitchen ( Beef Wellington , Salmon , Halibut , Rack of Lamb , Duck Breast , and Double Bone Pork Chop ) in 25 minutes . However , Ramsay asks in different intervals for each team to kick out one team member each which in the end , leaves Nick and Michelle the only ones left on their respective teams until everyone is called back in during the last 3 minutes . In the end , the blue team won 5 -- 3 because the red team served raw lamb and pork . Rewards / punishment : The blue team went to a world class rock climbing gym and ate at the Bourbon Steak at Americana and are joined by Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky . The red team had to work with Marino in cleaning the dining room and kitchen along with polishing Marino 's shoes and prepping for next service . Cook For Your Life Challenge : Instead of a service , Ramsay announced that tonight is a Cook For Your Life Challenge and asks Michelle and Nick who they think are the three weakest chefs on their respective teams . Michelle nominated Barbie , Elise , and Manda while Nick nominated Giovanni , Milly , and Robyn . The six chefs were tasked with recreating Ramsay 's Champagne and Oysters in 30 minutes . Elimination : Milly was sent to safety first ( despite preparing only five oysters instead of six as required ) , followed by Manda , Barbie , and Elise , leaving Giovanni and Robyn behind . In the end , Robyn was sent up to safety last , leaving Giovanni to be eliminated for putting too much pasta and not enough sauce on each oyster , though Ramsay wished him and his family luck . Ramsay 's comment : `` Giovanni may have age and experience , but his attention to detail in this critical challenge was a big disappointment . Arrivederci , Giovanni . '' 258 8 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 2.80 Team challenge : For their next challenge , Ramsay announced that both teams would be cooking with three of the earliest meat hunted by man ; boar , venison , and elk . Both teams had 3 minutes to hunt 5 ingredients for each of their protein and had 45 minutes to cook their dishes . Both teams had two pairs cooking with a similar meat , minus Nick who is the lone blue chef to cook with venison . Ramsay brought in chefs Vinny Dotolo and Jon Shook ( who previously helped judge a challenge in Seasons 13 and 14 ) to help him with the judging . Van scored a point on his boar dish while Elise scored a point on her venison making it a 1 -- 1 tie . In a big surprise , Robyn 's elk dish broke the tie in favor of the blue team and they won the challenge 2 -- 1 . Ramsay even welcomed Robyn back after a string of poor performances . Reward / punishment : The blue team went on an exclusive mountain retreat at Hummingbird Nest Ranch , while indulging in caviar provided by Chef Alex Ageneau . The red team had to clean out the dorm rooms and had to clean the waiting staff 's aprons . During punishment , Michelle tried to apologize to Elise for putting her up in the Cook For Your Life Challenge , but Elise rudely rejected her apology . Service : A caviar bellini appetizer special was included on the main menu . Later that night , Ramsay received a last - minute VIP booking from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik where he was seated in the red kitchen . The blue team had a perfect service with all five of them communicating well and none of their dishes were cooked incorrectly . Ramsay praised this , only needing to lecture Robyn when she kept calling her teammates `` baby '' . For the red team , it was the opposite story . Elise was slow on the caviar appetizer dish and needed Jennifer 's help in the preparation . Things soon fell apart on the entree 's when Manda did n't hear an order of pork for one table which slowed the momentum , and Barbie served raw duck . Things got worse when Barbie later sent up a raw chicken that Michelle thought was cooked . After Barbie sent up a raw duck again and Manda gave a raw pork to the pass , Ramsay called the blue team over and told them he needed them to finish their last ticket as the red team , who Ramsay declared had their worst service yet , was kicked out for the third time this season . The blue team later had the red team 's tickets finished . Elimination : After an awful service by the Red Team , Ramsay ordered the Red Team to come up with two nominees for Elimination . After a long discussion , The Red team nominated Manda and Barbie , although Elise suggested that Michelle should have been put up for Elimination . Despite Barbie 's horrendous performance on the meat station , Ramsay sent her back in line and eliminated Manda for being the main reason for the red team 's defeat , but praised her for her hard work and determination . Ramsay 's comment : `` Manda said she never heard the ticket that sunk her team . Sadly , she 's not going to hear her name being called as the winner of Hell 's Kitchen either . '' 259 9 `` Catch of the Day '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.96 Challenge : The remaining chefs participated in a fishing challenge where the chefs had to waddle through a lake . They must hook lures containing different ingredients to their fish 's mouth and then throw it to their teammates . Each ingredient they fish out will go a certain fish -- Dover sole , red snapper , grouper , arctic char , or cod . Afterwards , they had 30 minutes to cook their fish with the ingredients they fished out from the lake . Michael Cimarusti served as a guest judge . Jennifer scored over Nick in the battle of the cod , while Robyn scored over Michelle with the grouper . Milly scored over Elise with the red snapper , mainly because Elise was only able to fish three ingredients for her snapper . Benjamin and Dana both scored a point with their arctic char . Finally , Van scored over Barbie in the Dover sole , giving the blue team a 4 -- 2 victory . Reward / punishment : The blue team headed out to Las Vegas in a private plane to stay overnight at Caesars Palace . They also went on the world 's tallest Ferris Wheel with Christina . The red team had to bring in several hundreds of pounds of fish , then descale and fillet them . In addition , they were served a disgusting protein shake . Barbie tried to throw away her entire shake , only to get caught . As a result , Jocky forces the rest of the team to finish their serving of shake . This caused Dana , Elise , and Michelle to vomit . Service : This service included an Asian fusion menu . Guests in attendance included Aleks Paunovic and E -- 40 in addition to the chef 's tables , which hosted Cheryl Burke and Dan Bucatinsky in the red and blue kitchen respectively . Barbie and Robyn each spent excessive amounts of time fraternizing with the chef 's table guests , earning the ire of Elise and Nick , respectively . Elise and Barbie fought for control over the pass , earning a warning from Chef Christina . Raw chicken sent to the pass prompted Ramsay to send the entire red team into the pantry . Later , Cheryl informed Barbie that the duck was slightly raw and Barbie offered to prepare another , but the guests declined . Despite Elise 's objections , Barbie insisted on a fresh serving of duck . When Barbie asked Elise to prepare a duck garnish , Elise refused , an argument ensued , and Ramsay pulled both back into the pantry and demanded they sort out their differences before reentering . This prompted Elise to call Barbie `` cuckoo '' before exiting the pantry . In the blue kitchen , Milly brought up raw New York strip but recovered . Van failed to respond when Ramsay asked for time on the salmon , and proceeded to bring up an overcooked portion . He was also able to bounce back , but not before Ramsay threatened to throw him out . Even though both teams completed service with no ejections , Ramsay declared both teams losers and asked for two nominees per team for elimination . Elimination : The blue team considered nominating Van for his struggles on fish and Milly for raw steak , but are interrupted by the red team arguing from across the hall . Ramsay first asks the blue team for nominations and Nick replies with Robyn and Milly . Ramsay calls down Van as well and gives all three 30 seconds to plead their cases . After this , he sends Robyn and Milly back in line , and shocks some members of the red team when he eliminates Van for his lack of communication on the fish station , but encourages him to keep his head up . Next , he calls for the red team 's nominations and Dana replies with Elise and Barbie . Barbie states that she will not repeat the mistakes from tonight 's service and that her team has rejected her attempts to get along with them , while Elise points to her stronger performances on challenges than Barbie ( ironically she put herself at a major disadvantage for this week 's challenge ) . But Ramsay simply sends both back in line and warns the remaining chefs to correct their mistakes , or else . Ramsay 's comment : `` Van 's always had one of the loudest voices here . Tonight , not only did he lose his voice but also his dream of becoming my next head chef . '' 260 10 `` It 's All Gravy '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 3.04 Challenge : Ramsay announced that the annual Blind Taste Test was the next challenge , and for this season , they would be tasting herbs and spices mixed into a mashed potato puree . While one chef tastes the ingredients , a member of their team would be in a chair and would get splattered with mashed potatoes and gravy if the taster got multiple incorrect answers . Robyn scored 3 while Dana failed to score any points , resulting in Michelle getting messy . This was a complete reversal from Season 10 when Dana got 2 and laughed at Robyn who did n't get any . Nick scored 2 while Jennifer also failed to score any points ( resulting in Dana getting messy ) , and Benjamin scores 3 while Barbie scores 2 . With the ( planned ) second - to - final pair of Elise and Milly up , Ramsay warned the red team that if Elise did not catch up to the blue team , the challenge was over . Elise failed to score her three taste tests , and the blue team won the challenge 8 -- 2 without having to go to a fifth and final pairing ( Michelle did not taste ) . This is first time since Season 15 that the Blind Taste Test did not have to go to the final ingredient and the first one ever that was won before the final round . This contrasts with recent seasons 13 , 14 and 16 that all needed to go to sudden death . Ramsay complimented the Blue team for not having any of their members have gravy dumped on them ( which happens with three incorrect guesses ) . Reward / punishment : The blue team went to Roy Yamaguchi 's Hawaiian Fusion Restaurant for lunch and received Vitamix Blenders while at the restaurant . The red team had to clean up the dining room and separate peppercorn while grinding them by hand . During punishment , sous - chef Christina noticed some animosity in the red team and asked them if they could promise a good dinner service , but Dana refused to do so as she did not have faith in Barbie . Service : For one night only , Hell 's Kitchen hosted a private dinner service for two charities with the blue team cooking for Shane 's Inspiration , and the red team cooking for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . Both charities featured notable guests in attendance which include Mindy Sterling and Tyler Posey in the red table , and David Koechner , Jill Wagner and Shane 's Inspiration founder Scott Williams in the blue table . Each team would have one chef lead a section , though Nick had to lead both the scallop appetizer and the passion fruit souffle dessert for the blue team , which was a member down . Michelle and Nick were able to get their dishes out with few problems , with Michelle noticing that she was missing three scallops and Milly was overcooking scallops for Nick 's dishes . Jennifer had no problems with her Lobster Spaghetti dishes but Robyn was caught serving more pasta than needed . On the Striped Bass dish , Milly led the blue team strongly and got his dishes out with no problems , but in the red kitchen , most of the bass were burnt and Elise accused her team of sabotaging her , despite her not checking them before serving them . For the Beef filet Rossini , it was the same story as Benjamin led his team well while in the red kitchen , Barbie 's aggressive leadership had her screaming at Michelle on garnish and their potatoes were burnt . Dana and Nick had no issues with their desserts , but Ramsay called the red team 's performance the `` worst charity dinner ever in the entire competition '' before tasking them to come up with two nominees . Elimination : Barbie and Elise were nominated . To the relief of Dana , Ramsay eliminated Barbie for her aggressive leadership at service along with not bouncing back quicker , but praised her for her heart . He then remarked that the blue team 's remaining four members would likely make up for the final four . Ramsay 's comment : `` Barbie 's performance at charity night was a disaster . So , I performed a charity act for her team by sending her home . '' 261 11 `` Trying to Pasta Test '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 3.42 Before the challenge began , Jennifer made a pact with her Season 9 archrival Elise to knock out Dana and Michelle , whom they believed weaker and to be in their own clique . Challenge : Before heading off to bed , Ramsay announced a pasta challenge tomorrow where the chefs had to create three portions a gourmet pasta dish with a $20 budget at a local grocery store . Joining Ramsay in the judging is Lachlan Mackinnon - Patterson , Chef and Co-Owner of Frasca Food and Wine in Boulder , CO and Bruce Kalman , Chef and Owner of Union in Pasadena , CA . Each judge gave points based on how much they would pay for the dish . Michelle and Elise earned Ramsay 's suspicion when they announced they were making a dumpling soup and paella , respectively , as Ramsay was expecting Italian dishes for this challenge . Despite this , the red team won the challenge $320 to $313 , as Michelle and Elise 's outside - the - box dishes hit big and Milly 's chicken meatball pasta did not . It was the first time they won a challenge since Episode 6 . Reward / punishment : The red team went go - karting and had an incredible lunch . In addition , Michelle 's Asian inspired Tortellini Soup ( which was the best dish of the day ) was added in tonight 's menu . The blue team were tasked in cleaning the kitchen shelves . Service : Tyler Hilton , Sebastian Roche , and Keesha Sharp were in attendance for this service . Both teams got off to strong starts on appetizers , but had struggles on entrees with their respective meat stations . In the red kitchen , Dana scorched her initial wellingtons and sent up raw lamb to the pass . In the blue kitchen , Robyn was slow on one of her wellingtons , mis - remembered a ticket order , and had trouble communicating with Benjamin on the garnish station , earning a trip to the storeroom with Ramsay . Despite that , both teams pushed entrees out , and with three tickets left each , Ramsay told both teams that the first team to finish up was the winner . Despite making it to their last ticket , Dana served overcooked and undercooked wellingtons , and Ramsay threw the red team out for the fourth time this season as the blue team finished their own tickets . Elimination : Despite being told to nominate two people , the red team had a three way tie between Dana , Michelle and Elise due to the alliance between Jennifer and Elise . So Ramsay called all three of them down . Ramsay sent Michelle and Elise back in line , eliminating Dana for her lack of leadership and poor performance on meat . As Dana was the only returning chef who had never been nominated , she was eliminated the first time she was on the chopping block . Ramsay 's comment : `` In two seasons , this was Dana 's first time ever being nominated . Unfortunately for her , it was also her last . '' 262 12 `` Five is the New Black '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 3.56 Ramsay announced that today was a black jackets challenge where only five of the seven chefs would get black jackets , while two of them would be sent home . Challenge 1 : For their first challenge , it was the classic Taste It Now Make It Challenge as Ramsay gave the chefs 45 minutes to taste his dish and recreate it . Everyone got the protein correct : sea bass . In the end , Milly was the only one to get both purees correct ( white asparagus and romanesco ) , and Nick 's hash came the closest of everyone 's . They won the first black jackets and spent the rest of the day at the Black Jackets VIP Lounge . Challenge 2 : For their second challenge , Ramsay had 5 domes with limited ingredients , and when he rings the bell , the chefs had to race and grab whatever ingredient they wanted . They then had to cook a dish in 30 minutes using those ingredients . Jennifer and Elise were disqualified for undercooking potatoes and leaving the gonads on a lobster , respectively . Michelle 's veal chops and Benjamin 's filet mignon were the best two dishes , and they received their black jackets . They then joined Milly and Nick in the Lounge area . Before their final challenge , Jennifer urged Robyn to beat Elise . Challenge 3 : For their final challenge , Ramsay gave the three chefs 30 minutes to cook whatever they wanted and had full range of ingredients in the kitchen . The black jacket chefs watched the challenge on a live video feed , but it cut out after the challenge ended . Robyn made a seared lamb loin with potato and corn hash ( despite having initially selected halibut for her primary protein ) , Elise made a filet mignon with potato puree and rainbow chard , and Jennifer made scallops and shrimp with corn succotash . Elimination : After tasting the dishes , Ramsay eliminated Elise for having the weakest dish of the three , but told her to keep her jacket and urged her to keep her head up high . To decide between Jennifer and Robyn , who were crying and hugging each other , Ramsay had Jockey and Christina taste the dishes . In the end , Robyn received the final black jacket and Jennifer was sent home due to her scallops being slightly undercooked . Before leaving , Ramsay allowed Jennifer to keep her jacket as well and praised her for improving since the last time she competed . Before leaving Jennifer wished Robyn good luck and was happy to have beaten Elise , who betrayed her on their previous season . After Robyn got to the Black Jacket Lounge , Ramsay and the sous chefs brought champagne to the lounge and congratulated the remaining chefs for being in the final five . Ramsay gave no comment on either Elise or Jennifer 's elimination , and neither received a burning picture sequence . 263 13 `` Stars Heating Up Hell '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 3.17 Challenge : For their first black jackets challenge , the chefs had to teach sports all stars ( Milly cooking with NFL 's Ricky Williams , Michelle cooking with the winner of the WNBA championship Candace Parker , Benjamin cooking with NFL `` Light 's Out '' Shawne Merriman , Nick cooking with Olympic gold medalist gymnast Jordyn Wieber , and Robyn cooking with 5 - time NBA All - Star Reggie Miller ) how to cook their signature dishes that they originally planned on making at the start of the season in 45 minutes . Once finished , Ramsay will then judge the dishes and have one person on the winners seat , but they could be dethroned if Ramsay found the next dish better . Michelle won the challenge by beating Milly , who had beaten Robyn and Nick , and then beating Benjamin . Reward / punishment : Michelle went on a tour to see all the breath - taking views of Los Angeles from her very own helicopter ; after that , she ate at 71 Above and took Nick with her . The remaining chefs had to participate in deep cleaning day . During punishment , Robyn got annoyed when Milly was seen not helping much and eating the leftover food from the challenge . Service : Rapper and Musician Wyclef Jean was seated at the chefs table . Former 2 Broke Girls actors Jonathan Kite and Matthew Moy were in attendance in addition to Janina Gavankar . Milly was disorganized on the appetizers and had a pan catch on fire but recovered . Benjamin was not communicating with everyone else from the meat station , and annoyed everyone with his constant `` Oui Chef '' reply . Robyn sent up bland couscous and got lectured by Ramsay when she sent up burnt Brussels sprouts and that she said that she did not want to send them up , and Nick sent up a rare New York Strip , but recovered . Despite the speed bumps , the team sent their tickets out with no problems and Ramsay was relatively pleased by it . After service , Ramsay named Michelle the `` Best of the Best '' as she was the only one not to have any major problems and told her to nominate two people . Elimination : Michelle nominated Robyn and Milly for elimination . During the elimination process , Robyn argued with Milly over how little work she felt he did during punishment and service . Ramsay eliminated Robyn for being the weakest of the black jackets but praised her for improving a lot after her poor start and allowed her to keep her jacket . Ramsay 's comment : `` I 've always admired Robyn 's no - nonsense attitude , but tonight she had the wrong attitude and served up a lot of nonsense . '' 264 14 `` Families Come to Hell '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 3.43 While the chefs are leaving , Ramsay calls Milly over and tells him he is talented and that the fighting and conflict is not necessary . Milly acknowledges this in an interview and apologizes . Before the next challenge , Ramsay revealed that he invited the final four 's loved ones ( Michelle 's sister and nephews , Nick 's husband and mom , Benjamin 's wife and daughters , and Milly 's girlfriend and infant son ) for some time together . Challenge : Ramsay had the chefs choose a Christmas present under a tree that contained ingredients for them . They then had forty - five minutes to use those ingredients to make a festive inspired dish . Afterwards , Ramsay invited their loved ones for a blind judging , with them voting for their top two dishes . Benjamin and Michelle were tied , with Milly receiving no votes . Benjamin won the challenge when Ramsay broke the tie in his favor . Reward / punishment : Benjamin rode with Ramsay in a Ferrari to lunch with his family while the rest of the chefs had to clean the SUV 's and clean up the dining room . During punishment , Nick , Michelle , and Milly made a pact to make sure Season 14 all made it to the final three . Service : For this service , each of the final four had a turn on the pass with Ramsay not only testing their leadership skills , but their quality control as Sous Chefs Christina and Jocky would be intentionally making mistakes . In attendance that night were Anna Konkle and Gabrielle Dennis . Benjamin was up first and managed to catch Christina serving a carbonara with spaghetti instead of fettuccine , but did not notice carrots instead of butternut squash in the risotto . Milly missed an intentional ticket mistake from Marino , but became vocal and caught multiple mistakes from Michelle on garnish . Michelle did see that Christina did not serve spinach as requested , but failed to identify a ribeye instead of the ordered New York strip . Nick missed Jocky sending up a veal chop instead of a pork chop , but caught mistakes from Christina , Michelle , and Milly , the latter of which was struggling with a poached egg . After service , Ramsay told them to think of one person they wanted to be with in the finals . Elimination : At elimination , everyone else said that they wanted to see Nick in the finale . Afterwards , Ramsay eliminated Milly , but said he was happy to give him a second chance , praised his confidence and told him to keep his jacket . In an unprecedented step , Ramsay offered Milly an opportunity to come to London for a week and stage at his flagship three Michelin Star Restaurant Gordon Ramsay . Milly enthusiastically accepted and left . Afterwards , Ramsay picked Nick as the first finalist and praised him for growing more than any chef in this competition . Benjamin was the second finalist for his calm , collected leadership that night . However , in another unprecedented move , Ramsay selected Michelle as the third finalist of the season , marking the first time in Hell 's Kitchen history where Chef Ramsay names three finalists . Ramsay 's comment : `` Milly has had two fantastic runs in Hell 's Kitchen . I 'm personally going to make sure that big , kindhearted man with so much culinary passion gets the right training he deserves . '' 265 15 `` Final Three '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 3.36 Individual challenge : The finalists were each assigned a sous chef , who would help them prepare a menu in one hour consisting of a hot and cold appetizer , as well as a chicken , beef , and seafood entree . During this process , Nick overcooked the beurre blanc sauce for one of his dishes , but managed to recover with the help of Sous Chef Christina . After sampling all the dishes , Ramsay was unable to decide on a winner . Reward : Michelle , Benjamin , and Nick were all transported to an awards ceremony for the fictitious Culinary Association of America , where Ramsay took the stage and announced that they would be cooking their menus again for the executive staff at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas . Individual challenge part 2 : One staff member sampled the dishes from each category , and rated each finalist on a scale from 1 to 10 . With only the beef entrees left to be judged , all three were tied at 34 points each , so CEO Mark Frissora would effectively decide which two would advance . After sampling the dishes , Frissora named Michelle as the first finalist , and Benjamin as the second , eliminating Nick , who was instructed to get in line with the returning contestants of the season . Michelle was granted first pick out of her fellow competitors , to draft a brigade for the final dinner service . She chose Nick , Dana , and Milly . Benjamin chose Jennifer , Van , and Robyn . The episode ended on a cliffhanger before Michelle decided between Elise and Barbie to round out her team . 266 16 `` All - Star Finale '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 3.36 Continued from the previous episode , Michelle picked Elise , so Benjamin was left with Barbie . Service : Before dinner service , while both teams prepped their menus , Elise continued to give Michelle attitude until Nick told her to shut up or go home . Lamorne Morris and the finalists ' families were in attendance for the last dinner service of the season . In the red kitchen , Dana needed Michelle 's help to assemble a cold appetizer , prompting Ramsay to give Michelle a pep talk in the storeroom . Marino returned two risottos to Michelle 's kitchen after a minor complaint about the broth . Elise recovered and successfully re-fired the risottos that were then sent back to Lamorne Morris ' table , much to the actor 's delight . Ramsay then scolded Nick for attempting to call nine entrees in a single sitting . Meanwhile in the blue kitchen , Barbie did well on hot apps for Benjamin , despite not having done it often during the season . But entrees were a different story . First , Jennifer sent up raw fish twice . Robyn sent up raw filets and burned the subsequent refire . Her third attempt on the same ticket was raw again , prompting Ramsay to accuse her of sabotaging Benjamin . When she finally brought up an acceptable steak , it came with a raw lamb . She then refired the lamb in the same pan that had been used to cook the steak , which was a cross-contamination hazard . An irate Ramsay dragged Robyn and Benjamin into the dining room , threw the former out of the kitchen , and berated the latter for not stepping up as a leader . Nevertheless , Robyn continued to fight with Benjamin to be allowed back in , and he finally relented on the last ticket . Winner : As per Hell 's Kitchen tradition , Michelle and Benjamin stood in front of two doors . Michelle 's door opened , making her the 17th winner and first All - Star winner of Hell 's Kitchen ; Benjamin took his defeat graciously . Michelle gave a victory speech and hung her picture in the Hall of Fame . In the final credits scene , Elise cried openly over losing to Michelle and Van asked Marino for a ' real drink ' as opposed to the standard champagne . Ramsay 's comment : `` Having the youngest of all - stars step up and win this competition is a testament to Michelle 's talent . At a very young age , she has already proven she is driven , creative , and commanding . She will be a great asset to Hell 's Kitchen in Las Vegas . '' U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) No . Episode Air date Timeslot ( ET ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank `` All - Stars Arrive '' September 29 , 2017 Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 3.02 `` Raising the Bar '' October 6 , 2017 0.9 2.80 `` Tower of Terror '' October 13 , 2017 0.8 2.87 `` Just Letter Cook '' October 20 , 2017 0.8 2.86 5 `` Josh Josh Josh '' November 3 , 2017 0.8 3.10 6 `` A Little Slice of Hell '' November 10 , 2017 0.8 3.11 7 `` Trimming Fat '' November 17 , 2017 0.9 3.21 8 `` Welcome to the Jungle '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 2.80 9 `` Catch of the Day '' December 8 , 2017 0.8 2.96 10 `` It 's All Gravy '' December 15 , 2017 0.8 3.04 11 `` Trying to Pasta Test '' January 5 , 2018 0.9 3.42 12 `` Five is the New Black '' January 12 , 2018 5 3.56 13 `` Stars Heating Up Hell '' January 19 , 2018 0.9 3.17 14 `` Families Come to Hell '' January 26 , 2018 0.9 3.43 15 `` Final Three '' February 2 , 2018 0.9 3.36 16 `` All - Star Finale '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HELL 'S KITCHEN Debuts its First All - Stars Edition , Premiering Friday , 8 / 29 on FOX '' . BroadwayWorld . BroadwayWorld. 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jessica Pena ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Hell 's Kitchen : FOX Previews the TV Show 's First All - Star Edition '' . TV Series Finale . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://headlininghollywood.com/2017/10/06/hells-kitchen-all-stars-2017-recap-episode-2-raising-the-bar/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' and ' MacGyver ' hit season highs , ' Taken ' opens low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . hide Hell 's Kitchen United States Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 : All Stars Winners Rock Harper Christina Machamer United Kingdom Series Other versions Australia Brazil Finland Italy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell%27s_Kitchen_(U.S._season_17)&oldid=844639797 '' Categories : Hell 's Kitchen ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	hell's kitchen season 17 all stars winner	[ "This is the fifth season in a row to feature a female winner (last season to feature a male winner was in season 12, by Scott Commings). The winner is Michelle Tribble, who previously landed in third place in Season 14." ]	[ "Michelle Tribble" ]
7586022476298287448	List of the highest major summits of the United States	List of the highest major summits of the United States - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of the United States Further information : List of mountain peaks of the United States See also : List of the most prominent summits of the United States and List of the most isolated major summits of the United States Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America . Denali is the third-most topographically prominent and third-most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , nine exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 104 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 220 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 meters ' ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States , List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States , and List of United States fourteeners Of these 200 highest major summits of the United States , 88 are located in Colorado , 49 in Alaska , 22 in California , 14 in Wyoming , eight in New Mexico , five in Utah , four in Nevada , three in Montana , two in Washington , two in Hawai ʻi , two in Idaho , and one in Arizona . Five of these peaks lie on the international border between Alaska and Yukon , and two lie on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The ten highest major summits of the United States are all located in Alaska . The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 20,146 ft 6141 m 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 18,009 ft 5489 m 11,250 ft 3429 m 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 17,400 ft 5304 m 7,250 ft 2210 m 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 16,550 ft 5044 m 6,900 ft 2103 m 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 16,390 ft 4996 m 11,640 ft 3548 m 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 16,237 ft 4949 m 7,687 ft 2343 m 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 15,325 ft 4671 m 12,995 ft 3961 m 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 14,951 ft 4557 m 8,061 ft 2457 m 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 14,831 ft 4520 m 5,054 ft 1540 m 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 14,573 ft 4442 m 4,653 ft 1418 m 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 10,080 ft 3072 m 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 14,500 ft 4420 m 1,950 ft 594 m 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 14,470 ft 4410 m 3,210 ft 978 m 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 9,093 ft 2772 m 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 14,428 ft 4398 m 1,961 ft 598 m 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 2,360 ft 719 m 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 14,417 ft 4394 m 13,210 ft 4026 m 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 14,379 ft 4383 m 1,676 ft 511 m 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 14,351 ft 4374 m 5,326 ft 1623 m 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 14,343 ft 4372 m 1,836 ft 560 m 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 4,277 ft 1304 m 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 14,300 ft 4359 m 4,554 ft 1388 m 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 3,862 ft 1177 m 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 2,365 ft 721 m 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 14,278 ft 4352 m 2,770 ft 844 m 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 2,503 ft 763 m 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 14,271 ft 4350 m 2,770 ft 844 m 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 14,259 ft 4346 m 2,940 ft 896 m 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 14,252 ft 4344 m 4,024 ft 1227 m 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7,196 ft 2193 m 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 14,248 ft 4343 m 2,894 ft 882 m 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 2,177 ft 664 m 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 1,896 ft 578 m 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 9,772 ft 2979 m 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 2,336 ft 712 m 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 14,163 ft 4317 m 5,613 ft 1711 m 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 3,050 ft 930 m 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 14,137 ft 4309 m 1,750 ft 533 m 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 5,530 ft 1686 m 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 14,093 ft 4296 m 2,187 ft 667 m 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 14,070 ft 4289 m 5,082 ft 1549 m 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 1,908 ft 582 m 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 14,053 ft 4283 m 4,827 ft 1471 m 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 3,113 ft 949 m 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 2,113 ft 644 m 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 1,928 ft 588 m 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 13,992 ft 4265 m 2,563 ft 781 m 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 13,982 ft 4262 m 1,936 ft 590 m 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 2,659 ft 810 m 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,900 ft 4237 m 2,105 ft 642 m 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 13,860 ft 4225 m 2,210 ft 674 m 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 13,845 ft 4220 m 4,395 ft 1340 m 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 13,837 ft 4218 m 1,891 ft 576 m 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 13,832 ft 4216 m 11,507 ft 3507 m 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 2,283 ft 696 m 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 1,881 ft 573 m 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7,076 ft 2157 m 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 13,807 ft 4209 m 2,027 ft 618 m 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 13,803 ft 4207 m 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W / 19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681 ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 6,545 ft 1995 m 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 13,760 ft 4194 m 7,710 ft 2350 m 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 2,648 ft 807 m 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 13,747 ft 4190 m 2,601 ft 793 m 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 13,690 ft 4173 m 2,099 ft 640 m 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,690 ft 4173 m 1,664 ft 507 m 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 13,679 ft 4169 m 7,099 ft 2164 m 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W / 19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054 ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 1,810 ft 552 m 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 13,657 ft 4163 m 1,992 ft 607 m 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 13,647 ft 4159 m 1,701 ft 518 m 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 13,631 ft 4155 m 3,686 ft 1123 m 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 13,586 ft 4141 m 3,000 ft 914 m 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 13,573 ft 4137 m 2,420 ft 738 m 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 13,565 ft 4135 m 2,339 ft 713 m 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,558 ft 4132 m 1,652 ft 504 m 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 13,535 ft 4125 m 2,828 ft 862 m 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 13,534 ft 4125 m 6,358 ft 1938 m 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 13,508 ft 4117 m 1,665 ft 507 m 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 13,500 ft 4115 m 2,110 ft 643 m 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 13,435 ft 4095 m 5,985 ft 1824 m 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 13,421 ft 4091 m 4,771 ft 1454 m 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 13,397 ft 4083 m 1,720 ft 524 m 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 13,389 ft 4081 m 1,682 ft 513 m 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,373 ft 4076 m 1,868 ft 569 m 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 13,345 ft 4068 m 2,040 ft 622 m 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 13,332 ft 4064 m 1,986 ft 605 m 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 13,315 ft 4058 m 1,665 ft 507 m 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 2,760 ft 841 m 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 13,306 ft 4056 m 1,960 ft 597 m 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 13,275 ft 4046 m 2,409 ft 734 m 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 13,261 ft 4042 m 1,674 ft 510 m 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 13,237 ft 4035 m 2,852 ft 869 m 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 13,220 ft 4029 m 3,240 ft 988 m 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 13,211 ft 4027 m 2,065 ft 629 m 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,209 ft 4026 m 1,743 ft 531 m 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 2,572 ft 784 m 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 1,912 ft 583 m 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 13,176 ft 4016 m 10,751 ft 3277 m 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7,077 ft 2157 m 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 3,409 ft 1039 m 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 4,056 ft 1236 m 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 13,163 ft 4012 m 2,338 ft 713 m 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 2,448 ft 746 m 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 13,149 ft 4008 m 3,990 ft 1216 m 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 13,129 ft 4002 m 1,736 ft 529 m 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 1,926 ft 587 m 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 2,405 ft 733 m 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 4,001 ft 1220 m 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7,568 ft 2307 m 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 2,437 ft 743 m 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 3,095 ft 943 m 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 13,020 ft 3969 m 3,970 ft 1210 m 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 13,016 ft 3967 m 1,790 ft 546 m 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 2,771 ft 845 m 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 12,945 ft 3946 m 2,680 ft 817 m 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 12,887 ft 3928 m 2,979 ft 908 m 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 12,847 ft 3916 m 1,902 ft 580 m 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 4,779 ft 1457 m 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 12,800 ft 3901 m 1,650 ft 503 m 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 12,739 ft 3883 m 2,971 ft 906 m 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 2,461 ft 750 m 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 12,726 ft 3879 m 6,181 ft 1884 m 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,726 ft 3879 m 7,176 ft 2187 m 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 3,539 ft 1079 m 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 12,688 ft 3867 m 2,383 ft 726 m 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 6,002 ft 1829 m 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 12,665 ft 3860 m 2,880 ft 878 m 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,658 ft 3858 m 2,108 ft 643 m 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 2,650 ft 808 m 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 12,637 ft 3852 m 6,039 ft 1841 m 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 2,002 ft 610 m 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 12,631 ft 3850 m 1,645 ft 501 m 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 2,672 ft 814 m 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 2,273 ft 693 m 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 2,645 ft 806 m 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,606 ft 3842 m 2,006 ft 611 m 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 2,444 ft 745 m 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 12,550 ft 3825 m 1,800 ft 549 m 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 12,545 ft 3824 m 1,840 ft 561 m 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 2,551 ft 778 m 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 2,456 ft 749 m 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 12,525 ft 3818 m 2,175 ft 663 m 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 12,521 ft 3816 m 3,271 ft 997 m 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,497 ft 3809 m 1,932 ft 589 m 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 12,495 ft 3808 m 2,150 ft 655 m 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 12,494 ft 3808 m 1,731 ft 528 m 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 2,701 ft 823 m 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 2,492 ft 760 m 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 12,434 ft 3790 m 1,759 ft 536 m 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 2,451 ft 747 m 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 2,125 ft 648 m 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 12,389 ft 3776 m 1,763 ft 537 m 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 4,054 ft 1236 m 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 1,816 ft 554 m 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 12,360 ft 3767 m 2,910 ft 887 m 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 3,777 ft 1151 m 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 12,346 ft 3763 m 2,240 ft 683 m 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 12,339 ft 3761 m 5,189 ft 1582 m 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 12,329 ft 3758 m 2,143 ft 653 m 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 1,699 ft 518 m 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 2,676 ft 816 m 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 12,291 ft 3746 m 1,744 ft 532 m 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 8,136 ft 2480 m 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 3,704 ft 1129 m 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W / 44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253 ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 12,240 ft 3731 m 2,890 ft 881 m 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996 ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,216 ft 3723 m 2,066 ft 630 m 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554 ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 5,387 ft 1642 m 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827 ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,190 ft 3716 m 2,340 ft 713 m 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700 ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 12,185 ft 3714 m 3,470 ft 1058 m 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631 ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 4,709 ft 1435 m 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W / 38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714 ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,170 ft 3709 m 4,020 ft 1225 m 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W / 58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719 ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 12,168 ft 3709 m 2,582 ft 787 m 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W / 38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436 ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 2,241 ft 683 m 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W / 43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665 ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 1,927 ft 587 m 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W / 38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670 ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 3,103 ft 946 m 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W / 36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182 ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 12,123 ft 3695 m 2,873 ft 876 m 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W / 63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362 ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 12,106 ft 3690 m 2,040 ft 622 m 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028 ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 12,092 ft 3686 m 5,267 ft 1605 m 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200 ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 2,179 ft 664 m 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W / 38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431 ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 12,072 ft 3680 m 1,706 ft 520 m 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W / 43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656 ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 4,909 ft 1496 m 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W / 39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988 ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 2,432 ft 741 m 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861 ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 12,050 ft 3673 m 2,600 ft 792 m 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W / 60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138 ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 2,017 ft 615 m 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W / 39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712 ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 1,971 ft 601 m 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W / 37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500 ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 3,243 ft 988 m 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W / 41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176 ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 12,012 ft 3661 m 2,162 ft 659 m 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W / 61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010 ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 12,011 ft 3661 m 2,266 ft 691 m 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W / 37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554 ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 12,010 ft 3661 m 6,760 ft 2060 m 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W / 62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394 ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 1,840 ft 561 m 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W / 37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908 ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 5,553 ft 1693 m 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W / 33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087 ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 11,950 ft 3642 m 2,000 ft 610 m 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W / 60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614 ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 11,946 ft 3641 m 5,871 ft 1789 m 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W / 38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267 ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 11,940 ft 3639 m 2,490 ft 759 m 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W / 63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482 ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 11,940 ft 3639 m 1,790 ft 546 m 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W / 63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479 ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 2,519 ft 768 m 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108 ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 11,933 ft 3637 m 5,508 ft 1679 m 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603 ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 11,930 ft 3636 m 2,180 ft 664 m 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W / 61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266 ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 11,924 ft 3634 m 3,674 ft 1120 m 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W / 58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367 ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 11,924 ft 3634 m 1,674 ft 510 m 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W / 60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881 ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 8,258 ft 2517 m 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956 ( Charleston Peak ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and all of North America . 2 . Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 3 . Mount Foraker is the second - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 4 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 5 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 6 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third - highest volcano in the United States . 7 . Mount Fairweather lies on the Alaska - British Columbia international border . 10 . Mount Hunter is the third - highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 11 . Mount Whitney highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 14 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 17 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 25 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 34 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 39 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 54 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 57 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 59 . Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . 60 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 66 . Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the most voluminous mountain on Earth . 76 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 97 . Mount Marcus Baker is the highest summit of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska . 98 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the highest summit of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Chiapas and Guatemala . 108 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 117 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 125 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 129 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States List of United States fourteeners List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the ultra-prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of the United States List of mountain peaks of Alaska List of mountain peaks of California List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of mountain peaks of Hawai ʻi List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean United States of America Geography of the United States Geology of the United States Category : Mountains of the United States commons : Category : Mountains of the United States Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second - highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second - highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. State of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the U.S. State of Hawai ʻi , and all islands of the Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 5998 meters ( 19,678 feet ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 feet ) . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TU2314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauna Loa is the southernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Hawai ʻi and the United States . Jump up ^ The shield volcano Mauna Loa is the most voluminous mountain on Earth with an estimated volume of 74,000 km ( 18,000 cu mi ) , or enough material to fill the Grand Canyon more than 18 times . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Trout Peak is the highest point of the central Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` TROUT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0457 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Diamond Peak is the highest point of the Lemhi Range . Jump up ^ `` DIAMOND RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0750 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Zirkel is the highest point of the Park Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zirkel includes an adjustment of + 1.632 m ( + 5.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Delano Peak is the highest point of the Tushar Mountains . Jump up ^ `` DELANO PEAK M 5 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JO0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crested Butte includes an adjustment of + 1.940 m ( + 6.36 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNTS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0379 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAWTOOTH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0697 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Olancha Peak is the highest point of the southern Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ `` OLANCHA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1820 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Park Cone includes an adjustment of + 1.873 m ( + 6.15 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Ibapah Peak is the highest point of the Deep Creek Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Ibapah Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.517 m ( + 4.98 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARBON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Glover Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.609 m ( + 5.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Glover Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORIAH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KP0314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT GUERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0894 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siris Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RUEDI '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHALK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0510 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk Benchmark '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Medicine Bow Peak is the highest point of the Snowy Range . Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE BOW '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MP0546 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zwischen includes an adjustment of + 1.481 m ( + 4.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0486 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Sierra Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sacramento Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SIERRA BLANCA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station DR1010 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Jefferson is the highest point of the Toquima Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Jefferson includes an adjustment of + 1.666 m ( + 5.47 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hess Mountain is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Alaska and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT BROOKS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TT6450 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Vista is the highest point of the southern Sangre de Cristo Range . Jump up ^ `` CERRO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Nebo is the highest point of the Wasatch Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Nebo includes an adjustment of + 1.395 m ( + 4.58 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Charleston Peak is the highest point of the Spring Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CHARLESTON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GR1965 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island The 104 highest major summits of the United States of America Denali Mount Saint Elias Mount Foraker Mount Bona Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Hunter Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Atna Peaks Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Mauna Kea Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mauna Loa Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou The 107 most isolated major summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Shishaldin Volcano Tanaga Volcano Mount Isto Signal Hill Mount Shasta Gannett Peak Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Humphreys Peak Wheeler Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Veniaminof Kawaikini Dillingham HP Hall Island HP Spruce Knob Kings Peak Sierra Blanca Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Katahdin Peak 4030 Tooth Benchmark Mount Baldy Borah Peak Cloud Peak Black Elk Peak Slide Mountain Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mount Hayes Mount Marcus Baker Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Delano Peak Mount Olympus Black Mountain Blanca Peak Mount Tozi Mount Cleveland Mount Jefferson Mount Torbert Mount Chiginagak Hualapai Peak Baldy Peak Ruby Dome Pavlof Volcano Truuli Peak South Baldy Great Sitkin Volcano Eagle Peak Mount Taylor Accomplishment Peak Granite Peak Kiska Volcano Korovin Volcano Uncompahgre Peak Devils Paw Ka ʻala Koniag Peak Cache Peak Makushin Volcano Snowshoe Peak Mount Pinos Granite Peak Mount Graham West Butte Guadalupe Peak Veniaminof Peak McDonald Peak Hilgard Peak Haleakalā Mount Nebo Tweedy Mountain Blackburn Hills Buldir Volcano Mount Peale Mount Tom White Cinnabar Mountain Mount McLoughlin Lassen Peak Clingmans Dome Kaibab Plateau HP Anvil Peak Grand Teton Star Peak Laramie Peak White Mountain Peak Miller Peak Kusilvak HP Copernicus Peak Sugarloaf Mountain Chiricahua Peak Mount Harper Mount Angayukaqsraq Mount Prindle Bearpaw Baldy Mountain peaks of the United States of America States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States&oldid=841606799 '' Categories : Mountains of the United States Lists of mountains of the United States United States geography - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States United States - related lists Lists of mountains by country Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	what's the highest mountain in the usa	[ "\nThe 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence\n\n\nRank\n\nMountain Peak\n\nState\n\nMountain Range\n\nElevation\n\nProminence\n\nIsolation\n\nLocation\n\n\n1\n\nDenali[6][7][8]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n20,310 ft6190.5 m\n20,146 ft6141 m\n4,629 mi7,450 km\n\n63°04′08″N 151°00′23″W / 63.0690°N 151.0063°W / 63.0690; -151.0063 (Denali)\n\n\n2\n\nMount Saint Elias[9][10][11]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n18,009 ft5489 m\n11,250 ft3429 m\n25.6 mi41.3 km\n\n60°17′34″N 140°55′51″W / 60.2927°N 140.9307°W / 60.2927; -140.9307 (Mount Saint Elias)\n\n\n3\n\nMount Foraker[12][13][14]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n17,400 ft5304 m\n7,250 ft2210 m\n14.27 mi23.0 km\n\n62°57′37″N 151°23′59″W / 62.9604°N 151.3998°W / 62.9604; -151.3998 (Mount Foraker)\n\n\n4\n\nMount Bona[15][16][17]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n16,550 ft5044 m\n6,900 ft2103 m\n49.7 mi80.0 km\n\n61°23′08″N 141°44′58″W / 61.3856°N 141.7495°W / 61.3856; -141.7495 (Mount Bona)\n\n\n5\n\nMount Blackburn[18][19][20][21]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n16,390 ft4996 m\n11,640 ft3548 m\n60.7 mi97.6 km\n\n61°43′50″N 143°24′11″W / 61.7305°N 143.4031°W / 61.7305; -143.4031 (Mount Blackburn)\n\n\n6\n\nMount Sanford[22][23]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n16,237 ft4949 m\n7,687 ft2343 m\n40.3 mi64.8 km\n\n62°12′48″N 144°07′45″W / 62.2132°N 144.1292°W / 62.2132; -144.1292 (Mount Sanford)\n\n\n7\n\nMount Fairweather[24][25][26](Fairweather Mountain)\n\n Alaska British Columbia\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n15,325 ft4671 m\n12,995 ft3961 m\n124.4 mi200 km\n\n58°54′23″N 137°31′35″W / 58.9064°N 137.5265°W / 58.9064; -137.5265 (Mount Fairweather)\n\n\n8\n\nMount Hubbard[27][28]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n14,951 ft4557 m\n8,061 ft2457 m\n21.3 mi34.4 km\n\n60°19′10″N 139°04′21″W / 60.3194°N 139.0726°W / 60.3194; -139.0726 (Mount Hubbard)\n\n\n9\n\nMount Bear[29][30]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n14,831 ft4520 m\n5,054 ft1540 m\n20.1 mi32.4 km\n\n61°17′00″N 141°08′36″W / 61.2834°N 141.1433°W / 61.2834; -141.1433 (Mount Bear)\n\n\n10\n\nMount Hunter[31][32]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n14,573 ft4442 m\n4,653 ft1418 m\n6.88 mi11.07 km\n\n62°57′01″N 151°05′29″W / 62.9504°N 151.0915°W / 62.9504; -151.0915 (Mount Hunter)\n\n\n11\n\nMount Whitney[33][34][35][36][37]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n14,505 ft4421.0 m\n10,080 ft3072 m\n1,646 mi2,649 km\n\n36°34′43″N 118°17′31″W / 36.5786°N 118.2920°W / 36.5786; -118.2920 (Mount Whitney)\n\n\n12\n\nMount Alverstone[38][39][40](Boundary Point 180)\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n14,500 ft4420 m\n1,950 ft594 m\n2.25 mi3.62 km\n\n60°21′06″N 139°04′30″W / 60.3518°N 139.0749°W / 60.3518; -139.0749 (Mount Alverstone)\n\n\n13\n\nUniversity Peak[41][42]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n14,470 ft4410 m\n3,210 ft978 m\n3.71 mi5.97 km\n\n61°19′38″N 141°47′12″W / 61.3272°N 141.7867°W / 61.3272; -141.7867 (University Peak)\n\n\n14\n\nMount Elbert[43][44][45][46]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,440 ft4401.2 m\n9,093 ft2772 m\n671 mi1,079 km\n\n39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1178°N 106.4454°W / 39.1178; -106.4454 (Mount Elbert)\n\n\n15\n\nMount Massive[47][48][49][50][51]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,428 ft4398 m\n1,961 ft598 m\n5.06 mi8.14 km\n\n39°11′15″N 106°28′33″W / 39.1875°N 106.4757°W / 39.1875; -106.4757 (Mount Massive)\n\n\n16\n\nMount Harvard[52][53][54][55][56]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,421 ft4395.6 m\n2,360 ft719 m\n14.92 mi24.0 km\n\n38°55′28″N 106°19′15″W / 38.9244°N 106.3207°W / 38.9244; -106.3207 (Mount Harvard)\n\n\n17\n\nMount Rainier[57][58][59][60]\n\n Washington\n\nCascade Range\n\n14,417 ft4394 m\n13,210 ft4026 m\n731 mi1,177 km\n\n46°51′10″N 121°45′37″W / 46.8529°N 121.7604°W / 46.8529; -121.7604 (Mount Rainier)\n\n\n18\n\nMount Williamson[61][62][63]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n14,379 ft4383 m\n1,676 ft511 m\n5.41 mi8.70 km\n\n36°39′21″N 118°18′40″W / 36.6559°N 118.3111°W / 36.6559; -118.3111 (Mount Williamson)\n\n\n19\n\nBlanca Peak[64][65][66][67][68]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n14,351 ft4374 m\n5,326 ft1623 m\n103.4 mi166.4 km\n\n37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.5775°N 105.4856°W / 37.5775; -105.4856 (Blanca Peak)\n\n\n20\n\nLa Plata Peak[69][70][71]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,343 ft4372 m\n1,836 ft560 m\n6.28 mi10.11 km\n\n39°01′46″N 106°28′22″W / 39.0294°N 106.4729°W / 39.0294; -106.4729 (La Plata Peak)\n\n\n21\n\nUncompahgre Peak[72][73][74][75][76]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n14,321 ft4365.0 m\n4,277 ft1304 m\n85.0 mi136.8 km\n\n38°04′18″N 107°27′44″W / 38.0717°N 107.4621°W / 38.0717; -107.4621 (Uncompahgre Peak)\n\n\n22\n\nCrestone Peak[77][78][79][80]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Range\n\n14,300 ft4359 m\n4,554 ft1388 m\n27.4 mi44.0 km\n\n37°58′01″N 105°35′08″W / 37.9669°N 105.5855°W / 37.9669; -105.5855 (Crestone Peak)\n\n\n23\n\nMount Lincoln[81][82][83][84][85]\n\n Colorado\n\nMosquito Range\n\n14,293 ft4356.5 m\n3,862 ft1177 m\n22.5 mi36.2 km\n\n39°21′05″N 106°06′42″W / 39.3515°N 106.1116°W / 39.3515; -106.1116 (Mount Lincoln)\n\n\n24\n\nCastle Peak[86][87][88][89]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n14,279 ft4352.2 m\n2,365 ft721 m\n20.9 mi33.6 km\n\n39°00′35″N 106°51′41″W / 39.0097°N 106.8614°W / 39.0097; -106.8614 (Castle Peak)\n\n\n25\n\nGrays Peak[90][91][92][93][94]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n14,278 ft4352 m\n2,770 ft844 m\n25.0 mi40.2 km\n\n39°38′02″N 105°49′03″W / 39.6339°N 105.8176°W / 39.6339; -105.8176 (Grays Peak)\n\n\n26\n\nMount Antero[95][96][97][98]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,276 ft4351.4 m\n2,503 ft763 m\n17.67 mi28.4 km\n\n38°40′27″N 106°14′46″W / 38.6741°N 106.2462°W / 38.6741; -106.2462 (Mount Antero)\n\n\n27\n\nMount Evans[99][100][101][102]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n14,271 ft4350 m\n2,770 ft844 m\n9.79 mi15.76 km\n\n39°35′18″N 105°38′38″W / 39.5883°N 105.6438°W / 39.5883; -105.6438 (Mount Evans)\n\n\n28\n\nLongs Peak[103][104][105][106][107]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n14,259 ft4346 m\n2,940 ft896 m\n43.6 mi70.2 km\n\n40°15′18″N 105°36′54″W / 40.2550°N 105.6151°W / 40.2550; -105.6151 (Longs Peak)\n\n\n29\n\nMount Wilson[108][109][110][111][112]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n14,252 ft4344 m\n4,024 ft1227 m\n33.0 mi53.1 km\n\n37°50′21″N 107°59′30″W / 37.8391°N 107.9916°W / 37.8391; -107.9916 (Mount Wilson)\n\n\n30\n\nWhite Mountain Peak[113][114][115][116]\n\n California\n\nWhite Mountains\n\n14,252 ft4344.0 m\n7,196 ft2193 m\n67.4 mi108.6 km\n\n37°38′03″N 118°15′21″W / 37.6341°N 118.2557°W / 37.6341; -118.2557 (White Mountain Peak)\n\n\n31\n\nNorth Palisade[117][118][119][120][121]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n14,248 ft4343 m\n2,894 ft882 m\n32.2 mi51.8 km\n\n37°05′39″N 118°30′52″W / 37.0943°N 118.5145°W / 37.0943; -118.5145 (North Palisade)\n\n\n32\n\nMount Princeton[122][123][124]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,204 ft4329.3 m\n2,177 ft664 m\n5.19 mi8.36 km\n\n38°44′57″N 106°14′33″W / 38.7492°N 106.2424°W / 38.7492; -106.2424 (Mount Princeton)\n\n\n33\n\nMount Yale[125][126][127]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,200 ft4328.2 m\n1,896 ft578 m\n5.55 mi8.93 km\n\n38°50′39″N 106°18′50″W / 38.8442°N 106.3138°W / 38.8442; -106.3138 (Mount Yale)\n\n\n34\n\nMount Shasta[128][129][130][131]\n\n California\n\nCascade Range\n\n14,179 ft4321.8 m\n9,772 ft2979 m\n335 mi539 km\n\n41°24′33″N 122°11′42″W / 41.4092°N 122.1949°W / 41.4092; -122.1949 (Mount Shasta)\n\n\n35\n\nMaroon Peak[132][133][134]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n14,163 ft4317.0 m\n2,336 ft712 m\n8.06 mi12.97 km\n\n39°04′15″N 106°59′20″W / 39.0708°N 106.9890°W / 39.0708; -106.9890 (Maroon Peak)\n\n\n36\n\nMount Wrangell[135][136]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n14,163 ft4317 m\n5,613 ft1711 m\n14.79 mi23.8 km\n\n62°00′21″N 144°01′07″W / 62.0059°N 144.0187°W / 62.0059; -144.0187 (Mount Wrangell)\n\n\n37\n\nMount Sneffels[137][138][139][140]\n\n Colorado\n\nSneffels Range\n\n14,158 ft4315.4 m\n3,050 ft930 m\n15.71 mi25.3 km\n\n38°00′14″N 107°47′32″W / 38.0038°N 107.7923°W / 38.0038; -107.7923 (Mount Sneffels)\n\n\n38\n\nCapitol Peak[141][142][143][144]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n14,137 ft4309 m\n1,750 ft533 m\n7.44 mi11.98 km\n\n39°09′01″N 107°04′58″W / 39.1503°N 107.0829°W / 39.1503; -107.0829 (Capitol Peak)\n\n\n39\n\nPikes Peak[145][146][147][148]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n14,115 ft4302.31 m\n5,530 ft1686 m\n60.6 mi97.6 km\n\n38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W / 38.8405°N 105.0442°W / 38.8405; -105.0442 (Pikes Peak)\n\n\n40\n\nWindom Peak[149][150][151][152][153]\n\n Colorado\n\nNeedle Mountains\n\n14,093 ft4296 m\n2,187 ft667 m\n26.3 mi42.4 km\n\n37°37′16″N 107°35′31″W / 37.6212°N 107.5919°W / 37.6212; -107.5919 (Windom Peak)\n\n\n41\n\nMount Augusta[154][155]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n14,070 ft4289 m\n5,082 ft1549 m\n14.41 mi23.2 km\n\n60°18′27″N 140°27′30″W / 60.3074°N 140.4584°W / 60.3074; -140.4584 (Mount Augusta)\n\n\n42\n\nHandies Peak[156][157][158]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n14,058 ft4284.8 m\n1,908 ft582 m\n11.18 mi18.00 km\n\n37°54′47″N 107°30′16″W / 37.9130°N 107.5044°W / 37.9130; -107.5044 (Handies Peak)\n\n\n43\n\nCulebra Peak[159][160][161][162][163]\n\n Colorado\n\nCulebra Range\n\n14,053 ft4283 m\n4,827 ft1471 m\n35.4 mi56.9 km\n\n37°07′21″N 105°11′09″W / 37.1224°N 105.1858°W / 37.1224; -105.1858 (Culebra Peak)\n\n\n44\n\nSan Luis Peak[164][165][166][167]\n\n Colorado\n\nLa Garita Mountains\n\n14,022 ft4273.8 m\n3,113 ft949 m\n26.9 mi43.4 km\n\n37°59′12″N 106°55′53″W / 37.9868°N 106.9313°W / 37.9868; -106.9313 (San Luis Peak)\n\n\n45\n\nMount of the Holy Cross[168][169][170][171][172]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n14,011 ft4270.5 m\n2,113 ft644 m\n18.41 mi29.6 km\n\n39°28′00″N 106°28′54″W / 39.4668°N 106.4817°W / 39.4668; -106.4817 (Mount of the Holy Cross)\n\n\n46\n\nGrizzly Peak[173][174][175]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n13,995 ft4265.6 m\n1,928 ft588 m\n6.77 mi10.89 km\n\n39°02′33″N 106°35′51″W / 39.0425°N 106.5976°W / 39.0425; -106.5976 (Grizzly Peak)\n\n\n47\n\nMount Humphreys[176][177][178][179]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,992 ft4265 m\n2,563 ft781 m\n14.71 mi23.7 km\n\n37°16′14″N 118°40′23″W / 37.2705°N 118.6730°W / 37.2705; -118.6730 (Mount Humphreys)\n\n\n48\n\nMount Keith[180][181][182][183]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,982 ft4262 m\n1,936 ft590 m\n3.09 mi4.97 km\n\n36°42′00″N 118°20′37″W / 36.7001°N 118.3436°W / 36.7001; -118.3436 (Mount Keith)\n\n\n49\n\nMount Ouray[184][185][186][187]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n13,961 ft4255.4 m\n2,659 ft810 m\n13.58 mi21.9 km\n\n38°25′22″N 106°13′29″W / 38.4227°N 106.2247°W / 38.4227; -106.2247 (Mount Ouray)\n\n\n50\n\nVermilion Peak[188][189][190]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,900 ft4237 m\n2,105 ft642 m\n9.07 mi14.60 km\n\n37°47′57″N 107°49′43″W / 37.7993°N 107.8285°W / 37.7993; -107.8285 (Vermilion Peak)\n\n\n51\n\nAtna Peaks[191][192]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n13,860 ft4225 m\n2,210 ft674 m\n3.64 mi5.86 km\n\n61°44′58″N 143°14′29″W / 61.7495°N 143.2414°W / 61.7495; -143.2414 (Atna Peaks)\n\n\n52\n\nRegal Mountain[193][194][195]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n13,845 ft4220 m\n4,395 ft1340 m\n12.25 mi19.72 km\n\n61°44′38″N 142°52′03″W / 61.7438°N 142.8675°W / 61.7438; -142.8675 (Regal Mountain)\n\n\n53\n\nMount Darwin[196][197][198][199]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,837 ft4218 m\n1,891 ft576 m\n7.13 mi11.48 km\n\n37°10′01″N 118°40′20″W / 37.1669°N 118.6721°W / 37.1669; -118.6721 (Mount Darwin)\n\n\n54\n\nMount Hayes[200][201][202][203]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n13,832 ft4216 m\n11,507 ft3507 m\n125.5 mi202 km\n\n63°37′13″N 146°43′04″W / 63.6203°N 146.7178°W / 63.6203; -146.7178 (Mount Hayes)\n\n\n55\n\nMount Silverheels[204][205][206]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n13,829 ft4215.0 m\n2,283 ft696 m\n5.48 mi8.82 km\n\n39°20′22″N 106°00′19″W / 39.3394°N 106.0054°W / 39.3394; -106.0054 (Mount Silverheels)\n\n\n56\n\nRio Grande Pyramid[207][208][209]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,827 ft4214.4 m\n1,881 ft573 m\n10.76 mi17.31 km\n\n37°40′47″N 107°23′33″W / 37.6797°N 107.3924°W / 37.6797; -107.3924 (Rio Grande Pyramid)\n\n\n57\n\nGannett Peak[210][211][212][213][214]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n13,809 ft4209.1 m\n7,076 ft2157 m\n290 mi467 km\n\n43°11′03″N 109°39′15″W / 43.1842°N 109.6542°W / 43.1842; -109.6542 (Gannett Peak)\n\n\n58\n\nMount Kaweah[215][216][217][218][219]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,807 ft4209 m\n2,027 ft618 m\n10.73 mi17.27 km\n\n36°31′34″N 118°28′43″W / 36.5261°N 118.4785°W / 36.5261; -118.4785 (Mount Kaweah)\n\n\n59\n\nMauna Kea[220][221][222][223][224]\n\n Hawaii\n\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n\n13,803 ft4207.3 m\n13,803 ft4207 m\n2,453 mi3,947 km\n\n19°49′15″N 155°28′05″W / 19.8207°N 155.4681°W / 19.8207; -155.4681 (Mauna Kea)\n\n\n60\n\nGrand Teton[225][226][227][228][229]\n\n Wyoming\n\nTeton Range\n\n13,775 ft4198.7 m\n6,545 ft1995 m\n69.4 mi111.6 km\n\n43°44′28″N 110°48′09″W / 43.7412°N 110.8024°W / 43.7412; -110.8024 (Grand Teton)\n\n\n61\n\nMount Cook[230][231]\n\n Alaska Yukon\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n13,760 ft4194 m\n7,710 ft2350 m\n14.54 mi23.4 km\n\n60°10′54″N 139°58′52″W / 60.1816°N 139.9811°W / 60.1816; -139.9811 (Mount Cook)\n\n\n62\n\nMount Morgan[232][233][234]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,758 ft4193.4 m\n2,648 ft807 m\n9.86 mi15.87 km\n\n37°24′19″N 118°43′58″W / 37.4053°N 118.7329°W / 37.4053; -118.7329 (Mount Morgan)\n\n\n63\n\nMount Gabb[235][236][237]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,747 ft4190 m\n2,601 ft793 m\n4.28 mi6.89 km\n\n37°22′37″N 118°48′09″W / 37.3769°N 118.8025°W / 37.3769; -118.8025 (Mount Gabb)\n\n\n64\n\nBald Mountain[238][239][240]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n13,690 ft4173 m\n2,099 ft640 m\n7.51 mi12.09 km\n\n39°26′41″N 105°58′14″W / 39.4448°N 105.9705°W / 39.4448; -105.9705 (Bald Mountain)\n\n\n65\n\nMount Oso[241][242][243]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,690 ft4173 m\n1,664 ft507 m\n5.41 mi8.71 km\n\n37°36′25″N 107°29′37″W / 37.6070°N 107.4936°W / 37.6070; -107.4936 (Mount Oso)\n\n\n66\n\nMauna Loa[244][245][246][247]\n\n Hawaii\n\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n\n13,679 ft4169 m\n7,099 ft2164 m\n25.4 mi40.8 km\n\n19°28′32″N 155°36′19″W / 19.4756°N 155.6054°W / 19.4756; -155.6054 (Mauna Loa)\n\n\n67\n\nMount Jackson[248][249][250]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n13,676 ft4168.5 m\n1,810 ft552 m\n3.21 mi5.16 km\n\n39°29′07″N 106°32′12″W / 39.4853°N 106.5367°W / 39.4853; -106.5367 (Mount Jackson)\n\n\n68\n\nMount Tom[251][252][253][254]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,657 ft4163 m\n1,992 ft607 m\n4.77 mi7.67 km\n\n37°22′34″N 119°10′44″W / 37.3762°N 119.1789°W / 37.3762; -119.1789 (Mount Tom)\n\n\n69\n\nBard Peak[255][256][257]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n13,647 ft4159 m\n1,701 ft518 m\n5.43 mi8.74 km\n\n39°43′13″N 105°48′16″W / 39.7204°N 105.8044°W / 39.7204; -105.8044 (Bard Peak)\n\n\n70\n\nWest Spanish Peak[258][259][260][261]\n\n Colorado\n\nSpanish Peaks\n\n13,631 ft4155 m\n3,686 ft1123 m\n19.87 mi32.0 km\n\n37°22′32″N 104°59′36″W / 37.3756°N 104.9934°W / 37.3756; -104.9934 (West Spanish Peak)\n\n\n71\n\nMount Powell[262][263][264][265]\n\n Colorado\n\nGore Range\n\n13,586 ft4141 m\n3,000 ft914 m\n21.5 mi34.6 km\n\n39°45′36″N 106°20′27″W / 39.7601°N 106.3407°W / 39.7601; -106.3407 (Mount Powell)\n\n\n72\n\nHagues Peak[266][267][268][269]\n\n Colorado\n\nMummy Range\n\n13,573 ft4137 m\n2,420 ft738 m\n15.70 mi25.3 km\n\n40°29′04″N 105°38′47″W / 40.4845°N 105.6464°W / 40.4845; -105.6464 (Hagues Peak)\n\n\n73\n\nMount Dubois[270][271][272]\n\n California\n\nWhite Mountains\n\n13,565 ft4135 m\n2,339 ft713 m\n9.63 mi15.50 km\n\n37°47′00″N 118°20′36″W / 37.7834°N 118.3432°W / 37.7834; -118.3432 (Mount Dubois)\n\n\n74\n\nTower Mountain[273][274][275]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,558 ft4132 m\n1,652 ft504 m\n4.88 mi7.86 km\n\n37°51′26″N 107°37′23″W / 37.8573°N 107.6230°W / 37.8573; -107.6230 (Tower Mountain)\n\n\n75\n\nTreasure Mountain[276][277][278]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n13,535 ft4125 m\n2,828 ft862 m\n6.92 mi11.13 km\n\n39°01′28″N 107°07′22″W / 39.0244°N 107.1228°W / 39.0244; -107.1228 (Treasure Mountain)\n\n\n76\n\nKings Peak[279][280][281][282]\n\n Utah\n\nUinta Mountains\n\n13,534 ft4125 m\n6,358 ft1938 m\n166.6 mi268 km\n\n40°46′35″N 110°22′22″W / 40.7763°N 110.3729°W / 40.7763; -110.3729 (Kings Peak)\n\n\n77\n\nNorth Arapaho Peak[283][284][285][286][287]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n13,508 ft4117 m\n1,665 ft507 m\n15.38 mi24.8 km\n\n40°01′35″N 105°39′01″W / 40.0265°N 105.6504°W / 40.0265; -105.6504 (North Arapaho Peak)\n\n\n78\n\nMount Pinchot[288][289][290]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,500 ft4115 m\n2,110 ft643 m\n4.71 mi7.58 km\n\n36°56′50″N 118°24′19″W / 36.9473°N 118.4054°W / 36.9473; -118.4054 (Mount Pinchot)\n\n\n79\n\nMount Natazhat[291][292]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n13,435 ft4095 m\n5,985 ft1824 m\n15.49 mi24.9 km\n\n61°31′18″N 141°06′11″W / 61.5217°N 141.1030°W / 61.5217; -141.1030 (Mount Natazhat)\n\n\n80\n\nMount Jarvis[293][294]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n13,421 ft4091 m\n4,771 ft1454 m\n11.15 mi17.95 km\n\n62°01′24″N 143°37′11″W / 62.0234°N 143.6198°W / 62.0234; -143.6198 (Mount Jarvis)\n\n\n81\n\nParry Peak[295][296][297]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n13,397 ft4083 m\n1,720 ft524 m\n9.46 mi15.22 km\n\n39°50′17″N 105°42′48″W / 39.8381°N 105.7132°W / 39.8381; -105.7132 (Parry Peak)\n\n\n82\n\nBill Williams Peak[298][299][300][301]\n\n Colorado\n\nWilliams Mountains\n\n13,389 ft4081 m\n1,682 ft513 m\n3.73 mi6.00 km\n\n39°10′50″N 106°36′37″W / 39.1806°N 106.6102°W / 39.1806; -106.6102 (Bill Williams Peak)\n\n\n83\n\nSultan Mountain[302][303][304]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,373 ft4076 m\n1,868 ft569 m\n4.59 mi7.39 km\n\n37°47′09″N 107°42′14″W / 37.7859°N 107.7038°W / 37.7859; -107.7038 (Sultan Mountain)\n\n\n84\n\nMount Herard[305][306][307]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n13,345 ft4068 m\n2,040 ft622 m\n4.63 mi7.45 km\n\n37°50′57″N 105°29′42″W / 37.8492°N 105.4949°W / 37.8492; -105.4949 (Mount Herard)\n\n\n85\n\nWest Buffalo Peak[308][309][310][311]\n\n Colorado\n\nMosquito Range\n\n13,332 ft4064 m\n1,986 ft605 m\n9.61 mi15.46 km\n\n38°59′30″N 106°07′30″W / 38.9917°N 106.1249°W / 38.9917; -106.1249 (West Buffalo Peak)\n\n\n86\n\nTressider Peak[312][313]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n13,315 ft4058 m\n1,665 ft507 m\n3.32 mi5.34 km\n\n61°21′32″N 141°39′59″W / 61.3590°N 141.6664°W / 61.3590; -141.6664 (Tressider Peak)\n\n\n87\n\nSummit Peak[314][315][316][317]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,308 ft4056.2 m\n2,760 ft841 m\n39.6 mi63.7 km\n\n37°21′02″N 106°41′48″W / 37.3506°N 106.6968°W / 37.3506; -106.6968 (Summit Peak)\n\n\n88\n\nMiddle Peak[318][319][320][321]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n13,306 ft4056 m\n1,960 ft597 m\n4.78 mi7.69 km\n\n37°51′13″N 108°06′30″W / 37.8536°N 108.1082°W / 37.8536; -108.1082 (Middle Peak)\n\n\n89\n\nAntora Peak[322][323][324]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n13,275 ft4046 m\n2,409 ft734 m\n6.75 mi10.86 km\n\n38°19′30″N 106°13′05″W / 38.3250°N 106.2180°W / 38.3250; -106.2180 (Antora Peak)\n\n\n90\n\nHenry Mountain[325][326][327]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n13,261 ft4042 m\n1,674 ft510 m\n10.94 mi17.61 km\n\n38°41′08″N 106°37′16″W / 38.6856°N 106.6211°W / 38.6856; -106.6211 (Henry Mountain)\n\n\n91\n\nHesperus Mountain[328][329][330][331]\n\n Colorado\n\nLa Plata Mountains\n\n13,237 ft4035 m\n2,852 ft869 m\n24.5 mi39.5 km\n\n37°26′42″N 108°05′20″W / 37.4451°N 108.0890°W / 37.4451; -108.0890 (Hesperus Mountain)\n\n\n92\n\nMount Silverthrone[332][333]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n13,220 ft4029 m\n3,240 ft988 m\n7.90 mi12.72 km\n\n63°06′57″N 150°40′32″W / 63.1157°N 150.6755°W / 63.1157; -150.6755 (Mount Silverthrone)\n\n\n93\n\nJacque Peak[334][335][336]\n\n Colorado\n\nGore Range\n\n13,211 ft4027 m\n2,065 ft629 m\n4.52 mi7.28 km\n\n39°27′18″N 106°11′49″W / 39.4549°N 106.1970°W / 39.4549; -106.1970 (Jacque Peak)\n\n\n94\n\nBennett Peak[337][338][339]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,209 ft4026 m\n1,743 ft531 m\n17.08 mi27.5 km\n\n37°29′00″N 106°26′03″W / 37.4833°N 106.4343°W / 37.4833; -106.4343 (Bennett Peak)\n\n\n95\n\nWind River Peak[340][341][342][343]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n13,197 ft4022.4 m\n2,572 ft784 m\n35.1 mi56.6 km\n\n42°42′31″N 109°07′42″W / 42.7085°N 109.1284°W / 42.7085; -109.1284 (Wind River Peak)\n\n\n96\n\nConejos Peak[344][345][346]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,179 ft4017.0 m\n1,912 ft583 m\n8.15 mi13.12 km\n\n37°17′19″N 106°34′15″W / 37.2887°N 106.5709°W / 37.2887; -106.5709 (Conejos Peak)\n\n\n97\n\nMount Marcus Baker[347][348][349]\n\n Alaska\n\nChugach Mountains\n\n13,176 ft4016 m\n10,751 ft3277 m\n126.3 mi203 km\n\n61°26′15″N 147°45′09″W / 61.4374°N 147.7525°W / 61.4374; -147.7525 (Mount Marcus Baker)\n\n\n98\n\nCloud Peak[350][351][352][353][354]\n\n Wyoming\n\nBighorn Mountains\n\n13,167 ft4013.3 m\n7,077 ft2157 m\n145.0 mi233 km\n\n44°22′56″N 107°10′26″W / 44.3821°N 107.1739°W / 44.3821; -107.1739 (Cloud Peak)\n\n\nWheeler Peak[355][356][357][358][359]\n\n New Mexico\n\nTaos Mountains\n\n13,167 ft4013.3 m\n3,409 ft1039 m\n37.0 mi59.6 km\n\n36°33′25″N 105°25′01″W / 36.5569°N 105.4169°W / 36.5569; -105.4169 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n100\n\nFrancs Peak[360][361][362][363]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n13,164 ft4012.3 m\n4,056 ft1236 m\n47.2 mi76.0 km\n\n43°57′41″N 109°20′21″W / 43.9613°N 109.3392°W / 43.9613; -109.3392 (Francs Peak)\n\n\n101\n\nTwilight Peak[364][365][366][367]\n\n Colorado\n\nNeedle Mountains\n\n13,163 ft4012 m\n2,338 ft713 m\n4.88 mi7.86 km\n\n37°39′47″N 107°43′37″W / 37.6630°N 107.7270°W / 37.6630; -107.7270 (Twilight Peak)\n\n\n102\n\nSouth River Peak[368][369][370]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,154 ft4009.4 m\n2,448 ft746 m\n21.1 mi34.0 km\n\n37°34′27″N 106°58′53″W / 37.5741°N 106.9815°W / 37.5741; -106.9815 (South River Peak)\n\n\n103\n\nMount Ritter[371][372][373][374]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,149 ft4008 m\n3,990 ft1216 m\n22.0 mi35.4 km\n\n37°41′21″N 119°11′59″W / 37.6891°N 119.1996°W / 37.6891; -119.1996 (Mount Ritter)\n\n\n104\n\nRed Slate Mountain[375][376][377]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,129 ft4002 m\n1,736 ft529 m\n8.31 mi13.38 km\n\n37°30′27″N 118°52′09″W / 37.5075°N 118.8693°W / 37.5075; -118.8693 (Red Slate Mountain)\n\n\n105\n\nMount Lyell (California)[378][379][380]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,120 ft3998.9 m\n1,926 ft587 m\n5.26 mi8.46 km\n\n37°44′22″N 119°16′18″W / 37.7394°N 119.2716°W / 37.7394; -119.2716 (Mount Lyell)\n\n\n106\n\nBushnell Peak[381][382][383]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n13,110 ft3995.8 m\n2,405 ft733 m\n11.07 mi17.82 km\n\n38°20′28″N 105°53′21″W / 38.3412°N 105.8892°W / 38.3412; -105.8892 (Bushnell Peak)\n\n\n107\n\nTruchas Peak[384][385][386][387][388]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSanta Fe Mountains\n\n13,108 ft3995.2 m\n4,001 ft1220 m\n42.3 mi68.2 km\n\n35°57′45″N 105°38′42″W / 35.9625°N 105.6450°W / 35.9625; -105.6450 (Truchas Peak)\n\n\n108\n\nWheeler Peak[389][390][391][392]\n\n Nevada\n\nSnake Range\n\n13,065 ft3982.3 m\n7,568 ft2307 m\n232 mi373 km\n\n38°59′09″N 114°18′50″W / 38.9858°N 114.3139°W / 38.9858; -114.3139 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n109\n\nMount Dana[393][394][395]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n13,063 ft3981.5 m\n2,437 ft743 m\n11.40 mi18.35 km\n\n37°54′00″N 119°13′16″W / 37.8999°N 119.2211°W / 37.8999; -119.2211 (Mount Dana)\n\n\n110\n\nWest Elk Peak[396][397][398][399]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n13,042 ft3975.2 m\n3,095 ft943 m\n13.78 mi22.2 km\n\n38°43′04″N 107°11′58″W / 38.7179°N 107.1994°W / 38.7179; -107.1994 (West Elk Peak)\n\n\n111\n\nMount Moffit[400][401]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n13,020 ft3969 m\n3,970 ft1210 m\n10.20 mi16.41 km\n\n63°34′06″N 146°23′54″W / 63.5683°N 146.3982°W / 63.5683; -146.3982 (Mount Moffit)\n\n\n112\n\nMount Centennial[402][403](Peak 13010)\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n13,016 ft3967 m\n1,790 ft546 m\n2.86 mi4.61 km\n\n37°36′22″N 107°14′41″W / 37.6062°N 107.2446°W / 37.6062; -107.2446 (Mount Centennial)\n\n\n113\n\nClark Peak[404][405][406][407]\n\n Colorado\n\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n\n12,954 ft3948.4 m\n2,771 ft845 m\n16.40 mi26.4 km\n\n40°36′24″N 105°55′48″W / 40.6068°N 105.9300°W / 40.6068; -105.9300 (Clark Peak)\n\n\n114\n\nMount Richthofen[408][409][410][411]\n\n Colorado\n\nNever Summer Mountains\n\n12,945 ft3946 m\n2,680 ft817 m\n9.66 mi15.54 km\n\n40°28′10″N 105°53′40″W / 40.4695°N 105.8945°W / 40.4695; -105.8945 (Mount Richthofen)\n\n\n115\n\nMount Root[412][413]\n\n Alaska British Columbia\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,887 ft3928 m\n2,979 ft908 m\n5.46 mi8.79 km\n\n58°59′07″N 137°30′00″W / 58.9854°N 137.5001°W / 58.9854; -137.5001 (Mount Root)\n\n\n116\n\nLizard Head Peak[414][415][416][417]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n12,847 ft3916 m\n1,902 ft580 m\n6.46 mi10.40 km\n\n42°47′24″N 109°11′52″W / 42.7901°N 109.1978°W / 42.7901; -109.1978 (Lizard Head Peak)\n\n\n117\n\nGranite Peak[418][419][420][421]\n\n Montana\n\nBeartooth Mountains\n\n12,807 ft3903.5 m\n4,779 ft1457 m\n86.0 mi138.5 km\n\n45°09′48″N 109°48′27″W / 45.1634°N 109.8075°W / 45.1634; -109.8075 (Granite Peak)\n\n\n118\n\nMount Crosson[422][423]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,800 ft3901 m\n1,650 ft503 m\n5.11 mi8.22 km\n\n63°00′29″N 151°16′35″W / 63.0081°N 151.2763°W / 63.0081; -151.2763 (Mount Crosson)\n\n\n119\n\nVenado Peak[424][425][426]\n\n New Mexico\n\nTaos Mountains\n\n12,739 ft3883 m\n2,971 ft906 m\n11.80 mi18.99 km\n\n36°47′30″N 105°29′36″W / 36.7917°N 105.4933°W / 36.7917; -105.4933 (Venado Peak)\n\n\n120\n\nChair Mountain[427][428][429]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n12,727 ft3879.1 m\n2,461 ft750 m\n8.89 mi14.30 km\n\n39°03′29″N 107°16′56″W / 39.0581°N 107.2822°W / 39.0581; -107.2822 (Chair Mountain)\n\n\n121\n\nMount Peale[430][431][432][433]\n\n Utah\n\nLa Sal Mountains\n\n12,726 ft3879 m\n6,181 ft1884 m\n72.8 mi117.1 km\n\n38°26′19″N 109°13′45″W / 38.4385°N 109.2292°W / 38.4385; -109.2292 (Mount Peale)\n\n\n122\n\nMount Crillon[434][435]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,726 ft3879 m\n7,176 ft2187 m\n19.52 mi31.4 km\n\n58°39′45″N 137°10′16″W / 58.6625°N 137.1712°W / 58.6625; -137.1712 (Mount Crillon)\n\n\n123\n\nMount Gunnison[436][437][438]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,725 ft3878.7 m\n3,539 ft1079 m\n11.84 mi19.05 km\n\n38°48′44″N 107°22′57″W / 38.8121°N 107.3826°W / 38.8121; -107.3826 (Mount Gunnison)\n\n\n124\n\nEast Spanish Peak[439][440][441][442][443]\n\n Colorado\n\nSpanish Peaks\n\n12,688 ft3867 m\n2,383 ft726 m\n4.21 mi6.78 km\n\n37°23′36″N 104°55′12″W / 37.3934°N 104.9201°W / 37.3934; -104.9201 (East Spanish Peak)\n\n\n125\n\nBorah Peak[444][445][446][447]\n\n Idaho\n\nLost River Range\n\n12,668 ft3861.2 m\n6,002 ft1829 m\n150.8 mi243 km\n\n44°08′15″N 113°46′52″W / 44.1374°N 113.7811°W / 44.1374; -113.7811 (Borah Peak)\n\n\n126\n\nMount Wood[448][449][450][451]\n\n Montana\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n12,665 ft3860 m\n2,880 ft878 m\n7.48 mi12.04 km\n\n45°16′30″N 109°48′28″W / 45.2749°N 109.8078°W / 45.2749; -109.8078 (Mount Wood)\n\n\n127\n\nMount Gunnar Naslund[452]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,658 ft3858 m\n2,108 ft643 m\n6.86 mi11.04 km\n\n61°13′42″N 141°18′50″W / 61.2282°N 141.3140°W / 61.2282; -141.3140 (Mount Gunnar Naslund)\n\n\n128\n\nMount Conness[453][454][455]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n12,649 ft3855.5 m\n2,650 ft808 m\n7.18 mi11.55 km\n\n37°58′01″N 119°19′17″W / 37.9670°N 119.3213°W / 37.9670; -119.3213 (Mount Conness)\n\n\n129\n\nHumphreys Peak[456][457][458][459]\n\n Arizona\n\nSan Francisco Peaks\n\n12,637 ft3852 m\n6,039 ft1841 m\n246 mi396 km\n\n35°20′47″N 111°40′41″W / 35.3464°N 111.6780°W / 35.3464; -111.6780 (Humphreys Peak)\n\n\n130\n\nSanta Fe Baldy[460][461][462][463]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSanta Fe Mountains\n\n12,632 ft3850.1 m\n2,002 ft610 m\n10.99 mi17.69 km\n\n35°49′56″N 105°45′29″W / 35.8322°N 105.7581°W / 35.8322; -105.7581 (Santa Fe Baldy)\n\n\n131\n\nGothic Mountain[464][465][466]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n12,631 ft3850 m\n1,645 ft501 m\n2.73 mi4.39 km\n\n38°57′22″N 107°00′39″W / 38.9562°N 107.0107°W / 38.9562; -107.0107 (Gothic Mountain)\n\n\n132\n\nCastle Mountain[467][468][469]\n\n Montana\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n12,618 ft3846.1 m\n2,672 ft814 m\n9.74 mi15.67 km\n\n45°05′56″N 109°37′50″W / 45.0989°N 109.6305°W / 45.0989; -109.6305 (Castle Mountain)\n\n\nLone Cone[470][471][472]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n12,618 ft3846.1 m\n2,273 ft693 m\n8.40 mi13.52 km\n\n37°53′17″N 108°15′20″W / 37.8880°N 108.2556°W / 37.8880; -108.2556 (Lone Cone)\n\n\n134\n\nMount Moran[473][474][475]\n\n Wyoming\n\nTeton Range\n\n12,610 ft3843.5 m\n2,645 ft806 m\n6.18 mi9.94 km\n\n43°50′06″N 110°46′35″W / 43.8350°N 110.7765°W / 43.8350; -110.7765 (Mount Moran)\n\n\n135\n\nTlingit Peak[476][477]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,606 ft3842 m\n2,006 ft611 m\n2.26 mi3.63 km\n\n58°53′35″N 137°23′38″W / 58.8931°N 137.3938°W / 58.8931; -137.3938 (Tlingit Peak)\n\n\n136\n\nLittle Costilla Peak[478][479][480]\n\n New Mexico\n\nCulebra Range\n\n12,588 ft3836.8 m\n2,444 ft745 m\n7.75 mi12.48 km\n\n36°50′01″N 105°13′22″W / 36.8335°N 105.2229°W / 36.8335; -105.2229 (Little Costilla Peak)\n\n\n137\n\nMount Carpe[481][482]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,550 ft3825 m\n1,800 ft549 m\n4.10 mi6.60 km\n\n63°09′08″N 150°51′42″W / 63.1521°N 150.8616°W / 63.1521; -150.8616 (Mount Carpe)\n\n\n138\n\nNeedham Mountain[483][484][485]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n12,545 ft3824 m\n1,840 ft561 m\n5.93 mi9.54 km\n\n36°27′16″N 118°32′14″W / 36.4545°N 118.5373°W / 36.4545; -118.5373 (Needham Mountain)\n\n\n139\n\nGraham Peak[486][487][488]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n12,536 ft3821.1 m\n2,551 ft778 m\n8.64 mi13.90 km\n\n37°29′50″N 107°22′34″W / 37.4972°N 107.3761°W / 37.4972; -107.3761 (Graham Peak)\n\n\n140\n\nWhetstone Mountain[489][490][491]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,527 ft3818.1 m\n2,456 ft749 m\n9.39 mi15.11 km\n\n38°49′20″N 106°58′48″W / 38.8223°N 106.9799°W / 38.8223; -106.9799 (Whetstone Mountain)\n\n\n141\n\nKahiltna Dome[492][493]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,525 ft3818 m\n2,175 ft663 m\n3.45 mi5.55 km\n\n63°03′18″N 151°14′22″W / 63.0550°N 151.2394°W / 63.0550; -151.2394 (Kahiltna Dome)\n\n\n142\n\nMount Thor[494][495]\n\n Alaska\n\nChugach Mountains\n\n12,521 ft3816 m\n3,271 ft997 m\n20.4 mi32.8 km\n\n61°29′07″N 147°08′46″W / 61.4854°N 147.1460°W / 61.4854; -147.1460 (Mount Thor)\n\n\n143\n\nMount Watson[496][497]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,497 ft3809 m\n1,932 ft589 m\n2.52 mi4.05 km\n\n59°00′32″N 137°33′15″W / 59.0088°N 137.5541°W / 59.0088; -137.5541 (Mount Watson)\n\n\n144\n\nAtlantic Peak[498][499][500]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n12,495 ft3808 m\n2,150 ft655 m\n9.07 mi14.60 km\n\n42°36′59″N 109°00′05″W / 42.6165°N 109.0013°W / 42.6165; -109.0013 (Atlantic Peak)\n\n\n145\n\nSpecimen Mountain[501][502][503]\n\n Colorado\n\nFront Range\n\n12,494 ft3808 m\n1,731 ft528 m\n4.70 mi7.56 km\n\n40°26′42″N 105°48′29″W / 40.4449°N 105.8081°W / 40.4449; -105.8081 (Specimen Mountain)\n\n\n146\n\nBaldy Mountain[504][505][506][507]\n\n New Mexico\n\nCimarron Range\n\n12,445 ft3793.3 m\n2,701 ft823 m\n11.33 mi18.24 km\n\n36°37′48″N 105°12′48″W / 36.6299°N 105.2134°W / 36.6299; -105.2134 (Baldy Mountain)\n\n\n147\n\nEast Beckwith Mountain[508][509][510]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,441 ft3792.1 m\n2,492 ft760 m\n6.24 mi10.05 km\n\n38°50′47″N 107°13′24″W / 38.8464°N 107.2233°W / 38.8464; -107.2233 (East Beckwith Mountain)\n\n\n148\n\nKnobby Crest[511][512][513]\n\n Colorado\n\nKenosha Mountains\n\n12,434 ft3790 m\n1,759 ft536 m\n8.27 mi13.31 km\n\n39°22′05″N 105°36′18″W / 39.3681°N 105.6050°W / 39.3681; -105.6050 (Knobby Crest)\n\n\n149\n\nBison Peak[514][515][516][517]\n\n Colorado\n\nTarryall Mountains\n\n12,432 ft3789.4 m\n2,451 ft747 m\n18.23 mi29.3 km\n\n39°14′18″N 105°29′52″W / 39.2384°N 105.4978°W / 39.2384; -105.4978 (Bison Peak)\n\n\n150\n\nAnthracite Peak[518][519][520]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,394 ft3777.8 m\n2,125 ft648 m\n4.77 mi7.68 km\n\n38°48′52″N 107°08′40″W / 38.8145°N 107.1445°W / 38.8145; -107.1445 (Anthracite Peak)\n\n\n151\n\nMatchless Mountain[521][522][523]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n12,389 ft3776 m\n1,763 ft537 m\n7.87 mi12.67 km\n\n38°50′02″N 106°38′42″W / 38.8340°N 106.6451°W / 38.8340; -106.6451 (Matchless Mountain)\n\n\n152\n\nFlat Top Mountain[524][525][526][527]\n\n Colorado\n\nFlat Tops\n\n12,361 ft3767.7 m\n4,054 ft1236 m\n40.8 mi65.6 km\n\n40°00′53″N 107°05′00″W / 40.0147°N 107.0833°W / 40.0147; -107.0833 (Flat Top Mountain)\n\n\n153\n\nMount Nystrom[528][529][530]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n12,361 ft3767.5 m\n1,816 ft554 m\n4.92 mi7.92 km\n\n42°38′30″N 109°05′38″W / 42.6418°N 109.0939°W / 42.6418; -109.0939 (Mount Nystrom)\n\n\n154\n\nMoby Dick (Alaska)[531][532]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,360 ft3767 m\n2,910 ft887 m\n4.78 mi7.70 km\n\n63°33′22″N 146°36′09″W / 63.5561°N 146.6026°W / 63.5561; -146.6026 (Moby Dick)\n\n\n155\n\nGreenhorn Mountain[533][534][535][536]\n\n Colorado\n\nWet Mountains\n\n12,352 ft3765.0 m\n3,777 ft1151 m\n25.2 mi40.6 km\n\n37°52′53″N 105°00′48″W / 37.8815°N 105.0133°W / 37.8815; -105.0133 (Greenhorn Mountain)\n\n\n156\n\nElliott Mountain[537][538]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n12,346 ft3763 m\n2,240 ft683 m\n5.13 mi8.26 km\n\n37°44′04″N 108°03′29″W / 37.7344°N 108.0580°W / 37.7344; -108.0580 (Elliott Mountain)\n\n\n157\n\nMount Deborah[539][540][541]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,339 ft3761 m\n5,189 ft1582 m\n16.08 mi25.9 km\n\n63°38′16″N 147°14′18″W / 63.6377°N 147.2384°W / 63.6377; -147.2384 (Mount Deborah)\n\n\n158\n\nTwin Peaks[542][543][544]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n12,329 ft3758 m\n2,143 ft653 m\n4.78 mi7.70 km\n\n38°05′01″N 119°21′32″W / 38.0836°N 119.3588°W / 38.0836; -119.3588 (Twin Peaks)\n\n\n159\n\nCarter Mountain[545][546][547]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n12,324 ft3756.4 m\n1,699 ft518 m\n16.68 mi26.8 km\n\n44°11′50″N 109°24′40″W / 44.1972°N 109.4112°W / 44.1972; -109.4112 (Carter Mountain)\n\n\n160\n\nParkview Mountain[548][549][550][551]\n\n Colorado\n\nRabbit Ears Range\n\n12,301 ft3749.4 m\n2,676 ft816 m\n9.36 mi15.07 km\n\n40°19′49″N 106°08′11″W / 40.3303°N 106.1363°W / 40.3303; -106.1363 (Parkview Mountain)\n\n\n161\n\nCornwall Mountain[552][553][554]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n12,291 ft3746 m\n1,744 ft532 m\n5.20 mi8.37 km\n\n37°22′52″N 106°29′31″W / 37.3811°N 106.4920°W / 37.3811; -106.4920 (Cornwall Mountain)\n\n\n162\n\nMount Adams[555][556][557]\n\n Washington\n\nCascade Range\n\n12,281 ft3743.4 m\n8,136 ft2480 m\n45.8 mi73.6 km\n\n46°12′09″N 121°29′27″W / 46.2024°N 121.4909°W / 46.2024; -121.4909 (Mount Adams)\n\n\n163\n\nTrout Peak[558][559][560][561]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n12,250 ft3733.7 m\n3,704 ft1129 m\n28.4 mi45.7 km\n\n44°36′04″N 109°31′31″W / 44.6012°N 109.5253°W / 44.6012; -109.5253 (Trout Peak)\n\n\n164\n\nMount Huntington[562][563]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,240 ft3731 m\n2,890 ft881 m\n3.88 mi6.24 km\n\n62°58′04″N 150°53′59″W / 62.9677°N 150.8996°W / 62.9677; -150.8996 (Mount Huntington)\n\n\n165\n\nMount Huxley[564][565]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,216 ft3723 m\n2,066 ft630 m\n5.49 mi8.84 km\n\n60°19′40″N 141°09′19″W / 60.3279°N 141.1554°W / 60.3279; -141.1554 (Mount Huxley)\n\n\n166\n\nDiamond Peak[566][567][568][569]\n\n Idaho\n\nLemhi Range\n\n12,202 ft3719.3 m\n5,387 ft1642 m\n31.8 mi51.2 km\n\n44°08′29″N 113°04′58″W / 44.1414°N 113.0827°W / 44.1414; -113.0827 (Diamond Peak)\n\n\n167\n\nMount Jordan[570][571]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,190 ft3716 m\n2,340 ft713 m\n7.08 mi11.40 km\n\n61°23′55″N 141°28′12″W / 61.3987°N 141.4700°W / 61.3987; -141.4700 (Mount Jordan)\n\n\n168\n\nMount Zirkel[572][573][574][575]\n\n Colorado\n\nPark Range\n\n12,185 ft3714 m\n3,470 ft1058 m\n37.7 mi60.6 km\n\n40°49′53″N 106°39′47″W / 40.8313°N 106.6631°W / 40.8313; -106.6631 (Mount Zirkel)\n\n\n169\n\nDelano Peak[576][577][578][579]\n\n Utah\n\nTushar Mountains\n\n12,174 ft3710.7 m\n4,709 ft1435 m\n112.1 mi180.5 km\n\n38°22′09″N 112°22′17″W / 38.3692°N 112.3714°W / 38.3692; -112.3714 (Delano Peak)\n\n\n170\n\nMount Salisbury[580][581]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,170 ft3709 m\n4,020 ft1225 m\n3.04 mi4.90 km\n\n58°51′02″N 137°22′19″W / 58.8505°N 137.3719°W / 58.8505; -137.3719 (Mount Salisbury)\n\n\n171\n\nCrested Butte[582][583][584]\n\n Colorado\n\nElk Mountains\n\n12,168 ft3709 m\n2,582 ft787 m\n4.65 mi7.49 km\n\n38°53′01″N 106°56′37″W / 38.8835°N 106.9436°W / 38.8835; -106.9436 (Crested Butte)\n\n\n172\n\nYounts Peak[585][586][587]\n\n Wyoming\n\nAbsaroka Range\n\n12,166 ft3708.3 m\n2,241 ft683 m\n12.70 mi20.4 km\n\n43°58′55″N 109°51′59″W / 43.9820°N 109.8665°W / 43.9820; -109.8665 (Younts Peak)\n\n\n173\n\nSawtooth Mountain[588][589][590]\n\n Colorado\n\nLa Garita Mountains\n\n12,153 ft3704.2 m\n1,927 ft587 m\n16.73 mi26.9 km\n\n38°16′26″N 106°52′01″W / 38.2740°N 106.8670°W / 38.2740; -106.8670 (Sawtooth Mountain)\n\n\n174\n\nOlancha Peak[591][592][593][594]\n\n California\n\nSierra Nevada\n\n12,132 ft3697.8 m\n3,103 ft946 m\n14.84 mi23.9 km\n\n36°15′55″N 118°07′06″W / 36.2652°N 118.1182°W / 36.2652; -118.1182 (Olancha Peak)\n\n\n175\n\nMount Mather[595][596]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n12,123 ft3695 m\n2,873 ft876 m\n9.27 mi14.92 km\n\n63°11′41″N 150°26′10″W / 63.1946°N 150.4362°W / 63.1946; -150.4362 (Mount Mather)\n\n\n176\n\nPark Cone[597][598][599]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n12,106 ft3690 m\n2,040 ft622 m\n3.44 mi5.53 km\n\n38°47′48″N 106°36′10″W / 38.7967°N 106.6028°W / 38.7967; -106.6028 (Park Cone)\n\n\n177\n\nIbapah Peak[600][601][602][603]\n\n Utah\n\nDeep Creek Range\n\n12,092 ft3686 m\n5,267 ft1605 m\n61.2 mi98.5 km\n\n39°49′42″N 113°55′12″W / 39.8282°N 113.9200°W / 39.8282; -113.9200 (Ibapah Peak)\n\n\n178\n\nCarbon Peak[604][605][606]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,088 ft3684.3 m\n2,179 ft664 m\n3.92 mi6.31 km\n\n38°47′39″N 107°02′35″W / 38.7943°N 107.0431°W / 38.7943; -107.0431 (Carbon Peak)\n\n\n179\n\nGlover Peak[607][608]\n\n Wyoming\n\nWind River Range\n\n12,072 ft3680 m\n1,706 ft520 m\n2.49 mi4.00 km\n\n43°09′32″N 109°45′56″W / 43.1589°N 109.7656°W / 43.1589; -109.7656 (Glover Peak)\n\n\n180\n\nMount Moriah[609][610][611]\n\n Nevada\n\nSnake Range\n\n12,072 ft3679.6 m\n4,909 ft1496 m\n20.3 mi32.7 km\n\n39°16′24″N 114°11′56″W / 39.2732°N 114.1988°W / 39.2732; -114.1988 (Mount Moriah)\n\n\n181\n\nMount Guero[612][613][614]\n\n Colorado\n\nWest Elk Mountains\n\n12,058 ft3675.4 m\n2,432 ft741 m\n6.38 mi10.27 km\n\n38°43′11″N 107°23′10″W / 38.7196°N 107.3861°W / 38.7196; -107.3861 (Mount Guero)\n\n\n182\n\nSiris Peak[615]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n12,050 ft3673 m\n2,600 ft792 m\n16.05 mi25.8 km\n\n60°44′02″N 141°00′50″W / 60.7340°N 141.0138°W / 60.7340; -141.0138 (Siris Peak)\n\n\n183\n\nRed Table Mountain[616][617][618]\n\n Colorado\n\nSawatch Range\n\n12,043 ft3670.7 m\n2,017 ft615 m\n7.88 mi12.68 km\n\n39°25′05″N 106°46′16″W / 39.4181°N 106.7712°W / 39.4181; -106.7712 (Red Table Mountain)\n\n\n184\n\nChalk Benchmark[619][620]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Juan Mountains\n\n12,038 ft3669.3 m\n1,971 ft601 m\n7.26 mi11.68 km\n\n37°08′30″N 106°45′00″W / 37.1418°N 106.7500°W / 37.1418; -106.7500 (Chalk Benchmark)\n\n\n185\n\nMedicine Bow Peak[621][622][623][624]\n\n Wyoming\n\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n\n12,016 ft3662.4 m\n3,243 ft988 m\n40.6 mi65.4 km\n\n41°21′37″N 106°19′03″W / 41.3603°N 106.3176°W / 41.3603; -106.3176 (Medicine Bow Peak)\n\n\n186\n\nMount Witherspoon[625][626]\n\n Alaska\n\nChugach Mountains\n\n12,012 ft3661 m\n2,162 ft659 m\n5.98 mi9.63 km\n\n61°23′43″N 147°12′04″W / 61.3954°N 147.2010°W / 61.3954; -147.2010 (Mount Witherspoon)\n\n\n187\n\nMount Zwischen[627][628][629]\n\n Colorado\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n12,011 ft3661 m\n2,266 ft691 m\n4.44 mi7.14 km\n\n37°47′29″N 105°27′19″W / 37.7913°N 105.4554°W / 37.7913; -105.4554 (Mount Zwischen)\n\n\n188\n\nMount Drum[630][631]\n\n Alaska\n\nWrangell Mountains\n\n12,010 ft3661 m\n6,760 ft2060 m\n17.73 mi28.5 km\n\n62°06′57″N 144°38′22″W / 62.1159°N 144.6394°W / 62.1159; -144.6394 (Mount Drum)\n\n\n189\n\nLittle Cone[632][633][634]\n\n Colorado\n\nSan Miguel Mountains\n\n11,988 ft3654.0 m\n1,840 ft561 m\n5.19 mi8.35 km\n\n37°55′39″N 108°05′27″W / 37.9275°N 108.0908°W / 37.9275; -108.0908 (Little Cone)\n\n\n190\n\nSierra Blanca Peak[635][636][637][638]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSacramento Mountains\n\n11,981 ft3651.8 m\n5,553 ft1693 m\n165.7 mi267 km\n\n33°22′27″N 105°48′31″W / 33.3743°N 105.8087°W / 33.3743; -105.8087 (Sierra Blanca Peak)\n\n\n191\n\nMount Hope[639][640]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n11,950 ft3642 m\n2,000 ft610 m\n2.64 mi4.25 km\n\n60°42′14″N 141°03′41″W / 60.7039°N 141.0614°W / 60.7039; -141.0614 (Mount Hope)\n\n\n192\n\nMount Jefferson[641][642][643][644]\n\n Nevada\n\nToquima Range\n\n11,946 ft3641 m\n5,871 ft1789 m\n98.6 mi158.7 km\n\n38°45′07″N 116°55′36″W / 38.7519°N 116.9267°W / 38.7519; -116.9267 (Mount Jefferson)\n\n\n193\n\nHess Mountain[645][646][647]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n11,940 ft3639 m\n2,490 ft759 m\n2.78 mi4.47 km\n\n63°38′18″N 147°08′54″W / 63.6382°N 147.1482°W / 63.6382; -147.1482 (Hess Mountain)\n\n\nMount Brooks[648][649][650]\n\n Alaska\n\nAlaska Range\n\n11,940 ft3639 m\n1,790 ft546 m\n5.03 mi8.09 km\n\n63°11′15″N 150°38′52″W / 63.1875°N 150.6479°W / 63.1875; -150.6479 (Mount Brooks)\n\n\n195\n\nCerro Vista[651][652][653][654]\n\n New Mexico\n\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n\n11,937 ft3638.3 m\n2,519 ft768 m\n14.19 mi22.8 km\n\n36°14′07″N 105°24′39″W / 36.2353°N 105.4108°W / 36.2353; -105.4108 (Cerro Vista)\n\n\n196\n\nMount Nebo[655][656][657][658]\n\n Utah\n\nWasatch Range\n\n11,933 ft3637 m\n5,508 ft1679 m\n75.6 mi121.6 km\n\n39°49′19″N 111°45′37″W / 39.8219°N 111.7603°W / 39.8219; -111.7603 (Mount Nebo)\n\n\n197\n\nThe Grand Parapet[659][660]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n11,930 ft3636 m\n2,180 ft664 m\n5.26 mi8.47 km\n\n61°24′37″N 142°01′36″W / 61.4103°N 142.0266°W / 61.4103; -142.0266 (The Grand Parapet)\n\n\n198\n\nLituya Mountain[661][662]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n11,924 ft3634 m\n3,674 ft1120 m\n3.90 mi6.27 km\n\n58°48′19″N 137°26′12″W / 58.8054°N 137.4367°W / 58.8054; -137.4367 (Lituya Mountain)\n\n\nHaydon Peak[663][664]\n\n Alaska\n\nSaint Elias Mountains\n\n11,924 ft3634 m\n1,674 ft510 m\n2.97 mi4.78 km\n\n60°15′38″N 140°59′17″W / 60.2606°N 140.9881°W / 60.2606; -140.9881 (Haydon Peak)\n\n\n200\n\nCharleston Peak[665][666][667][668](Mount Charleston)\n\n Nevada\n\nSpring Mountains\n\n11,916 ft3632.0 m\n8,258 ft2517 m\n135.1 mi218 km\n\n36°16′18″N 115°41′44″W / 36.2716°N 115.6956°W / 36.2716; -115.6956 (Charleston Peak)\n" ]	[ "Denali" ]
4906221791639490727	Spanish missions in Texas	Spanish missions in Texas - wikipedia Spanish missions in Texas Part of a series on Spanish missions in the Americas of the Catholic Church The Missionaries as They Came and Went Missions Arizona Baja California California The Carolinas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mexico New Mexico Sonoran Desert South America Texas Trinidad Virginia Catholicism portal Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the U.S. state of Texas The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholic Dominicans , Jesuits , and Franciscans to spread the Catholic doctrine among area Native Americans , but with the added benefit of giving Spain a toehold in the frontier land . The missions introduced European livestock , fruits , vegetables , and industry into the Texas area . In addition to the presidio ( fort ) and pueblo ( town ) , the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories . In all , twenty - six missions were maintained for different lengths of time within the future boundaries of the state of Texas . Since 1493 , Spain had maintained missions throughout New Spain ( Mexico and portions of what today are the southwestern United States ) to facilitate colonization . The eastern Tejas missions were a direct response to fear of French encroachment when the remains of La Salle 's Fort Saint Louis were discovered near Matagorda Bay in 1689 , and a response to the first permanent French outposts along the Gulf Coast ten years later . Following government policy , Franciscan missionaries sought to make life within mission communities closely resemble that of Spanish villages and Spanish culture . To become Spanish citizens and `` productive '' inhabitants , Native Americans learned vocational skills . As plows , farm implements , and gear for horses , oxen , and mules fell into disrepair , blacksmithing skills soon became indispensable . Weaving skills were needed to help clothe the inhabitants . As buildings became more elaborate , mission occupants learned masonry and carpentry under the direction of craftsmen contracted by the missionaries . In the closely supervised setting of the mission the Native Americans were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status . Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society . This transition from official mission status to ordinary Spanish society , when it occurred in an official manner , was called `` secularization . '' In this official transaction , the mission 's communal properties were privatized , the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair , and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church . Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect , increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in the last decades of the 18th century . This mission system was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Native Americans on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers . This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians and a heightening of antagonism . In the end , the mission system was not politically strong enough to protect the Native Americans against the growing power of ranchers and other business interests that sought control over mission lands and the manpower represented by the Native Americans . In the first few years of the new Republic of Mexico - between 1824 and 1830 - all the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized , with the sole exception of those in the El Paso district , which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852 . Contents 1 Within boundaries of Spanish Texas 1.1 Mission San Francisco de la Espada 1.2 Mission Santísimo Nombre de María 1.3 Mission San Juan Capistrano 1.4 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña 1.5 Mission San José de los Nazonis 1.6 Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe 1.7 Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches 1.8 Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais 1.9 Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes 1.10 Mission San Antonio de Valero 1.11 Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo 1.12 Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga 1.13 Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera 1.14 Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá 1.15 Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario 1.16 Mission San Francisco Xavier de los Dolores 1.17 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Luz 1.18 Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio 2 Outside boundaries of Spanish Texas 2.1 Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta 2.2 Mission San Antonio de Senecú 2.3 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción de Los Piros de Socorro del Sur 2.4 Mission San Juan Bautista 2.5 Mission Santa María de las Caldas 2.6 Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas 2.7 Mission San Ildefonso 2.8 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria del Cañón 2.9 Mission San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz 3 Footnotes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Within boundaries of Spanish Texas ( edit ) Spanish Texas was a part of New Spain . On its southern edge , Texas was bordered by the province of Coahuila . The boundary between the provinces was set at the line formed by the Medina and the Nueces Rivers , 100 miles ( 161 km ) northeast of the Rio Grande . On the east , Texas bordered French Louisiana . Although Spain claimed that the Red River formed the boundary between the two , France insisted that the border was the Sabine River , 45 miles ( 72 km ) to the west . Mission San Francisco de la Espada ( edit ) Main article : Mission San Francisco de la Espada Mission San Francisco de la Espada The first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada . In 1689 , Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement , Fort Saint Louis . During their expedition , the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people , who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers . The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity , and the following year Alonso De León Mission Espada 's aqueduct led an expedition to establish a mission in East Texas . It was completed near the Hasinai village of Nabedaches in late May , and its first mass was conducted on June 1 , 1690 . In its first two years of existence , the mission faced much hardship , as floodwaters and then drought destroyed their crops . After an epidemic killed half of the local population , the Hasinai became convinced that the missionaries had caused the deaths . Fearing an attack , on October 25 , 1693 the missionaries buried the mission bell , set the building ablaze , and retreated to Mexico . The mission was reestablished on July 3 , 1716 , as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas . In 1721 , it was renamed Mission San Francisco de los Neches . It was moved in 1731 to San Antonio where it was named Mission San Francisco de la Espada . The surviving structure is now part of San Antonio Missions National Historical Park operated by the National Park Service . A commemorative representation of Mission San Francisco de los Tejas , is located in Weches at Mission Tejas State Park . Mission Santísimo Nombre de María ( edit ) Mission Santísimo Nombre de María was the second mission established by the Spanish in East Texas . Built for the native Neches population , the mission opened in September 1690 6 miles ( 10 km ) northeast of Mission San Francisco . The mission consisted of a straw chapel and a house for the priest . It was destroyed by a flood in 1692 . Mission San Juan Capistrano ( edit ) Main article : Mission San Juan Capistrano ( Texas ) Mission San Juan Capistrano Mission San Juan Capistrano had been known as Mission San José de los Nazonis in East Texas . When the mission was relocated to San Antonio in 1731 , it was renamed so as not to cause confusion with Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo . Located 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of Mission San José , San Juan Capistrano served Coahuiltecan natives . It was the most distant of the missions from the presidio at Bexar and was often raided by Apaches . By 1762 , the mission consisted of a stone chapel with stone rooms for the priests and the soldiers who lived at the mission . Rooms made of adobe were built along the walls to house the 200 resident Native American peoples . The mission was secularized in 1794 , with the property divided among the remaining mission Indians . A priest continued to hold church services there , but other mission activities ended . The church has been restored and is still an active parish . Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña ( edit ) The front of Mission Concepción Main article : Mission Concepción This mission was originally established on the Angelina River in East Texas in 1716 as Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Ainais . It served the Ainais tribe . It was closed because of the French threat and reopened in 1721 . In 1730 , it moved temporarily to present - day Austin before moving to San Antonio in 1731 , where it was renamed Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña . The name was changed because the mission no longer served the Ainais tribe , and its new name honored the current viceroy of Mexico . The mission inherited the lands of the closed Mission San Franscisco Xavier de Najera 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of San Antonio de Valero . Most of the Native Americans at the mission were Coahuiltecans who disliked the hard work of mission life . The Native Americans often ran away and were brought back forcibly by soldiers or priests . The current church building was completed in 1755 and is the oldest unrestored stone church in the United States . It is built in the shape of a cross , with walls that are 45 inches ( 1.1 m ) thick . The mission was closed in 1794 , with the property divided among the resident Native Americans , all of whom has left by 1800 . For a time , the buildings were used as a cattle barn , but in 1855 the land and church were given to the Brothers of Mary , who cleaned it and began conducting services again . It is now open to the public for prayer , and is part of the National Park Service . Mission San José de los Nazonis ( edit ) Mission San José de los Nazonis was the third mission established in East Texas in 1716 . Located near a Nazoni village , the mission was near the present - day site of Cushing , Texas . Although the mission closed after the French took the presidio at Los Adaes , it was reopened several years later by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo . In 1730 , it was moved temporarily to what is now Austin , Texas near Barton Springs only for a few months before being permanently relocated to San Antonio , where it became known as San Juan Capistrano . Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ( edit ) Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe was established in 1756 in central Texas near present - day New Braunfels , Texas to serve the local Waco and Tonkawa tribes congregating near the headwaters of the Comal river . It was closed in 1758 because of perceived Comanche depredations and was never protected by a complementing presidio garrison . Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches ( edit ) Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches was established in 1716 in East Texas to serve the Nacogdoche tribe . It closed several years later because of threats from French Louisiana but reopened in 1721 . The mission continued until 1773 , when the Spanish government ordered all of East Texas to be abandoned . In 1779 , Antonio Gil Y'Barbo led a group of settlers who had been removed from Los Adaes to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings . This began the town of Nacogdoches , Texas . Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais ( edit ) Mission Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de los Ais was originally established in 1717 in the area of Ayish Bayou ( modern San Augustine , Texas ) by Father Antonio Margil de Jesus . The mission was built to convert the local Ais Native Americans . Following the Chicken War in 1719 , Spanish officials closed the East Texas missions and Father Margil and others were relocated to San Antonio . During the next year , Father Margil founded Mission San José ( Texas ) . Mission Dolores was reestablished in 1721 . Missionaries continued their work until 1773 when the East Texas missions were once again closed . Archeologists confirmed the location of the mission in the late 1970s . It is one of three archeologically confirmed mission locations in East Texas and the only site open to the public . The City of San Augustine constructed a museum , campground and archeology lab in 2000 . Since July 1 , 2016 the Texas Historical Commission has operated the site as Mission Dolores State Historic Site . Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes ( edit ) Main article : Spanish missions in Louisiana Mission San Miguel de Linares de los Adaes was the fifth mission established in East Texas in 1716 -- 1717 . The mission was to serve the Native American village of Adaes just 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the French fort at Natchitoches , Louisiana . At that time , the Spanish claimed the Red River as the eastern boundary of Texas , so the mission was considered part of Spanish Texas , despite being in what is now considered Louisiana . The mission was attacked by French soldiers in 1719 and was closed . Three years later , the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo reopened the mission , but at a site closer to the Presidio of Los Adaes . The mission remained open until 1773 . Mission San Antonio de Valero ( edit ) Main article : Alamo Mission in San Antonio Mission San Antonio de Valero ( the Alamo ) Mission San Antonio de Valero was established on May 1 , 1718 , as the first Spanish mission along the San Antonio River . It was named for San Antonio de Padua , the patron saint of the mission 's founder , Father Antonio de Olivares as well as for the viceroy of New Spain , the Marquis de Valero . The mission later became known as the Alamo . Its first location was west of San Pedro Springs , and after being moved several times , it was finally established above a bend in the San Antonio River , where it would be easy to defend . The early mission buildings were made of grass , and the first stone building was built in 1727 . The building now known as the Alamo was not built until 1744 , and most of its actual structure does not remain . The mission eventually grew to include a granary , workhouse , and rooms for the priests , native peoples , and soldiers . To protect from frequent Apache raids , a wall surrounded the buildings . Outside the wall were farmlands and ranches owned by the mission . The mission served the Coahuiltecan Native Americans until 1793 , when mission activities ended . At that time the land and livestock were divided among the thirty - nine Indians remaining at the mission . The buildings later served as a home for a Mexican army unit before becoming a military hospital in 1806 . During the Texas Revolution , the buildings served as the site of the Battle of the Alamo , and during the Mexican -- American War supplies for the U.S. Army were stored there . The buildings are now owned by the state of Texas and operated as memorial by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas . Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo ( edit ) Main article : Mission San José ( Texas ) Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo Shortly after its founding , Mission San Antonio de Valero became overcrowded with refugees from the closed East Texas missions , and Father Antonio Margil received permission from the governor of Coahuila and Texas , the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo , to build a new mission . On February 23 , 1720 , the new mission , San José y San Miguel de Aguayo was established 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of San Antonio de Valero . Like San Antonio de Valero , Mission San José served the Coahuiltecan natives . The first buildings , made of brush , straw , and mud , were quickly replaced by large stone structures , including guest rooms , offices , a dining room , and a pantry . A heavy outer wall was built around the main part of the mission , and rooms for 350 Indians were built into the walls . A new church , which still stands , was constructed in 1768 from local limestone . The mission lands were given to its Indians in 1794 , and mission activities officially ended in 1824 . After that , the buildings were home to soldiers , the homeless , and bandits . It was restored in the 1930s and is now a state and national historic site . Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga ( edit ) Main article : Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga was established in 1749 , and referred to as `` Mission La Bahia '' Established in 1722 Matagorda Bay ( whence the name `` La Bahia '' The Bay ) among the Karankawa Indians Moved in 1726 near Victoria Moved in 1749 to La Bahia ( now Goliad , Texas ) The mission became the first large cattle ranch in Texas , with near 40,000 free roaming cattle at the height of production in about 1778 . The large herds of longhorns and mustangs were cared for by the vaquero Indians from the mission . They also grew large crops of grain , fruit and vegetables to support the residents and trade with others . Cattle and livestock were also driven and traded with the other missions in Texas and Louisiana . Final official secularization in February 1830 Restored from ruins by the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration in the 1930s Currently a state historical park operated by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera ( edit ) Mission San Francisco Xavier de Nájera was established in 1722 in San Antonio , as a result of a promise made by the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo , the governor of Spanish Texas . The previous year , Aguayo had asked the El Cuilón ( also known as Juan Rodriguez ) the chief of the Ervipiame and influential among many of the other tribes of Rancheria Grande natives , such as the Yojuanes and the Mayeye to guide him to East Texas to reopen the missions there ; in return , Aguayo promised to open a mission along the San Antonio River for the chief 's tribe . The new mission was established 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of San Antonio de Valero and was initially populated by fifty families under the leadership of El Cuilón . The families did not stay long , and by 1726 the mission closed . Its lands were later given to Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña . Mission santa cruz de San sabá ( edit ) Main article : Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá Established 1757 by the Franciscan Missionaries . They lived among the Lipan Apache people . Was the first place that the Spanish and the Comanche went into a conflict . Destroyed by 2,000 Comanche warriors and their allies in March , 1758 . Even though the mission was gone the neighboring Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas was still running until 1772 . Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario ( edit ) Main article : Mission Nuestra Señora del Rosario Established 1754 4 miles west of La Bahia to serve various Karankawan tribes . The mission developed a vast ranching system during its existence . In 1781 the livestock were transferred to Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga . Rosario was formally combined with Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio on February 7 , 1807 . Rosario was not secularized until 1828 , with the order officially executed in 1831 . Currently the ruins are an archaeological site designated as Mission Rosario State Historic Site and controlled by the State of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department as part of Goliad State Park and Historic Site . Mission San Francisco Xavier de los Dolores ( edit ) Established in 1755 by Pedro de Rábago y Terán established the mission Located on the San Marcos River headwaters in Hays County The Apache people gathered at this site Assets transferred to Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá in 1756 Mission Nuestra Señora de la luz ( edit ) Established 1756 Located near the mouth of the Trinity River north of Wallisville in Chambers County Destroyed by the Karankawa natives and relocated farther North . Sickness and Indian attacks forced the mission to relocate farther north , on the Trinity River 40 miles south of Dallas . This mission then thrived in the cattle and agriculture business It was the 27th mission in Texas . Spain declined in influence in Texas and Mexico took over this mission . The Mexican Roman Catholic diocese of Guanajuato , Mexico took over the mission operations in Texas with a few exceptions . The Mission was isolated from Mexico and began to do trade with the many different groups of Indians , French and Americans . The Fathers of this mission gave the name `` River of the Most Holy Trinity '' or ' Rio de la Santisma Trinidad '' to the Trinity river . Mission Nuestra Señora del Refugio ( edit ) Established February 4 , 1793 , in East Texas Moved in June , 1794 Mosquitos Creek Moved in January , 1795 to Refugio On January 7 , 1830 , the official secularization order was finally executed and Refugio was abandoned . Materials from ruins probably used to build new structures in the early 19th century . The site is presently owned by Our Lady of Refuge Catholic Church . Outside boundaries of Spanish Texas ( edit ) Mission corpus christi de la Ysleta ( edit ) Main article : Ysleta Mission Founded in 1682 The Tiwa tribe gathered at this site Located in El Paso Flooding destroyed the mission twice : once around 1742 and again around 1829 . Present church was constructed in 1851 on higher ground In 1881 , the Jesuits took control and renamed it Mission de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo In 1980 , the name was changed to Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas Still in use as a church today Mission San Antonio de senecú ( edit ) Main article : Senecu , Mexico Established 1682 11⁄4 miles from Ysleta . Settled by Piro people from New Mexico . River moved and now in Ciudad Juárez , Mexico . Mission Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción de Los Piros de Socorro del Sur ( edit ) Main article : Socorro Mission Established 1682 The Piros people gathered at this site Located near Socorro First permanent mission , built in 1691 , was swept away by flood in 1744 Second church was washed away in 1829 Present mission was completed in 1843 Socorro became part of Texas in 1848 Mission San Juan Bautista ( edit ) Established in 1700 - 1702 Site now in Guerrero , Coahuila , Mexico . Coahuiltecan Indians ( Ocán , Pacuache , and Pacal ) gathered at this site 3rd mission of the San Juan Bautista missions Also site of a Presidio Mission Santa María de las Caldas ( edit ) Established in 1730 The Suma people gathered at this site Located at Socorro Closed in 1749 Mission San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas ( edit ) Established in 1745 Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro Yojuane , Mayeye , Ervipiame , Hasinia , Top , and Nabedache gathered at this site Located 5 mi. from Rockdale in Milam County First of 3 San Xavier missions A presidio ( Spanish military outpost ) est . here in 1751 Abandoned in 1755 Mission San Ildefonso ( edit ) Established in 1746 near the mouth of Brushy Creek Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro Located 5 mi. from Rockdale in Milam County Akokisa ( Orocquisa ) , Bidai , and Deadose Indians gathered at this site Second of 3 San Xavier missions Abandoned in 1755 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria del Cañón ( edit ) Established circa 1749 on the south bank of the San Gabriel River Founded by the College of Santa Cruz de Querétaro Located 5 mi. from Rockdale in Milam County The Coco Indians and their allies ( Tops and Karankawas ) gathered at this site Third of 3 San Xavier ( Gabriel ) missions Mission San lorenzo de la santa cruz ( edit ) Founded 1762 among the Franciscan Missionaries for the Lipan Apaches . The first governor of the Lipan Apache here was El Gran Cabezon . Located in current Real County Abandoned 1769 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Weber ( 1992 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mason ( 1974 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Mason ( 1974 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Chipman ( 1992 ) , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Gunnar Brune , `` COMAL SPRINGS , '' Handbook of Texas Online ( 1 ) , accessed March 27 , 2012 . Published by the Texas State Historical Association . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1999 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maxwell ( 1998 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Juliana Barr , Peace Came in the Form of a Woman : Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Barr , Peace Came in the Form , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Goliad Area Historic Sites : Mission Rosario State Historic Site '' . Texas Parks and Wildlife . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Southwest . University of Arizona Press . 1997 . p. 116 . See also ( edit ) Spanish Texas Spanish missions in Louisiana References ( edit ) Chipman , Donald E. ( 1998 ) , Spanish Texas 1519 - 1821 , Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press , ISBN 0 - 292 - 71188 - 3 Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) , The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts , Plano , Texas : Republic of Texas Press , ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 Mason , Herbert Molloy , Jr. ( 1974 ) , Missions of Texas , Birmingham , AL : Southern Living Books Maxwell , Margaret Muenker ( 1997 ) , Let 's Visit Texas Missions , Austin , Texas : Eakin Press , ISBN 1 - 57168 - 197 - 3 Weber , David J. ( 1992 ) , The Spanish Frontier in North America , Yale Western Americana Series , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05198 - 0 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas missions . 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Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Mustang Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire Asiento Law of coartación ( which allowed slaves to buy their freedom , and that of others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_missions_in_Texas&oldid=864640320 '' Categories : Spanish missions in Texas Spanish Texas New Spain Colonial Mexico Colonial United States ( Spanish ) Archaeological sites in Texas History of Catholicism in the United States 18th century in Texas 18th century in Mexico 18th century in New Spain Spanish Colonial architecture in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 14 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who established the first spanish mission in texas	[ "\nThe first mission established within the boundaries of Spanish Texas was San Francisco de la Espada. In 1689, Spanish authorities found the remnants of a French settlement, Fort Saint Louis.[3] During their expedition, the Spanish met representatives of the Caddo people, who lived between the Trinity and the Red Rivers. The Caddo expressed interest in learning about Christianity,[4] and the following year Alonso De León " ]	[ "San Francisco de la Espada" ]
-8586013135113202241	Meet the Robinsons	Meet the Robinsons - Wikipedia Meet the Robinsons Jump to : navigation , search Meet the Robinsons Theatrical release poster Directed by Steve Anderson Produced by Dorothy McKim John Lasseter Screenplay by Jon A. Bernstein Michelle Spritz Nathan Greno Based on A Day with Wilbur Robinson by William Joyce Starring Jordan Fry Wesley Singerman Harland Williams Tom Kenny Steve Anderson Angela Bassett Laurie Metcalf Adam West Tom Selleck Nicole Sullivan Music by Danny Elfman Edited by Ellen Keneshea Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date March 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( UK ) March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) ( US ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $169.3 million Meet the Robinsons is a 2007 American computer - animated science fiction comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 30 , 2007 . The 47th Disney animated feature film , it was released in standard and Disney Digital 3 - D versions . The film is loosely based on characters from the children 's book A Day with Wilbur Robinson , by William Joyce . The voice cast includes Jordan Fry , Wesley Singerman , Harland Williams , Tom Kenny , Steve Anderson , Laurie Metcalf , Adam West , Tom Selleck , and Angela Bassett . It was the first film released after John Lasseter became chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home video 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 6 Soundtrack 7 Video games 8 Cancelled sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot Lewis is an aspiring 12 - year - old inventor at an orphanage whose inventions have been scaring off potential parents . He decides that his mother , who abandoned him at the orphanage as an infant , is the only one who ever truly loved him and works on a machine to scan his memory to locate her . Taking his memory scanner to his school 's science fair , Lewis meets 13 - year - old Wilbur Robinson , a mysterious boy claiming to be a time cop from the future . Wilbur needs to recover a time machine that a man wearing a bowler hat has stolen . Lewis tries to demonstrate the scanner , but it has been sabotaged and falls apart , throwing the science fair into chaos . Upset , Lewis leaves while the Bowler Hat Guy , with the help of a robotic bowler hat named Doris , repairs and steals the scanner . Wilbur meets Lewis at the orphanage and asks him to repair the scanner . Lewis agrees to do so only if Wilbur can prove he is telling the truth , which Wilbur does by taking them to the year 2037 in a second time machine . When they arrive , however , Lewis says he can use the time machine instead of the scanner , and he and Wilbur get into an argument and crash . Wilbur then asks Lewis to fix the time machine , but Lewis has another condition : Wilbur has to take him to visit his mother afterwards . Reluctantly , Wilbur agrees and hides Lewis in the garage . Lewis does n't stay there for long , however , and ends up meeting the rest of the Robinsons except for Cornelius , Wilbur 's father , who is away on a business trip . Following Lewis , the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris unsuccessfully try to kidnap him . Meanwhile , the Robinsons offer to adopt Lewis , but change their mind when they learn that he 's from the past . Wilbur admits to lying to Lewis about taking him back to see his mom , causing Lewis to run off in disgust . Lewis then discovers that Cornelius Robinson is , in fact , a future version of himself , and Wilbur is his future son . Lewis also finds out that the Bowler Hat Guy is a grown - up version of Lewis ' roommate , Michael `` Goob '' Yagoobian . Because he was always kept awake by Lewis doing his projects , Goob fell asleep during an important Little League game . After failing to make an important catch that cost their game , the teammates had beaten him up . Goob became so bitter as a result , that he was never adopted and remained in the orphanage long after it closed . Doris was `` DOR - 15 '' , one of Lewis ' failed and abandoned inventions . They both blamed Lewis for their misfortunes and decided to ruin his career by stealing the memory scanner and claiming credit for it . Leaving Lewis behind , they take off with the scanner , drastically altering the future to a world minus Wilbur and dominated by Doris ' clones who mind controlled the human population into slavery . In a video camera , it is shown that Goob is betrayed and shocked by Doris ' takeover of everyone and is presumably killed by Doris ' clones . Lewis repairs the second time machine , goes to confront Doris and destroys her by promising to never invent her , restoring the future to its Utopian self . After persuasion from Lewis , Wilbur tries to ask the adult Goob to join the family , but he has disappeared , apparently ashamed at what he has done . Back in Wilbur 's time , Lewis finally meets Cornelius face to face . Cornelius explains how the memory scanner had started their successful career , which persuades Lewis to return to the science fair . Wilbur takes Lewis back , but makes one stop first : as he promised , he takes Lewis back to the moment when his mother abandoned him . Lewis nearly stops her from leaving his infant self at the orphanage , but decides not to , explaining to Wilbur that he already has a family . Wilbur drops Lewis off in his own time and leaves . Lewis heads to the fair , but en route wakes up Goob just in time for him to make the winning catch , changing his future . Back at the fair , Lewis asks for one more chance to demonstrate his scanner , which this time succeeds . He is adopted by Lucille , one of the science fair judges , and her husband Bud , who nicknames him `` Cornelius '' and takes him to their home . As Lewis leaves , he turns and waves at Goob , who is also leaving the orphanage with a family of his own and a Little League trophy . The film ends with a quote by Walt Disney containing Lewis / Cornelius ' motto : `` Keep Moving Forward . '' Cast Daniel Hansen and Jordan Fry as Lewis Tom Selleck as Cornelius , Lewis ' older self Wesley Singerman as Wilbur Robinson Harland Williams as Carl Tom Kenny as Mr. Willerstein Steve Anderson as Bowler Hat Guy Matthew Josten as Michael `` Goob '' Yagoobian , Bowler Hat Guy 's younger self Anderson also provided the voices of Grandpa Bud and Cousin Tallulah Angela Bassett as Mildred Laurie Metcalf as Lucille Krunklehorn Adam West as Uncle Art Nicole Sullivan as Franny Robinson Jessie Flower as young Franny Ethan Sandler as : DOR - 15 ( Doris ) Uncle Fritz ( and Aunt Petunia ) Spike and Dimitri Cousin Laszlo The CEO of InventCo Don Hall as Uncle Gaston Hall also provided the voice of the Gym Coach Kelly Hoover as Aunt Billie Tracey Miller - Zarneke as Lizzy Joe Mateo as Tiny Aurian Redson as Frankie the Frog Jamie Cullum as the singing voice of Frankie the Frog Paul Butcher as Stanley Dara McGarry as InventCo Receptionist , Mrs. Harrington John H.H. Ford as Mr. Harrington Nathan Greno as Lefty Production Director Stephen J. Anderson at the film 's premiere Originally titled A Day with Wilbur Robinson , production began in June 2004 , and was scheduled for a 2006 release . While the film was in production , Disney announced on January 24 , 2006 that it would be acquiring Pixar , and as a result , John Lasseter became the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios . When he saw an early screening for the movie , he told the director Stephen Anderson that he did not find the villain scary or threatening enough , and suggested that he make some changes . Ten months later , almost 60 % of the film had been scrapped and redone . The villain had improved and was given a new sidekick , a dinosaur chase had been added , and the ending was changed . Release Over 600 REAL D Cinema digital 3D - equipped theaters presented Disney Digital 3 - D version of the film . The 3D version was preceded by the 1953 Chip ' n Dale 3D short Working for Peanuts . The final credits of the 3D version were left two - dimensional , except for the names of those who converted the film to 3D . Home video The DVD and Blu - ray versions were both released on October 23 , 2007 . Both versions feature 1.78 widescreen aspect ratio and Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound , plus music videos , the `` Family Function 5000 '' game , deleted scenes , and other bonus features . The DVD 's audio commentary contains Anderson 's narration , occasionally interrupted by himself as the Bowler Hat Guy . The Blu - ray also includes uncompressed 5.1 audio and a BD - J game , Bowler Hat Barrage ! . A 3D Blu - ray was released on November 8 , 2011 . As of January 2008 , the DVD had sold approximately 4 million copies . Reception Critical reception The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 66 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 138 reviews with an average score of 6.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states `` Meet the Robinsons is a visually impressive children 's animated film marked by a story of considerable depth . '' Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 61 out of 100 , based on 27 reviews . Realmovienews stated that it has `` a snappy plot that demands close attention as it whizzes back and forth in the space - time continuum , touching on serious ideas and proposing some rather disturbing alternate realities . And the witty story twists are handled with rare subtlety and intelligence . In the end it may get a little weepy and inspirational . But it 's so charming that we do n't mind at all '' . Danny Minton of the Beaumont Journal said that `` The Robinsons might not be a family you want to hang out with , but they sure were fun to meet in this imaginative and beautiful 3 - D experience '' . Andrew L. Urban of Australian Urban Cinefile said that `` Walt Disney stood for fantasy on screen and this is a loving tribute to his legacy '' . Kyle Smith of the New York Post named it the 10th best film of 2007 . Conversely , A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote : `` Meet the Robinsons is surely one of the worst theatrically released animated features issued under the Disney label in quite some time '' , while Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` C '' and said `` This is one bumpy ride '' . Box Office The film grossed $25,123,781 on its opening weekend , falling behind Blades of Glory . Over its theatrical run , it grossed $97,822,171 in the United States and Canada and $71,510,863 in other territories , totaling $169,333,034 worldwide . Soundtrack Meet the Robinsons Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 27 , 2007 Length 52 : 46 Label Walt Disney Producer Danny Elfman Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Chicken Little 2005 Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) Bolt 2008 Singles from Meet the Robinsons `` Little Wonders '' Released : March 13 , 2007 The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 27 , 2007 . Contributors to the album beyond the Danny Elfman score include the Jonas Brothers , Rufus Wainwright , Rob Thomas , Jamie Cullum , The All - American Rejects , and They Might Be Giants . The track `` Little Wonders '' , recorded by Rob Thomas , reached number 5 on the Billboard AC chart and the top 20 in Australia and Canada . All music composed by Danny Elfman , except as noted . No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Another Believer '' Rufus Wainwright 4 : 39 2 . `` Little Wonders '' Rob Thomas 3 : 45 3 . `` The Future Has Arrived '' The All - American Rejects 3 : 05 4 . `` Where Is Your Heart At ? '' ( written by Rufus Wainwright ) Jamie Cullum 2 : 23 5 . `` The Motion Waltz ( Emotional Commotion ) '' Rufus Wainwright 2 : 35 6 . `` Give Me the Simple Life '' Jamie Cullum 2 : 04 7 . `` The Prologue '' 1 : 24 8 . `` To the Future ! '' 1 : 16 9 . `` Meeting the Robinsons '' 1 : 56 10 . `` The Science Fair '' 2 : 47 11 . `` Goob 's Story '' 1 : 01 12 . `` A Family United '' 1 : 37 13 . `` Pop Quiz and the Time Machine Montage '' 3 : 45 14 . `` The Evil Plan '' 4 : 13 15 . `` Doris Has Her Day '' 4 : 58 16 . `` Setting Things Right '' 6 : 00 17 . `` There 's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow '' They Might Be Giants 2 : 00 18 . `` Kids of the Future '' Jonas Brothers 3 : 18 Total length : 52 : 46 The song `` This Much Fun '' by Cowboy Mouth , which was featured in the trailer , was not featured in the film or on the soundtrack . The song `` There 's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow '' was originally from the Disneyland attraction General Electric 's Carousel of Progress . Video Games Main article : Meet the Robinsons ( video game ) Disney 's Meet the Robinsons video game is available from Buena Vista Games for PlayStation 2 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo GameCube , Nintendo DS , and PC . The independent England - based company Climax Group developed their own adaption for the Game Boy Advance . Cancelled sequel DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a sequel to the film , tentatively titled Meet the Robinsons 2 : First Date . However , when John Lasseter became Walt Disney Animation Studios ' new chief creative officer , he called off all future sequels DisneyToon originally planned , including sequels to Chicken Little ( 2005 ) and The Aristocats ( 1970 ) , and refocused on spin - off films and original productions . References Jump up ^ `` Meet the Robinsons '' . Australian Classification . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simon , Ben ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Meet The Robinsons '' . Animated Views . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Robinsons '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Feature Animation Set To Spend ' A Day With Wilbur Robinson ' With New Animated Feature Slated For 2006 '' . PR Newswire . January 11 , 2004 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunkley , Cathy ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` Mouse re-tooning animation strategy '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Holson , Laura ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` John Lasseter : Disney 's new boss re-imagines the Magic Kingdom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` New dimension at Real D '' . HollywoodReporter.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( March 23 , 2007 ) . `` 3D Meet the Robinsons Advertisement , Featurette , and Fun Facts '' . / Film . Retrieved March 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Robinsons ( English / French / Spanish DVD ) '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's Blu - ray 3D Line - up '' . IGN . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Robinsons - Video Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Robinsons - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Robinsons ( 2007 ) Movie Review '' . Real Movie News . Jump up ^ Minton , Danny ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Robinsons - Critic Review '' . Beaumont Journal . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Louise Keller , Andrew L. Urban . `` Meet the Robinsons '' . Australian Urban Cinefile . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic : 2007 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A.O. Scott ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; A Nerdy Orphan Plows Ahead With a Lot of Familiar Novelties '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Say `` So Long ! '' to direct - to - video sequels : DisneyToon Studios tunes out Sharon Morrill `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Meet the Robinsons Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal Animation portal Official website Meet the Robinsons on IMDb Meet the Robinsons at the TCM Movie Database Meet the Robinsons at The Big Cartoon DataBase Meet the Robinsons at Box Office Mojo Meet the Robinsons at Rotten Tomatoes Meet the Robinsons at Metacritic Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Works of William Joyce Books A Day with Wilbur Robinson ( 1990 ) Films Produced Robots ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Directed The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore ( 2012 ) TV series Rolie Polie Olie ( 1998 - 2006 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 - 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_the_Robinsons&oldid=806688603 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2007 computer - animated films 2000s 3D films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy science fiction films American films American animated science fiction films American children 's animated comedy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films Animated comedy films Animated films about dinosaurs Animated films about orphans Animated films about revenge Animated films based on children 's books Directorial debut films Film scores by Danny Elfman Films about families Films set in the 1990s Films set in 2037 Time travel films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Utopian films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the robot's name in meet the robinsons	[ "Lewis is an aspiring 12-year-old inventor at an orphanage whose inventions have been scaring off potential parents. He decides that his mother, who abandoned him at the orphanage as an infant, is the only one who ever truly loved him and works on a machine to scan his memory to locate her. Taking his memory scanner to his school's science fair, Lewis meets 13-year-old Wilbur Robinson, a mysterious boy claiming to be a time cop from the future. Wilbur needs to recover a time machine that a man wearing a bowler hat has stolen. Lewis tries to demonstrate the scanner, but it has been sabotaged and falls apart, throwing the science fair into chaos. Upset, Lewis leaves while the Bowler Hat Guy, with the help of a robotic bowler hat named Doris, repairs and steals the scanner." ]	[ "Doris" ]
835911462537812776	Loving v. Virginia	Loving v. Virginia - wikipedia Loving v. Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court of the United States Argued April 10 , 1967 Decided June 12 , 1967 Full case name Richard Perry Loving , Mildred Jeter Loving v. Virginia Citations 388 U.S. 1 ( more ) 87 S. Ct. 1817 ; 18 L. Ed . 2d 1010 ; 1967 U.S. LEXIS 1082 Argument Oral argument Prior history Defendants convicted , Caroline County Circuit Court ( January 6 , 1959 ) ; motion to vacate judgment denied , Caroline County Circuit Court ( January 22 , 1959 ) ; affirmed in part , reversed and remanded , 147 S.E. 2d 78 ( Va . 1966 ) Holding Bans on interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black William O. Douglas Tom C. Clark John M. Harlan II William J. Brennan Jr . Potter Stewart Byron White Abe Fortas Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Concurrence Stewart Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV ; Va . Code § § 20 -- 58 , 20 -- 59 This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Loving v. Virginia , 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court , which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage . The case was brought by Mildred Loving ( née Jeter ) , a woman of color , and Richard Loving , a white man , who had been sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other . Their marriage violated the state 's anti-miscegenation statute , the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 , which prohibited marriage between people classified as `` white '' and people classified as `` colored '' . The Supreme Court 's unanimous decision determined that this prohibition was unconstitutional , overruling Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) and ending all race - based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States . The decision was followed by an increase in interracial marriages in the U.S. , and is remembered annually on Loving Day , June 12 . It has been the subject of several songs and three movies , including the 2016 film Loving . Beginning in 2013 , it was cited as precedent in U.S. federal court decisions holding restrictions on same - sex marriage in the United States unconstitutional , including in the 2015 Supreme Court decision Obergefell v. Hodges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States 1.2 Plaintiffs 2 Criminal proceedings 2.1 Appellate proceedings 3 Precedents 4 Decision 5 Implications of the decision 5.1 For interracial marriage 5.2 For same - sex marriage 6 Remembrance and representation in popular culture 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Links with the text of the court 's decision 9.2 Other external links Background ( edit ) Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States ( edit ) Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States had been in place in certain states since colonial days . Marriage to a slave was never legal . In the Reconstruction Era in 1865 , the Black Codes across the seven states of the lower South made intermarriage illegal . The new Republican legislatures in six states repealed the restrictive laws . After the Democrats returned to power , the restriction was reimposed . A major concern was how to draw the line between black and white in a society in which white men had many children with black slave women . On the one hand , a person 's reputation as black or white was usually decisive in practical matters . On the other hand , most laws used a `` one drop of blood '' rule , which meant that one black ancestor made a person black in the view of the law . In 1967 , 16 states , mainly Southern , still had anti-miscegenation laws . Plaintiffs ( edit ) Mildred and Richard Loving in 1967 Mildred Delores Loving ( née Jeter ; July 22 , 1939 -- May 2 , 2008 ) was the daughter of Musial ( Byrd ) Jeter and Theoliver Jeter . Mildred 's racial identity has been a point of confusion . She has been noted as self - identifying as Indian - Rappahannock , but was also reported as being of Cherokee , Portuguese , and African American ancestry . During the trial , it seemed clear that she identified herself as black , especially as far as her own lawyer was concerned . However , upon her arrest , the police report identifies her as `` Indian . '' She said in a 2004 interview , `` I have no black ancestry . I am Indian - Rappahannock . '' . A possible contributing factor is that it was seen at the time of her arrest as advantageous to be `` anything but black . '' There was an ingrained history in the state of the denial of African ancestry . Additionally , the frequent racial mixing of Central Point , where she lived , could have contributed to this idea of fluid racial identity . Mildred was known as a quiet and humble woman . She was born and raised in the same rural Virginia community as her husband , Richard . Richard Perry Loving ( October 29 , 1933 -- June 29 , 1975 ) was a white man , and the son of Lola ( Allen ) Loving and Twillie Loving . He was a construction worker . The 1830 census marks Lewis Loving , Richard 's paternal ancestor , as having owned seven slaves . Richard 's grandfather , T.P. Farmer , fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War . Their families both lived in Caroline County , Virginia . The county adhered to strict Jim Crow segregation laws but Central Point had been a visible mixed - race community since the 19th century . Richard 's father worked for one of the wealthiest black men in the county for 25 years . Richard 's closest companions were black , including those he drag - raced with and Mildred 's older brothers . The couple met in high school and fell in love . Richard moved into the Jeter household when Mildred became pregnant . After the Supreme Court case , the couple moved back to Central Point , where Richard built them a house . The couple had three children : Donald , Peggy , and Sidney . Richard Loving died aged 41 in 1975 , when a drunk driver struck his car in Caroline County , Virginia . Mildred Loving lost her right eye in the same accident . She died of pneumonia on May 2 , 2008 , in her home in Central Point , aged 68 . Criminal proceedings ( edit ) At the age of 18 , Mildred became pregnant . In June 1958 , the couple traveled to Washington , D.C. to marry , thereby evading Virginia 's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 , which made marriage between whites and non-whites a crime . They returned to the small town of Central Point , Virginia . Based on an anonymous tip , local police raided their home in the early morning hours of July 11 , 1958 , hoping to find them having sex , given that interracial sex was then also illegal in Virginia . When the officers found the Lovings sleeping in their bed , Mildred pointed out their marriage certificate on the bedroom wall . They were told the certificate was not valid in the Commonwealth . The Lovings were charged under Section 20 - 58 of the Virginia Code , which prohibited interracial couples from being married out of state and then returning to Virginia , and Section 20 - 59 , which classified miscegenation as a felony , punishable by a prison sentence of between one and five years . On January 6 , 1959 , the Lovings pled guilty to `` cohabiting as man and wife , against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth . '' They were sentenced to one year in prison , with the sentence suspended on condition that the couple leave Virginia and not return together for at least 25 years . After their conviction , the couple moved to the District of Columbia . Appellate proceedings ( edit ) In 1964 , frustrated by their inability to travel together to visit their families in Virginia , as well as their social isolation and financial difficulties in Washington , Mildred Loving wrote in protest to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy . Kennedy referred her to the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) . The ACLU assigned volunteer cooperating attorneys Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop , who filed a motion on behalf of the Lovings in the Virginia Caroline County Circuit Court , that requested the court to vacate the criminal judgments and set aside the Lovings ' sentences on the grounds that the Virginia miscegenation statutes ran counter to the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . On October 28 , 1964 , after waiting almost a year for a response to their motion , the ACLU attorneys brought a class action suit in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . This prompted the county court judge in the case , Leon M. Bazile , to issue a ruling on the long - pending motion to vacate . Echoing Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 's 18th - century interpretation of race , the local court wrote : Almighty God created the races white , black , yellow , malay and red , and he placed them on separate continents . And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages . The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix . On January 22 , 1965 , a three - judge district court panel postponed decision on the federal class - action case while the Lovings appealed Judge Bazile 's decision on constitutional grounds to the Virginia Supreme Court . Justice Harry L. Carrico ( later Chief Justice of the Court ) wrote an opinion for the court upholding the constitutionality of the anti-miscegenation statutes . While he upheld their criminal convictions , he directed that their sentence be modified . Carrico cited as authority the Virginia Supreme Court 's decision in Naim v. Naim ( 1955 ) and argued that the Lovings ' case was not a violation of the Equal Protection Clause because both the white and the non-white spouse were punished equally for the crime of miscegenation , an argument similar to that made by the United States Supreme Court in 1883 in Pace v. Alabama . The Lovings , still supported by the ACLU , appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court , where Virginia was represented by Robert McIlwaine of the state 's attorney general 's office . The Lovings did not attend the oral arguments in Washington , but one of their lawyers , Bernard S. Cohen , conveyed the message he had been given by Richard Loving : `` Mr. Cohen , tell the Court I love my wife , and it is just unfair that I ca n't live with her in Virginia . '' Precedents ( edit ) U.S. States , by the date of repeal of anti-miscegenation laws : No laws passed 1780 to 1887 1948 to 1967 After 1967 Before Loving v. Virginia , there had been several cases on the subject of interracial sexual relations . Within the state of Virginia , on Oct. 3 , 1878 , in Kinney v . The Commonwealth , the Supreme Court of Virginia ruled that the marriage legalized in Washington , D.C. between Andrew Kinney , a black man , and Mahala Miller , a white woman , was `` invalid '' in Virginia . In the national case of Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the conviction of an Alabama couple for interracial sex , affirmed on appeal by the Alabama Supreme Court , did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment . Interracial marital sex was deemed a felony , whereas extramarital sex ( `` adultery or fornication '' ) was only a misdemeanor . On appeal , the United States Supreme Court ruled that the criminalization of interracial sex was not a violation of the equal protection clause because whites and non-whites were punished in equal measure for the offense of engaging in interracial sex . The court did not need to affirm the constitutionality of the ban on interracial marriage that was also part of Alabama 's anti-miscegenation law , since the plaintiff , Mr. Pace , had chosen not to appeal that section of the law . After Pace v. Alabama , the constitutionality of anti-miscegenation laws banning marriage and sex between whites and non-whites remained unchallenged until the 1920s . In Kirby v. Kirby ( 1921 ) , Mr. Kirby asked the state of Arizona for an annulment of his marriage . He charged that his marriage was invalid because his wife was of `` negro '' descent , thus violating the state 's anti-miscegenation law . The Arizona Supreme Court judged Mrs. Kirby 's race by observing her physical characteristics and determined that she was of mixed race , therefore granting Mr. Kirby 's annulment . In the Monks case ( Estate of Monks , 4 . Civ. 2835 , Records of California Court of Appeals , Fourth district ) , the Superior Court of San Diego County in 1939 decided to invalidate the marriage of Marie Antoinette and Allan Monks because she was deemed to have `` one eighth negro blood '' . The court case involved a legal challenge over the conflicting wills that had been left by the late Allan Monks ; an old one in favor of a friend named Ida Lee , and a newer one in favor of his wife . Lee 's lawyers charged that the marriage of the Monkses , which had taken place in Arizona , was invalid under Arizona state law because Marie Antoinette was `` a Negro '' and Alan had been white . Despite conflicting testimony by various expert witnesses , the judge defined Mrs. Monks ' race by relying on the anatomical `` expertise '' of a surgeon . The judge ignored the arguments of an anthropologist and a biologist that it was impossible to tell a person 's race from physical characteristics . Monks then challenged the Arizona anti-miscegenation law itself , taking her case to the California Court of Appeals , Fourth District . Monks ' lawyers pointed out that the anti-miscegenation law effectively prohibited Monks as a mixed - race person from marrying anyone : `` As such , she is prohibited from marrying a negro or any descendant of a negro , a Mongolian or an Indian , a Malay or a Hindu , or any descendants of any of them . Likewise ... as a descendant of a negro she is prohibited from marrying a Caucasian or a descendant of a Caucasian ... '' The Arizona anti-miscegenation statute thus prohibited Monks from contracting a valid marriage in Arizona , and was therefore an unconstitutional constraint on her liberty . However , the court dismissed this argument as inapplicable , because the case presented involved not two mixed - race spouses but a mixed - race and a white spouse : `` Under the facts presented the appellant does not have the benefit of assailing the validity of the statute . '' Dismissing Monks ' appeal in 1942 , the United States Supreme Court refused to reopen the issue . The turning point came with Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) , also known as Perez v. Lippold . In Perez , the Supreme Court of California recognized that bans on interracial marriage violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution . Decision ( edit ) The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Lovings ' convictions in a unanimous decision dated June 12 , 1967 , dismissing the Commonwealth of Virginia 's argument that a law forbidding both white and black persons from marrying persons of another race and providing identical penalties to white and black violators could not be construed as racially discriminatory . The court ruled that Virginia 's anti-miscegenation statute violated both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Chief Justice Earl Warren 's opinion for the unanimous court held that : Marriage is one of the `` basic civil rights of man , '' fundamental to our very existence and survival ... To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes , classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment , is surely to deprive all the State 's citizens of liberty without due process of law . The Fourteenth Amendment requires that the freedom of choice to marry not be restricted by invidious racial discrimination . Under our Constitution , the freedom to marry , or not marry , a person of another race resides with the individual and can not be infringed by the State . The court concluded that anti-miscegenation laws were racist and had been enacted to perpetuate white supremacy : There is patently no legitimate overriding purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination which justifies this classification . The fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own justification , as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy . Associate Justice Potter Stewart filed a brief concurring opinion . He reiterated his opinion from McLaughlin v. Florida that `` it is simply not possible for a state law to be valid under our Constitution which makes the criminality of an act depend upon the race of the actor . '' Implications of the decision ( edit ) For interracial marriage ( edit ) Despite the Supreme Court 's decision , anti-miscegenation laws remained on the books in several states , although the decision had made them unenforceable . Local judges in Alabama continued to enforce that state 's anti-miscegenation statute until the Nixon administration obtained a ruling from a U.S. District Court in United States v. Brittain in 1970 . In 2000 , Alabama became the last state to adapt its laws to the Supreme Court 's decision , when 60 % of voters endorsed a ballot initiative that removed anti-miscegenation language from the state constitution . After Loving v. Virginia , the number of interracial marriages continued to increase across the United States and in the South . In Georgia , for instance , the number of interracial marriages increased from 21 in 1967 to 115 in 1970 . At the national level , 0.4 % of marriages were interracial in 1960 , 2.0 % in 1980 , 12 % in 2013 , and 16 % in 2015 , almost 50 years after Loving . For same - sex marriage ( edit ) Loving v. Virginia was discussed in the context of the public debate about same - sex marriage in the United States . In Hernandez v. Robles ( 2006 ) , the majority opinion of the New York Court of Appeals -- that state 's highest court -- declined to rely on the Loving case when deciding whether a right to same - sex marriage existed , holding that `` the historical background of Loving is different from the history underlying this case . '' In the 2010 federal district court decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger , overturning California 's Proposition 8 which restricted marriage to opposite - sex couples , Judge Vaughn R. Walker cited Loving v. Virginia to conclude that `` the ( constitutional ) right to marry protects an individual 's choice of marital partner regardless of gender '' . On narrower grounds , the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed . In June 2007 , on the 40th anniversary of the Supreme Court 's decision in Loving , Mildred Loving issued a statement that said : I believe all Americans , no matter their race , no matter their sex , no matter their sexual orientation , should have that same freedom to marry ... I am still not a political person , but I am proud that Richard 's and my name is on a court case that can help reinforce the love , the commitment , the fairness and the family that so many people , black or white , young or old , gay or straight , seek in life . I support the freedom to marry for all . That 's what Loving , and loving , are all about . Up until 2014 , five U.S. Courts of Appeals considered the constitutionality of state bans on same - sex marriage . In doing so they interpreted or used the Loving ruling differently : The Fourth and Tenth Circuits used Loving along with other cases like Zablocki v. Redhail and Turner v. Safley to demonstrate that the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized a `` fundamental right to marry '' that a state can not restrict unless it meets the court 's `` heightened scrutiny '' standard . Using that standard , both courts struck down state bans on same - sex marriage . Two other courts of appeals , the Seventh and Ninth Circuits , struck down state bans on the basis of a different line of argument . Instead of `` fundamental rights '' analysis , they reviewed bans on same - sex marriage as discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation . The former cited Loving to demonstrate that the Supreme Court did not accept tradition as a justification for limiting access to marriage . The latter cited Loving as quoted in United States v. Windsor on the question of federalism : `` state laws defining or regulating marriage , of course , must respect the constitutional rights of persons '' . The only Court of Appeals to uphold state bans on same - sex marriage , the Sixth Circuit , said that when the Loving decision discussed marriage it was referring only to marriage between persons of the opposite sex . In Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) , which decided the issue , the Supreme Court invoked Loving , among other cases , as precedent for its holding that states are required to allow same - sex marriages under both the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution . The court 's decision in Obergefell cited Loving nearly a dozen times , and was based on the same principles -- equality and an unenumerated right to marriage . During oral argument , the eventual author of the majority opinion , Justice Anthony Kennedy , noted that the decisions holding racial segregation and bans on interracial marriage unconstitutional ( Brown v. Board of Education and Loving , respectively ) , were made about 13 years apart , much like the decision prohibiting bans on same - sex sexual activity ( Lawrence v. Texas ) and Obergefell . Remembrance and representation in popular culture ( edit ) In the United States , June 12 , the date of the decision , has become known as Loving Day , an annual unofficial celebration of interracial marriages . In 2014 , Mildred Loving was honored as one of the Library of Virginia 's `` Virginia Women in History '' . In 2017 , the Virginia Department of Historic Resources dedicated a state historical marker , which tells the story of the Lovings , outside the Patrick Henry Building in Richmond -- the former site of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals . The story of the Lovings became the basis of several films : The first , Mr. and Mrs. Loving ( 1996 ) , was written and directed by Richard Friedenberg and starred Lela Rochon , Timothy Hutton , and Ruby Dee . According to Mildred Loving , `` not much of it was very true . The only part of it right was I had three children . '' The second film , Nancy Buirski 's documentary The Loving Story , premiered on HBO in February 2012 and won a Peabody Award that year . A third film , Loving , was released in 2016 , directed by Jeff Nichols and starring Ruth Negga and Joel Edgerton as the Lovings . The film is based on Buirski 's documentary . Negga received an Academy Award nomination for her performance . A 2015 novel by the French journalist Gilles Biassette , L'amour des Loving ( `` The Love of the Lovings '' , ISBN 978 - 2917559598 ) , recounts the life of the Lovings and their case . A photo - essay about the couple by Grey Villet , created just before the case , was republished in 2017 . Nanci Griffith 's 2009 album The Loving Kind is named for the Lovings and includes a song about them . A four - part film , The Loving Generation , premiered on Topic.com in February 2018 . Directed and produced by Lacey Schwartz and Mehret Mandefro , it explores the lives of biracial children born after the Loving decision . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Wallenstein , `` Reconstruction , Segregation , and Miscegenation : Interracial Marriage and the Law in the Lower South , 1865 -- 1900 . '' American Nineteenth Century History 6 # 1 ( 2005 ) : 57 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Loving , 388 U.S. at 6 . Jump up ^ Mildred Loving obituary Archived 2016 - 10 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . accessed 10 / 26 / 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` What You Did n't Know About Loving v. Virginia '' . Time . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lawing , Charles B. `` Loving v. Virginia and the Hegemony of `` Race '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dionne ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Staples , Brent ( 2008 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Opinion Loving v. Virginia and the Secret History of Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rathbone , Mark ( April 2009 ) . `` Mildred Loving '' . General OneFile : 32 + . Jump up ^ Lavender , Abraham ( 2014 ) . `` Loving , Richard ( 1933 -- 1975 ) , and Mildred Loving ( 1939 -- 2008 ) '' . Culture Wars in America : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , edited by Roger Chapman and James Ciment , 2nd ed . Jump up ^ `` The White and Black Worlds of ' Loving v. Virginia ' '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Staples , Brent ( 2008 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Opinion Loving v. Virginia and the Secret History of Race '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Douglas Martin ( May 6 , 2008 ) . `` Mildred Loving , Who Battled Ban on Mixed - Race Marriage Dies at 68 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . The Lovings ' son Donald died in 2000 . In addition to her daughter , Peggy Fortune , who lives in Milford , Va. , Mrs. Loving is survived by her son , Sidney , of Tappahannock , Va. ; eight grandchildren ; and 11 great - grandchildren . Jump up ^ `` RICHARD P. LOVING ; IN LAND MARK SUIT ; Figure in High Court Ruling on Miscegenation Dies '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1975 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` died : Mildred Jeter Loving ( 1939 - 2008 ) '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . 60 : 83 . Summer 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Racial Integrity Laws ( 1924 -- 1930 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Douglas . `` Mildred Loving , Who Battled Ban on Mixed - Race Marriage , Dies at 68 '' Archived 2016 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , New York Times , May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mildred Loving - Civil Rights Activist - Biography.com '' . Biography.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Judgment Against Richard and Mildred Loving ( January 6 , 1959 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Earl Warren ( June 12 , 1967 ) . `` LOVING v. VIRGINIA '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . On January 6 , 1959 , the Lovings pleaded guilty to the charge and were sentenced to one year in jail ; however , the trial judge suspended the sentence for a period of 25 years on the condition that the Lovings leave the State and not return to Virginia together for 25 years ... After their convictions , the Lovings took up residence in the District of Columbia . Jump up ^ `` Mildred Loving , Key Figure in Civil Rights Era , Dies '' Archived 2017 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Online News Hour , May 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Opinion of Judge Bazile in Commonwealth v. Loving ( January 22 , 1965 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Loving v. Commonwealth ( March 7 , 1966 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Loving v. Commonwealth Archived 2014 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . 206 Va . 924 ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Kate Sheppard , `` ' The Loving Story ' : How an Interracial Couple Changed a Nation '' Archived 2017 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , Mother Jones , Feb 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Loving v. Virginia oral argument transcript '' . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Also quoted in Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Archived 2012 - 12 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopedia Virginia Jump up ^ Brown , DeNeen ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Before Loving v. Virginia , another interracial couple fought in court for their marriage '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascoe 1996 , pp. 49 -- 51 Jump up ^ Pascoe 1996 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Pascoe 1996 , p. 60 Jump up ^ `` Loving v. Virginia '' . June 12 , 1967 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Loving v. Virginia ( June 12 , 1967 ) '' . www.encyclopediavirginia.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Brittain , 319 F. Supp. 1058 -- Dist . Court , ND Alabama 1970 '' . Google Scholar . U.S. District Court for Northern Alabama . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Jack ( December 4 , 1970 ) . `` Government Seeks to Allow A Mixed Marriage in Alabama '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( November 12 , 2000 ) . `` November 5 -- 11 ; Marry at Will '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . The margin by which the measure passed was itself a statement . A clear majority , 60 percent , voted to remove the miscegenation statute from the state constitution , but 40 percent of Alabamans -- nearly 526,000 people -- voted to keep it . Jump up ^ `` Interracial marriage flourishes in U.S. '' MSNBC. April 15 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , The Changing Nature of Interracial Marriage in Georgia : A Research Note , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Race of Wife by Race of Husband : 1960 , 1970 , 1980 , 1991 , and 1992 '' . census.gov . U.S. Bureau of the Census . 1994 - 07 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interracial marriage : Who is ' marrying out ' ? '' . Pew Research Center . 12 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Intermarriage across the U.S. by metro area '' . Pew Research Center 's Social & Demographic Trends Project . 18 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Trei , Lisa ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` Loving v. Virginia provides roadmap for same - sex marriage advocates '' . News.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez v. Robles , 855 NE. 3d 1 ( N.Y. 2006 ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Perry v. Schwarzenegger Archived 2013 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , 704 F. Supp. 2d 921 ( N.D. Cal. 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Nagoruney , Adam ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Court Strikes Down Ban on Gay Marriage in California '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry v. Brown Archived 2012 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , 671 F. 3d 1052 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hiogan , Bill ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Mildred Loving : She Blazed a Trail for Marriage Equality '' . AARP Bulletin . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mildred Loving , 40 Years Later '' . The Atlantic . June 18 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Bostic v. Shaefer '' . Scribd.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit . July 28 , 2014 . pp. 41 -- 2 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Perhaps most notably , in Loving v. Virginia , the Supreme Court invalidated a Virginia law that prohibited white individuals from marrying individuals of other races . The Court explained that ' ( t ) he freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men ' and that no valid basis justified the Virginia law 's infringement of that right . ( citations omitted ) Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Kitchen v. Herbert '' . Scribd.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit . June 25 , 2014 . pp. 24 -- 30 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Baskin v. Bogan and Wolf v. Walker '' . Scribd.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . September 4 , 2014 . p. 28 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Latta v. Otter '' . Scribd.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . October 7 , 2014 . p. 29 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , DeBoer v. Snyder '' . Scribd.com . U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . November 6 , 2014 . pp. 28ff . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Matters do not change because Loving v. Virginia held that ' marriage ' amounts to a fundamental right ... In referring to ' marriage ' rather than `` opposite - sex marriage , '' Loving confirmed only that ' opposite - sex marriage ' would have been considered redundant , not that marriage included same - sex couples . Loving did not change the definition . ( citations omitted ) Jump up ^ 576 U.S. ____ ( 2015 ) , slip op . Archived 2015 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , at 19 Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Anthony Kennedy and the Ghost of Earl Warren '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Women in History : Mildred Delores Jeter Loving '' . Library of Virginia . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia to honor interracial marriage with state historical marker '' . WTVR.com. 8 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ * Mr. & Mrs. Loving on IMDb Jump up ^ Dionne Walker ( June 10 , 2007 ) . `` Pioneer of interracial marriage looks back '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 40 years of interracial marriage : Mildred Loving reflects on breaking the color barrier '' . International Herald - Tribune . Associated Press . June 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Scenes From a Marriage That Segregationists Tried to Break Up '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Loving Story Archived 2012 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed March 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ 72nd Annual Peabody Awards Archived 2014 - 09 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , May 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahuzier , Marc ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` L'amour en noir et blanc '' . Ouest - France . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Villet , Barbara ; Villet , Grey ( February 14 , 2017 ) . The Lovings : An Intimate Portrait . Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 1616895563 . Jump up ^ `` The Loving Generation '' . Topic.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Branigin , Anne ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` The Loving Generation Explores the Lives of Biracial Children Born After Mixed - Race Marriages Were Legalized '' . The Root . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Anna ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Black With ( Some ) White Privilege '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Villet , Grey ( 2017 ) . The Lovings : An Intimate Portrait . Aldridge , Delores ( 1973 ) . `` The Changing Nature of Interracial Marriage in Georgia : A Research Note '' . Journal of Marriage and the Family . 35 ( 4 ) : 641 -- 642 . doi : 10.2307 / 350877 . JSTOR 350877 . Annella , M. ( 1967 ) . `` Interracial Marriages in Washington , D.C '' . Journal of Negro Education . 36 ( 4 ) : 428 -- 433 . doi : 10.2307 / 2294264 . JSTOR 2294264 . Barnett , Larry ( 1963 ) . `` Research on International and Interracial Marriages '' . Marriage and Family Living . 25 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 107 . doi : 10.2307 / 349019 . JSTOR 349019 . Brower , Brock ; Kennedy , Randall L. ( 2003 ) . `` ' Irrepressible Intimacies ' . Review of Interracial Intimacies : Sex , Marriage , Identity , and Adoption , by Randall L. Kennedy '' . Journal of Blacks in Higher Education . 40 ( 40 ) : 120 -- 124 . doi : 10.2307 / 3134064 . JSTOR 3134064 . Coolidge , David Orgon ( 1998 ) . `` Playing the Loving Card : Same - Sex Marriage and the Politics of Analogy '' . BYU Journal of Public Law . 12 : 201 -- 238 . DeCoste , F.C. ( 2003 ) . `` The Halpren Transformation : Same - Sex Marriage , Civil Society , and the Limits of Liberal Law '' . Alberta Law Review . 41 : 619 -- 642 . Foeman , Anita Kathy & Nance , Teresa ( 1999 ) . `` From Miscegenation to Multiculturalism : Perceptions and Stages of Interracial Relationship Development '' . Journal of Black Studies . 29 ( 4 ) : 540 -- 557 . doi : 10.1177 / 002193479902900405 . Hopkins , C. Quince ( 2004 ) . `` Variety in U.S Kinship Practices , Substantive Due Process Analysis and the Right to Marry '' . BYU Journal of Public Law . 18 : 665 -- 679 . Kalmijn , Matthijs ( 1998 ) . `` Intermarriage and Homogamy : Causes , Patterns , Trends '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 24 ( 24 ) : 395 -- 421 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 24.1. 395 . PMID 12321971 . Koppelman , Andrew ( 1988 ) . `` The Miscegenation Analogy : Sodomy Law as Sex Discrimination '' . Yale Law Journal . 98 : 145 -- 164 . Newbeck , Phyl ( 2004 ) . Virginia has n't always been for lovers . Pascoe , Peggy ( 1996 ) . `` Miscegenation Law , Court Cases , and Ideologies of ' Race ' in Twentieth - Century America '' . Journal of American History . 83 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 2945474 . JSTOR 2945474 . Pratt , Robert A. ( 1997 ) . `` Crossing the color line : A historical assessment and personal narrative of Loving v. Virginia '' . Howard Law Journal . 41 : 229 . Wadlington , Walter ( November 1967 ) . Domestic Relations . Wallenstein , Peter ( 2014 ) . Race , Sex , and the Freedom to Marry : Loving v. Virginia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 2000 - 5 . Wildman , Stephanie ( 2002 ) . `` Interracial Intimacy and the Potential for Social Change : Review of Interracial Intimacy : The Regulation of Race and Romance by Rachel F. Moran '' . Berkeley Women 's Law Journal . 17 : 153 -- 164 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 309743 . Yancey , George & Yancey , Sherelyn ( 1998 ) . `` Interracial Dating : Evidence from Personal Advertisements '' . Journal of Family Issues . 19 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 348 . doi : 10.1177 / 019251398019003006 . Christopher Leslie , Justice Alito 's Dissent in Loving v. Virginia , University of California , 1564 , 2004 . Dorothy Robert , Loving v. Virginia as a civil rights decision , 177 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Links with the text of the court 's decision ( edit ) Works related to Loving v. Virginia at Wikisource Text of Loving v. Virginia , 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar OpenJurist Oyez Other external links ( edit ) A Groundbreaking Interracial Marriage ; Loving v. Virginia at 40 . ABC News interview with Mildred Jeter Loving & video of original 1967 broadcast . June 14 , 2007 . Resources at Oyez.org including complete audio of the oral arguments . Loving Decision : 40 Years of Legal Interracial Unions , National Public Radio : All Things Considered , June 11 , 2007 . The Fortieth Anniversary of Loving v. Virginia : The Legal Legacy of the Case that Ended Legal Prohibitions on Interracial Marriage , Findlaw commentary by Joanna Grossman . Chin , Gabriel and Hrishi Karthikeyan , ( 2002 ) Asian Law Journal , vol. 9 `` Preserving Racial Identity : Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans , 1910 -- 1950 '' Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. 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Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. 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Gray Isaac , Edwilda Allen Edwilda Allen Isaac Johnson , Katherine Katherine Johnson King , Ana Ines Barragan Ana Ines Barragan King Masters , Betty Betty Masters Oberndorf , Meyera Meyera Oberndorf 2017 Crouse - Mays , Doris Doris Crouse - Mays Foley , Corazon Sandoval Corazon Sandoval Foley Houston , Nora Nora Houston Hudson , Cynthia Eppes Cynthia Eppes Hudson Jones , Mary Virginia Mary Virginia Jones McCraw , Louise Harrison Louise Harrison McCraw Moore , Undine Smith Undine Smith Moore Rollins , Martha Martha Rollins 2018 Adegbalola , Gaye Todd Gaye Todd Adegbalola Dove , Rita Rita Dove Gibbons , Isabella Isabella Gibbons Hasegawa , Marii Kyogoku Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa James , Kay Coles Kay Coles James Kingsolver , Barbara Barbara Kingsolver Marshall , Mary Aydelotte Rice Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall , Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_v._Virginia&oldid=842812312 '' Categories : 1967 in Virginia 1967 in United States case law 20th century American trials Civil rights movement African - American history of Virginia American Civil Liberties Union litigation Caroline County , Virginia Legal history of Virginia Marriage , unions and partnerships in the United States Multiracial affairs in the United States Native American history Race and law in the United States United States civil rights case law United States equal protection case law United States family case law United States substantive due process case law United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court Rappahannock people Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Русский Српски / srpski Suomi 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	1967 supreme court case loving v virginia a case which legally allowed	[ "Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967) is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage." ]	[ "interracial marriage" ]
289446786776776019	Home run	Home run - wikipedia Home run For other uses , see Home run ( disambiguation ) . Barry Bonds holds the all - time home run record in Major League Baseball Sadaharu Oh , pictured here in 2006 , holds the officially verified all - time world home run record in professional baseball . In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the `` inside - the - park '' home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit , and a run for each runner that scores including the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams -- hence the old saying , variously attributed to slugger Ralph Kiner , or to a teammate talking about Kiner , `` Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords . '' Contents 1 Types of home runs 1.1 Out of the park 1.2 Inside - the - park home run 2 Number of runs batted in 2.1 Grand slam 3 Specific situation home runs 3.1 Walk - off home run 3.2 Lead - off home run 3.3 Back - to - back 3.4 Consecutive home runs by one batter 3.5 Home run cycle 4 History 5 Records 6 Instant replay 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Types of home runs ( edit ) Out of the park ( edit ) If a batted ball hits the foul pole ( orange pole on the right ) , the ball is fair and a home run is awarded to the batter In modern times a home run is most often scored when the ball is hit over the outfield wall between the foul poles ( in fair territory ) before it touches the ground ( in flight ) , and without being caught or deflected back onto the field by a fielder . A batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground , as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory . Additionally , many major - league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run ; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for an umpire to judge . A batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground is not a home run , but an automatic double for the batter ( often colloquially called a `` ground rule double '' ) . A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt , and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out , even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall . However , since the fielder is not part of the field , a ball that bounces off a fielder ( including his glove ) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run . A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove , cap , or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball , and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that , in the umpire 's judgment , would have otherwise been a home run ( this is rare in modern professional baseball ) . A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run . The ball is dead , even if it rebounds back onto the field ( e.g. , from striking a foul pole ) , and the batter and any preceding runners can not be put out at any time while running the bases . However , if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate , that runner or runners can be called out on appeal , though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so wo n't cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base ( or home plate in the case of missing third base ) . This stipulation is in Approved Ruling ( 2 ) of Rule 7.10 ( b ) . Inside - the - park home run ( edit ) Main article : Inside - the - park home run An inside - the - park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out . Unlike with an outside - the - park home run , the batter - runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases . This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield . In the early days of baseball , outfields were relatively much more spacious , reducing the likelihood of an over-the - fence home run , while increasing the likelihood of an inside - the - park home run , as a ball getting past an outfielder had more distance that it could roll before a fielder could track it down . Modern outfields are much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the game 's early days , therefore inside - the - park home runs are now a rarity . They usually occur when a fast runner hits the ball deep into the outfield and the ball bounces in an unexpected direction away from the nearest outfielder ( e.g. , off a divot in the grass or off the outfield wall ) , or an outfielder misjudges the flight of the ball in a way that he can not quickly recover from the mistake ( e.g. , by diving and missing ) . The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks . If any defensive play on an inside - the - park home run is labeled an error by the official scorer , a home run is not scored ; instead , it is scored as a single , double , or triple , and the batter - runner and any applicable preceding runners are said to have taken all additional bases on error . All runs scored on such a play , however , still count . An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All - Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10 , 2007 . Ichiro Suzuki of the American League team hit a fly ball that caromed off the right - center field wall in the opposite direction from where National League right fielder Ken Griffey , Jr. was expecting it to go . By the time the ball was relayed , Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up . This was the first inside - the - park home run in All - Star Game history , and led to Suzuki being named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Number of runs batted in ( edit ) Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time . A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a `` one - run homer '' , but rather a solo home run , solo homer , or `` solo shot '' . With one runner on base , two runs are scored ( the baserunner and the batter ) and thus the home run is often called a two - run homer or two - run shot . Similarly , a home runs with two runners on base is a three - run homer or three - run shot . The term `` four - run homer '' is seldom used ; instead , it is nearly always called a `` grand slam '' . Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter 's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team . Grand slam ( edit ) Main article : Grand slam ( baseball ) A grand slam occurs when the bases are `` loaded '' ( that is , there are base runners standing at first , second , and third base ) and the batter hits a home run . According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , the term originated in the card game of contract bridge . An inside - the - park grand slam is a grand slam that is also an inside - the - park home run , a home run without the ball leaving the field , and it is very rare , due to the relative rarity of loading the bases along with the significant rarity ( nowadays ) of inside - the - park home runs . On July 25 , 1956 , Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to have ever scored a walk - off inside - the - park grand slam in a 9 -- 8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs , at Forbes Field . On April 23 , 1999 , Fernando Tatís made history by hitting two grand slams in one inning , both against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers . With this feat , Tatís also set a Major League record with 8 RBI in one inning . On July 29 , 2003 against the Texas Rangers , Bill Mueller of the Boston Red Sox became the only player in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game from opposite sides of the plate . In fact , he hit three home runs in that game , and his two grand slams were in consecutive at - bats . On August 25 , 2011 the New York Yankees became the first team to hit three grand slams in one game vs the Oakland A 's . The Yankees eventually went on to win the game 22 -- 9 , after trailing 7 -- 1 . Specific situation home runs ( edit ) These types of home runs are characterized by the specific game situation in which they occur , and can theoretically occur on either an outside - the - park or inside - the - park home run . Walk - off home run ( edit ) Main article : Walk - off home run A walk - off home run is a home run hit by the home team in the bottom of the ninth inning , any extra inning , or other scheduled final inning , which gives the home team the lead and thereby ends the game . The term is attributed to Hall of Fame relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley , so named because after the run is scored , the losing team has to `` walk off '' the field . Two World Series have ended via the `` walk - off '' home run . The first was the 1960 World Series when Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a 9th inning solo home run in the 7th game of the series off New York Yankees pitcher Ralph Terry to give the Pirates the World Championship . The second time was the 1993 World Series when Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays hit a 9th inning 3 - run home run off Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Mitch Williams in Game 6 of the series , to help the Toronto Blue Jays capture their second World Series Championship in a row . Such a home run can also be called a `` sudden death '' or `` sudden victory '' home run . That usage has lessened as `` walk - off home run '' has gained favor . Along with Mazeroski 's 1960 shot , the most famous walk - off or sudden - death homer would probably be the `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' hit by Bobby Thomson to win the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants , along with many other game - ending home runs that famously ended some of the most important and suspenseful baseball games . A walk - off home run over the fence is an exception to baseball 's one - run rule . Normally if the home team is tied or behind in the ninth or extra innings the game ends as soon as the home team scores enough runs to achieve a lead . If the home team has two outs in the inning , and the game is tied , the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate -- whichever happens last . However , this is superseded by the `` ground rule '' , which provides automatic doubles ( when a ball - in - play hits the ground first then leaves the playing field ) and home runs ( when a ball - in - play leaves the playing field without ever touching the ground ) . In the latter case , all base runners including the batter are allowed to cross the plate . Lead - off home run ( edit ) A lead - off home run is a home run hit by the first batter of a team , the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game . In MLB , Rickey Henderson holds the record with 81 lead - off home runs . Craig Biggio holds the National League record with 53 , third overall to Henderson , and Soriano with 54 . In 1996 , Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead - off home run in four consecutive games . Back - to - back ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( August 2015 ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When two consecutive batters each hit a home run , this is described as back - to - back home runs . It is still considered back - to - back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers . A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back - to - back - to - back . Four home runs in a row by consecutive batters has only occurred eight times in the history of Major League Baseball . Following convention , this is called back - to - back - to - back - to - back . The most recent occurrence was on July 27 , 2017 , when the Washington Nationals hit four in a row against the Milwaukee Brewers in Nationals Park as Brian Goodwin , Wilmer Difo , Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman homered off pitcher Michael Blazek . Blazek became the fourth pitcher to surrender back - to - back - to - back - to - back home runs , following Paul Foytack on July 31 , 1963 , Chase Wright on April 22 , 2007 , and Dave Bush . On August 14 , 2008 , the Chicago White Sox defeated the Kansas City Royals 9 - 2 . In this game , Jim Thome , Paul Konerko , Alexei Ramírez , and Juan Uribe hit back - to - back - to - back - to - back home runs in that order . Thome , Konerko , and Ramirez blasted their homers off of Joel Peralta , while Uribe did it off of Rob Tejeda . The next batter , veteran backstop Toby Hall , tried aimlessly to hit the ball as far as possible , but his effort resulted in a strike out . On April 22 , 2007 the Boston Red Sox were trailing the New York Yankees 3 -- 0 when Manny Ramirez , J.D. Drew , Mike Lowell and Jason Varitek hit back - to - back - to - back - to - back home runs to put them up 4 -- 3 . They eventually went on to win the game 7 -- 6 after a three - run home run by Mike Lowell in the bottom of the 7th inning . On September 18 , 2006 trailing 9 -- 5 to the San Diego Padres in the 9th inning , Jeff Kent , J.D. Drew , Russell Martin , and Marlon Anderson of the Los Angeles Dodgers hit back - to - back - to - back - to - back home runs to tie the game . After giving up a run in the top of the 10th , the Dodgers won the game in the bottom of the 10th , on a walk - off two run home run by Nomar Garciaparra . J.D. Drew has been part of two different sets of back - to - back - to - back - to - back home runs . In both occurrences , his homer was the second of the four . On September 30 , 1997 , in the sixth inning of Game One of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians , Tim Raines , Derek Jeter and Paul O'Neill hit back - to - back - to - back home runs for the Yankees . Raines ' home run tied the game . New York went on to win 8 -- 6 . This was the first occurrence of three home runs in a row ever in postseason play . The Boston Red Sox repeated the feat in Game Four of the 2007 American League Championship Series , also against the Indians . Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back - to - back home runs . On April 23 , 2013 , brothers Melvin Upton , Jr. ( formerly B.J. Upton ) and Justin Upton hit back - to - back home runs . The first time was on September 15 , 1938 , when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat . Simple back - to - back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence . If a pitcher gives up a homer , he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to `` make up for it '' by striking out the next batter with some fastballs . Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it . A notable back - to - back home run of that type in World Series play involved `` Babe Ruth 's called shot '' in 1932 , which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics , yet the pitcher , Charlie Root , was allowed to stay in the game . He delivered just one more pitch , which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back - to - back shot , after which Root was removed from the game . In Game 3 of the 1976 NLCS , George Foster and Johnny Bench hit back - to - back homers in the last of the ninth off Ron Reed to tie the game . The Series - winning run was scored later in the inning . Another notable pair of back - to - back home runs occurred on September 14 , 1990 , when Ken Griffey , Sr. and Ken Griffey , Jr. hit back - to - back home runs , off Kirk McCaskill , the only father - and - son duo to do so in Major League history . On May 2 , 2002 , Bret Boone and Mike Cameron of the Seattle Mariners hit back - to - back home runs off of starter Jon Rauch in the first inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox . The Mariners batted around in the inning , and Boone and Cameron came up to bat against reliever Jim Parque with two outs , again hitting back - to - back home runs and becoming the only pair of teammates to hit back - to - back home runs twice in the same inning . On June 19 , 2012 , José Bautista and Colby Rasmus hit back - to - back home runs and back - to - back - to - back home runs with Edwin Encarnación for a lead change in each instance . On July 23 , 2017 Whit Merrifield , Jorge Bonifacio , and Eric Hosmer of the Kansas City Royals hit back to back to back home runs in the fourth inning against the Chicago White Sox . The Royals went on to win the game 5 - 4 . On June 20 , 2018 George Springer , Alex Bregman , and José Altuve of the Houston Astros hit back to back to back home runs in the sixth inning against the Tampa Bay Rays . The Astros went on to win the game 5 - 1 . On April 3 , 2018 , the St. Louis Cardinals began the game against the Milwaukee Brewers with back - to - back homers from Dexter Fowler and Tommy Pham . Then in the bottom of the ninth , with two outs and the Cardinals leading 4 - 3 , Christian Yelich homered to tie the game ; and Ryan Braun hit the next pitch for a walk - off homer . This is the only major league game to begin and end with back - to - back homers . Consecutive home runs by one batter ( edit ) The record for consecutive home runs by a batter under any circumstances is four . Of the sixteen players ( through 2012 ) who have hit four in one game , six have hit them consecutively . Twenty - eight other batters have hit four consecutive across two games . Bases on balls do not count as at - bats , and Ted Williams holds the record for consecutive home runs across the most games , four in four games played , during September 17 -- 22 , 1957 , for the Red Sox . Williams hit a pinch - hit homer on the 17th ; walked as a pinch - hitter on the 18th ; there was no game on the 19th ; hit another pinch - homer on the 20th ; homered and then was lifted for a pinch - runner after at least one walk , on the 21st ; and homered after at least one walk on the 22nd . All in all , he had four walks interspersed among his four homers . In World Series play , Reggie Jackson hit a record three in one Series game , the final game ( Game 6 ) in 1977 . But those three were a part of a much more impressive feat . He walked on four pitches in the second inning of game 6 . Then he hit his three home runs on the first pitch of his next three at bats , off of three different pitchers ( 4th inning - Hooten , 5th inning - Sosa , 8th inning - Hough ) . He had also hit one in his last at bat of the previous game , giving him four home runs on four consecutive swings . ( His home run in game 5 was also hit on the first pitch , although this did not add to any significant streak . ) The four in a row set the record for consecutive homers across two Series games . In Game 3 of the World Series in 2011 , Albert Pujols hit three home runs to tie the record with Babe Ruth and Reggie Jackson . The St. Louis Cardinals went on to win the World Series in Game 7 at Busch Stadium . In Game 1 of the World Series in 2012 , Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs on his first three at - bats of the Series , also tying the record with Pujols , Jackson , and Ruth . Nomar Garciaparra holds the record for consecutive home runs in the shortest time in terms of innings : three homers in two innings , on July 23 , 2002 , for the Boston Red Sox . Home run cycle ( edit ) Main article : Hitting for the cycle An offshoot of hitting for the cycle , a `` home run cycle '' is where a player hits a solo , 2 - run , 3 - run , and grand slam all in one game . This is an extremely rare feat , as it requires the batter to not only hit four home runs in a game ( which itself has only occurred 18 times in the Major Leagues ) , but also to hit those home runs with the specific number of runners already on base . Although it is a rare accomplishment , it is largely dependent on circumstances outside the player 's control , such as his preceding teammates ' ability to get on base , as well as the order in which he comes to bat in any particular inning . Another variant of the home run cycle would be the `` natural home run cycle '' , which would require a batter to hit a solo , 2 - run , 3 - run , and grand slam in that order . Though multiple home run cycles have been recorded in collegiate baseball , the only home run cycle in a professional baseball game belongs to Tyrone Horne , who stroked four long balls for the minor league , Double - A Arkansas Travelers in a game against the San Antonio Missions on July 27 , 1998 . A major league player has come close to hitting for the home run cycle several times . Recent examples include : April 2 , 1997 , Tino Martinez of the New York Yankees , was a grand slam away from accomplishing this feat against his former team , the Seattle Mariners . He hit a 3 - run home run in the first inning , a 2 - run home run in the third inning and a solo shot in the fifth inning ; all off starting pitcher Scott Sanders . April 26 , 2005 Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit 3 home runs off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Bartolo Colón . Rodriguez hit a 3 - run home run , 2 - run home run , and a grand slam in the first , third , and fourth innings , respectively . May 16 , 2008 Jayson Werth of the Philadelphia Phillies hit 3 home runs off Toronto Blue Jays pitchers David Purcey and Jesse Litsch . Werth hit a 3 - run home run , a grand slam , and a solo home run in the second , third , and fifth innings , respectively . June 26 , 2009 , Andre Ethier of Los Angeles Dodgers hit a three - run home run off Jason Vargas in the second , a two - run home run off Roy Corcoran in the sixth , and a solo home run off Miguel Batista in the eighth inning in a game against Seattle Mariners . July 7 , 2009 , Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox hit a solo home run in the second inning off Cleveland Indians pitcher Jeremy Sowers , a grand slam in the sixth inning off reliever Chris Perez , and a two - run home run in the seventh inning off reliever Winston Abreu . August 1 , 2009 , Andrew McCutchen of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a solo home run in the first inning , a two run home run in the fourth inning , and a three run home run in the sixth inning of a game against the Washington Nationals . September 17 , 2010 , Shin - Soo Choo of the Cleveland Indians , hit three home runs against the Kansas City Royals . Choo hit a 2 - run homer in the fourth inning , a Grand Slam in the sixth inning and a solo home run in the eighth inning . June 21 , 2015 , J.D. Martinez of the Detroit Tigers , hit three home runs against the New York Yankees . Martinez hit a 2 - run homer in the first inning , a solo home run in the fifth inning and a 3 - run homer in the sixth inning August 21 , 2015 , Yoenis Céspedes of the New York Mets , hit three home runs against the Colorado Rockies : a grand slam in the second inning , a solo home run in the fourth inning , and a two - run home run in the sixth inning . August 29 , 2015 , Edwin Encarnación of the Toronto Blue Jays hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers : a 3 - run home run in the first inning , a 2 - run home run in the sixth inning , and a grand slam in the seventh inning . September 26 , 2015 , Jarrett Parker of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs against the Oakland Athletics : a solo home run in the second inning , a 2 - run home run in the seventh inning , and a grand slam in the eighth inning . June 6 , 2017 , Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds hit four home runs against the St. Louis Cardinals : a grand slam in the third inning , a 2 - run home run in the fourth inning , a solo home run in the sixth inning , and a 2 - run home run in the eighth inning . He had an opportunity for a 3 - run home run in the 1st inning , which resulted in a RBI single . Graph depicting the yearly number of home runs ( blue line ) , and stolen bases ( pink line ) per MLB game from 1900 - 2008 . History ( edit ) In the early days of the game , when the ball was less lively and the ballparks generally had very large outfields , most home runs were of the inside - the - park variety . The first home run ever hit in the National League was by Ross Barnes of the Chicago White Stockings ( now known as the Chicago Cubs ) , in 1876 . The home `` run '' was literally descriptive . Home runs over the fence were rare , and only in ballparks where a fence was fairly close . Hitters were discouraged from trying to hit home runs , with the conventional wisdom being that if they tried to do so they would simply fly out . This was a serious concern in the 19th century , because in baseball 's early days a ball caught after one bounce was still an out . The emphasis was on place - hitting and what is now called `` manufacturing runs '' or `` small ball '' . The home run 's place in baseball changed dramatically when the live - ball era began after World War I. First , the materials and manufacturing processes improved significantly , making the now - mass - produced , cork - centered ball somewhat more lively . Batters such as Babe Ruth and Rogers Hornsby took full advantage of rules changes that were instituted during the 1920s , particularly prohibition of the spitball , and the requirement that balls be replaced when worn or dirty . These changes resulted in the baseball being easier to see and hit , and easier to hit out of the park . Meanwhile , as the game 's popularity boomed , more outfield seating was built , shrinking the size of the outfield and increasing the chances of a long fly ball resulting in a home run . The teams with the sluggers , typified by the New York Yankees , became the championship teams , and other teams had to change their focus from the `` inside game '' to the `` power game '' in order to keep up . Before 1931 , a ball that bounced over an outfield fence during a major league game was considered a home run . The rule was changed to require the ball to clear the fence on the fly , and balls that reached the seats on a bounce became ground rule doubles in most parks . A carryover of the old rule is that if a player deflects a ball over the outfield fence without it touching the ground , it is a home run . The Polo Grounds left field foul line with guide rope , as seen from upper deck , 1917 Also , until approximately that time , the ball had to not only go over the fence in fair territory , but to land in the bleachers in fair territory or to still be visibly fair when disappearing behind a wall . The rule stipulated `` fair when last seen '' by the umpires . Photos from that era in ballparks , such as the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium , show ropes strung from the foul poles to the back of the bleachers , or a second `` foul pole '' at the back of the bleachers , in a straight line with the foul line , as a visual aid for the umpire . Ballparks still use a visual aid much like the ropes ; a net or screen attached to the foul poles on the fair side has replaced ropes . As with American football , where a touchdown once required a literal `` touch down '' of the ball in the end zone but now only requires the `` breaking of the ( vertical ) plane '' of the goal line , in baseball the ball need only `` break the plane '' of the fence in fair territory ( unless the ball is caught by a player who is in play , in which case the batter is called out ) . Babe Ruth 's 60th home run in 1927 was somewhat controversial , because it landed barely in fair territory in the stands down the right field line . Ruth lost a number of home runs in his career due to the when - last - seen rule . Bill Jenkinson , in The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs , estimates that Ruth lost at least 50 and as many as 78 in his career due to this rule . Further , the rules once stipulated that an over-the - fence home run in a sudden - victory situation would only count for as many bases as was necessary to `` force '' the winning run home . For example , if a team trailed by two runs with the bases loaded , and the batter hit a fair ball over the fence , it only counted as a triple , because the runner immediately ahead of him had technically already scored the game - winning run . That rule was changed in the 1920s as home runs became increasingly frequent and popular . Babe Ruth 's career total of 714 would have been one higher had that rule not been in effect in the early part of his career . Records ( edit ) Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all - time home runs by team , including teams no longer active ( prior to 1900 ) as well as by individual players . Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000 th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8 , 2008 . Sheffield had hit MLB 's 249,999 th home run against Gio González in his previous at - bat . The all - time , verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player , excluding the U.S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation , is held by Sadaharu Oh . Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan 's Nippon Professional Baseball , later managing the Giants , the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team . Oh holds the all - time home run world record , having hit 868 home runs in his career . In Major League Baseball , the career record is 762 , held by Barry Bonds , who broke Hank Aaron 's record on August 7 , 2007 , when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik . Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600 : Hank Aaron ( 755 ) , Babe Ruth ( 714 ) , Alex Rodriguez ( 696 ) , Willie Mays ( 660 ) , Albert Pujols ( 633 ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. ( 630 ) , and Jim Thome ( 612 ) , Sammy Sosa ( 609 ) . The single season record is 73 , set by Barry Bonds in 2001 . Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927 , Roger Maris , with 61 home runs in 1961 , and Mark McGwire , who hit 70 in 1998 . Negro League slugger Josh Gibson 's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit `` almost 800 '' home runs in his career . The Guinness Book of World Records lists Gibson 's lifetime home run total at 800 . Ken Burns ' award - winning series , Baseball , states that his actual total may have been as high as 950 . Gibson 's true total is not known , in part due to inconsistent record keeping in the Negro Leagues . The 1993 edition of the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia attempted to compile a set of Negro League records , and subsequent work has expanded on that effort . Those records demonstrate that Gibson and Ruth were of comparable power . The 1993 book had Gibson hitting 146 home runs in the 501 `` official '' Negro League games they were able to account for in his 17 - year career , about 1 homer every 3.4 games . Babe Ruth , in 22 seasons ( several of them in the dead - ball era ) , hit 714 in 2503 games , or 1 homer every 3.5 games . The large gap in the numbers for Gibson reflect the fact that Negro League clubs played relatively far fewer league games and many more `` barnstorming '' or exhibition games during the course of a season , than did the major league clubs of that era . Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx , Mel Ott , Ted Williams , Mickey Mantle ( who on September 10 , 1960 , mythically hit `` the longest home run ever '' at an estimated distance of 643 feet ( 196 m ) , although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling ) , Reggie Jackson , Harmon Killebrew , Ernie Banks , Mike Schmidt , Dave Kingman , Sammy Sosa ( who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times ) , Ken Griffey , Jr. and Eddie Mathews . In 1987 , Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history . The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet ( 177 m ) and was hit inside Denver 's Mile High Stadium . Major League Baseball 's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet ( 175 m ) , by Babe Ruth , to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium ( then called Navin Field and before the double - deck ) , which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry . The location of where Hank Aaron 's record 755th home run landed has been monumented in Milwaukee . The spot sits outside Miller Park , where the Milwaukee Brewers currently play . Similarly , the point where Aaron 's 715th homer landed , upon breaking Ruth 's career record in 1974 , is marked in the Turner Field parking lot . A red - painted seat in Fenway Park marks the landing place of the 502 - ft home run Ted Williams hit in 1946 , the longest measured homer in Fenway 's history ; a red stadium seat mounted on the wall of the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota , marks the landing spot of Harmon Killebrew 's record 520 - foot shot in old Metropolitan Stadium . Instant replay ( edit ) Main articles : Instant replay and Instant replay in baseball Replays `` to get the call right '' have been used extremely sporadically in the past , but the use of instant replay to determine `` boundary calls '' -- home runs and foul balls -- was not officially allowed until 2008 . In a game on May 31 , 1999 , involving the St. Louis Cardinals and Florida Marlins , a hit by Cliff Floyd of the Marlins was initially ruled a double , then a home run , then was changed back to a double when umpire Frank Pulli decided to review video of the play . The Marlins protested that video replay was not allowed , but while the National League office agreed that replay was not to be used in future games , it declined the protest on the grounds it was a judgment call , and the play stood . In November 2007 , the general managers of Major League Baseball voted in favor of implementing instant replay reviews on boundary home run calls . The proposal limited the use of instant replay to determining whether a boundary / home run call is : A fair ( home run ) or foul ball A live ball ( ball hit fence and rebounded onto the field ) , ground rule double ( ball hit fence before leaving the field ) , or home run ( ball hit some object beyond the fence while in flight ) Spectator interference or home run ( spectator touched ball after it broke the plane of the fence ) . On August 28 , 2008 , instant replay review became available in MLB for reviewing calls in accordance with the above proposal . It was first utilized on September 3 , 2008 in a game between the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field . Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit what appeared to be a home run , but the ball hit a catwalk behind the foul pole . It was at first called a home run , until Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon argued the call , and the umpires decided to review the play . After 2 minutes and 15 seconds , the umpires came back and ruled it a home run . About two weeks later , on September 19 , also at Tropicana Field , a boundary call was overturned for the first time . In this case , Carlos Peña of the Rays was given a ground rule double in a game against the Minnesota Twins after an umpire believed a fan reached into the field of play to catch a fly ball in right field . The umpires reviewed the play , determined the fan did not reach over the fence , and reversed the call , awarding Peña a home run . Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay , replay was used four more times in the 2008 MLB regular season : twice at Houston , once at Seattle , and once at San Francisco . The San Francisco incident is perhaps the most unusual . Bengie Molina , the Giants ' catcher , hit what was first called a single . Molina then was replaced in the game by Emmanuel Burriss , a pinch - runner , before the umpires re-evaluated the call and ruled it a home run . In this instance though , Molina was not allowed to return to the game to complete the run , as he had already been replaced . Molina was credited with the home run , and two RBIs , but not for the run scored which went to Burriss instead . On October 31 , 2009 , in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series , Alex Rodriguez hit a long fly ball that appeared to hit a camera protruding over the wall and into the field of play in deep left field . The ball ricocheted off the camera and re-entered the field , initially ruled a double . However , after the umpires consulted with each other after watching the instant replay , the hit was ruled a home run , marking the first time an instant replay home run was hit in a playoff game . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders ( by year ) Major League Baseball single - season home run record Home Run Derby Babe Ruth Home Run Award Josh Gibson Legacy Award Mel Ott Award Joe Bauman Home Run Award Career achievements List of lifetime home run leaders through history 500 home run club List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball players with 20 doubles , 20 triples , and 20 home runs in the same season List of Major League Baseball players with 20 doubles , 20 triples , 20 home runs , and 20 stolen bases in the same season List of Major League Baseball single - game home run leaders List of Major League Baseball all - time leaders in home runs by pitchers List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their first major league at bat List of Major League Baseball players with a home run in their final major league at bat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Keating , Peter ( October 2006 ) . `` Home Run History '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Louisville Slugger 's '' All - American Baseball Teams `` . Baseball News . May 28 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Horne 's ' home run cycle ' has yet to be replicated '' . MiLB.com . August 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` April 2 , 1997 New York Yankees at Seattle Mariners Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels / New York Yankees Box Score Tuesday April 26 , 2005 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . April 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays vs. Philadelphia Phillies -- Play By Play '' . ESPN.com . May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners vs. Los Angeles Dodgers -- Play By Play '' . ESPN.com , June 26 , 2009 . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians vs. Chicago White Sox - Play By Play '' . ESPN.com , July 7 , 2009 . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals vs. Pittsburgh Pirates - Play By Play '' . ESPN.com . August 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Forums -- Major League Baseball -- ESPN '' . Boards.espn.go.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com Gameday MLB.com : Gameday '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Cespedes ' 3 HRs help Mets outslug Rockies '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jamie ( August 29 , 2015 ) . `` Encarnacion homers three times , extends hit streak to 24 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , John ( September 27 , 2015 ) . `` Wow , wow , wow -- Jarrett Parker hits three homers for Giants '' . SFGate.com . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Scooter Gennett hits 4 home runs for Reds to tie MLB record '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Sheffield hits MLB 's 250,000 th HR as Tigers beat A 's '' . USA Today . September 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Although Major League Baseball recognizes these records as official , some baseball historians decline to accept records accumulated by players like Barry Bonds , Mark McGwire , Sammy Sosa and others with the alleged assistance of steroids or other performance - enhancing drugs Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Run Ever Hit by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports of The Times ; Joey Meyer 's 582 - Foot Homer '' . The New York Times . 22 March 1988 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The mystery behind Joey Meyer 's 582 - foot home run at Mile High in 1987 '' . The Denver Post . 18 July 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brewers pinpoint Aaron 's final homer brewers.com : News '' . Milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Rule reversal '' . CNNSI.com . Associated Press . June 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins ' ' Replay ' Protest Denied '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . June 4 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` MLB GMs vote for some replay '' . ESPN.com. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 4 , 2008 ) . `` Instant message : Yanks not done Replay used on A-Rod's homer in Bombers ' must - win vs. Rays '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( November 1 , 2009 ) . `` A-Rod awarded homer on replay , First postseason use of review gives Yank two - run shot '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) MLB 's Home Run Leaders -- batting statistics for over 16,000 players Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam Total bases RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Value over replacement player Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_run&oldid=856829960 '' Categories : Baseball rules Batting statistics Baseball terminology Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with too many examples Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how far was the longest homerun in mlb history	[ "Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit \"the longest home run ever\" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[31]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[30] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[32][33] The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[32][33] Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "about 575 feet (175 m)" ]
-4793872473804595284	Arnold Palmer Invitational	Arnold Palmer Invitational - wikipedia Arnold Palmer Invitational Jump to : navigation , search Arnold Palmer Invitational Tournament information Location Bay Hill , Florida , U.S. Established 1966 , 52 years ago Course ( s ) Bay Hill Club and Lodge ( 1979 -- present ) Par 72 Length 7,419 yards ( 6,784 m ) Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 8.9 million Month played March Tournament record score Aggregate 264 Payne Stewart ( 1987 ) To par − 23 Buddy Allin ( 1973 ) Current champion Rory McIlroy Bay Hill Location in the United States Bay Hill Location in Florida The Arnold Palmer Invitational is a professional golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour . It is played each March at the Bay Hill Club and Lodge , a private golf resort owned since 1974 by Arnold Palmer in Bay Hill , a suburb southwest of Orlando . The event was founded in 1979 as a successor to the Florida Citrus Open Invitational , which debuted in 1966 and was played at Rio Pinar Country Club , east of Orlando , through 1978 . Arnold Palmer himself would win the Florida Citrus Open in 1971 . Gary Koch would win the Florida Citrus Open in 1977 , and then win the Bay Hill Classic in 1984 , giving him the very unique distinction of being this event 's only winner under its original ( 1966 - 1978 ) and current ( 1979 - present ) incarnations . Since 1979 , the tournament title has had a number of different names , most of them including `` Bay Hill , '' but has played under the Palmer name since 2007 . On March 21 , 2012 , the Arnold Palmer Invitational and MasterCard Worldwide announced an extension to MasterCard 's `` Presented by '' sponsorship until the 2016 tournament . Tiger Woods won four years in a row at Bay Hill , from 2000 to 2003 , one of only four occasions that an event was won four consecutive times on the PGA Tour . In 2004 , he was one shot off the lead after opening with a 67 , but followed up with consecutive 74s on Friday and Saturday , and tied for 46th place . Woods also won the 2008 and 2009 tournaments , both times with birdie putts on the final hole . He then won the tournament in 2012 by five shots , his first official PGA Tour win in 924 days and his seventh win at the event . Woods repeated in 2013 for his eighth victory at the tournament . He withdrew two days before the 2014 event , citing a bad back , and underwent surgery shortly after . Contents ( hide ) 1 Invitational status 2 Field 3 Course layout 4 Winners 5 Multiple winners 6 Tournament highlights 7 References 8 External links Invitational status ( edit ) The Arnold Palmer Invitational is one of only five tournaments given `` invitational '' status by the PGA Tour , and consequently it has a reduced field of only 120 players ( as opposed to most full - field open tournaments with a field of 156 players ) . The other four tournaments with invitational status are the RBC Heritage , the Fort Worth Invitational , the Memorial Tournament , and the Quicken Loans National . Invitational tournaments have smaller fields ( between 120 and 132 players ) , and have more freedom than full - field open tournaments in determining which players are eligible to participate in their event , as invitational tournaments are not required to fill their fields using the PGA Tour Priority Ranking System . Furthermore , unlike full - field open tournaments , invitational tournaments do not offer open qualifying ( aka Monday qualifying ) . In June 2014 , the PGA Tour approved a resolution to grant the winner a three - year exemption , one more than other regular Tour events and on par with winners of the World Golf Championships , The Tour Championship , and the Memorial Tournament . Field ( edit ) The field consists of 120 players invited using the following criteria : Arnold Palmer Invitational winners prior to 2000 and in the last five years The Players Championship and major championship winners in the last five years The Tour Championship , World Golf Championships , and Memorial Tournament winners in the past three years Tournament winners in the past year Playing member of last named U.S. Ryder Cup team ; current PGA Tour members who were playing members on last named European Ryder Cup team , U.S. Presidents Cup team , and International Presidents Cup team Prior year U.S. Amateur winner ( if still an amateur ) Top 50 Official World Golf Ranking ( as of Friday prior ) PGA Tour life members 18 sponsors exemptions -- 2 from Web.com Tour finals , 8 members not otherwise exempt , and 8 unrestricted Up to two foreign players designated by the commissioner Top 70 from prior year 's FedEx Cup points list Members in top 125 non-member category whose prior year non-WGC points equal or exceed the 70th position on the prior year FedEx Cup points list Top 70 from current year 's FedEx Cup points list ( as of Friday prior ) PGA Section champion / player of the year Remaining positions filled from current year 's FedEx Cup points list Arnold Palmer had a lifetime invitation . Course layout ( edit ) Main article : Bay Hill Club and Lodge Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Yards 461 231 434 561 390 555 199 460 474 3,765 400 438 574 370 215 467 511 221 458 3,654 7,419 Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Source : Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) Arnold Palmer Invitational presented by MasterCard 2018 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 270 − 18 3 strokes Bryson DeChambeau 1,602,000 8,900,000 2017 Marc Leishman Australia 277 − 11 1 stroke Charley Hoffman Kevin Kisner 1,566,000 8,700,000 2016 Jason Day Australia 271 − 17 1 stroke Kevin Chappell 1,134,000 6,300,000 2015 Matt Every ( 2 ) United States 269 − 19 1 stroke Henrik Stenson 1,134,000 6,300,000 2014 Matt Every United States 275 − 13 1 stroke Keegan Bradley 1,116,000 6,200,000 2013 Tiger Woods ( 8 ) United States 275 − 13 2 strokes Justin Rose 1,116,000 6,200,000 2012 Tiger Woods ( 7 ) United States 275 − 13 5 strokes Graeme McDowell 1,080,000 6,000,000 2011 Martin Laird Scotland 280 − 8 1 stroke Steve Marino 1,080,000 6,000,000 Ernie Els ( 2 ) South Africa 277 − 11 2 strokes Edoardo Molinari Kevin Na 1,080,000 6,000,000 2009 Tiger Woods ( 6 ) United States 275 − 5 1 stroke Sean O'Hair 1,080,000 6,000,000 2008 Tiger Woods ( 5 ) United States 270 − 10 1 stroke Bart Bryant 1,044,000 5,800,000 2007 Vijay Singh Fiji 272 − 8 2 strokes Rocco Mediate 990,000 5,500,000 Bay Hill Invitational presented by MasterCard 2006 Rod Pampling Australia 274 − 14 1 stroke Greg Owen 990,000 5,500,000 2005 Kenny Perry United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Graeme McDowell Vijay Singh 900,000 5,000,000 Chad Campbell United States 270 − 18 6 strokes Stuart Appleby 900,000 5,000,000 Bay Hill Invitational presented by Cooper Tires 2003 Tiger Woods ( 4 ) United States 269 − 19 11 strokes Stewart Cink Brad Faxon Kenny Perry Kirk Triplett 810,000 4,500,000 2002 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) United States 275 − 13 4 strokes Michael Campbell 720,000 4,000,000 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 630,000 3,500,000 2000 Tiger Woods United States 270 − 18 4 strokes Davis Love III 540,000 3,000,000 1999 Tim Herron United States 274 − 14 Playoff Tom Lehman 450,000 2,500,000 Bay Hill Invitational presented by Office Depot 1998 Ernie Els South Africa 274 − 14 4 strokes Bob Estes Jeff Maggert 360,000 2,000,000 Phil Mickelson United States 272 − 16 3 strokes Stuart Appleby 270,000 1,500,000 Paul Goydos United States 275 − 13 1 stroke Jeff Maggert 216,000 1,200,000 Nestle Invitational 1995 Loren Roberts ( 2 ) United States 272 − 16 2 strokes Brad Faxon 216,000 1,200,000 Loren Roberts United States 275 − 13 1 stroke Nick Price Vijay Singh Fuzzy Zoeller 216,000 1,200,000 Ben Crenshaw United States 280 − 8 2 strokes Davis Love III Rocco Mediate Vijay Singh 180,000 1,000,000 Fred Couples United States 269 − 19 9 strokes Gene Sauers 180,000 1,000,000 1991 Andrew Magee United States 203 * − 13 2 strokes Tom Sieckmann 180,000 1,000,000 Robert Gamez United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Greg Norman 162,000 900,000 Tom Kite ( 2 ) United States 278 − 6 Playoff Davis Love III 144,000 800,000 Hertz Bay Hill Classic Paul Azinger United States 271 − 13 5 strokes Tom Kite 135,000 750,000 Payne Stewart United States 264 − 20 3 strokes David Frost 108,000 600,000 1986 Dan Forsman United States 202 * − 11 1 stroke Raymond Floyd Mike Hulbert 90,000 500,000 1985 Fuzzy Zoeller United States 275 − 9 2 strokes Tom Watson 90,000 500,000 Bay Hill Classic 1984 Gary Koch ( 2 ) United States 272 − 12 Playoff George Burns 72,000 400,000 Mike Nicolette United States 283 − 1 Playoff Greg Norman 63,000 350,000 1982 Tom Kite United States 278 − 6 Playoff Jack Nicklaus Denis Watson 54,000 300,000 1981 Andy Bean United States 266 − 18 7 strokes Tom Watson 54,000 300,000 1980 Dave Eichelberger United States 279 − 5 3 strokes Leonard Thompson 54,000 300,000 Bay Hill Citrus Classic 1979 Bob Byman United States 278 − 6 Playoff John Schroeder 45,000 250,000 Florida Citrus Open 1978 Mac McLendon United States 271 − 17 2 strokes David Graham 40,000 200,000 1977 Gary Koch United States 274 − 14 2 strokes Dale Hayes Joe Inman 40,000 200,000 1976 Hale Irwin United States 270 − 18 Playoff Kermit Zarley 40,000 200,000 Lee Trevino United States 276 − 12 1 stroke Hale Irwin 40,000 200,000 Jerry Heard ( 2 ) United States 273 − 15 3 strokes Homero Blancas Jim Jamieson 30,000 150,000 1973 Buddy Allin United States 265 − 23 8 strokes Charles Coody 30,000 150,000 1972 Jerry Heard United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Bobby Mitchell 30,000 150,000 Florida Citrus Invitational 1971 Arnold Palmer United States 270 − 18 1 stroke Julius Boros 30,000 150,000 1970 Bob Lunn United States 271 − 17 1 stroke Arnold Palmer Bob Stanton 30,000 150,000 Florida Citrus Open Invitational 1969 Ken Still United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Miller Barber 23,000 115,000 1968 Dan Sikes United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Tom Weiskopf 23,000 115,000 1967 Julius Boros United States 274 − 10 1 stroke George Knudson Arnold Palmer 23,000 115,000 1966 Lionel Hebert United States 279 − 5 2 strokes Charles Coody Dick Lytle Jack Nicklaus 21,000 110,000 * rain - shortened to 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Sources Multiple winners ( edit ) Seven men have won this tournament more than once through 2018 . 8 wins Tiger Woods : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2013 2 wins Jerry Heard : 1972 , 1974 Gary Koch : 1977 , 1984 Tom Kite : 1982 , 1989 Loren Roberts : 1994 , 1995 Ernie Els : 1998 , 2010 Matt Every : 2014 , 2015 Tournament highlights ( edit ) 1966 : Lionel Hebert wins the inaugural version of the tournament . He wins by two shots over Jack Nicklaus , Charles Coody , and Dick Lytle . 1968 : Dan Sikes breaks out of a 5 - way logjam to win by one shot over Tom Weiskopf . At the end of 54 holes , Sikes had been tied for the lead with Jack Nicklaus , Bruce Devlin , Miller Barber , and Bob Charles . Officials said this was the first time there had ever been a five - way tie for the lead after 54 holes at a PGA event . 1971 : Arnold Palmer wins the event eight years before he becomes its host . He beats Julius Boros by one shot . 1973 : Vietnam War veteran Buddy Allin shoots a tournament record 23 under par to breeze to an eight shot victory over Charles Coody . 1974 : Jerry Heard becomes the tournament 's first two - time winner . He beats Homero Blancas and Jim Jamieson by two shots . 1976 : Early on a Monday morning , Hale Irwin defeats Kermit Zarley on the sixth hole of a sudden death playoff after play was suspended due to darkness on Sunday . While speaking to the press on Sunday evening , Irwin blamed NBC Sports for there not being enough time to finish the playoff . 1979 : Bob Byman wins the first edition of the tournament to be played at Bay Hill . He defeats John Schroeder on the second hole of a sudden death playoff . 1980 : Dave Eichelberger wins by three shots over Leonard Thompson . The temperatures were so cold that Eichelberger wore panty hose during the final round . 1982 : Tom Kite chips in for birdie on the first hole of a sudden death playoff to defeat Jack Nicklaus and Denis Watson . 1984 : Gary Koch shoots a final round 63 before defeating George Burns on the second hole of a sudden death playoff . Koch is the only champion in the tournament 's history to win both at Rio Pinar and Bay Hill . 1985 : Coming off back surgery less than six months previously , Fuzzy Zoeller wins at Bay Hill . He finishes two shots ahead of Tom Watson . 1987 : Payne Stewart , who owned a home just off Bay Hill 's 12th tee , notches his third career PGA Tour title . He beats David Frost by three shots . 1989 : Tom Kite wins for a second time at Bay Hill by defeating Davis Love III on the second hole of a sudden death playoff . Before the playoff took place , both Kite and Love made double bogey on the tournament 's 72nd hole . 1990 : Robert Gamez holes a 7 - iron on the 72nd hole for an eagle two allowing him to win by one shot over Greg Norman . 1992 : Fred Couples wins by nine shots over Gene Sauers . With his win , Couples becomes the # 1 ranked player in the world . 1995 : Loren Roberts becomes the first returning champion to successfully defend his title . He beats Brad Faxon by two shots . 1996 : Paul Goydos wins for the first time on the PGA Tour . He beats Jeff Maggert by one shot and Tom Purtzer by two . During the tournament 's second round , Purtzer incurred a two - shot penalty by playing the wrong ball . 1998 : During the tournament 's final round , John Daly hits six balls in the water on the sixth hole . He finishes the hole with a final score of 18 . 2000 : Tiger Woods wins at Bay Hill for the first time . He beats Davis Love III by four shots . 2003 : Tiger Woods becomes the first golfer since Gene Sarazen at the 1930 Miami Open to win the same tournament in four consecutive years . He wins by 11 shots over Kirk Triplett , Stewart Cink , Kenny Perry , and Brad Faxon . 2005 : Kenny Perry wins by two shots over Vijay Singh and Graeme McDowell . Perry and Singh were tied for the lead until Singh made double bogey at the 72nd hole . 2008 : Tiger Woods sinks a 25 - foot birdie putt at the 72nd hole to defeat Bart Bryant by one shot . It 's Woods fifth Bay Hill triumph in addition to his winning the fifth consecutive tournament he had played in . 2009 : Tiger Woods wins at Bay Hill for the 2nd straight year and sixth time overall . He birdies the 72nd hole to defeat Sean O'Hair by one shot . 2012 : Tiger Woods wins the Arnold Palmer Invitational for the seventh time , ending a winless streak on the PGA Tour dating back 27 events to September 13 , 2009 . 2013 : Tiger Woods wins for a record - tying eighth time at the Arnold Palmer Invitational while holing three eagles during the week , the first time a player has accomplished the feat since 2001 ; he ascends to the number 1 ranking for the first time since October 2010 . 2014 : With world number one Woods out of the tournament , the focus was on world number two Adam Scott . Scott led the first three rounds , but struggled in the fourth round , finishing third behind Keegan Bradley and first - time PGA Tour winner Matt Every . 2015 : Matt Every holed an 18 - foot birdie putt on the 72nd hole to beat Henrik Stenson by one shot and become the third golfer to defend his title at the Arnold Palmer Invitational . In the third round , Daniel Berger recorded a double eagle at the par - 5 6th hole , the first since the tournament moved to Bay Hill in 1979 . Zach Johnson repeated the feat in the final round on the par - 5 16th . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Extends Presenting Sponsorship of Arnold Palmer Invitational '' . MasterCard.com ( Press release ) . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Extends Sponsorship '' . ArnoldPalmerInvitational.com . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boost to Arnie and Jack tourneys '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations '' ( PDF ) . October 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Course : Bay Hill Club '' . PGA Tour . 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold Palmer Invitational - Winners - at www.pgatour.com Jump up ^ Arnold Palmer Invitational - Winners Archived 2011 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . - at www.golfobserver.com Jump up ^ Hebert Discards Remedy , Wins Florida Citrus Open Jump up ^ Dan Sikes wins Citrus Open Jump up ^ Palmer Cops Citrus Open Jump up ^ Allin Citrus Champ Jump up ^ Jerry Heard regains winning touch , takes Citrus Open on 273 total Jump up ^ Citrus Open playoff won by Hale Irwin Jump up ^ Irwin Raps TV For Late Start Jump up ^ Byman steps up in Citrus Jump up ^ Eichelberger wins chilly Bay Hill Jump up ^ Golfers required panty hose Jump up ^ Kite wins Bay Hill Golf in three - man playoff Jump up ^ Gary Koch wins Bay Hill playoff Jump up ^ Fuzzy Zoeller wins Bay Hill Classic Jump up ^ Stewart wins Bay Hill by 3 Jump up ^ Kite catches Love and wins playoff Jump up ^ Spectacular eagle wins for Gamez Jump up ^ Sizzling Couples coasts by 9 shots in Nestle laugher Jump up ^ Roberts and Bay Hill Links Seem Made for Each Other Jump up ^ Goydos fires 67 to capture Bay Hill Jump up ^ Six In Lake Give Daly an 18 Jump up ^ Woods Triumphs Again , Leaving Love in Awe Jump up ^ Ailing Woods wins 4th straight Bay Hill by 11 strokes Jump up ^ Perry Wins Bay Hill After Singh Suffers Rocky Finish Jump up ^ Tiger birdies 18 for title Jump up ^ Golf - Woods overhauls O'Hair for comeback win at Bay Hill Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ends PGA Tour drought with Arnold Palmer Invitational win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Brian ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods is back at No. 1 after winning Arnold Palmer Invitational '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Every wins again at Bay Hill '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Berger makes 2 on par 5 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Bay Hill Club and Lodge Rio Pinar Country Club ( hide ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 28 ° 27 ′ 29 '' N 81 ° 30 ′ 40 '' W / 28.458 ° N 81.511 ° W / 28.458 ; - 81.511 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Palmer_Invitational&oldid=832890655 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in Orlando , Florida Sports competitions in Florida Recurring sporting events established in 1966 Arnold Palmer 1966 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much does the winner of the arnold palmer invitational make	[ "\n\nYear\nPlayer\nCountry\nScore\nTo par\nMargin\nof victory\nRunner(s)-up\nWinner's\nshare ($)\nPurse ($)\n\n\nArnold Palmer Invitational presented by MasterCard\n\n\n2018\nRory McIlroy\n Northern Ireland\n270\n−18\n3 strokes\n Bryson DeChambeau\n1,602,000\n8,900,000\n\n\n2017\nMarc Leishman\n Australia\n277\n−11\n1 stroke\n Charley Hoffman\n Kevin Kisner\n1,566,000\n8,700,000\n\n\n2016\nJason Day\n Australia\n271\n−17\n1 stroke\n Kevin Chappell\n1,134,000\n6,300,000\n\n\n2015\nMatt Every (2)\n United States\n269\n−19\n1 stroke\n Henrik Stenson\n1,134,000\n6,300,000\n\n\n2014\nMatt Every\n United States\n275\n−13\n1 stroke\n Keegan Bradley\n1,116,000\n6,200,000\n\n\n2013\nTiger Woods (8)\n United States\n275\n−13\n2 strokes\n Justin Rose\n1,116,000\n6,200,000\n\n\n2012\nTiger Woods (7)\n United States\n275\n−13\n5 strokes\n Graeme McDowell\n1,080,000\n6,000,000\n\n\n2011\nMartin Laird\n Scotland\n280\n−8\n1 stroke\n Steve Marino\n1,080,000\n6,000,000\n\n\n2010\nErnie Els (2)\n South Africa\n277\n−11\n2 strokes\n Edoardo Molinari\n Kevin Na\n1,080,000\n6,000,000\n\n\n2009\nTiger Woods (6)\n United States\n275\n−5\n1 stroke\n Sean O'Hair\n1,080,000\n6,000,000\n\n\n2008\nTiger Woods (5)\n United States\n270\n−10\n1 stroke\n Bart Bryant\n1,044,000\n5,800,000\n\n\n2007\nVijay Singh\n Fiji\n272\n−8\n2 strokes\n Rocco Mediate\n990,000\n5,500,000\n\n\nBay Hill Invitational presented by MasterCard\n\n\n2006\nRod Pampling\n Australia\n274\n−14\n1 stroke\n Greg Owen\n990,000\n5,500,000\n\n\n2005\nKenny Perry\n United States\n276\n−12\n2 strokes\n Graeme McDowell\n Vijay Singh\n900,000\n5,000,000\n\n\n2004\nChad Campbell\n United States\n270\n−18\n6 strokes\n Stuart Appleby\n900,000\n5,000,000\n\n\nBay Hill Invitational presented by Cooper Tires\n\n\n2003\nTiger Woods (4)\n United States\n269\n−19\n11 strokes\n Stewart Cink\n Brad Faxon\n Kenny Perry\n Kirk Triplett\n810,000\n4,500,000\n\n\n2002\nTiger Woods (3)\n United States\n275\n−13\n4 strokes\n Michael Campbell\n720,000\n4,000,000\n\n\n2001\nTiger Woods (2)\n United States\n273\n−15\n1 stroke\n Phil Mickelson\n630,000\n3,500,000\n\n\n2000\nTiger Woods\n United States\n270\n−18\n4 strokes\n Davis Love III\n540,000\n3,000,000\n\n\n1999\nTim Herron\n United States\n274\n−14\nPlayoff\n Tom Lehman\n450,000\n2,500,000\n\n\nBay Hill Invitational presented by Office Depot\n\n\n1998\nErnie Els\n South Africa\n274\n−14\n4 strokes\n Bob Estes\n Jeff Maggert\n360,000\n2,000,000\n\n\n1997\nPhil Mickelson\n United States\n272\n−16\n3 strokes\n Stuart Appleby\n270,000\n1,500,000\n\n\n1996\nPaul Goydos\n United States\n275\n−13\n1 stroke\n Jeff Maggert\n216,000\n1,200,000\n\n\nNestle Invitational\n\n\n1995\nLoren Roberts (2)\n United States\n272\n−16\n2 strokes\n Brad Faxon\n216,000\n1,200,000\n\n\n1994\nLoren Roberts\n United States\n275\n−13\n1 stroke\n Nick Price\n Vijay Singh\n Fuzzy Zoeller\n216,000\n1,200,000\n\n\n1993\nBen Crenshaw\n United States\n280\n−8\n2 strokes\n Davis Love III\n Rocco Mediate\n Vijay Singh\n180,000\n1,000,000\n\n\n1992\nFred Couples\n United States\n269\n−19\n9 strokes\n Gene Sauers\n180,000\n1,000,000\n\n\n1991\nAndrew Magee\n United States\n 203\n−13\n2 strokes\n Tom Sieckmann\n180,000\n1,000,000\n\n\n1990\nRobert Gamez\n United States\n274\n−14\n1 stroke\n Greg Norman\n162,000\n900,000\n\n\n1989\nTom Kite (2)\n United States\n278\n−6\nPlayoff\n Davis Love III\n144,000\n800,000\n\n\nHertz Bay Hill Classic\n\n\n1988\nPaul Azinger\n United States\n271\n−13\n5 strokes\n Tom Kite\n135,000\n750,000\n\n\n1987\nPayne Stewart\n United States\n264\n−20\n3 strokes\n David Frost\n108,000\n600,000\n\n\n1986\nDan Forsman\n United States\n 202\n−11\n1 stroke\n Raymond Floyd\n Mike Hulbert\n90,000\n500,000\n\n\n1985\nFuzzy Zoeller\n United States\n275\n−9\n2 strokes\n Tom Watson\n90,000\n500,000\n\n\nBay Hill Classic\n\n\n1984\nGary Koch (2)\n United States\n272\n−12\nPlayoff\n George Burns\n72,000\n400,000\n\n\n1983\nMike Nicolette\n United States\n283\n−1\nPlayoff\n Greg Norman\n63,000\n350,000\n\n\n1982\nTom Kite\n United States\n278\n−6\nPlayoff\n Jack Nicklaus\n Denis Watson\n54,000\n300,000\n\n\n1981\nAndy Bean\n United States\n266\n−18\n7 strokes\n Tom Watson\n54,000\n300,000\n\n\n1980\nDave Eichelberger\n United States\n279\n−5\n3 strokes\n Leonard Thompson\n54,000\n300,000\n\n\nBay Hill Citrus Classic\n\n\n1979\nBob Byman\n United States\n278\n−6\nPlayoff\n John Schroeder\n45,000\n250,000\n\n\nFlorida Citrus Open\n\n\n1978\nMac McLendon\n United States\n271\n−17\n2 strokes\n David Graham\n40,000\n200,000\n\n\n1977\nGary Koch\n United States\n274\n−14\n2 strokes\n Dale Hayes\n Joe Inman\n40,000\n200,000\n\n\n1976\nHale Irwin\n United States\n270\n−18\nPlayoff\n Kermit Zarley\n40,000\n200,000\n\n\n1975\nLee Trevino\n United States\n276\n−12\n1 stroke\n Hale Irwin\n40,000\n200,000\n\n\n1974\nJerry Heard (2)\n United States\n273\n−15\n3 strokes\n Homero Blancas\n Jim Jamieson\n30,000\n150,000\n\n\n1973\nBuddy Allin\n United States\n265\n−23\n8 strokes\n Charles Coody\n30,000\n150,000\n\n\n1972\nJerry Heard\n United States\n276\n−12\n2 strokes\n Bobby Mitchell\n30,000\n150,000\n\n\nFlorida Citrus Invitational\n\n\n1971\nArnold Palmer\n United States\n270\n−18\n1 stroke\n Julius Boros\n30,000\n150,000\n\n\n1970\nBob Lunn\n United States\n271\n−17\n1 stroke\n Arnold Palmer\n Bob Stanton\n30,000\n150,000\n\n\nFlorida Citrus Open Invitational\n\n\n1969\nKen Still\n United States\n278\n−10\n1 stroke\n Miller Barber\n23,000\n115,000\n\n\n1968\nDan Sikes\n United States\n274\n−14\n1 stroke\n Tom Weiskopf\n23,000\n115,000\n\n\n1967\nJulius Boros\n United States\n274\n−10\n1 stroke\n George Knudson\n Arnold Palmer\n23,000\n115,000\n\n\n1966\nLionel Hebert\n United States\n279\n−5\n2 strokes\n Charles Coody\n Dick Lytle\n Jack Nicklaus\n21,000\n110,000\n\n" ]	[ "1,602,000" ]
5184308508971464912	Flying and gliding animals	Flying and gliding animals - wikipedia Flying and gliding animals This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Greylag geese ( Anser anser ) . Birds are one of only four taxonomic groups to have evolved powered flight . A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion , either by powered flight or by gliding . Flying and gliding animals ( volant animals ) have evolved separately many times , without any single ancestor . Flight has evolved at least four times , in the insects , pterosaurs , birds , and bats . Gliding has evolved on many more occasions . Usually the development is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree , although there are other possibilities . Gliding , in particular , has evolved among rainforest animals , especially in the rainforests in Asia ( most especially Borneo ) where the trees are tall and widely spaced . Several species of aquatic animals , and a few amphibians and reptiles have also evolved to acquire this gliding flight ability , typically as a means of evading predators . Contents 1 Types 1.1 Unpowered 1.2 Powered flight 1.3 Externally powered 2 Evolution and ecology 2.1 Gliding and parachuting 2.2 Powered flight 3 Biomechanics 3.1 Gliding and parachuting 3.2 Powered flight 4 Limits and extremes 4.1 Flying / soaring 4.2 Gliding / parachuting 5 Extant flying and gliding animals 5.1 Invertebrates 5.1. 1 Arthropods 5.1. 2 Molluscs 5.2 Vertebrates 5.2. 1 Fish 5.2. 2 Amphibians 5.2. 3 Reptiles 5.2. 4 Birds 5.2. 5 Mammals 6 Extinct flying and gliding animals 6.1 Reptiles 6.2 Non-avian dinosaurs 6.3 Fish 6.4 Mammals 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Types ( edit ) Animal aerial locomotion can be divided into two categories -- powered and unpowered . In unpowered modes of locomotion , the animal uses aerodynamics forces exerted on the body due to wind or falling through the air . In powered flight , the animal uses muscular power to generate aerodynamic forces . Animals using unpowered aerial locomotion can not maintain altitude and speed due to unopposed drag , while animals using powered flight can maintain steady , level flight as long as their muscles are capable of doing so . Unpowered ( edit ) These modes of locomotion typically require an animal start from a raised location , converting that potential energy into kinetic energy and using aerodynamic forces to control trajectory and angle of descent . Energy is continually lost to drag without being replaced , thus these methods of locomotion have limited range and duration . Falling : decreasing altitude under the force of gravity , using no adaptations to increase drag or provide lift . Parachuting : falling at an angle greater than 45 ° from the horizontal with adaptations to increase drag forces . Very small animals may be carried up by the wind . Some gliding animals may use their gliding membranes for drag rather than lift , to safely descend . Gliding flight : falling at an angle less than 45 ° from the horizontal with lift from adapted aerofoil membranes . This allows slowly falling directed horizontal movement , with streamlining to decrease drag forces for aerofoil efficiency and often with some maneuverability in air . Gliding animals have a lower aspect ratio ( wing length / breadth ) than true flyers . Powered flight ( edit ) Powered flight has evolved only four times ( first in insects , then in pterosaurs , birds and bats ) . It uses muscular power to generate aerodynamic forces and to replace energy lost to drag . Flapping : moving wings to produce lift and thrust . May ascend without the aid of the wind , as opposed to gliders and parachuters . Externally powered ( edit ) Ballooning and soaring are not powered by muscle , but rather by external aerodynamic sources of energy : the wind and rising thermals , respectively . Both can continue as long as the source of external power is present . Soaring is typically only seen in species capable of powered flight , as it requires extremely large wings . Ballooning : being carried up into the air from the aerodynamic effect on long strands of silk in the wind . Certain silk - producing arthropods , mostly small or young spiders , secrete a special light - weight gossamer silk for ballooning , sometimes traveling great distances at high altitude . Soaring : gliding in rising or otherwise moving air that requires specific physiological and morphological adaptations that can sustain the animal aloft without flapping its wings . The rising air is due to thermals , ridge lift or other meteorological features . Under the right conditions , soaring creates a gain of altitude without expending energy . Large wingspans are needed for efficient soaring . Many species will use multiple of these modes at various times ; a hawk will use powered flight to rise , then soar on thermals , then descend via free - fall to catch its prey . Evolution and ecology ( edit ) Gliding and parachuting ( edit ) While gliding occurs independently from powered flight , it has some ecological advantages of its own . Gliding is a very energy - efficient way of travelling from tree to tree . An argument made is that many gliding animals eat low energy foods such as leaves and are restricted to gliding because of this , whereas flying animals eat more high energy foods such as fruits , nectar , and insects . In contrast to flight , gliding has evolved independently many times ( more than a dozen times among extant vertebrates ) ; however these groups have not radiated nearly as much as have groups of flying animals . Worldwide , the distribution of gliding animals is uneven as most inhabit rain forests in Southeast Asia . ( Despite seemingly suitable rain forest habitats , few gliders are found in India or New Guinea and none in Madagascar . ) Additionally , a variety of gliding vertebrates are found in Africa , a family of hylids ( flying frogs ) lives in South America and several species of gliding squirrels are found in the forests of northern Asia and North America . Various factors produce these disparities . In the forests of Southeast Asia , the dominant canopy trees ( usually dipterocarps ) are taller than the canopy trees of the other forests . A higher start provides a competitive advantage of further glides and farther travel . Gliding predators may more efficiently search for prey . The lower abundance of insect and small vertebrate prey for carnivorous animals ( such as lizards ) in Asian forests may be a factor . In Australia , many mammals ( and all mammalian gliders ) possess , to some extent , prehensile tails . Powered flight ( edit ) Analogous flying adaptions in vertebrates : pterosaur ( Pterosauria ) bat ( Chiroptera ) bird ( Aves ) Powered flight has evolved unambiguously only four times -- birds , bats , pterosaurs , and insects . In contrast to gliding , which has evolved more frequently but typically gives rise to only a handful of species , all three extant groups of powered flyers have a huge number of species , suggesting that flight is a very successful strategy once evolved . Bats , after rodents , have the most species of any mammalian order , about 20 % of all mammalian species . Birds have the most species of any class of terrestrial vertebrates . Finally , insects ( most of which fly at some point in their life cycle ) have more species than all other animal groups combined . The evolution of flight is one of the most striking and demanding in animal evolution , and has attracted the attention of many prominent scientists and generated many theories . Additionally , because flying animals tend to be small and have a low mass ( both of which increase the surface - area - to - mass ratio ) , they tend to fossilize infrequently and poorly compared to the larger , heavier - boned terrestrial species they share habitat with . Fossils of flying animals tend to be confined to exceptional fossil deposits formed under highly specific circumstances , resulting in a generally poor fossil record , and a particular lack of transitional forms . Furthermore , as fossils do not preserve behavior or muscle , it can be difficult to discriminate between a poor flyer and a good glider . Insects were the first to evolve flight , approximately 350 million years ago . The developmental origin of the insect wing remains in dispute , as does the purpose prior to true flight . One suggestion is that wings initially were used to catch the wind for small insects that live on the surface of the water , while another is that they functioned in parachuting , then gliding , then flight for originally arboreal insects . Pterosaurs were the next to evolve flight , approximately 228 million years ago . These reptiles were close relatives of the dinosaurs ( and sometimes mistakenly considered dinosaurs by laymen ) , and reached enormous sizes , with some of the last forms being the largest flying animals ever to inhabit the Earth , having wingspans of over 9.1 m ( 30 ft ) . However , they spanned a large range of sizes , down to a 250 mm ( 10 in ) wingspan in Nemicolopterus . Birds have an extensive fossil record , along with many forms documenting both their evolution from small theropod dinosaurs and the numerous bird - like forms of theropod which did not survive the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous . Indeed , Archaeopteryx is arguably the most famous transitional fossil in the world , both due to its mix of reptilian and avian anatomy and the luck of being discovered only two years after Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species . However , the ecology and this transition is considerably more contentious , with various scientists supporting either a `` trees down '' origin ( in which an arboreal ancestor evolved gliding , then flight ) or a `` ground up '' origin ( in which a fast - running terrestrial ancestor used wings for a speed boost and to help catch prey ) . Bats are the most recent to evolve ( about 60 million years ago ) , most likely from a fluttering ancestor , though their poor fossil record has hindered more detailed study . Only a few animals are known to have specialised in soaring : the larger of the extinct pterosaurs , and some large birds . Powered flight is very energetically expensive for large animals , but for soaring their size is an advantage , as it allows them a low wing loading , that is a large wing areas relative to their weight , which maximizes lift . Soaring is very energetically efficient . Biomechanics ( edit ) Gliding and parachuting ( edit ) During a free - fall with no aerodynamic forces , the object accelerates due to gravity , resulting in increasing velocity as the object descends . During parachuting , animals use the aerodynamic forces on their body to counteract the force or gravity . Any object moving through air experiences a drag force that is proportion to surface area and to velocity squared , and this force will partially counter the force of gravity , slowing the animal 's descent to a safer speed . If this drag is oriented at an angle to the vertical , the animal 's trajectory will gradually become more horizontal , and it will cover horizontal as well as vertical distance . Smaller adjustments can allow turning or other maneuvers . This can allow a parachuting animal to move from a high location on one tree to a lower location on another tree nearby . During gliding , lift plays an increased role . Like drag , lift is proportional to velocity squared . Gliding animals will typically leap or drop from high locations such as trees , just as in parachuting , and as gravitational acceleration increases their speed , the aerodynamic forces also increase . Because the animal can utilize lift and drag to generate greater aerodynamic force , it can glide at a shallower angle than parachuting animals , allowing it to cover greater horizontal distance in the same loss of altitude , and reach trees further away . Powered flight ( edit ) Unlike most air vehicles , in which the objects that generate lift ( wings ) and thrust ( engine / propeller ) are separate and the wings remained fixed , flying animals use their wings to generate both lift and thrust by moving them relative to the body . This has made the flight of organisms considerably harder to understand than that of vehicles , as it involves varying speeds , angles , orientations , areas , and flow patterns over the wings . A bird or bat flying through the air at a constant speed moves its wings up and down ( usually with some fore - aft movement as well ) . Because the animal is in motion , there is some airflow relative to its body which , combined with the velocity of its wings , generates a faster airflow moving over the wing . This will generate lift force vector pointing forwards and upwards , and a drag force vector pointing rearwards and upwards . The upwards components of these counteract gravity , keeping the body in the air , while the forward component provides thrust to counteract both the drag from the wing and from the body as a whole . Pterosaur flight likely worked in a similar manner , though no living pterosaurs remain for study . Insect flight is considerably different , due to their small size , rigid wings , and other anatomical differences . Turbulence and vortices play a much larger role in insect flight , making it even more complex and difficult to study than the flight of vertebrates . There are two basic aerodynamic models of insect flight . Most insects use a method that creates a spiralling leading edge vortex . Some very small insects use the fling - and - clap or Weis - Fogh mechanism in which the wings clap together above the insect 's body and then fling apart . As they fling open , the air gets sucked in and creates a vortex over each wing . This bound vortex then moves across the wing and , in the clap , acts as the starting vortex for the other wing . Circulation and lift are increased , at the price of wear and tear on the wings . Limits and extremes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flying / soaring ( edit ) Largest . The largest known flying animal was formerly thought to be Pteranodon , a pterosaur with a wingspan of up to 7.5 metres ( 25 ft ) . However , the more recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus is much larger , with estimates of the wingspan ranging from 9 to 12 metres ( 30 to 39 ft ) . Some other recently discovered azhdarchid pterosaur species , such as Hatzegopteryx , may have also wingspans of a similar size or even slightly larger . Although it is widely thought that Quetzalcoatlus reached the size limit of a flying animal , it should be noted that the same was once said of Pteranodon . The heaviest living flying animals are the kori bustard and the great bustard with males reaching 21 kilograms ( 46 lb ) . The wandering albatross has the greatest wingspan of any living flying animal at 3.63 metres ( 11.9 ft ) . Among living animals which fly over land , the Andean condor and the marabou stork have the largest wingspan at 3.2 metres ( 10 ft ) . Studies have shown that it is physically possible for flying animals to reach 18 - metre ( 59 ft ) wingspans , but there is no firm evidence that any flying animal , not even the azhdarchid pterosaurs , got that large . Smallest . There is no real minimum size for getting airborne . Indeed , there are many bacteria floating in the atmosphere that constitute part of the aeroplankton . However , to move about under one 's own power and not be overly affected by the wind requires a certain amount of size . The smallest flying vertebrates are the bee hummingbird and the bumblebee bat , both of which may weigh less than 2 grams ( 0.071 oz ) . They are thought to represent the lower size limit for endotherm flight . Fastest . The fastest of all known flying animals is the peregrine falcon , which when diving travels at 300 kilometres per hour ( 190 mph ) or faster . The fastest animal in flapping horizontal flight may be the Mexican free - tailed bat , said to attain about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) based on ground speed by an aircraft tracking device ; that measurement does not separate any contribution from wind speed , so the observations could be caused by strong tailwinds . Slowest . Most flying animals need to travel forward to stay aloft . However , some creatures can stay in the same spot , known as hovering , either by rapidly flapping the wings , as do hummingbirds , hoverflies , dragonflies , and some others , or carefully using thermals , as do some birds of prey . The slowest flying non-hovering bird recorded is the American woodcock , at 8 kilometres per hour ( 5.0 mph ) . Highest flying . There are records of a Rüppell 's vulture Gyps rueppelli , a large vulture , being sucked into a jet engine 11,550 metres ( 37,890 ft ) above Côte d'Ivoire in West Africa . The animal that flies highest most regularly is the bar - headed goose Anser indicus , which migrates directly over the Himalayas between its nesting grounds in Tibet and its winter quarters in India . They are sometimes seen flying well above the peak of Mount Everest at 8,848 metres ( 29,029 ft ) . Gliding / parachuting ( edit ) Most efficient glider . This can be taken as the animal that moves most horizontal distance per metre fallen . Flying squirrels are known to glide up to 200 metres ( 660 ft ) , but have measured glide ratio of about 2 . Flying fish have been observed to glide for hundreds of metres on the drafts on the edge of waves with only their initial leap from the water to provide height , but may be obtaining additional lift from wave motion . On the other hand , albatrosses have measured lift / drag ratios of 20 , and thus fall just 1 meter ( foot ) for every 20 in still air . Most maneuverable glider . Many gliding animals have some ability to turn , but which is the most maneuverable is difficult to assess . Even paradise tree snakes , Chinese gliding frogs , and gliding ants have been observed as having considerable capacity to turn in the air . Extant flying and gliding animals ( edit ) Invertebrates ( edit ) Arthropods ( edit ) A bee in flight . Insects ( flying ) . The first of all animals to evolve flight , insects are also the only invertebrates that have evolved flight . The species are too numerous to list here . Insect flight is an active research field . Gliding bristletails ( gliding ) . Directed aerial gliding descent is found in some tropical arboreal bristletails , an ancestrally wingless sister taxa to the winged insects . The bristletails median caudal filament is important for the glide ratio and gliding control Gliding ants ( gliding ) . The flightless workers of these insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move through the air . Gliding has evolved independently in a number of arboreal ant species from the groups Cephalotini , Pseudomyrmecinae , and Formicinae ( mostly Camponotus ) . All arboreal dolichoderines and non-cephalotine myrmicines except Daceton armigerum do not glide . Living in the rainforest canopy like many other gliders , gliding ants use their gliding to return to the trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be knocked off a branch . Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes atreus in the Peruvian rainforest . Cephalotes atreus can make 180 degree turns , and locate the trunk using visual cues , succeeding in landing 80 % of the time . Unique among gliding animals , Cephalotini and Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first , the Forminicae however glide in the more conventional head first manner . Gliding immature insects . The wingless immature stages of some insect species that have wings as adults may also show a capacity to glide . These include some species of cockroach , mantid , katydid , stick insect and true bug . ( 2 ) Spiders . Although typically flightless some may engage in aerial locomotion as described below . Ballooning spiders ( parachuting ) . The young of some species of spiders travel through the air by using silk draglines to catch the wind , as may some smaller species of adult spider , such the money spider family . This behavior is commonly known as `` ballooning '' . Ballooning spiders make up part of the aeroplankton . Gliding spiders ( gliding ) . Some species of arboreal spider of the genus Selenops can glide back to the trunk of a tree should they fall . ( 3 ) Molluscs ( edit ) Flying squid ( gliding ) . Several oceanic squids , such as the Pacific flying squid , will leap out of the water to escape predators , an adaptation similar to that of flying fish . Smaller squids will fly in shoals , and have been observed to cover distances as long as 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not produce much lift , but do help stabilize the motion of flight . They exit the water by expelling water out of their funnel , indeed some squid have been observed to continue jetting water while airborne providing thrust even after leaving the water . This may make flying squid the only animals with jet - propelled aerial locomotion . The neon flying squid has been observed to glide for distances over 30 metres ( 100 ft ) , at speeds of up to 11.2 metres per second ( 37 ft / s ) ( 4 ) . Vertebrates ( edit ) Fish ( edit ) Band - winged flying fish , with enlarged pectoral fins Flying fish ( gliding ) . There are over 50 species of flying fish belonging to the family Exocoetidae . They are mostly marine fishes of small to medium size . The largest flying fish can reach lengths of 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) but most species measure less than 30 cm ( 12 in ) in length . They can be divided into two - winged varieties and four - winged varieties . Before the fish leaves the water it increases its speed to around 30 body lengths per second and as it breaks the surface and is freed from the drag of the water it can be traveling at around 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ) . The glides are usually up to 30 -- 50 metres ( 100 -- 160 ft ) in length , but some have been observed soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the leading edges of waves . The fish can also make a series of glides , each time dipping the tail into the water to produce forward thrust . The longest recorded series of glides , with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in the water , was for 45 seconds ( Video here ) . It has been suggested that the genus Exocoetus is on an evolutionary borderline between flight and gliding . It flaps its enlarged pectoral fins when airborne , but still seems only to glide , as there is no hint of a power stroke . It has been found that some flying fish can glide as effectively as some flying birds . Halfbeaks ( gliding ) . A group related to the Exocoetidae , one or two hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true gliding flight rather than simple leaps . Marshall ( 1965 ) reports that Euleptorhamphus viridis can cover 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in two separate hops . Freshwater butterflyfish ( possibly gliding ) . Pantodon buchholzi has the ability to jump and possibly glide a short distance . It can move through the air several times the length of its body . While it does this , the fish flaps its large pectoral fins , giving it its common name . However , it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can truly glide , Saidel et al. ( 2004 ) argue that it can not . Freshwater hatchetfish ( possibly flying ) . There are 9 species of freshwater hatchetfish split among 3 genera . Freshwater hatchetfish have an extremely large sternal region that is fitted with a large amount of muscle that allows it to flap its pectoral fins . They can move in a straight line over a few metres to escape predators . Illustration of Wallace 's flying frog in Alfred Russel Wallace 's 1869 book The Malay Archipelago Amphibians ( edit ) Gliding has evolved independently in two families of tree frogs , the Old World Rhacophoridae and the New World Hylidae . Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities from non-gliding , to parachuting , to full gliding . Rhacophoridae flying frogs ( gliding ) . A number of the Rhacophoridae , such as Wallace 's flying frog ( Rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) , have adaptations for gliding , the main feature being enlarged toe membranes . For example , the Malayan flying frog Rhacophorus prominanus glides using the membranes between the toes of its limbs , and small membranes located at the heel , the base of the leg , and the forearm . Some of the frogs are quite accomplished gliders , for example , the Chinese flying frog Rhacophorus dennysi can maneuver in the air , making two kinds of turn , either rolling into the turn ( a banked turn ) or yawing into the turn ( a crabbed turn ) . Hylidae flying frogs ( gliding ) . The other frog family that contains gliders . The underside of Kuhl 's flying gecko Ptychozoon kuhli . Note the gliding adaptations : flaps of skin on the legs , feet , sides of the body , and on the sides of the head . Reptiles ( edit ) Several lizards and snakes are capable of gliding : Draco lizards . There are 28 species of lizard of the genus Draco , found in Sri Lanka , India , and Southeast Asia . They live in trees , feeding on tree ants , but nest on the forest floor . They can glide for up to 60 metres ( 200 ft ) and over this distance they lose only 10 metres ( 30 ft ) in height . Unusually , their patagium ( gliding membrane ) is supported on elongated ribs rather than the more common situation among gliding vertebrates of having the patagium attached to the limbs . When extended , the ribs form a semicircle on either side the lizard 's body and can be folded to the body like a folding fan . Gliding lacertids . There are two species of gliding lacertid , of the genus Holaspis , found in Africa . They have fringed toes and tail sides and can flatten their bodies for gliding / parachuting . Ptychozoon flying geckos . There are six species of gliding gecko , of the genus Ptychozoon , from Southeast Asia . These lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs , torso , tail , and head that catch the air and enable them to glide . Lupersaurus flying geckos . A possible sister - taxon to Ptychozoon which has similar flaps and folds and also glides . Thecadactylus flying geckos . At least some species of Thecadactylus , such as T. rapicauda , are known to glide . Cosymbotus flying gecko . Similar adaptations to Ptychozoon are found in the two species of the gecko genus Cosymbotus . Chrysopelea snakes . Five species of snake from Southeast Asia , Melanesia , and India . The paradise tree snake of southern Thailand , Malaysia , Borneo , Philippines , and Sulawesi is the most capable glider of those snakes studied . It glides by stretching out its body sideways and opening its ribs so the belly is concave , and by making lateral slithering movements . It can remarkably glide up to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) and make 90 degree turns . Birds ( edit ) Main article : Bird flight Birds are a successful group of flying vertebrate . Birds ( flying , soaring ) -- Most of the approximately 10,000 living species can fly ( flightless birds are the exception ) . Bird flight is one of the most studied forms of aerial locomotion in animals . See List of soaring birds for birds that can soar as well as fly . Mammals ( edit ) Bats are the only mammal with flapping or powered flight . A few other mammals glide or parachute ; the best known are flying squirrels and flying lemurs . Bats ( flying ) . There are approximately 1,240 bat species , representing about 20 % of all classified mammal species . Flying squirrels ( subfamily Petauristinae ) ( gliding ) . There are 43 species divided between 14 genera of flying squirrel . Flying squirrels are found almost worldwide in tropical ( Southeast Asia , India , and Sri Lanka ) , temperate , and even Arctic environments . They tend to be nocturnal . When a flying squirrel wishes to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance possible by jumping , it extends the cartilage spur on its elbow or wrist . This opens out the flap of furry skin ( the patagium ) that stretches from its wrist to its ankle . It glides spread - eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute , and grips the tree with its claws when it lands . Flying squirrels have been reported to glide over 200 metres ( 660 ft ) . Anomalures or scaly - tailed flying squirrels ( family Anomaluridae ) ( gliding ) . These brightly coloured African rodents are not squirrels but have evolved to a resemble flying squirrels by convergent evolution . There are seven species , divided in three genera . All but one species have gliding membranes between their front and hind legs . The genus Idiurus contains two particularly small species known as flying mice , but similarly they are not true mice . Colugos or `` flying lemurs '' ( order Dermoptera ) ( gliding ) . There are two species of colugo . Despite their common name , colugos are not lemurs ; true lemurs are primates . Molecular evidence suggests that colugos are a sister group to primates ; however , some mammalogists suggest they are a sister group to bats . Found in Southeast Asia , the colugo is probably the mammal most adapted for gliding , with a patagium that is as large as geometrically possible . They can glide as far as 70 metres ( 230 ft ) with minimal loss of height . Sifaka , a type of lemur , and possibly some other primates ( possible limited gliding / parachuting ) . A number of primates have been suggested to have adaptations that allow limited gliding and / or parachuting : sifakas , indris , galagos and saki monkeys . Most notably , the sifaka , a type of lemur , has thick hairs on its forearms that have been argued to provide drag , and a small membrane under its arms that has been suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil properties . Flying phalangers or wrist - winged gliders ( subfamily Petaurinae ) ( gliding ) . Possums found in Australia , and New Guinea . The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable until they jump . On jumping , the animal extends all four legs and stretches the loose folds of skin . The subfamily contains seven species . Of the six species in the genus Petaurus , the sugar glider and the Biak glider are the most common species . The lone species in the genus Gymnobelideus , Leadbeater 's possum has only a vestigial gliding membrane . Greater glider ( Petauroides volans ) ( gliding ) . The only species of the genus Petauroides of the family Pseudocheiridae . This marsupial is found in Australia , and was originally classed with the flying phalangers , but is now recognised as separate . Its flying membrane only extends to the elbow , rather than to the wrist as in Petaurinae . Feather - tailed possums ( family Acrobatidae ) ( gliding ) . This family of marsupials contains two genera , each with one species . The feathertail glider ( Acrobates pygmaeus ) , found in Australia is the size of a very small mouse and is the smallest mammalian glider . The feathertail possum ( Distoechurus pennatus ) is found in New Guinea , but does not glide . Both species have a stiff - haired feather - like tail . Townsends 's big - eared bat , ( Corynorhinus townsendii ) displaying the `` hand wing '' Extinct flying and gliding animals ( edit ) Pterosaurs included the largest known flying animals Reptiles ( edit ) Extinct reptiles similar to Draco ( gliding ) . There are a number of unrelated extinct lizard - like reptiles with similar `` wings '' to the Draco lizards . Icarosaurus , Coelurosauravus , Weigeltisaurus , Mecistotrachelos , and Kuehneosaurus . The largest of these , Kuehneosaurus , has a wingspan of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) , and was estimated to be able to glide about 30 metres ( 100 ft ) . Sharovipterygidae ( gliding ) . These strange reptiles from the Upper Triassic of Kyrgyzstan and Poland unusually had a membrane on their elongated hind limbs , extending their otherwise normal , flying - squirrel - like patagia significantly . The forelimbs are in contrast much smaller . Longisquama insignis ( possibly gliding / parachuting ) . This small reptile may have had long paired feather - like scales on its back , however it has been more recently argued that the scales form just a single dorsal frill . If paired , they may have been used for parachuting . `` Everything you can make out is consistent with it being a small , tree - living , gliding animal , which is precisely the thing you 'd expect birds to evolve out of , '' says Larry Martin , senior curator at the Natural History Museum at the University of Kansas . Pterosaurs ( flying ) . Pterosaurs were the first flying vertebrates , and are generally agreed to have been sophisticated flyers . They had large wings formed by a patagium stretching from the torso to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger . There were hundreds of species , most of which are thought to have been intermittent flappers , and many soarers . The largest known flying animals are pterosaurs . Hypuronector ( gliding ) . This bizarre drepanosaur displays limb proportions , particularly the elongated forelimbs , that are consistent with a flying or gliding animal with patagia . Non-avian dinosaurs ( edit ) Theropods ( gliding / flying ) . There were several species of theropod dinosaur thought to be capable of gliding or flying , that are not classified as birds ( though they are closely related ) . Some species ( Microraptor gui , Microraptor zhaoianus , Cryptovolans pauli , and Changyuraptor ) have been found that were fully feathered on all four limbs , giving them four ' wings ' that they are believed to have used for gliding or flying . One species , Deinonychus antirrhopus , may display partial volancy , with the young being capable of flight while the adults are flightless , a characteristic also seen in some modern birds like the Horned coot and the Flying steamer duck . Yi is unique among gliding dinosaurs for the development of membranous wings , unlike the feathered airfoils of other theropods . Much like modern anomalures it developed a bony rod to help support the wing , albeit on the wrist and not the elbow . Fish ( edit ) Thoracopteridae ( gliding ) is a lineage of Triassic flying fish - like Perleidiformes , having converted their pectoral and pelvic fins into broad wings very similar to those of their modern counterparts . The Ladinian genus Potanichthys is the oldest member of this clade , as well as the earliest aerial vertebrate known , suggesting that these fish began exploring aerial niches soon after the Permian - Triassic extinction event . Mammals ( edit ) Volaticotherids predate bats as mammalian aeronauts by at least 110 million years Volaticotherium antiquum ( gliding ) . A gliding eutriconodont , long considered the earliest gliding mammal until the discovery of contemporary gliding haramiyidans . It lived around 164 million years ago and used a fur - covered skin membrane to glide through the air . The closely related Argentoconodon is also thought to have been able to glide , based on postcranial similarities ; it lived around 165 million years ago . Several species of extinct bat have been found , like Icaronycteris , Palaeochiropteryx , and Onychonycteris . A gliding metatherian ( possibly a marsupial ) is known from the Paleocene of Itaboraí , Brazil . The haramiyidans Vilevolodon , Xianshou , Maiopatagium and Arboroharamiya had extensive patagia , highly convergent with those of colugos . See also ( edit ) Animal locomotion Flying mythological creatures Insect thermoregulation Organisms at high altitude References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Life in the Rainforest '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Corlett , Richard T. ; Primack , Richard B. ( 2011 ) . Tropical rain forests : an ecological and biogeographical comparison ( 2nd ed . ) . Chichester : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 197 , 200 . ISBN 978 - 1444332551 . Jump up ^ Simmons , N.B. ; D.E. Wilson , D.C. Reeder ( 2005 ) . Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 312 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Matt ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient bats got in a flap over food '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2011.9304 . Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Flight '' . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Wang , Shizhao ; Zhang , Xing ; He , Guowei ; Liu , Tianshu ( Sep 2013 ) . `` Lift Enhancement by Dynamically Changing Wingspan in Forward Flapping Flight '' . Physics of Fluids. 26 : 061903 . arXiv : 1309.2726 . Bibcode : 2014PhFl ... 26f1903W . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4884130 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Z . Jane ( 2005 ) . `` DISSECTING INSECT FLIGHT '' ( pdf ) . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics . Annual Reviews . 37 : 183 . Bibcode : 2005AnRFM ... 37 ... 183W . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. fluid. 36.050802. 121940 . ^ Jump up to : Sane , Sanjay P. ( 2003 ) . `` The aerodynamics of insect flight '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 206 ( 23 ) : 4191 -- 4208 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 00663 . PMID 14581590 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Gary F. ; Safi , Kamran ; Kunz , Thomas H. ; Dechmann , Dina K.N. ; Swartz , Sharon M. ; Wikelski , Martin ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats '' . Royal Society Open Science . 3 : 160398 . Bibcode : 2016RSOS ... 360398M . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160398 . Jump up ^ Photopoulos , Julianna ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` Speedy bat flies at 160km / h , smashing bird speed record '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . But not everyone is convinced . Graham Taylor at the University of Oxford says that errors in estimating bat speed by measuring the distance moved between successive positions could be huge . `` So I think it would be premature to knock birds off their pedestal as nature 's fastest fliers just yet , '' he says. `` These bats are indeed flying very fast at times , but this is based on their ground speed , '' says Anders Hedenström at the University of Lund in Sweden . `` Since they did not measure winds at the place and time where the bats are flying , one can therefore not exclude that the top speeds are not bats flying in a gust . '' Jump up ^ Fillipone Jump up ^ Yanoviak , SP ; Kaspari , M ; Dudley , R ( 2009 ) . `` Gliding hexapods and the origins of insect aerial behaviour '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 4 ) : 510 -- 2 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.0029 . PMC 2781901 . PMID 19324632 . Jump up ^ Yanoviak , S.P. ; Dudley , R. ; Kaspari , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Directed aerial descent in canopy ants '' . Nature . 433 ( 7026 ) : 624 -- 626 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 433 ... 624Y . doi : 10.1038 / nature03254 . PMID 15703745 . Jump up ^ `` Scientist Discovers Rainforest Ants That Glide '' . Newswise . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Packard , A. ( 1972 ) . `` Cephalopods and fish : the limits of convergence '' . Biological Reviews . 47 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 307 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1972. tb00975. x . Jump up ^ Maciá , Silvia ; Robinson , Michael P. ; Craze , Paul ; Dalton , Robert ; Thomas , James D. ( 2004 ) . `` New observations on airborne jet propulsion ( flight ) in squid , with a review of previous reports '' . Journal of Molluscan Studies . 70 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 299 . doi : 10.1093 / mollus / 70.3. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) , Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals , Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Science / Nature Fast flying fish glides by ferry Jump up ^ `` Vertebrate Flight : gliding and parachuting '' . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Flying fish perform as well as some birds - Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ Marshall , N.B. ( 1965 ) The Life of Fishes . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 402 pp . Jump up ^ Berra , Tim M. ( 2001 ) . Freshwater Fish Distribution . San Diego : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 093156 - 7 Jump up ^ McKay , M.G. ( 2001 ) . `` Aerodynamic stability and maneuverability of the gliding frog Polypedates dennysi '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 204 ( 16 ) : 2817 -- 2826 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Sharon B. ; Koehl , M.A.R. ( 1990 ) . `` The interaction of behavioral and morphological change in the evolution of a novel locomotor type : `` flying '' frogs `` . Evolution. 44 ( 8 ) : 1931 -- 1946 . doi : 10.2307 / 2409604 . JSTOR 2409604 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Joseph R ; Savage , Jay M ; Griffith , Edgardo ; Ross , Heidi ; Kubicki , Brian ; Gagliardo , Ronald ( 2008 ) . `` Spectacular new gliding species of Ecnomiohyla ( Anura : Hylidae ) from Central Panama '' . Journal of Herpetology. 42 ( 4 ) : 750 -- 759 . doi : 10.1670 / 08 - 025R1. 1 . Jump up ^ Tiny lizard falls like a feather ^ Jump up to : Ptychozoon : the geckos that glide with flaps and fringes ( gekkotans part VIII ) -- Tetrapod Zoology Jump up ^ Tudge , Colin ( 2000 ) . The Variety of Life . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860426 - 2 . Jump up ^ Darren Naish : Tetrapod Zoology : Literally , flying lemurs ( and not dermopterans ) Jump up ^ Literally , flying lemurs ( and not dermopterans ) -- Tetrapod Zoology Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gliding Possums -- Environment , New South Wales Government Jump up ^ Cronin , Leonard -- `` Key Guide to Australian Mammals '' , published by Reed Books Pty. Ltd. , Sydney , 1991 ISBN 0 - 7301 - 0355 - 2 Jump up ^ van der Beld , John -- `` Nature of Australia -- A portrait of the island continent '' , co-published by William Collins Pty. Ltd. and ABC Enterprises for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation , Sydney , 1988 ( revised edition 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 7333 - 0241 - 6 Jump up ^ Russell , Rupert -- `` Spotlight on Possums '' , published by University of Queensland Press , St. Lucia , Queensland , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 7022 - 1478 - 7 Jump up ^ Troughton , Ellis -- `` Furred Animals of Australia '' , published by Angus and Robertson ( Publishers ) Pty. Ltd , Sydney , in 1941 ( revised edition 1973 ) , ISBN 0 - 207 - 12256 - 3 Jump up ^ Morcombe , Michael & Irene -- `` Mammals of Australia '' , published by Australian Universities Press Pty. Ltd , Sydney , 1974 , ISBN 0 - 7249 - 0017 - 9 Jump up ^ Ride , W.D.L. -- `` A Guide to the Native Mammals of Australia '' , published by Oxford University Press , Melbourne , 1970 , ISBN 0 19 550252 3 Jump up ^ Serventy , Vincent -- `` Wildlife of Australia '' , published by Thomas Nelson ( Australia ) Ltd. , Melbourne , 1968 ( revised edition 1977 ) , ISBN 0 - 17 - 005168 - 4 Jump up ^ Serventy , Vincent ( editor ) -- `` Australia 's Wildlife Heritage '' , published by Paul Hamlyn Pty. Ltd. , Sydney , 1975 Jump up ^ Myers , Phil . `` Family Pseudocheiridae '' . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gliding Reptile Discovered LiveScience Jump up ^ Dzik , J. ; Sulej , Tomasz ( 2016 ) . `` An early Late Triassic long - necked reptile with a bony pectoral shield and gracile appendages '' ( PDF ) . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 ( 4 ) : 805 -- 823 . Jump up ^ Stauth , David ( 2000 ) . `` Ancient feathered animal challenges dinosaur - bird link '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial Fossil Claimed to Sink Dinosaur - Bird Link '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 15 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Dinosaur Profs Worlds Apart on Link to Birds Jump up ^ Renesto , S. , Spielmann , J.A. , Lucas , S.G. , & Spagnoli , G.T. ( 2010 ) . The taxonomy and paleobiology of the Late Triassic ( Carnian - Norian : Adamanian - Apachean ) drepanosaurs ( Diapsida : Archosauromorpha : Drepanosauromorpha ) : Bulletin 46 ( Vol. 46 ) . New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Science / Nature Earliest flying mammal discovered Jump up ^ Gaetano , L.C. ; Rougier , G.W. ( 2011 ) . `` New materials of Argentoconodon fariasorum ( Mammaliaformes , Triconodontidae ) from the Jurassic of Argentina and its bearing on triconodont phylogeny '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 ( 4 ) : 829 -- 843 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.2011. 589877 . Jump up ^ Simmons , N.B. ; Seymour , K.L. ; Habersetzer , J. ; Gunnell , G.F. ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation '' . Nature . 451 ( 7180 ) : 818 -- 822 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 451 ... 818S . doi : 10.1038 / nature06549 . PMID 18270539 . Jump up ^ Szalay , FS , Sargis , EJ , and Stafford , BJ ( 2000 ) Small marsupial glider from the Paleocene of Itaboraí , Brazil . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 Supplement : 73A . Presented at the Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology . Jump up ^ Meng , Qing - Jin ; Grossnickle , David M. ; Di , Liu ; Zhang , Yu - Guang ; Neander , April I. ; Ji , Qiang ; Luo , Zhe - Xi ( 2017 ) . `` New gliding mammaliaforms from the Jurassic '' . Nature . 548 : 291 -- 296 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 548 ... 291M . doi : 10.1038 / nature23476 . Further reading ( edit ) Davenport , J. ( 1994 ) . `` How and why do flying fish fly ? '' . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 40 : 184 -- 214 . Saidel , W.M. ; Strain , G.F. ; Fornari , S.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Characterization of the aerial escape response of the African butterfly fish , Pantodon buchholzi Peters '' . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 71 : 63 -- 72 . doi : 10.1023 / b : ebfi.0000043153.38418.cd . Xu , Xing ; Zhou , Zhonghe ; Wang , Xiaolin ; Kuang , Xuewen ; Zhang , Fucheng ; Du , Xiangke ( 2003 ) . `` Four - winged dinosaurs from China '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 335 -- 340 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 335X . doi : 10.1038 / nature01342 . PMID 12540892 . Schiøtz , A. ; Vosloe , H. ( 1959 ) . `` The gliding flight of Holaspis guentheri Gray , a west - African lacertid '' . Copeia. 1959 : 259 -- 260 . doi : 10.2307 / 1440407 . Arnold , E.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Holaspis , a lizard that glided by accident : mosaics of cooption and adaptation in a tropical forest lacertid ( Reptilia , Lacertidae . ) '' . Bulletin of the Natural History Museum . Zoology Series . 68 : 155 -- 163 . doi : 10.1017 / s0968047002000171 . McGuire , J.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Allometric Prediction of Locomotor Performance : An Example from Southeast Asian Flying Lizards '' . The American Naturalist. 161 : 337 -- 349 . doi : 10.1086 / 346085 . PMID 12675377 . Demes , B. ; Forchap , E. ; Herwig , H. ( 1991 ) . `` They seem to glide . Are there aerodynamic effects in leaping prosimian primates ? '' . Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie. 78 : 373 -- 385 . The Pterosaurs : From Deep Time by David Unwin External links ( edit ) Media related to Animal flight at Wikimedia Commons Canopy Locomotion from Mongabay online magazine Learn the Secrets of Flight from Vertebrate Flight Exhibit at UCMP Canopy life Insect flight , photographs of flying insects -- Rolf Nagels Map of Life - `` Gliding mammals '' -- University of Cambridge Fins , limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe - finned fish Ray - finned fish Pectoral fins Pelvic fin Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion Ethology Branches Animal cognition Animal communication Animal consciousness Animal culture Animal sexual behaviour Animal welfare science Anthrozoology Bee learning and communication Behavioural ecology Behavioural genetics Cognitive ethology Comparative psychology Emotion in animals Evolutionary neuroscience Human ethology Instinct Learning Neuroethology Pain in animals Sociobiology Tool use by animals Zoosemiotics Zoomusicology Ethologists Patrick Bateson Marc Bekoff Donald Broom Charles Darwin Marian Dawkins Richard Dawkins Irenäus Eibl - Eibesfeldt Dian Fossey Karl von Frisch Jane Goodall Heini Hediger Julian Huxley Konrad Lorenz Desmond Morris Thomas Sebeok William Homan Thorpe Nikolaas Tinbergen Jakob von Uexküll Wolfgang Wickler E.O. Wilson Solly Zuckerman Societies Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour International Society for Applied Ethology Journals Animal Behaviour Animal Cognition Animal Welfare Behavioral Ecology Behaviour Related topics Animals portal Biology portal Ethology ( category ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_and_gliding_animals&oldid=852361209 '' Categories : Animal flight Ethology Evolution of animals Natural history Gliding animals Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français हिन्दी עברית Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 12 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name an animal other than birds that can fly	[ "A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. Flying and gliding animals (volant animals) have evolved separately many times, without any single ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats. Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually the development is to aid canopy animals in getting from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities. Gliding, in particular, has evolved among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests in Asia (most especially Borneo) where the trees are tall and widely spaced. Several species of aquatic animals, and a few amphibians and reptiles have also evolved to acquire this gliding flight ability, typically as a means of evading predators.\n" ]	[ "insects" ]
3407764442613717364	American bison	American bison - wikipedia American bison Jump to : navigation , search American bison Temporal range : 0.01 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Early Holocene -- present Plains bison ( Bison bison bison ) Alternative image Historic drawing Bison call audio Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Subfamily : Bovinae Subtribe : Bovina Genus : Bison Species : B. bison Binomial name Bison bison ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies B. b . athabascae B. b . bison Synonyms Bos americanus Bos bison Bison americanus Bison bison montanae The American bison ( Bison bison ) , also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo , is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds . They became nearly extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle , and have made a recent resurgence largely restricted to a few national parks and reserves . Their historical range roughly comprised a triangle between the Great Bear Lake in Canada 's far northwest , south to the Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León , and east to the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States ( nearly to the Atlantic tidewater in some areas ) from New York to Georgia and per some sources down to Florida . Bison were seen in North Carolina near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750 . Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described : the plains bison ( B. b . bison ) , smaller in size and with a more rounded hump , and the wood bison ( B. b . athabascae ) -- the larger of the two and having a taller , square hump . Furthermore , the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern ( B. b . montanae ) and a southern subspecies , bringing the total to three . However , this is generally not supported . The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of bovid in the world , surpassed by only the Asian gaur and wild water buffalo . It is the largest extant land animal in the Americas . The American bison is the national mammal of the United States . Male plains bison in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Differences from European bison 3 Evolution 4 Range and population 5 Habitat 6 As livestock 7 Behavior and ecology 7.1 Social behavior and reproduction 7.2 Horning 7.3 Wallowing behavior 7.4 Predation 7.5 Dangers to humans 8 Hunting 9 Genetics 10 Bison trails 11 As a symbol 11.1 Native Americans 11.2 United States and Canada 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term buffalo is sometimes considered to be a misnomer for this animal , and could be confused with `` true '' buffalos , the Asian water buffalo and the African buffalo . However , bison is a Greek word meaning ox - like animal , while buffalo originated with the French fur trappers who called these massive beasts bœufs , meaning ox or bullock -- so both names , bison and buffalo , have a similar meaning . The name buffalo is listed in many dictionaries as an acceptable name for American buffalo or bison . In reference to this animal , the term buffalo dates to 1625 in North American usage when the term was first recorded for the American mammal . It thus has a much longer history than the term bison , which was first recorded in 1774 . The American bison is very closely related to the wisent or European bison . In Plains Indian languages in general , male and female buffaloes are distinguished , with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes . Thus : in Arapaho : bii ( buffalo cow ) , henéécee ( buffalo bull ) in Lakota : pté ( buffalo cow ) , tȟatȟáŋka ( buffalo bull ) Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language ( for example , Arapaho possesses gender - neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk , mule deer , etc . ) , and so presumably is due to the special significance of the buffalo in Plains Indian life and culture . Description ( edit ) Adult male ( farther ) and adult female ( closer ) with a background of rich autumn colors , in Yellowstone National Park A bison has a shaggy , long , dark - brown winter coat , and a lighter - weight , lighter - brown summer coat . As is typical in ungulates , the male bison is slightly larger than the female and , in some cases , can be considerably heavier . Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes , and wood bison in the larger range . Head - and - body lengths range from 2 to 3.5 m ( 6.6 to 11.5 ft ) long , the tail adding 30 to 91 cm ( 12 to 36 in ) . Shoulder heights in the species can range from 152 to 186 cm ( 60 to 73 in ) . Weights can range from 318 to 1,000 kg ( 701 to 2,205 lb ) Typical weight ranges in the species were reported as 460 to 988 kg ( 1,014 to 2,178 lb ) in males and 360 to 544 kg ( 794 to 1,199 lb ) in females , the lowest weights probably representing typical weight around the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age . Mature bulls tend to be considerably larger than cows . Cow weights have had reported medians of 450 to 495 kg ( 992 to 1,091 lb ) , with one small sample averaging 479 kg ( 1,056 lb ) , whereas bulls may reportedly weigh a median of 730 kg ( 1,610 lb ) with an average from a small sample of 765 kg ( 1,687 lb ) . The heaviest wild bull ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg ( 2,800 lb ) . When raised in captivity and farmed for meat , the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic bison weighed 1,724 kg ( 3,801 lb ) . The heads and forequarters are massive , and both sexes have short , curved horns that can grow up to 2 ft ( 61 cm ) long , which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense . Bison are herbivores , grazing on the grasses and sedges of the North American prairies . Their daily schedule involves two - hour periods of grazing , resting , and cud chewing , then moving to a new location to graze again . Bison bulls of that age may try to mate with cows , but if more mature bulls are present , they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age . For the first two months of life , calves are lighter in color than mature bison . One very rare condition is the white buffalo , in which the calf turns entirely white . Differences from European bison ( edit ) Although they are superficially similar , the American and European bison exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences . Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average because of their less rangy build , and have shorter legs , which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder . American bison tend to graze more , and browse less than their European relatives , because their necks are set differently . Compared to the nose of the American bison , that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position . The body of the American bison is hairier , though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison . The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face , making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle , unlike the American bison which favors charging . American bison are more easily tamed than the European , and breed more readily with domestic cattle . Evolution. ( edit ) The bovine family ( taurids and bisonids ) diverged from the common ancestral line with water buffalo and African buffalo about 5 to 10 million years ago . Thereafter , the family lineage of bison and taurine cattle does not appear to be a straightforward `` tree '' structure as is often depicted in much evolution , because evidence exists of interbreeding and crossbreeding between different species and members within this family , even many millions of years after their ancestors separated into different species . This cross breeding was not sufficient to conflate the different species back together , but it has resulted in unexpected relationships between many members of this group , such as yak being related to American bison , when such relationships would otherwise not be apparent . A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in tribe Bovini : Taurine cattle and zebu Wisent ( European bison ) American bison and yak Banteng , gaur , and gayal However , Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison . An earlier study using amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak , but noted that the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic . It is shown , however , the wisent may have emerged by species divergence initiated by the introgression of bison bulls in a separate ancestral species , the aurochs . Last of the Canadian Bisons , 1902 , photograph : Steele and Company The steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) diverged from the lineage that led to cattle ( Bos taurus ) about 2 to 5 million years ago . The bison genus is clearly in the fossil record by 2 million years ago . The steppe bison spread across Eurasia and was the bison that was pictured in the ancient cave paintings of Spain and Southern France . The European bison arose from the steppe bison , without fossil evidence of other ancestral species between the steppe bison and the European bison , though the European bison might have arisen from the lineage that led to American bison if that lineage backcrossed with the steppe bison . Again , the web of relationships is confusing , but some evidence shows the European bison is descended from bison that had migrated from Asia to North America , and then back to Europe , where they crossbred with existing steppe bison . At one point , some steppe bison crossbred with the ancestors of the modern yak . After that cross , a population of steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) crossed the Bering Land Bridge to North America . Evidence has been found of multiple crossings of bison to and from Asia starting before 500,000 years ago and continuing until at least 220,000 years ago . The steppe bison spread through the northern parts of North America and lived in Eurasia until roughly 11,000 years ago and North America until 4,000 to 8,000 years ago . Bison latifrons ( giant bison or longhorn bison ) is thought to have evolved in midcontinent North America from B. priscus , after the steppe bison crossed into North America . Giant bison ( B. latifrons ) appeared in the fossil record around 500,000 years ago . B. latifrons was one of many species of North American megafauna which became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event . It is thought to have disappeared some 21,000 -- 30,000 years ago , during the late Wisconsin glaciation . The B. latifrons species was replaced by the smaller Bison antiquus . B. antiquus appeared in the North American fossil record approximately 250,000 years ago . B. antiquus , in turn , evolved into B. occidentalis , then into the yet smaller B. bison -- the modern American bison -- some 5,000 to 10,000 years ago . Some researchers consider B. occidentalis to be a subspecies of B. antiquus . Pile of American bison skulls to be used for fertilizer in the mid-1870s During the population bottleneck , after the great slaughter of American bison during the 1800s , the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541 . During that period , a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction . These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce `` cattlo '' . Accidental crossings were also known to occur . Generally , male domestic bulls were crossed with buffalo cows , producing offspring of which only the females were fertile . The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of hybrid vigor , so the practice was abandoned . The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low , ranging from 0.56 to 1.8 % . In the United States , many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds . The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species . Range and population ( edit ) Bison herd grazing at the National Bison Range in Montana Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America , bison were never domesticated by Native Americans . Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success . Bison were described as having a `` wild and ungovernable temper '' ; they can jump close to 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) vertically , and run 35 -- 40 mph ( 56 -- 64 km / h ) when agitated . This agility and speed , combined with their great size and weight , makes bison herds difficult to confine , as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems , including most razor wire . About 500,000 bison currently exist on private lands and around 30,000 on public lands which includes environmental and government preserves . According to the IUCN , roughly 15,000 bison are considered wild , free - range bison not primarily confined by fencing . In 2009 , bison were reintroduced to the Janos Biosphere Reserve in northern Chihuahua ; this is the only free - roaming herd on Mexican federal land . Efforts to bring back the bison population have recently reintroduced bison to Indiana , which included the introduction of a herd consisting of 23 bison . In 2014 , U.S Tribes and Canadian First Nations signed a treaty to help with the restoration of bison , the first to be signed in nearly 150 years . Habitat ( edit ) A group of bison trudge across the landscape at the National Elk Refuge . See also : Great bison belt American bison live in river valleys , and on prairies and plains . Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands , as well as sagebrush , semiarid lands , and scrublands . Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison . Bison also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep . Though not particularly known as high - altitude animals , bison in the Yellowstone Park bison herd are frequently found at elevations above 8,000 feet and the Henry Mountains bison herd is found on the plains around the Henry Mountains , Utah , as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 10,000 feet . As livestock ( edit ) Bison are increasingly raised for meat and hides ; the majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption . Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef , but is lower in fat and cholesterol , yet higher in protein than beef , which has led to the development of beefalo , a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle . In 2005 , about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S. , with the National Bison Association and USDA providing a `` Certified American Buffalo '' program with birth - to - consumer tracking of bison via RFID ear tags . A market even exists for kosher bison meat ; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S. , and the meat is then distributed nationwide . Canned Bison meat for sale Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds . Custer State Park in South Dakota is home to 1,500 bison , one of the largest publicly held herds in the world , but some question the genetic purity of the animals . Wildlife officials believe that free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America can be found only in the Yellowstone Park bison herd , the Henry Mountains bison herd at the Book Cliffs and Henry Mountains in Utah , at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota , Fort Peck Indian Reservation in Montana , Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the Northwest Territories , Elk Island National Park and Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta , and Prince Albert National Park in Saskatchewan . Another population , the Antelope Island bison herd on Antelope Island in Utah , consisting of 550 to 700 bison , is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States , but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming , since they are confined to the Antelope Island . In addition , recent genetic studies indicate that , like most bison herds , the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle . In 2002 , the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government . Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon , Chihuahua , and Boquillas del Carmen , Coahuila , located near the southern banks of the Rio Grande , and around the grassland state line with Texas and New Mexico . Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle . For example , the herd on Santa Catalina Island , California , isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot , were found to have cattle introgression . As few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison are estimated to remain in the world . The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date -- mitochondrial DNA analysis -- indicate only if the maternal line ( back from mother to mother ) ever included domesticated bovines , thus say nothing about possible male input in the process . Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison ; therefore , appearance is not a good indicator of genetics . The size of the Canadian domesticated herd ( genetic questions aside ) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s . The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head , a 34.9 % increase since 2001 . Of this total , over 95 % was located in Western Canada , and less than 5 % in Eastern Canada . Alberta was the province with the largest herd , accounting for 49.7 % of the herd and 45.8 % of the farms . The next - largest herds were in Saskatchewan ( 23.9 % ) , Manitoba ( 10 % ) , and British Columbia ( 6 % ) . The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the Canadian prairies , specifically in the parkland belt , with the Peace River region ( shared between Alberta and British Columbia ) being the most important cluster , accounting for 14.4 % of the national herd . Canada also exports bison meat , totaling 2,075,253 kilograms ( 4,575,150 lb ) in 2006 . A proposal known as Buffalo Commons has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the Great Plains to native prairie grazed by bison . Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the shortgrass prairie is not sustainable , pointing to periodic disasters , including the Dust Bowl , and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years . However , this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question . Behavior and Ecology ( edit ) Herd of bison in Yellowstone National Park Play media Grazing in winter , Yellowstone National Park : Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass . American bison galloping , photos by Eadweard Muybridge , first published in 1887 in Animal Locomotion Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas . Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer . In a montane valley , bison have been recorded traveling , on average , 3.2 km a day . The summer ranges of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes , interspersion and size of foraging sites , the rut , and the number of biting insects . The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor . Bison are largely grazers , eating primarily grasses and sedges . On shortgrass pasture , bison predominately consume warm - season grasses . On mixed prairie , cool - season grasses , including some sedges , apparently compose 79 -- 96 % of their diet . In montane and northern areas , sedges are selected throughout the year . Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis . Social behavior and reproduction ( edit ) Bison fighting in Grand Teton National Park in Moose , Wyoming Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring . Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds . Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season , which can occur from July through September . However , female herds may also contain a few older males . During the breeding season , dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating . Individual bulls `` tend '' cows until allowed to mate , by following them around and chasing away rival males . The tending bull shields the female 's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males . A challenging bull may bellow or roar to get a female 's attention and the tending bull has to bellow / roar back . The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2 -- 3 weeks of the season . More subordinate bulls mate with any remaining estrous cow that has not mated yet . Male bison play no part in raising the young . Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females . A bison 's dominance is related to its birth date . Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults . Thus , bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as dominant bison breed earlier in the season . In addition to dominance , the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones . Calf Bison mate in August and September ; gestation is 285 days . A single reddish - brown calf nurses until the next calf is born . If the cow is not pregnant , a calf will nurse for 18 months . Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months , but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first year . At three years of age , bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf . Bison have a life expectancy around 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity . Bison have been observed to display homosexual behaviors , males much more so than females . In the case of males , it is unlikely to be related to dominance , but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience . Horning ( edit ) Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas . During fall and winter , bison tend to gather in more wooded areas . During this time , bison partake in horning behaviors . They rub their horns against trees , young saplings , and even utility poles . Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem to be preferred . Horning appears to be associated with insect defense , as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest . Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects . Wallowing behavior ( edit ) A bison wallow is a shallow depression in the soil , which bison use either wet or dry . Bison roll in these depressions , covering themselves with dust or mud . Past and current hypotheses to explain the purpose of wallowing include grooming associated with shedding , male - male interaction ( typically rutting ) , social behavior for group cohesion , play , relief from skin irritation due to biting insects , reduction of ectoparasite ( tick and lice ) load , and thermoregulation . Predation ( edit ) American bison standing its ground against a wolf pack . Wolf - Bison Demonstration at Wolf Park , Indiana . While often secure from predation because of their size and strength , in some areas , bison are regularly preyed upon by wolves . Wolf predation typically peaks in late spring and early summer , with attacks usually being concentrated on cows and calves . Wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without . The length of a predation episode varies , ranging from a few minutes to over nine hours . Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves : running to a cow , running to a herd , running to the nearest bull , running in the front or center of a stampeding herd , and entering water bodies such as lakes or rivers . When fleeing wolves in open areas , cows with young calves take the lead , while bulls take to the rear of the herds , to guard the cows ' escape . Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior . Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have more males , because their larger size than females allows them to wrestle prey to the ground more effectively . Healthy , mature bulls in herds rarely fall prey . Grizzly bears can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old , injured , or sick adult bison . Dangers to humans ( edit ) Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various U.S. and Canadian national parks and will attack humans if provoked . They appear slow because of their lethargic movements , but can easily outrun humans ; bison have been observed running as fast as 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . Between 1980 and 1999 , more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears . During this period , bison charged and injured 79 people , with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions . Bears injured 24 people during the same time . Three people died from the injuries inflicted -- one person by bison in 1983 , and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986 . Hunting ( edit ) Main article : Bison hunting Map from 1889 by William T. Hornaday , illustrating the Extermination of the American Bison Bison hunt under the wolf - skin mask , 1832 -- 33 Bison being chased off a cliff as `` seen '' and painted by Alfred Jacob Miller Buffalo hunting ( hunting of the American bison ) was an activity fundamental to the Midwestern Native Americans , which was later adopted by American professional hunters , leading to the near - extinction of the species around 1890 . It has since begun to recover . Year American bison ( est ) Pre-1800 60,000,000 1830 40,000,000 1840 35,650,000 1870 5,500,000 1880 395,000 1889 541 ( U.S. ) 1900 300 ( U.S. ) 1944 -- 47 5,000 ( U.S. ) 15,000 ( Canada ) 1951 23,340 2000 360,000 Range history of bison in North America Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the `` Great bison belt '' . Holocene bison ( Bison occidentalis ) is an earlier form at the origin of plains bison and wood bison . Holocene bison Wood bison Plains bison Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889 . This map based on William Temple Hornaday 's late - 19th century research . Original range Range as of 1870 Range as of 1889 Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free - ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003 . Wood bison Plains bison Genetics ( edit ) A major problem that bison face today is a lack of genetic diversity due to the population bottleneck the species experienced during its near - extinction event . Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from domestic cattle into the bison population , through hybridization . Officially , the `` American buffalo '' is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle , and the government allows private herds to be managed as such . This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle . Though the American bison is not only a separate species , but also is usually regarded as being in a separate genus from domestic cattle ( Bos taurus ) , they clearly have a lot of genetic compatibility and American bison can interbreed with cattle , although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation . These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls , resulting in either 1 / 4 or 3 / 4 bison young . Female offspring from this cross are also fertile , but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either ⁄ bison or ⁄ domestic . Moreover , when they do interbreed , crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison , so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow . Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their cattle with bison , and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range . Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions , they have often been in the same range together in the past , and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common . In recent decades , tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison , and most private `` buffalo '' herds were actually crossbred with cattle , and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA . With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing , the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased . Though about 500,000 bison exist on private ranches and in public herds , perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison are pure and not actually bison - cattle hybrids . `` DNA from domestic cattle ( Bos taurus ) has been detected in nearly all bison herds examined to date . '' Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd , the Henry Mountains bison herd , which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park , the Wind Cave bison herd , and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it , in Canada . A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A&M University corroborated this . The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas , and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully , despite their apparent genetic bottleneck . One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations , though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success . A wood bison around Coal River in Canada In the study , cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national , state and private herds . `` The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s , have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds . '' He also said , `` All of the state owned bison herds tested ( except for possibly one ) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA . '' It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd ; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park . However , the extension of this herd into the Book Cliffs of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source , so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization . A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck , published in Genome , was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada , and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies . The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison , but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected `` wood buffalo '' . However , the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison , and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies . Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested , though this might be due to genetic drift caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population . A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd , though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison . Bison trails ( edit ) The first thoroughfares of North America , except for the time - obliterated paths of mastodon or muskox and the routes of the mound builders , were the traces made by bison and deer in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and salt licks . Many of these routes , hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places ' summer muck and winter snowdrifts , were followed by the aboriginal North Americans as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors ' paths . They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by pioneers . Bison traces were characteristically north and south , but several key east - west trails were used later as railways . Some of these include the Cumberland Gap through the Blue Ridge Mountains to upper Kentucky . A heavily used trace crossed the Ohio River at the Falls of the Ohio and ran west , crossing the Wabash River near Vincennes , Indiana . In Senator Thomas Hart Benton 's phrase saluting these sagacious path - makers , the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific . As a symbol ( edit ) Native Americans ( edit ) Among Native American tribes , especially the Plains Indians , the bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol . According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning , `` The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes . The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions , and it was utilized in many ways . It was used in ceremonies , as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people , utensils , shields , weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew . '' The Sioux consider the birth of a white buffalo to be the return of White Buffalo Calf Woman , their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their `` Seven Sacred Rites '' . Among the Mandan and Hidatsa , the White Buffalo Cow Society was the most sacred of societies for women . United States and Canada ( edit ) Wyoming uses a bison in its state flag Manitoba uses a bison in its provincial flag , as seen inside the Manitoban coat of arms The 1935 Buffalo nickel -- this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938 Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting military explorers Meriwether Lewis , William Clark , and an American bison First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898 -- 4 ¢ `` Indian Hunting Buffalo '' , part of the Trans - Mississippi Exposition commemorative series The American bison is often used in North America in official seals , flags , and logos . In 2016 , the American bison became the national mammal of the United States . The bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states : Kansas , Oklahoma , and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official state mammal , and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot . In Canada , the bison is the official animal of the province of Manitoba and appears on the Manitoba flag . It is also used in the official coat of arms of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Several American coins feature the bison , most famously on the reverse side of the `` buffalo nickel '' from 1913 to 1938 . In 2005 , the United States Mint coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its `` Westward Journey '' series . The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters , part of the `` 50 State Quarter '' series , each feature bison . The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing , while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison . The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape . The Yellowstone National Park quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser . Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include : U.S. Department of the Interior Bethany College ( West Virginia ) Bucknell University and its athletic program , the Bucknell Bison Buffalo , New York Buffalo Bills Buffalo Bisons Buffalo Grove High School Buffalo Sabres University at Buffalo , The State University of New York and its athletic program , the Buffalo Bulls University of Colorado and its athletic program , the Colorado Buffaloes Gallaudet University Harding University and its athletic program , the Harding Bisons Howard University and its athletic program , the Howard Bison Seal of the State of Indiana Lipscomb University and its athletic program , the Lipscomb Bisons Coat of arms of Manitoba Flag of Manitoba University of Manitoba and its athletic program , the Manitoba Bisons Marshall University and its athletic program , the Marshall Thundering Herd Milligan College Independence Party of Minnesota Ralph Nader ( mascot for his 2008 campaign for president ) Nichols College North Dakota State University and its athletic program , the North Dakota State Bison Oklahoma Baptist University and its athletic program , the Oklahoma Baptist Bison Point Park University Royal Canadian Mounted Police Rumble the Bison ( the official mascot of the Oklahoma City Thunder ) Southwestern Law School CFB Wainwright West Texas A&M University and its athletic program , the West Texas A&M Buffaloes Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo See also ( edit ) American Bison Society Buffalo Commons -- proposed multistate nature preserve of Great Plains habitat for American bison The Great Plains Ecoregion Buffalo Hunters ' War Plains hide painting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gates , C. & Aune , K ( 2008 ) . `` Bison bison '' . 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Jump up ^ Trophy Bowhunting : Plan the Hunt of a Lifetime and Bag One for the Record Books , by Rick Sapp , Edition : illustrated , published by Stackpole Books , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3315 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3315 - 1 Jump up ^ American Bison : A Natural History , By Dale F. Lott , Harry W. Greene , ebrary , Inc. , Contributor Harry W. Greene , Edition : illustrated , Published by University of California Press , 2003 ISBN 0 - 520 - 24062 - 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24062 - 9 Jump up ^ Newman , Edward and James Edmund Harting ( 1859 ) . Zoologist : A Monthly Journal of Natural History Published by J. Van Voorst . Jump up ^ `` Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species . Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin ? '' . Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. 2004 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guo , S. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Taxonomic placement and origin of yaks : implications from analyses of mtDNA D - loop fragment sequences '' . Acta Theriologica Sinica. 26 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 330 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Verkaar , EL ; Nijman , IJ ; Beeke , M ; Hanekamp , E ; Lenstra , JA ( 2004 ) . `` Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species . Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin ? '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 ( 7 ) : 1165 -- 70 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msh064 . PMID 14739241 . Jump up ^ Buntjer , JB ; Otsen , M ; Nijman , IJ ; Kuiper , MTR ; Lenstra , JA ( 2002 ) . `` Phylogeny of bovine species based on AFLP fingerprinting '' . Heredity. 88 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 51 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800007 . PMID 11813106 . Jump up ^ Verkaar , EL ; Nijman , IJ ; Beeke , M ; Hanekamp , E ; Lenstra , JA ( 2004 ) . `` Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species . Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin ? '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 ( 7 ) : 1165 -- 70 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msh064 . PMID 14739241 . 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Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe : The Story of Blue Babe . University of Chicago Press : Chicago . Jump up ^ Bell , C.J. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` The Blancan , Irvingtonian , and Rancholabrean mammal ages '' . In Woodburne , M.O. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America : Biostratigraphy and Geochronology . New York : Columbia Univ . Press . pp. 232 -- 314 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 13040 - 6 . Jump up ^ Scott , E. ; Cox , S.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Late Pleistocene distribution of Bison ( Mammalia ; Artiodactyla ) in the Mojave Desert of Southern California and Nevada '' . In Wang , X. ; Barnes , L.G. Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America . Los Angeles : Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . pp. 359 -- 382 . Jump up ^ Sanders , A.E. ; R.E. Weems & L.B. Albright III ( 2009 ) . `` Formalization of the mid-Pleistocene `` Ten Mile Hill beds '' in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the Irvingtonian -- Rancholabrean boundary `` . In Albright III , L.B. Papers on Geology , Vertebrate Paleontology , and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne . Flagstaff : Museum of Northern Arizona . pp. 369 -- 375 . Jump up ^ Kurten , B ; Anderson , E ( 1980 ) . `` Order Artiodactyla '' . Pleistocene mammals of North America ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 295 -- 339 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03733 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , G. ( 2001 ) . Rancho la Brea Bison . In : J. Harris ( ed ) , Rancho La Brea : Death Trap and Treasure Trove . Terra 30 ( 2 ) : 33 . Los Angeles Natural History Museum Foundation . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Wilson , M.C. ; L.V. Hills & B. Shapiro ( 2008 ) . `` Late Pleistocene northward - dispersing Bison antiquus from the Bighill Creek Formation , Gallelli Gravel Pit , Alberta , Canada , and the fate of Bison occidentalis '' . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences . 45 ( 7 ) : 827 -- 59 . doi : 10.1139 / E08 - 027 . Jump up ^ Lott , Dale F. ( 2002 ) . American Bison : A Natural History . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23338 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Archaeology Blog : Better Than a Pointed Stick in the Eye -- Not Really '' . Ohio-archaeology.blogspot.com. 2011 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Halbert , N ; Gogan , P ; Hiebert , R ; Derr , J ( 2007 ) . `` Where the buffalo roam : The role of history and genetics in the conservation of bison on U.S. federal lands '' . Park Science . 24 ( 2 ) : 22 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Polziehn , R ; Strobeck , C ; Sheraton , J ; Beech , R ( 1995 ) . `` Bovine mtDNA Discovered in North American Bison Populations '' . Conservation Biology . 9 ( 6 ) : 1638 -- 1643 ( 1642 ) . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1995. 09061638. x . Jump up ^ Illinois State Museum page . Museum.state.il.us ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . Retrieved on January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Species Spotlight : American Bison '' . Jump up ^ staff ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Restoring North America 's Wild Bison to Their Home on the Range '' . Ens-newswire.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ( version 2009.1 ) -- Bison bison Jump up ^ `` Bison Come to Kankakee Sands '' . The Nature Conservancy . Jump up ^ `` Historic Treaty Supports Restoration of Bison '' . TCA Regional News . September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Bison Association '' . Bisoncentral.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bison from Farm to Table '' . USDA . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` Restoring a Prairie Icon '' . National Wildlife . National Wildlife Federation . 50 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Chang , Alicia ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` Study : Catalina bison are n't purebred '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Agriculture at a Glance : Bison on the comeback trail '' . Statcan.gc.ca. 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 Bison meat exports continue to climb , 2001 to 2006 '' . Statcan.gc.ca. 2009 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Meagher M ( 1973 ) . `` The bison of Yellowstone National Park '' . National Park Service Science Monographs. 1 : 1 -- 161 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Vuren , D. ( 1983 ) . `` Group dynamics and summer home range of bison in southern Utah '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 64 ( 2 ) : 329 -- 332 . doi : 10.2307 / 1380570 . JSTOR 1380570 . ^ Jump up to : McHugh , T. ( 1958 ) . `` Social behavior of the American buffalo ( Bison bison bison ) '' . Zoologica. 43 : 1 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Peden , D.G. Van Dyne ; R. Rice ; R. Hansen ( 1974 ) . `` The trophic ecology of Bison bison L. on shortgrass plains '' . Journal of Applied Ecology. 11 ( 2 ) : 489 -- 497 . doi : 10.2307 / 2402203 . JSTOR 2402203 . Jump up ^ Popp , Jewel Kay . ( 1981 ) . `` Range Ecology of Bison on Mixed Grass Prairie at Wind Cave National Park '' . Unpubl . M.S. Thesis . Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa . 59 p . Jump up ^ `` American Bison -- Bison bison -- NatureWorks '' . NatureWorks . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff , J.O. ( 1998 ) . `` Breeding strategies , mate choice , and reproductive success in American bison '' . Okios. 83 ( 2 ) : 529 -- 544 . doi : 10.2307 / 3546680 . JSTOR 3546680 . ^ Jump up to : Green W.C.H.R. , Aron ( 1993 ) . `` Persistent influences of birth date on dominance , growth and reproductive success in bison '' . Journal of Zoology. 230 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1993. tb02680. x . Jump up ^ Vervaecke H , Roden C. ( 2006 ) . `` Going with the herd : same - sex interaction and competition in American bison '' . In : Sommer V , Vasey PL , ( editors ) . Homosexual behaviour in animals . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 -- 53 ISBN 0 - 521 - 86446 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Coppedge , B.R. ; Carter , T.S. ; Shaw , J.H. ; Hamilton , R.G. ( 1997 ) . `` Agonistic behavior associated with orphan bison ( Bison bison ) claves released into a mixed resident population '' . Applied Animal Behaviour Science . 55 : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1016 / S0168 - 1591 ( 97 ) 00035 - X . Jump up ^ McMillan , Brock R. ; Cottam , Michael R. ; Kaufman , Donald W. ( 2000 ) . `` Wallowing Behavior of American Bison ( Bos Bison ) in Tallgrass Prairie : An Examination of Alternate Explanations '' . American Midland Naturalist. 144 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 67 . doi : 10.1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 2000 ) 144 ( 0159 : WBOABB ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0003 - 0031 . JSTOR 3083019 . Jump up ^ Mary Ann Franke ( 2005 ) . To save the wild bison : life on the edge in Yellowstone . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3683 - 7 . Jump up ^ Douglas W. Smith ; Gary Ferguson ( November 1 , 2006 ) . Decade of the Wolf : Returning the Wild to Yellowstone . Globe Pequot . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 886 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carbyn LN ; Trottier T ( 1988 ) . `` Descriptions of Wolf Attacks on Bison Calves in Wood Buffalo National Park '' ( pdf ) . Arctic . 41 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 302 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic1736 . Jump up ^ Smith , Doug ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Bigger is better if you 're a hungry wolf '' . Billings Gazette . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Olliff ; Jim Caslick ( 2003 ) . `` Wildlife - Human Conflicts in Yellowstone : When Animals and People Get Too Close '' ( PDF ) . Yellowstone Science . Artcraft Inc. 11 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 22 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife ( January 1965 ) . `` The American Buffalo '' . Conservation Note . 12 . ^ Jump up to : Roe , Frank Gilbert ( 1951 ) . The North American Buffalo . Toronto Canada : University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Hornaday , William T. ( 1904 ) . The American Natural History . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Cahalane , Victor H. ( 1947 ) . Mammals of North America . New York : The McMillan Company . Jump up ^ Collins , Henry H. ( 1959 ) . Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ Liberty Hyde Bailey ( 1908 ) . Cyclopedia of American Agriculture , Volume III : Animals . The MacMillan Company . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Remove Threats to Irreplaceable Bison Herd at Wind Cave National Park Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... PDF . FY 2006 Challenge Cost Share Program . Final Project Report . September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved on September 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Derr , James ( October 24 , 2006 ) . American Bison : The Ultimate Genetic Survivor ( PDF ) . The Ecological Future of North American Bison . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , James Truslow ( 1940 ) . Dictionary of American History . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 8226 - 0349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jawort , Adrian ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Genocide by Other Means : U.S. Army Slaughtered Buffalo in Plains Indian Wars '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elahe Izadi ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` It 's official : America 's first national mammal is the bison '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Nader , The ( October 18 , 2008 ) . `` Buffalo T - Shirt Sale -- Ralph Nader for President in 2008 '' . Votenader.org . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Branch , E. Douglas . ( 1997 ) The Hunting of the Buffalo ( 1929 , new ed . University of Nebraska Press , ) , classic history Dary David A . The Buffalo Book . ( Chicago : Swallow Press , 1974 ) Flores Dan Louie ( 1991 ) . `` Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy : The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850 '' . Journal of American History . 78 ( 2 ) : 465 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 2079530 . JSTOR 2079530 . Gard , Wayne . The Great Buffalo Hunt ( University of Nebraska Press , 1954 ) Isenberg , Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison : An Environmental History , 1750 -- 1920 ( Cambridge University press , 2000 ) Lott , Dale F ( 2002 ) . American Bison : A Natural History . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24062 - 6 . McHugh , Tom . The Time of the Buffalo ( University of Nebraska Press , 1972 ) . Meagher , Margaret Mary . The Bison of Yellowstone National Park . ( Washington DC : Government Printing Office , 1973 ) Rister Carl Coke ( 1929 ) . `` The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 33 : 34 -- 49 . Roe , Frank Gilbert . The North American Buffalo : A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State ( University of Toronto Press , 1951 ) . Shaw , James H. `` How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands ? '' Rangelands , Vol. 17 , No. 5 ( Oct. , 1995 ) , pp. 148 -- 150 Smits , David D . `` The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo , 1865 -- 1883 , '' Western Historical Quarterly 25 ( 1994 ) : 313 -- 38 and 26 ( 1995 ) 203 - 8 . Zontek Ken ( 1995 ) . `` Hunt , Capture , Raise , Increase : The People Who Saved the Bison '' . Great Plains Quarterly . 15 : 133 -- 49 . External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to Bison bison Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Bison bison ( category ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Bison `` Bison bison '' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved March 18 , 2006 . American Bison National Bison Association Buffalo Field Campaign Species profile : American bison by The Nature Conservancy Bison safety information at Yellowstone National Park from the National Park Service The Extermination of the American Bison , by William T. Hornaday from Project Gutenberg Wild Bison Reference Project - Collaborative Bibliography for the Conservation , Management and Advocacy of Wild Bison American Prairie Foundation Papers , 1871 -- 1917 and undated , of buffalo hunter John Wesley Mooar in the Southwest Collection , Special Collections Libraries at Texas Tech University Watch the NFB documentary The Great Buffalo Saga Traditional use of Tatanka ( buffalo ) Smithsonian Institution -- North American Mammals : Bison bison Bison skeletal structure and bones Public television series episode on history of American Bison Extant Artiodactyla species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Ruminantia Antilocapridae Antilocapra Pronghorn ( A. americana ) Giraffidae Okapia Okapi ( O. johnstoni ) Giraffa Northern giraffe ( G. camelopardalis ) Southern giraffe ( G. giraffa ) Reticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ) Masai giraffe ( G. tippelskirchi ) Moschidae Moschus Anhui musk deer ( M. anhuiensis ) Dwarf musk deer ( M. berezovskii ) Alpine musk deer ( M. chrysogaster ) Kashmir musk deer ( M. cupreus ) Black musk deer ( M. fuscus ) Himalayan musk deer ( M. leucogaster ) Siberian musk deer ( M. moschiferus ) Tragulidae Hyemoschus Water chevrotain ( H. aquaticus ) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain ( M. indica ) Yellow - striped chevrotain ( M. kathygre ) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( M. meminna ) Tragulus Java mouse - deer ( T. javanicus ) Lesser mouse - deer ( T. kanchil ) Greater mouse - deer ( T. napu ) Philippine mouse - deer ( T. nigricans ) Vietnam mouse - deer ( T. versicolor ) Williamson 's mouse - deer ( T. williamsoni ) Cervidae Large family listed below Bovidae Large family listed below Family Cervidae Cervinae Muntiacus Indian muntjac ( M. muntjak ) Reeves 's muntjac ( M. reevesi ) Hairy - fronted muntjac ( M. crinifrons ) Fea 's muntjac ( M. feae ) Bornean yellow muntjac ( M. atherodes ) Roosevelt 's muntjac ( M. rooseveltorum ) Gongshan muntjac ( M. gongshanensis ) Giant muntjac ( M. vuquangensis ) Truong Son muntjac ( M. truongsonensis ) Leaf muntjac ( M. putaoensis ) Sumatran muntjac ( M. montanus ) Pu Hoat muntjac ( M. puhoatensis ) Elaphodus Tufted deer ( E. cephalophus ) Dama Fallow deer ( D. dama ) Persian fallow deer ( D. mesopotamica ) Axis Chital ( A. axis ) Rucervus Barasingha ( R. duvaucelii ) Panolia Eld 's deer ( P. eldii ) Elaphurus Père David 's deer ( E. davidianus ) Hyelaphus Hog deer ( H. porcinus ) Calamian deer ( H. calamianensis ) Bawean deer ( H. kuhlii ) Rusa Sambar deer ( R. unicolor ) Rusa deer ( R. timorensis ) Philippine sambar ( R. mariannus ) Philippine spotted deer ( R. alfredi ) Cervus Red deer ( C. elaphus ) Elk ( C. canadensis ) Thorold 's deer ( C. albirostris ) Sika deer ( C. nippon ) Capreolinae Alces Moose ( A. alces ) Hydropotes Water deer ( H. inermis ) Capreolus Roe deer ( C. capreolus ) Siberian roe deer ( C. pygargus ) Rangifer Reindeer ( R. tarandus ) Hippocamelus Taruca ( H. antisensis ) South Andean deer ( H. bisulcus ) Mazama Red brocket ( M. americana ) Small red brocket ( M. bororo ) Merida brocket ( M. bricenii ) Dwarf brocket ( M. chunyi ) Gray brocket ( M. gouazoubira ) Pygmy brocket ( M. nana ) Amazonian brown brocket ( M. nemorivaga ) Yucatan brown brocket ( M. pandora ) Little red brocket ( M. rufina ) Central American red brocket ( M. temama ) Ozotoceros Pampas deer ( O. bezoarticus ) Blastocerus Marsh deer ( B. dichotomus ) Pudu Northern pudú ( P. mephistophiles ) Southern pudú ( P. pudu ) Odocoileus White - tailed deer ( O. virginianus ) Mule deer ( O. hemionus ) Family Bovidae Cephalophinae Cephalophus Abbott 's duiker ( C. spadix ) Aders 's duiker ( C. adersi ) Bay duiker ( C. dorsalis ) Black duiker ( C. niger ) Black - fronted duiker ( C. nigrifrons ) Brooke 's duiker ( C. brookei ) Harvey 's duiker ( C. harveyi ) Jentink 's duiker ( C. jentinki ) Ogilby 's duiker ( C. ogilbyi ) Peters 's duiker ( C. callipygus ) Red - flanked duiker ( C. rufilatus ) Red forest duiker ( C. natalensis ) Ruwenzori duiker ( C. rubidis ) Weyns 's duiker ( C. weynsi ) White - bellied duiker ( C. leucogaster ) White - legged duiker ( C. crusalbum ) Yellow - backed duiker ( C. Sylvicultor ) Zebra duiker ( C. zebra ) Philantomba Blue duiker ( P. monticola ) Maxwell 's duiker ( P. maxwellii ) Walter 's duiker ( P. walteri ) Sylvicapra Common duiker ( S. grimmia ) Hippotraginae Hippotragus Roan antelope ( H. equinus ) Sable antelope ( H. niger ) Oryx East African oryx ( O. beisa ) Scimitar oryx ( O. dammah ) Gemsbok ( O. gazella ) Arabian oryx ( O. leucoryx ) Addax Addax ( A. nasomaculatus ) Reduncinae Kobus Upemba lechwe ( K. anselli ) Waterbuck ( K. ellipsiprymnus ) Kob ( K. kob ) Lechwe ( K. leche ) Nile lechwe ( K. megaceros ) Puku ( K. vardonii ) Redunca Southern reedbuck ( R. arundinum ) Mountain reedbuck ( R. fulvorufula ) Bohor reedbuck ( R. redunca ) Aepycerotinae Aepyceros Impala ( A. melampus ) Peleinae Pelea Grey rhebok ( P. capreolus ) Alcelaphinae Beatragus Hirola ( B. hunteri ) Damaliscus Topi ( D. korrigum ) Common tsessebe ( D. lunatus ) Bontebok ( D. pygargus ) Bangweulu tsessebe ( D. superstes ) Alcelaphus Hartebeest ( A. buselaphus ) Red hartebeest ( A. caama ) Lichtenstein 's hartebeest ( A. lichtensteinii ) Connochaetes Black wildebeest ( C. gnou ) Blue wildebeest ( C. taurinus ) Pantholopinae Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Caprinae Large subfamily listed below Bovinae Large subfamily listed below Antilopinae Large subfamily listed below Family Bovidae ( subfamily Caprinae ) Ammotragus Barbary sheep ( A. lervia ) Budorcas Takin ( B. taxicolor ) Capra Wild goat ( C. aegagrus ) Domestic goat ( C. aegagrus hircus ) West Caucasian tur ( C. caucasia ) East Caucasian tur ( C. cylindricornis ) Markhor ( C. falconeri ) Alpine ibex ( C. ibex ) Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana ) Spanish ibex ( C. pyrenaica ) Siberian ibex ( C. sibirica ) Walia ibex ( C. walie ) Capricornis Japanese serow ( C. crispus ) Taiwan serow ( C. swinhoei ) Sumatran serow ( C. sumatraensis ) Mainland serow ( C. milneedwardsii ) Red serow ( C. rubidusi ) Himalayan serow ( C. thar ) Hemitragus Nilgiri tahr ( H. hylocrius ) Arabian tahr ( H. jayakari ) Himalayan tahr ( H. jemlahicus ) Naemorhedus Red goral ( N. baileyi ) Long - tailed goral ( N. caudatus ) Himalayan goral ( N. goral ) Chinese goral ( N. griseus ) Oreamnos Mountain goat ( O. americanus ) Ovibos Muskox ( O. moschatus ) Ovis Argali ( O. ammon ) Domestic sheep ( O. aries ) Bighorn sheep ( O. canadensis ) Dall sheep ( O. dalli ) Mouflon ( O. musimon ) Snow sheep ( O. nivicola ) Urial ( O. orientalis ) Pseudois Bharal ( P. nayaur ) Dwarf blue sheep ( P. schaeferi ) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois ( R. pyrenaica ) Chamois ( R. rupicapra ) ( hide ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Bovinae ) Boselaphini Tetracerus Four - horned antelope ( T. quadricornis ) Boselaphus Nilgai ( B. tragocamelus ) Bovini Bubalus Water buffalo ( B. bubalis ) Wild Water Buffalo ( B. arnee ) Lowland anoa ( B. depressicornis ) Mountain anoa ( B. quarlesi ) Tamaraw ( B. mindorensis ) Bos Banteng ( B. javanicus ) Gaur ( B. gaurus ) Gayal ( B. frontalis ) Domestic yak ( B. grunniens ) Wild yak ( B. mutus ) Cattle ( B. taurus ) Kouprey ( B. sauveli ) Pseudonovibos Kting voar ( P. spiralis ) Pseudoryx Saola ( P. nghetinhensis ) Syncerus African buffalo ( S. caffer ) Bison American bison ( B. bison ) European bison ( B. bonasus ) Tragelaphini Tragelaphus ( including kudus ) Sitatunga ( T. spekeii ) Nyala ( T. angasii ) Kéwel ( T. scriptus ) Cape bushbuck ( T. sylvaticus ) Mountain nyala ( T. buxtoni ) Lesser kudu ( T. imberbis ) Greater kudu ( T. strepsiceros ) Bongo ( T. eurycerus ) Taurotragus Common eland ( T. oryx ) Giant eland ( T. derbianus ) Family Bovidae ( subfamily Antilopinae ) Antilopini Ammodorcas Dibatag ( A. clarkei ) Antidorcas Springbok ( A. marsupialis ) Antilope Blackbuck ( A. cervicapra ) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle ( E. albonotata ) Red - fronted gazelle ( E. rufifrons ) Thomson 's gazelle ( E. thomsonii ) Gazella Mountain gazelle ( G. gazella ) Neumann 's gazelle ( G. erlangeri ) Speke 's gazelle ( G. spekei ) Dorcas gazelle ( G. dorcas ) Chinkara ( G. bennettii ) Cuvier 's gazelle ( G. cuvieri ) Rhim gazelle ( G. leptoceros ) Goitered gazelle ( G. subgutturosa ) Litocranius Gerenuk ( L. walleri ) Nanger Dama gazelle ( N. dama ) Grant 's gazelle ( N. granti ) Soemmerring 's gazelle ( N. soemmerringii ) Procapra Mongolian gazelle ( P. gutturosa ) Goa ( P. picticaudata ) Przewalski 's gazelle ( P. przewalskii ) Saigini Pantholops Tibetan antelope ( P. hodgsonii ) Saiga Saiga antelope ( S. tatarica ) Neotragini Dorcatragus Beira ( D. megalotis ) Madoqua Günther 's dik - dik ( M. guentheri ) Kirk 's dik - dik ( M. kirkii ) Silver dik - dik ( M. piacentinii ) Salt 's dik - dik ( M. saltiana ) Neotragus Bates 's pygmy antelope ( N. batesi ) Suni ( N. moschatus ) Royal antelope ( N. pygmaeus ) Oreotragus Klipspringer ( O. oreotragus ) Ourebia Oribi ( O. ourebi ) Raphicerus Steenbok ( R. campestris ) Cape grysbok ( R. melanotis ) Sharpe 's grysbok ( R. sharpei ) Suborder Suina Suidae Babyrousa Buru babirusa ( B. babyrussa ) North Sulawesi babirusa ( B. celebensis ) Togian babirusa ( B. togeanensis ) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog ( H. meinertzhageni ) Phacochoerus Desert warthog ( P. aethiopicus ) Common warthog ( P. africanus ) Porcula Pygmy hog ( P. salvania ) Potamochoerus Bushpig ( P. larvatus ) Red river hog ( P. porcus ) Sus ( Pigs ) Palawan bearded pig ( S. ahoenobarbus ) Bornean bearded pig ( S. barbatus ) Indo - 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cured Salumi Sausage Smoked Steak Stewed Tandoor Tartare List articles Beef dishes Chicken dishes Countries by meat consumption Fish dishes Food and drink prohibitions Goat dishes Lamb dishes Meatball dishes Pork dishes Ham dishes Sausage dishes Sausages Seafood dishes Smoked foods Steaks Veal dishes Meat consumption Related subjects Animal rights Bushmeat Butcher Cannibalism Carnism Christian vegetarianism Cultured meat Ethics of eating meat Factory farming Feed conversion ratio Environmental impact of meat production List of meat dishes Meat cutter Meat tenderness Pescetarianism Plant - based diet Preservation Psychology of eating meat Meat paradox Red meat Semi-vegetarianism Slaughter Slaughterhouse Veganism Vegetarianism White meat Taxon identifiers Wd : Q82728 ADW : Bison_bison ARKive : bison - bison BioLib : 33791 EoL : 328109 Fossilworks : 44511 GBIF : 2441176 iNaturalist : 42408 ITIS : 180706 IUCN : 2815 MSW : 14200669 NCBI : 9901 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_bison&oldid=817346373 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Bison Fauna of the Great Plains Megafauna of North America Mammals of Canada Mammals of the United States Fauna of the Plains - Midwest ( United States ) Fauna of the Rocky Mountains Fauna of the Western United States Great Plains Livestock Beef Native American cuisine Pre-Columbian Great Plains cuisine Mammals described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus National symbols of the United States Cuisine of the Western United States American Old West Symbols of Wyoming Provincial symbols of Manitoba Conservation - reliant species Vulnerable fauna of the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing Arapaho - language text Articles containing Lakota - language text Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Лезги Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 19 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what area of north america once provided food for millions of buffalo	[ "The American bison (Bison bison), also commonly known as the American buffalo or simply buffalo, is a North American species of bison that once roamed the grasslands of North America in massive herds. They became nearly extinct by a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle, and have made a recent resurgence largely restricted to a few national parks and reserves. Their historical range roughly comprised a triangle between the Great Bear Lake in Canada's far northwest, south to the Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León, and east to the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States (nearly to the Atlantic tidewater in some areas) from New York to Georgia and per some sources down to Florida. Bison were seen in North Carolina near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750.[2][3][4]" ]	[ "historical range roughly comprised a triangle between the Great Bear Lake in Canada's far northwest, south to the Mexican states of Durango and Nuevo León, and east to the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States (nearly to the Atlantic tidewater in some areas) from New York to Georgia and per some sources down to Florida" ]
-5255683404710679882	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics	2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Mathias Jørgensen for Denmark against Croatia Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Artem Dzyuba for Russia against Saudi Arabia ( introduced in the 70th minute ) Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Neymar for Brazil against Costa Rica Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Mário Fernandes for Russia against Croatia Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against England Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Jesús Gallardo for Mexico against Sweden Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Vedran Ćorluka for Croatia against Argentina ( introduced in the 90 + 3th minute ) Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Juan Cuadrado for Colombia against England Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Michael Lang for Switzerland against Sweden Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) In order of achieving the tally . Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium vs Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia vs England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Iran v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egpyt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volokolamskoye Shosse '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Germany vs. Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Portugal vs. Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Denmark vs. France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Spain vs. Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Croatia vs. England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - France vs. Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Brazil vs. Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Nigeria vs. Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Portal Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_statistics&oldid=865661833 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 10 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who scored the most goals in fifa 2018	[ "Most goals scored by a team: 16 Belgium\nFewest goals scored by a team: 2 Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Iran, Morocco, Panama, Peru, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia\nMost goals conceded by a team: 11 Panama\nFewest goals conceded by a team: 2 Denmark, Iran, Peru\nBest goal difference: +10 Belgium\nWorst goal difference: -9 Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by both teams: 7 Belgium 5–2 Tunisia, England 6–1 Panama, France 4–3 Argentina\nMost goals scored in a match by one team: 6 England against Panama\nMost goals scored in a match by the losing team: 3 Argentina against France\nBiggest margin of victory: 5 goals Russia 5–0 Saudi Arabia, England 6–1 Panama\nMost clean sheets achieved by a team: 4 France\nFewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0 Argentina, Australia, Costa Rica, Egypt, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Morocco, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Switzerland, Tunisia\nMost clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, England, Germany, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia\nFewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0 Brazil, Colombia, Croatia, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia\nMost consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3 Brazil, Uruguay\nMost consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2 Costa Rica, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia" ]	[ "Belgium" ]
2219545458358702063	Bodies: The Exhibition	Bodies : the Exhibition - wikipedia Bodies : the Exhibition Promotional poster . Bodies ... The Exhibition is an exhibition showcasing human bodies that have been preserved through a process called plastination and dissected to display bodily systems . It opened in Tampa , Florida on August 20 , 2005 . It is similar to , though not affiliated with , the exhibition Body Worlds ( which opened in 1995 ) . The exhibit displays internal organs and organic systems , bodies staged in active poses , and fetuses in various stages of development . The show is operated by Premier Exhibitions which presents and promotes similar exhibits including `` Bodies Revealed '' , and `` Our Body : The Universe Within '' , and other entertainment exhibits . Concerns have been raised ( especially among Catholics ) about the bodies ' origins , about the ethics of having human remains on display , and about the ethics of allowing children to view displays containing human remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 Exhibit organization 3 Preservation of the bodies and organs 4 Ethical concerns 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Locations ( edit ) This show appeared in the following 84 places : Albuquerque , Amsterdam , Athens , Atlanta , Atlantic City , Barcelona , Belgrade , Bogotá , Boise , Branson , Bratislava , Brisbane , Brussels , Bucharest , Budapest , Buenos Aires , Burlington , Chicoutimi , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Cluj - Napoca , Columbus , Concepción , Córdoba , Detroit , Dublin , Durham , Tartu , Fort Lauderdale , Gdansk , Greensboro , Haifax , Hartford , Honolulu , Houston , Idaho Falls , Indianapolis , Istanbul , Jaffa , Kraków , Las Vegas , Lexington , Lisbon , Ljubljana , London , Los Angeles , Madrid , Miami , Montreal , New York , Niagara Falls , Omaha , Ostena , Phoenix , Pittsburgh , Portland , Prague , Providence , Puerto Rico , Romania , Quebec City , Recife , Riga , Rotterdam , Sacramento , San Antonio , San Diego , San Jose ( Costa Rica ) , San Salvador , Santiago de Chile , São Paulo , Seattle , Shreveport , Sofia , Tampa , Tegucigalpa , Tel - Aviv , Timisoara , Toledo , Tucson , Tulsa , Vienna , Vilnius , Warsaw , Washington DC , Winnipeg , Zagreb , and Malaka . Exhibit organization ( edit ) The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system , and more layers ( muscular , nervous , circulatory , digestive , respiratory , urinary , and reproductive systems ; as well as fetal development and the treated body ) are added in successive rooms . Containing about twenty bodies in total , each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called `` polymer preservation '' ( commonly referred to as `` plastination '' ) so that they will not decay . This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation , Premier Exhibitions Incorporated , which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul , South Korea and more recently in the US . The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government , who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies . The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning , China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five - year duration of the show . Some of the specimens are arranged so that they are performing activities such as playing poker or conducting an orchestra . Along the way are other displays showing a human intestine stretched out , the polluted lung of an adult smoker , and all of the arteries and veins without the body itself . The exhibit of the polluted lung of the smoker also includes a clear standing box in which guests can discard their cigarettes and tobacco products after viewing the display . In the Las Vegas exhibit , there was also a polluted lung of a fetus on display . One section includes several fetuses in various stages of development . All of the fetuses died due to miscarriages , and the disorders which caused each are highlighted on most of the displays . Guests are notified by a small sign at the exhibit of the sensitivity of the fetus gallery just before entrance into the area , and given the option to skip that room if so desired . Preservation of the bodies and organs ( edit ) Main article : Plastination The bodies are prevented from decay by means of plastination , a rubberization process patented in the 1970s by anatomist Gunther von Hagens . The essence of the process is the replacement of water and fatty material in the cells of the body first by acetone and then by plastics , such as silicone rubber , polyester or epoxy resin . Ethical concerns ( edit ) See also : Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China Concerns have been raised ( especially by Catholics ) about the provenance of the bodies and the ethics of viewing human remains , especially for children . In an editorial , Lutheran Reverend Christoph Reiners questioned the effect on the values of children . Prior to the 2005 U.S. premiere , the Florida Attorney General expressed the opinion that the State Anatomical Board 's approval should be required . The Board fought the Tampa exhibit , with its director expressing the opinion that the exhibit should be shut down . Premier Exhibitions officials disagreed , claiming that the Board had jurisdiction only over medical schools and not museums ; the exhibit opened two days ahead of schedule at the Tampa Museum of Science and Industry . From 2006 , the New York Times and the 20 / 20 television program have published reports on a `` black market '' in Chinese cadavers and organs , sparking a Congressional inquiry , an investigation by NY Attorney General Andrew Cuomo , and the resignation of Premier 's CEO Arnie Geller . As the result of the Cuomo investigation and subsequent settlement in 2008 , the front page of the exhibition website displays a disclaimer about the presumed origin of the bodies and fetuses , saying that it `` relies solely on the representations of its Chinese partners '' and `` can not independently verify '' that the bodies do not belong to executed prisoners . Both the human rights activist Harry Wu and the director of the Human Rights in China advocacy group have objected to the exhibit on these grounds . A science education coordinator for the Carnegie Museum of Science resigned her position over the exhibit , citing her religious beliefs , questions about provenance , and a general repugnance for putting `` human remains '' on exhibit . Professor Anita Allen , a University of Pennsylvania bioethicist , argued spending money to `` gawk '' at human remains should raise serious concerns . Thomas Hibbs , Baylor University ethicist , compares cadaver displays to pornography in that they reduce the subject to `` the manipulation of body parts stripped of any larger human significance . '' Even if consent were to be obtained , Rabbi Danny Schiff maintains that we should still question what providing `` bodies arranged in showcases for a hungry public '' says about a society . In 2017 in Czech Republic , during the time of the exhibition Body The Exhibition taking place in Prague at the Exhibition Grounds in Holesovice , four doctors and four non-profit organizations issued a statement about the ethical and human rights concerns . The statement called upon the organizers to present a consent of the donors of the displayed bodies , if such a document exists . It also expressed concerns about the possibility , that the bodies may come from prisoners of conscience in China . The local police in Prague rejected a suggested ban of the exhibition and a burial of the bodies as proposed by Prague 7 district mayor Jan Cizinsky , who also appealed at the Chinese Embassy , asking to bury the bodies . See also ( edit ) Premier Exhibitions Embalming Mummification References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ulaby , Neda ( 11 August 2006 ) . `` Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned '' . NPR.org . National Public Radio . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bodies ... The Exhibition ' Makes Its World Debut '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Premier Exhibitions , Inc. 2005 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Premier Exhibitions '' . Premier Exhibitions , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PRXI : Profile for Premier Exhibitions Inc '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ulaby , Neda ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : KTVI ( 2007 - 08 - 28 ) . `` No Body World Exhibit For Catholic Field Trips '' . Fox Television Stations . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rodgers , Ann ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` Catholic diocese OKs attendance at ' Bodies ' exhibit '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knippenberg , Jim ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` Archbishop says no to ' Bodies ' exhibit '' . The Enquirer . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazaruk , Susan ( 2006 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Abbotsford schools barred from taking ghoulish field trip '' . The Province . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Reiners , Christoph ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Body worlds objectifies humanity '' . Abbotsford News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2005 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Museum Plans to Open Corpse Show in Fla '' . redOrbit.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2005 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Attorney general 's decision may scuttle Tampa cadaver exhibit '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Crist Reponds to Florida Anatomical Board '' ( Press release ) . State of Florida . 2005 - 08 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bodies Exhibition not dead after all '' . Tampa Bay Business Journal . 2005 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David ( 2006 - 08 - 08 ) . `` China Turns Out Mummified Bodies for Displays '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ross , Brian ; Rhonda Schwarts ; Anna Schecter ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Exclusive : Secret Trade in Chinese Bodies '' . 20 / 20 . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schecter , Anna ( 2008 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Lawmakers Call for Congress to Probe Bodies Shows in Wake of ' 20 / 20 ' Report '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Richard ; Anna Schecter ( 2008 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Crackdown on Ghoulish ' Body Exhibitions ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schecter , Anna ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Bodies ' CEO Resigns After ' 20 / 20 ' Report '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cuomo Settlement With ' Bodies ... The Exhibition ' Ends The Practice Of Using Human Remains Of Suspect Origins '' ( Press release ) . New York State Attorney General . 2008 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 - 08 - 22 archive '' . Premier Exhibitions , Inc . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Andrew ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Cadaver Exhibition Raises Questions Beyond Taste '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Catz , Elaine ( 2007 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Sunday Forum : Exhibition of exploitation '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Mike ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Science Center 's ' Bodies ' exhibit controversial '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hibbs , Thomas S. ( Winter 2007 ) . `` Dead Body Porn '' . New Atlantis magazine . 15 : 128 -- 131 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Schiff , Danny ( 2007 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Sunday Forum : BODIES - Do n't go '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Exhibition of dead bodies not to be banned in Prague External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodies:_The_Exhibition&oldid=844755442 '' Categories : Anatomical preservation Traveling exhibits Science exhibitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Português Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 23 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where did the bodies come from for the bodies exhibit	[ "The exhibit is set up so that one starts at the skeletal system, and more layers (muscular, nervous, circulatory, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems; as well as fetal development and the treated body) are added in successive rooms. Containing about twenty bodies in total, each exhibition uses real human bodies that have been preserved permanently by a process called \"polymer preservation\" (commonly referred to as \"plastination\") so that they will not decay. This exhibition is organized by the publicly traded corporation, Premier Exhibitions Incorporated, which also staged Bodies Revealed first in Seoul, South Korea and more recently in the US. The company received the cadavers for research from the Chinese government, who donated them because all the bodies at the time of death had no close next of kin or immediate families to claim the bodies. The dissections took place at the Dalian University in Liaoning, China and the resulting specimens were leased to Premier Exhibitions for the five-year duration of the show.\n" ]	[ "from the Chinese government" ]
2120685515451344743	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Universal Declaration of Human Rights - wikipedia Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Created 1948 Ratified 10 December 1948 Location Palais de Chaillot , Paris Author ( s ) Draft Committee Purpose Human rights Poster The human rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly of its 183rd meeting , held in Paris on 10 December 1948 Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Self defense Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained , and two did not vote . The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual 's rights which , although not legally binding in themselves , have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties , economic transfers , regional human rights instruments , national constitutions , and other laws . The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966 , and came into force in 1976 , after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them . Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration for more than 50 years , it has become binding as a part of customary international law . However , in the United States , the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( 2004 ) , concluded that the Declaration `` does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law . '' Courts of other countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in and of itself part of domestic law . Contents 1 Structure and content 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation and drafting 2.3 Adoption 3 International Human Rights Day 4 Significance and legal effect 4.1 Significance 4.2 Legal effect 5 Reaction 5.1 Praise 5.2 Criticism 5.2. 1 Islamic countries 5.2. 2 `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' 5.2. 3 American Anthropological Association 5.2. 4 Bangkok Declaration 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights 6.2 Amnesty International 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee 6.5 American Library Association 6.6 Youth for Human Rights International 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Audiovisual materials Structure and content ( edit ) The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft , which was prepared by René Cassin . Cassin worked from a first draft , which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey . The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles . Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple , with a foundation , steps , four columns , and a pediment . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles : The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration . Articles 1 -- 2 established the basic concepts of dignity , liberty , equality , and brotherhood . Articles 3 -- 11 established other individual rights , such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . Articles 6 -- 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated . Articles 12 -- 17 established the rights of the individual towards the community ( including such things as freedom of movement ) . Articles 18 -- 21 sanctioned the so - called `` constitutional liberties '' , and with spiritual , public , and political freedoms , such as freedom of thought , opinion , religion and conscience , word , and peaceful association of the individual . Articles 22 -- 27 sanctioned an individual 's economic , social and cultural rights , including healthcare . Article 25 states : `` Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services . '' It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability , and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood . Articles 28 -- 30 established the general ways of using these rights , the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied , and that they can not be overcome against the individual . These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation . History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( 6 January 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : History of human rights During World War II , the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms -- freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want -- as their basic war aims . The United Nations Charter `` reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person '' and committed all member states to promote `` universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' . When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II , the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred . A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter 's provisions on human rights . Creation and drafting ( edit ) Main article : Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In June 1946 , the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights , comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds . The Commission , a standing body of the United Nations , was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , to write the articles of the Declaration . The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years . Canadian John Peters Humphrey , Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat , was called upon by the United Nations Secretary - General to work on the project and became the Declaration 's principal drafter . At the time , Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . Other well - known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France , Charles Malik of Lebanon , and P.C. Chang of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission . According to Allan Carlson , the Declaration 's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement 's influence on Cassin and Malik . Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948 , the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights , the Economic and Social Council , the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948 . During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States . British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation . ( It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force , giving a legal status to most of the Declaration . ) Adoption ( edit ) The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948 . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain . In miniature book The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate . South Africa 's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration . The Saudi Arabian delegation 's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration 's articles : Article 18 , which states that everyone has the right `` to change his religion or belief '' ; and Article 16 , on equal marriage rights . The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism . Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13 , which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries . The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are : Voters and abstainers in the Plenary session : In green countries that voted in favour , in orange those who abstained , In black countries which failed to abstain or vote , In grey countries which were not part of the UN at the time of voting . Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burma Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Iceland India Iran Iraq Lebanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Siam Sweden Syria Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela a . ^ Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey , the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration 's draft , but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly . 8 countries abstained : Czechoslovakia Poland Saudi Arabia Soviet Union Byelorussian SSR Ukrainian SSR South Africa Yugoslavia 2 countries did n't vote : Honduras Yemen Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later , which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote , and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles . International Human Rights Day ( edit ) Main article : Human Rights Day The Declaration of Human Rights Day is commemorated every year on December 10 , the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration , and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day . The commemoration is observed by individuals , community and religious groups , human rights organizations , parliaments , governments , and the United Nations . Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights . 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration , and was accompanied by year - long activities around the theme `` Dignity and justice for all of us '' . Significance and legal effect ( edit ) Significance ( edit ) In 1948 , the UN Resolution A / RES / 217 ( III ) ( A ) adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French , and official translations in Chinese , Russian and Spanish . In 2009 , the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world 's `` Most Translated Document '' ( 370 different languages and dialects ) . The Unicode Consortium stores 431 of the 503 official translations available at the OHCHR ( as of June 2017 ) . In its preamble , governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration . Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States . In this , she proved to be correct . Even though it is not legally binding , the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948 . It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws , international laws , and treaties , as well as for a growing number of regional , sub national , and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights . For the first time in international law , the term `` the rule of law '' was used in the preamble of the Declaration . The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows : `` Whereas it is essential , if man is not to be compelled to have recourse , as a last resort , to rebellion against tyranny and oppression , that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . '' Legal effect ( edit ) While not a treaty itself , the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words `` fundamental freedoms '' and `` human rights '' appearing in the United Nations Charter , which is binding on all member states . For this reason , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations . In addition , many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles . The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration `` constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community '' to all persons . The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants : the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more . The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments , academics , advocates , and constitutional courts , and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights . Reaction ( edit ) Praise ( edit ) The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people . The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it `` an international document of the first order of importance '' , while Eleanor Roosevelt -- first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) that drafted the Declaration -- stated that it `` may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere . '' In a speech on 5 October 1995 , Pope John Paul II called the Declaration `` one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time '' but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration . In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration `` placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community . '' Criticism ( edit ) Islamic countries ( edit ) Turkey -- which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population -- signed the Declaration in 1948 . However , the same year , Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration , claiming that it violated Sharia law . Pakistan -- which had signed the declaration -- disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position . Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion . In 1982 , the Iranian representative to the United Nations , Said Rajaie - Khorassani , said that the Declaration was `` a secular understanding of the Judeo - Christian tradition '' which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia . On 30 June 2000 , members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have `` freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah '' , without any discrimination on grounds of `` race , colour , language , sex , religious belief , political affiliation , social status or other considerations '' . Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties . For example , Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR . Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women 's rights . A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration 's alleged Western bias . These include Irene Oh , Abdulaziz Sachedina , Riffat Hassan , and Faisal Kutty . Hassan has argued : What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest , or sole , model , of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings , is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration , the `` universality '' of the assumptions on which it is based is -- at the very least -- problematic and subject to questioning . Furthermore , the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general , or particular religions such as Islam , needs to be examined in an unbiased way . Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative ( descriptive ) ethics . Kutty writes : `` A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights . '' Ironically , a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs , played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration , with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self - determination . `` The right to Refuse to Kill '' ( edit ) Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' to be added to the Universal Declaration . War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from -- but not yet explicit in -- Article 18 of the UDHR : the right to freedom of thought , conscience , and religion . Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit , but -- to date ( 2017 ) -- those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents . Sean MacBride -- Assistant Secretary - General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate -- has said : `` To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might , with relevance , be added . It is ' The Right to Refuse to Kill ' . '' American Anthropological Association ( edit ) The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process . The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope . They further argued that the West 's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world . They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism : `` 1 . The individual realizes his personality through his culture , hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences '' , `` 2 . Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered '' , and `` 3 . Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole . '' Bangkok Declaration ( edit ) During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993 , ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration , reaffirming their governments ' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality , objectivity , and non-selectivity of human rights . However , at the same time , they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference , calling for greater emphasis on economic , social , and cultural rights -- in particular , the right to economic development over civil and political rights . The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective , which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism . Organizations promoting the UDHR ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Federation for Human Rights ( edit ) The International Federation for Human Rights ( FIDH ) is nonpartisan , nonsectarian , and independent of any government , and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International ( edit ) In 1988 , director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators , musicians , and producers created a 20 - minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration . The video was to bring to life the Declaration 's 30 articles . Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the `` Fire Up ! '' event . Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( edit ) The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( UUSC ) is a non-profit , nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world . Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee ( edit ) The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues , including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . American Library Association ( edit ) In 1997 , the council of the American Library Association ( ALA ) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Along with Article 19 , Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . Censorship , the invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA . In response to violations of human rights , the ALA asserts the following principles : `` The American Library Association opposes any use of governmental prerogative that leads to intimidation of individuals that prevents them from exercising their rights to hold opinions without interference , and to seek , receive , and impart information and ideas . We urge libraries and librarians everywhere to resist such abuse of governmental power , and to support those against whom such governmental power has been employed . The American Library Association condemns any governmental effort to involve libraries and librarians in restrictions on the right of any individual to hold opinions without interference , and to seek , receive , and impart information and ideas . Such restrictions , whether enforced by statutes or regulations , contractual stipulations , or voluntary agreements , pervert the function of the library and violate the professional responsibilities of librarians . The American Library Association rejects censorship in any form . Any action that denies the inalienable human rights of individuals only damages the will to resist oppression , strengthens the hand of the oppressor , and undermines the cause of justice . The American Library Association will not abrogate these principles . We believe that censorship corrupts the cause of justice , and contributes to the demise of freedom . '' Youth for Human Rights International ( edit ) Youth for Human Rights International ( YHRI ) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth , an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa , where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights . The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights , specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace . YHRI has now grown into a global movement , including hundreds of groups , clubs and chapters around the world . See also ( edit ) Human rights portal United Nations portal Freedom of speech portal Human rights History of human rights Timeline of young people 's rights in the United Kingdom in the United States in France Non-binding agreements Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam ( 1990 ) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action ( 1993 ) United Nations Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) International human rights law Fourth Geneva Convention ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1952 ) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( 1954 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( 1969 ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( 1976 ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( 1976 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( 1981 ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( 2007 ) Thinkers influencing the Declaration Jacques Maritain Tommy Douglas John Sankey , 1st Viscount Sankey Other Slavery in the United States in Russia Slavery in international law Slave Trade Acts Human rights in China ( PRC ) Command responsibility Moral universalism Declaration on Great Apes , an as - yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other great apes . `` Consent of the governed '' Racial equality proposal ( 1919 ) The Farewell Sermon ( 632 CE ) Youth for Human Rights International List of literary works by number of translations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Included John Peters Humphrey ( Canada ) , René Cassin ( France ) , P.C. Chang ( Republic of China ) , Charles Malik ( Lebanon ) , Hansa Mehta ( India ) and Eleanor Roosevelt ( United States ) ; see Creation and drafting section above . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston , International Human Rights in Context : Law , Politics , Morals , ( 2nd ed ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2000 . Jump up ^ Hurst Hannum , The UDHR in National and International Law , p. 145 Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain , 542 U.S. 692 , 734 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights , United Nations , 1948 Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ `` FDR , `` The Four Freedoms , '' Speech Text `` . Voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu . January 6 , 1941 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 11 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Charter , preamble and article 55 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , udhr.org . Jump up ^ `` UDHR50 : Did n't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world ? '' . Udhr.org. 1998 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UDHR -- History of human rights '' . Universalrights.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 133 Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War . P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China , then the recognised government of China , but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ( history.com ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Allan : Globalizing Family Values Archived 2012 - 05 - 25 at Archive.is , 12 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Research Guides . United Nations . Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Final authorized text . The British Library . September 1952 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 - present '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : CCNMTL . `` default '' . Center for New Media Teaching and Learning ( CCNMTL ) . Columbia University . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ UNAC . `` Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Association in Canada ( UNAC ) . p . `` Who are the signatories of the Declaration ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jost Müller - Neuhof ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Menschenrechte : Die mächtigste Idee der Welt '' . Der Tagesspiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ United Nations . `` default '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Peter Danchin . `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Drafting History - 10 . Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 169 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations 1948 -- 1949 p 535 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schabas , William ( 1998 ) . `` Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . McGill Law Journal . 43 : 403 . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - Human Rights in the World '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : 1948 -- 2008 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 217 ( III ) '' . UNBISNET . Retrieved 13 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most translated document '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` UDHR in Unicode - Translations '' , Unicode , retrieved 8 - 6 - 2017 Jump up ^ `` Search by Translation '' , UDHR Translation Project , United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , retrieved 13 - 8 - 2017 . Jump up ^ Timmons , Eric J. `` Mspy and USA declaration '' . 4everY . SpySoft . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ John Peters , Humphrey ( 23 May 1979 ) . `` The universal declaration of human rights , Its history , impact andjuridical character '' . In Bertrand G. , Ramcharan . Human Rights : Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration : Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Hage : Nijhoff . p. 37 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 2145 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Louis B. ( 1977 ) . `` The human rights law of the charter '' . Texas International Law Journal . 12 : 133 . ISSN 0163 - 7479 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Myres S. , McDougal ; Lasswell , Harold D. ; Chen , Lung - chu ( 1969 ) . `` Human Rights and World Public Order : A Framework for Policy - Oriented Inquiry '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . pp. 273 -- 274 , 325 -- 327 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Anthony A. D'Amato ( 1987 ) . International law : process and prospect . Transnational Publishers . pp. 123 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941320 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . `` Digital record of the UDHR '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration '' . 6 November 1948 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller ( 1948 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Eleanor Roosevelt : Address to the United Nations General Assembly '' . Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John Paul II , Address to the U.N. , October 2 , 1979 and October 5 , 1995 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` International human rights defenders honoured as general assembly marks fifty - fifth anniversary of universal declaration '' , United Nations : meetings coverage and press releases , 10 December 2003 Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nisrine Abiad ( 2008 ) . Sharia , Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations : a comparative study . BIICL . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905221 - 41 - 7 . Jump up ^ Price 1999 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hashemi , Nader and Emran Qureshi . `` Human Rights . '' In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Jump up ^ Littman , D ( February -- March 1999 ) . `` Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam '' . Midstream . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution No 60 / 27 - P '' . Organisation of the Islamic Conference . 2000 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam ? '' . religiousconsultation.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of God '' . Georgetown University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights '' . in Jacqueline Langwith ( ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints : Human Rights , Gale / Greenhaven Press : Chicago , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor Susan Waltz : Universal Rights Group , Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations ... Jump up ^ Out of the margins : the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe : An announcement of Amnesty International 's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights , 31 March 1997 . Amnesty International . ^ Jump up to : A Conscientious Objector 's Guide to the UN Human Rights System , Parts 1 , 2 & 3 , Background Information on International Law for COs , Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection , War Resisters ' International . Jump up ^ Sean MacBride , The Imperatives of Survival , Nobel Lecture , 12 December 1974 , The Nobel Foundation -- Official website of the Nobel Foundation . ( English index page ; hyperlink to Swedish site . ) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971 -- 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights '' . Law.hku.hk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) Archived 2012 - 10 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , 10 February 2009 ; accessed on 9 November 2009 Jump up ^ Information Partners , web site of the UNHCR , last updated 25 February 2010 , 16 : 08 GMT ( web retrieval 25 February 2010 , 18 : 11 GMT ) Jump up ^ `` UDHR film '' . Amnesty International . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Up ! '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR Partners '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page '' . American Friends Service Committee . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution on IFLA , Human Rights and Freedom of Expression '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression : '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Youth for Human Rights '' . Youth for Human Rights . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brown , Gordon ( 2016 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century : A Living Document in a Changing World . Open Book Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 783 - 74218 - 9 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( 2002 ) . A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76046 - 4 . Hashmi , Sohail H. ( 2002 ) . Islamic political ethics : civil society , pluralism , and conflict . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11310 - 4 . Morsink , Johannes ( 1999 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : origins , drafting , and intent . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1747 - 6 . Price , Daniel E. ( 1999 ) . Islamic political culture , democracy , and human rights : a comparative study . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96187 - 9 . Williams , Paul ( 1981 ) . The International bill of human rights . United Nations General Assembly . Entwhistle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934558 - 07 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Feldman , Jean - Philippe . `` Hayek 's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights '' . Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines , Volume 9 , Issue 4 ( December 1999 ) : 1145 - 6396 . Nurser , John . `` For All Peoples and All Nations . Christian Churches and Human Rights . '' . ( Geneva : WCC Publications , 2005 ) . Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University ( Centre for the Study of Human Rights ) , including article by article commentary , video interviews , discussion of meaning , drafting and history . 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5136667348589194244	Cardiac cycle	Cardiac cycle - wikipedia Cardiac cycle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cycle diagram depicts one heartbeat of the continuously repeating cardiac cycle , namely : ventricular diastole followed by ventricular systole , etc. -- while coordinating with atrial systole followed by atrial diastole , etc . The cycle also correlates to key electrocardiogram tracings : the T wave ( which indicates ventricular diastole ) ; the P wave ( atrial systole ) ; and the QRS ' spikes ' complex ( ventricular systole ) -- all shown as color purple - in - black segments . The Cardiac Cycle : Valve Positions , Blood Flow , and ECG The parts of a QRS complex and adjacent deflections . Re the cardiac cycle , atrial systole begins at the P wave ; ventricular systole begins at the Q deflection of the QRS complex . The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next . It consists of two periods : one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood , called diastole ( die - ASS - toe - lee ) , followed by a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood , dubbed systole ( SIS - toe - lee ) . After emptying , the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body -- before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems . A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again . Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute , each cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , takes about 0.8 second to compete the cycle . There are two atrial and two ventricle chambers of the heart ; they are paired as the left heart and the right heart -- that is , the left atrium with the left ventricle , the right atrium with the right ventricle -- and they work in concert to repeat the cardiac cycle continuously , ( see cycle diagram at right margin ) . At the `` Start '' of the cycle , during ventricular diastole -- early , the heart relaxes and expands while receiving blood into both ventricles through both atria ; then , near the end of ventricular diastole -- late , the two atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) , and each atrium pumps blood into the ventricle ' below ' it . During ventricular systole the ventricles are contracting and vigorously pulsing ( or ejecting ) two separated blood supplies from the heart -- one to the lungs and one to all other body organs and systems -- while the two atria are relaxed ( atrial diastole ) . This precise coordination ensures that blood is efficiently collected and circulated throughout the body . The mitral and tricuspid valves , also known as the atrioventricular , or AV valves , open during ventricular diastole to permit filling . Late in the filling period the atria begin to contract ( atrial systole ) forcing a final crop of blood into the ventricles under pressure -- see cycle diagram . Then , prompted by electrical signals from the sinoatrial node , the ventricles start contracting ( ventricular systole ) , and as back - pressure against them increases the AV valves are forced to close , which stops the blood volumes in the ventricles from flowing in or out ; this is known as the isovolumic contraction stage . Due to the contractions of the systole , pressures in the ventricles rise quickly , exceeding the pressures in the trunks of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries and causing the requisite valves ( the aortic and pulmonary valves ) to open -- which results in separated blood volumes being ejected from the two ventricles . This is the ejection stage of the cardiac cycle ; it is depicted ( see circular diagram ) as the ventricular systole -- first phase followed by the ventricular systole -- second phase . After ventricular pressures fall below their peak ( s ) and below those in the trunks of the aorta and pulmonary arteries , the aortic and pulmonary valves close again -- see , at right margin , Wiggers diagram , blue - line tracing . Now follows the isovolumic relaxation , during which pressure within the ventricles begin to fall significantly , and thereafter the atria begin refilling as blood returns to flow into the right atrium ( from the vena cavae ) and into the left atrium ( from the pulmonary veins ) . As the ventricles begin to relax , the mitral and tricuspid valves open again , and the completed cycle returns to ventricular diastole and a new `` Start '' of the cardiac cycle . Throughout the cardiac cycle , blood pressure increases and decreases . The movements of cardiac muscle are coordinated by a series of electrical impulses produced by specialised pacemaker cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node . Cardiac muscle is composed of myocytes which initiate their internal contractions without applying to external nerves -- with the exception of changes in the heart rate due to metabolic demand . In an electrocardiogram , electrical systole initiates the atrial systole at the P wave deflection of a steady signal ; and it starts contractions ( systole ) of the ventricles at the Q deflection of the QRS complex . ( Completing the P wave represents the end of the ventricular diastole and the start of the ventricular systole -- - see cycle diagram . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram 1.1 Stages 1.2 Physiology 1.2. 1 Heart electrical conduction system 2 Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle 2.1 Atrial systole 2.2 Ventricular systole 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The cardiac cycle and Wiggers diagram ( edit ) A Wiggers diagram illustrate events and details of the cardiac cycle with electrographic trace lines , which depict ( vertical ) changes in a parameter 's value as time elapses left - to - right . The ventricular `` Diastole '' , or relaxation , begins with `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , then proceeds through three sub-stages of inflow , namely : `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' . ( During the `` Diastole '' period , the `` Ventricular volume '' increases ( see red - line tracing ) , beginning after the vertical bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' and ending with the vertical bar at R in the QRS complex ) . + The ventricular `` Systole '' , or contraction , begins with `` Isovolumic contraction '' , i.e. , with the vertical bar at `` A - V valve closes '' ; it ends with completing the `` Ejection '' stage at the bar at `` Aortic valve closes '' . During `` Ejection '' stage , the ( red - line ) tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' falls to its least amount ( see ejection fraction ) as the ventricles pump blood to the pulmonary arteries and to the aorta . The cardiac cycle involves four major stages of activity : 1 ) `` Isovolumic relaxation '' , 2 ) Inflow , 3 ) `` Isovolumic contraction '' , 4 ) `` Ejection '' . ( See Wiggers diagram , which presents the stages , label-wise , in 3 , 4 , 1 , 2 order , left - to - right . ) Moving from the left along the Wiggers diagram shows the activities within four stages during a single cardiac cycle . ( See the consecutive panels labeled , at bottom - right , `` Diastole '' then `` Systole '' . ) Stages 1 and 2 together -- `` Isovolumic relaxation '' plus Inflow ( equals `` Rapid inflow '' , `` Diastasis '' , and `` Atrial systole '' ) -- comprise the ventricular `` Diastole '' period , including atrial systole , during which blood returning to the heart flows through the atria into the relaxed ventricles . Stages 3 and 4 together -- `` Isovoumic contraction '' plus `` Ejection '' -- are the ventricular `` Systole '' period , which is the simultaneous pumping of separate blood supplies from the two ventricles , one to the pulmonary artery and one to the aorta . Notably , near the end of the `` Diastole '' , the atria begin contracting , then pumping blood into the ventricles ; this pressurized delivery during ventrucular relaxation ( ventricular diastole ) is called the atrial systole , aka atrial kick . The time-wise increases and decreases of the heart 's blood volume ( see Wiggers diagram ) , are also instructive to follow . The red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' provides an excellent track of the two periods and four stages of one cardiac cycle . Starting with the Diastole period : the low - volume plateau of `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage , followed by a rapid rise and two slower rises , all components of the `` Inflow stage '' -- increasing to the high - volume plateau of the `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage ; ( find the label at left side of diagram ) . Then , the Systole , including the high `` Isovolumic contraction '' stage to the rapid decrease in blood volume ( i.e. , the vertical drop of the red - line tracing ) which signifies the emptying of the ventricles during the `` Ejection '' stage of the completed cycle -- all equal to one heartbeat . Stages ( edit ) Diastole ( at right ) normally refers to atria and ventricles at relaxation and expansion together -- while refilling with blood returning to the heart . Systole ( left ) typically refers to ventricular systole , during which the ventricles are pumping ( or ejecting ) blood out of the heart through the aorta and the pulmonary veins . Valve configurations during main stages of the cardiac cycle Stage AV valves * Semilunar valves Status of ventricles and atria ; and blood flow 1 Isovolumic relaxation closed closed semilunar ( pulmonary and aortic ) valves close at end of ejection stage ; blood flow stops . 2a Inflow : ( Ventricular filling ) open closed ventricles and atria together relax and expand ; blood flows to the heart during ventricular and atrial diastole . 2b Inflow : ( Ventricular filling with Atrial systole ) open closed ventricles relaxed and expanded ; atrial contraction ( systole ) forces blood under pressure into ventricles during ventricular diastole -- late . 3 Isovolumic contraction closed closed AV valves close at end of ventricular diastole ; blood flow stops ; ventricles begin to contract . 4 Ejection : Ventricular ejection closed open ventricles contract ( ventricular systole ) ; blood flows from the heart -- to the lungs and to rest of body during venticular ejection . Notes : Stages 1 , 2a , and 2b together comprise the `` Diastole '' period ; stages 3 and 4 together comprise the `` Systole '' period . based on Ganong Rapid - filling inflow produced by atrial systole during `` ventricular diastole -- late '' Atrioventricular ( AV ) valves = tricuspid valve ; mitral valve Semilunar valves = pulmonary valve ; aortic valve Dichrotic notch - rebounding of aorta , helps perfuse coronary arteries , with increasing age the aorta stiffens and less elasticity hence the notch may be less and problems arise perfusing coronary arteries Physiology ( edit ) CGI animated graphic of the human heart , sectioned , with motions and timing synced with the Wiggers diagram . The section shows : 1 ) the opened ventricles contracting once per heartbeat -- that is , once per each cardiac cycle ; 2 ) the ( partly obscured ) mitral valve of the left heart ; 3 ) the tricuspid and pulmonary valves of the right heart -- note these paired valves open and close oppositely . + ( The aortic valve of the left heart is located below the pulmonary valve , and is completely obscured . ) The ( unsectioned ) atria are seen above the ventricles . The heart is a four - chambered organ consisting of right and left halves , called the right heart and the left heart . The upper two chambers , the left and right atria , are entry points into the heart for blood - flow returning from the circulatory system , while the two lower chambers , the left and right ventricles , perform the contractions that eject the blood from the heart to flow through the circulatory system . Circulation is split into pulmonary circulation -- during which the right ventricle pumps oxygen - depleted blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and arteries ; or the systemic circulation -- in which the left ventricle pumps / ejects newly oxygenated blood throughout the body via the aorta and all other arteries . Heart electrical conduction system ( edit ) Main article : Electrical conduction system of the heart In a healthy heart all activities and rests during each individual cardiac cycle , or heartbeat , are initiated and orchestrated by signals of the heart 's electrical conduction system , which is the `` wiring '' of the heart that carries electrical impulses throughout the body of cardiomyocytes , the specialized muscle cells of the heart . These impulses ultimately stimulate heart muscle to contract and thereby to eject blood from the ventricles into the arteries and the cardiac circulatory system ; and they provide a system of intricately - timed and persistent signaling that controls the rhythmic beating of the heart muscle cells , especially the complex impulse - generation and muscle contractions in the atrial chambers . The rhythmic sequence ( or sinus rhythm ) of this signaling across the heart is coordinated by two groups of specialized cells , the sinoatrial ( SA ) node , which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium , and the atrioventricular ( AV ) node located in the lower wall of the right heart between the atrium and ventricle . The sinoatrial node , often known as the cardiac pacemaker , is the point of origin for producing a wave of electrical impulses that stimulates atrial contraction by creating an action potential across myocardium cells . Impulses of the wave are delayed upon reaching the AV node , which acts as a gate to slow and to coordinate the electrical current before it is conducted below the atria and through the circuits known as the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers -- all which stimulate contractions of both ventricles . The programmed delay at the AV node also provides time for blood volume to flow through the atria and fill the ventricular chambers -- just before the return of the systole ( contractions ) , ejecting the new blood volume and completing the cardiac cycle . ( See Wiggers diagram : `` Ventricular volume '' tracing ( red ) , at `` Systole '' panel . ) Diastole and systole in the cardiac cycle ( edit ) Main article : Diastole Cardiac diastole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are open to enable blood to flow directly into both left and right ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . Cardiac ( ventricular ) systole : Both AV valves ( tricuspid in the right heart ( light - blue ) , mitral in the left heart ( pink ) ) are closed by back - pressure as the ventricles are contracted and their blood volumes are ejected through the newly - opened pulmonary valve ( dark - blue arrow ) and aortic valve ( dark - red arrow ) into the pulmonary trunk and aorta respectively . Cardiac diastole is the period of the cardiac cycle when , after contraction , the heart relaxes and expands while refilling with blood returning from the circulatory system . Both atrioventricular ( AV ) valves open to facilitate the ' unpressurized ' flow of blood directly through the atria into both ventricles , where it is collected for the next contraction . This period is best viewed at the middle of the Wiggers diagram -- see the panel labeled `` Diastole '' . Here it shows pressure levels in both atria and ventricles as near - zero during most of the diastole . ( See gray and light - blue tracings labeled `` Atrial pressure '' and `` Ventricular pressure '' -- Wiggers diagram . ) Here also may be seen the red - line tracing of `` Ventricular volume '' , showing increase in blood - volume from the low plateau of the `` Isovolumic relaxation '' stage to the maximum volume occurring in the `` Atrial systole '' sub-stage . Atrial systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Atrial systole Atrial systole is the contracting of cardiac muscle cells of both atria following electrical stimulation and conduction of electrical currents across the atrial chambers ( see above , Physiology ) . While nominally a component of the heart 's sequence of systolic contraction and ejection , atrial systole actually performs the vital role of completing the diastole , which is to finalize the filling of both ventricles with blood while they are relaxed and expanded for that purpose . Atrial systole overlaps the end of the diastole , occurring in the sub-period known as ventricular diastole -- late ( see cycle diagram ) . At this point , the atrial systole applies contraction pressure to ' topping - off ' the blood volumes sent to both ventricles ; this atrial kick closes the diastole immediately before the heart again begins contracting and ejecting blood from the ventricles ( ventricular systole ) to the aorta and arteries . Notably , atrial kick is absent or disrupted if there is loss of normal electrical conduction in the heart , such as caused by atrial fibrillation , atrial flutter , or heart block . Atrial kick may also be degraded by any deterioration in the condition of the heart , such as `` stiff heart '' found in patients with diastolic dysfunction . Ventricular systole ( edit ) Main article : Systole § Ventricular systole and Wiggers diagram Ventricular systole is the contractions , following electrical stimulations , of the ventricular syncytium of cardiac muscle cells in the left and right ventricles . Contractions in the right ventricle provides pulmonary circulation by pulsing oxygen - depleted blood through the pulmonary valve then through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs . Simultaneously , contractions of the left ventricular systole provide systemic circulation of oxygenated blood to all body systems by pumping blood through the aortic valve , the aorta , and all the arteries . ( Blood pressure is routinely measured in the larger arteries off the left ventricle during the left ventricular systole ) . See also ( edit ) Apex beat Blood pressure Cardiac action potential Cardiac output Electrocardiogram References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 4 , 5 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Betts , J. Gordon ( 2013 ) . Anatomy & physiology . pp. 787 -- 846 . ISBN 1 - 938168 - 13 - 5 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Topol , Eric J ( 2000 ) . Cleveland Clinic Heart Book . New York : Hyperion . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6495 - 8 . Jump up ^ Guyton & Hall 2011 , pp. 105 -- 07 . Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron , Emile L. Boulpaep ( 2016 ) Medical Physiology ( 3rd Edition ) Elsevier ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 4377 - 3 Jump up ^ Barrett et al. `` '' Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24e `` '' ( 2012 ) Table 30 - 3 Jump up ^ Gersh , Bernard J ( 2000 ) . Mayo Clinic Heart Book . New York : William Morrow . pp. A12 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17642 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bellenir , Karen ( 2000 ) . Heart Diseases and Disorders Sourcebook , 2nd ed . Detroit : Frederick G. Ruffner , Jr. / Omnigraphics . pp. 65 -- 67 . ISBN 0 - 7808 - 0238 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Interactive cardiac cycle . Interactivephysiology.com Cardiac cycle . University of Utah School of Medicine Heart sounds . UCLA School of Medicine ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiac_cycle&oldid=836234915 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Español Euskara فارسی 한국어 Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kiswahili Magyar Македонски नेपाली Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Українська 粵語 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 14 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which part of the cardiac cycle represents the pumping of the heart muscle	[ "The cardiac cycle is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called diastole (die-ASS-toe-lee), followed by a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed systole (SIS-toe-lee). After emptying, the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body—before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems. A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again. Assuming a healthy heart and a typical rate of 70 to 75 beats per minute, each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes about 0.8 second to compete the cycle.[1]" ]	[ "systole" ]
1518602326830648296	In the Dark of the Night	In the Dark of the Night - Wikipedia In the Dark of the Night Jump to : navigation , search For the novel by John Saul , see In the Dark of the Night ( novel ) . `` In the Dark of the Night '' is a song from the 1997 Fox Animation Studios film Anastasia . It is sung by Rasputin ( Christopher Lloyd speaking , Jim Cummings singing ) and serves as the villain song . Synopsis ( edit ) Rasputin is in his lair singing about his plan to kill Anastasia , and sends off his minions to do this task . Critical reception ( edit ) FilmTracks wrote `` The villain 's song for Rasputin is n't particularly popular , and some may even wish that Christopher Lloyd had attempted his own vocals . Yet , the deep male vocals paired with high female ghost hauntings are very creative , and outstanding lyrics and a fine balance between the Russian doom and gloom and the slight comedy needed for the genre is decently accomplished . The bass region is well treated in this song , too '' DVDTalk describes the song as grand . AWN described it as `` a wonderful mixture of rock and traditional Russian choral music , with a gaggle of wormettes providing backup . '' LegendOfFlaura says `` It 's a dark declaration of vengeance , and , in my opinion , it justifies Rasputin 's inclusion in the film at all '' . SPLICEDwire listed the song as an example of one of the `` over-produced , largely forgettable songs '' of the film , describing it as an `` I 'm - so - evil theme song ... so cheesy it could have been a left - over from The Rocky Horror Picture Show . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/anastasia.html Jump up ^ http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/20609/anastasia-family-fun-edition/ Jump up ^ http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.8/2.8pages/2.8deneroffanastasia.html Jump up ^ http://legendoflaura.wordpress.com/2013/09/16/film-review-anastasia-1997/ Jump up ^ http://splicedwire.com/97reviews/anastasia.html Anastasia Films Anastasia ( 1997 ) Bartok the Magnificent ( 1999 ) Music `` Journey to the Past '' `` Once Upon a December '' `` In the Dark of the Night '' `` At the Beginning '' Video games Anastasia : Adventures with Pooka and Bartok Stage musicals Anastasia ( musical ) Characters Anya ( Princess Anastasia ) Rasputin Marie Related Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty ( songs ) David Newman ( score ) Don Bluth Gary Goldman Fox Animation Studios This 1990s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Dark_of_the_Night&oldid=803519481 '' Categories : 1997 songs Songs from animated films Anastasia ( 1997 film ) 1990s song stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 00 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings in the dark of the night from anastasia	[ "\"In the Dark of the Night \" is a song from the 1997 Fox Animation Studios film Anastasia. It is sung by Rasputin (Christopher Lloyd speaking, Jim Cummings singing) and serves as the villain song." ]	[ "Rasputin (Christopher Lloyd speaking, Jim Cummings singing)" ]
8886642717081691368	CMT (U.S. TV channel)	CMT ( U.S. TV channel ) - wikipedia CMT ( U.S. TV channel ) For the Canadian channel of the same name , see CMT ( Canadian TV channel ) . CMT Launched March 5 , 1983 ; 35 years ago ( 1983 - 03 - 05 ) Owned by Viacom Media Networks ( Viacom ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ) Slogan Get country . Country United States Language English Broadcast area Nationwide Headquarters New York City , NY , United States Formerly called CMTV ( 1983 ) Sister channel ( s ) CMT Music Website CMT.com Availability Satellite DirecTV 327 ( HD / SD ) 1327 ( VOD ) Dish Network 166 ( HD / SD ) Cable Verizon FiOS 221 ( SD ) 721 ( HD ) IPTV AT&T U-verse 525 ( SD ) 1525 ( HD ) Streaming media Sling TV Internet Protocol television CMT , originally launched as CMTV , is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group , a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom . Its name is an initialism for `` Country Music Television '' , which has since been de-emphasized . It was the first nationally available cable channel devoted to country music and country music videos . Programming on the channel originally focused on country music ; including music videos , taped concerts and biographies of country music stars . CMT 's current programming now mainly consists of original reality programs and scripted series , off - network syndicated shows , and theatrically - released movies . As of January 2018 , approximately 92 million U.S. homes ( or 76.9 % of the Nielsen - estimated 119.2 million television households ) receive CMT . The channel has offices in New York City and Nashville . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1983 -- 1991 ) 1.2 Gaylord years ( 1991 -- 1997 ) 1.3 CBS / Viacom years ( 1997 -- present ) 2 Programming 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 1983 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) CMTV , an initialism of Country Music Television , was founded by Glenn D. Daniels , the owner of Video World Productions in Hendersonville , Tennessee . Daniels put together the ownership group of Telestar Corporation and the Blinder Robinson & Company investment bank in a three - way split . Daniels also served as the program director and the first president of the network . The network launched on March 5 , 1983 , at 6 : 19 p.m. CT , beating its chief competitor , TNN , to air by two days . The first video clip to air on CMT was Faron Young 's 1971 hit `` It 's Four in the Morning '' . The following summer , MTV filed a trademark infringement lawsuit over the initials CMTV , and the network changed its name to simply CMT . Gaylord years ( 1991 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) The network 's fourth logo ran from 1991 to 2004 . In 1991 , Opryland USA and its owner Gaylord Entertainment Company acquired CMT in a $34 million deal . The network was sold by a group led by radio station owner Robert Sillerman and record producer James Guercio . Opryland USA and owner Gaylord also owned CMT 's competitor The Nashville Network . In October 1992 , CMT launched its first international channel , CMT Europe , as part of the Sky Multichannels package . By 1998 , Gaylord reported $10 million in losses from CMT Europe and decided to cease broadcasting the declining network on March 31 , 1998 . Gaylord had planned to emulate the successful model created by E ! , by selling large programming blocks to other European channels , but these plans never occurred . In 1994 , Gaylord made its first major format change for CMT by adding several new music video programs , including Big Ticket , Jammin ' Country , CMT Signature Series , CMT Delivery Room , and CMT Top 12 Countdown . All shows eventually were cancelled by 2001 . In 1995 , CMT dropped all videos by Canadian artists without U.S. record contracts in response to the network being replaced in Canada by Calgary , Alberta - based New Country Network . By March 1996 , CMT had eventually returned the dropped videos to its playlist after reaching an agreement to acquire a 20 % ownership of New Country Network , in addition to renaming it CMT . CBS / Viacom years ( 1997 -- present ) ( edit ) CMT 's offices are located at Viacom 's headquarters in New York City , but has additional offices in downtown Nashville , Tennessee ( as seen here ) . In 1997 , both CMT and TNN were sold to Westinghouse , then - owner of CBS for a reported $1.5 billion . The acquisition of the two country - themed networks , along with the formation of the ill - fated CBS Eye on People network , and two regional sports networks ( the Baltimore - area Home Team Sports , now Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic , and Midwest Sports Channel in the Twin Cities , now Fox Sports North ) formed the CBS Cable division , based in Nashville at the Grand Ole Opry and a Charlotte office at Lowe 's Motor Speedway . In 1999 , Viacom acquired CBS , assuming ownership of CMT and TNN and folding them into the MTV Networks stable . The resulting moves in 2000 led to the closing of the CBS Charlotte office , while Viacom moved TNN 's operations from Nashville to its own headquarters in New York City and changed its format , eventually renaming it The National Network and then reformatting it again as Spike ; it was renamed as the Paramount Network in January 2018 . CMT also experienced a migration of its mainline operations from Nashville to New York ( although their Nashville office building was kept as a secondary operation ) , and experienced a format change ; being modeled after sister networks MTV and VH1 to include series and movies , in addition to music videos . Over time , the number of music videos on the network had steadily decreased with the late May 2006 rebranding of digital cable network VH1 Country to CMT Pure Country , with music video programming on CMT eventually being relegated mainly to the overnight and morning hours ( similar to MTV and VH1 ) . Also , on January 3 , 2006 , the original Viacom split into two different companies : One being the legal successor to Viacom , CBS Corporation , and the other being the ' new ' Viacom , with CMT , Spike TV and the MTV family of networks being part of the latter company . Despite the decrease in music videos , CMT has experienced significant ratings gains since its acquisition by MTV Networks in 1999 . By 2007 , the channel was available in more than 83 million homes . As of 2009 , the network now reaches 88 million homes . On April 4 , 2012 , CMT announced its first cartoon series , Bounty Hunters , featuring the voices of Jeff Foxworthy , Larry the Cable Guy and Bill Engvall who also serve as executive producers . CMT also announced that it would air Trinity 911 , a 10 - episode `` workplace docu - comedy '' that follows the police force in a small Texas town . Trinity 911 was later renamed Big Texas Heat and removed from the schedule after airing four episodes . On June 10 , 2016 , CMT announced that they would pick up the primetime network series Nashville after ABC 's cancellation of the series , and renewed the series for a fifth full season of 22 episodes ; it will continue to be streamed beginning the day after an episode 's first airing on Hulu . In 2017 , when the network announced a transition into an unscripted programming - oriented schedule , Nashville 's sixth season ( which CMT renewed ) would also be its last ; Nashville was CMT 's last original scripted show at the time . As part of its shift back to unscripted programming , CMT announced Music City in September 2017 , a reality series created by Adam DiVello of The Hills and Laguna Beach fame . Set in Nashville , Tennessee , the show focuses on eight friends as they try to make it in Nashville , including Bryant Lowry , drummer in up and coming Nashville pop band Jet Black Alley Cat . The series premiered on March 1 , 2018 . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by CMT CMT 's current programming consists of general entertainment programming , movies and reality shows , a significant portion of which is n't related to country music . The channel 's daily music programming currently consists of a four - hour music video block , seen during the early morning hours , as well as the Hot 20 Countdown , which airs on weekend mornings . Of Viacom 's various mainline channels ( not counting its suite of all - music digital channels ) , CMT used to devote the most time to music videos , with at least six hours of the daily schedule set aside for them during the overnight and morning hours . CMT 's music mix is primarily focused on mainstream hit country songs , but also includes occasional videos from crossover , Americana and alternative acts ( dubbed `` CMT Edge '' ) . One of the most popular programs the channel has aired is its annual CMT Music Awards , featuring awards in various categories and performances by country music artists . These awards are aired live every year from Nashville , Tennessee . See also ( edit ) Country music portal CMT Music Awards CMT Music CMT Canada Great American Country The Nashville Network MTV VH1 RFD - TV References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Country Music Television : Country Music Television - News , Videos , Artists : Online Radio , TV Shows and More '' . CMT . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Spectrum Reach : Country Music Television '' . Spectrum . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Insights : National Television Household Universe 2017 - 2018 Season '' . Nielsen Research . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles ; Akenson , James ( 2001 ) . Country Music Annual 2001 . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leahey ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Flashback : CMT Airs First Country Music Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kingsbury , Paul ; McCall , Michael ; Rumble , John ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia of Country Music . Oxford University Press . p. 94 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nashville Net closes CMT acquisition deal '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . -- via HighBeam ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Katz , Richard ( 1998 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Gaylord shutters CMT Euro '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CMT launches new series '' . BNET . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. country TV drops Canadian videos '' . Toronto Star . 1995 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Country music TV channels in accord '' . Toronto Star . 1996 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` CBS makes cable a ' core business ; ' with purchase of TNN and CMT , network doubles its cable holdings. ( cable television networks ) '' Article from : Broadcasting & Cable : February 17 , 1997 Author : Katz , Michael Jump up ^ Underwood , Ryan ( 2007 - 04 - 15 ) . `` If it has a screen , CMT is on it '' . The Tennessean . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` CMT Picks Up Two New Series : ' Bounty Hunters , ' and ' Trinity 911 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CMT Lines Up Big Premieres for November with Returning Favorite `` Redneck Island '' Along with New Series `` Chainsaw Gang '' and `` Big Texas Heat '' `` . The Futon Critic . October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Nashville ' Picked Up For Season 5 By CMT With Next - Day Play on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/cmt-programming-chief-jayson-dinsmore-reinforcing-brand-status-sun-records-scripted-future-1202081282/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/11/nashville-end-season-6-cmt-final-season-canceled-1202210565/ Jump up ^ `` New Docu - Series Music City Coming to CMT in 2018 '' . CMT News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Music City ' break Nashville 's reality TV curse ? '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` ' Music City ' : Meet The Newest Cast Members Of CMT 's Nashville Reality Show '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Maue , Savanna . `` Bryant Lowry , a musician with Topeka roots , featured in upcoming CMT show ' Music City ' '' . The Topeka Capital . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry and Rachyl 's Marriage Is Tested This Season on Music City : ' I Kind of Messed Up ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Music City Cast '' . CMT News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official website CMT Founder 's Site Family - oriented television channels in the United States Preschoolers BabyFirst BabyTV Disney Junior Nick Jr . Pre-teens and teens Cartoon Network Disney Channel Disney XD Discovery Familia Freeform Halla Bol ! Kids TV Kids & Teens TV Nickelodeon NickMusic Nicktoons Primo TV Semillitas ¡ Sorpresa ! TeenNick Universal Kids General audiences Boomerang Discovery Family Hallmark Channel Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Hallmark Drama HBO Family INSP PBS Kids PixL Qubo Showtime Family Zone Smile Starz Kids & Family Up Former Jetix Nick GaS PBJ Toon Disney Viacom Media Networks Parent : Viacom BET Networks BET BET Gospel BET Her BET Hip - Hop BET Jams BET Soul Music and Entertainment Group CMT CMT Music Comedy Central Logo TV MTV MTV2 MTVU MTV Classic MTV Live MTV Tres Paramount Network TV Land VH1 Nickelodeon Group Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick Jr . 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About Wikipedia	what is the channel for cmt on direct tv	[ "CMT\nLaunched\nMarch 5, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-03-05)Owned by\nViacom Media Networks (Viacom)Picture format\n\n1080i (HDTV)\n480i (SDTV)\nSlogan\nGet country.Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBroadcast area\nNationwideHeadquarters\nNew York City, NY, United StatesFormerly called\nCMTV (1983)Sister channel(s)\n\nCMT Music\nWebsite\nCMT.comAvailability SatelliteDirecTV\n\n327 (HD/SD)\n1327 (VOD)\nDish Network\n166 (HD/SD)CableVerizon FiOS\n\n221 (SD)\n721 (HD)\nIPTVAT&T U-verse\n\n525 (SD)\n1525 (HD)\nStreaming mediaSling TV\nInternet Protocol television", "CMT\nLaunched\nMarch 5, 1983; 35 years ago (1983-03-05)Owned by\nViacom Media Networks (Viacom)Picture format\n\n1080i (HDTV)\n480i (SDTV)\nSlogan\nGet country.Country\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishBroadcast area\nNationwideHeadquarters\nNew York City, NY, United StatesFormerly called\nCMTV (1983)Sister channel(s)\n\nCMT Music\nWebsite\nCMT.comAvailability SatelliteDirecTV\n\n327 (HD/SD)\n1327 (VOD)\nDish Network\n166 (HD/SD)CableVerizon FiOS\n\n221 (SD)\n721 (HD)\nIPTVAT&T U-verse\n\n525 (SD)\n1525 (HD)\nStreaming mediaSling TV\nInternet Protocol television" ]	[ "327 (HD/SD)", "1327 (VOD)" ]
-2555388365837659627	Washington Monument	Washington monument - Wikipedia Washington monument Jump to : navigation , search For other monuments dedicated to George Washington , see List of monuments dedicated to George Washington . Washington Monument The Washington Monument in October 2016 . Location National Mall , Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W / 38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 22.08920 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 6.92910 '' W / 38.8894692222 ° N 77.0352580833 ° W / 38.8894692222 ; - 77.0352580833 Area 106.01 acres ( 42.90 ha ) Visitors 671,031 ( in 2008 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Washington Monument U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Washington Monument Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000035 Location of Washington Monument in Central Washington , D.C. Washington Monument ( the District of Columbia ) Washington Monument ( the US ) Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the District of Columbia Show map of the US Show all The Washington Monument is an obelisk on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , built to commemorate George Washington , once commander - in - chief of the Continental Army and the first President of the United States . Located almost due east of the Reflecting Pool and the Lincoln Memorial , the monument , made of marble , granite , and bluestone gneiss , is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk , standing 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances . It was the tallest structure in the world from 1884 to 1889 . Construction of the monument began in 1848 , and was halted from 1854 to 1877 due to a lack of funds , a struggle for control over the Washington National Monument Society , and the intervention of the American Civil War . Although the stone structure was completed in 1884 , internal ironwork , the knoll , and other finishing touches were not completed until 1888 . A difference in shading of the marble , visible approximately 150 feet ( 46 m ) or 27 % up , shows where construction was halted and later resumed with marble from a different source . The original design was by Robert Mills , but he did not include his proposed colonnade due to a lack of funds , proceeding only with a bare obelisk . The cornerstone was laid on July 4 , 1848 ; the first stone was laid atop the unfinished stump on August 7 , 1880 ; the capstone was set on December 6 , 1884 ; the completed monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 ; and officially opened October 9 , 1888 . The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian style stone obelisk with a 500 - foot ( 152.4 m ) tall column and a 55 - foot ( 16.8 m ) tall pyramidion . Its walls are 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) thick at its base and 1 ⁄ feet ( 0.46 m ) thick at their top . The marble pyramidion has thin walls only 7 inches ( 18 cm ) thick supported by six arches , two between opposite walls that cross at the center of the pyramidion and four smaller corner arches . The top of the pyramidion is a large marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex with inscriptions on all four sides . The lowest 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) of the walls , constructed during the first phase 1848 -- 54 , are composed of a pile of bluestone gneiss rubble stones ( not finished stones ) held together by a large amount of mortar with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about 1 ⁄ feet ( 0.4 m ) thick . The upper 350 feet ( 106.7 m ) of the walls , constructed during the second phase 1880 -- 84 , are composed of finished marble surface stones , half of which project into the walls , partially backed by finished granite stones . The interior is occupied by iron stairs that spiral up the walls with an elevator in the center , both supported by eight iron columns , which do not support the stone structure . The stairs contain fifty sections , most on the north and south walls , with many long landings stretching between them along the east and west walls . These landings allowed many inscribed memorial stones of various materials and sizes to be easily viewed while the stairs were accessible ( until 1976 ) plus one memorial stone between stairs that is difficult to view . The pyramidion has eight observation windows , two per side , and eight red aircraft warning lights , two per side . Two aluminum lightning rods connected via the elevator support columns to ground water protect the monument . The monument 's present foundation is 37 feet ( 11.3 m ) thick , consisting of half of its original bluestone gneiss rubble encased in concrete . At the northeast corner of the foundation , 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) below ground , is the marble cornerstone , including a zinc case filled with memorabilia . Fifty American flags fly 24 hours a day on a large circle of flag poles centered on the monument . In 2001 a temporary screening facility was added to the entrance to prevent a terrorist attack . In 2011 an earthquake slightly damaged the monument , mostly the pyramidion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Proposals for a memorial 1.3 Design 1.4 Construction 1.4. 1 Excavation and initial construction 1.4. 2 Donations run out 1.4. 3 Post -- Civil War 1.4. 4 Resumption 1.5 Dedication 1.6 Later history 1.6. 1 2011 earthquake damage 2 Components 2.1 Cornerstone 2.2 Memorial stones 2.3 Aluminum apex 2.4 Lightning protection 2.5 Walls 2.6 Pyramidion 2.7 Foundation 2.8 Stairs and elevator 2.9 Flags 2.10 Miscellaneous details 2.11 Security 3 Transit 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Rationale ( edit ) George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) , hailed as the father of his country , and as the leader who was `` first in war , first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen '' ( in eulogy by Maj. Gen. ' Light - Horse Harry ' Lee at Washington 's funeral , December 26 , 1799 ) , was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799 . Even his former enemy King George III called him `` the greatest character of the age . '' At his death in 1799 he left a critical legacy ; he exemplified the core ideals of the American Revolution and the new nation : republican virtue and devotion to civic duty . Washington was the unchallenged public icon of American military and civic patriotism . He was also identified with the Federalist Party , which lost control of the national government in 1800 to the Jeffersonian Republicans , who were reluctant to celebrate the hero of the opposition party . Proposals for a memorial ( edit ) Starting with victory in the Revolution , there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington . After his death , Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital , but the decision was reversed when the Democratic - Republican Party ( Jeffersonian Republicans ) took control of Congress in 1801 . The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party ; furthermore the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men . They also blocked his image on coins or the celebration of his birthday . Further political squabbling , along with the North -- South division on the Civil War , blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century . By that time , Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South , and memorials to him were no longer controversial . As early as 1783 , the Continental Congress had resolved `` That an equestrian statue of George Washington be erected at the place where the residence of Congress shall be established . '' The proposal called for engraving on the statue which explained it had been erected `` in honor of George Washington , the illustrious Commander - in - Chief of the Armies of the United States of America during the war which vindicated and secured their liberty , sovereignty , and independence . '' Currently , there are two equestrian statues of President Washington in Washington , D.C. One is located in Washington Circle at the intersection of the Foggy Bottom and West End neighborhoods at the north end of the George Washington University , and the other is in the gardens of the National Cathedral . Ten days after Washington 's death , a Congressional committee recommended a different type of monument . John Marshall , a Representative from Virginia ( who later became Chief Justice of the United States ) proposed that a tomb be erected within the Capitol . However , a lack of funds , disagreement over what type of memorial would best honor the country 's first president , and the Washington family 's reluctance to move his body prevented progress on any project . Design ( edit ) Sketch of the proposed Washington Monument by architect Robert Mills ( circa 1836 ) Progress toward a memorial finally began in 1833 . That year a large group of concerned citizens formed the Washington National Monument Society . In 1836 , after they had raised $28,000 in donations ( equivalent to $1,000,000 in 2016 ) , they announced a competition for the design of the memorial . On September 23 , 1835 , the board of managers of the society described their expectations : It is proposed that the contemplated monument shall be like him in whose honor it is to be constructed , unparalleled in the world , and commensurate with the gratitude , liberality , and patriotism of the people by whom it is to be erected ... ( It ) should blend stupendousness with elegance , and be of such magnitude and beauty as to be an object of pride to the American people , and of admiration to all who see it . Its material is intended to be wholly American , and to be of marble and granite brought from each state , that each state may participate in the glory of contributing material as well as in funds to its construction . The society held a competition for designs in 1836 . In 1845 the winner was announced to be architect Robert Mills . The citizens of Baltimore had chosen him to build a monument to Washington , and he had designed a tall Greek column surmounted by a statue of the President . Mills also knew the capital well , having just been chosen Architect of Public Buildings for Washington . His design called for a circular colonnaded building 250 feet ( 76 m ) in diameter and 100 feet ( 30 m ) high from which sprang a four sided obelisk 500 feet ( 150 m ) high , for a total elevation of 600 feet ( 180 m ) . A massive cylindrical pillar 70 feet ( 21 m ) in diameter supported the obelisk at the center of the building . The obelisk was to be 70 feet ( 21 m ) square at the base and 40 feet ( 12 m ) square at the top with a slightly peaked roof . Both the obelisk and pillar were hollow within which a railway spiraled up . The obelisk had no doorway -- instead its interior was entered from the interior of the pillar upon which it was mounted . The pillar had an `` arched way '' at its base . The top of the portico of the building would feature Washington standing in a chariot holding the reins of six horses . Inside the colonnade would be statues of 30 prominent Revolutionary War heroes as well as statues of the signers of the Declaration of Independence . Criticism of Mills 's design and its estimated price tag of more than $1 million ( in 1848 , equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2016 ) caused the society to hesitate . On April 11 , 1848 the society decided , due to a lack of funds , to build only the obelisk . Mills 's 1848 obelisk was to be 500 feet tall , 55 feet ( 17 m ) square at the base and 35 feet ( 11 m ) square at the top . It had two massive doorways , each 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) high and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide , on the east and west sides of its base . Surrounding each doorway were raised jambs , a heavy pediment , and entablature within which was carved an Egyptian - style winged sun and asps . Some of these details can be seen in the 1860 photograph below at Donations run out , after clicking on the image and viewing the original file at its highest magnification . This original design conformed to a massive temple which was to have surrounded the base of the obelisk , but because it was never built , the architect of the second phase of construction Thomas Lincoln Casey smoothed down the projecting jambs , pediment and entablature in 1885 , walled up the west entrance with marble forming an alcove , and reduced the east entrance to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high . The western alcove has contained a bronze statue of Washington since 1992 -- 93 . Also during 1992 -- 93 a limestone surround was installed at the east elevator entrance decorated with a winged sun and asps to mimic Mills 's 1848 design . Construction ( edit ) West side of Jefferson Pier with Washington Monument in background The Washington Monument was originally intended to be located at the point at which a line running directly south from the center of the White House crossed a line running directly west from the center of the Capitol . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant 's 1791 `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States ... '' designated this point as the location of the equestrian statue of George Washington that the Continental Congress had voted for in 1783 . The ground at the intended location proved to be too unstable to support a structure as heavy as the planned obelisk , so the monument 's location was moved 390 feet ( 118.87 m ) east - southeast . At that originally intended site there now stands a small monolith called the Jefferson Pier . This offset caused the McMillan Plan to specify that the Lincoln Memorial should be `` placed on the main axis of the Capitol and the Monument '' , about 1 ° south of due west of the Capitol or the monument , not due west of the Capitol or the monument . Excavation and initial construction ( edit ) Construction of the monument began in 1848 with the excavation of the site , the laying of the cornerstone on the prepared bed , and laying the original foundation around and on top of the cornerstone , before the construction of its massive walls began the next year . Even though slave labor is not mentioned , no paid laborers whatsoever are listed among the small paid labor force of 21 used to construct the foundation in 1848 , which included 14 stonemasons and 2 stonecutters . In contrast , the maximum work force during the second phase was 170 , including 100 stonecutters , with laborers second in number . Washington Monument Historian John Steele Gordon stated `` I ca n't say for certain , but the stonemasonry was pretty highly skilled , so it 's unlikely that slaves would 've been doing it . The stones were cut by stonecutters , which is highly skilled work ; and the stones were hoisted by means of steam engines , so you 'd need a skilled engineer and foreman for stuff like that . Tending the steam engine , building the cast - iron staircase inside -- that was n't grunt work . '' According to historian Jesse Holland , it is very likely that African - American slaves were among the construction workers , given that slavery prevailed in Washington and its surrounding states at that time , and slaves were commonly used in public and private construction . Gordon 's arguments are valid for the second phase ( 1879 -- 84 ) when every stone laid required a skilled stonemason . However , Holland 's views are valid for the first phase ( 1848 -- 54 ) because much of its construction only required unskilled manual labor , assisted only by a steam engine to lift the stones because many weighed several tons each . Only a small number of stones used in the first phase required a skilled stonemason , the marble blocks on the outer surface of the monument ( their inner surfaces were left very rough ) and those gneiss stones that form the rough inner walls of the monument ( all other surfaces of those inner stones within the walls were left jagged ) . The vast majority of all gneiss stones laid during the first phase , those between the outer and inner surfaces of the walls , from very large to very small jagged stones , form a pile of rubble held together by a large amount of mortar . The top surface of this rubble can be seen below at Walls in an 1880 drawing made just before the polished / rough marble and granite stones used in the second phase were laid atop it . The original foundation below the walls was made of layered gneiss rubble , but without the massive stones used within the walls . Most of the gneiss stones used during the first phase were obtained from quarries in the Potomac Valley . Only the marble stones of the first and second phases came from Maryland quarries about 20 miles ( 30 km ) north of downtown Baltimore . On July 4 , 1848 , the Freemasons , an organization to which Washington belonged , laid the cornerstone ( symbolically , not physically ) . According to Joseph R. Chandler : No more Washingtons shall come in our time ... But his virtues are stamped on the heart of mankind . He who is great in the battlefield looks upward to the generalship of Washington . He who grows wise in counsel feels that he is imitating Washington . He who can resign power against the wishes of a people , has in his eye the bright example of Washington . Two years later , on a torrid July 4 , 1850 , George Washington Parke Custis , the adopted son of George Washington and grandson of Martha Washington , dedicated a stone from the people of the District of Columbia to the Monument at a ceremony that President Zachary Taylor attended five days before he died from food poisoning . Donations run out ( edit ) The partially completed monument , photographed by Mathew Brady ; circa 1860 Construction continued until 1854 , when donations ran out and the monument had reached a height of 152 feet ( 46.3 m ) . At that time a memorial stone that was contributed by Pope Pius IX , called the Pope 's Stone , was destroyed by members of the anti-Catholic , nativist American Party , better known as the `` Know - Nothings '' , during the early morning hours of March 6 , 1854 ( a priest replaced it in 1982 ) . This caused public contributions to the Washington National Monument Society to cease , so they appealed to Congress for money . The request had just reached the floor of the House of Representatives when the Know - Nothing Party seized control of the Society on February 22 , 1855 . Congress immediately tabled its expected contribution of $200,000 to the Society , effectively halting the appropriation . During its tenure , the Know - Nothing Society added only two courses of masonry , or four feet , to the monument using rejected masonry it found on site , increasing the height of the shaft to 156 feet . The original Society refused to recognize the illegal takeover , so two Societies existed side by side until 1858 . With the Know - Nothing Party disintegrating and its inability to secure contributions toward building the monument , it surrendered its possession of the monument to the original Society on October 20 , 1858 . To prevent future takeovers , Congress incorporated the Society on February 22 , 1859 . Post -- Civil War ( edit ) Interest in the monument grew after the Civil War . Engineers studied the foundation several times to determine if it was strong enough . In 1876 , the Centennial of the Declaration of Independence , Congress agreed to appropriate another $200,000 to resume construction . Before work could begin again , arguments about the most appropriate design resumed . Many people thought a simple obelisk , one without the colonnade , would be too bare . Architect Mills was reputed to have said omitting the colonnade would make the monument look like `` a stalk of asparagus '' ; another critic said it offered `` little ... to be proud of . '' Monument plans and timeline of construction This attitude led people to submit alternative designs . Both the Washington National Monument Society and Congress held discussions about how the monument should be finished . The society considered five new designs , concluding that the one by William Wetmore Story seemed `` vastly superior in artistic taste and beauty . '' Congress deliberated over those five as well as Mills 's original . While it was deciding , it ordered work on the obelisk to continue . Finally , the members of the society agreed to abandon the colonnade and alter the obelisk so it conformed to classical Egyptian proportions . Resumption ( edit ) Construction resumed in 1879 under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Casey redesigned the foundation , strengthening it so it could support a structure that ultimately weighed more than 40,000 tons . The first stone atop the unfinished stump was laid August 7 , 1880 in a small ceremony attended by President Rutherford B. Hayes , Casey and a few others . The president placed a small coin on which he had scratched his initials and the date in the bed of wet cement at the 150 - foot level before the first stone was laid on top of it . Casey found 92 memorial stones ( presented stones ) already inlaid into the interior walls of the first phase of construction . Before construction continued he temporarily removed eight stones at the 150 - foot level so that the walls at that level could be sloped outward , producing thinner second - phase walls . He inserted those stones and most of the remaining memorial stones stored in the lapidarium into the interior walls during 1885 -- 89 . The bottom third of the monument is a slightly lighter shade than the rest of the construction because the marble was obtained from different quarries . P.H. McLaughlin setting the aluminum apex with Thomas Lincoln Casey ( hands up ) The building of the monument proceeded quickly after Congress had provided sufficient funding . In four years , it was completed , with the 100 - ounce ( 2.83 kg ) aluminum apex / lightning - rod being put in place on December 6 , 1884 . The apex was the largest single piece of aluminum cast at the time , when aluminum commanded a price comparable to silver . Two years later , the Hall -- Héroult process made aluminum easier to produce and the price of aluminum plummeted , making the once - valuable apex more ordinary , though it still provided a lustrous , non-rusting apex that served as the original lightning rod . The monument opened to the public on October 9 , 1888 . Dedication ( edit ) The Monument was dedicated on February 21 , 1885 . Over 800 people were present on the monument grounds to hear speeches during a frigid day by Ohio Senator John Sherman , the Rev. Henderson Suter , William Wilson Corcoran ( of the Washington National Monument Society ) read by Dr. James C. Welling because Corcoran was unable to attend , Freemason Myron M. Parker , Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey of the Army Corps of Engineers , and President Chester A. Arthur . President Arthur proclaimed : I do now ... in behalf of the people , receive this monument ... and declare it dedicated from this time forth to the immortal name and memory of George Washington . After the speeches Lieutenant - General Philip Sheridan led a procession , which included the dignitaries and the crowd , past the Executive Mansion , now the White House , then via Pennsylvania Avenue to the east main entrance of the Capitol , where President Arthur received passing troops . Then , in the House Chamber , the president , his Cabinet , diplomats and others listened to Representative John Davis Long read a speech written a few months earlier by Robert C. Winthrop , formerly the Speaker of the House of Representatives when the cornerstone was laid 37 years earlier , but now too ill to personally deliver his speech . A final speech was given by John W. Daniel of Virginia . The festivities concluded that evening with fireworks , both aerial and ground displays . Later History ( edit ) Diagram of the Principal High Buildings of the Old World , 1884 . The Washington Monument is the tallest structure represented . At the time of its completion , it was the tallest building in the world , a title it retained until the Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 . It is the tallest building in Washington , D.C. The Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 restricts new building heights to no more than 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) greater than the width of the adjacent street . This monument is vastly taller than the obelisks around the capitals of Europe and in Egypt and Ethiopia , but ordinary antique obelisks were quarried as a monolithic block of stone , and were therefore seldom taller than approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The Washington Monument attracted enormous crowds before it officially opened . For six months after its dedication , 10,041 people climbed the 898 steps and 50 landings to the top . After the elevator that had been used to raise building materials was altered to carry passengers , the number of visitors grew rapidly , and an average of 55,000 people per month were going to the top by 1888 . The annual visitor count peaked between 1979 and 1997 , where an average of 1.1 million visitors visited annually ; however , from 2005 to 2010 , the Washington Monument has had an average of only 631,000 visitors each year . As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service , the national memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . In the early 1900s , material started oozing out between the outer stones of the first construction period below the 150 - foot mark , and was referred to by tourists as `` geological tuberculosis '' . This was caused by the weathering of the cement and rubble filler between the outer and inner walls . As the lower section of the monument was exposed to cold and hot and damp and dry weather conditions , the material dissolved and worked its way through the cracks between the stones of the outer wall , solidifying as it dripped down their outer surface . The monument undergoing restoration in 1999 For ten hours in December 1982 , the Washington Monument and eight tourists were held hostage by a nuclear arms protester , Norman Mayer , claiming to have explosives in a van he drove to the monument 's base . U.S. Park Police shot and killed Mayer . The monument was undamaged in the incident , and it was discovered later that Mayer did not have explosives . After this incident , the surrounding grounds were modified in places to restrict the possible unauthorized approach of motor vehicles . The monument underwent an extensive restoration project between 1998 and 2001 . During this time it was completely covered in scaffolding designed by the American architect Michael Graves ( who was also responsible for the interior changes ) . The project included cleaning , repairing and repointing the monument 's exterior and interior stonework . The stone in publicly accessible interior spaces was encased in glass to prevent vandalism , while new windows with narrower frames were installed ( to increase the viewing space ) . New exhibits celebrating the life of George Washington , and the monument 's place in history , were also added . A temporary interactive visitors center , dubbed the `` Discovery Channel Center '' was also constructed during the project . The center provided a simulated ride to the top of the monument , and shared information with visitors during phases in which the monument was closed . The majority of the project 's phases were completed by summer 2000 , allowing the monument to reopen July 31 , 2000 . The monument temporarily closed again on December 4 , 2000 to allow a new elevator cab to be installed , completing the final phase of the restoration project . The new cab included glass windows , allowing visitors to see some of the 194 memorial stones embedded in the monument 's walls . The installation of the cab took much longer than anticipated , and the monument did not reopen until February 22 , 2002 . The final cost of the restoration project was $10.5 million . On September 7 , 2004 the monument closed for a $15 million renovation , which included numerous security upgrades and redesign of the monument grounds by landscape architect Laurie Olin . The renovations were due partly to security concerns following the September 11 attacks and the start of the War on Terror . The monument reopened April 1 , 2005 , while the surrounding grounds remained closed until the landscape was finished later that summer . 2011 earthquake Damage ( edit ) Crack in a stone at the top of the monument after the 2011 Virginia earthquake Repairs on the Washington Monument in 2013 On August 23 , 2011 , the Washington Monument sustained damage during the 5.8 magnitude 2011 Virginia earthquake ; over 150 cracks were found in the monument . A National Park Service spokesperson reported that inspectors discovered a crack near the top of the structure , and announced that the monument would be closed indefinitely . A block in the pyramidion also was partially dislodged , and pieces of stone , stone chips , mortar , and paint chips came free of the monument and `` littered '' the interior stairs and observation deck . The Park Service said it was bringing in two structural engineering firms ( Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates , Inc. and Tipping Mar Associates ) with extensive experience in historic buildings and earthquake - damaged structures to assess the monument . Officials said an examination of the monument 's exterior revealed a `` debris field '' of mortar and pieces of stone around the base of the monument , and several `` substantial '' pieces of stone had fallen inside the memorial . A crack in the central stone of the west face of the pyramidion was 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) long . Park Service inspectors also discovered that the elevator system had been damaged , and was operating only to the 250 - foot ( 76 m ) level , but was soon repaired . On September 27 , 2011 , Denali National Park ranger Brandon Latham arrived to assist four climbers belonging to a `` difficult access '' team from Wiss , Janney , Elstner Associates . The reason for the inspection was the park agency 's suspicion that there were more cracks on the monument 's upper section not visible from the inside . The agency said it filled the cracks that occurred on August 23 . After Hurricane Irene hit the area on August 27 , water was discovered inside the memorial , leading the Park Service to suspect there was more undiscovered damage . The rappellers used radios to report what they found to engineering experts on the ground . Wiss , Janney , Elstner climber Dave Megerle took three hours to set up the rappelling equipment and set up a barrier around the monument 's lightning rod system atop the pyramidion ; it was the first time the hatch in the pyramidion had been open since 2000 . The external inspection of the monument was completed October 5 , 2011 . In addition to the 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) long west crack , the inspection found several corner cracks and surface spalls ( pieces of stone broken loose ) at or near the top of the monument , and more loss of joint mortar lower down the monument . The full report was issued December 2011 . Bob Vogel , Superintendent of the National Mall and Memorial Parks , emphasized that the monument was not in danger of collapse . `` It 's structurally sound and not going anywhere '' , he told the national media at a press conference on September 26 , 2011 . More than $200,000 was spent between August 24 and September 26 inspecting the structure . The National Park Service said that it would soon begin sealing the exterior cracks on the monument to protect it from rain and snow . On July 9 , 2012 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed for repairs until 2014 . The National Park Service hired construction management firm Hill International in conjunction with joint - venture partner Louis Berger Group to provide coordination between the designer , Wiss , Janney , and Elstner Associates , the general contractor Perini , and numerous stakeholders . NPS said a portion of the plaza at the base of the monument would be removed and scaffolding constructed around the exterior . In July 2013 , lighting was added to the scaffolding . Some stone pieces saved during the 2011 inspection will be refastened to the monument , while `` Dutchman patches '' will be used in other places . Several of the stone lips that help hold the pyramidion 's 2,000 - pound ( 910 kg ) exterior slabs in place were also damaged , so engineers will install metal brackets to more securely fasten them to the monument . The National Park Service reopened the Washington Monument to visitors on May 12 , 2014 , eight days ahead of schedule . Repairs to the monument cost US $ 15,000,000 , with taxpayers funding $7.5 million of the cost and David Rubenstein funding the other $7.5 million . At the reopening Interior Secretary Sally Jewell , Today show weatherman Al Roker , and American Idol Season 12 winner Candice Glover were present . The monument continues to be plagued by problems since the earthquake , including in January 2017 when the lights illuminating it went out . The monument was closed again in September 2016 due to reliability issues with the elevator system . On December 2 , 2016 , the National Park Service announced that the monument would be closed until 2019 in order to modernize the elevator . The $2 to 3 million project will correct the elevator 's ongoing mechanical , electrical and computer issues , which have shuttered the monument since August 17 . The National Park Service has also requested funding in its FY 2017 President 's Budget Request to construct a permanent screening facility for the Washington Monument . Components ( edit ) Cornerstone ( edit ) The cornerstone was laid with great ceremony at the northeast corner of the lowest course or step of the old foundation on July 4 , 1848 . Robert Mills , the architect of the monument , stated in September 1848 , `` The foundations are now brought up nearly to the surface of the ground ; the second step being nearly completed , which covers up the corner stone . '' Therefore , the cornerstone was laid below the 1848 ground level . In 1880 , the ground level was raised 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) to the base of the shaft by the addition of a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) wide earthen embankment encircling the reinforced foundation , widened another 30 feet in 1881 , and then the knoll was constructed in 1887 -- 88 . If the cornerstone was not moved during the strengthening of the foundation in 1879 -- 80 , its upper surface would now be 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) below the pavement just outside the northeast corner of the shaft . It would now be sandwiched between the concrete slab under the old foundation and the concrete buttress completely encircling what remains of the old foundation . During the strengthening process , about half by volume of the periphery of the lowest seven of eight courses or steps of the old foundation ( gneiss rubble ) was removed to provide good footing for the buttress . Although a few diagrams , pictures and descriptions of this process exist , the fate of the cornerstone is not mentioned . The cornerstone was a 24,500 - pound ( 11,100 kg ) marble block 2.5 feet ( 0.76 m ) high and 6.5 feet ( 2.0 m ) square with a large hole for a zinc case filled with memorabilia . The hole was covered by a copper plate inscribed with the date of the Declaration of Independence ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date the cornerstone was laid ( July 4 , 1848 ) , and the names of the managers of the Washington National Monument Society . The memorabilia in the zinc case included items associated with the monument , the city of Washington , the national government , state governments , benevolent societies , and George Washington , plus miscellaneous publications , both governmental and commercial , a coin set , and a bible , totaling 73 items or collections of items , as well as 71 newspapers containing articles relating to George Washington or the monument . The ceremony began with a parade of dignitaries in carriages , marching troops , fire companies , and benevolent societies . A long oration was delivered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Robert C. Winthrop . Then , the cornerstone was pronounced sound after a Masonic ceremony using George Washington 's Masonic gavel , apron and sash , as well as other Masonic symbols . In attendance were President James K. Polk and other federal , state and local government officials , Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton , Mrs. Dolley Madison , Mrs. John Quincy Adams , and George Washington Parke Custis , among 15,000 to 20,000 others , including a bald eagle . The ceremony ended with fireworks that evening . Memorial stones ( edit ) Memorial stone from Utah representing the former State of Deseret States , cities , foreign countries , benevolent societies , other organizations , and individuals have contributed 194 memorial stones , all inserted into the east and west interior walls above stair landings or levels for easy viewing , except one on the south interior wall between stairs that is difficult to view . The sources disagree on the number of stones for two reasons : whether one or both `` height stones '' are included , and stones not yet on display at the time of a source 's publication can not be included . The `` height stones '' refer to two stones that indicate height : during the first phase of construction a stone with an inscription that includes the phrase `` from the foundation to this height 100 feet '' was installed just below the 80 -- 90 - foot stairway and high above the 60 -- 70 - foot stairway ; during the second phase of construction a stone with a horizontal line and the phrase `` top of statue on Capitol '' was installed on the 330 - foot level . The Historic Structure Report ( HSR , 2004 ) named 194 `` memorial stones '' by level , including both height stones . Jacob ( 2005 ) described in detail and pictured 193 `` commemorative stones '' , including the 100 - foot stone but not the Capitol stone . The Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS , 1994 ) showed the location of 193 `` memorial stones '' , but did not describe or name any . HABS showed both height stones , but did not show one stone not yet installed in 1994 . Olszewski ( 1971 ) named 190 `` memorial stones '' by level , including the Capitol stone but not the 100 - foot stone . Olszewski did not include three stones not yet installed in 1971 . Of 194 stones , 95 are marble , 41 are granite , 30 are limestone , 9 are sandstone , with 19 miscellaneous types , including combinations of the aforesaid and those whose materials are not identified . Unusual materials include native copper ( Michigan ) , pipestone ( Minnesota ) , petrified wood ( Arizona ) , and jadeite ( Alaska ) . The stones vary in size from about 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) square ( Carthage ) to about 6 by 8 feet ( 1.8 m × 2.4 m ) ( Philadelphia and New York City ) . Utah contributed one stone as a territory and another as a state , both with inscriptions that include its pre-territorial name , Deseret , both located on the 220 - foot level . A stone at the 240 - foot level of the monument is inscribed in Welsh : Fy Iaith , Fy Ngwlad , Fy Nghenedl , Cymry am byth ( Our language , our country , our birthplace , Wales forever ) . The stone , imported from Wales , was donated by Welsh citizens of New York . Two other stones were presented by the Sunday Schools of the Methodist Episcopal Church in New York and the Sabbath School children of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia -- the former quotes from the Bible verse Proverbs 10 : 7 , `` The memory of the just is blessed '' . Another inscription , this one sent by the Ottoman government , combines the works of two eminent calligraphers : an imperial tughra by Mustafa Rakım 's student Haşim Efendi , and an inscription in jalī ta'līq script by Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi , the calligrapher who wrote the giant medallions at Hagia Sophia in Istanbul . One stone was donated by the Ryukyu Kingdom and brought back by Commodore Matthew C. Perry , but never arrived in Washington ( it was replaced in 1989 ) . Many of the stones donated for the monument carried inscriptions which did not commemorate George Washington . For example , one from the Templars of Honor and Temperance stated `` We will not make , buy , sell , or use as a beverage , any spiritous or malt liquors , Wine , Cider , or any other Alcoholic Liquor . '' ( George Washington himself had owned a whiskey distillery which operated at Mount Vernon after he left the presidency . ) Aluminum apex ( edit ) Aluminum apex showing inscriptions on its east ( left ) and north ( right ) faces . Lightning rods not shown . The aluminum apex , at the time a rare metal as valuable as silver , was cast by William Frishmuth of Philadelphia . At the time of casting , it was the largest piece of aluminum in the world . Before the installation it was put on public display at Tiffany 's in New York City and stepped over by visitors who could say they had `` stepped over the top of the Washington Monument '' . It was 8.9 inches ( 23 cm ) tall before ⁄ inch ( 1 cm ) was removed from its tip by lightning strikes during 1885 -- 1934 , when it was protected from further damage by tall lightning rods surrounding it . Its base is 5.6 inches ( 14 cm ) square . The angle between opposite sides at its tip is 34 ° 48 ' . It weighed 100 ounces ( 2.83 kg ) before lightning strikes removed a small amount of aluminum from its tip and sides . Spectral analysis in 1934 showed that it was composed of 97.87 % aluminum with the rest impurities . It has a shallow depression in its base to match a slightly raised area atop the small upper surface of the marble capstone , which aligns the sides of the apex with those of the capstone , and the downward protruding lip around that area prevents water from entering the joint . It has a large hole in the center of its base to receive a threaded 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) diameter copper rod which attaches it to the monument and used to form part of the lightning protection system . The four faces of the external aluminum apex all bear inscriptions in cursive writing ( Snell Round hand ) , which are incised into the aluminum . The apex was inscribed on site after it was delivered . Most inscriptions are the original 1884 inscriptions , except for the top three lines on the east face which were added in 1934 . A wide gold - plated copper band that held eight lightning rods covered most of the inscriptions from 1885 until it was removed and discarded in 2013 . The inscriptions that it covered were damaged and are now illegible . Only the top four and bottom two lines of the north face , the first and last lines of the west face , the top four lines of the south face , and the top three lines of the east face are still legible . Even though the inscriptions are no longer covered , no attempt was made to repair them when the apex was accessible in 2013 . The following table shows legible inscriptions in blue and illegible inscriptions in red . No colors appear on the actual apex . The inscriptions occupy the lower portions of triangles , thus the inscribed upper lines are necessarily shorter than some lower lines . North face West face South face East face Joint Commission at Setting of Cap Stone . -- -- -- -- -- Chester A. Arthur . W.W. Corcoran , Chairman . M.E. Bell . Edward Clark . John Newton . Act of August 2 , 1876 . Corner Stone Laid on Bed of Foundation July 4 , 1848 . First Stone at Height of 152 feet laid August 7 , 1880 . Capstone set December 6 , 1884 . Chief Engineer and Architect , Thos . Lincoln Casey , Colonel , Corps of Engineers . Assistants : George W. Davis , Captain , 14th Infantry . Bernard R. Green , Civil Engineer . Master Mechanic , P.H. McLaughlin . Repaired 1934 , National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Laus Deo . Although most printed sources , Harvey ( 1903 ) , Olszewski ( 1971 ) , Torres ( 1984 ) , and the Historic Structure Report ( 2004 ) , refer to the original 1884 inscriptions , the National Geodetic Survey ( 2015 ) refers to both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . All sources print them according to their own editorial rules , resulting in excessive capitalization ( Harvey , Olszewski , and NGS ) and inappropriate line breaks . No printed source uses cursive writing , although pictures of the apex clearly show that it was used for both the 1884 and 1934 inscriptions . A replica displayed on the 490 - foot level uses totally different line breaks than those on the external apex -- it also omits the 1934 inscriptions . In October 2007 , it was discovered that the display of this replica was positioned so that the Laus Deo ( Latin for `` praise be to God '' ) inscription could not be seen and Laus Deo was omitted from the placard describing the apex . The National Park Service rectified the omission by creating a new display . Lightning protection ( edit ) The pyramidion , the pointed top 55 feet ( 17 m ) of the monument , was originally designed with an 8.9 - inch ( 23 cm ) tall inscribed aluminum apex which served as a single lightning rod , installed December 6 , 1884 . Six months later on June 5 , 1885 lightning damaged the marble blocks of the pyramidion , so a net of gold - plated copper rods supporting 200 3 - inch ( 7.6 cm ) gold - plated , platinum - tipped copper points spaced every 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) was installed over the entire pyramidion . The original net included a gold - plated copper band attached to the aluminum apex by four large set screws which supported eight closely spaced vertical points that did not protrude above the apex . In 1934 these eight short points were lengthened to extend them above the apex by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 this original system was removed and discarded . It was replaced by only two thick solid aluminum lightning rods protruding above the tip of the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) attached to the east and west sides of the marble capstone just below the apex . Until it was removed , the original lightning protection system was connected to the tops of the four iron columns supporting the elevator with large copper rods . Even though the aluminum apex is still connected to the columns with large copper rods , it is no longer part of the lightning protection system because it is now disconnected from the present lightning rods which shield it . The two lightning rods present since 2013 are connected to the iron columns with two large braided aluminum cables leading down the surface of the pyramidion near its southeast and northwest corners . They enter the pyramidion at its base , where they are tied together ( electrically shorted ) via large braided aluminum cables encircling the pyramidion two feet ( 0.6 m ) above its base . The bottom of the iron columns are connected to ground water below the monument via four large copper rods that pass through a 2 - foot ( 0.6 m ) square well half filled with sand in the center of the foundation . The effectiveness of the lightning protection system has not been affected by a significant draw down of the water table since 1884 because the soil 's water content remains roughly 20 % both above and below the height of the water table . Walls ( edit ) Cross section of rubble in shaft at 150 feet and typical of rubble below 150 feet During the first phase of construction ( 1848 -- 54 ) , the walls were built with bluestone gneiss rubble , ranging from very large irregular stones having a cross section of about 5 by 10 feet ( 1.5 m × 3.0 m ) down to spalls ( broken pieces of stone ) all embedded in a large amount of mortar . The outer surface is marble stones 14 to 18 inches ( 36 -- 46 cm ) thick in 2 - foot ( 61 cm ) high courses or rows horizontally encircling the monument . Although each course contains both stretchers ( stones parallel to the wall ) and headers ( stones projecting into the wall ) , about two to three times as many stretchers as headers were used . Their joints were so thin that some stones pressed on bare stone below them , breaking off many pieces since it was constructed . The batter or slope of the outer surface is 0.247 inches per foot ( 2.06 cm / m , 1 ° 11 ' ) . The inner surface has disorderly rows of smaller roughly dressed bluestone gneiss . The base of the first phase walls has an outer dimension of 55 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 16.80 m ) square and a thickness of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) . The interior well is 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) square and has square corners . The weight of the first phase walls up to 150 feet ( 45.7 m ) is 22,373 long tons ( 25,058 short tons ; 22,732 tonnes ) . During the second phase ( 1879 -- 84 ) , the walls were constructed of smoothly dressed ( ashlar ) large marble and granite blocks ( rectangular cuboids ) laid down in an orderly manner ( Flemish bond ) with thick joints . Two - foot high marble surface stones , using an equal number of stretchers and headers , were backed by granite blocks from the 152 - foot level ( the first course above the rubble ) to the 218 - foot level , where marble headers become increasingly visible on the internal surface of the walls up to the 450 - foot level , above which only marble stones are used . Between the 150 - and 160 - foot levels the inner walls rapidly slope outward , increasing the shaft well from 25 feet 1 inch square to 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) square with a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the walls and their weight . The second phase walls at the 160 - foot level were 8 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 2.63 m ) thick , which , combined with the larger shaft well , yields an outer dimension of 48 feet 8 ⁄ inches ( 14.85 m ) square at that level . The top of the second phase walls are 34 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 10.50 m ) square and 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) thick . The second phase interior walls have rounded ( 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) radii ) corners . The weight of the second phase walls ( from 150 feet to 500 feet ) are 21,260 long tons ( 23,810 short tons ; 21,600 tonnes ) . The walls of the entire shaft ( combined first and second phases ) are 500 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 152.530 m ) high . The first phase of the walls was constructed under the direction of William Dougherty . Its white marble exterior came from the Texas quarry now adjacent to and east of north I - 83 near the Warren Road exit in Cockeysville , Maryland . The quarry was named for the Texas Station ( no longer extant ) and 19th - century town on the Northern Central Railway . During the first phase it was operated by Thomas Symington , but is now operated by Lafarge and no longer produces building stone . The second phase of construction was under the direction of Lt Col / Col Thomas Lincoln Casey of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , who removed two defective courses added by the Know - Nothings and the last 152 - foot course added by Dougherty before Casey began his construction . The next three courses of white marble ( 152 -- 156 feet ( 46 -- 48 m ) ) came from Sheffield , Massachusetts , while all courses above them came from the Beaver Dam quarry just west of the 19th - century town of Cockeysville . The latter quarry is located on Beaver Dam Road near its intersection with McCormick Road . During the second phase the quarry was operated by Hugh Sisson , but is now flooded , is called Beaverdam Pond , and is the home of the Beaver Dam Swimming Club . Both 19th - century towns are now within the city limits of Cockeysville . Pyramidion ( edit ) Rib structure of pyramidion with letter designations for courses The marble capstone of the pyramidion is a truncated pyramid with a cubical keystone projecting from its base and a deep groove surrounding the keystone . The aluminum apex replaces its truncated top . The inside upper edges of the topmost slabs on the four faces of the pyramidion rest on the keystone and in the groove . It has a large vertical hole through which a 1.5 - inch ( 3.8 cm ) threaded copper rod passes and screws into the base of the apex , which used to form part of its lightning protection system . The keystone and groove occupy so much of its base that only a small horizontal area near its outer edge remains . The weight of the capstone is transferred to both the inner and outer portions of the shiplap upper edges of the slabs . It weighs 3,300 pounds ( 1,500 kg ) , is 5 feet 2 inches ( 157 cm ) high from its base to its top , and is 3 feet ( 91 cm ) square at its base . The marble pyramidion has an extremely complex construction to save weight yet remain strong . Its surface slabs or panels are usually only 7 inches ( 18 cm ) thick ( with small thick and thin portions ) and generally do not support the weight of slabs above them , instead transferring their own weight via 1 - foot ( 30 cm ) wide internal marble ribs to the shaft 's walls . The slabs are generally 7 feet ( 213 cm ) wide and 4 feet 4 inches ( 132 cm ) high with a 2 - inch ( 5 cm ) vertical overlap ( shiplap ) to prevent water from entering the horizontal joints . Twelve such courses , the internal ribs , the marble capstone , and the aluminum apex comprise the pyramidion . Its height is 55 feet 0 inches ( 16.76 m ) . Its weight is 300 long tons ( 336 short tons ; 305 tonnes ) . The slope of the walls of the pyramidion is 17 ° 24 ' from the vertical . There are twelve ribs , three per wall , which spring from the 470 - foot ( 143.3 m ) level , all being integrated into the walls up to the 500 - foot ( 152.4 m ) level . All are free standing above 500 feet , relying on mortise and tenon joints to attach neighboring stones . The eight corner ribs terminate six courses above the shaft , each corner rib resting on its neighboring corner rib via a miter joint , forming four corner arches . Each such arch supports a pair of square corner stones , one above the other totaling one course in height . Each corner rib is linked to the nearest center rib at the sixth course via a marble tie beam . The four center ribs terminate eight courses above the shaft at a marble cruciform ( cross shaped ) keystone , forming two main arches that cross each other . Two stones , each one course high , are mounted on each of the four ribs , supporting two additional courses above the cruciform keystone , leaving two courses to support the capstone 's weight by themselves . The observation floor ( nominally the 500 - foot level ) is 499 feet 4 ⁄ inches ( 152.21 m ) above the entry lobby floor or lowest landing level . It is 1 ⁄ inches ( 3.2 cm ) above the marble base of the pyramidion and the top of the shaft walls . Four pairs of 3 - foot ( 91 cm ) wide observation windows are provided , spaced 4 feet ( 122 cm ) apart , inner stone edge to edge , all just above the lowest course of slabs ( 504 - foot level ) . Six are 1 foot 6 inches ( 46 cm ) high while two on the east face are 2 feet ( 61 cm ) high for easier egress . All were originally provided with thin marble shutters in a bronze frame each of which could be opened inward , one left and the other right per wall . After two people committed suicide by jumping through the open windows in the 1920s , hinged horizontal iron bars were added to them in 1929 . A ninth opening in a slab on the south face just below the capstone is provided for access to the outside of the pyramidion . It is covered by a stone slab which is internally removable . In 1931 , four red aircraft warning lights were installed , one per face in one of its observation windows . Pilots complained that they could not be easily seen , so the monument was floodlit on all sides as well . In 1958 , eight 14 - inch ( 36 cm ) diameter holes for new red aircraft warning lights were bored , one above each window near the top edge of the fourth course of slabs ( 516 - foot level ) in the pyramidion . In 1958 the observation windows were glazed with shatterproof glass . In 1974 -- 76 , they were glazed with bulletproof glass and the shutters removed . New bulletproof glass was installed during 1997 -- 2000 . The pyramidion has two inscriptions , neither of which is regarded as a memorial stone . One is the year `` 1884 '' on the underside of the cruciform keystone ; the other is at the same level as that keystone on the north face of the west center rib containing the names and titles of the four highest ranked builders . Its inscription ( `` Chief Engineer ... '' ) is almost identical to the inscription on the south face of the aluminum apex except for `` U.S. '' , which is part of the phrase `` 14th U.S. Infantry '' in the inscription inside the pyramidion , but the apex has only `` 14th Infantry '' . Additionally , the internal inscription does not use cursive writing and all letters in all names are capitals . Foundation ( edit ) Cross section of foundation , both old and reinforced , showing dimensions The first phase began with the excavation of about 7 feet 8 inches ( 2.3 m ) of topsoil down to a level of loam , consisting of equal parts of sand and clay , hard enough to require picks to break it up . On this `` bed of the foundation '' the cornerstone was laid at the northeast corner of the proposed foundation . The rest of the foundation was then constructed of bluestone gneiss rubble and spalls , with every crevice filled with lime mortar . The dimensions of this old foundation were 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.1 m ) high , 80 feet ( 24.4 m ) square at the base , and 58 feet 6 inches ( 17.8 m ) square at the top , laid down in eight steps , similar to a truncated step pyramid . At the center of the foundation a brick - lined 2 - foot ( 60 cm ) square well was dug to a depth of 20 feet ( 6 m ) below the bed of the foundation to keep it dry and to supply water during construction . During the second phase , after determining that the proposed weight of the monument was too great for the old foundation to safely bear , the thickness of the walls atop the unfinished stump was reduced and the foundation was strengthened by adding a large unreinforced concrete slab below the perimeter of the old foundation to increase the monument 's load bearing area two and one half times . The slab was 13 feet 6 inches ( 4.1 m ) thick , with an outer perimeter 126 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 38.54 m ) square , an inner perimeter 44 feet ( 13.4 m ) square , with undisturbed loam inside the inner perimeter except for the water well . The area at the base of the second phase foundation is 15,992 square feet ( 1,485.7 m ) . The strengthened foundation ( old foundation and concrete slab ) has a total depth of 36 feet 10 inches ( 11.2 m ) below the bottom of the lowest course of marble blocks ( now below ground ) , and 38 feet ( 11.6 m ) below the entry lobby floor . Casey reported that nowhere did the load exceed 9 long tons per square foot ( 140 psi ; 970 kPa ) and did not exceed 3 long tons per square foot ( 47 psi ; 320 kPa ) near the outer perimeter . To properly distribute the load from the shaft to slab , about half by volume of the outer periphery of the old rubble foundation below its top step was removed . A continuous sloping unreinforced concrete buttress encircles what remains . The buttress is 100 feet 4 inches ( 30.6 m ) square at its base , 64 feet 6 inches ( 19.7 m ) square at its top , and 20 feet 5 inches ( 6.2 m ) high . The perimeter of the original top step of the old rubble foundation rests on the larger top of the concrete buttress . Its slope ( lower external angle from the vertical ) is 49 ° . This buttress rests in a depression ( triangular cross-section ) on the top surface of the concrete slab . The slab was constructed by digging pairs of 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) wide drifts on opposite sides of the monument 's center line to keep the monument properly balanced . The drifts were filled with unreinforced concrete with depressions or dowel stones on their sides to interlock the sections . An earthen terrace 60 feet ( 18 m ) wide with its top at the base of the walls and steep sides was constructed in 1880 -- 81 over the reinforced foundation while the rest of the monument was being constructed . During 1887 -- 88 , a knoll was constructed around the terrace tapering out roughly 300 feet ( 90 m ) onto the surrounding terrain . This earthen terrace and knoll serves as an additional buttress for the foundation . The weight of the foundation is 36,912 long tons ( 41,341 short tons ; 37,504 tonnes ) , including earth and gneiss rubble above the concrete foundation that is within its outer perimeter . Stairs and elevator ( edit ) North interior wall with its stairs and their wire screening . The monument is filled with ironwork , consisting of its stairs , elevator columns and associated tie beams , none of which supports the weight of the stonework . It was redesigned in 1958 to reduce congestion and improve the flow of visitors . Originally , visitors entered and exited the west side of the elevator on the observation floor , causing congestion . So the large landing at the 490 - foot level was expanded to a full floor and the original spiral stair in the northeast corner between the 490 - and 500 - foot levels was replaced by two spiral stairs in the northeast and southeast corners . Now visitors exit the elevator on the observation floor , then walk down either spiral stair before reboarding the elevator for their trip back down . The main stairs spiral up the interior walls from the entry lobby floor to the elevator reboarding floor at the 490 - foot level . The elevator occupies the center of the shaft well from the entry lobby to the observation floor , with an elevator machine room ( installed 1925 -- 26 ) whose floor is 18 feet 10 inches ( 5.7 m ) above the observation floor and an elevator pit ( excavated 1879 ) whose floor is 9 feet ( 2.74 m ) below the entry lobby floor . The stairs and elevator are supported by four wrought iron columns each . The four supporting the stairs extend from the entry lobby floor to the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 15 - foot - 8 - inch ( 4.78 m ) square . The four supporting the elevator extend from the floor of the elevator pit to 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) above the observation floor and were set at the corners of a 9 - foot - 9 ⁄ - inch ( 2.98 m ) square . The weight of the ironwork is 275 long tons ( 308 short tons ; 279 tonnes ) . Cast iron , wrought iron , and steel were all used . The two small spiral stairs installed in 1958 are aluminum . Most landings occupy the entire east and west interior walls every 10 feet from and including the east landing at the 30 - foot level up to the west landing at the 480 - foot level , east then west alternately . Three stairs with small landings rise from the entry lobby floor to the 30 - foot level successively along the north , west and south interior walls . Landings from the 30 - foot level up to the 150 - foot level are 3 feet 2 ⁄ inches ( 0.97 m ) by 25 feet 1 inch ( 7.65 m ) , while landings from the 160 - foot level to the 480 - foot level are 7 feet 10 ⁄ inches ( 2.41 m ) by 31 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 9.59 m ) . All stairs are on the north and south walls except for the aforementioned west stair between the 10 - and 20 - foot levels , and the two spiral stairs . About one fourth of visitors chose to ascend the monument using the stairs when they were available . They were closed to up traffic in 1971 , and then closed to all traffic except by special arrangement in 1976 . The stairs had 898 steps until 1958 , consisting of 18 risers in each of the 49 main stairs plus 16 risers in the spiral stair . Since 1958 the stairs have had 897 risers if only one spiral stair is counted because both spiral stairs now have 15 risers each . These figures do not include two additional steps in the entry passage that were covered up in 1975 by a ramp and its inward horizontal extension to meet the higher ( since 1886 ) entry lobby floor . One step was 3.2 feet ( 1 m ) away from the outer walls and the other was at the end of the passage , 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) away from the outer walls . As initially constructed , the interior was relatively open with two - rail handrails , but a couple of suicides and an accidental fall prompted the addition of tall wire screening ( 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) high with a large diamond mesh ) on the inside edge of the stairs and landings in 1929 . The original steam powered elevator , which took 10 to 12 minutes to ascend to the observation floor , was replaced by an electric elevator powered by an on - site dynamo in 1901 which took five minutes to ascend . The monument was connected to the electrical grid in 1923 , allowing the installation of a modern electric elevator in 1925 -- 26 which took 70 seconds . The latter was replaced in 1958 and again in 1998 by 70 - second elevators . During 1997 -- 2000 , the wire screening at three platforms was replaced by large glass panels to allow visitors on the elevator to view three clusters of memorial stones that were synchronously lit as the elevator automatically slowed as it passed them during its descent . Flags ( edit ) Overhead view showing all 50 American flags . Fifty American flags ( not state flags ) , one for each state , are now flown 24 hours a day around a large circle centered on the monument . Forty eight American flags ( one for each state then in existence ) were flown on wooden flag poles on Washington 's birthday since 1920 and later on Independence Day , Memorial Day , and other special occasions until early 1958 . Both the flags and flag poles were removed and stored between these days . In 1958 fifty 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall aluminum flag poles ( anticipating Alaska and Hawaii ) were installed , evenly spaced around a 260 - foot ( 79 m ) diameter circle . During 2004 -- 05 , the diameter of the circle was reduced to 240 feet ( 73 m ) . Since Washington 's birthday 1958 , 48 American flags were flown on a daily basis , increasing to 49 flags on July 4 , 1959 , and then to 50 flags since July 4 , 1960 . When 48 and 49 flags were flown , only 48 and 49 flag poles of the available 50 were placed into base receptacles . All flags were removed and stored overnight . Since July 4 , 1971 , 50 American flags have flown 24 hours a day . Miscellaneous details ( edit ) The total cost of the monument from 1848 to 1888 was $1,409,500 ( equivalent to $30,000,000 in 2016 ) . The weight of the above ground portion of the monument is 44,208 long tons ( 49,513 short tons ; 44,917 tonnes ) , whereas its total weight , including the foundation below ground and any earth above it that is within its outer perimeter is 81,120 long tons ( 90,854 short tons ; 82,422 tonnes ) . The total number of blocks in the monument , including all marble , granite and gneiss blocks , whether externally or internally visible or hidden from view within the walls or old foundation is over 36,000 . The number of marble blocks externally visible is about 10,000 . The monument stands 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) tall according to the National Geodetic Survey ( measured 2013 -- 14 ) or 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) tall according to the National Park Service ( measured 1884 ) . In 1975 , a ramp covered two steps at the entrance to the monument , so the ground next to the ramp was raised to match its height , reducing the remaining height to the monument 's apex . It is both the world 's tallest stone structure and the world 's tallest obelisk . It is the tallest monumental column in the world if all are measured above their pedestrian entrances , but two are taller when measured above ground , though they are neither all stone nor true obelisks . The tallest masonry structure in the world is the brick Anaconda Smelter Stack in Montana at 585 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 178.35 m ) tall . But this includes a 30 - foot ( 9.14 m ) non-masonry concrete foundation , leaving the stack 's brick chimney at 555 feet 1 ⁄ inches ( 169.20 m ) tall , only about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) taller than the monument 's 2015 height . If the monument 's aluminum apex is also discounted , then the stack 's masonry portion is 15 inches ( 38 cm ) taller than the monument 's masonry portion . Security ( edit ) A low - profile ha - ha wall surrounds the monument In 2001 , a temporary visitor security screening center was added to the east entrance of the Washington Monument in the wake of the September 11 attacks . The one - story facility was designed to reduce the ability of a terrorist attack on the interior of the monument , or an attempt to seize and hold it . Visitors obtained their timed - entry tickets from the Monument Lodge east of the memorial , and passed through metal detectors and bomb - sniffing sensors prior to entering the monument . After exiting the monument , they passed through a turnstile to prevent them from re-entering . This facility , a one - story cube of wood around a metal frame , was intended to be temporary until a new screening facility could be designed . On March 6 , 2014 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved a new visitor screening facility to replace the temporary one . The 785 - square - foot ( 72.9 m ) facility will be two stories high and contain space for screening 20 to 25 visitors at a time . The exterior walls ( which will be slightly frosted to prevent viewing of the security screening process ) will consist of an outer sheet of bulletproof glass or polycarbonate , a metal mesh insert , and another sheet of bulletproof glass . The inner sheet will consist of two sheets ( slightly separated ) of laminated glass . A 0.5 - inch ( 1.3 cm ) airspace will exist between the inner and outer glass walls to help insulate the facility . Two ( possibly three ) geothermal heat pumps will be built on the north side of the monument to provide heating and cooling of the facility . The new facility will also provide an office for National Park Service and United States Park Police staff . The structure is designed so that it may be removed without damaging the monument . The United States Commission of Fine Arts approved the aesthetic design of the screening facility in June 2013 . A recessed trench wall known as a ha - ha has been built to minimize the visual impact of a security barrier surrounding the monument . After the September 11 attacks and another unrelated terror threat at the monument , authorities had put up a circle of temporary Jersey barriers to prevent large motor vehicles from approaching . The unsightly barrier was replaced by a less - obtrusive low 30 - inch ( 0.76 m ) granite stone wall that doubles as a seating bench and also incorporates lighting . The installation received the 2005 Park / Landscape Award of Merit from the American Society of Landscape Architects . Transit ( edit ) The Washington Monument is served by the Smithsonian metro station . See also ( edit ) Washington , D.C. portal Architecture portal List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Yule Marble Tuckahoe Marble Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Several heights have been specified , all of which exclude the foundation whose top is 15 feet 8 inches ( 4.78 m ) above the pre-construction ground level . The foundation is surrounded by a grassy knoll which effectively places the foundation below ground level . This knoll serves as a buttress for the foundation . 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) according to the National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) using the criteria of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , that is , from the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' to the highest point of the building . From among four candidate points suggested by the NGS , the CTBUH chose a point on the entry ramp installed in 1975 where it crosses the outer face of the marble facade of the monument . Measured 2013 -- 14 and reported February 16 , 2015 . This is also its new above ground height because the ground at the shaft was raised in 1975 to match the ramp . The ground surrounding the shaft was replaced by granite pavers during 2004 -- 05 to match the raised ground level and the ramp . This height is 22.0 centimeters ( 8.66 in ) above four `` CASEY marks '' , 2.5 - inch ( 6.4 cm ) diameter brass bolt heads whose shafts are inserted vertically into the topmost level of the foundation just outside the four corners of the monument . These CASEY marks were set flush with the lower surface of the marble blocks . The NGS thinks they were likely used by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction , to determine the traditional height in 1884 . The floor at the elevator is now 13.9 centimeters ( 5.47 in ) above this pedestrian entrance , and 35.9 centimeters ( 14.13 in ) above the CASEY marks . The highest point of the monument is a one millimeter diameter dimple atop the aluminum apex . 555 feet 5 ⁄ inches ( 169.294 m ) according to the National Park Service . Measured and reported in 1884 by Col. Thomas Lincoln Casey , the engineer in charge of construction . It was measured from the top of the foundation ( the lowest marble joint or the door - sills of the two empty doorways ) , which was in place in 1884 . This is the traditional height of the monument that became moot when the pavement or ground next to the monument was raised in 1975 . 554 feet 11 ⁄ inches ( 169.151 m ) according to architectural drawings in the Historic American Buildings Survey ( 1994 ) , pavement at shaft to tip . This height is comparable to the NGS height because it was also determined after the ramp was installed in 1975 . None of these heights include a set of lightning rods surrounding the monument 's aluminum apex . An old set was installed in 1934 , which protruded above its tip by 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . In 2013 a new set of lightning rods was installed which protrude above the apex by about one foot ( 0.3 m ) . ^ Jump up to : Two other monumental columns ( honoring a person or thing ) have heights comparable to that of the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument in Texas and the Juche Tower in North Korea . Which of the three is taller depends on how its height is measured . A traditional method is above a part of the monument comparable to ground level . A more recent method is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , the arbiter of the height of tall buildings since 1969 . The CTBUH states the height of a building must be measured above the `` level of the lowest , significant , open - air , pedestrian entrance '' . The three CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) heights from tallest to shortest are the Washington Monument , the San Jacinto Monument ( − 2.6 feet ( − 0.79 m ) ) , and the Juche Tower ( − 20 feet ( − 6 m ) ) . The above ground heights of the three monumental columns from tallest to shortest are the San Jacinto Monument ( + 12.70 feet ( 3.871 m ) ) , the Juche Tower ( 3.3 feet ( + 1 m ) ) , and the Washington Monument . Height differences are relative to the height of the Washington Monument . The Washington Monument 's CTBUH ( above pedestrian entrance ) height , 554 feet 7 ⁄ inches ( 169.046 m ) , is the same as its above ground height . The San Jacinto Monument has a surveyed height of 567.31 feet ( 172.916 m ) from its footing to the top of its beacon . However , the architect of the monument , Albert C. Finn , stated , `` San Jacinto ... is actually 552 feet ( 168.2 m ) from the first floor to the top of the beacon '' ... in the `` customary way '' of measuring such things . The `` first floor '' is the CTBUH criterion . A stepped terrace elevates this pedestrian entrance above ground , thus reducing the monument 's remaining height by its thickness , about 15.5 feet ( 4.7 m ) , to the monument 's CTBUH height . The monument is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of limestone . The Juche Tower has a specified height of 558 feet ( 170 m ) above a very large concrete bus parking lot just east of the tower . A stepped terrace elevates its pedestrian entrance , also on its east side , above this ground level . Its thickness , 23 feet ( 7 m ) , reduces the remaining height of the tower to 535 feet ( 163 m ) , its CTBUH height . The tower is made of reinforced concrete , not stone , although it has a facade of granite . A metal cage holding many panels of red glass in the shape of a flame , internally illuminated at night , surmounting a gold - colored `` fuel chamber '' , occupies its top 66 feet ( 20 m ) . Jump up ^ The base of the obelisk atop the circular pillar was to have been `` 70 feet square '' according to the House report of 1872 and Torres ( 1984 ) , but only `` 50 feet square '' according to Harvey ( 1903 ) . The corners of a 70 - foot square base ( 99 - foot diagonal ) would dangerously overhang a 70 - foot diameter pillar , whereas a 50 - foot square base ( 71 - foot diagonal ) would not . Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the US . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on pages of its website that describe the Washington Monument . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' Jump up ^ The monument is located 370 feet ( 112.78 m ) east of the north -- south White House axis , 123 feet ( 37.49 m ) south of the east -- west Capitol axis , and 7,387.4 feet ( 2,251.68 m ) west of the north -- south Capitol axis . Jump up ^ The park portion of the Mall , including Madison Drive , Jefferson Drive , and four wide gravel boulevards between them east of the monument , and the Reflecting Pool and sidewalks west of the monument , are parallel to the offset Capitol - Monument - Lincoln axis . But the major highways immediately north and south of the Mall , Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue , are oriented east -- west . This misalignment can be seen on a map of the area . Jump up ^ A `` Dutchman Repair '' `` is a type of partial replacement or ' piecing - in ' '' that `` involves replacing a small area of damaged stone '' with a small piece of natural or imitation stone , `` wedged in place or secured with an adhesive '' , with the joint being `` as narrow as possible to maintain the appearance of a continuous surface . '' Jump up ^ The Carthage stone was the last memorial stone installed in the monument , in 2000 . Jump up ^ Three types of levels exist , one for marble courses in the walls , one for marble courses in the pyramidion , and one for stair landings . The level of a marble course in the walls is named by the height of its upper surface or joint , in multiples of 2 feet ( 61 cm ) , above the lower surface ( zero feet ) of the lowest marble course in the walls ( now below ground ) , which rests on the old foundation and is at the same height as four Casey marks ( the tops of four brass bolts inserted vertically into the top of the old foundation ) . The level of a marble course in the pyramidion is similar to those in the walls except that they are in multiples of 4 feet ( 122 cm ) . The level of a stair landing is named by its height , in multiples of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) , above the lowest landing , which coincides with the entry lobby floor . The zero - foot height or reference for marble courses in the first phase walls ( which do not extend through the rubble walls ) is 14 ⁄ inches ( 36 cm ) below that for stair landings , but marble levels in the second phase walls ( except for the 500 - foot level ) are only 11 inches ( 28 cm ) below their corresponding stair levels . Jump up ^ Masonry , by definition , includes manufactured brick , natural stone units , and concrete masonry units . Taller stacks or chimneys are made of reinforced concrete . See the list of tallest towers ( designed for regular public access ) , and the list of tallest chimneys ( not designed for regular public access ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Geodetic Survey , `` 2013 -- 2014 Survey of the Washington Monument '' Archived March 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 . Horizontal coordinates converted from NAD83 ( 2011 ) to WGS84 ( G1674 ) , the required coordinate system for Wikipedia coordinates , via NGS Horizontal Time - Dependent Positioning , epoch 2010.0 including ellipsoidal height . Jump up ^ `` Foundation Statement for the National Mall and Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Park '' ( PDF ) , National Park Service , retrieved May 20 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Wunsch , Aaron V. ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( text ) ( PDF ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` CTBUH Criteria for Defining and Measuring Tall Buildings '' . ctbuh.org . Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey , `` Why does the value obtained in 2014 ... disagree with the 1884 value ... ? '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2015 , picture of precise spot used . ^ Jump up to : John Milner Associates , Historic Structure Report : Washington Monument Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 ( HSR ) ^ Jump up to : Arzola , Robert R. ; Lockett , Dana L. ; Schara , Mark ; Vazquez , Jose Raul ( 1994 ) . Historic American Buildings Survey , Washington Monument , HABS DC - 428 ( drawings ) . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Washington Monument by the National Park Service '' . Nps.gov . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Thos . Lincoln Casey , `` report of operations upon the Washington Monument for the year ( 1884 ) '' in Letter from William W. Corcoran , Chairman of the Joint Commission for the Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting the annual report of the Commission , December 19 , 1884 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 2310 , 48th Congress , 2nd Session , House of Representatives Misc . Doc . 8 , p. 5 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : George J. Binczewski ( 1995 ) . `` The Point of a Monument : A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument '' . JOM. 47 ( 11 ) : 20 -- 25 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03221302 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aerial America : Washington D.C. '' . Aerial America . Smithsonian channel . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , John ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Local : The Washington Monument is tall , but is it the tallest ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Gervais Bell Jr. , `` Monumental Myths '' Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Southwestern Historical Quarterly `` , vol. 103 , 2000 , frontispiece - 14 , pp. 13 - 14 ^ Jump up to : Marking a people 's love , an article from The New York Times published February 22 , 1885 . ^ Jump up to : Louis Torres , `` To the immortal name and memory of George Washington '' : The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Construction of the Washington Monument Archived June 24 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , ( Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office , 1984 ) . ^ Jump up to : Michael D. Hoover , The origins and history of the Washington Monument flag display , 1992 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 5 , 7 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post-Earthquake Assessment '' ( PDF ) . www.nps.gov . National Park Service . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( November 2002 ) . `` Founding Fathers and Slaveholders '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul K. Longmore ( 1999 ) . The Invention of George Washington . Univ. of Virginia Press . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1872 - 3 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheldon S. Cohen , `` Monuments to Greatness : George Dance , Charles Polhill , and Benjamin West 's Design for a Memorial to George Washington . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography , April 1991 , Vol. 99 Issue 2 , pp. 187 -- 203 . JSTOR 4249215 ISSN 0042 - 6636 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirk Savage , Monument Wars : Washington , D.C. , the National Mall , and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape ( 2009 ) pp 32 -- 45 Jump up ^ George Cochrane Hazelton , The national capitol : its architecture , art and history ( 1902 ) p. 288 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone '' . National Park Service , ParkNet . ^ Jump up to : Olszewski , George J. ( 1971 ) . `` A History of the Washington Monument , 1844 -- 1968 , Washington , D.C. '' Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Washington Monument : Tribute in Stone , Reading 3 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Washington National Monument , April 19 , 1872 , U.S. Congressional Serial Set , Vol. 1528 , 42d Congress , 2d Session , House Report 48 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Frederick L. Harvey , History of the Washington National Monument and Washington National Monument Society , Congressional Serial Set , volume 4436 , 57th Congress , 2nd session , Senate Doc . 224 , 1903 . This 1903 edition is about three times the size of the 1902 edition , which has the slightly different name History of the Washington National Monument and of the Washington National Monument Society Archived September 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... The 1903 edition is available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on 1903 link . Jump up ^ Richard G. Carrott , The Egyptian Revival , 1978 , plate 33 ^ Jump up to : ( Thomas Lincoln Casey ) , Letter from the Joint Commission for Completion of the Washington Monument , transmitting their annual report . December 15 , 1885 Congressional Serial Set , volume 2333 , 49th Congress , 1st session , Senate Doc . 6 . Available for free in most large United States libraries in government documents or online . Establish a connection to Readex collections before clicking on link . ^ Jump up to : Peter Charles L'Enfant's `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' in official website of the U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Freedom Plaza in downtown Washington , D.C. , contains an inlay of the central portion of L'Enfant's plan and of its legends . Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' section in `` Washington , D.C. : A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary '' page in official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' page in `` American Presidents '' section of official website of U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Letter from Nicholas King , Surveyor of the City to Thomas Jefferson , October 15 , 1804 Survey of Jefferson Pier . 7696.8 feet -- 370 feet + 60.6 feet = 7387.4 feet . Jump up ^ `` Data Sheet Retrieval '' . noaa.gov . Jump up ^ Pfanz , Donald C. , National Park Service , National Capital Region ( December 2 , 1980 ) . `` Jefferson Pier Marker '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form : Washington Monument . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service . p . Continuation Sheet , Item No. 7 , p. 4 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moore , Charles , ed. ( 1902 ) . The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia . pp. 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` So , Was the Washington Monument Built by Slaves '' . Slate . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesus , Austin Elias - de ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Says the Washington Monument Was Built by Slaves . Was It ? '' . Slate . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reading 2 : Construction of the Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , John ( 2010 ) . Lee : A Life of Virtue . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 1595550283 . OCLC 456177249 . At Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Judith M. Jacob , The Washington Monument : A technical history and catalog of the commemorative stones Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . The walls of the monument range in thickness from 15 ' at the base to 18 at the upper shaft . They are composed primarily of white marble blocks from Maryland with a few from Massachusetts , underlain by Maryland blue gneiss and Maine granite . A slight color change is perceptible at the 150 ' level near where construction slowed in 1854 . Jump up ^ `` Hall Process : Production and Commercialization of Aluminum '' . National Historic Chemical Landmarks . American Chemical Society . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' Archived December 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Teaching with Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Crutchfield , James A. ( 2005 ) . George Washington : First in War , First in Peace . New York , N.Y. : A Forge Book : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 218 . ISBN 0765310694 . OCLC 269434694 . ^ Jump up to : The Dedication of the Washington National Monument , 1885 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( February 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . NY , NY : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46095 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . Emporis.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Acts passed by U.S. Congress '' . Loislaw . Retrieved August 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Edward Chaney , `` Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt : Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian '' , in Roma Britannica : Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth - Century Rome , eds . D. Marshall , K. Wolfe and S. Russell , British School at Rome , 2011 , pp. 147 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Determining the Facts Reading 3 : Finishing the Monument '' . nps.gov . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Visitors to the Washington Monument '' . The New York Times . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument attacked by Geological Tuberculosis '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Popular Mechanics , December 1911 , pp. 829 -- 830 . This source mistakenly said the lower 190 feet was constructed during the early period -- it was actually 150 feet . Jump up ^ Jeffrey David Simon ( 2001 ) . The Terrorist Trap : America 's Experience with Terrorism . Indiana UP . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar ( December 30 , 1998 ) . `` Obelisk 's Scaffold Is First of Its Kind '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Linda Wheeler ( July 30 , 2000 ) . `` It 's Ready for Its Close - Up Now : Big Crowds Are Expected For Monument 's Reopening '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Metro in Brief '' . The Washington Post . August 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ John Heilprin ( February 23 , 2002 ) . `` New sight from Washington Monument '' . Deseret News . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument reopens to public '' . USA Today . April 1 , 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Schwartzman ( March 19 , 2005 ) . `` Washington Monument To Reopen Next Month '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FoxNews.com ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Disasters Washington Monument Indefinitely Closes After Earthquake Causes Cracks '' . Fox News . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument reopens after quake repairs '' . CNN.com . August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument top cracked by earthquake '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael E. Ruane ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Damage Inspected as Earthquake 's Toll Is Assessed '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Patricia . `` Washington Monument Cracks Indicate Earthquake Damage . '' Washington Post . August 25 , 2011 . Assessed August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Finds Additional Cracks . '' Press release . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . August 25 , 2011 Archived May 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Nuckols , Ben . `` Weather May Delay Washington Monument Rappelling '' Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , Molly . `` Engineers to Rappel Down Washington Monument to Inspect Damage '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Charles S. ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Washington Monument Elevator Woes '' . Government Executive . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Markette ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Climbers Rappel Washington Monument to Assess Damage '' . Wamu.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Earthquake Update Archived August 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , NPS , page contains news releases , a picture , video , and images of the earthquake and damage Jump up ^ Cohn , Alicia . `` Washington Monument could be closed until 2014 for earthquake repairs '' . The Hill . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Monument Earthquake Repair '' . CMAA . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin R. `` Washington Monument Nearly Topped Out , Will Be Lighted in June '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimmer , Anne E. , `` Dutchman Repair '' ( 1984 ) , A Glossary of Historic Masonry Deterioration Problems and Preservation Treatments . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Interior , National Park Service Preservation Assistance Division . p. 56 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. `` Earthquake - Damaged Washington Monument May Be Closed Into 2014 . '' Washington Post . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument reopening '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Facts About the Washington Monument as It Reopens '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument draws crowds as it reopens after renovations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The lights went out at the Washington Monument '' , Dana Hedgpeth . Washington Post . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ; Ruane , Michael E. ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Washington Monument closed indefinitely over elevator 's ' reliability issues ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Rubenstein Donates Funds to Modernize Washington Monument Elevator - National Mall and Memorial Parks ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inscription at level 330 - Washington Monument , High ground West of Fifteenth Street , Northwest , between Independence & Constitution Avenues , Washington , District of Columbia , DC '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Monument 's Inner Jewels '' , nps.gov Jump up ^ The Cambrian , vol . XVII , p. 139 . 1897 . Jump up ^ Kadiasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi ( 1801 -- 76 ) Journal of Ottoman Calligraphy Jump up ^ `` Sister Monuments : Hagia Sophia and Washington Monument '' . ( not to be ) Missed Turkey & Istanbul Sites and Facts . Jump up ^ Kerr , George H. Okinawa : The History of an Island People . ( revised ed . ) Tokyo : Tuttle Publishing , 2003 . p337n . Jump up ^ Ferling , John E. ( 1988 ) . The First of Men : A Life of George Washington . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 488 . ISBN 0199742278 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ External apex east and north faces Archived October 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ External apex west and south faces Archived May 15 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Omission '' . Nationaltreasures.org . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. , `` The Washington Monument , and the Lightning Stroke of June 5 '' Archived September 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Science 5 ( 1885 ) 517 -- 518 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Escobar , `` Workers prepare to fill a tall order '' , Washington Post Tuesday , October 13 , 1998 , page B1 . Jump up ^ Jean - Louis Briaud et al , `` The Washington Monument case history '' Archived August 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , International Journal of Geoengineering Case Histories 1 ( 2009 ) 170 -- 188 , pp. 176 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Evaluation of the Washington Monument ( 1 of 5 ) '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Google ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Marble quarries near Cockeysville , MD '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ William D. Purdum ( March 5 , 1940 ) . `` The history of the marble quarries in Baltimore County , Maryland '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Monument Seismic Report without appendices '' . Washington Monument Seismic Study . National Park Service . pp. 10 -- 16 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Charles W. Snell , A Brief History of the Washington Monument and Grounds , 1783 -- 1978 Archived June 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 1978 ) 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Download Conversion Factors Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Oregon State University . Jump up ^ Neibauer , Michael . `` Here 's Where You 'll Queue to Visit the Washington Monument . '' Washington Business Journal . March 7 , 2014 Archived August 29 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service and National Capital Planning Commission . `` Visitor Screening Facility , Washington Monument Between 14th and 17th Streets , NW and Constitution Avenue , NW and the Tidal Basin . '' Executive Director 's Recommendation . NCPC File Number 6176 . March 6 , 2014 , pp. 15 - 16 Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington Monument Archived April 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( from the OLIN website ) Jump up ^ Monument Security ( from the American Society of Landscape Architects website , ASLA awards 2006 ) Jump up ^ Risk Management Series : Site and Urban Design for Security . U.S. Department Security , Federal Emergency Agency . pp. 4 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Jesse Leaf ( March 13 , 2007 ) . The Everything Family Guide To Washington D.C. : All the Best Hotels , Restaurants , Sites , and Attractions . Adams Media . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 2411 - 0 . accessible from the Smithsonian Metro station ... External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Washington Monument ( category ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Washington Monument . Official NPS website : Washington Monument `` Trust for the National Mall : Washington Monument '' . Trust for the National Mall . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Harper 's Weekly cartoon , February 21 , 1885 , the day of formal dedication Today in History -- December 6 Washington National Monument at Structurae Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . DC - 428 , `` Washington Monument '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . DC - 5 , `` Washington Monument '' Prehistory on the Mall at the Washington Monument Records Preceded by Cologne Cathedral World 's tallest structure 1884 -- 1889 169.29 m Succeeded by Eiffel Tower George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what metal is on top of the washington monument	[ "The Washington Monument is a hollow Egyptian style stone obelisk with a 500-foot (152.4 m) tall column and a 55-foot (16.8 m) tall pyramidion. Its walls are 15 feet (4.6 m) thick at its base and 1 1⁄2 feet (0.46 m) thick at their top. The marble pyramidion has thin walls only 7 inches (18 cm) thick supported by six arches, two between opposite walls that cross at the center of the pyramidion and four smaller corner arches. The top of the pyramidion is a large marble capstone with a small aluminum pyramid at its apex with inscriptions on all four sides. The lowest 150 feet (45.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the first phase 1848–54, are composed of a pile of bluestone gneiss rubble stones (not finished stones) held together by a large amount of mortar with a facade of semi-finished marble stones about 1 1⁄4 feet (0.4 m) thick. The upper 350 feet (106.7 m) of the walls, constructed during the second phase 1880–84, are composed of finished marble surface stones, half of which project into the walls, partially backed by finished granite stones.[15]" ]	[ "aluminum" ]
-8859374422925900714	Central Time Zone	Central Time Zone - wikipedia Central Time Zone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the time zone in North America . For other uses , see Central Standard Time ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Time Zone ( North America ) Regions in the Central Time Zone prior to 2015 ( Quintana Roo is now in the Eastern Time Zone ) UTC offset CST UTC − 6 : 00 CDT UTC − 5 : 00 Current time ( Refresh the clock . ) CDT 8 : 43 am on Oct 31 , 2017 CST 7 : 43 am on Oct 31 , 2017 Observance of DST DST is observed in certain regions of this time zone between the 2nd Sunday in March and the 1st Sunday in November . DST began Mar 12 , 2017 DST ends Nov 5 , 2017 The North American Central Time Zone ( CT ) is a time zone in parts of Canada , the United States , Mexico , Central America , some Caribbean Islands , and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean . Central Standard Time ( CST ) is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . During summer most ( but not all ) of the zone uses daylight saving time ( DST ) , and changes to Central Daylight Time ( CDT ) which is five hours behind UTC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regions using ( North American ) Central Time 1.1 Canada 1.2 United States 1.3 Mexico 1.4 Central America and Caribbean Islands 1.5 Eastern Pacific islands and other areas 2 Central Daylight Time 3 Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Regions using ( North American ) Central Time ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Time in Canada The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas . The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted , while their other areas observe Eastern Time : Nunavut ( territory ) : western areas ( most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qikiqtaaluk Region ) Ontario ( province ) : a portion of the northwest bordering southeastern Manitoba , in and around Kenora . Also , most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year - round , never adjusting for Daylight Saving Time . Major exceptions include Lloydminster , a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan . The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST , putting the community on the same time as all of Alberta , including the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton . As a result , during the summer , clocks in the entire province match those in Alberta , but during the winter , clocks in most of the province match those in Manitoba . United states ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States Nine states are contained entirely in the Central Time Zone : Alabama Arkansas Illinois Iowa Louisiana Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Wisconsin Seven states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone : Kansas - all , except for Sherman , Wallace , Greeley , and Hamilton counties Nebraska - eastern two thirds New Mexico - Nara Visa North Dakota - all , except for southwest regions Oklahoma - all , except for Kenton South Dakota - eastern half Texas - all , except for El Paso and Hudspeth counties Five states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Eastern Time Zone : Florida - Florida Panhandle on Alabama border Indiana - northwest and southwest regions Kentucky - western half Michigan - Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties Tennessee - West Tennessee and Middle Tennessee Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Time in Mexico Most of Mexico -- roughly the eastern three - fourths -- lies in the Central Time Zone , except for six northwestern states ( Baja California , Baja California Sur , Chihuahua , Sinaloa , Sonora , and * most of Nayarit ) and one southeastern state ( Quintana Roo ) . The federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time : Aguascalientes Campeche Coahuila Colima - except for the Revillagigedo Islands , in which the inner islands use Mountain Time and the outer island uses Pacific Time Chiapas Durango Guanajuato Guerrero Hidalgo Jalisco Mexico City Michoacán Morelos Nayarit - * only the municipality of Bahía de Banderas , rest of the state uses Mountain Time Nuevo León Oaxaca Puebla Querétaro San Luis Potosí State of Mexico Tabasco Tamaulipas Tlaxcala Veracruz Yucatán Zacatecas Central America and Caribbean Islands ( edit ) Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year - round . Eastern Pacific Islands and other areas ( edit ) The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year - round ; the remainder of Ecuador uses Eastern Standard Time . Both Easter Island and Salas y Gómez Island in Chile uses Central Standard Time during the Southern Hemisphere winter and Central Daylight Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer ; the remainder of Chile uses Atlantic Standard Time and Atlantic Daylight Time . Central daylight Time ( edit ) Daylight saving time ( DST ) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November . The modified time is called Central Daylight Time ( CDT ) and is UTC − 5 . In Canada , Saskatchewan does not observe a time change . One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a time change is that , geographically , the entire province is closer to the Mountain Time Zone 's meridian . The province elected to move onto `` permanent '' daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone . The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster , which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST , synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta . In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones that observe DST , beginning in 2007 , the local time changes at 02 : 00 local standard time to 03 : 00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02 : 00 local daylight time to 01 : 00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November . Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October . In December 2009 , the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities , eight of which are in states that observe Central Time , to adopt the U.S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010 . Alphabetical list of major Central Time Zone metropolitan areas ( edit ) Acapulco , Guerrero Aguascalientes , Aguascalientes Amarillo , Texas Antigua , Guatemala Arlington , Texas Austin , Texas Baton Rouge , Louisiana Beaumont / Port Arthur , Texas Birmingham , Alabama Bismarck , North Dakota Bloomington , Illinois Bowling Green , Kentucky Cedar Rapids , Iowa Champaign , Illinois Chicago , Illinois Clarksville , Tennessee Comarca Lagunera ( Torreón , Gómez Palacio , Lerdo ) Columbia , Missouri Cookeville , Tennessee Cuernavaca , Morelos Dallas - Fort Worth , Texas Des Moines , Iowa Enid , Oklahoma Evansville , Indiana Fargo , North Dakota Fort Walton Beach , Florida Gary , Indiana Grand Forks , North Dakota Grand Rapids , Manitoba Green Bay , Wisconsin Guadalajara , Jalisco Guatemala City , Guatemala Hammond , Indiana Houston , Texas Huntsville , Alabama Iowa City , Iowa Iron Mountain , Michigan Jackson , Mississippi Jackson , Tennessee Janesville , Wisconsin Joplin , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri - Kansas Kenosha , Wisconsin Lafayette , Louisiana Lawton , Oklahoma León , Guanajuato Lincoln , Nebraska Little Rock , Arkansas Lubbock , Texas Madison , Wisconsin Managua , Nicaragua Memphis , Tennessee Mérida , Yucatán Mexico City Midland / Odessa , Texas Milwaukee , Wisconsin Minneapolis - St. Paul , Minnesota Minot , North Dakota Mobile , Alabama Monterrey , Nuevo León Montgomery , Alabama Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana Normal , Illinois Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska Panama City , Florida Pensacola , Florida Peoria , Illinois Puebla , Puebla Quad Cities , Iowa / Illinois Racine , Wisconsin Red Lake , Ontario Regina , Saskatchewan Rockford , Illinois Sioux Falls , South Dakota St. Louis , Missouri San Antonio , Texas San José , Costa Rica San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí San Pedro Sula , Honduras San Salvador , El Salvador Santiago de Querétaro , Querétaro Saskatoon , Saskatchewan Shreveport -- Bossier City , Louisiana Springfield , Missouri Tampico , Tamaulipas Tegucigalpa , Honduras Thompson , Manitoba Toluca , Estado de México Topeka , Kansas Tulsa , Oklahoma Waukegan , Illinois Wheaton , Illinois Wichita , Kansas Wichita Falls , Texas Winnipeg , Manitoba Zacatecas , Zacatecas See also ( edit ) Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) World time zone map History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion The official U.S. time for the Central Time Zone ( dead link ) Cities in CST Official times across Canada ( hide ) Time zones in North America Time zone Hours from UTC : Standard time Hours from UTC : Daylight saving time Hawaii -- Aleutian ( in Hawaii ) -- 10 -- 10 Hawaii -- Aleutian ( in Alaska ) -- 10 -- 9 Alaska -- 9 -- 8 Pacific -- 8 -- 7 Mountain ( Arizona and Sonora only ) -- 7 -- 7 Mountain ( other states ) -- 7 -- 6 Central ( Saskatchewan only ) -- 6 -- 6 Central ( other states ) -- 6 -- 5 Eastern ( Southampton Island , Atikokan and New Osnaburgh / Pickle Lakeonly ) -- 5 -- 5 Eastern ( other states ) -- 5 -- 4 Atlantic ( Natashquan River ) -- 4 -- 4 Atlantic ( other states ) -- 4 -- 3 Newfoundland -- 3 : 30 -- 2 : 30 Saint Pierre and Miquelon and most of Greenland -- 3 -- 2 See also Time in Canada Time in Denmark Time in Mexico Time in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Time_Zone&oldid=806729626 '' Categories : Time zones Time in Canada Time in Mexico Time zones in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Simple English Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the time change to central time	[ "In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones that observe DST, beginning in 2007, the local time changes at 02:00 local standard time to 03:00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 local daylight time to 01:00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November. Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U.S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010." ]	[ "the first Sunday in November" ]
-2421464244165664693	New Taiwan dollar	New Taiwan dollar - wikipedia New Taiwan dollar Jump to : navigation , search `` TWD '' redirects here . For other uses , see TWD ( disambiguation ) . New Taiwan dollar 新臺幣 ( Taiwanese Mandarin ) NT $100 banknote obverse ( 1999 series ) ISO 4217 Code TWD Number 901 Exponent Denominations Subunit ⁄ 角 jiǎo ⁄ cent ( 分 , fēn ) Subunits used only in stocks and currencies , and rarely referred to in such cases . Plural dollars ( English only ) The language ( s ) of this currency does not have a morphological plural distinction . cent ( 分 , fēn ) cents ( English only ) Symbol NT $ or $ Nickname kuài ( 塊 ) or yuán ( 元 , 圓 ) 角 máo ( 毛 ) Banknotes Freq . used NT $100 , NT $500 , NT $1000 Rarely used NT $200 , NT $2000 Coins Freq . used NT $1 , NT $5 , NT $10 , NT $50 Rarely used NT $20 Demographics Date of introduction 15 June 1949 Replaced Old Taiwan dollar User ( s ) Republic of China Issuance Central bank Central Bank of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) Website www.cbc.gov.tw Printer China Engraving and Printing Works Website www.cepp.gov.tw Mint Central Mint Website www.cmc.gov.tw Valuation Inflation 1.06 % Source ( 1 ) 2007 -- 2017 Method CPI 10 - year average New Taiwan dollar Also Spelled in Taiwanese Mandarin Taiwān Cheng Wan Hiyan Dollar Cang : 13 $ , 78 $ Shib Dollar ( Mandarin ) Traditional Chinese 新臺幣 or 新台幣 Simplified Chinese 新台币 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xīntáibì Wade -- Giles Hsint'aipi Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāntòihbaih Jyutping san1toi4bai6 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sin - tâi - pè Alternative Chinese name Chinese 新臺票 ( show ) Transcriptions Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Sāntòihpiu Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sin - tâi - phiò New Taiwan dollar ( Chinese : 新臺幣 ; pinyin : xīn tái bì ; sign : NT $ ; code : TWD ) is the official currency of Taiwan . It is subdivided into 100 cents ( Chinese : 分 ; pinyin : fēn ) , although cents are rarely used in practice . The New Taiwan dollars has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949 , when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar , at a rate of 40,000 old dollars per NT $ . In Mandarin , the unit of the dollar is referred to as `` 元 '' or `` 圓 '' ( pinyin : yuán ) . Since the year 2000 , the Central Bank of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) is the central bank of Taiwan , which currently issues the New Taiwan dollar . While the Bank of Taiwan issued banknotes prior to 2000 , it was also the de facto central bank between 1949 and 1961 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Coins 3.1 Remarks 4 Banknotes 5 Taiwan 100 - dollar commemorative note 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 News Terminology ( edit ) Chinese ( pinyin ) English Symbol Formal currency name 新臺幣 ( xīn tái bì ) New Taiwan dollar NTD , NT $ , TWD Formal unit name 元 or 圓 ( yuán ) Other currency names 台幣 or 臺幣 ( tái bì ) NT , Taiwan dollar etc . $ , NT , etc . Other unit names 塊 ( kuài ) , 箍 ( kho͘ ) In Chinese , the `` New '' is only added in formal contexts where it is necessary to avoid any ambiguity , even though ambiguity is virtually non-existent today . These contexts include banking , contracts , or foreign exchange . The unit name in Chinese is yuán . In Taiwan , the character for yuan can be written in either of two forms : 元 or 圓 , which are interchangeable . Colloquial alternatives for the currency unit include the Mandarin kuài ( 塊 ) , meaning `` piece '' , and the Taiwanese Hokkien kho͘ ( 箍 ; literally `` circle '' ) . In English usage the New Taiwan dollar is often abbreviated as NT , NT $ , NT Dollar or NTD , while the abbreviation TWD is typically used in the context of foreign exchange rates . Subdivisions of a New Taiwan dollar are rarely used , since practically all products on the consumer market are sold in whole dollars . Nevertheless , banks do record cents ( hundredth dollars ) . History ( edit ) The New Taiwan dollar was first issued by the Bank of Taiwan on 15 June 1949 , to replace the Old Taiwan dollar at a ratio of 40,000 to one . The first goal of the New Taiwan dollar was to end the hyperinflation that had plagued Nationalist China due to the Chinese Civil War . After the communists captured Beijing in January 1949 , the Nationalists began to retreat to Taiwan . China 's gold reserve was moved to Taiwan in February . The government then declared in the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion that dollars issued by the Bank of Taiwan would become the new currency in circulation . Even though the New Taiwan dollar was the de facto currency of Taiwan , for years the silver yuan remained the legal currency . The value of the silver yuan was decoupled from the value of silver during World War II . Many older statutes have fines and fees given in this currency . According to statute , one silver yuan is worth three New Taiwan dollars . Despite decades of inflation , this ratio has not been adjusted . This made the silver yuan a purely notational currency long ago , nearly impossible to buy , sell , or use . When the Temporary Provisions were made ineffective in 1991 , the ROC lacked a legal national currency until the year 2000 , when the Central Bank of China ( CBC ) replaced the Bank of Taiwan in issuing NT bills . In July 2000 , the New Taiwan dollar became Taiwan 's legal currency . It is no longer secondary to the silver yuan . At this time , the central bank began issuing New Taiwan dollar banknotes , and the notes issued earlier by the Bank of Taiwan were taken out of circulation . The exchange rate compared to the United States dollar has varied from less than ten to one in the mid-1950s , more than forty to one in the 1960s , and about twenty - five to one in 1992 . The exchange rate as of March 2018 is NT $29.2 per US $ . Coins ( edit ) The denominations of the New Taiwan dollar in circulation are : Currently Circulating Coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Date of Diameter Weight Composition Obverse Reverse first minting issue ( 2 ) NT $ ⁄ 18 mm 3 g 97 % copper 2.5 % zinc 0.5 % tin Mei Blossom , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' Value 1981 ( Minguo year 70 ) 8 December 1981 NT $1 20 mm 3.8 g 92 % copper 6 % nickel 2 % aluminium Chiang Kai - shek , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' 8 December 1981 NT $5 22 mm 4.4 g Cupronickel 75 % copper 25 % nickel Chiang Kai - shek , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' Value 1981 ( Minguo year 70 ) 8 December 1981 NT $10 26 mm 7.5 g ( 3 ) NT $10 26 mm 7.5 g Sun Yat - sen , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' Value , continuous hidden words `` 國泰 '' , `` 民安 '' , continuous hidden Taiwan island and Mei Blossom in `` 0 '' 2011 ( Minguo year 100 ) 11 January 2011 ( 4 ) NT $20 26.85 mm 8.5 g Ring : Aluminium bronze ( as $50 ) Center : Cupronickel ( as $10 ) Mona Rudao , `` 莫那魯道 '' , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' Traditional canoes used by the Tao people 2001 ( Minguo year 90 ) 9 July 2001 NT $50 28 mm 10 g Aluminium bronze 92 % copper 6 % aluminium 2 % nickel Sun Yat - sen , `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' Latent images of both Chinese and Arabic numerals for 50 2007 ( Minguo year 96 ) 26 April 2007 Coins are minted by the Central Mint of China , while notes are printed by the China Engraving and Printing Works . Both are run by the Central Bank . The NT $ ⁄ coin is rare because of its low value , while the NT $20 coin is rare because of the government 's lack of willingness to promote it . As of 2010 , the cost of the raw materials in a NT $ ⁄ coin was more than the face value of the coin . Remarks ( edit ) `` 中華民國 XX 年 '' = `` Minguo XX '' . `` 中華民國 '' is also the state title `` Republic of China '' . `` 莫那魯道 '' = `` Mona Rudao '' , anti-Japanese leader at the Wushe Incident . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Fifth series of the new Taiwan dollar banknote The current series of banknotes for the new Taiwan dollar began circulation in July 2000 . This set was introduced when the new Taiwan dollar succeeded the silver yuan as the official currency within Taiwan . The current set includes banknotes for NT $100 , NT $200 , NT $500 , NT $1000 , and NT $2000 . Note that the NT $200 and NT $2000 banknotes are not commonly used by consumers . This may be due to the tendencies of consumers to simply use multiple NT $100 or NT $500 bills to cover the range of the NT $200 , as well as using NT $1000 bills or credit / debit cards instead of the NT $2000 bill . Lack of government promotion may also be a contributing factor to the general lack of usage . It is relatively easy for the government to disseminate these denominations through various government bodies that do official business with the citizens , such as the post office , the tax authority , or state owned banks . There is also a conspiracy theory against the Democratic Progressive Party , the ruling party at the time the two denominations were issued . The conspiracy states that putting Chiang Kai - shek on a rarely used banknote would `` practically '' remove him from the currency , while `` nominally '' including him on the currency would not upset supporters on the other side of the political spectrum that much ( the Pan-Blue Coalition ) . 1999 Series Image Value Main Color Description Date of Remark Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal NT $100 145 × 70 mm Red Sun Yat - sen , `` The Chapter of Great Harmony '' by Confucius Chung - Shan Building Mei flower and numeral 100 2000 ( Minguo 89 ) 2 July 2001 ( 5 ) NT $200 150 × 70 mm Green Chiang Kai - shek , theme of land reform and public education The Office of the President Orchid and numeral 200 2001 ( Minguo year 90 ) 2 January 2002 NT $500 155 × 70 mm Brown Youth baseball Formosan sika deer and Dabajian Mountain Bamboo and numeral 500 2000 ( Minguo year 89 ) 15 December 2000 1 August 2007 without holographic strip Dark brown ( Minguo 93 ) 20 July 2005 with holographic strip NT $1000 160 × 70 mm Blue Elementary Education ( 1999 errors ) Mikado pheasant and Yushan ( Jade Mountain ) Chrysanthemum and numeral 1000 1999 ( Minguo year 88 ) 3 July 2000 1 August 2007 without holographic strip ( Minguo year 93 ) 20 July 2005 with holographic strip ( 6 ) NT $2000 165 × 70 mm Purple FORMOSAT - 1 , technology Formosan landlocked salmon and Nanhu Mountain Pine and numeral 2000 2001 ( Minguo year 90 ) 1 July 2002 The year 2000 version $500 and 1999 version $1000 notes without holographic strip were officially taken out of circulation on 1 August 2007 . They were redeemable at commercial banks until 30 September 2007 . As of 1 October 2007 , only the Bank of Taiwan ( now the Central Bank of the Republic of China ) accepts such notes . Taiwan 100 - dollar commemorative note ( edit ) On 6 January 2011 , the Central Bank issued a new 100 - dollar legal tender circulating commemorative in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China . The red paper note measures 145 × 70 mm and features a portrait of Dr. Sun Yat - Sen on the front , and the Chung - Shan Building on the back . The design is no different from the ordinary NT $100 note , except for the wording in Chinese language in the reverse of the note , which reads : `` Celebrating the 100 years of founding of the Republic of China . '' Current TWD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY TRY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY TRY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY TRY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY TRY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY TRY See also ( edit ) Economy of Taiwan Taxation in Taiwan Old Taiwan dollar History of the Republic of China ROC consumer voucher References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chuang , Chi - ting ( February 17 , 2001 ) . `` Legislator pans new bank notes '' . Taipei Times . p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Chuang , Chi - ting ( February 17 , 2001 ) . `` Legislator pans new bank notes '' . Taipei Times . Jump up ^ s : Regulation of exchange rate between new Taiwan dollars and the fiat currency in the ROC laws Jump up ^ Google Finance . `` US Dollar / New Taiwan Dollar '' . Google . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . 中央銀行發行之貨幣及偵偽鈔辨識 Jump up ^ 20 元新硬幣亮相 ! ( in Chinese ) . 大紀元. 2001 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ 郭文平 ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ) . 新版 50 元硬幣明發行 ( in Chinese ) . 自由時報 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Commons : Category : Taiwan $1000 banknote 1999 edition Jump up ^ Taiwan 's 1999 $1000 bill globe reversed Jump up ^ 劉姿麟、蔣紀威 ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . 8 / 1 新制 ∕ 健保費漲價金融機構舊鈔換新鈔延至 9 月底 ( in Chinese ) . ETToday . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Central Bank of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Issue a commemorative NT $100 banknote for circulation and uncut commemorative NT $100 currency sheets in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China on January 6 , 2011 '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of Taiwan . ( in Chinese ) ( in English ) SinoBanknote Virginia Sheng , `` Notes from a Small Island '' , Taipei Review , 1 September 2000 Banknotes of Matsu , Quemoy and Tachen Close up image of a circulated 50 NT coin The Central Bank page showcasing all obsolete issues of the new Taiwan dollar in all denominations News ( edit ) New NT $500 and NT $1000 banknotes introduced , anti-counterfeit measures taken ( 7 ) Taiwan News ( online ) , 20 July 2005 Preceded by : Old Taiwan dollar Reason : inflation Ratio : 1 new dollar = 40,000 old dollars Currency of Taiwan 1949 -- Note : After the communists took over most of Mainland China , the government of the Republic of China controlled only Taiwan and some offshore islands . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of money do they use in taiwan	[ "New Taiwan dollar (Chinese: 新臺幣; pinyin: xīn tái bì; sign: NT$; code: TWD) is the official currency of Taiwan. It is subdivided into 100 cents (Chinese: 分; pinyin: fēn), although cents are rarely used in practice. The New Taiwan dollars has been the currency of Taiwan since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar, at a rate of 40,000 old dollars per NT$.[1] In Mandarin, the unit of the dollar is referred to as \"元\" or \"圓\" (pinyin: yuán)." ]	[ "New Taiwan dollar (Chinese: 新臺幣; pinyin: xīn tái bì; sign: NT$; code: TWD)" ]
1039881392504199649	Lord's Prayer	Lord 's Prayer - wikipedia Lord 's Prayer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lord 's Prayer ( disambiguation ) , Our Father ( disambiguation ) and Pater Noster ( disambiguation ) . James Tissot -- The Lord 's Prayer ( Le Pater Noster ) -- Brooklyn Museum The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster , among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer that , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray . Two versions of this prayer are recorded : the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount , and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when ' one of his disciples said to him , `` Lord , teach us to pray , as John ( the Baptist ) taught his disciples . '' ' The Matthew account alone includes the `` Your will be done '' and the `` Rescue us from the evil one '' ( or `` Deliver us from evil '' ) petitions . Some late manuscripts of Matthew add the doxology `` For yours is the kingdom and ... '' Both original Greek texts of the prayer contain the word epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature , and is also the only adjective in the prayer . While controversial , `` daily '' has been the most common English - language translation of this word . The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew . Matthew 6 : 9 -- 6 : 13 ( NRSV ) Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread . And forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And do not bring us to the time of trial , but rescue us from the evil one . Luke 11 : 2 -- 11 : 4 ( NRSV ) Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread . And forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone indebted to us . And do not bring us to the time of trial . Underscoring the scope and foundational importance of the Lord 's Prayer , initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel . '' The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . '' In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two - source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation 1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts 1.3 English versions 1.4 Aramaic translation 2 Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Petition 2.3 Second Petition 2.4 Third Petition 2.5 Fourth Petition 2.6 Fifth Petition 2.7 Sixth Petition 2.8 Seventh Petition 2.9 Doxology 3 Use as a language comparison tool 4 Relation to Jewish prayer 5 Musical settings 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Text ( edit ) Pater Noster The Lord 's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Lord 's Prayer in Gregorian chant Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation ( edit ) Standard edition of Greek text Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . Vulgate Latin translation Pater noster , qui es in caelis , sanctificetur nomen tuum , adveniat regnum tuum , fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne inducas nos in tentationem ; sed libera nos a Malo . Liturgical Greek and Latin texts ( edit ) Patriarchal Edition 1904 Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ , καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν . Roman Missal Pater noster , qui es in caelis : sanctificetur nomen tuum ; adveniat regnum tuum ; fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne nos inducas in tentationem ; sed libera nos a malo . English versions ( edit ) Main article : History of the Lord 's Prayer in English A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer ( from Matthew ) There are several different English translations of the Lord 's Prayer from Greek or Latin , beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation . Of those in current liturgical use , the three best - known are : The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) of the Church of England The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America ( along with the doxology ) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and , in a slightly different form , by the Byzantine Rite ( `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory : of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever , and unto ages of ages . Amen . '' ) , among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison , and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all . Older English translations of the Bible , based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts , included it , but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament , such as that of the United Bible Societies . It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 . The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord 's Prayer , but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969 , not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest ( in the official ICEL English translation : `` Deliver us , Lord , we pray , from every evil , graciously grant peace in our days , that , by the help of your mercy , we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress , as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour , Jesus Christ . '' ) that elaborates on the final petition , `` Deliver us from evil . '' For more information on this doxology , see Doxology , below . When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible , they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory forever '' into the Lord 's Prayer . Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition . 1928 Episcopal BCP ( with doxology ) and current Catholic ( without doxology ) English vernacular version Our Father who art in heaven , Hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us , and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ( The 1928 BCP adds : For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever and ever Amen . ) 1662 Anglican BCP Our Father , which art in heaven , Hallowed be thy Name ; Thy kingdom come ; Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : Give us this day our daily bread ; And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; And lead us not into temptation , But deliver us from evil : When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer , the people here respond : Amen . When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest , the prayer ends : For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . 1988 ELLC Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name , your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as in heaven . Give us today our daily bread . Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us . Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil . For the kingdom , the power , and the glory are yours now and for ever . Amen . Other English translations are also used . Though Matthew 6 : 12 uses the term debts , the older English versions of the Lord 's Prayer uses the term trespasses , while ecumenical versions often use the term sins . The latter choice may be due to Luke 11 : 4 , which uses the word sins , while the former may be due to Matthew 6 : 14 ( immediately after the text of the prayer ) , where Jesus speaks of trespasses . As early as the third century , Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses ( παραπτώματα ) in the prayer . Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita ( debts ) , most English - speaking Christians ( except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition ) use trespasses . The Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version ( known also as the King James Version ) , which in the prayer uses the words `` debts '' and `` debtors '' . All these versions are based on the text in Matthew , rather than Luke , of the prayer given by Jesus : Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 ( ESV ) `` Pray then like this : ' Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ' '' Luke 11 : 2 -- 4 ( ESV ) And he said to them , `` When you pray , say : ' Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread , and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us . And lead us not into temptation . ' '' Aramaic translation ( edit ) See also : Aramaic primacy The Lord 's Prayer in Syriac , a dialect of Aramaic The Lord 's Prayer exists in the Aramaic language in the Syriac Peshitta version of the New Testament . The dialect of Syriac in which it is written is not the dialect that would have been spoken by Jesus of Nazareth or his followers . However , the dialects are quite similar . Analysis ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Greek Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) ( see above ) Introduction ( edit ) `` Our Father , which art in heaven '' This explains that God , the Father , rests in Heaven , and the plural word `` Our '' indicates that there are a group of God 's children who call him Father . Augustine interpreted `` heaven '' ( coelum , sky ) in this context as meaning `` in the hearts of the righteous , as it were in His holy temple '' . First petition ( edit ) `` Hallowed be thy Name ; '' See also : Names of God in Christianity and Matthew 6 : 9 Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God 's name as holy , as something that inspires awe and reverence , and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes , to `` put other people down , or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe '' . He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying : `` Understand what you 're talking about when you 're talking about God , this is serious , this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine , more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine . '' Second petition ( edit ) `` Thy kingdom come ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 `` This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer , ' May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days . ' In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God 's kingdom , but never defines the concept : `` He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition . '' Concerning how Jesus ' audience in the gospels would have understood him , G.E. Ladd turns to the concept 's Hebrew Biblical background : `` The Hebrew word malkuth ( ... ) refers first to a reign , dominion , or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised . ( ... ) When malkuth is used of God , it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King . '' This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God 's rule in the world in the future , an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age . The request for God 's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level : as a reference to the belief , common at the time , that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God . Traditionally , the coming of God 's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for , not a human achievement . This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world . These believe that Jesus ' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring . Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word , basileia , means both kingdom and kingship ( i.e. , reign , dominion , governing , etc . ) , but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning . Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition : one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God 's will . Third petition ( edit ) `` Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows : `` Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of , then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place . But Jesus never told anybody -- neither his disciples nor us -- to pray , ' Get me out of here so I can go up there . ' His prayer was , ' Make up there come down here . ' Make things down here run the way they do up there . '' The request that `` thy will be done '' is God 's invitation to `` join him in making things down here the way they are up there . '' Fourth petition ( edit ) `` Give us this day our daily ( epiousios ) bread ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 11 See also : Epiousios As mentioned earlier in this article , the original word ἐπιούσιος ( epiousios ) , commonly characterized as daily , is unique to the Lord 's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature . The word is almost a hapax legomenon , occurring only in Luke and Matthew 's versions of the Lord 's Prayer , and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts . While epiousios is often substituted by the word `` daily , '' all other New Testament translations from the Greek into `` daily '' otherwise reference hemeran ( ἡμέραν , `` the day '' ) , which does not appear in this usage . Via linguistic parsing , Jerome translated `` ἐπιούσιον '' ( epiousios ) as `` supersubstantialem '' in the Gospel of Matthew , but chose `` cotidianum '' ( `` daily '' ) in the Gospel of Luke . This wide - ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning : `` Taken in a temporal sense , this word is a pedagogical repetition of `` this day , '' to confirm us in trust `` without reservation . '' Taken in the qualitative sense , it signifies what is necessary for life , and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence . Taken literally ( epi - ousios : `` super-essential '' ) , it refers directly to the Bread of Life , the Body of Christ , the `` medicine of immortality , '' without which we have no life within us . '' Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay - Rheims Bible ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) . Barclay M. Newman 's A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry : ἐπι ούσιος , ον ( εἰμί ) of doubtful meaning , for today ; for the coming day ; necessary for existence It thus derives the word from the preposition ἐπί ( epi ) and the verb εἰμί ( eimi ) , from the latter of which are derived words such as οὐσία ( ousia ) , the range of whose meanings is indicated in A Greek - English Lexicon . Fifth petition ( edit ) `` And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 12 Twenty - one out of 23 bible versions available at BibleHub.com use the word `` debts '' and `` debtors '' , while none of the bible translations uses the word `` trespass . '' The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering `` forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors '' . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say `` trespasses ... those who trespass against us '' . The `` debts '' form appears in the first English translation of the Bible , by John Wycliffe in 1395 ( Wycliffe spelling `` dettis '' ) . The `` trespasses '' version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale ( Tyndale spelling `` treaspases '' ) . In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with `` trespasses '' . This became the `` official '' version used in Anglican congregations . After the request for bread , Matthew and Luke diverge slightly . Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them . Luke , on the other hand , makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people . The word `` debts '' ( ὀφειλήματα ) does not necessarily mean financial obligations , as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word ( ὀφείλετε ) in passages such as Romans 13 : 8 . The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean `` debt '' or `` sin '' . This difference between Luke 's and Matthew 's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic . The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin , not of supposed loans granted by God . Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers . It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others , so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time . Anthony C. Deane , Canon of Worcester Cathedral , suggests that the choice of the word `` ὀφειλήματα '' ( debts ) , rather than `` ἁμαρτίας '' ( sins ) , indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good . He links this with the parable of the sheep and the goats ( also in Matthew 's Gospel ) , in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense but failure to do right , missing opportunities for showing love to others . `` As we forgive ... '' . Divergence between Matthew 's `` debts '' and Luke 's `` sins '' is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement . The verses immediately following the Lord 's Prayer , show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin / debt ( by God ) is contingent on how we forgive others . Later , Matthew elaborates with Jesus ' parable of the unforgiving servant . In this parable , forgiveness from the king ( God ) is conditional on the servant 's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him . Sixth Petition ( edit ) `` And lead us not into temptation , '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer -- not to be led by God into peirasmos -- vary considerably . The range of meanings of the Greek word `` πειρασμός '' ( peirasmos ) is illustrated in The New Testament Greek Lexicon . In different contexts it can mean temptation , testing , trial , experiment . Although the traditional English translation uses the word `` temptation '' and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray , Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1 : 13 -- 14 : `` Let no one say when he is tempted , ' I am being tempted by God ' , for God can not be tempted with evil , and he himself tempts no one . But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire . '' Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment , a theory supported by the use of the word `` peirasmos '' in this sense in Revelation 3 : 10 . Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture , such as those of Job . It is also read as : `` Do not let us be led ( by ourselves , by others , by Satan ) into temptations '' . Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread ( i.e. , material sustenance ) , it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given . A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26 : 41 and Luke 22 : 40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane . Joseph Smith , the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , in a translation of the Holy Bible that was n't completed before his death , used this wording : `` And suffer us not to be led into temptation '' Seventh petition ( edit ) `` But deliver us from evil : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to `` evil '' in general or `` the evil one '' ( the devil ) in particular . In the original Greek , as well as in the Latin translation , the word could be either of neuter ( evil in general ) or masculine ( the evil one ) gender . Matthew 's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount , in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil . Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues . However , the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources . While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term 's meaning , he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations , and that therefore the question is of no real consequence . Similar phrases are found in John 17 : 15 and 2 Thessalonians 3 : 3 . Doxology ( edit ) `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke 's version , nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew , representative of the Alexandrian text , although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the Byzantine text . Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew . New translations generally omit it . The first known use of the doxology , in a less lengthy form ( `` for yours is the power and the glory forever '' ) , as a conclusion for the Lord 's Prayer ( in a version slightly different from that of Matthew ) is in the Didache , 8 : 2 . It has similarities with 1 Chronicles -- `` Yours , O LORD , is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty , for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours . Yours is the kingdom , O LORD , and you are exalted as head above all . '' In the Byzantine Rite , a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy . Following the last line of the prayer , the priest sings `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory , of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever and unto ages of ages . '' Latin Church Roman Catholics , as well as some Lutherans , do not include the doxology when reciting the Lord 's Prayer ; but it was added as an independent item , not as part of the Lord 's Prayer , in the Roman Rite Mass of 1970 . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord 's Prayer with the doxology , sometimes without . Most Protestants append it to the Lord 's Prayer . Use as a language comparison tool ( edit ) Detail of the Europa Polyglotta published with Synopsis Universae Philologiae in 1741 ; the map gives the first phrase of the Lord 's Prayer in 33 different languages of Europe . In the course of Christianization , one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord 's Prayer , long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages . Since the 16th century , collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages . The first such collection , with 22 versions , was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner ( 1555 ; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot ) . Gessner 's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century , including Hieronymus Megiserus ( 1603 ) and Georg Pistorius ( 1621 ) . Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer , of which three were in fictional philosophical languages . Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used , while their true ( anonymous ) author was Andreas Müller . In 1700 , Lübeck 's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa . This edition was comparatively inferior , but a second , revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain . This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae ( 1741 ) to compile `` geographico - polyglot maps '' where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken . Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries . Lord 's Prayer in Classical Chinese These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century ; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806 -- 1817 published the prayer in `` well - nigh five hundred languages and dialects '' . Samples of scripture , including the Lord 's Prayer , were published in 52 oriental languages , most of them not previously found in such collections , translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818 . Relation to Jewish Prayer ( edit ) There are similarities between the Lord 's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a ( Babylonian ) . `` Hallowed be thy name '' is reflected in the Kaddish . `` Lead us not into sin '' is echoed in the `` morning blessings '' of Jewish prayer . A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord 's Prayer : `` Our God in heaven , hallow thy name , and establish thy kingdom forever , and rule over us for ever and ever . Amen . '' There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29 : 10 -- 18 . Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books : the first part in Isaiah 63 : 15 -- 16 ( `` Look down from heaven and see , from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ... '' ) and Ezekiel 36 : 23 ( `` I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ... '' ) and Ezekiel 38 : 23 ( `` I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ... '' ) , the second part in Obadiah 1 : 21 ( `` Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau , and the kingdom shall be the LORD 's '' ) and 1 Samuel 3 : 18 ( `` ... It is the LORD . Let him do what seems good to him '' ) , the third part in Proverbs 30 : 8 ( `` ... feed me with my apportioned bread '' ) , the fourth part in Sirach 28 : 2 ( `` Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done , and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray '' ) . `` Deliver us from evil '' can be compared with Psalm 119 : 133 ( `` ... let no iniquity get dominion over me . '' ) . Chumaceiro says that , because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God , `` Lead us not into temptation '' has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible / Christian Old Testament . The word `` πειρασμός '' , which is translated as `` temptation '' , could also be translated as `` test '' or `` trial '' , making evident the attitude of someone 's heart . Well - known examples in the Old Testament are God 's test of Abraham ( Genesis 22 : 1 ) , his `` moving '' ( the Hebrew word means basically `` to prick , as by weeds , thorns '' ) David to do ( numbering Israel ) what David later acknowledged as sin ( 2 Samuel 24 : 1 -- 10 ; see also 1 Chronicles 21 : 1 -- 7 ) , and the Book of Job . Musical settings ( edit ) In modern times , various composers have incorporated The Lord 's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies . Included among them are : Albert Hay Malotte -- The Lord 's Prayer Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov -- Otche Nash ( 1883 ) John Serry Sr . -- The Lord 's Prayer ( for Organ & Chorus , 1992 ) Igor Stravinsky -- Otche Nash ( 1926 ) , arr . Pater Noster ( Latin , some time later ) Christopher Tin -- Baba Yetu ( 2005 ) See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Amen Catechism of the Catholic Church on The Lord 's Prayer Christian Worship Didache early book of rituals which mentions saying the prayer 3 times daily Discourse on ostentation , a portion of the Sermon on the Mount Epiousios , for the meaning of the phrase usually rendered as `` our daily bread '' Five Discourses of Matthew High Priestly Prayer The Lord 's Prayer ( Sister Janet Mead song ) Lord 's Prayer in Eucharistic theology Novum Testamentum Graece , the primary source for most contemporary New Testament translations Pierres de Lecq Prayer in Christianity Prayer in the New Testament Prayer Textus Receptus References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pray then in this way '' ( Matthew 6 : 9 NRSV ) ; `` When you pray , say '' ( Luke 11 : 2 NRSV ) Jump up ^ Luke 11 : 1 NRSV Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The summary of the whole Gospel '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie . `` Across the globe , Christians are united by Lord 's Prayer . '' Los Angeles Times , in Houston Chronicle , p . A13 , April 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Farmer , William R. , The Gospel of Jesus : The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem , Westminster John Knox Press ( 1994 ) , p. 49 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25514 - 5 Jump up ^ The text given here is that of the latest edition of Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies and in the Nestle - Aland Novum Testamentum Graece . Most modern translations use a text similar to this one . Most older translations are based on a Byzantine - type text with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς in line 5 ( verse 10 ) instead of ἐπὶ γῆς , and ἀφίεμεν in line 8 ( verse 12 ) instead of ἀφήκαμεν , and adding at the end ( verse 13 ) the doxology ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας . ἀμήν . Jump up ^ Three editions of the Vulgate : the Clementine edition of the Vulgate , which varies from the Nova Vulgata only in punctuation and in having `` ne nos inducas '' in place of `` ne inducas nos '' , and another edition of the Vulgate , which has `` qui in caelis es '' in place of `` qui es in caelis '' ; `` veniat '' in place of `` adveniat '' ; `` dimisimus '' in place of `` dimittimus '' ; `` temptationem '' in place of `` tentationem '' . Jump up ^ In the Nova Vulgata , the official Latin Bible of the Catholic Church , the last word is capitalized , indicating that it is a reference to Malus ( the Evil One ) , not to malum ( evil ) . Jump up ^ The doxology associated with the Lord 's Prayer in Byzantine Greek texts is found in four Vetus Latina manuscripts , only two of which give it in its entirety . The other surviving manuscripts of the Vetus Latina Gospels do not have the doxology . The Vulgate translation also does not include it , thus agreeing with critical editions of the Greek text . Jump up ^ The Greek Orthodox Church uses a slightly different Greek version. which can be found in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ( ( 1 ) Greek Orthodox Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ) ) , as presented in the ( 2 ) 1904 text of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ) and various Greek prayer books and liturgies . This is the Greek version of the Lord 's Prayer most widely used for prayer and liturgy today , and is similar to other texts of the Byzantine text - type used in older English Bible translations , with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς instead of ἐπὶ γῆς on line 5 and ἀφίεμεν instead of ἀφήκαμεν ( present rather than aorist tense ) in line 8 . The last part , ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν , is said by the priest after the prayer . Jump up ^ 2002 edition ; 1962 edition , pp. 312 − 313 Jump up ^ The version of the Lord 's Prayer most familiar to Christians until the Protestant Reformation , and beyond for Catholics , is that in the Roman Missal , which has had cultural and historical importance for most regions where English is spoken . The text is used in the Roman Rite liturgy ( Mass , Liturgy of the Hours , etc . ) . It differs from the Vulgate in having cotidianum in place of supersubstantialem . It does not add the Byzantine doxology : this is never joined immediately to the Lord 's Prayer in the Latin liturgy or the Latin Bible , but it appears , in the form quia tuum est regnum , et potestas , et gloria , in saecula , in the Mass of the Roman Rite , as revised in 1969 , separated from the Lord 's Prayer by the prayer , Libera nos , quaesumus ... ( the embolism ) , which elaborates on the final petition , libera nos a malo ( deliver us from evil ) . Others have translated the Byzantine doxology into Latin as quia tuum est regnum ; et potentia et gloria ; per omnia saecula or in saecula saeculorum . Jump up ^ In editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of 1962 ( the edition of Pope John XXIII ) the word cotidianum was spelled quotidianum . Jump up ^ In Greek : Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων . Ἀμήν . Jump up ^ `` The 1928 Book of Common Prayer : Family Prayer '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church Jump up ^ `` The Communion . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Praying Together Jump up ^ Casey , Maurice . ( 1998 ) . The Aramaic Sources of Mark 's Gospel . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Augustine , On the Sermon on the Mount , Book II , Chapter 5 , 17 -- 18 ; original text Jump up ^ Rowan Williams , The Lord 's Prayer Jump up ^ G. Dalman , The Words of Jesus ( 1909 ) , 99 . As cited in G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 137 Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 45 . Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Hilda C. Graef , St. Gregory of Nyssa : The Lord 's Prayer and the Beatitudes ( Ancient Christin Writers , No. 18 ) , Paulist Press ( New York : 1954 ) , n. 68 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Ortberg , John Ortberg . `` God is Closer Than You Think '' . Zondervan , 2005 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 6 : 11 Interlinear : ' Our appointed bread give us to - day . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The New Greek - English Interlinear New Testament , 1993 , The United Bible Societies , ( basis : UBS4 Greek text ) , page x of Introduction Jump up ^ `` Matthew 20 : 2 Interlinear : and having agreed with the workmen for a denary a day , he sent them into his vineyard . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke 9 : 23 Interlinear : And he said unto all , ' If any one doth will to come after me , let him disown himself , and take up his cross daily , and follow me ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 6 : 1 Interlinear : And in these days , the disciples multiplying , there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews , because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 11 Interlinear : and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica , they received the word with all readiness of mind , every day examining the Writings whether those things were so ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 17 Interlinear : therefore , indeed , he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews , and with the worshipping persons , and in the market - place every day with those who met with him . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 19 : 9 Interlinear : and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving , speaking evil of the way before the multitude , having departed from them , he did separate the disciples , every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Corinthians 11 : 28 Interlinear : apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 3 : 13 Interlinear : but exhort ye one another every day , while the To - day is called , that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 10 : 11 Interlinear : and every priest , indeed , hath stood daily serving , and the same sacrifices many times offering , that are never able to take away sins . '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven petitions '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cf. ( 3 ) Barclay M. Newman , A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , United Bible Societies 2010 ISBN 978 - 3 - 438 - 06019 - 8 . Partial preview ) Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : οὐσία Jump up ^ Chaignot , Mary Jane . Questions and Answers . < http://biblewise.com/archives/2005/september/overview/questions.htm#trespasses > Accessed : 11 Feb 2013 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Nathan Eubank , Wages of Cross-Bearing and Debt of Sin ( Walter de Gruyter 2013 ISBN 978 - 31 - 1030407 - 7 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) John S. Kloppenborg , Q , the Earliest Gospel ( Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61164058 - 8 ) , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ See : Theological Dictionary of the New Testament , edited by Kittel and Friedrich , Abridged in One Volume by Goeoffrey W. Bromiley ; William B. Eeerdmans Publishing Company , Grand Rapids , Mich ; 1985 ; Pages 746 -- 750 : Gives use of ὸφείλω opheilo ( to owe , be under obligation ) , ὸφειλή opheile ( debt , obligation ) and two other word forms as used in the New Testament and outside the New Testament , including use in Judaism . Jump up ^ `` abcog.org '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl , `` Answer to Job '' Jump up ^ Psalm 26 : 2 and Psalm 139 : 23 are respectful challenges for a test to prove the writer 's innocence and integrity . Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , pp. 451 -- 452 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ JST Matthew 6 : 14 Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 452 Jump up ^ Nicholas Ayo , The Lord 's Prayer : A Survey Theological and Literary , University of Notre Dame Press ( 1993 ) , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 01292 - 2 Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 8 Jump up ^ David E. Aune , The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament ( Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland , The Text of the New Testament ( Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4098 - 1 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The doxology is not included in the following modern translations : American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version GOD 'S WORD Translation Good News Translation New International Reader 's Version New International Version New Living Translation Today 's New International Version . It is enclosed in square brackets in Holman Christian Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version . Two publications that are updates of the Authorized King James Version rather than new translations keep it : 21st Century King James Version and New King James Version ; but the second of these adds a note : `` `` NU - Text omits For Yours through Amen . '' Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Fathers - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book , Divine Service III Jump up ^ For instance , in Morning Prayer the doxology is included in the Lord 's Prayer in the Introduction , but not in the Prayers after the Apostles ' Creed . Jump up ^ Augustin Backer , Alois Backer , Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus ou notices bibliographiques , vol. 5 , 1839 , 304f . Jump up ^ Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in bey nahe fünf hundert Sprachen und Mundarten , 1806 -- 1817 , Berlin , Vossische Buchlandlung , 4 volumes . Facsimile edition , Hildesheim - Nueva York , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 451 Jump up ^ Clontz , pp. 8 , 451 Jump up ^ `` Verdediging is geen aanval '' pp. 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office. The Lord 's Prayer , Composer : John Serry Sr. , September 2 , 1992 , # PAU 1 - 665 - 838 Bibliography ( edit ) Clark , D . The Lord 's Prayer . Origins and Early Interpretations ( Studia Traditionis Theologiae , 21 ) Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 56537 - 8 Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Augsburger , Myron . Matthew . Waco , Texas : Word Books , 1982 . Barclay , William . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume 1 Chapters 1 -- 10 . Edinburgh : Saint Andrew Press , 1975 . Beare , Francis Wright . The Gospel According to Matthew . Oxford : B. Blackwell , 1981 . Brown , Raymond E. The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer , article in Theological Studies ( 1961 ) Volume 22 , pages 175 - 208 : available online as a PDF file from the website of Marquette University ; also reprinted in New Testament Essays ( 1965 ) Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh '' , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 `` Lilies in the Field . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 ... Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 -- 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress , 1989 . Morris , Leon . The Gospel According to Matthew . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Saunders , Father William . `` Who added the Doxology '' ( ( 6 ) ) March 17 , 1994 Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Underhill , Evelyn , Abba . A meditation on the Lord 's Prayer ( 1940 ) ; reprint 2003 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord 's Prayer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lord 's Prayer . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Our Father Text The Lord 's Prayer in many languages of the world Audio recordings and texts of the Lord 's prayer and other prayers in various languages The Lord 's Prayer in 1,697 languages and dialects Pater Noster : a chirographic opus in one hundred and twenty - six languages , by Z.W. Wolkowski Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 in the English Standard Version Bible , set to music Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 in the King James Version Bible , set to music by Ralph Merrifield . New Hope Music , used by permission Jewish Encyclopedia Max Heindel : Rosicrucian view Jehovah 's Witnesses view Rudolf Steiner lecture The communal nature of The Lord 's Prayer The Lord 's Prayer Parsed : A unique interpretation of The Lord 's Prayer Lord 's Prayer Life of Jesus : Sermon on the Mount or on the Plain Preceded by Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount New Testament Events Succeeded by The Birds of Heaven in the Sermon on the Mount Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come , Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord%27s_Prayer&oldid=801382951 '' Categories : Lord 's Prayer Biblical phrases Christian prayer Gospel of Matthew Latin religious phrases Rosary Sayings of Jesus Sermon on the Mount United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg 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About Wikipedia	where is our father prayer in the bible	[ "Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when 'one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, as John [the Baptist] taught his disciples.\"'[2]", "Two versions of this prayer are recorded: the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when 'one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, as John [the Baptist] taught his disciples.\"'[2]" ]	[ "the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount", "the short form in the Gospel of Luke when 'one of his disciples said to him, “Lord, teach us to pray, as John [the Baptist] taught his disciples.\"'" ]
-3214010056386607101	Guide Dogs for the Blind	Guide dogs for the Blind - wikipedia Guide dogs for the Blind Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the guide dog school in the United States . For the British charitable organization , see The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association . Guide Dogs for the Blind Formation 1942 ; 76 years ago ( 1942 ) Tax ID no . 94 - 1196195 Location San Rafael , California Revenue ( 2016 ) $40,937,709 Endowment $358,617,786 Website www.guidedogs.com Guide Dogs for the Blind ( GDB ) is a guide dog school located in the United States , with campuses in San Rafael , California , and Boring , Oregon . It was founded in 1942 by Lois Merrihew and Don Donaldson to help veterans who had been blinded in World War II . Guide Dogs for the Blind has about 2000 Guide Dog teams across the United States and Canada . Guide Dogs for the Blind was established in 1942 in response to the need for service dogs to help wounded servicemen that were coming back blind from World War II . The first building it operated in was a rented house in Los Gatos , California . The first dog to graduate through the program was a rescued German Shepherd named Blondie ; she was paired with Sgt . Leonard Foulk . In 1947 , the organization moved to their current location in San Rafael , California and in 1995 started a program at a second campus in Boring , Oregon . Today GDB is the largest guide dog school in the United States . This non-profit organization provides services to blind and visually impaired individuals from the United States and Canada for no cost including well trained service dogs and the veterinary care that goes with them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Breeds and Breeding 2 Puppy Raising 3 Training and Graduation 4 Career change dogs 5 Funding 6 See also 7 References 8 External resources Breeds and breeding ( edit ) Entrance to the San Rafael campus Over the years Guide Dogs for the Blind has worked with different breeds of dogs in order to find the best for training as well as being a lifelong companion . They started off with rescued dogs and in the 1940s started their own breeding program.At the time they were mostly German Shepherds which became the breed of choice for many guide dog organizations and GDB used them all the way until 2007 at which point they reevaluated the success of the breed . Today they have a healthy breeding colony consisting of Labrador Retrievers , Golden Retrievers , and Lab / Golden crosses . Guide Dogs focuses its breeding on the qualities needed in a guide including excellent health , willingness to work , high desire to please , intelligence , and an easy - to - work - with temperament . Guide for the Blind also participates in an international program in which guide dogs schools from around the world work together to diversify the gene pool in the breeding colonies by providing puppies from high success parents to other schools . This creates a healthier breeding colony for all who participate . Puppy raising ( edit ) Puppy raising is one of the dog programs in which volunteers are needed . These volunteers sign up to receive a puppy who is about eight weeks old and will take care of , train , and socialize their dog until they are about 13 - 15 months old . Puppy raisers belong to a local club where they get support and training on how to best work with their puppy . They are responsible for teaching the dog basic obedience and good manners while home and out working . The puppy raising program currently exists in the following states ( Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Texas , Utah , and Washington . ) . There are currently more than 2,000 families who are participating in this puppy raising program . Training and graduation ( edit ) The dogs are recalled for formal training at one of Guide Dogs for the Blind 's campuses between 13 and 15 months old at which point they start going through intense training with specialized instructors . This training consists of an eight - phase program in which the dog gradually learns more guide work . This includes leading a person in a straight line , stopping at any change in ground elevation as well as overhead obstacles , and obstacle avoidance . This 8 phase program typically lasts two to three months and if a dog passes their final walk with a blindfolded trainer they are considered `` class ready . '' This means that at that point GDB starts to look for a good match . When it comes to putting together a team Guide Dogs for the Blind considers the lifestyle of the individual and the dog , the speed of their gaits , the size of the dog , as well as other issues that may affect the dogs ability to guide ( i.e. a dog who hates water going to a rainy place ) . Any person who is blind or visually impaired desiring enhanced mobility and independence can benefit from having the independence a guide dog can provide . The person must be legally blind , able to travel independently , and suited to work with a dog . Typically , six to eight students take part in each of GDB 's two - week training sessions . Typically two students are paired with a state - certified instructor during this two - week period . If the student and dog bond and work well together they will graduate the program in an official ceremony in which the puppy raising family will formally present the dog to their new partner . Career change dogs ( edit ) Dogs that are not suitable for guide dog work due to health or behavior issues are dropped from training and are described as `` career changed . '' The first option that GDB looks at for the career changed dogs is to see if they have a temperament that would work well with a child . If this is the case they may be entered into the K9 Buddy program at GDB . This program places these dogs as pets with visually impaired children , giving the children not only companionship , but the opportunity to learn to care for a dog . This experience helps prepare them for the responsibilities involved with having a guide dog someday . If a child goes through the K9 buddy program they are qualified to receive a guide dog at an earlier age . If a dog is also not suitable to be a K9 buddy , career changed dogs will also be examined to see if it they are fit to be of service to other organizations . Many of our dogs go on to have different careers that assist people and communities in a wide variety of service roles . Some of the organizations they work with include Dogs for Diabetes , Hearing Dog Program , Search and Rescue as well as others . If the dog is not suitable for any other organization then the puppy raiser has the option to adopt the dog . If the puppy raiser does not adopt the dog then GDB will find a suitable adopted family for the dog . They take great care in matching these career changed dogs to their new families and are dedicated to the success of that relationship . Adoption is only open to those individuals living in the following states : Arizona , California , Colorado , Idaho , Nevada , New Mexico , Oregon , Utah , Washington , and North Texas . Funding ( edit ) Guide Dogs for the Blind ( or GDB ) is a nonprofit , tax - exempt organization supported entirely by private donations . GDB receives no government funding and there are no costs for individuals who receive a guide dog . Donors contribute through general contributions , bequests , grants , memorial and honor donations , charitable remainder trusts and other planned giving options . See also ( edit ) List of Guide Dog Schools References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Guide Dogs for the Blind Form 990 2016 '' . ProPublica . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Guide Dogs for the Blind . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ K9 Buddies & Community Canines External resources ( edit ) Roselle - The September 11th Guide Dog from Guide Dogs for the Blind Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guide_Dogs_for_the_Blind&oldid=820032736 '' Categories : Assistance dogs Dog organizations Animal charities based in the United States Charities for disabled people Charities based in California San Rafael , California Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 18 : 04 . About Wikipedia	when was guide dogs for the blind founded	[ "Guide Dogs for the Blind (GDB) is a guide dog school located in the United States, with campuses in San Rafael, California, and Boring, Oregon. It was founded in 1942 by Lois Merrihew and Don Donaldson to help veterans who had been blinded in World War II. Guide Dogs for the Blind has about 2000 Guide Dog teams across the United States and Canada." ]	[ "1942" ]
888678799410522763	Isobutane	Isobutane - wikipedia Isobutane Jump to : navigation , search Isobutane Names Preferred IUPAC name Methylpropane Other names Isobutane ( no longer recommended ) Identifiers CAS Number 75 - 28 - 5 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 1730720 ChEBI CHEBI : 30363 ChemSpider 6120 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 780 EC Number 200 - 857 - 2 E number E943b ( glazing agents , ... ) Gmelin Reference 1301 KEGG D04623 PubChem CID 6360 RTECS number TZ4300000 UNII BXR49TP611 UN number 1969 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C4H10 / c1 - 4 ( 2 ) 3 / h4H , 1 - 3H3 Key : NNPPMTNAJDCUHE - UHFFFAOYSA - N SMILES ( show ) CC ( C ) C Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 58.12 g mol Appearance Colorless gas Odor Odorless Density 2.51 kg / m ( at 15 ° C , 100 kPa ) Melting point − 159.42 ° C ( − 254.96 ° F ; 113.73 K ) Boiling point − 11.7 ° C ( 10.9 ° F ; 261.4 K ) Solubility in water 48.9 mg L ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) ) Vapor pressure 204.8 kPa ( at 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) ) Henry 's law constant ( k ) 8.6 nmol Pa kg Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) - 51.7 10 cm / mol Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 96.65 JK mol Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 134.8 -- − 133.6 kJ mol Std enthalpy of combustion ( Δ H ) − 2.86959 -- − 2.86841 MJ mol Hazards Safety data sheet See : data page praxair.com GHS pictograms GHS signal word DANGER GHS hazard statements H220 GHS precautionary statements P210 NFPA 704 0 Flash point − 83 ° C ( − 117 ° F ; 190 K ) Autoignition temperature 460 ° C ( 860 ° F ; 733 K ) Explosive limits 1.4 -- 8.3 % US health exposure limits ( NIOSH ) : PEL ( Permissible ) none REL ( Recommended ) TWA 800 ppm ( 1900 mg / m ) IDLH ( Immediate danger ) N.D. Related compounds Related alkane Isopentane Supplementary data page Structure and properties Refractive index ( n ) , Dielectric constant ( ε ) , etc . Thermodynamic data Phase behaviour solid -- liquid -- gas Spectral data UV , IR , NMR , MS Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Isobutane , also known as i - butane or methylpropane , is a chemical compound with molecular formula C and is an isomer of butane . It is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon . Isobutane is used as a feedstock in the petrochemical industry , for example in the synthesis of isooctane . Concerns with depletion of the ozone layer by freon gases have led to increased use of isobutane as a gas for refrigeration systems , especially in domestic refrigerators and freezers , and as a propellant in aerosol sprays . When used as a refrigerant or a propellant , isobutane is also known as R - 600a . Some portable camp stoves use a mixture of isobutane with propane , usually 80 : 20 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Uses 3 Refrigerant use 4 References 5 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) The traditional name isobutane was still retained in the 1993 IUPAC recommendations , but is no longer recommended according to the 2013 recommendations . Since the longest continuous chain in isobutane contains only three carbon atoms , the preferred IUPAC name is 2 - methylpropane but the locant ( 2 - ) is typically omitted in general nomenclature as redundant ; C2 is the only position on a propane chain where a methyl substituent can be located without altering the main chain and forming the constitutional isomer n - butane . The two isomers of butane n - Butane Isobutane Uses ( edit ) Isobutane is used as a refrigerant . The use in refrigerators started in 1993 when Greenpeace presented the Greenfreeze project with the German company Foron . In this regard , blends of pure , dry `` isobutane '' ( R - 600a ) ( that is , isobutane mixtures ) have negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential ( having a value of 3.3 times the GWP of carbon dioxide ) and can serve as a functional replacement for R - 12 , R - 22 , R - 134a , and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems . In the Chevron Phillips slurry process for making high - density polyethylene , isobutane is used as a diluent . As the slurried polyethylene is removed , isobutane is `` flashed '' off , and condensed , and recycled back into the loop reactor for this purpose . Isobutane is also used as a propellant for aerosol cans and foam products . Isobutane is used as part of blended fuels , especially common in fuel canisters used for camping . Isobutane is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of propylene oxide , where it is oxidized to tert - butyl hydroperoxide and subsequently reacted with propylene to yield propylene oxide . The tert - butanol that results as a by - product is typically used to make gasoline additives such as methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) . Refrigerant use ( edit ) As a refrigerant , isobutane has an explosion risk in addition to the hazards associated with non-flammable CFC refrigerants . Reports surfaced in late 2009 suggesting the use of isobutane as a refrigerant in domestic refrigerators was potentially dangerous . One refrigerator explosion reported in the United Kingdom was suspected to have been caused as a result of isobutane leaking into the refrigerator cabinet and being ignited by sparks in the electrical system . Although unclear how serious this could be , at the time this report came out it was estimated 300 million refrigerators worldwide use isobutane as a refrigerant . Substitution of this refrigerant for motor vehicle air conditioning systems not originally designed for isobutane is widely prohibited or discouraged , on the grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion . Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 ( Blue Book ) . Cambridge : The Royal Society of Chemistry . 2014 . p. 652 . doi : 10.1039 / 9781849733069 - FP001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 182 - 4 . The names ' isobutane ' , ' isopentane ' and ' neopentane ' are no longer recommended . Jump up ^ `` Solubility in Water '' . PubChem . National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ^ Jump up to : `` NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards # 0350 '' . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) . Jump up ^ Patent Watch , July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Panico , R. ; & Powell , W.H. ( Eds . ) ( 1994 ) . A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993 . Oxford : Blackwell Science . ISBN 0 - 632 - 03488 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/93/r93_679.htm Jump up ^ `` European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Page - March 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` GreenFreeze '' . Greenpeace . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kenneth S. Whiteley ( 2005 ) , `` Polyethylene '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a21_487. pub2 Jump up ^ Rietveld , Will ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Lightweight Canister Stoves and Fuels '' . Backpacking Light . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Exploding fridges : ozone friendly gas theory for mystery blasts '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. EPA hydrocarbon - refrigerants FAQ '' . Epa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Compendium of hydrocarbon - refrigerant policy statements , October 2006 Jump up ^ `` MACS bulletin : hydrocarbon refrigerant usage in vehicles '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Society of Automotive Engineers hydrocarbon refrigerant bulletin '' . Sae.org. 2005 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Saskatchewan Labour bulletin on hydrocarbon refrigerants in vehicles '' . Labour.gov.sk.ca. 2010 - 06 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ VASA on refrigerant legality & advisability Archived January 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Queensland ( Australia ) government warning on hydrocarbon refrigerants '' ( PDF ) . Energy.qld.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New South Wales ( Australia ) Parliamentary record , 16 October 1997 '' . Parliament.nsw.gov.au. 1997 - 10 - 16 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New South Wales ( Australia ) Parliamentary record , 29 June 2000 '' . Parliament.nsw.gov.au . Archived from the original on 22 May 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) International Chemical Safety Card 0901 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards ( hide ) E numbers Colors ( E100 -- 199 ) Preservatives ( E200 -- 299 ) Antioxidants & acidity regulators ( E300 -- 399 ) Thickeners , stabilisers & emulsifiers ( E400 -- 499 ) pH regulators & anticaking agents ( E500 -- 599 ) Flavour enhancers ( E600 -- 699 ) Miscellaneous ( E900 -- 999 ) Additional chemicals ( E1100 -- 1599 ) Waxes ( E900 -- 909 ) Synthetic glazes ( E910 -- 919 ) Improving agents ( E920 -- 929 ) Packaging gases ( E930 -- 949 ) Sweeteners ( E950 -- 969 ) Foaming agents ( E990 -- 999 ) Calcium peroxide ( E930 ) Argon ( E938 ) Helium ( E939 ) Dichlorodifluoromethane ( E940 ) Nitrogen ( E941 ) Nitrous oxide ( E942 ) Butane ( E943a ) Isobutane ( E943b ) Propane ( E944 ) Oxygen ( E948 ) Hydrogen ( E949 ) GND : 4127620 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isobutane&oldid=814204677 '' Categories : Alkanes Refrigerants Propellants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Chembox having GHS data Chemical articles having a data page Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 12 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which alkane is the isomer of butane called 2-methylpropane	[ "Isobutane, also known as i-butane or methylpropane, is a chemical compound with molecular formula C\n4H\n10 and is an isomer of butane. It is the simplest alkane with a tertiary carbon. Isobutane is used as a feedstock in the petrochemical industry, for example in the synthesis of isooctane.[5]" ]	[ "Isobutane, also known as i-butane or methylpropane" ]
-3679702181426001435	Program music	Program music - wikipedia Program music Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Programming ( music ) or Program note . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Program music or programme music is a type of art music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative . The narrative itself might be offered to the audience in the form of program notes , inviting imaginative correlations with the music . A classic example is Hector Berlioz 's Symphonie fantastique , which relates a drug - induced series of morbid fantasies concerning the unrequited love of a sensitive poet involving murder , execution , and the torments of Hell . The genre culminates in the symphonic works of Richard Strauss that include narrations of the adventures of Don Quixote , Till Eulenspiegel , the composer 's domestic life , and an interpretation of Nietzsche 's philosophy of the Superman . Following Strauss , the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare . Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on film music , especially where this draws upon the techniques of late romantic music . The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the European classical music tradition , particularly those from the Romantic music period of the 19th century , during which the concept was popular , but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music . The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works ( pieces without singers and lyrics ) , and not used , for example for Opera or Lieder . Single movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called symphonic poems . Absolute music , in contrast , is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Renaissance period 2 Baroque and Classical eras 3 Romantic period 4 Twentieth century 5 Popular music as program music 6 Definition 7 In the Western canon 7.1 Baroque and Classical eras 7.2 Romantic era 7.3 Modern era 7.4 Opera and ballet 7.5 Programmatic music and abstract imagery 7.6 Popular music 7.7 Motion picture soundtrack 8 Examples 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Renaissance period ( edit ) Composers of the Renaissance wrote a fair amount of program music , especially for the harpsichord , including works such as Martin Peerson 's The Fall of the Leafe and William Byrd 's The Battell . For the latter work , the composer provided this written description of the sections : `` Souldiers sommons , marche of footemen , marche of horsmen , trumpetts , Irishe marche , bagpipe and the drone , flute and the droome , marche to the fighte , the battels be joyned , retreat , galliarde for the victorie . '' Surveying the literature on this subject will reveal several sources erroneously stating that of this is Marin Marais 's `` Le tableau de l'Operation de la Taille '' , which describes bladder - stone surgery . Baroque and Classical eras ( edit ) In the Baroque era , Vivaldi 's The Four Seasons has poetic inscriptions in the score referring to each of the seasons , evoking spring , summer , autumn , and winter . While many cantatas by J.S. Bach contain programmatic elements , an example of outright program music is his Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother , BWV 992 . Program music was perhaps less often composed in the Classical era . At that time , perhaps more than any other , music achieved drama from its own internal resources , notably in works written in sonata form . It is thought , however , that a number of Joseph Haydn 's earlier symphonies may be program music ; for example , the composer once said that one of his earlier symphonies represents `` a dialogue between God and the Sinner '' . It is not known which of his symphonies Haydn was referring to . His Symphony No. 8 also includes a movement named `` La Tempestura '' that represents a storm . A minor Classical - era composer , Karl Ditters von Dittersdorf , wrote a series of symphonies based on Ovid 's Metamorphoses ( not to be confused with Twentieth - Century composer Benjamin Britten 's Six Metamorphoses after Ovid ) . Romantic period ( edit ) Program music particularly flourished in the Romantic era . As it can invoke in the listener a specific experience other than sitting in front of a musician or musicians , it is related to the purely Romantic idea of the Gesamtkunstwerk describing Wagner 's Operas as a fusion of many arts ( set design , choreography , poetry and so on ) , although it relies solely on musical aspects to illustrate a multi-faceted artistic concept such as a poem or a painting . Composers believed that the dynamics of sound that were newly possible in the Romantic orchestra of the era allowed them to focus on emotions and other intangible aspects of life much more than during the Baroque or Classical eras . Ludwig van Beethoven felt a certain reluctance in writing program music , and said of his 1808 Symphony No. 6 ( Pastoral ) that the `` whole work can be perceived without description -- it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone - painting '' . Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls , a bubbling brook , a storm , and so on . Beethoven later returned to program music with his Piano Sonata Op . 81a , Les Adieux , which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the Archduke Rudolph . Hector Berlioz 's Symphonie fantastique was a musical narration of a hyperbolically emotional love story , the main subject being an actress with whom he was in love at the time . Franz Liszt did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces but he is also the inventor of the term symphonic poem . In 1874 , Modest Mussorgsky composed for piano a series of pieces describing seeing a gallery of ten of his friend 's paintings and drawings in his Pictures at an Exhibition , later orchestrated by many composers including Maurice Ravel . The French composer Camille Saint - Saëns wrote many short pieces of program music which he called Tone Poems . His most famous are probably the Danse Macabre and several movements from the Carnival of the Animals . The composer Paul Dukas is perhaps best known for his tone poem The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , based on a tale from Goethe . Possibly the most adept at musical depiction in his program music was Richard Strauss , a German composer whose symphonic poems include Death and Transfiguration ( portraying a dying man and his entry into heaven ) , Don Juan ( based on the ancient legend of Don Juan ) , Till Eulenspiegel 's Merry Pranks ( based on episodes in the career of the legendary German figure Till Eulenspiegel ) , Don Quixote ( portraying episodes in the life of Miguel de Cervantes ' character , Don Quixote ) , A Hero 's Life ( which depicts episodes in the life of an unnamed hero often taken to be Strauss himself ) and Symphonia Domestica ( which portrays episodes in the composer 's own married life , including putting the baby to bed ) . Strauss is reported to have said that music can describe anything , even a teaspoon . Another composer of programmatic music is Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov , whose colorful `` musical pictures '' include `` Sadko '' , Op. 5 , after the Russian Bylina , about the minstrel who sings to the Tsar of the Sea , the very famous `` ' Scheherazade '' , Op. 35 , after the Arabian Nights entertainments ( where the heroine is depicted by a violin and whose stories include Sinbad the Sailor ) and any number of orchestral suites from his operas , including The Tale of Tsar Saltan ( which also contains `` Flight of the Bumblebee '' ) , The Golden Cockerel , Christmas Eve , The Snow Maiden , and The Legend of The Invisible City of Kitezh . In Scandinavia , Sibelius explored the Kalevala legend in several tone poems , most famously in The Swan of Tuonela . One of the most famous programs , because it has never been definitively identified , is the secret non-musical idea or theme - the `` Enigma '' - which underlies Edward Elgar 's Variations on an Original Theme ( Enigma ) of 1899 . The composer disclosed it to certain friends , but at his request they never made it public . Twentieth century ( edit ) Ottorino Respighi composed a number of tone poems in the 1910s and 1920s , notably three works on different aspects of the city of Rome . Gustav Holst 's `` The Planets '' is another well - known example . Alban Berg 's Lyric Suite was thought for years to be abstract music , but in 1977 it was discovered that it was in fact dedicated to Hanna Fuchs - Robettin . Important leitmotifs are based on the melodic series A -- B -- H -- F , which is their combined initials . The last movement also contains a setting of a poem by Charles Baudelaire , suppressed by the composer for publication ( 1 ) . Popular music as program music ( edit ) The term `` program music '' is not generally used with regard to popular music , although some popular music does have aspects in common with program music . The tradition of purely orchestral program music is continued in pieces for jazz orchestra , most notably several pieces by Duke Ellington . Instrumental pieces in popular music often have a descriptive title which suggests that they could be categorized as program music , and several instrumental albums are completely devoted to some programmatic idea ( for example , China by Vangelis or The Songs of Distant Earth by Mike Oldfield ) . Some of the genres of popular music are more likely than others to involve programmatic elements ; these include ambient , new - age , space music , surf rock , black metal , jazz fusion , progressive rock , art rock and various genres of techno music . Bluegrass has at least one outstanding bit of program music called Orange Blossom Special . Progressive rock groups and musicians during the 1970s in particular experimented with program music , among which was Rush 's `` Jacob 's Ladder '' ( 1980 ) , which shows clear influences of Smetana 's Má vlast ( `` My Homeland '' ) ( 1874 - 1879 ) . In addition , Rush 's songs `` Xanadu '' , Red Barchetta , and YYZ also show their experimentalism with program music , as do parts of `` 2112 '' , particularly the discovery scene . Definition ( edit ) Composers and some theorists argue that there is indeed no such thing as true `` absolute ( ars gratia artis ) music '' and that music always at least conveys or evokes emotions . While non-professional listeners often claim that music has meaning ( to them ) , `` new '' musicologists , such as Susan McClary ( 1999 ) , argue that so called `` abstract '' techniques and structures are actually highly politically and socially charged , specifically , even gendered . This may be linked to a more general argument against abstraction , such as Mark Johnson 's argument that it is , `` necessary ... for abstract meaning ... to have a bodily basis . '' ( McClary , 1991 ) However , a more specific definition of absolute music , is music which was composed without programmatic intent , or narrative . More traditional listeners often reject these views sharply , asserting that music can be meaningful , as well as deeply emotional , while being essentially about itself ( notes , themes , keys , and so on ) , and without any connection to the political and societal conflicts of our own day , but consciously associated with non-musical ideas , images , or events ( poems , art works , etc . ) In the Western canon ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Baroque and Classical eras ( edit ) Part of the music from the Baroque and Classical eras is absolute , as is suggested by titles which often consist simply of the type of composition , a numerical designation within the composer 's oeuvre , and its key . Bach 's Concerto for Two Harpsichords in C Minor , BWV 1060 ; Mozart 's Piano Sonata in C Major , K. 545 , and Beethoven 's Symphony No. 7 in A major ( Opus 92 ) are all examples of absolute music . Contrarywise , some composers of the Baroque era used to design titles for their music in a fashion resemblant to that of Romantic program music , called the rappresentativo ( representative ) style . Some of the most notable examples were composed by Antonio Vivaldi -- some of his violin , flute or recorder concertos bear titles inspired by human affects ( Il piacere -- the pleasure ) , occupations ( La caccia -- the hunting , La pastorella -- the shepherdess ) or , most notably , aspects of nature and meteors ( The Four Seasons , La notte -- the night , La tempesta di mare -- the sea storm ) . Another well - known example is Heinrich Ignaz Biber 's Sonata representativa ( for violin and continuo ) , which depicts various animals ( the nightingale , the cuckoo , the cat ) in a humoristic manner . Romantic era ( edit ) Program music was quite popular during the Romantic era . Many mainstream `` classical '' works are unequivocally program music , such as Richard Strauss 's An Alpine Symphony , which is a musical description of ascending and descending a mountain , with 22 section titles such as `` Night , '' `` Sunrise , '' `` By the Waterfall , '' `` In Thicket and Underbrush on the Wrong Path , '' `` Summit , '' `` Mists Rise , '' and `` Storm and Descent . '' Beethoven 's Symphony No. 6 is clearly program music , too , with titled movements and instrumental depictions of bird calls , country dances , and a storm . His fifteenth string quartet , Opus 132 , contains a middle movement titled `` Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit , in der lydischen Tonart '' ( A Convalescent 's Holy Song of Thanksgiving to the Divinity , in the Lydian Mode ) , suggesting to some auditors that the entire work can be heard as a tonal evocation of sickness and recovery . Some might criticize Disney 's animators for providing a pictorial interpretation of Bach 's Toccata and Fugue in D Minor , but nobody can deny an extramusical association for Dukas 's The Sorcerer 's Apprentice . Modern era ( edit ) During the twentieth century , the increased influence of modernism and other anti-Romantic trends contributed to a decline in esteem for programme music , but audiences continued to enjoy such pieces as Arthur Honegger 's depiction of a steam locomotive in Pacific 231 . Indeed , Percy Grainger 's incomplete orchestral fragment Train Music employs the same function . This music for large orchestra depicts a train moving in the mountains of Italy . Opera and ballet ( edit ) Music that is composed to accompany a ballet is often program music , even when presented separately as a concert piece . Aaron Copland was amused when a listener said that when she listened to Appalachian Spring she `` could see the Appalachians and feel Spring , '' the title having been a last - minute thought , but it is certainly program music . Film Scores and the orchestration in operas are very often program music , and some film scores , such as Prokofiev 's music for Alexander Nevsky , have even found a place in the classical concert repertoire . Programmatic music and abstract imagery ( edit ) A good deal of program music falls in between the realm of purely programmatic and purely absolute , with titles that clearly suggest an extramusical association , but no detailed story that can be followed and no musical passages that can be unequivocally identified with specific images . Examples would include Dvořák 's Symphony No. 9 , From the New World or Beethoven 's Symphony No. 3 , Eroica . Popular music ( edit ) Because the overwhelming majority of Western popular music is in song form , it would seem that most popular music is programmatic by nature : it has lyrics , therefore it is about something other than the music itself . A common term for non-vocal popular music , and thus for practical purposes a term for absolute music in a popular context , is `` instrumental '' or `` instrumental section '' . While the debate is of interest to many , for practical purposes most scholars use the term `` program music '' in the narrower sense described above . Motion picture soundtrack ( edit ) Influenced by the late Romantic work of Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov , Ottorino Respighi , Richard Strauss , and others , motion picture soundtrack took up the banner of programmatic music following the advent of `` talkies . '' Many film composers , including Paul Smith , Ennio Morricone , and John Williams ( whose Star Wars soundtrack in 1977 redefined the symphonic movie score ) have followed the programmatic model and solidified motion picture soundtrack as its own programmatic genre . Music 's power for pictorial suggestion may be said to have culminated in Walt Disney 's 1940 film Fantasia . It was Disney , too , that gave us the term Mickey Mousing , used to describe scores that mimic too obviously the movements of nature . The music of Max Steiner , for instance , often lauded for its uncanny sound - image synchronization , has also been assailed for being too Mickey Mouse . Examples ( edit ) Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky depicts an imaginary tour of an art collection Peer Gynt by Edvard Grieg was composed as incidental music to an Ibsen play but is often performed on its own Mephisto Waltz no . 1 by Franz Liszt See also ( edit ) Concept album Figurative art Incidental music List of program music List of symphonic poems Representation ( arts ) Word painting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` On his own works '' . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Strauss Biography '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Perle , George ( 1985 ) . The Operas of Alban Berg : Volume Two , Lulu . California : University of California Press . pp. 18 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06616 - 2 . References ( edit ) Encyclopedia.com : Programme music Essentials of Music : Composers : Vivaldi Apollo 's Fire ( Cleveland Baroque Orchestra ) : Programme Note for : Beethoven & Schubert in Vienna AllMusicGuide Review of Alban Berg 's Lyric Suite , for string quartet by James Reel Amazon.com : Review of Alban Berg : Lyric Suite by Kronos Quarter with Dawn Upshaw McClary , Susan ( 1991 ) . Feminine Endings : Music , Gender , and Sexuality , p. 24 . Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 1898 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Junod , Philippe . `` The New Paragone : Paradoxes and Contradictions of Pictorial Musicalism '' , in The Arts Entwined : Music and Painting in the Nineteenth Century , eds . M.L. Morton and P.L. Schmunk , p. 28 - 29 Pérez - Sobrino , Paula B. 2014 . `` Meaning construction in verbomusical environments : Conceptual disintegration and metonymy '' in Journal of Pragmatics v. 70 : 130 - 151 External links ( edit ) Art of the States : programmatic programmatic works by American composers Information on The Kaidan Suite , a musical interpretation of Japanese ghost stories by the Kitsune Ensemble . GND : 4140180 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Program_music&oldid=839161083 '' Categories : Musical terminology Musical form Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is music that tells a story called	[ "Program music or programme music is a type of art music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience in the form of program notes, inviting imaginative correlations with the music. A classic example is Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, which relates a drug-induced series of morbid fantasies concerning the unrequited love of a sensitive poet involving murder, execution, and the torments of Hell. The genre culminates in the symphonic works of Richard Strauss that include narrations of the adventures of Don Quixote, Till Eulenspiegel, the composer's domestic life, and an interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy of the Superman. Following Strauss, the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare. Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on film music, especially where this draws upon the techniques of late romantic music." ]	[ "Program music" ]
8420528066295699245	List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders	List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders In basketball , a free throw is an unopposed attempt to score points from behind the free throw line . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) free throw percentage leader is the player with the highest free throw percentage in a given season . José Calderón holds the record for best free throw percentage in a season , which he accomplished with the Toronto Raptors in the 2008 -- 09 NBA season . To qualify as a free throw percentage leader , the player must have at least 125 free throws made . Aside from the strike shortened 1998 -- 99 and 2011 -- 12 seasons , this has been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Free throw percentage leaders 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the free throw percentage leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Free throw percentage leaders ( edit ) Season Player Position Team Games played Free throws made Free throws attempted Free throw % Ref . 1946 -- 47 Scolari , Fred Fred Scolari Washington Capitols 58 146 180 . 8111 1947 -- 48 Feerick , Bob Bob Feerick F / G Washington Capitols 48 189 240 . 7875 1948 -- 49 Feerick , Bob Bob Feerick ( 2 ) F / G Washington Capitols 58 256 298 . 8591 1949 -- 50 Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky G / F Chicago Stags 68 321 381 . 8425 1950 -- 51 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * F / C Philadelphia Warriors 66 378 442 . 8552 1951 -- 52 Wanzer , Bobby Bobby Wanzer * Rochester Royals 66 377 417 . 9041 1952 -- 53 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * Boston Celtics 71 341 401 . 8504 1953 -- 54 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 2 ) Boston Celtics 72 331 392 . 8444 1954 -- 55 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 3 ) Boston Celtics 68 347 387 . 8966 1955 -- 56 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 4 ) Boston Celtics 72 358 413 . 8668 1956 -- 57 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 5 ) Boston Celtics 67 381 421 . 9050 1957 -- 58 Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * F / C Syracuse Nationals 72 629 696 . 9037 1958 -- 59 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 6 ) Boston Celtics 72 342 367 . 9319 1959 -- 60 Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * ( 2 ) F / C Syracuse Nationals 75 533 597 . 8928 1960 -- 61 Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman * ( 7 ) Boston Celtics 61 210 228 . 9211 1961 -- 62 Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * ( 3 ) F / C Syracuse Nationals 56 286 319 . 8966 1962 -- 63 Costello , Larry Larry Costello Syracuse Nationals 78 288 327 . 8807 1963 -- 64 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Cincinnati Royals 79 800 938 . 8529 1964 -- 65 Costello , Larry Larry Costello ( 2 ) Philadelphia 76ers 64 243 277 . 8773 1965 -- 66 Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried Boston Celtics 71 274 311 . 8810 1966 -- 67 Smith , Adrian Adrian Smith Cincinnati Royals 81 343 380 . 9026 1967 -- 68 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * ( 2 ) Cincinnati Royals 65 576 660 . 8727 1968 -- 69 Siegfried , Larry Larry Siegfried ( 2 ) Boston Celtics 79 336 389 . 8638 1969 -- 70 Robinson , Flynn Flynn Robinson Milwaukee Bucks 81 439 489 . 8978 1970 -- 71 Walker , Chet Chet Walker * F / G Chicago Bulls 81 480 559 . 8587 1971 -- 72 Marin , Jack Jack Marin F / G Baltimore Bullets 78 356 398 . 8945 1972 -- 73 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * Golden State Warriors 82 358 397 . 9018 1973 -- 74 DiGregorio , Ernie Ernie DiGregorio Buffalo Braves 81 174 193 . 9016 1974 -- 75 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors 80 394 436 . 9037 1975 -- 76 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * ( 3 ) Golden State Warriors 81 287 311 . 9228 1976 -- 77 DiGregorio , Ernie Ernie DiGregorio ( 2 ) Buffalo Braves 81 138 146 . 9452 1977 -- 78 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * ( 4 ) Golden State Warriors 82 378 409 . 9242 1978 -- 79 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * ( 5 ) Houston Rockets 80 160 169 . 9467 1979 -- 80 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * ( 6 ) Houston Rockets 72 143 153 . 9346 1980 -- 81 Murphy , Calvin Calvin Murphy * Houston Rockets 76 206 215 . 9581 1981 -- 82 Macy , Kyle Kyle Macy Phoenix Suns 82 152 169 . 8994 1982 -- 83 Murphy , Calvin Calvin Murphy * ( 2 ) Houston Rockets 64 138 150 . 9200 1983 -- 84 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Boston Celtics 79 374 421 . 8884 1984 -- 85 Macy , Kyle Kyle Macy ( 2 ) Phoenix Suns 65 127 140 . 9071 1985 -- 86 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 2 ) Boston Celtics 82 441 492 . 8963 1986 -- 87 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 3 ) Boston Celtics 74 414 455 . 9099 1987 -- 88 Sikma , Jack Jack Sikma C / F Milwaukee Bucks 82 321 348 . 9224 1988 -- 89 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * Los Angeles Lakers 77 513 563 . 9112 1989 -- 90 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * ( 4 ) Boston Celtics 75 319 343 . 9300 1990 -- 91 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * Indiana Pacers 82 551 600 . 9183 1991 -- 92 Price , Mark Mark Price Cleveland Cavaliers 72 270 285 . 9474 1992 -- 93 Price , Mark Mark Price ( 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers 75 289 305 . 9475 1993 -- 94 Abdul - Rauf , Mahmoud Mahmoud Abdul - Rauf Denver Nuggets 80 219 229 . 9563 1994 -- 95 Webb , Spud Spud Webb Sacramento Kings 76 226 242 . 9339 1995 -- 96 Abdul - Rauf , Mahmoud Mahmoud Abdul - Rauf ( 2 ) Denver Nuggets 57 146 157 . 9299 1996 -- 97 Price , Mark Mark Price ( 3 ) Golden State Warriors 70 155 171 . 9064 1997 -- 98 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin * Indiana Pacers 82 154 164 . 9390 1998 -- 99 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * ( 2 ) Indiana Pacers 50 226 247 . 9150 1999 -- 00 Hornacek , Jeff Jeff Hornacek Utah Jazz 77 171 180 . 9500 2000 -- 01 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * ( 3 ) Indiana Pacers 81 323 348 . 9282 2001 -- 02 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * ( 4 ) Indiana Pacers 79 296 325 . 9108 2002 -- 03 Houston , Allan Allan Houston New York Knicks 82 363 395 . 9190 2003 -- 04 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković Sacramento Kings 81 394 425 . 9271 2004 -- 05 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * ( 5 ) Indiana Pacers 66 250 268 . 9328 2005 -- 06 Nash , Steve Steve Nash * Phoenix Suns 79 257 279 . 9211 2006 -- 07 Korver , Kyle Kyle Korver ^ G / F Philadelphia 76ers 74 191 209 . 9139 2007 -- 08 Stojaković , Peja Peja Stojaković ( 2 ) New Orleans Hornets 77 130 140 . 9286 2008 -- 09 Calderón , José José Calderón ^ Toronto Raptors 68 151 154 . 9805 2009 -- 10 Nash , Steve Steve Nash * ( 2 ) Phoenix Suns 81 211 225 . 9378 2010 -- 11 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ Golden State Warriors 74 212 227 . 9339 2011 -- 12 Crawford , Jamal Jamal Crawford ^ Portland Trail Blazers 60 191 206 . 9272 2012 -- 13 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ Oklahoma City Thunder 81 679 750 . 9053 2013 -- 14 Roberts , Brian Brian Roberts ^ New Orleans Pelicans 72 125 133 . 9398 2014 -- 15 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ ( 2 ) Golden State Warriors 80 308 337 . 9139 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ ( 3 ) Golden State Warriors 79 363 400 . 9075 2016 -- 17 McCollum , C.J. C.J. McCollum ^ Portland Trail Blazers 80 268 294 . 9116 2017 -- 18 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ ( 4 ) Golden State Warriors 51 278 302 . 9205 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's free throw percentage leader is to have at least 76 free throws made . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's free throw percentage leader is to have at least 100 free throw made . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Free Throw Percentage '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Scolari Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Feerick Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Fulks Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Wanzer Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Sharman Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolph Schayes Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Costello Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Robertson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Siegfried Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Smith Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Flynn Robinson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Walker Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Marin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Barry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ernie DiGregorio Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Murphy Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyle Macy Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Bird Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Sikma Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reggie Miller Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Price Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mahmoud Abdul - Rauf Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spud Webb Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Mullin Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Houston Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peja Stojaković Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Nash Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` José Calderón Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamal Crawford Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Roberts Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` C.J. McCollum Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . hide National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_free_throw_percentage_leaders&oldid=841382343 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 14 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has best free throw percentage in nba	[ "In basketball, a free throw is an unopposed attempt to score points from behind the free throw line.[1] The National Basketball Association's (NBA) free throw percentage leader is the player with the highest free throw percentage in a given season. José Calderón holds the record for best free throw percentage in a season, which he accomplished with the Toronto Raptors in the 2008–09 NBA season. To qualify as a free throw percentage leader, the player must have at least 125 free throws made. Aside from the strike shortened 1998–99 and 2011–12 seasons, this has been the entry criteria since the 1974–75 season.[2]" ]	[ "José Calderón" ]
-7671335410988359935	John Bosley (Charlie's Angels)	John Bosley ( Charlie 's Angels ) - wikipedia John Bosley ( Charlie 's Angels ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see John Bosley . John Bosley First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 1976 ) Last appearance `` They Are Not Saints '' ( 2011 ) Created by Ivan Goff , Ben Roberts Portrayed by David Doyle ( 1976 -- 81 ) Bill Murray ( 2000 ) Ramón Rodríguez ( 2011 ) Information Species Human Gender Male Occupation Private detective Family Jimmy Bosley ( brother ) John Bosley is a fictional character in the 1976 - 1981 television series Charlie 's Angels . He was portrayed by David Doyle . He , along with Kelly Garrett ( actress Jaclyn Smith ) , is the only character to take part in every episode of the show 's five - season run . The character of John Bosley also appeared - played by Bill Murray - in the 2000 Charlie 's Angels film . In the sequel , Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle , comedian Bernie Mac plays John Bosley 's brother Jimmy Bosley . In the 2011 television reboot , John Bosley is portrayed by Ramón Rodríguez . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original series 1.1 Critic 's analysis 1.2 Recognition 2 Film series 3 References Original series ( edit ) `` Boz 's comic persona is integral to his function as mediator between the Angels and the enigmatic Charlie and between the show and the male viewers . Boz is Charlie 's body without Charlie 's voice , the surrogate for Charlie 's body in the Angels ' world who relays messages to Charlie and assists the Angels . '' -- Cathy Schwichtenberg , `` A Patriarchal Voice in Heaven '' In early episodes , Bosley takes a playfully antagonistic role to the Angels . He also frets about vacation days , car damages , and timeliness when the opportunity arises . Bosley is apparently the only Townsend Agency employee to have ever met Charlie , and he remains steadfast in never revealing Charlie 's identity , or even a clue as to what he looks like . This was a running joke in the series . Most of the Angels found themselves romantically involved at one time or another with someone they encountered on the job , and Bosley is no exception . In one early episode , Bosley mentions a wife , but by the second season he `` has not been married for some time '' , and he became linked with several females encountered in cases , although always those of middle age . One particularly close relationship occurred when the Angels visited Aspen , Colorado in season three . However , these liaisons never seemed to last beyond the episode , and otherwise , we learn little about Bosley 's private life . He remains a father figure to the Angels . Ironically , although Bosley is proficient with firearms , disguises , and accents , his actions occasionally hampered the Angels ' work . In one episode , Bosley , acting as an auctioneer , gets caught up in the excitement and mistakenly sells valuable merchandise not to an Angel as per the plan , ruining their attempt to catch a cat burglar . Critic 's analysis ( edit ) John Bosley ( often nicknamed `` Boz '' ) is portrayed as a middle - aged man of average looks , especially when contrasted with the glamorous `` Angels '' . However , he is warm , funny , and intelligent , and often helps the Angels either with background information , or by joining them in the field . Seemingly asexual ( and thus unthreatening - Bosley has been described as an `` indulgent eunuch '' . ) , he helped direct the Angels meet Charlie 's desired ends in the series where most men were villains and women were often victims ( outside the Angels themselves ) . Several times he played either a pratfall - type character , the buffoon , or a Sugar Daddy as part of one of the Angels ' covers . Bosley always initiates the phone conferences between Charlie and the Angels as they learn of each case . He also acts as a bumbling father figure or big brother figure to the ladies . Schwichtenberg described Bosley as a `` narrative pimp '' - with the sole male character ( Bosley ) an asexual `` eunuch '' , the male viewer is free to desire the Angels without feeling threatened . Writing for the New York Times in 2000 , Molly Haskell noted that critics , more so than the fans , saw Bosley and Charlie `` more as procurers than protectors '' and that the two male characters and the Angels `` fell into pimp - prostitute roles along traditional gender lines '' . Recognition ( edit ) David Doyle was nominated for a 1977 Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series , and a 1980 Golden Globe Award for Best TV Actor in a Supporting Role . Film series ( edit ) In the Charlie 's Angels film , John Bosley was played by Bill Murray , and then in the sequel , a new character , John 's adoptive brother Jimmy Bosley ( late comedian Bernie Mac ) , replaced him . Murray 's take on the stodgy and avuncular Bosley character was more buffoon - like , giving rambling speeches of little or no help to the Angels . Murray 's Bosley was well received ; the Washington Post described him as `` very funny as the Angels ' fussy , butler-esque helper '' , but considered the fact that this was `` only because Murray 's funnier than the role written for him '' . For the first film , Drew Barrymore , the producer and star of the film series , pursued Murray for months to play Bosley ; he consistently declined . Eventually , he did the film but did not return for the sequel . Bill Murray clashed with co-star Lucy Liu on the set ; the two eventually made up , but Murray did n't want to work again with her , fearing that they may have another clash despite the success of the first film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Mansour , From Abba to Zoom , p. 249 . ( ISBN 0740751182 ) ^ Jump up to : Cathy Schwichtenberg ( March 1981 ) . `` Charlie 's Angels - A patriarchal voice in heaven '' . Jump Cut : A Review of Contemporary Media . pp. 13 -- 16 . Jump up ^ R White - Lipgloss Feminists : Charlie 's Angels and The Bionic Woman , Storytelling : A Critical Journal of Popular Narrative ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ http://www.charliesangels.gr/doyle.htm ^ Jump up to : Sherry A. Inness , Disco Divas , p. 156 . ( ISBN 0812218418 ) Jump up ^ Todd Gitlin , Inside Prime Time , p. 121 . ( ISBN 0415085004 ) Jump up ^ Charlie 's Angels Jump up ^ Bill Osgerby , Action TV , p. 94 . ( ISBN 0415226201 ) Jump up ^ Otto Friedrich ( 8 June 1981 ) . `` Farewekk to a Phenomenon '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Molly Haskell ( 10 September 2000 ) . `` Can ' Charlie 's Angels ' Still Fly in a ' G.I. Jane ' World ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Award nominees 1977 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe nominees 1980 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert , Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2004 , P. 113 . ( ISBN 0740738348 ) Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Girl power rules '' . Athens Banner - Herald . 9 November 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Desson Howe ( 3 November 2000 ) . `` ' Angels ' Plays All the Right Angles '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Murray wears his heart on his sleeve '' . The Guardian . 28 October 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bill Murray Clears Up ' Charlie 's Angels ' Feud with Lucy Liu ( hide ) Charlie 's Angels Episodes Season 1 Films Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Characters John Bosley Other Charlie 's Angels ( video game ) Charlie 's Angels ( 2011 reboot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bosley_(Charlie%27s_Angels)&oldid=823468888 '' Categories : Charlie 's Angels characters Fictional private investigators Fictional characters introduced in 1976 Action film characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 13 : 07 . About Wikipedia	who played bosley in the original charlie's angels	[ "John Bosley is a fictional character in the 1976-1981 television series Charlie's Angels. He was portrayed by David Doyle.[1]" ]	[ "David Doyle" ]
7311964017461474094	Limitless (film)	Limitless ( film ) - wikipedia Limitless ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Limitless Theatrical release poster Directed by Neil Burger Produced by Leslie Dixon Scott Kroopf Ryan Kavanaugh Screenplay by Leslie Dixon Based on The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn Starring Bradley Cooper Abbie Cornish Robert De Niro Music by Paul Leonard - Morgan Cinematography Jo Willems Edited by Naomi Geraghty Tracy Adams Production company Virgin Produced Rogue Many Rivers Productions Boy of the Year Intermedia Film Distributed by Relativity Release date March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) ( New York premiere ) March 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $27 million Box office $161.8 million Limitless is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Neil Burger . Based on the novel The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn , the film stars Bradley Cooper , Abbie Cornish , and Robert De Niro . The events portrayed in the film follow Edward Morra , a struggling writer , who is introduced to a nootropic drug called NZT - 48 , which gives him the ability to fully utilize his brain and vastly improve his lifestyle . Limitless was released on March 18 , 2011 , and became a box office success after grossing over $161 million on a budget of $27 million . A television series of the same name , covering events that take place after the film , debuted on September 22 , 2015 , but was cancelled after one season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 TV spin - off 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Eddie Morra ( Bradley Cooper ) is a struggling author with writer 's block . His girlfriend Lindy ( Abbie Cornish ) , frustrated with his lack of progress , breaks up with him . Later , Eddie bumps into Vernon ( Johnny Whitworth ) , the forgotten brother of his ex-wife , Melissa ( Anna Friel ) . Vernon gives Eddie a sample of a new nootropic ( smart drug ) , NZT - 48 . Returning to his apartment , Eddie takes the drug and discovers he now has perfect recall and the ability to cross-correlate information quickly . He cleans his apartment obsessively in a few hours , and finishes writing his new book . The next day , the effects having worn off , he brings the pages he wrote to his publisher , who praises them . Eddie seeks out Vernon in an attempt to get more , but while he is running errands for him , Vernon is murdered . Eddie discovers Vernon 's NZT - 48 supply and begins ingesting the drug daily . With the help of the drug 's effects , Eddie spends a few weeks cleaning up his life . Testing his analytical skills on the stock market with Vernon 's stash of money , Eddie quickly makes large returns on small investments . He borrows $100,000 from a reluctant Russian loan shark , Gennady ( Andrew Howard ) , and is hired at a brokerage firm , where he quickly parlays this capital into over two million dollars just in a couple weeks . Eddie 's success leads to a meeting with finance tycoon Carl Van Loon ( Robert De Niro ) , he tests Eddie by seeking advice on a merger with Hank Atwood 's ( Richard Bekins ) company . After the big meeting in downtown Manhattan , Eddie starts experiencing hallucinations and the sense of time skipping forward . As this effect recurs over the course of the day and night he finds himself in several disparate places , after which 18 hours have passed which he can not remember . Eddie goes through Vernon 's ledger and discovers that everyone taking NZT - 48 is either in the hospital or dead . A man in a trench coat ( Tomas Arana ) is revealed to have been following him . Eddie meets with Melissa , who informs him that she too had been on NZT - 48 , and that when she attempted to stop taking it she had experienced a severe mental rebound effect , as well as a limp like Eddie . Gennady later catches Eddie going home and demands the money be paid back with interest immediately . He then discovers the prized drug and starts using Eddie as his source for NZT - 48 . Eddie experiments with NZT - 48 and learns to control his dosage , sleep schedule , and food intake to prevent side effects . He hires a laboratory in an attempt to reverse engineer NZT - 48 , an attorney ( Ned Eisenberg ) to keep the police from investigating Vernon 's death , and two bodyguards to protect him from Gennady , who is threatening him to obtain more NZT - 48 . On the day of the merger , Atwood 's wife informs Van Loon that Atwood has fallen into a coma . Eddie recognizes Atwood 's driver as the man in the trench coat and realizes Atwood is on NZT - 48 . While Eddie participates in a police lineup , his attorney steals Eddie 's whole supply of NZT - 48 from his jacket . Soon afterward , Eddie enters withdrawal , and hurries home when Van Loon questions him about Atwood 's coma . Gennady breaks into Eddie 's apartment , demanding more NZT - 48 , but Eddie kills him and his henchmen and escapes . He meets with the man in the trench coat , surmising that Atwood employed the man to locate more NZT - 48 . However , when Atwood dies , they recover Eddie 's stash from the attorney . A year later , Eddie has retained his wealth , published a book , and is running for the United States Senate with plans to run for the United States Presidency . Van Loon visits him and reveals that he has absorbed the company that produced NZT - 48 and shut down Eddie 's laboratory - he offers Eddie a continued supply of the drug in exchange for becoming his personal lobbyist in the government . However , Eddie tells Van Loon that he 's already perfected the drug and successfully weaned himself off it , retaining his abilities with none of the side effects . He leaves and meets Lindy at a Chinese restaurant for lunch and speaks to the waiter in Chinese , implying that he had either retained his abilities or was still on NZT - 48 . Cast ( edit ) Bradley Cooper as Edward `` Eddie '' Morra Robert De Niro as Carlos `` Carl '' Van Loon Abbie Cornish as Lindy Anna Friel as Melissa Gant Johnny Whitworth as Vernon Gant Richard Bekins as Henry `` Hank '' Atwood Robert John Burke as Donald `` Don '' Pierce Tomas Arana as the Man in a tan coat T.V. Carpio as Valerie Patricia Kalember as Mrs. Atwood Andrew Howard as Gennady Ned Eisenberg as Morris Brandt Production ( edit ) Limitless is based on the novel The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn . The film is directed by Neil Burger and is based on a screenplay by Leslie Dixon , who had acquired rights to the source material . Dixon wrote the adapted screenplay for less than her normal cost in exchange for being made one of the film 's producers . She and fellow producer Scott Kroopf approached Burger to direct the film , at the time titled The Dark Fields . For Burger , who had written and directed his previous three films , the collaboration was his first foray solely as director . With Universal Pictures developing the project , Shia LaBeouf was announced in April 2008 to be cast as the film 's star . The project eventually moved to development under Relativity Media and Sir Richard Branson 's Virgin Produced with Universal distributing through Relativity 's Rogue Pictures . By November 2009 , actor Bradley Cooper replaced LaBeouf in the starring role . Robert De Niro was cast opposite Cooper by March 2010 , and The Dark Fields began filming in Philadelphia the following May . Filming also took place in New York City . For a car chase scene filmed in Puerto Vallarta , filmmakers sought a luxury car . Italian carmaker Maserati provided two Maserati GranTurismo coupes free in `` a guerrilla - style approach '' to product placement . By December 2010 , The Dark Fields was re-titled Limitless . Release ( edit ) Limitless had its world premiere in New York City on March 8 , 2011 . It was released in 2,756 theaters in the United States and Canada on March 18 , 2011 . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed a $18.9 million on its opening weekend to rank first at the box office , beating other openers The Lincoln Lawyer and Paul as well as carryovers Rango and Battle : Los Angeles . Limitless was released in the United Kingdom on March 23 , 2011 . Before the film 's release , Box Office Mojo called Limitless a `` wild card '' , highlighting its `` clearly articulated '' premise and the pairing of Cooper and De Niro , but questioned a successful opening . The film opened at number one in its first week in the US . The film did well at the box office , earning some $79 million in the U.S. and Canada as well as some $157 million worldwide against its $27 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Limitless has an approval rating of 70 % , based on 186 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Although its script is uneven , Neil Burger directs Limitless with plenty of visual panache , and Bradley Cooper makes for a charismatic star . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received a score of 59 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 and 1 / 2 stars and said it was `` not terrifically good , but the premise is intriguing '' and also stated that director Neil Burger uses `` inventive visual effects . '' Lastly he said , `` Limitless only uses 15 , maybe 20 percent of its brain . Still , that 's more than a lot of movies do . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Limitless should be so much smarter than it is , '' believing that it took conventional plot turns and stuck closely to genre elements like Russian gangsters and Wall Street crooks . Honeycutt reserved praise for Cooper , Abbie Cornish , and Anna Friel . He also commended cinematographer Jo Willems ' camerawork and Patrizia von Brandenstein 's production design in the film 's array of locales . Variety 's Robert Koehler called Limitless a `` propulsive , unexpectedly funny thriller '' . Koehler wrote , `` What makes the film so entertaining is its willingness to go far out , with transgressive touches and mind - bending images that take zoom and fish - eye shots to a new technical level , as the pill enables Eddie to experience astonishing new degrees of clarity , perception and energy . '' He said of Cooper 's performance , `` Going from grungy to ultra-suave with a corresponding shift in attitude , Cooper shows off his range in a film he dominates from start to finish . The result is classic Hollywood star magnetism , engaging auds ( audiences ) physically and vocally , as his narration proves to be a crucial element of the pic 's humor . '' The critic also positively compared Willems ' cinematography to the style in Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) and commended the tempo set by the film 's editors Naomi Geraghty and Tracy Adams and by composer Paul Leonard - Morgan . Limitless received the award for Best Thriller at the 2011 Scream Awards and was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film at the 2012 Saturn Awards , but lost to Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Limitless is also discussed in academic scholarly debates , notably on human enhancement . TV spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Limitless ( TV series ) Bradley Cooper announced in October 2013 that he , Leslie Dixon and Scott Kroopf would be executive producers of a television series based on Limitless . On November 3 , 2014 , it was announced that CBS would be financing a pilot episode for the Limitless TV series . The pilot continued where the film left off . It was revealed that the main character would be called Brian Finch . The Limitless pilot would be directed by Marc Webb , replacing Burger who had to pull out due to a scheduling conflict with the Showtime drama pilot Billions . Burger is still an executive producer , alongside Alex Kurtzman , Roberto Orci and Heather Kadin . It is based on a script by Elementary executive producer Craig Sweeny . The Limitless pilot was screentested on June 1 , 2015 with Jake McDorman , Jennifer Carpenter , Hill Harper and Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio starring . Limitless officially got a series order in May 2015 . The show was announced as a spin - off of the film , before confirming that Bradley Cooper would make regular appearances , reprising his role as Edward Morra . The TV show premiered on CBS on September 22 , 2015 , with a 1.9 rating . On May 25 , 2016 , Craig Sweeny announced the series had been cancelled after one season . See also ( edit ) Intellectual giftedness Lucy , a 2014 film about a similar nootropic drug , CPH4 Understand , a 1991 novelette by Ted Chiang , nominated for the 1992 Hugo Award for Best Novelette , and won the 1992 Asimov 's Reader Poll . Modafinil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : Matthew McConaughey , Bradley Cooper and an alien battle for No. 1 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Limitless ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( April 13 , 2008 ) . `` Shia LaBeouf visits ' Dark Fields ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Macaulay , Scott ( Winter 2011 ) . `` Possible Side Effects '' . Filmmaker . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Bradley Cooper ' Fields ' film offer '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` De Niro to star in ' Fields ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` How Maserati Landed Spots in ' Limitless ' and ' Entourage ' for Free '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` First look : ' Limitless ' power comes in the form of a pill '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Limitless ' bow reaches full potential '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Limitless ' Pulls Ahead of Crowded Field '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` New Limitless UK Posters '' . Empire . February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` March 2011 Preview '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limitless Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limitless '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limitless '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Limitless : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Film Reviews : Limitless '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 2011 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Pee Wee , Potter , Vader honored at Scream Awards '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards Archived 2012 - 02 - 29 at WebCite , saturnawards.org , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zwart H. ( 2014 ) Limitless as a neuro - pharmaceutical experiment and as a Daseinsanalyse : on the use of fiction in preparatory debates on cognitive enhancement . Medicine , Health Care & Philosophy : a European Journal . 17 ( 1 ) 29 - 38 . Jump up ^ Zwart , H. ( 2015 ) A new lease on life : A lacanian analysis of cognitive enhancement cinema . In : Hauskeller M. , Philbeck T. , Carbonell C. ( eds . ) Handbook Posthumanism in Film and Television . Palgrave / MacMillan , 214 - 224 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Cooper Producing `` Limitless '' TV Series - News - Dark Horizons `` . darkhorizons.com . Jump up ^ `` CBS green - lights Limitless TV series pilot , picks up where the movie ends - News - Geek.com '' . @ geekdotcom . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Amazing Spider - Man ' Director Marc Webb To Helm ' Limitless CBS Pilot - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Mansoor . `` A ' Limitless ' sequel is happening ... on TV - Nerdacy '' . nerdacy.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Limitless ' , ' Rush Hour ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Spinoff , ' Code ' , ' Life ' Among CBS Orders '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Limitless ' , ' Rush Hour ' , ' Criminal Minds ' Spinoff Among CBS Series Orders - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Bradley Cooper joins CBS ' ' Limitless ' in recurring role '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Bradley Cooper To Recur On ' Limitless ' On CBS - Deadline '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Tyler McCarthy ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` ' Limitless ' TV Series Premiere : 4 Things To Know About The Sequel To The Bradley Cooper Movie '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell ( 6 October 2015 ) . `` Weekly Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Limitless ' Fall 's Most Impressive New Shows '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Limitless ' Showrunner Confirms CBS Cancellation '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The LOCUS Index to SF Awards '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Limitless ( film ) Official website Limitless on IMDb Limitless at Rotten Tomatoes Limitless at Box Office Mojo A ' Limitless ' memory ? It may not be a good thing at MSNBC Pseudo Web site about NZT as if it was a real product Articles about health and NZT similar drugs ( hide ) Films directed by Neil Burger Interview with the Assassin ( 2002 ) The Illusionist ( 2006 ) The Lucky Ones ( 2008 ) Limitless ( 2011 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) The Upside ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limitless_(film)&oldid=818170726 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films American films American thriller films 2010s thriller films Films about drugs Films set in New York City Films directed by Neil Burger Films shot in New York City Relativity Media films Rogue ( company ) films Films about writers Films adapted into television programs Films based on Irish novels Trading films Smart drugs in fiction Films shot in Philadelphia Transhumanism in film Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 00 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	movie about the pill that makes you smarter	[ "Limitless is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Neil Burger. Based on the novel The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn, the film stars Bradley Cooper, Abbie Cornish, and Robert De Niro. The events portrayed in the film follow Edward Morra, a struggling writer, who is introduced to a nootropic drug called NZT-48, which gives him the ability to fully utilize his brain and vastly improve his lifestyle." ]	[ "Limitless" ]
-3841584058937043273	Russian ruble	Russian ruble - wikipedia Russian ruble Jump to : navigation , search Russian ruble Российский рубль ( Russian ) 2,000 ₽ ( 2017 ) Coins ISO 4217 Code RUB Number 643 Exponent Denominations Subunit ⁄ kopeyka ( копейка ) Plural The language ( s ) of this currency belong ( s ) to the Slavic languages . There is more than one way to construct plural forms . Symbol ₽ ( ) , руб ( colloquially ) kopeyka ( копейка ) коп . / к . Banknotes Freq . used 50 ₽ , 100 ₽ , 500 ₽ , 1,000 ₽ , 5,000 ₽ Rarely used 5 ₽ , 10 ₽ , 200 ₽ , 2,000 ₽ Coins Freq . used 1 ₽ , 2 ₽ , 5 ₽ , 10 ₽ Rarely used 1 коп. , 5 коп. , 10 коп. , 50 коп . Demographics Official user ( s ) Russia Unofficial user ( s ) Partially recognized republics ( show ) Abkhazia South Ossetia Unrecognized republics ( show ) Donetsk People 's Republic Luhansk People 's Republic Issuance Central bank Bank of Russia Website www.cbr.ru Printer Goznak Website www.goznak.ru Mint Moscow Mint and Saint Petersburg Mint Valuation Inflation 2.4 % , April 2018 Source Bank of Russia Method CPI The Russian ruble or rouble ( Russian : рубль rublʹ , plural : рубли́ rubli ; sign : ₽ , руб ; code : RUB ) is the currency of the Russian Federation , the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk . The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks ( sometimes written as kopecks or copecks ; Russian : копе́йка kopeyka , plural : копе́йки kopeyki ) . The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union ( as the Soviet ruble ) . Today , apart from Russia , Belarus and Transnistria use currencies with the same name . The ruble was the world 's first decimal currency : it was decimalised in 1704 when the ruble became legally equal to 100 kopeks . In 1992 the Soviet ruble ( code : SUR ) was replaced with the Russian ruble ( code : RUR ) at the rate 1 SUR = 1 RUR . In 1998 preceding the financial crisis , the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new code `` RUB '' and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 First ruble - RUR ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 2.1 Coins 2.2 Banknotes 3 Second ruble - RUB ( 1998 -- present ) 3.1 Ruble symbol 3.2 Coins 3.3 Banknotes 3.3. 1 Printing 3.3. 2 100 - ruble bill controversy 3.3. 3 Crimea controversy 3.4 Commemorative banknotes 4 Economics 4.1 International trade 4.2 Exchange rates 4.3 Exchange rates 5 Trivia 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Ruble The ruble is the oldest national currency after the Pound sterling . The ruble has been used in the Russian territories since the 13th century . The modern Russian ruble actually appeared in December 1991 in parallel with the Soviet ruble , which remained in circulation until September 1993 . All Soviet coins issued in 1961 -- 1991 , respectively , as well as 1 - , 2 - and 3 - kopek coins , issued before 1961 , formally remained legal tender until 31 December 1998 , and in 1999 -- 2001 they were exchanged for Russian ruble in the ratio of 1000 : 1 . First ruble - RUR ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Further information : Soviet ruble and Monetary reform in Russia , 1993 Following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992 . A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993 . The `` Russian ruble '' with the ISO 4217 code RUR and number 810 replaced the Soviet ruble at the rate 1 SUR = 1 RUR . Coins ( edit ) After the fall of the Soviet Union , the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 and 100 rubles . The coins depict the double - headed eagle without a crown , sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend `` Банк России '' . It is exactly the same eagle that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as the coat of arms for the Russian Republic . The 1 - and 5 - ruble coins were minted in brass - clad steel , the 10 - and 20 - ruble coins in cupro - nickel , and the 50 - and 100 - ruble coins were bimetallic ( aluminium - bronze and cupro - nickel - zinc ) . In 1993 , aluminium - bronze 50 - ruble coins and cupro - nickel - zinc 100 - ruble coins were issued , and the material of 10 - and 20 - ruble coins was changed to nickel - plated steel . In 1995 the material of 50 - ruble coins was changed to brass - plated steel , but the coins were minted with the old date 1993 . As high inflation persisted , the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used . During this period the commemorative one - ruble coin was regularly issued . It is practically identical in size and weight to a 5 - Swiss franc coin ( worth approx. € 3 / US $4 ) . For this reason , there have been several instances of ( now worthless ) ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland . Banknotes ( edit ) In 1961 , new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1 , 3 and 5 rubles , along with new State Bank notes worth 10 , 25 , 50 and 100 rubles . In 1991 , the State Bank took over production of 1 - , 3 - and 5 - ruble notes and also introduced 200 - , 500 - and 1,000 - ruble notes , although the 25 - ruble note was no longer issued . In 1992 , a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the USSR before the Russian Federation introduced 5,000 - and 10,000 - ruble notes . These were followed by 50,000 - ruble notes in 1993 , 100,000 rubles in 1995 and , finally , 500,000 rubles in 1997 ( dated 1995 ) . Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 , Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits , which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes . With the issue of the 500 - ruble note depicting a statue of Peter I and then the 1,000 - ruble note depicting a statue of Yaroslav , the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated . SUR and RUR series banknotes Series Value Obverse Reverse Issuer Languages 1961 1 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 25 , 50 , 100 rubles Vladimir Lenin or views of the Moscow Kremlin Value , and views of the Moscow Kremlin for 50 rubles or higher USSR 15 1991 1 , 3 , 5 , 10 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 500 , 1,000 rubles Russian 50 , 200 , 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 rubles USSR for 1,000 rubles and lower Bank of Russia for 5,000 and 10,000 rubles Russian 1993 100 , 200 , 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , 50,000 rubles Moscow Kremlin with the tri-color Russian flag Bank of Russia 1995 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , 50,000 , 100,000 , 500,000 rubles Same design as today 's banknotes , where 1 new ruble = 1,000 old rubles . The 1,000 ruble note did not continue as a 1 new ruble note . Second ruble - RUB ( 1998 -- present ) ( edit ) See also : Monetary reform in Russia , 1998 Worldwide official use of foreign currency or pegs . The ruble is used in Russia and the partially recognized states of Abkhazia , South Ossetia , Donetsk People 's Republic , and Lugansk People 's Republic . Russian ruble users , including the Russian Federation US dollar users , including the United States Currencies pegged to the US dollar Euro users , including the Eurozone Currencies pegged to the euro Australian dollar users , including Australia New Zealand dollar users , including New Zealand South African rand users ( CMA , including South Africa ) Indian rupee users and pegs , including India Pound sterling users and pegs , including the United Kingdom Special drawing rights or other currency basket pegs Three cases of a country using or pegging the currency of a neighbour In 1998 , following the financial crisis , the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new ISO 4217 code `` RUB '' and number 643 , and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR . The redenomination was an administrative step that reduced the unwieldiness of the old ruble but occurred on the brink of the 1998 Russian financial crisis . The ruble lost 70 % of its value against the US dollar in the six months following this financial crisis . Ruble symbol ( edit ) Main article : Ruble sign Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ք or the Latin letter Ꝑ . The `` ruble '' symbol used throughout the 17th century , composed of the Russian letters `` Р '' and `` У '' . The eventual winning Ruble sign design . A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century . The symbol consisted of the Russian letters `` Р '' ( rotated 90 ° counter-clockwise ) and `` У '' ( written on top of it ) . The symbol was placed over the amount number it belonged to . This symbol , however , fell into disuse by the mid-19th century . No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire , nor was one introduced in the Soviet Union . The characters R and руб . were used and remain in use today , though they are not official . In July 2007 , the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble and would test 13 symbols . This included the symbol РР ( the initials of Российский Рубль `` Russian ruble '' ) , which received preliminary approval from the Central Bank . However , one more symbol , a Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the Philippine peso sign , was proposed unofficially . Proponents of the new sign claimed that it is simple , recognizable and similar to other currency signs . This symbol is also similar to the Armenian letter ք or the Latin letter Ꝑ . On 11 December 2013 , the official symbol for the ruble became , a Cyrillic letter Er with a single added horizontal stroke , though the abbreviation `` руб . '' is in wide use . In Unicode version 7.0 it was assigned the encoding U + 20BD ₽ ruble sign ( HTML & # 8381 ; ) . On 4 February 2014 , the Unicode Technical Committee during its 138th meeting in San Jose accepted U + 20BD ₽ Ruble Sign symbol for the Unicode version 7.0 ; the symbol was then included into Unicode 7.0 released on 16 June 2014 . In August 2014 , Microsoft issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for the new ruble sign . Coins ( edit ) In 1998 , the following coins were introduced in connection with the ruble revaluation : Currently circulating coins Image Value Technical parameters Description Years of minting Obverse Reverse Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 1 коп . 15.5 mm 1.5 g Cupronickel - steel Plain Saint George Value 1997 -- 2009 2014 5 коп . 18.5 mm 2.6 g 1997 -- 1998 2000 - 2009 2014 10 коп . 17.5 mm 1.95 g Brass 1997 -- 2006 Brass - plated steel 2006 -- 2014 Reeded for brass and Plain for plated Saint George Value 1997 -- 2006 1.85 g 2006 -- 2014 50 коп . 19.5 mm 2.90 g 1997 -- 1999 2002 -- 2006 2.75 g 2006 -- 2014 1 ₽ 20.5 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel 1997 -- 2009 Nickel - plated steel 2009 -- Reeded 2 - headed eagle emblem of the Bank of Russia ( 1st coin ) Coat of arms of the Russian Federation ( 2nd coin ) Value 1997 -- 1999 2005 -- 2009 3.00 g 2009 -- 2015 2016 2 ₽ 23 mm 5.10 g Segmented ( Plain and Reeded edges ) 1997 -- 1999 2006 -- 2009 5.00 g 2009 -- 2015 2016 5 ₽ 25 mm 6.45 g Cupronickelclad - copper 1997 -- 2009 Nickel - plated steel 2009 -- 1997 -- 1998 2008 -- 2009 6.00 g 2009 -- 2015 2016 10 ₽ 22 mm 5.63 g Brass - plated steel Segmented ( Plain and Reeded edges ) 2 - headed eagle emblem of the Bank of Russia ( 1st coin ) Coat of arms of the Russian Federation ( 2nd coin ) Value 2009 -- 2015 2016 One - and 5 - kopek coins are rarely used ( especially the 1 - kopek coin ) due to their low value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals . In some cases , the 10 - kopek coin is disregarded ( refused by individuals but is accepted by vendors and is mandatory for offer in exchange ) . These coins began being issued in 1998 , although some of them bear the year 1997 . Kopek denominations all depict St George and the Dragon , and all ruble denominations ( with the exception of commemorative pieces ) depict the double headed eagle . Mint marks are denoted by `` Л '' or `` M '' on kopeks and the logo of either the Leningrad or Moscow mint on rubles . Since 2000 , many bimetallic 10 - ruble circulating commemorative coins have been issued . These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside the `` 0 '' of the denomination 10 . In 2008 , it was proposed by the Bank of Russia to withdraw 1 - and 5 - kopek coins from circulation and subsequently round all prices to multiples of 10 kopeks , although the proposal has n't been realized yet ( though characteristic `` x. 99 '' prices are treated as rounded in exchange ) . The material of 1 - , 2 - and 5 - ruble coins was switched from copper - nickel - zinc and copper - nickel clad to nickel - plated steel in the second quarter of 2009 . Ten and 50 kopeks were also changed from aluminum - bronze to brass - steel clad . In October 2009 , a new 10 - ruble coin made of brass - plated steel was issued , featuring optical security features . The 10 - ruble banknote would have been withdrawn in 2012 , but a shortage of 10 - ruble coins prompted the Central Bank to delay this and put new ones in circulation . Bimetallic commemorative 10 - ruble coins will continue to be issued . A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 - ruble coins started in 2011 . The new coins are made of cupronickel . A number of commemorative smaller denominations of these coins exist in circulation as well , depicting national historic events and anniversaries . The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from 1 to 50,000 rubles . Banknotes ( edit ) On 1 January 1998 a new series of banknotes dated 1997 was released in denominations of 5 ₽ , 10 ₽ , 50 ₽ , 100 ₽ and 500 ₽ . The 1,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 1 January 2001 and the 5,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 31 July 2006 . Modifications to the series were made in 2001 , 2004 , and 2010 . In April 2016 , the Central Bank of Russia announced that it will introduce two new banknotes -- 200 ₽ and 2,000 ₽ -- in 2017 . In September 2016 , a vote was held to decide which symbols and cities will be displayed on the new notes . In February 2017 , the Central Bank of Russia announced the new symbols , the 200 ₽ banknote will feature the symbols of Sevastopol and the Monument to the Sunken Ships and the view of Chersonesus , and the 2,000 ₽ banknote will bear images of famous Far Eastern sites and the bridge to Russky Island and the Vostochny Cosmodrome in the Amur Oblast . 1997 series Image Value Dimensions Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing * issue withdrawal lapse 5 ₽ 137 × 61 mm The Millennium of Russia monument on background of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod Fortress wall of the Novgorod Kremlin `` 5 '' , Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod 1997 1 January 1998 Current , but not issued since 2001 . Very rarely seen in circulation . 10 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Kommunalny Bridge across the Yenisei River in Krasnoyarsk and Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant `` 10 '' , Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel 1997 2001 Current , but not issued since January 2010 . Still in use , but rarely seen in circulation . 50 ₽ A Rostral Column sculpture on background of Petropavlosk Fortress in Saint Petersburg Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns `` 50 '' , Peter and Paul Cathedral Current 100 ₽ Quadriga on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre `` 100 '' , The Bolshoi Theatre 500 ₽ Monument to Peter the Great , sailing ship and sea terminal in Arkhangelsk Solovetsky Monastery `` 500 '' , Monument to Peter the Great 1997 2001 1 January 1998 1,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Monument to Yaroslav I the Wise and the Lady of Kazan Chapel in Yaroslavl John the Baptist Church in Yaroslavl `` 1,000 '' , Monument to Yaroslav I the Wise 1997 1 January 2001 5,000 ₽ Monument to Nikolay Muravyov - Amursky in Khabarovsk Khabarovsk Bridge over the Amur `` 5,000 '' , Head of the monument to Muravyov - Amursky 1997 31 July 2006 These images are to scale at 0.7 pixels per millimeter . For table standards , see the banknote specification table . Each new banknote series has enhanced security features , but no major design changes . Banknotes printed after 1997 bear the fine print `` модификация 2001г . '' ( or later date ) meaning `` modification of year 2001 '' on the left watermark area . 2017 series Image Value Dimensions Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal lapse 200 ₽ 150 × 65 mm View of Sevastopol and the Monument to the Sunken Ships ( by sculptor Amandus Adamson ) View of Chersonesus Monument to the Sunken Ships and electrotype `` 200 '' 2017 12 October 2017 Current 2,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Russky Bridge Vostochny Cosmodrome Russky Bridge and electrotype `` 2000 '' 2017 12 October 2017 Printing ( edit ) QR codes from 200 ₽ and 2,000 ₽ banknotes All Russian ruble banknotes are currently printed at the state - owned factory Goznak in Moscow , which was founded on 6 June 1919 and operated ever since . Coins are minted in Moscow and at the Saint Petersburg Mint , which has been operating since 1724 . 100 - ruble bill controversy ( edit ) On 8 July 2014 State Duma deputy and Vice-Chairman of the Duma Regional Political Committee Roman Khudyakov alleged that the image of Apollo driving Quadriga on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow on the 100 - ruble banknote constitutes pornography that should only be available to persons over the age of 18 . Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes , he requested in his letter to the Governor of the Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina to immediately change the design of the banknote . Khudyakov , a member of parliament for the LDPR party stated , `` You can clearly see that Apollo is naked , you can see his genitalia . I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo . '' Khudyakov 's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to the design . Crimea controversy ( edit ) On 13 October 2017 , the National Bank of Ukraine issued a decree forbidding the country 's banks , other financial institutions and Ukraine 's state postal service to circulate Russian banknotes , which use images of Crimea , a territory that is regarded as Russian - occupied by Ukraine and the vast majority of UN member states . The NBU stated that the ban applies to all financial operations , including cash transactions , currency exchange activities and interbank trade . Crimea is featured on two banknotes that are currently in circulation - the 100 ruble commemorative note issued in 2015 and the 200 ruble note issued in 2017 . Commemorative banknotes ( edit ) Commemorative banknote series Image Value Dimensions Description Date of Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark printing * issue withdrawal lapse 100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm A snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi `` sochi.ru 2014 '' 2014 30 October 2013 Current 100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Monument to Sunken Ships in the Sevastopol bay and a fragment of a painting by Ivan Aivazovsky Swallow 's Nest castle and a green stripe containing a QR - code linking to the Bank of Russia webpage containing historical information relating to the commemorative banknote . `` Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great '' 2015 23 December 2015 In 2013 a special banknote in honour of the Olympic Games in Sochi was issued . The banknote is printed on high - quality white cotton paper . A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake . The highlight watermark is visible in the upper part of the banknote . Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote . The front of the note features a snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster . The back of the note features the Fisht Olympic stadium in Sochi . The predominant colour of the note is blue . In December 2015 , another commemorative 100 - ruble banknote was issued to celebrate the `` reunification of Crimea and Russia '' . The banknote is printed on light - yellow - coloured cotton paper . One side of the note is devoted to Sevastopol , the other one -- to Crimea . А wide security thread is embedded into the paper . It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure - shaped window . A multitone combined watermark is located on the unprinted area in the upper part of the banknote . Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote . The Sevastopol side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol bay and a fragment of the painting `` Russian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol '' by Ivan Aivazovsky . The Crimea side of the note features the Swallow 's Nest , a decorative castle and local landmark . In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR - code containing a link to the Bank of Russia 's webpage , which lists historical information related to the banknote . The predominant colour of the note is olive green . Economics ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( US $ ) 87.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 31.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The use of other currencies for transactions between Russian residents is punishable , with a few exceptions , with a fine of 75 % to 100 % of the value of the transaction . International trade ( edit ) On 23 November 2010 , at a meeting of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao , it was announced that Russia and China had decided to use their own national currencies for bilateral trade , instead of the US dollar . The move is aimed to further improve relations between Beijing and Moscow and to protect their domestic economies during the Great Recession . The trading of the Chinese yuan against the ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market , while the yuan 's trading against the ruble was set to start on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010 . In January 2014 , President Putin said there should be a sound balance on the ruble exchange rate ; that the Central Bank only regulated the national currency exchange rate when it went beyond the upper or lower limits of the floating exchange rate ; and that the freer the Russian national currency is , the better it is , adding that this would make the economy react more effectively and timely to processes taking place in it . Exchange rates ( edit ) Russian ruble per US dollar between 2014 - 2017 The financial crisis in Russia in 2014 -- 2016 was the result of the collapse of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014 . A decline in confidence in the Russian economy caused investors to sell off their Russian assets , which led to a decline in the value of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis . The lack of confidence in the Russian economy stemmed from at least two major sources . The first is the fall in the price of oil in 2014 . Crude oil , a major export of Russia , declined in price by nearly 50 % between its yearly high in June 2014 and 16 December 2014 . The second was the result of international economic sanctions imposed on Russia following Russia 's annexation of Crimea and the Russian military intervention in Ukraine . The crisis affected the Russian economy , both consumers and companies , and regional financial markets , as well as Putin 's ambitions regarding the Eurasian Economic Union . The Russian stock market in particular experienced large declines , with a 30 % drop in the RTS Index from the beginning of December through 16 December 2014 . From July 2014 to February 2015 the ruble fell dramatically against the U.S. dollar . A 6.5 percentage point interest rate rise to 17 percent failed to prevent the currency hitting record lows in a `` perfect storm '' of low oil prices , looming recession and Western sanctions over the Ukraine crisis . Russian rubles per USD 1998 -- 2017 ( hide ) Year Lowest ↓ Highest ↑ Average Date Rate Date Rate Rate 1998 1 January 5.9600 29 December 20.9900 9.7945 1999 1 January 20.6500 29 December 27.0000 24.6489 2000 6 January 26.9000 23 February 28.8700 28.1287 2001 4 January 28.1600 18 December 30.3000 29.1753 2002 1 January 30.1372 7 December 31.8600 31.3608 2003 20 December 29.2450 9 January 31.8846 30.6719 30 December 27.7487 1 January 29.4545 28.8080 2005 18 March 27.4611 6 December 28.9978 27.1910 2006 6 December 26.1840 12 January 28.4834 27.1355 2007 24 November 24.2649 13 January 26.5770 25.5808 2008 16 July 23.1255 31 December 29.3804 24.8529 2009 13 November 28.6701 19 February 36.4267 31.7403 16 April 28.9310 8 June 31.7798 30.3679 2011 6 May 27.2625 5 October 32.6799 29.3823 2012 28 March 28.9468 5 June 34.0395 31.0661 2013 5 February 29.9251 5 September 33.4656 31.9063 2014 1 January 32.6587 18 December 67.7851 38.6025 2015 17 April 49.6749 31 December 72.8827 61.3400 2016 30 December 60.2730 22 January 83.5913 66.8336 2017 26 April 55.8453 4 August 60.7503 58.2982 2018 28 February 55.6717 12 April 64.0626 Source : USD exchange rates in RUB , Bank of Russia Exchange rates ( edit ) Current RUB exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR Trivia ( edit ) In the countries of the former USSR there is an interesting tradition associated with the colour of money . Denominations of 10 almost always have a red tinge , and are called `` chervonets '' ( rus . червонец ) , which comes from the old Russian word `` chervony '' ( rus . червоный ) meaning `` red '' . In the Russian Empire , the high - grade gold from which the coins were made was called `` red gold . '' Then the corresponding denominations worth 10 rubles began to be issued with a red tinge that were subject to exchange for gold . In the USSR ( which included almost all the regions of the former Russian Empire ) in the early 1920s , banknotes of one chervonets were also issued , which were provided with gold . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The history of Russian ruble and kopeck at the law-theory.ru ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Рубль : одно название за 700 лет и еще 21 факт Jump up ^ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О ПОРЯДКЕ ОБМЕНА ДЕНЕЖНОЙ НАЛИЧНОСТИ - ФИЗИЧЕСКИМ ЛИЦАМ В СООТВЕТСТВИИ С УКАЗОМ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА - РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ОТ 4 АВГУСТА 1997 ГОДА N 822 `` ОБ - ИЗМЕНЕНИИ НАРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЙ СТОИМОСТИ РОССИЙСКИХ - ДЕНЕЖНЫХ ЗНАКОВ И МАСШТАБА ЦЕН '' Jump up ^ `` Банк России заменит на монетах свою эмблему на герб России '' . Zavtra ( in Russian ) . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mit alten Rubelmünzen Automaten am Zürcher HB geplündert '' ( in German ) . Swissinfo. 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Russia to redenominate ruble . '' Jill Dougherty . CNN , 4 August 1997 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) `` Why Russians and the World Dislike the Ruble . '' Martin Gilman . The Moscow Times , 21 Nov. 2012 Jump up ^ Забытый знак российского рубля ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti . Retrieved 6 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` В поисках утраченного рубля '' . 2000 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Currencies of the World '' . The University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Valeria Korchagina ( 15 June 2006 ) . `` ' R ' for Ruble Is Symbol of Pride '' . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Finn ( 28 June 2006 ) . `` Russians Bet Ruble Will Rise To Status of Dollar , Euro , Yen '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` О знаке рубля '' . 1 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Знак рубля . Попытка анализа '' . Imadesign.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Знак рубля '' . Fonts.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Экономика : Деньги : Банк России утвердил символ рубля '' . Lenta.ru. 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 - 12 - 11 , Russian ruble gets graphic symbol , RT.com Jump up ^ The UTC just accepted the Russian ruble currency symbol Jump up ^ Proposal to add the currency sign for the Russian Ruble to the UCS ( PDF ) , 11 February 2014 , retrieved 16 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` UTC 138 Draft Minutes '' . The Unicode Consortium. 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Announcing The Unicode Standard , Version 7.0 '' . The Unicode Consortium. 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows '' . Microsoft . August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins , Bank of Russia '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Монеты , Банк России '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Монеты , Банк России '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Монеты , Банк России '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Монеты , Банк России '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` News article about new 10 - ruble coins being issued '' . Altapress.Ru. 22 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ЦБ возвращает в оборот 10 - рублевые банкноты '' . Rbc.Ru. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commemorative and Investment Coins database , Bank of Russia '' . Cbr.ru. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia to issue 200 - and 2,000 - ruble banknotes '' . 2016 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Голосуем за дизайн новых банкнот 200 и 2000 рублей '' . www.tvoya-rossiya.ru . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` New 200 and 2000 ruble banknotes get their symbols '' . 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Banknotes and Coins '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The 500 - ruble Bank of Russia note Jump up ^ `` Banknotes and Coins '' . Cbr.ru . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` На 100 - рублевой купюре в Госдуме разглядели `` порнографию '' `` . Izvestia. 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Baczynska , Gabriela ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` No more naked Apollos on Russian banknotes , lawmaker says '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Russia 's 100 - Ruble Banknote With Naked Apollo Image Is Pornographic , Politician Argues '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Refuses To Circulate New Russian Banknotes Depicting Crimea '' . Malaysian Digest . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` NBU Forbids Banks to Perform Transactions with Russian Banknotes and Coins Depicting Any Objects Located in the Occupied Territories of Ukraine '' . bank.gov.ua . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Banknotes and Coins '' . Cbr.ru . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://normativ.kontur.ru/document?moduleId=1&documentId=206129#h418 Jump up ^ `` China , Russia quit dollar '' China Daily , November 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ Chinese minister says China - Russia economic , trade co-op at new starting point Xinhua News , November 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Putin hopes Central Bank and government find balance in ruble exchange rate dynamics '' . ITAR - TASS. 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kitroeff , Natalie ; Weisenthal , Joe ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Here 's Why the Russian Ruble Is Collapsing '' . Businessweek . Bloomberg . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hille , Kathrin ( 25 December 2014 ) . `` Moscow says rouble crisis is over '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gessen , Masha ( 27 December 2014 ) . `` The News in Moscow '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartley , Jon ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Online Prices Indicate Russian Inflation Spike After Ruble Decline '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Metreveli , Irakli ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` Ex-Soviet republics hit by Russian economic crisis '' . The China Post . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Tsvetkova , Maria ; Anin , Roman ( 2 January 2015 ) . `` ' We are hardly surviving ' : As oil and the ruble drop , ordinary Russians face growing list of problems '' . The Financial Post . Reuters . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ; Katz , Ian ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` U.S. Wo n't Ease Sanctions to Stem Russia 's Economic Crisis '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Ruble Meltdown in Full Force '' . PrimePair.com. 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WRAPUP 2 - Rouble crisis could shake Putin 's grip on power '' . Reuters. 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ USD exchange rates in RUB , Bank of Russia Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . Jump up ^ Abkhazian : амааҭ ; Bashkir : һум ; Chuvash : тенкĕ ; Komi : шайт ; Lak : къуруш ; Mari : теҥге ; Ossetian : сом ; Tatar : сум ; Udmurt : манет ; Sakha : солкуобай Jump up ^ Tatar : тиен ; Bashkir : тин ; Chuvash : пус ; Ossetian : капекк ; Udmurt : коны ; Mari : ыр ; Sakha : харчы Jump up ^ Donetsk and Luhansk are recognized by the partially recognized South Ossetia , though lack recognition from members of the United Nations . ( Reference : Donetsk People 's Republic # Recognition ) Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of Russia . Goznak official site Russian Ruble ( Catalog of banknotes ) Foreign Currency Market Bank of Russia Russian Currency Exchange Rate History LIVE Russian Ruble eXchange Rates : RUB History of the Russian paper money Russian Banknotes from 1898 to 1917 Images of historic and modern Russian bank notes All of Russian coins Монеты России и СССР Coins of Russia at CISCoins.net Historical and current banknotes of Russia and the Soviet Union ( in English ) ( in German ) Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal Economy of Russia History Soviet Union Privatization Financial crises 1998 2014 -- 2017 Monetary reforms in Russia ( 1991 1993 1998 ) National Priority Projects Stabilization Fund Great Recession in Russia Medvedev modernisation programme Natural resources Agriculture Energy Coal Electricity Geothermal power Natural gas Nuclear power Oil reserves Renewable energy Fishery Timber Hunting Mining Industry Engineering Aircraft Automotive Defence Rolling stock manufacturers Shipbuilding Space industry Tractor , timber and agricultural machinery Food industry Petroleum industry Pharmaceutical industry Chemical industry Metallurgy Pipe Industry Science and technology Infrastructure Telecommunications Transport Rail Vehicle registration plates Services Gambling Grocery retailing Information technology Tourism Finance Russian ruble Account Chamber Banking ( Banks Central Bank of Russia ) Federal budget Moscow Exchange National Pension Fund Social Insurance Fund Tax Code Billionaires Regional economies Natural resources of Primorsky Krai Federal subjects by GRP Federal subjects by GDP per capita Federal subjects by HDI Federal subjects by unemployment rate Economic regions Central Ural North Caucasus Volga West Siberian East Siberian Volga - Vyatka Northwestern Central Black Earth Far Eastern Northern Other Companies Exports Trade unions Russian oligarch Category Commons Currencies of post-Soviet states In circulation Abkhazian apsar ( unrecognized ) Armenian dram Artsakh dram ( unrecognized ) Azerbaijani manat Belarusian ruble Euro ( Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ) Georgian lari Kazakhstani tenge Kyrgyzstani som Moldovan leu Russian ruble ( Russia , Abkhazia ( unrecognized ) and South Ossetia ( unrecognized ) ) Tajikistani somoni Transnistrian ruble ( unrecognized ) Turkmenistan manat Ukrainian hryvnia Uzbekistani soʻm Obsolete Chechen naxar ( unrecognized ) Estonian kroon Georgian kupon lari Latvian rublis Latvian lats Lithuanian litas Lithuanian talonas Moldovan cupon Soviet ruble Tajikistani ruble Ukrainian karbovanets Currencies of Europe European Union British pound sterling Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Danish krone Euro Gibraltar pound Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona Eastern Armenian dram Azerbaijani manat Belarusian ruble Georgian lari Moldovan leu Kazakhstani tenge Russian ruble Transnistrian ruble ( unrecognised ) Ukrainian hryvnia Southern Albanian lek Bosnian convertible mark Macedonian denar Maltese scudo ( unrecognised ) Serbian dinar Turkish lira Western Faroese króna Guernsey pound Icelandic króna Jersey pound Manx pound Norwegian krone Swiss franc Currencies of Asia Central Kazakhstani tenge Kyrgyzstani som Tajikistani somoni Turkmenistan manat Uzbekistani soʻm East Chinese yuan Hong Kong dollar Japanese yen North Korean won South Korean won Macanese pataca Mongolian tögrög New Taiwan dollar North Russian ruble South Afghan afghani Bangladeshi taka Bhutanese ngultrum Indian rupee Maldivian rufiyaa Nepalese rupee Pakistani rupee Sri Lankan rupee Pound sterling British Indian Ocean Territory U.S. dollar British Indian Ocean Territory Southeast Brunei dollar Burmese kyat Cambodian riel East Timorese centavo Indonesian rupiah Lao kip Malaysian ringgit Philippine peso ( piso ) Singapore dollar Thai baht U.S. dollar East Timor Vietnamese đồng West Abkhazian apsar Armenian dram Artsakh dram Azerbaijani manat Bahraini dinar Egyptian pound Gaza Strip Euro Cyprus Georgian lari Iranian rial Iraqi dinar Israeli new shekel Jordanian dinar Kuwaiti dinar Lebanese pound Omani rial Russian ruble ( Abkhazia and South Ossetia ) Qatari riyal Saudi riyal Syrian pound Turkish lira UAE dirham Yemeni rial Currencies named ruble or similar Circulating Belarusian ruble Russian ruble Transnistrian ruble Obsolete Armenian ruble Azerbaijani ruble Bukharan ruble Don ruble Far Eastern ruble German ostruble Georgian ruble Khakassia ruble Kuban ruble Latvian rublis Harbin ruble Odessa ruble Northern Oblast ruble Northwestern Army ruble Siberian ruble Soviet ruble South Russian ruble Tajikistani ruble Tsaritsyn ruble Transcaucasian ruble GND : 4178574 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_ruble&oldid=843305239 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Currencies of Europe Circulating currencies Currencies of Asia Economy of Russia Economic history of Russia Currencies of Russia Currencies of Ukraine Hidden categories : Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) Articles containing Abkhazian - language text Articles containing Bashkir - language text Articles containing Chuvash - language text Articles containing Komi - language text Articles containing Ossetian - language text Articles containing Tatar - language text Articles containing Udmurt - language text Articles containing Sakha - language text Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with German - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of money do they use in russia	[ "The Russian ruble or rouble (Russian: рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks (sometimes written as kopecks or copecks; Russian: копе́йка kopeyka, plural: копе́йки kopeyki).", "The Russian ruble or rouble (Russian: рубль rublʹ, plural: рубли́ rubli; sign: ₽, руб; code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation, the two partially recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and the two unrecognized republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopeks (sometimes written as kopecks or copecks; Russian: копе́йка kopeyka, plural: копе́йки kopeyki)." ]	[ "ruble", "kopeks" ]
-892315029227163699	Linda Cardellini	Linda Cardellini - wikipedia Linda Cardellini Jump to : navigation , search Linda Cardellini Cardellini at the 2011 Deauville American Film Festival Linda Edna Cardellini ( 1975 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Redwood City , California , United States Education Loyola Marymount University Occupation Actress Years active 1994 -- present Partner ( s ) Steven Rodriguez ( 2009 -- present ; engaged since 2013 ) Children Linda Edna Cardellini / kɑːrdɛlɪni / kar - DEL - i - NEE ( born June 25 , 1975 ) is an American actress . She is known for her roles as Lindsay Weir on Freaks and Geeks , Samantha Taggart on ER , Velma Dinkley in the live - action Scooby - Doo feature films , Sylvia Rosen , a neighbor of Don Draper 's on the AMC drama series Mad Men , Meg Rayburn on the Netflix original series Bloodline , Cassie in Brokeback Mountain , and Laura Barton in Avengers : Age of Ultron . She is also known for voicing roles in animated projects such as CJ in Regular Show , Marcy `` Hot Dog Water '' Fleach in Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated , Wendy Corduroy in Gravity Falls , and Megan in Sanjay and Craig . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Cardellini was born in Redwood City , California , the daughter of Lorraine ( née Hernan ) , a homemaker , and Wayne David Cardellini , a businessman . She is the youngest of four children . Cardellini was raised Catholic . She made her first public appearance at age 10 , when she sang in a school play . Subsequently , she acted in several school productions and started attending drama lessons . She graduated from nearby Mountain View 's Catholic St. Francis High School in 1993 , then moved to Los Angeles to seek roles in television and film . Cardellini was a contestant in a 1994 episode of The Price Is Right , winning a fireplace . Career ( edit ) Cardellini received her first big break role in 1996 when she landed a starring role as Sarah on ABC 's Saturday morning live - action children 's series , Bone Chillers . Following this , she made guest appearances on prime - time programs such as Step by Step , Clueless , 3rd Rock from the Sun , and Boy Meets World as Lauren , a girl that came between the show 's star couple . Cardellini co-starred in the AMC mini-series The Lot in 1999 , and spent the summer in Europe as part of a touring production of Lancelot , a fourteenth - century Dutch tragedy . Cardellini as part of `` Dr. God '' , 2010 Cardellini had her first major success when she landed one of the starring roles in the NBC series Freaks and Geeks , which debuted during the 1999 -- 2000 season . As Lindsay Weir , an honor student in the midst of an identity crisis , Cardellini earned positive response that subsequently catapulted her to fame . Cardellini starred in the live - action adaptation of Scooby - Doo in 2002 , in which she played the cartoon character Velma Dinkley . She later reprised the role of Velma in 2004 's Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . She joined the cast of the hospital drama ER in 2003 as Samantha Taggart , a free - spirited nurse . Cardellini acted for six seasons on ER , until the series finale , `` And in the End ... '' , and with the cast won the TV Land ensemble Icon Award in 2009 . Her other film work includes roles in Dead Man on Campus , Strangeland , Good Burger , Legally Blonde , Brokeback Mountain ( for which she was nominated for the ensemble Gotham and Screen Actors Guild awards ) , and a starring role in the Happy Madison film Grandma 's Boy as Samantha . She was the voice of Ursula in the role - playing video game , Gladius , and played the voice of Bliss Goode on the ABC animated series The Goode Family . In 2007 , Cardellini was chosen to play lovelorn Clara in the CBS miniseries Comanche Moon , a prequel to 1989 's Lonesome Dove . In 2010 and 2011 , Cardellini returned to the stage with the Dr. God comedy group in Los Angeles and San Francisco , appeared in Kill the Irishman and Super , and starred in the independent film Return . She appeared with cast members and producers of Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared at the Paley Center for Media PaleyFest on March 12 , 2011 . From June 15 , 2012 to February 15 , 2016 , she has been the voice of Wendy on the Disney Channel show Gravity Falls . Cardellini voice acts periodically on the podcast and live show The Thrilling Adventure Hour , on the Sparks Nevada : Marshal on Mars segments . In 2013 , she was chosen to play Sylvia Rosen , a love interest of Don Draper on Mad Men . For her performance on Mad Men , she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Starting in 2015 , she joined Kyle Chandler on a new Netflix series Bloodline from the creators of Damages . The show was cancelled in 2016 , and will end after its third season . Personal life ( edit ) Cardellini is a practicing Catholic . Cardellini attended Loyola Marymount University 's College of Communication and Fine Arts , graduating in 2000 with a degree in theatre arts . In 2007 , she was recognized as a `` Distinguished Alumnus '' by the university . She dated her Freaks and Geeks co-star Jason Segel for five years following the show 's cancellation . In October 2011 , Cardellini and her boyfriend Steven Rodriguez announced her pregnancy . Cardellini gave birth to their daughter Lilah - Rose in February 2012 . Cardellini and Rodriguez became engaged in June 2013 . Filmography ( edit ) Cardellini at the 2011 PaleyFest Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 Good Burger Heather 1998 Dead Man on Campus Kelly Strangeland Genevieve Gage 1999 Prince and the Surfer , The The Prince and the Surfer Melissa Legally Blonde Chutney Wyndham Unsaid , The The Unsaid Shelly Hunter 2002 Scooby - Doo Velma Dinkley Certainly Not a Fairytale Adelle / Writer Short film Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Velma Dinkley Jiminy Glick in Lalawood Natalie Coolidge LolliLove Linda 2005 Brokeback Mountain Cassie Cartwright American Gun Mary Ann Wilk 2006 Grandma 's Boy Samantha 2008 Lazarus Project , The The Lazarus Project Julie Ingram Gleeclipse Coach Short film 2011 Kill the Irishman Joan Madigan Super Pet Store Employee All - Star Superman Nasthalthia ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD Return Kelli 2014 Welcome to Me Gina 2015 Avengers : Age of Ultron Laura Barton Daddy 's Home Sara Whitaker 2016 The Founder Joan Smith 2017 Austin Found Leanne Daddy 's Home 2 Sara Whitaker 2018 Hunter Killer Jane Norquist Post-production A Simple Favor Post-production The Children Post-production TBA Green Book Dolores Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Bone Chillers Sarah 13 episodes 1997 3rd Rock from the Sun Lorna Episode : `` Dickmalion '' 1997 Pacific Palisades Sara 2 episodes 1997 Clueless Oddrey Episode : `` Chick Fight Tonight '' 1997 Step by Step Cassie Evans Episode : `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' 1998 Promised Land Amber Episode : `` Chasin ' the Blues '' 1998 Kenan & Kel Becky Episode : `` Chicago Witch Trials '' 1998 -- 1999 Guys Like Us Jude 6 episodes 1998 -- 1999 Boy Meets World Lauren 4 episodes 1999 Dying to Live Leslie Dugger Television film 1999 The Lot June Parker 4 episodes 1999 -- 2000 Freaks and Geeks Lindsay Weir 18 episodes 2003 The Twilight Zone Ali Warner Episode : `` The Path '' 2003 -- 2009 ER Samantha Taggart 128 episodes 2005 -- 2012 Robot Chicken Velma Dinkley / Various voices 3 episodes 2007 Human Giant Melody Richards Episode : `` Mind Explosion '' 2008 Comanche Moon Clara Forsythe 3 episodes 2009 Cupid Masseuse Episode : `` My Fair Masseuse '' ( uncredited ) 2009 The Goode Family Bliss Goode ( voice ) 13 episodes 2011 Person of Interest Dr. Megan Tillman Episode : `` Cura Te Ipsum '' 2011 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Marcy ' Hot Dog Water ' Fleach / Various voices 8 episodes 2012 -- 2015 Regular Show C.J. ( voice ) 24 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Gravity Falls Wendy Corduroy ( voice ) 31 episodes 2013 Out There Sharla Lemoyne ( voice ) 5 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Mad Men Sylvia Rosen 9 episodes 2013 -- 2016 Sanjay and Craig Megan Sparkles / Various voices 38 episodes 2014 New Girl Abby Day 3 episodes 2015 -- 2017 Bloodline Meg Rayburn 33 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2002 `` Land of a Million Drums '' Outkast 2008 `` Sing Along '' Virginia Coalition Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2003 Gladius Ursula Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Velma Dinkley 2012 Lollipop Chainsaw Cordelia Starling Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2005 Gotham Awards Best Ensemble Cast Brokeback Mountain Nominated 2006 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Brokeback Mountain Nominated 2009 TV Land Awards Icon ER Won 2013 Independent Spirit Awards Best Female Lead Return Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Mad Men Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Knockout Nerd - Scooby - Doo , Linda Cardellini '' . People . July 1 , 2002 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Mad Men GQ + A : Linda Cardellini on Sylvia Rosen 's Extramarital Bombshell : The Q '' . GQ . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Petrozzello , Donna ( August 19 , 1999 ) . `` Young Actress Takes Shine To Playing A Movie Starlet '' . New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Linda Cardellini . AskMen.com . Jump up ^ `` Linda Cardellini Made Her First Television Appearance As A Contestant On ' The Price Is Right ' ( VIDEO ) '' . Jump up ^ MacIntyre , April ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` TV Land Awards gives Icon award to ' ER ' '' . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gotham Awards Nominations Announced Archived September 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... FilmMakerMagazine.com , October 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards and Nominees '' . Screen Actors Guild. 2006 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( August 17 , 2007 ) . `` Where are the ' Freaks and Geeks ' now ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Angels & Prophets : Linda Cardellini '' . drgodcomedy.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Performers 2011 Line Up : Linda Cardellini '' . SFSketchFest.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks / Undeclared Reunion '' . PaleyCenter.org . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Freaks and Geeks Still Rocks '' . IGN . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show and the Segments Within - Sparks Nevada , Marshal on Mars '' . The Thrilling Adventure Hour . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campos , Nicole ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Martians and Superheroes and Nazis , Oh My ! : ' Adventure Hour ' Thrills Sell - Out Largo Crowd '' . Public Spectacle art blog ( We Recommend ) . LA Weekly . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norbert Leo Butz Joins Netflix 's Drama Series From ' Damages ' Creators Todd A. Kessler , Glenn Kessler & Daniel Zelman '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura . `` ' Bloodline ' Ending After Season 3 on Netflix '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA Leaders , LMU Distinguished Alumni Reception 2007 '' Archived January 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Loyola Marymount University . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Alumni Awardees 1970 - present '' Archived January 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Loyola Marymount University . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This breakup really broke up Jason Segel '' . Los Angeles Times . April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Cardellini Expecting First Child -- Moms & Babies -- Moms & Babies - People.com '' . Celebritybabies.people.com . June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Cardellini Welcomes Daughter Lilah - Rose '' . People . March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Linda Cardellini Engaged : ' Freaks And Geeks ' Actress And Boyfriend Steven Rodriguez Set To Wed '' . The Huffington Post . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEARCHLAB / Shorts : Certainly Not A Fairy Tale '' . Fox Searchlight SearchLab . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) United States portal Biography portal Film portal Media related to Linda Cardellini at Wikimedia Commons Linda Cardellini on IMDb VIAF : 87572295 LCCN : nr2002000980 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 9311 GND : 138401705 BNF : cb145141094 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linda_Cardellini&oldid=828273572 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from California American film actresses American people of Italian descent Actresses of Italian descent American television actresses American video game actresses American voice actresses Loyola Marymount University alumni People from Redwood City , California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 16 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays velma in scooby doo the movie	[ "Linda Edna Cardellini /kɑːrdɛlɪni/ kar-DEL-i-NEE (born June 25, 1975) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Lindsay Weir on Freaks and Geeks, Samantha Taggart on ER, Velma Dinkley in the live-action Scooby-Doo feature films, Sylvia Rosen, a neighbor of Don Draper's on the AMC drama series Mad Men, Meg Rayburn on the Netflix original series Bloodline, Cassie in Brokeback Mountain, and Laura Barton in Avengers: Age of Ultron. She is also known for voicing roles in animated projects such as CJ in Regular Show, Marcy \"Hot Dog Water\" Fleach in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, Wendy Corduroy in Gravity Falls, and Megan in Sanjay and Craig." ]	[ "Linda Edna Cardellini" ]
1073299479725145844	Rose Bowl (stadium)	Rose Bowl ( stadium ) - wikipedia Rose Bowl ( stadium ) Jump to : navigation , search For the cricket stadium , see Rose Bowl ( cricket ground ) . For other uses , see Rose Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Rose Bowl Stadium America 's Stadium Main South entrance in 2008 Rose Bowl Stadium Location within Los Angeles County Address 1001 Rose Bowl Drive Location Pasadena , California , U.S. Coordinates 34 ° 09 ′ 40 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 05 '' W / 34.161 ° N 118.168 ° W / 34.161 ; - 118.168 Coordinates : 34 ° 09 ′ 40 '' N 118 ° 10 ′ 05 '' W / 34.161 ° N 118.168 ° W / 34.161 ; - 118.168 Public transit Memorial Park Del Mar ( Via ARTS Bus Line ) Owner City of Pasadena Operator Rose Bowl Operating Company Capacity all seated 106,869 Record attendance 106,869 ( 1973 Rose Bowl ) Surface Grass Construction Broke ground 1922 Opened October 28 , 1922 first Rose Bowl game = January 1 , 1923 Construction cost $ 272,198 ( $3.98 million in 2017 ) Architect Myron Hunt Tenants Rose Bowl Game ( NCAA ) ( 1923 -- present ) Caltech Beavers ( NCAA ) ( 1923 -- 1976 , some games ) Pasadena HS Bulldogs ( 1923 -- present , some games ) John Muir HS Mustangs ( 1954 -- present , some games ) CSULA Diablos ( 1957 -- 1960 , 1963 -- 1969 ) Los Angeles Wolves ( NASL ) ( 1968 ) Pasadena Bowl ( 1946 -- 1966 , 1969 -- 1971 ) Los Angeles Aztecs ( NASL ) ( 1978 -- 1979 ) UCLA Bruins ( NCAA ) ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles Galaxy ( MLS ) ( 1996 -- 2002 ) The Rose Bowl U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark Rose Bowl , panorama during UCLA - Arizona football game NRHP reference # 87000755 Significant dates Added to NRHP February 27 , 1987 Designated NHL February 27 , 1987 The Rose Bowl is a United States outdoor athletic stadium , located in Pasadena , California , a northeast suburb of Los Angeles . Opened 96 years ago in 1922 , the stadium is recognized as a National Historic Landmark and a California Historic Civil Engineering landmark . At a modern capacity of an all - seated configuration at 90,888 ( making it one of the rare stadiums in college football to have such a seating arrangement ; many such stadiums have bench - style seating ) the Rose Bowl is the 17th - largest stadium in the world , the 11th - largest stadium in the United States , and the 11th largest NCAA stadium . One of the most famous stadiums in sporting history , the Rose Bowl is best known as a college football venue , specifically as the host of the annual Rose Bowl Game for which it is named . Since 1982 , it has also served as the home stadium of the UCLA Bruins football team . The stadium has also hosted five Super Bowl games , second most of any venue . The Rose Bowl is also a noted soccer venue , having hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final , 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final , and the 1984 Olympic Gold Medal Match , as well as numerous CONCACAF and United States Soccer Federation matches . The stadium and adjacent Brookside Golf and Country Club are owned by the city of Pasadena and managed by the Rose Bowl Operating Company , a non-profit organization whose board is selected by council members of the city of Pasadena . UCLA and the Pasadena Tournament of Roses also have one member on the company board . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and construction 1.2 Dedication , October 1922 1.3 Seating 1.4 Stadium renovations 1.5 Court of Champions 1.6 Terry Donahue Pavilion 1.7 Sports Illustrated venue rankings 2 Football at the Rose Bowl 2.1 Rose Bowl Game 2.2 BCS National Championship 2.3 College Football Playoff semifinals 2.4 UCLA Bruins football home stadium 2.5 Caltech Beavers football home stadium 2.6 Junior Rose Bowl 2.7 1983 Army - Navy game 2.8 Super Bowls 3 Soccer at the Rose Bowl 3.1 Major global soccer tournaments 3.2 1994 FIFA World Cup matches 4 Other events and usage 4.1 Pasadena events 4.2 1932 Summer Olympics 4.3 Concerts 4.4 Other events 5 Present status 5.1 NFL 6 Seating and attendance records 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Design and construction ( edit ) Construction in 1921 ; note the original horseshoe shape The game now known as the Rose Bowl Game was played at Tournament Park though January 1922 , about three miles ( 5 km ) southeast , adjacent to the campus of the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . The Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association , the game 's organizer , realized the temporary stands were inadequate for a crowd of more than 40,000 , and sought to build a better , permanent stadium . The stadium was designed by architect Myron Hunt in 1921 . His design was influenced by the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut , which opened in 1914 . The Arroyo Seco was selected as the location for the stadium . The Rose Bowl was under construction from Feb. 27 , 1922 to October 1922 . The nearby Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum also was under construction during this time and would be completed in May 1923 shortly before the Rose Bowl was completed . Originally built as a horseshoe , the stadium was expanded several times . The southern stands were completed in 1928 , enclosing the stadium into a complete bowl . The field 's alignment is nearly north - south , offset slightly northwest , and the elevation at street level is approximately 830 feet ( 255 m ) above sea level . The stadium 's name was alternatively `` Tournament of Roses Stadium '' or `` Tournament of Roses Bowl '' , until being settled as `` Rose Bowl '' before the 1923 Rose Bowl game , in reference to the unusually named ( at the time ) Yale Bowl . The stadium is extremely difficult to access due to the traffic caused by single - lane residential street access . It has no dedicated parking lot for visitors and parking issues have routinely caused visitors to spend two to three hours completing the last mile to the stadium on game days . In 2016 , Rose Bowl contracted ParkJockey to streamline parking in and around the stadium . There are also shuttles to help visitors get to the stadium and mobile lights powered by generators to provide visibility for people walking on the golf course at night . Dedication , October 1922 ( edit ) The first game was a regular season contest in 1922 , when California defeated USC 12 -- 0 on October 28 . This was the only loss for USC and Cal finished the season undefeated . California declined the invitation to the 1923 Rose Bowl game and USC went instead . The stadium was dedicated officially on January 1 , 1923 , when USC defeated Penn State 14 -- 3 . Seating ( edit ) The stadium seating has been reconfigured several times since its construction in 1922 . The South end was filled in to complete the bowl and more seats have been added . The original wooden benches were replaced by aluminum benches in 1969 . All new grandstand and loge seats had been installed since 1971 . New red seat backs had been added on 22,000 seats prior to the 1980 Rose Bowl . A Rose Bowl improvement was conducted because of UCLA 's 1982 move and the 1984 Summer Olympics . This resulted in new seat backs for 50,000 seats . For many years , the Rose Bowl had the largest football stadium capacity in the United States , eventually being surpassed by Michigan Stadium ( 107,601 ) . The Rose Bowl 's maximum stated seating capacity was 104,091 from 1972 to 1997 . Some of the seats closest to the field were never used during this time for UCLA regular season games , and were covered by tarps . Official capacity was lowered following the 1998 Rose Bowl . Slightly different figures are given for the current capacity , for the lower level seats behind the team benches are not used for some events since the spectators can not see through the standing players or others on the field . UCLA reports the capacity at 91,136 . The Tournament of Roses reports the capacity at 92,542 . The 2006 Rose Bowl game , which was also the BCS championship game , had a crowd of 93,986 . In the 2011 contest between TCU and Wisconsin , the listed attendance is 94,118 . As of 2008 , the Rose Bowl is the 11th largest football stadium , and is still the largest stadium that hosts post-season bowl games . For concerts held there , the Rose Bowl holds almost 60,000 people . The stadium 's 2014 remodeling removed the lower `` lettered row '' seats on each side behind the players ' benches and provide access in and out of the stadium for the lower sections of the Rose Bowl , restoring its original design . Stadium renovations ( edit ) UCLA - USC football game at the Rose Bowl ; the 2008 edition marked a return to the tradition of both teams wearing home jerseys The press box was updated before the 1962 Rose Bowl with an elevator and two rows . The cost was $356,000 . The Press Box was refurbished for UCLA 's move in 1982 and the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 2011 and 2012 , the press box was undergoing renovation as part of the larger renovation originally budgeted at $152 million in 2010 . Costs had increased to $170 million during construction . Work proceeded during the 2011 football season , and was expected to be completed before the UCLA Bruins ' first home game in 2012 . Some unforeseen problems had been encountered due to the stadium 's age and some renovations done in the early 1990s . Most of the planned renovations were completed in 2013 . Because of the increased construction cost , items deferred for the future are additional new restrooms , the historic field hedge , new entry gate structures , and additional new concession stands . The stadium has started `` The Brick Campaign '' to help pay for some of the cost of the renovations . The Brick Campaign , completed in 2014 , features a large logo of the Pasadena Tournament of Roses and the donor bricks arranged by universities in front of the south main entrance to the stadium . A large 30 feet tall by 77 feet wide LED video display board was added to the north end of the stadium as a part of the renovation . Court of Champions ( edit ) The Court of Champions is at the stadium 's south end . Rose Bowl game records along with the names of the coaches and the MVP players , are shown on the plaques attached to the exterior wall . The Hall of Fame statue is also at the Court of Champions . The 2014 renovation allows more plaques to be placed on the wall and floor for future games . Terry Donahue Pavilion ( edit ) The seven - story Terry Donahue Pavilion is named for the former UCLA football head coach , who is the most successful coach in UCLA and Pac - 12 history . It houses the press boxes , broadcast booths , premium seating , boxes and suites . The radio and TV booths will be renamed `` The Keith Jackson Broadcast Center '' in December 2015 . Jackson , the former ABC - TV sportscaster , coined the phrase `` The Granddaddy of Them All '' for the Rose Bowl game . '' Sports Illustrated venue rankings ( edit ) In 1999 , Sports Illustrated listed the Rose Bowl at number 20 in the Top 20 Venues of the 20th Century . In 2007 , Sports Illustrated named the Rose Bowl the number one venue in college sports . Football at the Rose Bowl ( edit ) Rose Bowl game ( edit ) Main article : Rose Bowl Game The Rose Bowl stadium is best known in the U.S. for its hosting of the Rose Bowl , a postseason college football game . The game is played after the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year 's Day , or , if January 1 is a Sunday , on the following Monday January 2 . The stadium 's name has given rise to the term `` bowl game '' for postseason football games , regardless of whether they are played in a bowl - shaped or `` Bowl '' - named stadium . The Rose Bowl Game is commonly referred to as `` The Granddaddy of Them All '' because of its stature as the oldest of all the bowl games . Since its opening , the Rose Bowl stadium has hosted the bowl game every year except the 1942 Rose Bowl , when the game was moved to Durham , North Carolina , at the campus of Duke University . Duke , which played in the game on January 1 , volunteered to host the contest because of security concerns on the West Coast in the weeks following the attack on Pearl Harbor . Since 1945 , the Rose Bowl has been the highest attended college football bowl game . BCS National Championship ( edit ) Texas and Alabama in January 2010 Main article : BCS National Championship Game Florida State and Auburn in January 2014 Starting with the 1998 season , the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . The 2002 and 2006 games also were the BCS Championship games , matching the # 1 and # 2 BCS teams in the nation . The 2010 BCS National Championship Game was played six days after the Rose Bowl game as a completely separate event from the Tournament of Roses , though it managed the event . The stadium hosted the 2014 BCS National Championship Game , the final game before the BCS was replaced by the current College Football Playoff , when it celebrated its 100th anniversary of the Rose Bowl game . Season Game Date Visiting team Points Home team Points Spectators 2001 2002 January 3 Nebraska 14 Miami 37 93,781 2005 2006 January 4 Texas 41 USC * 38 93,986 2009 January 7 Texas 21 Alabama 37 94,906 2013 2014 January 6 Auburn 31 Florida State 34 94,208 Note : * USC later vacated all wins during the season . Though the Rose Bowl is eligible to bid on hosting the College Football Playoff Championship Game in years it is not hosting a semifinal , it has no plans to do so . College football Playoff semifinals ( edit ) Main article : College Football Championship Game The Rose Bowl Game is one of the six primary bowls of the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , which replaced the BCS effective with the 2014 season . Every three years , the Rose Bowl will match two of the top four teams selected by the system 's selection committee to compete for a spot at the national championship game . The first CFP semifinal game at the Rose Bowl was the 2015 Rose Bowl , whose winner advanced to the championship game on January 12 at AT&T Stadium in Texas . Season Rose Bowl Date Visiting team Points Home team Points Spectators 2014 2015 January 1 # 3 Florida State 20 # 2 Oregon 59 91,322 2017 2018 January 1 # 3 Georgia 54 # 2 Oklahoma 48 92,844 UCLA Bruins football home stadium ( edit ) Main article : UCLA Bruins football Previous edition of Rose Bowl records at Hall of Champions The Rose Bowl stadium has been the home football field for UCLA since 1982 . The UCLA Bruins had played their home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum since 1928 . There was an attempt to build a 44,000 seat stadium on campus , at the site where Drake Stadium eventually was built . However , the proposal was blocked by influential area residents , as well as other politicians . At the start of the 1982 NFL season , with the Oakland Raiders scheduled to move in , UCLA decided to relocate its home games to the Rose Bowl Stadium . The Bruins went on to play two straight Rose Bowl games in their new home stadium , the 1983 Rose Bowl and the 1984 Rose Bowl . UCLA has participated in five Rose Bowl games since moving to the stadium . The stadium is the host of the UCLA -- USC rivalry football game on even numbered years , alternating with the Coliseum . In the first rivalry game at the stadium between UCLA and USC in 1982 , USC fans sat on the west side of the stadium and UCLA fans sat on the east side of the stadium , mirroring an arrangement that existed when the teams shared the Coliseum . Both teams also wore their home uniforms . In 1984 , USC fans were moved to the end zone seats , which ended the tradition of shared stadium . Because of the shared arrangement , and the participation of USC in a number of Rose Bowl games , both schools have winning records in each other 's home stadium . The Bruins travel 26 miles from campus to Pasadena to play home games , but only 14 miles to their biggest road game at USC every other year . Caltech beavers football home stadium ( edit ) Caltech , a university located in Pasadena , played most home games in the Rose Bowl from the time of its construction until the school dropped football in 1993 . Caltech jovially claimed to play before the greatest number of empty seats in the nation . Junior Rose Bowl ( edit ) The stadium hosted the Junior Rose Bowl from 1946 to 1971 and 1976 to 1977 . Between 1946 and 1966 and 1976 and 1977 , the game pitted the California Junior College football champions against the NJCAA football champions for the national championship . It was organized by the Pasadena Junior Chamber of Commerce . The Junior Rose Bowl became the Pasadena Bowl from 1967 to 1971 ; it was billed as the Junior Rose Bowl the first two years , but instead two teams from the NCAA College Division competed ( then later the University Division , usually featuring teams that were not invited to other major bowls ) . 1983 Army - Navy game ( edit ) The Rose Bowl stadium is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host an Army -- Navy Game ( 1983 ) . The city of Pasadena paid for the traveling expenses of the all students and supporters of both the U.S. Naval Academy and U.S. Military Academy . The attendance was 81,000 . The game was brought to the Rose Bowl as there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women , along with many retired military personnel , on the West Coast . Super bowls ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl The stadium has hosted the Super Bowl five times . The first was Super Bowl XI in January 1977 , when the Oakland Raiders beat the Minnesota Vikings 32 -- 14 . The game was also played there in 1980 ( XIV ) , 1983 ( XVII ) , 1987 ( XXI ) and 1993 ( XXVII ) . The Rose Bowl is one of two venues ( with Stanford Stadium ) to host a Super Bowl though having never served as the full - time home stadium for an NFL or AFL team ( Stanford Stadium hosted one San Francisco 49ers game after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake ) . Season Date Super Bowl Visiting team Points Home team Points Spectators 1976 January 9 , 1977 XI Oakland Raiders 32 Minnesota Vikings 14 103,438 1979 January 20 , 1980 XIV Los Angeles Rams 19 Pittsburgh Steelers 31 103,985 1982 January 30 , 1983 XVII Miami Dolphins 17 Washington Redskins 27 103,667 1986 January 25 , 1987 XXI Denver Broncos 20 New York Giants 39 101,063 1992 January 31 , 1993 XXVII Buffalo Bills 17 Dallas Cowboys 52 98,374 Because the NFL has a policy limiting the hosting of a Super Bowl to metropolitan areas with NFL teams , the Super Bowl has not been played at the Rose Bowl since the Rams and Raiders departed the Los Angeles area in 1995 . The most recent Super Bowl held in southern California was XXXVII in San Diego in January 2003 . The next L.A. - based Super Bowl ( LVI ) is scheduled for February 2022 at the Rams ' and Chargers ' new stadium in Inglewood ( the Rams returned to Los Angeles in 2016 , the Chargers the following year ) . Soccer at the Rose Bowl ( edit ) Main article : Soccer matches at the Rose Bowl Though best known as an American football stadium , the Rose Bowl is also one of the most decorated soccer ( association football ) venues in the world . The stadium hosted the prestigious 1994 FIFA World Cup Final ( an event watched by 700 million+ people worldwide ) , the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final , and the 1984 Olympic Gold Medal Match , making it the only venue in the world to host all 3 of international soccer 's major championship matches . The United States men 's national soccer team has played 17 games in the Rose Bowl , the fourth most of any venue . It has also hosted the 2002 and 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final , and the 1998 MLS Cup . In the past , it was also the home ground of two North American Soccer League clubs , the Los Angeles Wolves in 1968 and the Los Angeles Aztecs in 1978 and 1979 . From 1996 through 2002 , the stadium was the home ground of Major League Soccer club Los Angeles Galaxy , who still host occasional matches there . Major global soccer tournaments ( edit ) The Rose Bowl is one of two stadiums to have hosted the FIFA World Cup finals for both men and women . The Rose Bowl hosted the men 's final in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the women 's final in the 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup . ( The only other stadium with this honor is the Råsunda Stadium near Stockholm , Sweden , which hosted the men 's final in 1958 and the women 's final in 1995 . ) Both Rose Bowl finals were scoreless after extra time and decided on penalty shootouts ; Brazil defeating Italy in the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final , and the United States defeating China in the 1999 women 's final . The Rose Bowl also hosted group stage matches of the Copa América Centenario in 2016 . It also hosted several matches including the final of the 1984 Olympics men 's soccer tournament . On July 27 , 2016 , the Rose Bowl hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Chelsea and Liverpool . Chelsea won the match 1 - 0 . It has also regularly featured CONCACAF Gold Cup matches including two finals . The Rose Bowl will be one of the soccer venues used during the 2028 Summer Olympics . 1994 FIFA World Cup matches ( edit ) Date Time ( UTC - 8 ) Team # 1 Res . Team # 2 Round Attendance 1994 - 06 - 18 16 : 30 Colombia 1 - 3 Romania Group A 91,856 1994 - 06 - 19 16 : 30 Cameroon 1 - 3 Sweden Group B 93,194 1994 - 06 - 22 16 : 30 United States 2 - 1 Colombia Group A 93,469 1994 - 06 - 26 16 : 30 United States 0 - 1 Romania Group A 93,869 1994 - 07 - 03 13 : 30 Romania 3 -- 2 Argentina Round of 16 90,469 1994 - 07 - 13 16 : 30 Brazil 1 - 0 Sweden Semi-final 91,856 1994 - 07 - 16 12 : 30 Sweden 4 - 0 Bulgaria 3rd place match 91,500 1994 - 07 - 17 12 : 30 Brazil 0 - 0 ( 4 -- 3 on pen . ) Italy Final 94,194 Other events and usage ( edit ) Pasadena events ( edit ) 4th of July Fireworks over the Rose Bowl The Rose Bowl has hosted the Pasadena `` Americafest '' Independence Day celebration annually since 1927 . The annual fireworks show is considered one of the top fireworks shows in the nation . Another local event is the Rose Bowl Flea Market held the second Sunday of each month , on the stadium parking lots . Hosted by promoter R.G. Canning , it claims to be the largest Flea market on the West Coast . The stadium host the annual `` Turkey Tussle '' homecoming football game between John Muir High School and Pasadena High School , in early November . The Rose Bowl hosted its annual graduation ceremonies for Blair High School , John Muir High School and Pasadena High School until 1984 , before staging it at the individual schools until 1998 . Currently all three high schools along with John Marshall Fundamental School held their graduation ceremonies at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in early June . 1932 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 1932 Summer Olympics The Rose Bowl was the track cycling venue for the 1932 Summer Olympics . Concerts ( edit ) Date Performer ( s ) Opening act ( s ) Tour / Event Attendance Notes September 15 , 1968 Big Brother and the Holding Company June 6 , 1982 Performers ( show ) Gil Scott - Heron Jesse Colin Young Graham Nash Bonnie Raitt Donovan Timothy B. Schmit Don Felder Crosby , Stills & Nash Stephen Stills Taj Mahal Stevie Wonder Joan Baez Bob Dylan Dan Fogelberg Stevie Nicks Linda Ronstadt Nicolette Larson Bette Midler Jackson Browne Gary U.S. Bonds Tom Petty Peace Sunday : We Have a Dream July 2 , 1982 Journey Blue Öyster Cult Triumph Aldo Nova Escape Tour 83,214 August 1 , 1982 Performers ( show ) Stevie Wonder Aretha Franklin Quincy Jones Patti Austin James Ingram Ashford & Simpson Luther Vandross Maze with Frankie Beverly Third World June 18 , 1988 Depeche Mode Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Music for the Masses Tour 60,453 The concert was filmed and recorded for the group 's documentary - concert film and live album 101 . June 27 , 1992 The Cure Cranes Dinosaur Jr . Wish Tour 35,000 October 3 , 1992 Metallica & Guns N ' Roses Motörhead Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour 68,639 Comedian Andrew Dice Clay opened for Guns N ' Roses and introduced the band when they came onstage . January 31 , 1993 Michael Jackson Super Bowl XXVII halftime show July 31 , 1993 Juan Gabriel Becomes the first Latin American singer to perform at the Rose Bowl . April 16 , 1994 Pink Floyd The Division Bell Tour 129,060 April 17 , 1994 July 17 , 1994 Kenny G Whitney Houston 1994 FIFA World Cup closing ceremony October 19 , 1994 The Rolling Stones Red Hot Chili Peppers Buddy Guy Voodoo Lounge Tour 119,140 October 21 , 1994 January 21 , 1995 Eagles Sheryl Crow Hell Freezes Over Tour 60,000 June 27 , 1998 Lilith Fair 1998 Tour July 10 , 1999 Jennifer Lopez 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup closing ceremony July 17 , 1999 Lilith Fair 1999 Tour June 9 , 2000 ' N Sync P ! nk No Strings Attached Tour July 24 , 2001 Eden 's Crush Samantha Mumba PopOdyssey 62,196 June 15 , 2002 Various artists Wango Tango May 17 , 2003 May 15 , 2004 October 25 , 2009 U2 The Black Eyed Peas U2 360 ° Tour 97,014 The concert was streamed on the group 's official YouTube channel , and also filmed for the band 's concert film U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl . July 28 , 2013 Justin Timberlake Jay Z DJ Cassidy Legends of the Summer 63,162 August 2 , 2014 Beyoncé Jay Z On the Run Tour 96,994 August 3 , 2014 August 7 , 2014 Eminem Rihanna The Monster Tour 110,346 August 8 , 2014 September 11 , 2014 One Direction 5 Seconds of Summer Jamie Scott Where We Are Tour 165,170 During the performance on September 13 , the band performed a cover of `` Happy Birthday '' by Mildred J. Hill dedicated to Niall ; and also of `` I Gotta Feeling '' by The Black Eyed Peas , `` Beautiful Girls '' by Sean Kingston , `` Stand by Me '' by Ben E. King and `` Rock Your Body '' by Justin Timberlake , along with a snippet of `` I Want '' . September 12 , 2014 September 13 , 2014 July 25 , 2015 Kenny Chesney Jason Aldean Brantley Gilbert Cole Swindell Old Dominion The Big Revival Tour Burn It Down Tour 53,864 May 14 , 2016 Beyoncé DJ Khaled The Formation World Tour 55,736 Big Sean , Yo Gotti , Ne - Yo , Ty Dolla $ ign , Fat Joe , Remy Ma , Trey Songz , and Snoop Dogg joined DJ Khaled during the opening act . August 20 , 2016 Coldplay Bishop Briggs Alessia Cara Stargate A Head Full of Dreams Tour 120,062 The concert was streamed in China and the Philippines . August 21 , 2016 Bishop Briggs Alessia Cara May 20 , 2017 U2 The Lumineers The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 123,164 May 21 , 2017 July 29 , 2017 Metallica Avenged Sevenfold Gojira WorldWired Tour 60,509 September 16 , 2017 Green Day Catfish and the Bottlemen Revolution Radio Tour 36,912 October 6 , 2017 Coldplay Tove Lo Alina Baraz A Head Full of Dreams Tour 64,442 The proceeds from these shows went towards the relief efforts for the Central Mexico earthquake . May 18 , 2018 Taylor Swift TBA Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour TBA May 19 , 2018 August 18 , 2018 Ed Sheeran TBA ÷ Tour Other events ( edit ) The stadium was used for midget car racing in the 1940s . The stadium held its first country music festival in June 1981 , named A Day in the Country The event was produced by Richard Flanzer of AtlanticPacific Music . The stadium hosted the 2007 Drum Corps International World Championships August 7 through August 11 , 2007 . The Rose Bowl is the final stadium to host the championship before DCI moved their corporate offices to Indianapolis with the championships being held at Lucas Oil Stadium until at least 2018 . This was the first time the DCI championships have ever been held west of Denver , Colorado in the 45 - year history of DCI . It hosted auditions for the top American television show , American Idol , on August 8 , 2006 . The stadium has also been used as part of the music video shoot for the song `` The Last Song '' , the second single released by the American rock band The All - American Rejects , which features the band performing the song in the middle of the stadium to an empty crowd . The stadium 's Court of Champions was the site of a `` Roadblock '' from season 17 of the CBS reality TV show The Amazing Race where teams had to help decorate three sections of the theme float for the 2011 New Year 's Day Rose Parade . In November 1997 , the International Churches of Christ ( Los Angeles ) gathered at the Rose Bowl for their Worship Service , they had an attendance of 17,000 . Present status ( edit ) Large card stunt performed at the 2004 Rose Bowl Game viewed from the Southeast corner The Rose Bowl and adjacent golf course are managed by the Rose Bowl Operating Company , a non-profit organization whose board is selected by council members of the City of Pasadena . UCLA and the Pasadena Tournament of Roses also have one member on the company board . The Rose Bowl stadium itself runs on a yearly operational loss . While it generates funds with the annual lease with UCLA ( $1.5 million ) , the Tournament of Roses ( $900,000 ) , and a regularly hosted flea market ( $900,000 ) , it makes up the loss by relying on funds generated by the adjacent city - owned golf course ( $2 million ) . While the stadium is able to keep operating in this financial set - up , it is unable to finance many of the capital improvements it needs to be considered a modern facility , including new seats , wider aisles , additional exits , a wider concourse , a renovated press box , a state - of - the - art video scoreboard , new field lighting , additional suites and a club . The estimated cost for such improvements ranges from $250 million and $300 million . The stadium currently has long - term leases with its two major tenants , the Pasadena Tournament of Roses ( 2019 ) and UCLA ( 2023 ) . In 2006 , the Rose Bowl and the City of Pasadena launched a $16.3 million capital improvement program that will benefit both UCLA and the Tournament of Roses . New locker rooms for both UCLA and visiting teams , as well as a new media interview area were constructed . In April 2009 , The Rose Bowl Operating Company unveiled a Rose Bowl Strategic Plan , which addressed the objectives to improve public safety ; enhance fan experience ; maintain national historic landmark status ; develop revenue sources to fund long - term improvements ; and enhance facility operations . On October 11 , 2010 , the Pasadena City Council approved a $152 million financing plan for the major renovation of the stadium . Groundbreaking ceremonies for the first of three phases of the project was held on January 25 , 2011 . The newly constructed video board was used for the June 25 , 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Final . NFL ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Football League in Los Angeles Since losing both its local teams in the Los Angeles market in 1995 , the National Football League had been looking to either start or relocate a franchise to the Los Angeles area . One of the strong candidates was a renovated Rose Bowl . However , after many years of varying offers , no deal could be struck between the NFL owners , the stadium 's owner , and the City of Pasadena , following a vote of disapproval by its residents in November 2006 . On November 19 , 2012 , Pasadena officials approved a proposal which could allow an NFL team to temporarily play in the Rose Bowl . The Rose Bowl , however , has not acted as a home field for an NFL team . When the Los Angeles Rams moved from St. Louis prior to the 2016 NFL season , the Rose Bowl was considered as a temporary home before the Rams ultimately settled on playing in USC 's Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the Rams ' home from 1946 to 1979 . Seating and attendance records ( edit ) Rose Bowl Game records : 1973 Rose Bowl , January 1 , 1973 , Attendance : 106,869 . Number 1 ranked and undefeated USC vs. number 3 Ohio State . This is the stadium record , as well as the NCAA bowl game record . The smallest Rose Bowl game crowd in the stadium was the 1934 Rose Bowl with 35,000 in attendance to see Columbia defeat Stanford . Three days of rain had turned the stadium into a small lake , and it rained on New Year 's Day in 1934 , one of the few times in the history of the tournament . The largest crowd to watch a Rose Bowl Game after the 1998 Rose Bowl and seating reconfiguration , was 95,173 in the 2014 Rose Bowl . NFL Super Bowl record : Super Bowl XIV , Pittsburgh Steelers -- Los Angeles Rams , January 20 , 1980 , Attendance : 103,985 . This is an NFL post-season record . This also stood as an overall NFL record until broken by a 1994 Pre-season game played at Estadio Azteca ( Aztec Stadium ) in Mexico City . 1984 Summer Olympics ( Games of the XXIII Olympiad ) Football ( Soccer ) Tournament -- France defeated Brazil 2 - 0 in the final to win the gold medal on August 11 . The attendance was 101,799 setting a record for the largest crowd for a soccer game held in the United States ( since broken by a 2014 Manchester United - Real Madrid exhibition at the Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor , Michigan which drew 109,318 ) . The attendance was also the Olympic football record until the Final of the 2000 Olympic Football Tournament at the Stadium Australia in Sydney which drew 104,098 . College football regular season record : UCLA -- USC , November 19 , 1988 , Attendance : 100,741 . Undefeated second - ranked USC ( 9 -- 0 ) and quarterback Rodney Peete met sixth - ranked UCLA ( 9 -- 1 ) and quarterback Troy Aikman with a berth in the Rose Bowl Game on the line . Since the 1998 renovations , the largest regular season crowd was for the 2002 UCLA - USC game , with an attendance of 91,084 . The largest attendance for a UCLA game , with an opponent other than USC , is 88,804 , for the 2000 game against the Michigan Wolverines . The first game played at the Rose Bowl , on October 28 , 1922 between USC and Cal had an attendance of 35,000 . Professional soccer record : June 16 , 1996 : In an historic doubleheader witnessed by 92,216 fans , the U.S. National Team plays Mexico for the championship of U.S. Cup ' 96 followed by the conference leaders Los Angeles Galaxy vs. Tampa Bay Mutiny . The crowd was the largest ever to see a U.S. professional soccer league match . 1994 FIFA World Cup : The final , held on July 17 saw Brazil defeat Italy 3 - 2 after a penalty shootout . Attendance was 94,194 . 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup : The final on July 10 , 1999 was the most attended women 's sports event in history with an official attendance of 90,185 . The USA defeated China 5 - 4 in a penalty shootout . 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup : 93,420 fans saw Mexico defeating the United States 4 - 2 in the 2011 Gold Cup Championship match on June 25 , 2011 . Soccer , exhibition match : On August 1 , 2009 , an attendance of 93,137 showed up when FC Barcelona defeated the Los Angeles Galaxy 2 - 1 in an exhibition match , making it the largest soccer attendance in the United States since the 1994 World Cup . The Tour 2014 game between Manchester United vs. Los Angeles Galaxy had a crowd of 86,432 on July 23 , 2014 after recent renovation of the stadium . Concert : British - Irish boyband , One Direction played 3 sold out nights at the Rose Bowl in September 2014 on the same tour making them the first act ever to accomplish this . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums Notes ( edit ) November 17 , 2012 -- The Rose Bowl press box became known as the Terry Donahue Pavilion in the fall , 2013 . Donahue is the winningest coach in the history of the Pac - 12 Conference ( known as the Pacific - 10 during his coaching career ) . June 8 , 2013 -- Ribbon cutting ceremony for the opening of the new pavilion with Congresswoman Judy Chu and Mayor Bill Bogaard July 7 , 2013 -- A record 566 mariachis performed at the half - time of the first round 2013 Gold Cup game between Mexico and Panama . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Rose Bowl Stadium . Rose Bowl Stadium . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2002 NCAA Records book - Attendance Records page 494 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Dirt Moving For Great Stadium '' . Pasadena Star - News : 13 . March 4 , 1922 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charleton , James H. ( October 18 , 1984 ) . `` The Rose Bowl '' ( pdf ) . National Register of Historic Places -- Inventory Nomination Form . National Park Service . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : National Historic Landmarks Program - Rose Bowl United States National Park Service Jump up ^ `` Famed Rose Bowl to host FC Barcelona v LA Galaxy '' . FBBARCELONA.COM . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl Stadium '' . InternationalChampionsCup.com . International Champions Cup . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium saucer is begun by workmen '' . Pasadena Star - News : 7 . February 28 , 1922 . Jump up ^ `` Vast Stadium Awaits Inaugural Throngs '' . Los Angeles Times . XLI : II 1 . October 8 , 1922 . Jump up ^ HUGE FLAGSTAFF FOR PASADENA . Enormous Steel Pole 122 and 1⁄2 Feet Long Will Stand in Rose Bowl . Los Angeles Times , December 10 , 1922 . MONDAY afternoon at 2 o'clock the new flagstaff of the Tournament of Roses stadium , now called the Rose Bowl , will be put in place with suitable ceremony under auspices of the Pasadena Lions Club , donor of the pole . ^ Jump up to : Dellins , Marc ( 1989 ) , `` The Rose Bowl '' , 1989 UCLA FOOTBALL MEDIA GUIDE , Los Angeles : UCLA Sports Information Office , p. 254 Jump up ^ `` Michigan Stadium Story '' . umich.edu . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ University of Michigan Official Athletics site Archived 2008 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . -- Michigan Stadium ^ Jump up to : UCLA Football -- 2007 UCLA Football ( Media Guide ) . UCLA Athletic Department ( 2007 ) , page 165 ( PDF copy available at www.uclabruins.com ) Jump up ^ Rose Bowl Stadium Archived 2009 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . -- History of the Rose Bowl Stadium Jump up ^ Tournament of Roses Parade FAQs Archived 2007 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... The Rose Bowl Game is a contractual sellout . In 2006 , attendance was 93,986 . Jump up ^ Historic information on the Rose Bowl Stadium Archived 2009 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Toby Zwikel , Noah Gold , Brian Robin , Brener Zwikel & Associates , Inc -- Pasadena City Council approves $152 million renovation of iconic Rose Bowl City of Pasadena , October 12 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Piasecki , Joe -- Renovation Costs at Rose Bowl now estimated at $170 million . Los Angeles Times , September 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ Rose Bowl America 's Stadium , Los Angeles Times Advertising Supplement , August 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Keith Jackson Broadcast Center Archived 2015 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Rosebowlstadium.com , November 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ SI 's Top 20 Venues of the 20th Century . Sports Illustrated , June 7 , 1999 `` The Rose Bowl is more a postcard than a stadium , designed to seduce pasty Midwesterners with the California fantasy . How many Big Ten fans tuned in on those wintry New Year 's Days to gawk at the blooming bougainvillea and started packing their station wagons at halftime ? '' Jump up ^ Top 10 College Sports Venues : Number 1 -- Rose Bowl Sports Illustrated . Text : Mallory Rubin . July 13 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl Timeline '' . Pasadena Tournament of Roses . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul `` Scene of Rose Bowl Shifted to Durham , N.C. '' Los Angeles Times , December 16 , 1941 . Perpetuation of the annual Rose Bowl intersectional football , classic was assured yesterday when the Tournament of Roses officials and Oregon State College accepted the hospitality of Duke University . ^ Jump up to : NCAA Division 1 football records book . NCAA , 2007 Edition , pages 296 - 302 Major Bowl Game Attendance Jump up ^ Beth Harris , Vizio to be new Rose Bowl sponsor , AP via BusinessWeek , October 19 , 2010 Jump up ^ Fornelli , Tom . `` Rose Bowl will not bid for 2020 College Football Playoff title game '' . CBS Sports . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Jerry -- `` There goes the neighborhood : How UCLA stadium bid was scuttled . '' Los Angeles Times , November 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Reich , Ken `` Stadium for UCLA Given Support -- Architect 's Study Cites Project as ' Desirable ' STADIUM SUPPORT '' . Los Angeles Times , November 18 , 1965 . UCLA officials -- still reportedly trying to decide whether to recommend the building of a 44,000 - seat football stadium on campus -- have released details of an architectural feasibility study . Jump up ^ UCLA History Project - This Month in History Aug. 18 , 1982 ... A gridiron home -- includes a photograph of the 1983 Rose Bowl game from an overhead shot Jump up ^ The Discovery of Anti-Matter : The autobiography of Carl David Anderson , The Youngest Man To Win the Nobel Prize . Published 1999 by World Scientific ( ISBN 981 - 02 - 3680 - 8 ) ^ Jump up to : Clark , N. Brooks -- This Week 12.05. 83 . Sports Illustrated , December 5 , 1983 Jump up ^ No. 1 Army vs. Navy Athlon Sports Jump up ^ Army Navy Football 1983 . Score : Navy 42 -- Army 13 Game played at the Rose Bowl . United States Naval Academy Exhibits Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl , Los Angeles '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Rose Bowl to host FC Barcelona v LA Galaxy '' . FCBARCELONA.COM . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com. 1994 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 FIFA Womens World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com. 1999 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.ca2016.com/matches Jump up ^ http://la24-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/pdf/LA2024-canditature-part2_english.pdf Jump up ^ Suter , Leanne . `` Fireworks , Food , Fun found at Rose Bowl 's Americafest '' . ABC 7 Eyewitness News . KABC - TV . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl General Information '' . R.G. Canning Attractions . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 1932 Summer Olympics official report . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Big Brother in Concert Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Peace Sunday : We Have a Dream Concert 1982 Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` POP REVIEWS : A Reverence for Rock at Weekend Concerts : At Worship With Depeche Mode '' . latimes . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` POP REVIEW : Rose Bowl Victory : An Easy Cure for Neighbors to Take '' . latimes . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Washingtonpost.com : Final Kick Means the World to Brazil '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Roger ( 5 April 2000 ) . `` Pink Lands ' NSYNC Tour , Plans New Video '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amusement Business -- Boxscore : Top 10 Concert Grosses '' . Billboard . New York . 113 ( 33 ) : 14 . 18 August 2001 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . google.pl . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore ( Subscriber 's only ) '' . Billboard Magazine . New York City . 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Boxscore '' . Billboard . New York . October 2 , 2013 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( May 15 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé Draws All - Star Crowd to Rose Bowl Concert in Los Angeles '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Angeles , Peach ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Coldplay 's ' A Head Full of Dreams ' Concert Wows Crowd In LA & Filipino Viewers From Globe 's Livestream '' . International Business Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl -- Saturday , September 16th '' . Green Day Official Blog . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) . `` At the Rose Bowl , Green Day turns to the personal over the political '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jillian ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Coldplay Adds Three New 2017 Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` See Coldplay , James Corden Sing Tom Petty 's Free Fallin ' at Rose Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Stubblebine , Allison ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Announces First Round of Reputation Stadium Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Announces 2018 North American Stadium Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Speedways '' . URA Third Annual Midget Auto Racing Year Book . Pacific Coast Speedway News : 49 . 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Kipmckean.com -- Get Your Answers Here ! '' . Kip McKean . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ 2004 Rose Bowl - World 's Largest American Flag . YouTube . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Johnson , $300 - million fixer - upper , Los Angeles Times , January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena OKs plan that may bring NFL team to the Rose Bowl '' . Pasadena Sun . 2012 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Temporary Use of the Rose Bowl Stadium by the National Football League '' . City of Pasadena . 2012 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Palladino , Lisa -- OBITUARIES : Cliff Montgomery ' 34 , Rose Bowl Quarterback Archived 2007 - 09 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Columbia College Today , July 2005 Jump up ^ Showdown in Motown by Gil Brant , Feb. 2 , 2006 Jump up ^ Tom Weir -- Cardinals deep - six 49ers in historic tilt in Mexico . October 3 , 2005 , USA Today . Total attendance for record reguklar season game in Mexico City Azteca Stadium is 103,467 breaking the record of 102,368 who saw the Rams play the 49ers on Nov. 10 , 1957 , at the Los Angeles Coliseum . Jump up ^ Tom Weir -- Mexico gets ready for football , not futbol . September 25 , 2005 , USA Today . quote : A 1994 Houston - Dallas exhibition drew a still - standing NFL record 112,376 to Estadio Azteca Jump up ^ 2000 Olympic Games Football ^ Jump up to : UCLA Football -- 2007 UCLA Football ( Media Guide ) . UCLA Athletic Department ( 2007 ) , page 149 ( PDF copy available at www.uclabruins.com ) . Note that the UCLA Bruins have played in six Rose Bowl games with larger crowds : 1956 , 1976 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 and 1994 . Jump up ^ USC 2012 Football Media Guide Jump up ^ FC Barcelona tops Galaxy in front of 93,137 at Rose Bowl Jump up ^ Steve Ramirez , `` Manchester United routs L.A. Galaxy 7 - 0 at Pasadena 's Rose Bowl '' , Pasadena Star - News , July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose Bowl Stadium Renames Press Box Terry Donahue Pavilion Archived 2012 - 11 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , UCLABruins.com , November 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ David Zahniser , Mariachi Guinness World Record broken at Rose Bowl , Los Angeles Times , July 7 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rose Bowl . Official website ( show ) Events and tenants Preceded by Tournament Park Wallace Wade Stadium Site of the Rose Bowl Game 1923 -- 1941 1943 -- present Succeeded by Wallace Wade Stadium Current Preceded by first stadium Home of the Los Angeles Galaxy 1996 -- 2002 Succeeded by Home Depot Center Preceded by RFK Stadium Host of the MLS Cup 1998 Succeeded by Foxboro Stadium Preceded by Orange Bowl Orange Bowl Pontiac Silverdome Louisiana Superdome Metrodome Host of the Super Bowl XI 1977 XIV 1980 XVII 1983 XXI 1987 XXVII 1993 Succeeded by Louisiana Superdome Louisiana Superdome Tampa Stadium Jack Murphy Stadium Georgia Dome Preceded by Lenin Stadium Moscow Summer Olympics Football Men 's Finals ( Rose Bowl ) 1984 Succeeded by Olympic Stadium Seoul Preceded by Stadio Olimpico Rome FIFA World Cup Final Venue 1994 Succeeded by Stade de France Paris Preceded by Råsunda Stadium Stockholm FIFA Women 's World Cup Final venue 1999 Succeeded by Home Depot Center Carson Preceded by Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles CONCACAF Gold Cup Final Venue 2002 Succeeded by Estadio Azteca Mexico City Preceded by Giants Stadium East Rutherford CONCACAF Gold Cup Final Venue 2011 Succeeded by Soldier Field Chicago Preceded by Camp Randall Stadium Host of the Drum Corps International World Championship 2007 Succeeded by Memorial Stadium , Bloomington Preceded by Pro Player Stadium Pro Player Stadium Dolphin Stadium Sun Life Stadium Host of the BCS National Championship Game 2002 2006 2014 Succeeded by Sun Devil Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium last stadium Articles and topics related to the Rose Bowl stadium Rose Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Rose Bowl Stadium College Football Playoff Broadcasters Big Ten Conference Pac - 12 Conference Games 1902 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Notes No games were held from 1903 to 1915 . The 1942 game was played at Duke Stadium in Durham , NC , due to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The game was also the national title game for the Bowl Championship Series in 2002 and 2006 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . 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Humphrey Metrodome ( XXVI ) Rose Bowl ( XXVII ) Georgia Dome ( XXVIII ) Joe Robbie Stadium ( XXIX ) Sun Devil Stadium ( XXX ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXII ) Pro Player Stadium ( XXXIII ) Georgia Dome ( XXXIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( XXXV ) Louisiana Superdome ( XXXVI ) Qualcomm Stadium ( XXXVII ) Reliant Stadium ( XXXVIII ) Alltel Stadium ( XXXIX ) Ford Field ( XL ) Dolphin Stadium ( XLI ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLII ) Raymond James Stadium ( XLIII ) Sun Life Stadium ( XLIV ) Cowboys Stadium ( XLV ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( XLVI ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( XLVII ) MetLife Stadium ( XLVIII ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( XLIX ) Levi 's Stadium ( 50 ) NRG Stadium ( LI ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( LII ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( LIII ) Hard Rock Stadium ( LIV ) Raymond James Stadium ( LV ) Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( LVI ) BCS National Championship Game History University of Phoenix Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Hard Rock Stadium Rose Bowl BCS Broadcasters Tie - ins BCS # 1 BCS # 2 Rotating bowl 1999 ( Fiesta ) 2000 ( Sugar ) 2001 ( Orange ) 2002 ( Rose ) 2003 ( Fiesta ) 2004 ( Sugar ) 2005 ( Orange ) 2006 ( Rose ) Game 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 AFCA National Championship Trophy Football stadiums of the Pac - 12 Conference North Division California Memorial Stadium ( California ) Autzen Stadium ( Oregon ) Reser Stadium ( Oregon State ) Stanford Stadium ( Stanford ) Husky Stadium ( Washington ) Martin Stadium ( Washington State ) South Division Arizona Stadium ( Arizona ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Arizona State ) Folsom Field ( Colorado ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( USC ) Rose Bowl ( UCLA ) Rice -- Eccles Stadium ( Utah ) Conference Championship Game sites Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Current NCAA Division I FBS bowl game stadiums Alamodome ( Alamo ) Albertsons Stadium ( Famous Idaho Potato ) Aloha Stadium ( Hawaii ) Amon G. Carter Stadium ( Armed Forces ) Arizona Stadium ( Arizona ) AT&T Stadium ( Cotton ) Bank of America Stadium ( Belk ) Camping World Stadium ( Cure , Russell Athletic , Citrus ) Chase Field ( Cactus ) Cotton Bowl ( Heart of Dallas ) Cramton Bowl ( Camellia ) Dreamstyle Stadium ( New Mexico ) FAU Stadium ( Boca Raton ) Ford Field ( Quick Lane ) Hard Rock Stadium ( Orange ) Independence Stadium ( Independence ) Ladd -- Peebles Stadium ( Dollar General , Senior ) Legion Field ( Birmingham ) Levi 's Stadium ( Foster Farms ) Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium ( Liberty ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( Peach ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Sugar ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Military ) Nissan Stadium ( Music City ) NRG Stadium ( Texas ) Qualcomm Stadium ( Holiday ) Raymond James Stadium ( Outback ) Rose Bowl ( Rose ) Sam Boyd Stadium ( Las Vegas ) Sun Bowl ( Sun ) Thomas Robinson Stadium ( Bahamas ) TIAA Bank Field ( TaxSlayer ) Toyota Stadium ( Frisco ) Tropicana Field ( Gasparilla , East -- West Shrine ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Fiesta ) Yankee Stadium ( Pinstripe ) College Football Playoff games shown in italics Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football Venues Los Angeles City College ( 1951 ) L.A. State Stadium ( 1952 , 1961 -- 1962 ) Snyder Field ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Reseda High School ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Rose Bowl ( 1957 -- 1960 , 1963 -- 1969 ) East L.A. College Stadium ( 1958 -- 1961 , 1970 -- 1971 ) Campus Field ( 1972 -- 1977 ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games 1965 Camellia Bowl People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Los Angeles Wolves Founded 1966 Based in Los Angeles , California Club history Los Angeles Wolves ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Sports facilities Los Angeles Coliseum Rose Bowl Culture Wolverhampton Wanderers Important figures Carlos Metidieri Jorge Benitez Ronnie Allen Other topics Related articles Honors NASL Championship ( 1 ) 1967 ( Champions ) NASL Division titles ( 1 ) 1967 ( Western Division ) Seasons North American Soccer League ( 1966 -- 85 ) 1967 1968 Los Angeles Aztecs Founded 1974 Based in Los Angeles , California Club history Los Angeles Aztecs ( 1974 -- 1981 ) Los Angeles Aztecs ( 1975 -- 1981 ) ( indoor ) Sports facilities Weingart Stadium Murdock Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Rose Bowl The Forum LA Sports Arena Important figures Dr. Jack Gregory Elton John Alan Rothenberg George Best Julio César Cortés Charlie Cooke Cláudio Coutinho Johan Cruyff Chris Dangerfield Steve David Antonio de la Torre Villalpando Larry Hulcer John McGrane Doug McMillan Rinus Michels Ramón Mifflin Héctor Pulido Wim Suurbier Other topics Related articles Honors NASL Championship ( 1 ) 1974 ( Champions ) NASL Regular Season ( 1 ) 1974 ( Champions ) NASL Division titles ( 1 ) 1974 ( Western Division ) NASL Indoor Division titles ( 1 ) 1980 -- 81 ( Western Division ) Seasons North American Soccer League ( 1966 -- 85 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 North American Soccer League Indoor ( 1975 -- 84 ) 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 LA Galaxy Carson , California The Club History Players Head Coaches Seasons Record International record Achievements KDOC Time Warner Cable SportsNet ( Los Angeles ) KEIB AM 1150 LA Galaxy II Current season Stadiums Rose Bowl StubHub Center Culture Angel City Brigade Galaxians L.A. Riot Squad UFO Galaxy Ambassadors Cozmo Miss LA Galaxy Rivalries California Clásico SuperClasico D.C. United Retired numbers 13 Key personnel Owner Anschutz Entertainment Group General Manager Peter Vagenas Coach Sigi Schmid Major honors ( 12 ) MLS Cup ( 5 ) 2002 2005 2011 2012 2014 Supporters ' Shield ( 4 ) 1998 2002 2011 U.S. Open Cup ( 2 ) 2001 2005 CONCACAF Champions League ( 1 ) 2000 Major League Soccer Seasons ( 20 ) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venues of the 1932 Summer Olympics 160th Regiment State Armory Los Angeles Harbor Los Angeles Police Pistol Range Olympic Auditorium Long Beach Marine Stadium Los Angeles Avenue Olympic Stadium Pacific Coast Highway Riverside Drive at Griffith Park Riviera Country Club Rose Bowl in Pasadena Sunset Fields Golf Club Swimming Stadium Vineyard Avenue Westchester Venues of the 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles Albert Gersten Pavilion Dodger Stadium Eagle 's Nest Arena Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena Olympic Swim Stadium Pauley Pavilion Streets of Los Angeles Southern California Anaheim Convention Center Artesia Freeway Coto de Caza El Dorado Park Fairbanks Ranch Country Club Heritage Park Aquatic Center Lake Casitas Long Beach Arena Long Beach Convention Center Long Beach Shoreline Marina Olympic Velodrome Prado Regional Park Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool Rose Bowl Santa Anita Park Santa Monica College Streets of Mission Viejo Streets of Santa Monica The Forum Titan Gymnasium Weingart Stadium Other venues Harvard Stadium ( Boston , Massachusetts ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( Annapolis , Maryland ) Stanford Stadium ( Stanford , California ) Olympic venues in cycling 1896 Marathon ( city ) , Neo Phaliron Velodrome 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Liljeholmen , Mälaren 1920 Antwerp , Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg 1924 Stade de Colombes , Vélodrome de Vincennes 1928 Amsterdam , Olympic Stadium 1932 Los Angeles Avenue , Pacific Coast Highway , Rose Bowl in Pasadena , Vineyard Avenue 1936 Avus Motor Road , BSV 92 Field & Stadium 1948 Herne Hill Velodrome , Windsor Great Park 1952 Käpylä , Maunula , Pakila , Velodrome 1956 Broadmeadows , Velodrome 1960 Olympic Velodrome , Via Cassia , Via Flaminia , Via Cristoforo Colombo , Via di Grottarossa 1964 Hachioji City , Hachioji Velodrome 1968 Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome , Satellite Circuit 1972 Bundesautobahn 96 , Grünwald , Radstadion 1976 Mount Royal Park , Olympic Velodrome , Quebec Autoroute 40 1980 Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit , Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome , Moscow - Minsk Highway 1984 Artesia Freeway , Olympic Velodrome , Streets of Mission Viejo 1988 Olympic Velodrome , Tongillo Road Course 1992 A-17 highway , Circuit de Barcelona - Catalunya , Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit , Velòdrom d'Horta Cycling road course , Georgia International Horse Park , Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome 2000 Centennial Parklands , Dunc Gray Velodrome , Western Sydney Parklands Athens Olympic Velodrome , Kotzia Square , Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue , Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre 2008 Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross ( BMX ) Venue , Laoshan Mountain Bike Course , Laoshan Velodrome , Urban Road Cycling Course 2012 BMX Circuit , Hadleigh Farm , London Velodrome , Hampton Court Palace 2016 Fort Copacabana , Mountain Bike Centre , Olympic BMX Centre , Pontal , Rio Olympic Velodrome 2020 Izu Velodrome , Fuji Speedway , Olympic BMX Course 2024 Vélodrome de Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Champs - Élysées , Élancourt Hill 2028 VELO Sports Center , Los Angeles Convention Center , Grand Park , Downtown Long Beach , Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park Olympic venues in association football 1900 Vélodrome de Vincennes 1904 Francis Field 1908 White City Stadium 1912 Råsunda IP , Stockholm Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Tranebergs Idrottsplats 1920 Jules Ottenstadion , Olympisch Stadion ( final ) , Stade Joseph Marien , Stadion Broodstraat 1924 Stade Bergeyre , Stade de Colombes ( final ) , Stade de Paris , Stade Pershing 1928 Monnikenhuize , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel 1936 Hertha - BSC Field , Mommsenstadion , Olympiastadion ( final ) , Poststadion 1948 Arsenal Stadium , Champion Hill , Craven Cottage , Empire Stadium ( medal matches ) , Fratton Park , Goldstone Ground , Green Pond Road , Griffin Park , Lynn Road , Selhurst Park , White Hart Lane 1952 Helsinki Football Grounds , Kotka , Lahti , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Tampere , Turku 1956 Melbourne Cricket Ground ( final ) , Olympic Park Stadium 1960 Florence Communal Stadium , Grosseto Communal Stadium , L'Aquila Communal Stadium , Livorno Ardenza Stadium , Naples Saint Paul 's Stadium , Pescara Adriatic Stadium , Stadio Flaminio ( final ) 1964 Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium , Mitsuzawa Football Field , Nagai Stadium , Tokyo National Stadium ( final ) , Nishikyogoku Athletic Stadium , Ōmiya Football Field , Prince Chichibu Memorial Football Field 1968 Estadio Azteca ( final ) , Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Estadio Nou Camp , Jalisco Stadium 1972 Dreiflüssestadion , ESV - Stadion , Jahnstadion , Olympiastadion ( final ) , Rosenaustadion , Urban Stadium 1976 Lansdowne Park , Olympic Stadium ( final ) , Sherbrooke Stadium , Varsity Stadium 1980 Dinamo Stadium , Dynamo Central Stadium , Grand Arena , Grand Arena ( final ) , Kirov Stadium , Republican Stadium 1984 Harvard Stadium , Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium , Rose Bowl ( final ) , Stanford Stadium 1988 Busan Stadium , Daegu Stadium , Daejeon Stadium , Dongdaemun Stadium , Olympic Stadium ( final ) 1992 Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta , Camp Nou ( final ) , Estadio Luís Casanova , La Romareda , Sarrià Stadium Florida Citrus Bowl , Legion Field , Orange Bowl , RFK Memorial Stadium , Sanford Stadium ( both finals ) 2000 Stadium Australia , Brisbane Cricket Ground , Bruce Stadium , Hindmarsh Stadium , Melbourne Cricket Ground , Olympic Stadium ( men 's final ) , Sydney Football Stadium ( women 's final ) Kaftanzoglio Stadium , Karaiskakis Stadium ( women 's final ) , Olympic Stadium ( men 's final ) , Pampeloponnisiako Stadium , Pankritio Stadium , Panthessaliko Stadium 2008 Beijing National Stadium ( men 's final ) , Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium , Shanghai Stadium , Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium , Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium , Workers ' Stadium ( women 's final ) 2012 City of Coventry Stadium , Hampden Park , Millennium Stadium , St James ' Park , Old Trafford , Wembley Stadium ( both finals ) 2016 Estádio Nacional de Brasília , Arena Fonte Nova , Mineirão , Arena Corinthians , Arena da Amazônia , Estádio Olímpico João Havelange , Maracanã ( both finals ) 2020 International Stadium Yokohama , Kashima Soccer Stadium , Miyagi Stadium , National Stadium , Saiama Stadium , Sapporo Dome , Tokyo Stadium 2024 Parc des Princes ( both finals ) , Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Stade de la Beaujoire , Stade de Nice , Stade Geoffroy - Guichard , Stade Matmut Atlantique , Stadium Municipal , Stade Pierre - Mauroy , Stade Vélodrome 2028 Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , Banc of California Stadium , Rose Bowl , Levi 's Stadium , Avaya Stadium , Stanford Stadium , California Memorial Stadium FIFA World Cup Final venues Estadio Centenario ( 1930 ) Stadio Nazionale PNF ( 1934 ) Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir ( 1938 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 1950 ) Wankdorf Stadium ( 1954 ) Råsunda Stadium ( 1958 ) Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos ( 1962 ) Wembley Stadium ( 1966 ) Estadio Azteca ( Mexico 1970 ) Olympiastadion ( 1974 ) Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti ( 1978 ) Santiago Bernabéu Stadium ( 1982 ) Estadio Azteca ( 1986 ) Stadio Olimpico ( 1990 ) Rose Bowl ( 1994 ) Stade de France ( 1998 ) International Stadium Yokohama ( 2002 ) Olympiastadion ( 2006 ) FNB Stadium ( 2010 ) Maracanã Stadium ( 2014 ) Luzhniki Stadium ( 2018 ) Lusail Iconic Stadium ( 2022 ) 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums Citrus Bowl ( Orlando ) Cotton Bowl ( Dallas ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Detroit ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Stanford Stadium ( Palo Alto ) FIFA Women 's World Cup Final venues Tianhe Stadium ( China 1991 ) Råsunda Stadium ( Sweden 1995 ) Rose Bowl ( United States 1999 ) The Home Depot Center ( United States 2003 ) Hongkou Football Stadium ( China 2007 ) Waldstadion ( Germany 2011 ) BC Place ( Canada 2015 ) Parc Olympique Lyonnais ( France 2019 ) 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums Jack Kent Cooke Stadium ( Landover ) Foxboro Stadium ( Foxborough ) Giants Stadium ( East Rutherford ) Civic Stadium ( Portland ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Spartan Stadium ( San Jose ) Stanford Stadium ( Palo Alto ) Venues of the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup Cowboys Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) The Home Depot Center ( Carson , California ) Ford Field ( Detroit ) Bank of America Stadium ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) FIU Stadium ( Miami ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Livestrong Sporting Park ( Kansas City , Kansas ) New Meadowlands Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) RFK Stadium ( Washington , D.C. ) Reliant Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) Official website Venues of the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup AT&T Stadium ( Arlington ) BBVA Compass Stadium ( Houston ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Georgia Dome ( Atlanta ) Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Jeld - Wen Field ( Portland ) M&T Bank Stadium ( Baltimore ) Red Bull Arena ( Harrison , New Jersey ) Rentschler Field ( East Hartford , Connecticut ) Rio Tinto Stadium ( Salt Lake City ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( Denver ) Official website Copa América Centenario stadiums Camping World Stadium ( Orlando ) CenturyLink Field ( Seattle ) Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Lincoln Financial Field ( Philadelphia ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Rose Bowl ( Pasadena ) Soldier Field ( Chicago ) University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale ) Venues of the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup Group stage Alamodome BBVA Compass Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Nissan Stadium Qualcomm Stadium Raymond James Stadium Red Bull Arena Sports Authority Field Toyota Stadium Knockout stage AT&T Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Levi 's Stadium Rose Bowl University of Phoenix Stadium Official website Drum Corps International World Championship host venues Warhawk Stadium ( 1972 -- 73 ) Schoellkopf Field ( 1974 ) Franklin Field ( 1975 -- 76 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1977 -- 78 ) Legion Field ( 1979 -- 80 ) Olympic Stadium ( Montreal ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Miami Orange Bowl ( 1983 ) Grant Field ( 1984 ) Camp Randall Stadium ( 1985 -- 87 , 1992 , 1999 , 2002 , 2006 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1988 -- 1989 ) New Era Field ( 1990 , 1995 , 2001 ) Cotton Bowl Stadium ( 1991 ) Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium ( 1993 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1994 ) Camping World Stadium ( 1996 -- 98 , 2003 ) Byrd Stadium ( 2000 ) Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2004 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2005 ) Rose Bowl Stadium ( 2007 ) Memorial Stadium , Bloomington ( 2008 ) Lucas Oil Stadium ( 2009 -- 28 ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Defunct stadiums of Major League Soccer Arrowhead Stadium Cardinal Stadium Camping World Stadium CEFCU Stadium CommunityAmerica Ballpark Cotton Bowl Dragon Stadium Empire Field Foxboro Stadium Giants Stadium Houlihan 's Stadium Invesco Field at Mile High Lockhart Stadium Mile High Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Ohio Stadium Raymond James Stadium Rice - 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Kennedy Memorial Stadium Robertson Stadium Rose Bowl Soldier Field Stevens Stadium Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose_Bowl_(stadium)&oldid=825739547 '' Categories : DCI World Championship host venues Rose Bowl Sports venues in Los Angeles County , California Buildings and structures in Pasadena , California Sports in Pasadena , California Arroyo Seco ( Los Angeles County ) American football venues in California College football venues National Football League venues in Los Angeles High school football venues in California NCAA bowl game venues Soccer venues in California Stadiums that have hosted a FIFA World Cup final match National Register of Historic Places in Pasadena , California History of Pasadena , California Landmarks in Los Angeles County , California National Historic Landmarks in California Myron Hunt buildings Sports venues completed in 1922 1922 establishments in California 1932 Summer Olympic venues 1984 Summer Olympic venues 2028 Summer Olympic venues Olympic cycling venues Olympic football venues Defunct Major League Soccer stadiums FIFA Women 's World Cup stadiums 1994 FIFA World Cup stadiums CONCACAF Gold Cup stadiums Los Angeles Wolves sports facilities Los Angeles Aztecs sports facilities North American Soccer League ( 1968 -- 84 ) stadiums Cal State Los Angeles Diablos football UCLA Bruins football venues University of California , Los Angeles buildings and structures San Gabriel Valley Tourist attractions in Pasadena , California Sports venues on the National Register of Historic Places in California Velodromes in California Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox venue with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays their regular season games in the rose bowl	[ "One of the most famous stadiums in sporting history,[8] the Rose Bowl is best known as a college football venue, specifically as the host of the annual Rose Bowl Game for which it is named. Since 1982, it has also served as the home stadium of the UCLA Bruins football team. The stadium has also hosted five Super Bowl games, second most of any venue. The Rose Bowl is also a noted soccer venue, having hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, and the 1984 Olympic Gold Medal Match, as well as numerous CONCACAF and United States Soccer Federation matches.[9]" ]	[ "UCLA Bruins football team" ]
-8634096232332138214	NC State Wolfpack	NC State Wolfpack - wikipedia NC State Wolfpack Jump to : navigation , search NC State Wolfpack University North Carolina State University Conference Atlantic Coast Conference , East Atlantic Gymnastics League , Great America Rifle Conference NCAA Division I / FBS Athletic director Debbie Yow Location Raleigh , North Carolina Varsity teams 23 Football stadium Carter -- Finley Stadium Basketball arena PNC Arena Baseball stadium Doak Field Other arenas Reynolds Coliseum Mascot Mr. Wuf & Mrs. Wuf Nickname Wolfpack Colors Red and White Website gopack.com Atlantic Coast Conference logo in NC State 's colors The NC State Wolfpack are the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University . The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953 -- 54 season . Men 's sports include baseball , basketball , cheerleading , cross country , football , golf , soccer , swimming and diving , tennis , track and field , and wrestling . Women 's sports include basketball , cheerleading , cross country , golf , gymnastics , soccer , softball , swimming and diving , tennis , track and field , and volleyball . Rifle is a co-ed team . The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports . NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships : two NCAA championships , two AIAW championships , and four titles under other sanctioning bodies . Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest . The primary logo for NC State athletics is a red block ' S ' with an inscribed ' N ' and ' C ' . The block S has been in use since 1890 but has seen many alterations through the years . The color red was adopted from the state bird , the cardinal . It became the sole logo for all NC State athletic teams in 2000 and was modernized to its current design in 2006 . NC State athletic teams are nicknamed the ' Wolfpack ' . The name was adopted in 1921 when a disgruntled fan described the behavior of some of the school 's football players as being `` as unruly as a pack of wolves '' . Prior to the adoption of the current nickname , North Carolina State athletic teams went by such names as the Aggies , the Techs , the Red Terrors , and Farmers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Baseball 2 Men 's basketball 3 Women 's basketball 4 Football 5 Wrestling 6 Other sports 7 Non-varsity sports 8 Championships 8.1 NCAA team championships 9 Notable former athletes 10 NC State Fight Song 11 Red and White Song 12 The NC State Alma Mater 13 Mascot 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Baseball ( edit ) Main article : NC State Wolfpack baseball See also : 2015 NC State Wolfpack baseball team Head Coach : Elliott Avent Stadium : Doak Field ACC Championships : 5 ( 1968 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1992 ) CWS appearances : 2 ( 1968 , 2013 ) Men 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : NC State Wolfpack men 's basketball Head Coach : Kevin Keatts Arena : PNC Arena National Championships : 2 ( 1974 , 1983 ) Southern Conference Championships : 7 ( 1929 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 ) ACC Championships : 10 ( 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1983 , 1987 ) The above record of conference titles does not include regular season 1st place finishes as championships -- the ACC recognizes only the winner of the ACC Tournament as its champion . Women 's basketball ( edit ) Main article : NC State Wolfpack women 's basketball See also : 2014 -- 15 NC State Wolfpack women 's basketball team Head Coach : Wes Moore Arena : Reynolds Coliseum ACC Championships : 1978 , 1980 , 1983 , 1985 , 1990 ( regular season ) ; 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1991 ( ACC Tournament ) Football ( edit ) Main article : NC State Wolfpack football See also : 2015 NC State Wolfpack football team Head Coach : Dave Doeren Stadium : Carter -- Finley Stadium ACC Championships : 7 ( 1957 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1968 , 1973 , 1979 ) Southern Conference Championships : 1 ( 1927 ) South Atlantic Intercollegiate Championships : 3 ( 1907 , 1910 , 1913 ) Bowl games : 26 ( 14 - 11 - 1 ) Wrestling ( edit ) North Carolina State University 's wrestling team was established in 1925 and goes by the team nickname of the `` Wolfpack '' . Pat Popolizio was named head wrestling coach for the Wolfpack on April 10 , 2012 . Currently in his second season with the team , Popolizio is a three - time NCAA qualifier . The wrestling team competes at home on campus in the Reynolds Coliseum . NC State Wrestling also has a blog online mainly to keep up to date with the team and focus on the NCAA Championships . In 2012 , Popolizio left his previous program , Binghamton University , and took all - American heavyweight Nick Gwiazdowski with him . After redshirting for a year ( to avoid sitting out a season per NCAA transfer rules ) , Gwiazdowski won national titles in 2014 and 2015 , becoming the first Wolfpack wrestler to win consecutive titles . During the 2015 -- 16 season , North Carolina State went as high as number two in the national rankings and had the school record for most wins in a single season . NC State Wolfpack Wrestling achievements : 11 Academic All - Americans 15 ACC Championships 28 NCAA All - Americans 6 individual NCAA Champions : ( 1980 ) Matt Reiss 167 , ( 1984 ) Tab Thacker Hwt. , ( 1988 ) Scott Turner 150 , ( 1993 ) Sylvester Terkay Hwt. , ( 2009 ) Darrion Caldwell 149 , ( 2014 , 2015 ) Nick Gwiazdowski Hwt Other sports ( edit ) In addition to baseball , basketball , football , and wrestling , NC State competes in 11 other varsity sports . Unless noted , both a men 's and a women 's team are fielded . Cross country : 2 AIAW Women 's National Championships ( 1979 , 1980 ) ; 20 Women 's ACC Championships Golf : 1990 Men 's ACC co-champions , Matt Hill -- 2009 NCAA Champion Gymnastics ( women 's only ) Rifle Soccer ( Men 's ) : 13 NCAA appearances ( 1 Semifinal appearance : 1990 ) ; 1990 ACC Tournament Champions Women 's soccer : 1988 NCAA Finalist ; 1988 ACC Regular Season and Tournament Champions ; 11 NCAA appearances ( 9 - 10 - 3 NCAA Tournament Record ) ; 7 All - Americans ; three former U.S. National Team players Softball ( women 's only ) : 2 Women 's ACC Championship ( 2006 , 2013 ) Swimming & diving : 26 Men 's ACC Champions ; 72 Men 's All - Americans ; 5 Men 's Individual National Champions ; Kristen Davies -- 2009 NCAA Women 's Platform Diving Champion Tennis : notable former players : Christian Welte Track & field : 6 Men 's ACC Championships Volleyball ( women 's only ) Non-varsity sports ( edit ) North Carolina State University offers numerous non-varsity and club level sports throughout the year . This includes , but is not limited to , hockey , lacrosse , basketball , baseball , soccer , rugby , swimming , cheerleading , sailing , ultimate frisbee and much more . The North Carolina State University Men 's Rugby Football Club was founded in 1965 . NC State plays college rugby in the Atlantic Coast Rugby League against its traditional ACC rivals . The NC State rugby team is led by head coach Jim Latham . The Wolfpack play their home games at the Upper Method Road Field . NC State won the Atlantic Coast Invitational 7s tournament in 2010 and 2011 . The Wolfpack finished 13th at the 2011 USA Rugby Sevens Collegiate National Championships . NC State finished 12th at the 2012 Collegiate Rugby Championship , a tournament broadcast live on NBC from PPL Park in Philadelphia . NC State scored a notable upset against # 7 ranked Davenport to reach the finals of the 2012 ACI 7s tournament in Blacksburg , only to lose in the final to host Virginia Tech . As the university 's oldest active club , the NC State Sailing Club was founded in 1954 and also fields a competitive intercollegiate co-ed and a women 's sailing team . With their home facility at Lake Wheeler in Raleigh , the `` SailPack , '' as the club is known , competes in the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association division of the Intercollegiate Sailing Association ( ICSA ) . The ICSA is the governing body of college sailing . The SailPack has reached the SAISA regional championship consecutively for the past four seasons , and as of 2013 is the highest ranking active program in North Carolina ahead of Duke , UNC - Chapel Hill , UNC - Wilmington , and Davidson . NC State 's ski team is a member of the United States Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association ( USCSA ) and competes in races regularly during the winter season . NC State fields a full varsity team in cheerleading coached by Harold Trammel , named head cheerleading coach for the Wolfpack in May 2002 . The team has won 3 Universal Cheerleading Association National Collegiate Championships , 2 National Cheerleading Collegiate Championships & 1 Universal Cheerleading Association National Collegiate Championship in the Group Stunt competition . NC State has a proud intercollegiate tradition in ultimate frisbee . The men 's team won the national championships in 1999 . The NC State club hockey team participates in the ACCHL . The Wolfpack has been coached by Mike Gazzillo since 2010 , and he has been assisted by Geoff Wing since 2015 . The team calls the Raleigh Ice Plex home . Each year , the Wolfpack hosts the Stephen Russell Memorial Tournament to kick off the season in memory of a goaltender for the team from 2006 to 2009 . NC State has made it to the ACCHL Championship game in Charlottesville , Virginia , each of the last two seasons before falling in the final game each season . NC State also boasts a growing men 's lacrosse team . Under head coach Chris Demarest , the Wolfpack went 11 - 3 in 2017 and advanced to the SELC Tournament in Johns Creek , Georgia before falling to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets . NC State club sports and intramural championships are covered by PackTV , a division of the Office of Information Technology at the University . PackTV is a student - driven sport channel that is on channel 32.2 on campus as well as streamed online through Apple TV and Roku . Along with intramural championships , club soccer , hockey , lacrosse , and basketball among others , PackTV has also covered varsity - level men 's and women 's soccer , softball and swimming . Championships ( edit ) NCAA team championships ( edit ) North Carolina State has won 2 NCAA team national championships . Men 's ( 2 ) Basketball ( 2 ) : 1974 , 1983 see also : ACC NCAA team championships List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Notable former athletes ( edit ) Nazmi Albadawi , men 's soccer ( 2010 -- 13 ) Andy Barkett , baseball ( 1992 -- 95 ) Brian Bark , baseball ( 1987 -- 90 ) Aaron Bates , baseball ( 2005 -- 06 ) Andrew Brackman , baseball and men 's basketball ( 2005 -- 08 ) Greg Briley , baseball ( 1986 ) Andre Brown , football Chucky Brown , basketball ( 1985 -- 89 ) Jimmy Brown , baseball ( 1932 ) Ted Brown , football ( 1975 -- 78 ) Tommy Burleson , men 's basketball ( 1972 -- 74 ) Dick Burrus , baseball ( 1919 ) Mike Caldwell , baseball ( 1968 -- 71 ) Kenny Carr , men 's basketball ( 1975 -- 77 ) Lorenzo Charles , men 's basketball ( 1982 -- 85 ) Tim Clark , men 's golf ( 1996 -- 97 ) Chris Colmer , football ( 2002 -- 05 ) Chris Corchiani , men 's basketball ( 1988 -- 91 ) Jerricho Cotchery , football ( 2000 -- 04 ) Bill Cowher , football ( 1977 -- 79 ) Doug Davis , baseball ( 1982 -- 84 ) Joe DeBerry , baseball ( 1917 -- 20 ) Vinny Del Negro , men 's basketball ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Joey Devine , baseball ( 2003 -- 05 ) Bill Evans , baseball ( 1915 ) Adam Everett , baseball ( 1996 ) Stu Flythe , baseball ( 1934 -- 36 ) David Fox , men 's swimming & diving ( 1990 -- 94 ) Roman Gabriel , football ( 1960 -- 62 ) Mike Glennon , football ( 2008 -- 12 ) Tom Gugliotta , men 's basketball ( 1989 -- 92 ) Jeff Hartsock , baseball ( 1986 -- 88 ) J.J. Hickson , men 's basketball ( 2007 -- 08 ) Julius Hodge , men 's basketball ( 2001 -- 05 ) Dutch Holland , baseball ( 1923 -- 25 ) Torry Holt , football ( 1995 -- 98 ) Charmaine Hooper , women 's soccer ( 1987 -- 90 ) Cullen Jones , men 's swimming & diving ( 2002 -- 06 ) Erik Kramer , football ( 1985 -- 87 ) Johnny Lanning , baseball ( 1931 -- 32 ) Manny Lawson , football ( 2002 -- 05 ) Corey Lee , baseball ( 1994 -- 96 ) Sidney Lowe , men 's basketball ( 1980 -- 83 ) Matt Mangini , baseball ( 2005 -- 06 ) Pablo Mastroeni , men 's soccer ( 1995 -- 98 ) Joe McIntosh , football ( 1981 -- 84 ) Nate McMillan , men 's basketball ( 1985 -- 86 ) Jim McNamara , baseball ( 1984 -- 86 ) Louie Meadows , baseball ( 1980 -- 82 ) Rodney Monroe , men 's basketball ( 1988 -- 91 ) George Murray , baseball ( 1918 -- 21 ) Jessica O'Rourke , women 's soccer ( 2004 -- 07 ) Chad Orvella , baseball ( 2002 -- 03 ) Chink Outen , baseball ( 1927 -- 28 ) Jeff Pierce , baseball ( 1990 -- 91 ) Dan Plesac , baseball ( 1981 -- 83 ) Mike Quick , football ( 1978 -- 1981 ) Tab Ramos , men 's soccer ( 1984 -- 87 ) Buck Redfern , baseball ( 1921 -- 24 ) Jim Ritcher , football ( 1976 -- 1979 ) Philip Rivers , football ( 2000 -- 04 ) Dave Robertson , baseball ( 1910 -- 12 ) Koren Robinson , football ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Carlos Rodon , baseball ( 2012 -- 14 ) Ronnie Shavlik , men 's basketball ( 1954 -- 56 ) Dennis Smith Jr. , men 's basketball ( 2016 - 17 ) Tommy Smith , baseball ( 1972 -- 74 ) Tim Stoddard , baseball ( 1972 -- 75 ) Doug Strange , baseball ( 1983 -- 85 ) Eric Surkamp , baseball ( 2006 ) Craig Sutherland , men 's soccer ( 2010 -- 11 ) Sylvester Terkay , wrestling ( 1991 -- 93 ) David Thompson , men 's basketball ( 1973 -- 75 ) Monte Towe , men 's basketball ( 1972 -- 75 ) Trea Turner , baseball ( 2012 -- 14 ) TJ Warren , men 's basketball ( 2012 -- 14 ) Spud Webb , men 's basketball ( 1984 -- 85 ) Mario Williams , football ( 2003 -- 05 ) Adrian Wilson , football ( 1997 -- 01 ) Russell Wilson , football ( 2007 -- 10 ) , baseball ( 2008 -- 10 ) Tracy Woodson , baseball ( 1982 -- 84 ) NC State Fight Song ( edit ) The words to the Fight Song were written by Hardy Ray , Class of 1926 , and the music was written by Edmund L. Gruber in 1908 . It is essentially a sped - up version of `` The Caisson Song '' , or more recently , `` The Army Goes Rolling Along . '' Red and White Song ( edit ) The Red and White Song is a popular song sung by fans and played by the band at many NC State athletic events , especially at football and basketball games . It was written by J. Perry Watson , a former Director of Music at NC State , and was introduced in 1961 ; students first sang the `` Red and White '' song at the NC State -- Maryland game on February 13 , 1961 . The song , although very popular , is in fact not the official Fight Song of NC State . The colors mentioned in the song refer to NC State 's main athletic colors , while `` Caroline '' , `` Devils '' , and `` Deacs '' refer to other Tobacco Road team names : North Carolina Tar Heels , Duke Blue Devils , and Wake Forest Demon Deacons . The NC State Alma Mater ( edit ) NC State 's Alma Mater was written by two students in the early 1920s . Dr. Alvin M. Fountain , a class of ' 22 alumnus and editor of The Technician , wrote the words , while Bonnie Norris , from the class of 1923 , composed the music . Mascot ( edit ) Since 1975 , the NC State Wolfpack athletic teams have been represented at athletic events by its mascots , Mr. and Mrs. Wuf , who were married on February 28 , 1981 by the Demon Deacon at Reynolds Coliseum at halftime of an college basketball game between NC State and Wake Forest . The Demon Deacon presided over the wedding . In print , the `` Strutting Wolf '' is used and is known by the name `` Tuffy . '' In September 2010 , a purebred Tamaskan dog became the new live mascot , `` Tuffy '' . See also ( edit ) ACC portal List of college athletic programs in North Carolina NC State -- Carolina rivalry Textile Bowl East Carolina -- NC State rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NC State Athletics Brand Guide '' . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Wolfpack Awareness Week '' . GoPack.com. 18 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/ncst/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/history1-10.pdf Jump up ^ `` NCSU Wrestling Facts '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina State University Athletics . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NCSU Wrestling Blog '' . NCSU Wrestling Blog . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/NCAANewsArchive/2009/Division+I/california_staves_off_georgia_charge_in_women_s_swimming_03_23_09_ncaa_news.html Jump up ^ Men 's Rugby Club at NCSU , Home , http://www.ncstaterugby.com/ Jump up ^ Men 's Rugby Club at NCSU , Coaches , http://www.ncstaterugby.com/officers/ Jump up ^ Atlantic Coast Rugby League , Home , http://www.atlanticcoastrugby.com/index.html Jump up ^ Rugby Mag , Virginia Tech Wins ACI Opener , Sep. 15 , 2012 , http://rugbymag.com/news/colleges/collegiate-sevens/5788-virginia-tech-wins-aci-opener.html Jump up ^ Lake Wheeler Jump up ^ SailPack Jump up ^ SAISA Jump up ^ `` SailPack Foundation '' . SailPack Foundation . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs_records_book/Overall.pdf Jump up ^ NC State Fight Song Jump up ^ United States Army Europe Band -- The Army Goes Rolling Along ( mp3 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Collections Research Center '' . Technician . NCSU Libraries Special Collections Research Center , Raleigh. 9 February 1961 . Jump up ^ NC State Traditions -- Red and White Song Jump up ^ `` NC State Fight Song & Alma Mater '' . NC State Wolfpack . September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hager , Josh ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mr. and Mrs. Wuf Got Married '' . North Carolina State University Libraries . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tuffy 's mascot tryout at game pleases N.C. State officials September 2010 Jump up ^ NC State to use Tamaskan Dog for Mascot September 2010 Jump up ^ The Cutest Live College Mascots September 2010 Jump up ^ Tuffy Tamaskan September 2010 Jump up ^ Tuffy 's Page October 2010 External links ( edit ) Official website North Carolina State University Located in : Raleigh , North Carolina Academics Engineering Veterinary Medicine Humanities and Social Sciences University of North Carolina System Athletics Wolfpack Atlantic Coast Conference Football Men 's basketball Baseball Women 's basketball Men 's soccer Carter -- Finley Stadium Doak Field Isenhour Tennis Center Lonnie Poole Golf Course Method Road Soccer Stadium PNC Arena Reynolds Coliseum Tobacco Road WakeMed Soccer Park NC State -- Carolina rivalry NC State -- ECU rivalry Fight song `` Red and White Song '' Campus Centennial Biomedical Campus Centennial Campus Free Expression Tunnel D.H. Hill Library James B. Hunt , Jr . Library Main Campus ( North , Central , South ) University Plaza ( The Brickyard ) PULSTAR Nuclear Reactor JC Raulston Arboretum N.C. Research Campus Plants for Human Health Institute Student life Agromeck Hillsborough Street Krispy Kreme Challenge People Nubian Message Talley Student Center Technician WebAssign WKNC - FM Wolfline Affiliated institutions Suzhou North America High School Founded : 1887 Students : 34,015 Endowment : 998.6 million Links to related articles Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Boston College Eagles Clemson Tigers Florida State Seminoles Louisville Cardinals North Carolina State Wolfpack Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( non-football member ) Syracuse Orange Wake Forest Demon Deacons Coastal Division Duke Blue Devils Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Miami Hurricanes North Carolina Tar Heels Pittsburgh Panthers Virginia Cavaliers Virginia Tech Hokies Championships & awards Conference champions National championships Athlete of the Year Broadcast partners Raycom Sports ( ACC Network ; list of affiliates ) ESPN ( ACC Network Extra ) East Atlantic Gymnastics League George Washington Colonials New Hampshire Wildcats North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Pittsburgh Panthers Great America Rifle Conference Akron Zips Army Black Knights Kentucky Wildcats Memphis Tigers Navy Midshipmen NC State Wolfpack Nebraska Cornhuskers Ole Miss Rebels West Virginia Mountaineers Sports teams based in North Carolina Australian rules football USAFL / EAFL North Carolina Tigers Baseball IL Charlotte Knights Durham Bulls CL Buies Creek Astros Carolina Mudcats Down East Wood Ducks Winston - Salem Dash SAL Asheville Tourists Greensboro Grasshoppers Hickory Crawdads Kannapolis Intimidators ApL Burlington Royals CPL Asheboro Copperheads Edenton Steamers Fayetteville SwampDogs Forest City Owls Gastonia Grizzlies Morehead City Marlins High Point - Thomasville HiToms Wilmington Sharks Wilson Tobs TSL Outer Banks Daredevils Basketball NBA Charlotte Hornets G League Greensboro Swarm Football NFL Carolina Panthers AAL Cape Fear Heroes High Country Grizzlies Triangle Torch Independent Winston Wildcats WFA Fayetteville Fierce IWFL Carolina Phoenix Carolina Queens LAFL Cape Fear Thunder Hockey NHL Carolina Hurricanes AHL Charlotte Checkers SPHL Fayetteville Marksmen FHL Carolina Thunderbirds Lacrosse MLL Charlotte Hounds Roller derby WFTDA Blue Ridge Rollergirls Cape Fear Roller Girls Carolina Rollergirls Charlotte Roller Girls Rogue Rollergirls Rugby SL Charlotte Rugby Club Soccer NASL North Carolina FC USL Charlotte Independence NWSL North Carolina Courage PDL Carolina Dynamo Charlotte Eagles North Carolina FC U23 Tobacco Road FC Wilmington Hammerheads NPSL Asheville City SC Ultimate AUDL Raleigh Flyers College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) FBS Appalachian State Mountaineers Charlotte 49ers Duke Blue Devils East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels NC State Wolfpack Wake Forest Demon Deacons FCS Campbell Camels Davidson Wildcats Elon Phoenix Gardner - Webb Bulldogs North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Central Eagles Western Carolina Catamounts non-football Asheville Bulldogs Greensboro Spartans High Point Panthers Wilmington Seahawks See also Sports in North Carolina List of sports venues in North Carolina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NC_State_Wolfpack&oldid=809433654 '' Categories : NC State Wolfpack Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the mascot for north carolina state	[ "\nMascot\nMr. Wuf & Mrs. Wuf\n" ]	[ "Mr. Wuf & Mrs. Wuf" ]
-7854727156119481626	Countdown	Countdown - wikipedia Countdown For other uses , see Countdown ( disambiguation ) . `` T - Minus '' redirects here . For the Canadian hip - hop producer , see T - Minus ( producer ) . 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup countdown at Champlain Place , Dieppe , New Brunswick A countdown is a sequence of backward counting to indicate the time remaining before an event is scheduled to occur . NASA commonly employs the terms `` L - minus '' and `` T - minus '' during the preparation for and anticipation of a rocket launch , and even `` E-minus '' for events that involve spacecraft that are already in space , where the `` T '' could stand for `` Test '' or `` Time '' , and the `` E '' stands for `` Encounter '' , as with a comet or some other space object . Other events for which countdowns are commonly used include the detonation of an explosive , the start of a race , the start of the New Year , or any anxiously anticipated event . An early use of a countdown once signaled the start of a Cambridge University rowing race . One of the first known associations with rockets was in the 1929 German science fiction movie Frau im Mond ( English : Woman in the Moon ) written by Thea von Harbou and directed by Fritz Lang in an attempt to increase the drama of the launch sequence of the story 's lunar - bound rocket . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rocketry 2 Film 3 New Year 's Eve 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Rocketry ( edit ) `` People involved in countdowns always say that the last twenty minutes are the worst . By that time everything that needs doing has been done , and therefore everybody has twenty minutes in which to think of what may not have been done , or else what could possibly go wrong . '' -- Willy Ley , 1968 A countdown is a carefully devised set of procedures ending with the ignition of a rocket 's engine . Depending on the type of vehicle used , countdowns can start from 72 to 96 hours before launch time . During countdown : Aerospace personnel bring the rocket vehicle to the launch site and load it with payload and propellants ; Launch - center computers communicate with sensors in the rocket , which monitor important systems on the launch vehicle and payload ; Launch personnel monitor the weather and wait for the launch window ; Security personnel prevent unauthorized persons from entering the `` keep - out '' area . The procedures for each launch are written carefully . For the Space Shuttle , a five - volume set , Shuttle Countdown ( KSC S0007 ) , often referred to as `` S0007 '' , was used . Rosie Carver , a technical writer for United Launch Alliance , has created at least 15,000 procedures for more than 300 missions since the Solar Maximum Mission , which launched Feb. 14 , 1980 . These documents are living documents , which reflect new issues and solutions as they develop . Each mission requires approximately 100 procedure books . Proceeding with the countdown depends on several factors , such as the proper launch window , weather that permits a safe launch , and the rocket and payload working properly . Countdown clock at NASA 's Kennedy Space Center at L - 11 hours ( 28 April 2011 ) of STS - 134 , Space Shuttle Endeavour . The launch weather guidelines involving the Space Shuttle and expendable rockets are similar in many areas , but a distinction is made for the individual characteristics of each . The criteria are broadly conservative and assure avoidance of possibly adverse conditions . They are reviewed for each launch . For the Space Shuttle , weather `` outlooks '' provided by the U.S. Air Force Range Weather Operations Facility at Cape Canaveral began at Launch minus 5 days in coordination with the NOAA National Weather Service Spaceflight Meteorology Group at the Johnson Space Center in Houston . These include weather trends and their possible effects on launch day . A formal prelaunch weather briefing was held on Launch minus 1 day , which is a specific weather briefing for all areas of Space Shuttle launch operations . The launch window is a precise time during which aerospace personnel launch a rocket so the payload can reach the proper orbital destination . A hold is the suspension of the normal countdown process . This can be done to investigate a technical process that has gone wrong , or because of marginal weather at the launch pad . Some holds are planned : they are done so the launch - support computers can run automatic checks on the rocket . Under some circumstances , a countdown may be recycled to an earlier time . When that happens , launch personnel begin following the countdown checklist from the earlier point . During communications for a countdown , the launch team uses acronyms to keep channels open as much as possible . All Firing Room console positions are assigned unique ' call signs ' that are used by the team for quick and positive identification of who is talking . For example , dialogue heard during the launch of a Delta II rocket carrying the Kepler Space Telescope on March 8 , 2009 , included : Time : T minus 3 minutes . Launch Control ( LC ) : OSM , third stage S&A arm permit to close . OSM : Closed . LC : SSC , third stage S&A armed . SSC : Armed . LC : Prop 1 , vehicle fuel tank press open . Prop 1 : Open . LC : Fuel umbilical purge to open . Prop 1 : Open . LC : SSC , vent 1 heater control exit . SSC : Exit . LC : SSC , vent 2 heater control exit . SSC : Exit . LC : NSC reports spacecraft is go . Mission Director : Kepler spacecraft is go . LC : SSC - FTS bat one and two heater controls heaters off . SSC : Off . LC : Prop 1 , pressurized first stage LOX tanks to relief . Prop 1 : Pressurized . LC : Prop 2 , top first stage LOX to 100 percent levels . Prop 2 : Up and down , 100 percent . Time : Ninety seconds . LC : SSC , hydraulic external power to on . SSC : External . Time : Eighty seconds . LC : RCO , report range go for launch . Range Control Officer ( RCO ) : Range go for launch . Mission Director : LC ( Viera ) , you 're go for launch . LC : Roger . Seven seconds after launch of STS - 121 , the countdown clock at LC - 39 at the Kennedy Space Center seen counting up , rather than down . In the context of a rocket launch , the `` L minus Time '' is the physical time before launch , e.g. `` L minus 3 minutes and 40 seconds '' . `` T minus Time '' is a system to mark points at which actions necessary for the launch are planned - this time stops and starts as various hold points are entered , and so does n't show the actual time to launch . The last ten seconds are usually counted down aloud `` Ten seconds to liftoff . Nine , eight , seven , six , five , four , three , two , one . '' After a launch , most countdown clocks begin to show Mission Elapsed Time , which is typically shown as `` T plus . '' The picture to the right shows `` + 00 : 00 : 07 '' , approximately seven seconds after liftoff . In Fritz Lang 's film Frau im Mond , after each number the phrase `` seconds to go '' was repeated . When counting down to the launch of an explosive , e.g. when testing a new model of gun , it is customary to omit `` 5 '' from the countdown sequence because `` five '' sounds too similar to ' Fire ! ' Film ( edit ) Newer ( 1959 ) SMPTE countdown on the head leader of a film reel At the start of films , a countdown sequence is printed on the head leader , and is used to synchronize film reel changeovers ( switching between reels of film ) . In film ( but not television ) the ' Academy Leader ' countdown first used in 1930 is in units of feet rather than time units ; it starts at 11 and ends at 3 where it cuts to black for the last few feet . In 1959 , SMPTE leader was created and measures seconds , not feet . It starts at 8 and cuts to black on the first frame of 2 , which is accompanied by a ' pop . This leader eventually displaced the older Academy and was the only leader used by the end of the optical projection era . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) Main article : New Year 's Eve In many New Year 's Eve celebrations , there is a countdown during the last seconds of the old year until the beginning of the new year . In Times Square on New Year 's Eve , besides the 60 - Second Countdown at 11 : 59 P.M. , there are six 20 - second hourly countdowns in which people can practice their countdown skills from 5 : 59 P.M. to 10 : 59 P.M. The aforementioned countdowns are also the countdowns to the end of each hour . See also ( edit ) Count off Minutes to Midnight Timer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NASA 's Launch Services Program ( 2015 - 01 - 31 ) . `` @ NASA_LSP '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` NASA Mission ' E-Minus ' One Month to Comet Flyby '' . NASA Mission News . 2010 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Everett , William . On the Cam : Lectures on the University of Cambridge in England . Cambridge , Mass. : Sever and Francis , 1865 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` Spektrum der Wissenschaft - DenkMal - Frage : `` Was verdankt die Raumfahrt dem Stummfilm `` Die Frau im Mond '' ( 1929 ) von Fritz Lang ? '' ( in German ) . Wissenschaft-online.de . Jump up ^ Weide , Robert ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The Outer Limits '' . DGA Quarterly . Los Angeles , California : Directors Guild of America , Inc. : 64 -- 71 . A gallery of behind - the - scenes shots of movies featuring space travel or aliens . Page 68 , photo caption : `` Directed by Fritz Lang ( third from right ) , the silent film `` Woman in the Moon '' ( 1929 ) is considered one of the first serious science fiction films and invented the countdown before the launch of a rocket . Many of the basics of space travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time . '' Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( October 1968 ) . `` The Orbit of Explorer - 1 '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 93 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Joseph A. Space Technology . 2003 , Greenwood Publishing Group ; ISBN 1 - 57356 - 335 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57356 - 335 - 2 , p. 143 Jump up ^ NASA , `` Launching by the Book '' , April 30 , 2007 . NASA Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Space Flight Center Release 39 - 99 : Space Shuttle weather launch commit criteria and KSD end of mission weather landing criteria '' . Nasa.org . May 20 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Angelo 2003 : 144 Jump up ^ `` NASA , `` The Space Shuttle launch team '' `` . Science.ksc.nasa.gov. 1967 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ NASA Channel , 8 March 2009 , 10 : 40 Eastern Standard Time External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Countdowns . NASA Countdown 101 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Countdown&oldid=838019338 '' Categories : Time Spaceflight concepts Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 日本語 Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย اردو 粵語中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 12 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase t minus come from	[ "A countdown is a sequence of backward counting to indicate the time remaining before an event is scheduled to occur. NASA commonly employs the terms \"L-minus\" and \"T-minus\" [1] during the preparation for and anticipation of a rocket launch, and even \"E-minus\" for events that involve spacecraft that are already in space, where the \"T\" could stand for \"Test\" or \"Time\", and the \"E\" stands for \"Encounter\", as with a comet or some other space object.[2] Other events for which countdowns are commonly used include the detonation of an explosive, the start of a race, the start of the New Year, or any anxiously anticipated event. An early use of a countdown once signaled the start of a Cambridge University rowing race.[3] One of the first known associations with rockets was in the 1929 German science fiction movie Frau im Mond (English: Woman in the Moon) written by Thea von Harbou and directed by Fritz Lang in an attempt to increase the drama of the launch sequence of the story's lunar-bound rocket.[4][5]\n" ]	[ "NASA" ]
7932994496013883101	List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States	List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Justices of the Supreme Court 2 All Justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current Justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . Five individuals in this group were confirmed for associate justice , and later confirmed for chief justice separately . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat 001 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 001 ! September 26 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003210200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 276 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat 002 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 002 ! September 26 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002524000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 159 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat 003 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 003 ! September 27 , 1789 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003765500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 351 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat 004 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 004 ! September 29 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 326 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat 005 ! September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 005 ! September 30 , 1789 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003221600000000000 ♠ 6 years , 25 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat 006 ! February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 006 ! May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge 007 ! November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 007 ! August 5 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002164000000000000 ♠ 164 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson 008 ! March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 008 ! March 4 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003493500000000000 ♠ 13 years , 188 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay 009 ! December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 009 ! June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair 010 ! January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 010 ! January 27 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003562100000000000 ♠ 15 years , 143 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge 011 ! March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 011 ! March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson 012 ! December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 012 ! December 20 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004112980000000000 ♠ 30 years , 341 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell 013 ! December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 013 ! December 10 , 1799 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003150700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 47 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth 014 ! January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 014 ! February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore 015 ! March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 015 ! May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson 016 ! December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 016 ! January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat 017 ! March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 017 ! March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase 018 ! November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 018 ! November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing 019 ! November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 019 ! February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston 020 ! December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 020 ! September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd 021 ! May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 021 ! May 9 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002839000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 108 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble 022 ! March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 022 ! March 7 , 1829 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004117160000000000 ♠ 32 years , 28 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington 023 ! January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 023 ! January 6 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003521900000000000 ♠ 14 years , 106 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson 024 ! January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 024 ! January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall 025 ! March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 025 ! March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall 026 ! March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 026 ! March 15 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003180800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 347 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat 027 ! March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 027 ! March 8 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004103100000000000 ♠ 28 years , 83 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat 028 ! September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 028 ! April 22 , 1837 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003556700000000000 ♠ 15 years , 88 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour 029 ! March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 029 ! March 3 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003702900000000000 ♠ 19 years , 89 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson 030 ! February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 030 ! February 14 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101490000000000 ♠ 27 years , 288 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story 031 ! January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 031 ! September 20 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 349 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin 032 ! August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 032 ! August 4 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003858100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 180 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury 033 ! December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 033 ! September 22 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003220000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 8 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley 034 ! March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 034 ! March 23 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003296000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 38 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis 035 ! January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 035 ! January 12 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003859500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 194 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean 036 ! January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 036 ! January 24 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003694000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 0 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel 037 ! July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 037 ! July 16 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103160000000000 ♠ 28 years , 89 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell 038 ! December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 038 ! October 17 , 1862 -- March 3 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003525100000000000 ♠ 14 years , 137 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat 039 ! March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 039 ! March 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126850000000000 ♠ 34 years , 266 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney 040 ! December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 040 ! December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003307400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 152 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier 041 ! February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) 041 ! February 18 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003395200000000000 ♠ 10 years , 300 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat 042 ! March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 042 ! March 21 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797700000000000 ♠ 21 years , 307 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson 043 ! December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 043 ! December 11 , 1872 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003333400000000000 ♠ 9 years , 47 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase 044 ! January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 044 ! March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis 045 ! November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 045 ! November 29 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123710000000000 ♠ 33 years , 319 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong 046 ! December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 046 ! December 21 , 1880 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003233500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 144 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne 047 ! May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 047 ! May 12 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003287100000000000 ♠ 7 years , 314 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford 048 ! December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 048 ! December 20 , 1881 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003757300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 269 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt 049 ! March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 049 ! March 22 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003412500000000000 ♠ 11 years , 107 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods 050 ! January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 050 ! January 16 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183400000000000 ♠ 5 years , 7 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite 051 ! July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 051 ! October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews 052 ! December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 052 ! December 18 , 1889 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003740400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 100 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller 053 ! December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 053 ! December 29 , 1890 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003562800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 150 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley 054 ! July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 054 ! July 26 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003386300000000000 ♠ 10 years , 212 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar 055 ! February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 055 ! February 18 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002901000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 171 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford 056 ! February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 056 ! February 19 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003614500000000000 ♠ 16 years , 302 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson 057 ! December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 057 ! December 9 , 1895 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003506700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 319 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field 058 ! January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 058 ! January 21 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 350 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray 059 ! December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 059 ! December 4 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106310000000000 ♠ 29 years , 39 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras 060 ! February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 060 ! February 23 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003720300000000000 ♠ 19 years , 263 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown 061 ! December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 061 ! December 12 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham 062 ! December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 062 ! December 20 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer 063 ! May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 063 ! October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller 064 ! December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 064 ! December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White 065 ! December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 065 ! December 16 , 1910 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003966500000000000 ♠ 26 years , 168 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody 066 ! December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 066 ! December 17 , 1910 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003184200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 16 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan 067 ! March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 067 ! March 13 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394500000000000 ♠ 10 years , 293 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton 068 ! August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 068 ! August 29 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003965200000000000 ♠ 26 years , 155 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar 069 ! June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 069 ! June 1 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003829200000000000 ♠ 22 years , 257 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes 070 ! July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 070 ! July 24 , 1916 -- September 5 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003223400000000000 ♠ 6 years , 43 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White 071 ! June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 071 ! July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke 072 ! September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 072 ! September 5 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 134 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day 073 ! December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 073 ! December 21 , 1922 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003617400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 330 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney 074 ! January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 074 ! January 29 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003259500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 38 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna 075 ! February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 075 ! February 5 , 1925 -- July 3 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003599200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 148 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft 076 ! February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 076 ! February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford 077 ! May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 077 ! May 20 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003555100000000000 ♠ 15 years , 72 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes 078 ! February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 078 ! March 2 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter 079 ! August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 079 ! August 18 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124480000000000 ♠ 34 years , 30 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland 080 ! January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 080 ! January 27 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696900000000000 ♠ 19 years , 29 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo 081 ! January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 081 ! January 20 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003862100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 220 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis 082 ! April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 082 ! April 15 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler 083 ! January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 083 ! January 18 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003347000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 182 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes 084 ! June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 084 ! July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds 085 ! June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 085 ! July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone 086 ! July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 086 ! July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes 087 ! February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 087 ! February 11 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003240300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 211 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts 088 ! September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 088 ! September 22 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 21 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone 089 ! June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 089 ! June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy 090 ! August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 090 ! August 19 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650600000000000 ♠ 17 years , 297 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge 091 ! October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 091 ! October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson 092 ! March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 092 ! October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson 093 ! March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 093 ! March 17 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003603400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 190 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton 094 ! March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 094 ! October 15 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123310000000000 ♠ 33 years , 278 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed 095 ! March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 095 ! March 22 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 9 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton 096 ! May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 096 ! October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker 097 ! April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 097 ! April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter 098 ! September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 098 ! September 28 , 1962 -- July 26 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 301 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg 099 ! August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 099 ! October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark 100 ! August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 100 ! October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren 101 ! June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 101 ! June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas 102 ! May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 102 ! June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis Franklin Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black 103 ! December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 103 ! January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II 104 ! December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 104 ! January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas 105 ! December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 105 ! December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart 106 ! September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 106 ! September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger 107 ! September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 107 ! September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist 108 ! September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 108 ! September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell 109 ! February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 109 ! February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004108610000000000 ♠ 29 years , 268 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan 110 ! October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 110 ! October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall 111 ! October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 111 ! October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003951800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 21 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White 112 ! August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 112 ! August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003886100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 95 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun 113 ! July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 113 ! August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003850300000000000 ♠ 23 years , 102 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist 114 ! September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 114 ! September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003442800000000000 ♠ 12 years , 45 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor 115 ! January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 115 ! January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003430400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 286 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter 116 ! August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 116 ! August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003301900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 97 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens 117 ! August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 117 ! August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003265500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 98 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia 118 ! April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 118 ! April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002217000000000000 ♠ 217 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5 , 1791 , but was not sworn in until August 6 , 1792 . ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice , which is why this justice is listed twice . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process , which is why this justice is listed twice . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) The graphic below is a timeline depicting the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding their seat number , predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned from the timeline . Additionally , the progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Three presidents -- Taft , F. Roosevelt , and Reagan -- successfully nominated a sitting associate justice to become chief justice . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process , and are counted as such . Due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten associate justice seats chronicled below have been abolished . `` Seat 5 '' was last held by James Wayne , who died in 1867 , and `` Seat 7 '' was last held by John Catron , who died in 1865 . This graphical timeline also allows some otherwise obscure information to be easily noted . Edward Douglass White , Harlan F. Stone , and William Rehnquist were elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . John Rutledge and Charles Evans Hughes served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . Joseph Story ( in the early 19th century ) and Stephen Breyer ( in the late 20th and early 21st centuries ) are each noteworthy for serving over 11 years as the court 's most junior member . Elena Kagan ( in the 2010s ) served the third longest as the court 's most junior member for over 6 and a half years . Thomas Johnson ( 1790s ) , Robert Trimble ( 1820s ) and Arthur Goldberg ( 1960s ) are the only justices to leave the court while still being the court 's most junior member . William Rehnquist is unique in that he is the only justice to witness all of his more senior justices leave the court , without witnessing any of his more junior justices leave the court . Hugo Black , in addition to witnessing all eight of his predecessors leave the court , saw 22 new members appointed to the court ( his predecessors ' eight replacements and 14 others ) , meaning he worked beside a record 30 justices . Current justices ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Other List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 - 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Justices '' . www.supremecourthistory.org . Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . 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About Wikipedia	who are the justice of the supreme court	[ "\n\nThis article is part of the series on the\n\n\nUnited States\nSupreme Court\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Court\n\n\n\n\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\n\n\n\nCurrent membership\n\n\n\n\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\n\n\n\nAll members\n\n\n\n\nList of all members\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nSuccession\nTimeline\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\n\n\n\nCourt functionaries\n\n\n\n\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nSupreme Court Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOther countries\nLaw 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Portal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nThis article is part of the series on the\n\n\nUnited States\nSupreme Court\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Court\n\n\n\n\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\n\n\n\nCurrent membership\n\n\n\n\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\n\n\n\nAll members\n\n\n\n\nList of all members\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nSuccession\nTimeline\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\n\n\n\nCourt functionaries\n\n\n\n\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nSupreme Court Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nThis article is part of the series on the\n\n\nUnited States\nSupreme Court\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Court\n\n\n\n\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\n\n\n\nCurrent membership\n\n\n\n\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\n\n\n\nAll members\n\n\n\n\nList of all members\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nSuccession\nTimeline\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\n\n\n\nCourt functionaries\n\n\n\n\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nSupreme Court Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nThis article is part of the series on the\n\n\nUnited States\nSupreme Court\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Court\n\n\n\n\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\n\n\n\nCurrent membership\n\n\n\n\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\n\n\n\nAll members\n\n\n\n\nList of all members\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nSuccession\nTimeline\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\n\n\n\nCourt functionaries\n\n\n\n\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nSupreme Court Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\nThis article is part of the series on the\n\n\nUnited States\nSupreme Court\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Court\n\n\n\n\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\n\n\n\nCurrent membership\n\n\n\n\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\n\n\n\nAll members\n\n\n\n\nList of all members\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nSuccession\nTimeline\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\n\n\n\nCourt functionaries\n\n\n\n\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nSupreme Court Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv\nt\ne\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "John Roberts", "Anthony Kennedy", "Clarence Thomas", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "Stephen Breyer", "Samuel Alito", "Sonia Sotomayor", "Elena Kagan", "Neil Gorsuch" ]
-2738699732942368162	List of Chinese inventions	List of Chinese inventions - wikipedia List of Chinese inventions Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( December 2017 ) A bronze Chinese crossbow trigger mechanism with a butt plate ( the wooden components have since eroded and disappeared ) , inlaid with silver , from either the late Warring States period ( 403 -- 256 BC ) or the early Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) China has been the source of many innovations , scientific discoveries and inventions . This includes the Four Great Inventions : papermaking , the compass , gunpowder , and printing ( both woodblock and movable type ) . The list below contains these and other inventions in China attested by archaeological or historical evidence . The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving mechanics , hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology , metallurgy , astronomy , agriculture , engineering , music theory , craftsmanship , naval architecture and warfare . By the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , inhabitants of the Warring States had advanced metallurgic technology , including the blast furnace and cupola furnace , while the finery forge and puddling process were known by the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) . A sophisticated economic system in imperial China gave birth to inventions such as paper money during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . The invention of gunpowder during the mid 9th century led to an array of inventions such as the fire lance , land mine , naval mine , hand cannon , exploding cannonballs , multistage rocket and rocket bombs with aerodynamic wings and explosive payloads . With the navigational aid of the 11th century compass and ability to steer at high sea with the 1st century sternpost rudder , premodern Chinese sailors sailed as far as East Africa . In water - powered clockworks , the premodern Chinese had used the escapement mechanism since the 8th century and the endless power - transmitting chain drive in the 11th century . They also made large mechanical puppet theaters driven by waterwheels and carriage wheels and wine - serving automatons driven by paddle wheel boats . History of science and technology in China Inventions Four Great Inventions Discoveries By subject Mathematics Astronomy Calendar Units of measurement Cartography Geography Printing Ceramics Metallurgy Coinage Chinese Alchemy Traditional medicine herbology Agriculture Sericulture Silk industry Architecture Classic gardens Bridges Transport Navigation Military Navy By era Han Tang Song Yuan People 's Republic Agriculture The contemporaneous Peiligang and Pengtoushan cultures represent the oldest Neolithic cultures of China and were formed around 7000 BC . Some of the first inventions of Neolithic China include semilunar and rectangular stone knives , stone hoes and spades , the cultivation of millet , rice , and the soybean , the refinement of sericulture , the building of rammed earth structures with lime - plastered house floors , the creation of pottery with cord - mat - basket designs , the creation of pottery tripods and pottery steamers and the development of ceremonial vessels and scapulimancy for purposes of divination . The British sinologist Francesca Bray argues that the domestication of the ox and buffalo during the Longshan culture ( c. 3000 -- c. 2000 BC ) period , the absence of Longshan - era irrigation or high - yield crops , full evidence of Longshan cultivation of dry - land cereal crops which gave high yields `` only when the soil was carefully cultivated , '' suggest that the plough was known at least by the Longshan culture period and explains the high agricultural production yields which allowed the rise of Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1050 BC ) . Later inventions such as the multiple - tube seed drill and heavy moldboard iron plough enabled China to sustain a much larger population through greater improvements in agricultural output . For the purposes of this list , inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in China , and as such does not include foreign technologies which the Chinese acquired through contact , such as the windmill from the Middle East or the telescope from early modern Europe . It also does not include technologies developed elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese , such as the odometer , water wheel , and chain pump . Scientific , mathematical or natural discoveries , changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on the list . Contents : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Four Great Inventions Pre-Shang Shang and later Modern ( 1912 - present ) See also References Four Great inventions ( edit ) Main article : Four Great Inventions The following is a list of the Four Great Inventions -- as designated by Joseph Needham ( 1900 -- 1995 ) , a British scientist , author and sinologist known for his research on the history of Chinese science and technology . Fragments of hemp wrapping paper dated to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han ( 141 -- 87 BC ) The Diamond Sutra , the oldest printed book , published in AD 868 during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) Paper ( edit ) This sub-section is about paper making ; for the writing material first used in ancient Egypt , see papyrus . Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- AD 220 ) court eunuch Cai Lun ( 50 AD -- AD 121 ) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new materials used in making paper , ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China , the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan , Tianshui ; by the 3rd century , paper as a writing medium was in widespread use , replacing traditional but more expensive writing mediums such as strips of bamboo rolled into threaded scrolls , strips of silk , wet clay tablets hardened later in a furnace , and wooden tablets . The earliest known piece of paper with writing on it was discovered in the ruins of a Chinese watchtower at Tsakhortei , Alxa League , where Han Dynasty troops had deserted their position in AD 110 following a Xiongnu attack . In the paper making process established by Cai in 105 , a boiled mixture of mulberry tree bark , hemp , old linens and fish nets created a pulp that was pounded into paste and stirred with water ; a wooden frame sieve with a mat of sewn reeds was then dunked into the mixture , which was then shaken and then dried into sheets of paper that were bleached under the exposure of sunlight ; K.S. Tom says this process was gradually improved through leaching , polishing and glazing to produce a smooth , strong paper . Paper is used a lot . Printing ( edit ) For the separate invention of movable type printing in medieval Europe , see printing press and Johannes Gutenberg . Woodblock printing : The earliest specimen of woodblock printing is a single - sheet dharani sutra in Sanskrit that was printed on hemp paper between 650 and 670 AD ; it was unearthed in 1974 from a Tang tomb near Xi'an . A Korean miniature dharani Buddhist sutra discovered in 1966 , bearing extinct Chinese writing characters used only during the reign of China 's only self - ruling empress , Wu Zetian ( r. 690 -- 705 ) , is dated no earlier than 704 and preserved in a Silla Korean temple stupa built in 751 . The first printed periodical , the Kaiyuan Za Bao was made available in AD 713 . However , the earliest known book printed at regular size is the Diamond Sutra made during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , a 5.18 m ( 17 ft ) long scroll which bears the date 868 AD . Joseph Needham and Tsien Tsuen - hsuin write that the cutting and printing techniques used for the delicate calligraphy of the Diamond Sutra book are much more advanced and refined than the miniature dharani sutra printed earlier . An illustration published in Wang Zhen 's ( fl. 1290 -- 1333 ) book of AD 1313 showing movable type characters arranged by rhyme scheme in round table compartments Movable type : The polymath scientist and official Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) of the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) was the first to describe the process of movable type printing in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088 . He attributed the innovation of reusable fired clay characters to a little - known artisan named Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . Bi had experimented with wooden type characters , but their use was not perfected until 1297 to 1298 with the model of the official Wang Zhen ( fl. 1290 -- 1333 ) of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , who also arranged written characters by rhyme scheme on the surface of round table compartments . It was not until 1490 with the printed works of Hua Sui ( 1439 -- 1513 ) of the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) that the Chinese perfected metal movable type characters , namely bronze . The Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) scholar Xu Zhiding of Tai'an , Shandong developed vitreous enamel movable type printing in 1718 . Gunpowder ( edit ) Earliest known written formula for gunpowder , from the Wujing Zongyao of 1044 AD . Evidence of gunpowder 's first use in China comes from the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang , Ding Du and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao , a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Its gunpowder formulas describe the use of incendiary bombs launched from catapults , thrown down from defensive walls , or lowered down the wall by use of iron chains operated by a swape lever . Bombs launched from trebuchet catapults mounted on forecastles of naval ships ensured the victory of Song over Jin forces at the Battle of Caishi in 1161 , while the Mongol Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) used gunpowder bombs during their failed invasion of Japan in 1274 and 1281 . During the 13th and 14th centuries , gunpowder formulas became more potent ( with nitrate levels of up to 91 % ) and gunpowder weaponry more advanced and deadly , as evidenced in the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) military manuscript Huolongjing compiled by Jiao Yu ( fl . 14th to early 15th century ) and Liu Bowen ( 1311 -- 1375 ) . It was completed in 1412 , a long while after Liu 's death , with a preface added by the Jiao in its Nanyang publication . Compass ( edit ) A model in Kaifeng of a Chinese ladle - and - bowl type compass used for geomancy in the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) ; the historical authenticity of the model has been questioned by Li Shu - hua ( 1954 ) . Although an ancient hematite artifact from the Olmec era in Mexico dating to roughly 1000 BC indicates the possible use of the lodestone compass long before it was described in China , the Olmecs did not have iron which the Chinese would discover could be magnetised by contact with lodestone . Descriptions of lodestone attracting iron were made in the Guanzi , Master Lu 's Spring and Autumn Annals and Huainanzi . The Chinese by the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) began using north - south oriented lodestone ladle - and - bowl shaped compasses for divination and geomancy and not yet for navigation . The Lunheng , written by Han dynasty writer , scientist , and philosopher Wang Chong ( 27 -- c. 100 AD ) stated in chapter 52 : `` This instrument resembles a spoon and when it is placed on a plate on the ground , the handle points to the south '' . There are , however , another two references under chapter 47 of the same text to the attractive power of a magnet according to Needham ( 1986 ) , but Li Shu - hua ( 1954 ) considers it to be lodestone , and states that there is no explicit mention of a magnet in Lunheng . The Chinese polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) of the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) was the first to accurately describe both magnetic declination ( in discerning true north ) and the magnetic needle compass in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088 , while the Song dynasty writer Zhu Yu ( fl . 12th century ) was the first to mention use of the compass specifically for navigation at sea in his book published in 1119 . Even before this , however , the Wujing Zongyao military manuscript compiled by 1044 described a thermoremanence compass of heated iron or steel shaped as a fish and placed in a bowl of water which produced a weak magnetic force via remanence and induction ; the Wujing Zongyao recorded that it was used as a pathfinder along with the mechanical south - pointing chariot . Pre-Shang ( edit ) Inventions which originated in what is now China during the Neolithic age and prehistoric Bronze Age are listed in alphabetical order below . Chinese alcoholic rice wine containers . Alcoholic beverage and the process of fermentation : The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation and the consumption of alcoholic beverages was discovered in neolithic China dating from 7000 -- 6600 BC . Examination and analysis of ancient pottery jars from the neolithic village of Jiahu in Henan province in northern China revealed fermented residue left behind by the alcoholic beverages they once contained . According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , chemical analysis of the residue revealed that the fermented drink was made from fruit , rice and honey . Elsewhere in the world , fermented beverages have been found dating from 6000 BC in Georgia , 3150 BC in ancient Egypt , 3000 BC in Babylon , 2000 BC in pre-Hispanic Mexico , and 1500 BC in Sudan . Bambooworking : The use of bamboo in Neolithic China is well established as the Chinese were among the first civilizations to employ the use of bamboo . The cultivation and application of bamboo has played an important in the development of Chinese civilization from prehistoric times to the present . From prehistoric times to the present , bamboo has been used extensively in one form or another as the use of bamboo affected the everyday life of Chinese civilization . Chinese poets extolled this plant and Chinese painters cherished the plant 's beauty and grace through paintings across various Chinese dynasties . Archaeological ruins signifying the Chinese use of bamboo for vessels and containers , woven baskets to mats dating back to the Neolithic era were unearthed from Qianshanyang , Zhejiang . Around 6000 BC , bamboo motifs were used to decorate the neolithic pottery of the Yangshao culture and bamboo baskets dating back to 2000 BC have been discovered in addition to bamboo slips that were used as a writing surface dating from the Warring States period ( 475 - 221 BC ) . Bamboo during prehistoric China was used for a variety of purposes such as rafts , fans , cutting knives , arrowheads , chisels , needles , saw blades , cooking utensils , loomweights and writing tools . Bell : Clapper - bells made of pottery have been found in several archaeological sites . The earliest metal bells , with one found in the Taosi site , and four in the Erlitou site , dated to about 2000 BC , may have been derived from the earlier pottery prototype . Early bells not only have an important role in generating metal sound , but arguably played a prominent cultural role . With the emergence of other kinds of bells during the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1050 BC ) , they were relegated to subservient functions ; at Shang and Zhou sites , they are also found as part of the horse - and - chariot gear and as collar - bells of dogs . Coffin , wooden : The earliest evidence of wooden coffin remains , dated at 5000 BC , was found in the Tomb 4 at Beishouling , Shaanxi . Clear evidence of a wooden coffin in the form of a rectangular shape was found in Tomb 152 in an early Banpo site . The Banpo coffin belongs to a four - year - old girl , measuring 1.4 m ( 4.5 ft ) by 0.55 m ( 1.8 ft ) and 3 -- 9 cm thick . As many as 10 wooden coffins have been found from the Dawenkou culture ( 4100 -- 2600 BC ) site at Chengzi , Shandong . The thickness of the coffin , as determined by the number of timber frames in its composition , also emphasized the level of nobility , as mentioned in the Classic of Rites , Xunzi and Zhuangzi . Examples of this have been found in several Neolithic sites ; the double coffin , the earliest of which was found in the Liangzhu culture ( 3400 -- 2250 BC ) site at Puanqiao , Zhejiang , consists of an outer and an inner coffin , while the triple coffin , with its earliest finds from the Longshan culture ( 3000 -- 2000 BC ) sites at Xizhufeng and Yinjiacheng in Shandong , consists of two outer and one inner coffins . A large water vessel of the late Yangshao culture , 4th millennium BC . Cookware and pottery vessel : The earliest pottery , used as vessels , was discovered in 2012 , found in Xianrendong Cave located in the Jiangxi province of China . The pottery dates to 20,000 to 19,000 BP . The vessels may have been used as cookware , manufactured by hunter - gatherers . The Israeli archaeologist Ofer Bar - Yosef reported that `` When you look at the pots , you can see that they were in a fire . '' A bronze dagger - axe from the State of Han , Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) ; this type of weapon has existed in China since the Neolithic period Dagger - axe : The dagger - axe or ge was developed from agricultural stone implement during the Neolithic , dagger - axe made of stone are found in the Longshan culture ( 3000 -- 2000 BC ) site at Miaodian , Henan . It also appeared as ceremonial and symbolic jade weapon at around the same time , two being dated from about 2500 BC , are found at the Lingjiatan site in Anhui . The first bronze ge appeared at the early Bronze Age Erlitou site , where two were being found among the over 200 bronze artifacts ( as of 2002 ) at the site , three jade ge were also discovered from the same site . Total of 72 bronze ge in Tomb 1004 at Houjiazhuang , Anyang , 39 jade ge in tomb of Fu Hao and over 50 jade ge at Jinsha site were found alone . It was the basic weapon of Shang ( c. 1600 -- 1050 BC ) and Zhou ( c. 1050 -- 256 BC ) infantry , although it was sometimes used by the `` striker '' of charioteer crews . It consisted of a long wooden shaft with a bronze knife blade attached at a right angle to the end . The weapon could be swung down or inward in order to hook or slash , respectively , at an enemy . By the early Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , military use of the bronze ge had become limited ( mostly ceremonial ) ; they were slowly phased out during the Han Dynasty by iron spears and iron ji halberds . A Chinese ceramic model of a water well with a water pulley system , excavated from a tomb of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - 220 AD ) period Deepwater drilling : Some of the earliest evidence of water wells are located in China . The Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking . The Chinese text The Book of Changes , originally a divination text of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 - 771 BC ) , contains an entry describing how the ancient Chinese maintained their wells and protected their sources of water . Archaeological evidence and old Chinese documents reveal that the prehistoric and ancient Chinese had the aptitude and skills for digging deep water wells for drinking water as early as 6000 to 7000 years ago . A well excavated at the Hemedu excavation site was believed to have been built during the Neolithic era . The well was cased by four rows of logs with a square frame attached to them at the top of the well . 60 additional tile wells southwest of Beijing are also believed to have been built around 600 BC for drinking and irrigation . Gnomon : A painted stick dating from 2300 BCE excavated at the astronomical site of Taosi is the oldest gnomon known in China . The gnomon was widely used in ancient China from the second century BC onward in order determine the changes in seasons , orientation , and geographical latitude . The ancient Chinese used shadow measurements for creating calendars that are mentioned in several ancient texts . According to the collection of Zhou Chinese poetic anthologies Classic of Poetry , one of the distant ancestors of King Wen of the Zhou dynasty used to measure gnomon shadow lengths to determine the orientation around the 14th - century BC . A Jade dragon dating back to the Western Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 9 AD ) . Jadeworking : Chinese jade has played a role in China 's science and technological history . During Neolithic times , the key known sources of nephrite jade in China for utilitarian and ceremonial jade items were the now depleted deposits in the Ningshao area in the Yangtze River Delta ( Liangzhu culture 3400 -- 2250 BC ) and in an area of the Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia ( Hongshan culture 4700 -- 2200 BC ) . Dushan Jade was being mined as early as 6000 BC and the jade stone is the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpture . Jade was prized for its hardness , durability , musical qualities , and beauty . In particular , its subtle , translucent colors and protective qualities caused it to become associated with Chinese conceptions of the soul and immortality . The most prominent early use was the crafting of the Six Ritual Jades found since the 3rd - millennium BC Liangzhu culture . Lacquer : Lacquer was used in China since the Neolithic period and came from a substance extracted from the lac tree found in China . A red wooden bowl , which is believed to be the earliest known lacquer container , was unearthed at a Hemudu ( c. 5000 BC -- c. 4500 BC ) site . The British sinologist and historian Michael Loewe says coffins at many early Bronze Age sites seem to have been lacquered , and articles of lacquered wood may also have been common , but the earliest well - preserved examples of lacquer come from Eastern Zhou Dynasty ( 771 -- 256 BC ) sites . However , Wang Zhongshu disagrees , stating that the oldest well - preserved lacquerware items come from a Xiajiadian ( c. 2000 -- c. 1600 BC ) site in Liaoning excavated in 1977 , the items being red lacquered vessels in the shape of Shang Dynasty bronze gu vessels . Wang states that many lacquerware items from the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1050 BC ) , such as fragments of boxes and basins , were found , and had black designs such as the Chinese dragon and taotie over a red background . Queen Fu Hao ( died c. 1200 BC ) was buried in a lacquered wooden coffin . There were three imperial workshops during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) established solely for the purpose of crafting lacquerwares ; fortunately for the historian , Han lacquerware items were inscribed with the location of the workshop where they were produced and the date they were made , such as a lacquerware beaker found in the Han colony in northwestern Korea with the inscription stating it was made in a workshop near Chengdu , Sichuan and dated precisely to 55 AD . Many countries have long traditions of lacquer work , going back several thousand years in the cases of East Asian countries such as Japan as well as traditions of lacquer work in Southeast Asia and the Americas are also ancient and originated independently . Nonetheless , China created its own distinctive Chinese form of decorated lacquerware called Diāoqī ( Chinese : 漆雕 ) or carved lacquer . Lamian noodles , similar to the 4,000 - year - old noodles made from millet found at Lajia Millet cultivation : The discovery in northern China of domesticated varieties of broomcorn and foxtail millet from 8500 BC , or earlier , suggests that millet cultivation might have predated that of rice in parts of Asia . Clear evidence of millet began to cultivate by 6500 BC at sites of Cishan , Peiligang and Jiahu . Archaeological remains from Cishan sum up to over 300 storage pits , 80 with millet remains , with a total millet storage capacity estimated for the site of about 100,000 kg of grain . By 4000 BC , most Yangshao areas were using an intensive form of foxtail millet cultivation , complete with storage pits and finely prepared tools for digging and harvesting the crop . The success of the early Chinese millet farmers is still reflected today in the DNA of many modern East Asian populations , such studies have shown that the ancestors of those farmers probably arrived in the area between 30,000 and 20,000 BP , and their bacterial haplotypes are still found in today populations throughout East Asia . Noodle : In 2002 , an archaeological excavation at the Lajia site of the Qijia culture ( 2400 -- 1900 BC ) revealed 4,000 - year - old noodles made of millet ( instead of traditional wheat flour ) preserved by an upturned earthenware bowl that had created an airtight space between it and the sediment it was found on ; the noodles resemble the traditional lamian noodle of China , which is made by `` repeatedly pulling and stretching the dough by hand , '' according to a BBC News report on the find . Rowing oar : Rowing oars have been used since the early Neothilic period ; a canoe - shaped pottery and six wooden oars dating from the 6000 BC have been discovered in a Hemudu culture site at Yuyao , Zhejiang . In 1999 , an oar measuring 63.4 cm ( 2 ft ) in length , dating from 4000 BC , has also been unearthed at Ishikawa Prefecture , Japan . Plastromancy : The earliest use of turtle shells comes from the archaeological site in Jiahu site . The shells , containing small pebbles of various size , colour and quantity , were drilled with small holes , suggesting that each pair of them was tied together originally . Similar finds have also been found in the Dawenkou burial sites of about 4000 -- 3000 BC , as well as in Henan , Sichuan , Jiangsu and Shaanxi . The turtle - shell shakers for the most part are made of the shell of land turtles , identified as Cuora flavomarginata . Archaeologists believe that these shells were used either as rattles in ceremonial dances , shamantic healing tools or ritual paraphernalia for divinational purposes . Ploughshare , triangular - shaped : Triangular - shaped stone ploughshares are found at the sites of Majiabang culture dated to 3500 BC around Lake Tai . Ploughshares have also been discovered at the nearby Liangzhu and Maqiao sites roughly dated to the same period . David R. Harris says this indicates that more intensive cultivation in fixed , probably bunded , fields had developed by this time . According to Mu Yongkang and Song Zhaolin 's classification and methods of use , the triangular plough assumed many kinds and were the departure from the Hemudu and Luojiajiao spade , with the Songze small plough in mid-process . The post-Liangzhu ploughs used draft animals . Pottery steamer : Archaeological excavations show that using steam to cook began with the pottery cooking vessels known as yan steamers ; a yan composed of two vessel , a zeng with perforated floor surmounted on a pot or caldron with a tripod base and a top cover . The earliest yan steamer dating from about 5000 BC was unearthed in the Banpo site . In the lower Yangzi River , zeng pots first appeared in the Hemudu culture ( 5000 -- 4500 BC ) and Liangzhu culture ( 3200 -- 2000 BC ) and used to steam rice ; there are also yan steamers unearthed in several Liangzhu sites , including 3 found at the Chuodun and Luodun sites in southern Jiangsu . In the Longshan culture ( 3000 -- 2000 BC ) site at Tianwang in western Shandong , 3 large yan steamers were discovered . Pottery urn : The first evidence of pottery urn dating from about 7000 BC comes from the early Jiahu site , where a total of 32 burial urns are found , another early finds are in Laoguantai , Shaanxi . There are about 700 burial urns unearthed over the Yangshao ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) areas and consisting more than 50 varieties of form and shape . The burial urns were used mainly for children , but also sporadically for adults , as shown in the finds at Yichuan , Lushan and Zhengzhou in Henan . A secondary burials containing bones from child or adult are found in the urns in Hongshanmiao , Henan . Small hole was drilled in most of the child and adult burial urns , and is believed to enable the spirit to access . It is recorded in the Classic of Rites that the earthenware coffins were used in the time of legendary period , the tradition of burying in pottery urns lasted until the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) when it gradually disappeared . A basin cover for a `` coffin urn '' from the Neolithic Yangshao culture ( c. 5000 -- c. 3000 BC ) , used for the burial of a child , from Shaanxi Quern stones : Quern stones were used in China at least 10,000 years ago to grind wheat into flour . The production of flour by rubbing wheat by hand took several hours . Due to their form , dimensions , and the nature of the treatment of the surfaces , they reproduce precisely the most ancient implements used for grinding cereal grain into flour . Saddle querns were known in China during the Neolithic Age but rotary stone mills did not appear until the Warring States Period . A prehistoric quern dating back to 23,000 BCE was found at the Longwangchan archaeological site , in Hukou , Shaanxi in 2007 . The site is located in the heartland of the northern Chinese loess plateau near the Yellow River . Rammed earth : The archaeological evidence of the use of rammed earth has been discovered in Neolithic archaeological sites of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures along the Chinese Yellow River , dating back to 5000 BC . By 2000 BC , rammed - earth architectural techniques were commonly used for walls and foundations in China . Rice terrace farming in Longji , Guangxi , China Rice cultivation : In 2002 , a Chinese and Japanese group reported the discovery in eastern China of fossilised phytoliths of domesticated rice apparently dating back to 11,900 BC or earlier . However , phytolith data are controversial in some quarters due to potential contamination problems . It is likely that demonstrated rice was cultivated in the middle Yangtze Valley by 7000 BC , as shown in finds from the Pengtoushan culture at Bashidang , Changde , Hunan . By 5000 BC , rice had been domesticated at Hemudu culture near the Yangtze Delta and was being cooked in pots . Although millet remained the main crop in northern China throughout history , several sporadic attempts were made by the state to introduce rice around the Bohai Gulf as early as the 1st century . Sacrificial tripod : Tripod pottery have been part of the archaeological assemblage in China since the earliest Neolithic cultures of Cishan and Peiligang in the 7th and 8th millennium BC . Sacrificial tripods were also found in use in ancient China usually cast in bronze but sometimes appearing in ceramic form . One of the most well known sacrificial tripods is the Ding , a vessel standing upon legs with a lid and two facing handles . The ding was used for ritual offerings to the gods and ancestral veneration . The earliest recovered examples are pre-Shang ding at found at the Erlitou site . The ding played an important role during the late Erlitou period from the 18th to 16th centuries BC as it functioned as a vessel for cooking meat and ritual offerings . Saltern : One of the earliest salterns for the harvesting of salt is argued to have taken place on Lake Yuncheng , Shanxi by 6000 BC . Strong archaeological evidence of salt making dating to 2000 BC is found in the ruins of Zhongba at Chongqing . Medieval Chinese women processing new silk , early 12th century painting in the style of Zhang Xuan , Song Dynasty Sericulture : Sericulture is the production of silk from silkworms . The oldest silk found in China comes from the Chinese Neolithic period and is dated to about 3630 BC , found in Henan province . Silk items excavated from the Liangzhu culture site at Qianshanyang , Wuxing District , Zhejiang date to roughly 2570 BC , and include silk threads , a braided silk belt and a piece of woven silk . A bronze fragment found at the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1050 BC ) site at Anyang ( or Yinxu ) contains the first known written reference to silk . Soybean cultivation : The cultivation of soybeans began in the eastern half of northern China by 2000 BC , but is almost certainly much older . Liu et al. ( 1997 ) stated that soybean originated in China and was domesticated about 3500 BC . By the 5th century , soybeans were being cultivated in much of East Asia , but the crop did not move beyond this region until well into the 20th century . Written records of the cultivation and use of the soybean in China date back at least as far as the Western Zhou Dynasty . Treetrunk coffin : The treetrunk coffin , single trunk coffin or boat coffin was one of the common burials found mainly in the southern China . One of the few earliest boat coffins are found among the 92 burial tombs in the Songze culture ( 4000 -- 3000 BC ) site at Jiaxing , Zhejiang , similar finds can also be found in the middle phase of Dawenkou culture ( 4100 -- 2600 BC ) sites . Wet field cultivation and paddy field : Wet field cultivation , or the paddy field , was developed in China . The earliest paddy field dates to 6280 BP , based on carbon dating of the grains of rice and soil organic matter found at the Chaodun site in Kushan County . Paddy fields have also been excavated by archaeologists at Caoxieshan , a site of the Neolithic Majiabang culture . Shang and later ( edit ) Inventions which made their first appearance in China after the Neolithic age , specifically during and after the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1050 BC ) , are listed in alphabetical order below . Bronze mirror of the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) showing the twelve divisions of the Chinese zodiac , the latter of which goes back to the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) in China Acupuncture : Acupuncture , the traditional Chinese medicinal practice of inserting needles into specific points of the body for therapeutic purposes and relieving pain , was first mentioned in the Huangdi Neijing compiled from the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC ( Warring States period to Han Dynasty ) . The oldest known acupuncture sticks made of gold , found in the tomb of Liu Sheng ( d . 113 BC ) , date to the Western Han ( 203 BC -- 9 AD ) ; the oldest known stone - carved depiction of acupuncture was made during the Eastern Han ( 25 -- 220 AD ) ; the oldest known bronze statue of an acupuncture mannequin dates to 1027 during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Animal zodiac : The earliest and most complete version of the animal zodiac mentions twelve animals which differ slightly from the modern version ( for instance , the Dragon is absent , represented by a worm ) . Each animal matches the Earthly Branches and were written on bamboo slips from Shuihudi , dated to the late 4th century BC , as well as from Fangmatan , dating to the late 3rd century BC . Before these archaeological finds , the Lunheng written by Wang Chong ( 27 -- c. 100 AD ) during the 1st century provided the earliest transmitted example of a complete duodenary animal cycle . Armillary sphere , hydraulic - powered : Hipparchus ( c. 190 -- c. 120 BC ) credited the Ancient Greek mathematician , geographer , astronomer , and poet Eratosthenes ( 276 -- 194 BC ) as the first to invent the armillary sphere representing the celestial sphere . However , the Chinese astronomer Geng Shouchang of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) invented it separately in China in 52 BC , while the Han dynasty polymath Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 AD ) was the first to apply motive power to the rotating armillary sphere by a set of complex gears rotated by a waterwheel which in turn was powered by the constant pressure head of an inflow clepsydra clock , the latter of which he improved with an extra compensating tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel . Artillery : Early Chinese artillery had vase - like shapes . This includes the `` long range awe inspiring '' cannon dated from 1350 and found in the 14th century Ming Dynasty treatise Huolongjing . With the development of better metallurgy techniques , later cannons abandoned the vase shape of early Chinese artillery . This change can be seen in the bronze `` thousand ball thunder cannon , '' an early example of field artillery . A sample of the Shanghai Museum bamboo slips ( c. 300 BC ) , recording part of a commentary on the Classic of Poetry Huizi currency , issued in 1160 An illustration of furnace bellows operated by waterwheels , from the Nong Shu , by Chinese mechanical engineer and inventor Wang Zhen , 1313 AD , during the Yuan Dynasty . The Spinning Wheel , by Northern Song ( 960 -- 1127 ) artist Wang Juzheng . The Chinese invented the belt drive by the 1st century BC for silk quilling devices . A print illustration from an encyclopedia depicting men employing the fining process to make wrought iron and working a blast furnace by smelting iron ore to produce pig iron . Baguenaudier : Chinese rings or baguenaudier is a disentanglement puzzle featuring a loop which must be disentangled from a sequence of rings on interlinked pillars . Though its origins are obscure , The puzzle is thought to have been invented originally in China . The American ethnographer Stewart Culin related a tradition attributing the puzzle 's invention to the 2nd / 3rd century Chinese general Zhuge Liang . Bamboo and wooden slips : Bamboo and wooden slips ( Chinese : 简牍 ; pinyin : jiǎndú ) were the main medium for documents in China before the widespread introduction of paper by the 2nd century AD . ( Silk was occasionally used , but was prohibitively expensive . ) The long , narrow strips of wood or bamboo typically carry a single column of brush - written text each , with space for several tens of visually complex ancient Chinese characters . For longer texts , many slips may be bound together in sequence with thread . Each strip of wood or bamboo is said to be as long as a chopstick and as wide as two . The earliest surviving examples of wood or bamboo slips date from the 5th century BC during the Warring States period . However , references in earlier texts surviving on other media make it clear that some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was in use as early as the late Shang period ( from about 1250 BC ) . Bamboo or wooden strips were the standard writing material during the Han dynasty and excavated examples have been found in abundance . Bamboo tablets were used to write on before paper was invented by Cai Lun during the Han dynasty . Slats of bamboo stalks were sewn together used to make a kind of folding book . Subsequently , the invention of paper during the Han dynasty began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses , and by the 4th century AD bamboo had been largely phased out as a medium for writing in China . Banknote : Paper currency was first developed in China . Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , as merchants and wholesalers desired to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions . During the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the central government adopted this system for their monopolized salt industry , but a gradual reduction in copper production -- due to closed mines and an enormous outflow of Song - minted copper currency into the Japanese , Southeast Asian , Western Xia and Liao Dynasty economies -- encouraged the Song government in the early 12th century to issue government - printed paper currency alongside copper to ease the demand on their state mints and debase the value of copper . In the early 11th century , the Song Dynasty government authorised sixteen private banks to issue notes of exchange in Sichuan , but in 1023 the government commandeered this enterprise and set up an agency to supervise the manufacture of banknotes there . The earliest paper currency was limited to certain regions and could not be used outside specified bounds , but once paper was securely backed by gold and silver stores , the Song Dynasty government initiated a nationwide paper currency , between 1265 and 1274 . The concurrent Jin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) also printed paper banknotes by at least 1214 . Baoding balls : Baoding balls are Chinese metal balls small enough to hold in one hand . Intended to improve finger dexterity , relax the hand , or aid in the recovery of muscle strength and motor skills after surgery , Baoding balls work similarly to Western stress balls . The first Baoding balls were likely created in Hebei , China , during the Ming Dynasty . Formerly , they were often called `` iron balls '' as they were originally made of iron . Meditation balls continue to be produced there . Bellows , hydraulic - powered : The manufacturing of different alloys in China often required a continuous stream of air that was able to be blown over through molten metals . The use of double - action piston bellows was described by Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu around 500 BC to produce a continuous stream of air . Although it is unknown if metallurgic bellows ( i.e. air - blowing device ) in the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) were of the leather bag type or the wooden fan type found in the later Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) , the Eastern Han dynasty mechanical engineer and politician Du Shi ( d . 38 AD ) applied the use of rotating waterwheels to power the bellows of his blast furnace smelting iron , a method which continued in use in China thereafter , as evidenced by subsequent records ; it is a significant invention in that iron production yields were increased and it employed all the necessary components for converting rotary motion into reciprocating motion . Belt drive : The mechanical belt drive , using a pulley machine , was first mentioned in the text the Dictionary of Local Expressions by the Han Dynasty philosopher , poet , and politician Yang Xiong ( 53 -- 18 BC ) in 15 BC , used for a quilling machine that wound silk fibers on to bobbins for weavers ' shuttles . The belt drive is an essential component to the invention of the spinning wheel . The belt drive was not only used in textile technologies , it was also applied to hydraulic powered bellows dated from the 1st century AD . Belt hook : The belt hook was a fastener used in China . Belt hooks date to the 7th century BC in China , and were made with bronze , iron , gold , and jade . Texts claim that the belt hook arrived in China from Central Asia during the Warring States period , but archaeological evidence of belt hooks in China predate the Warring States Period . Bintie : Bintie ( simplified Chinese : 镔铁 ; traditional Chinese : 鑌鐵 ) was a type of refined iron , which was known for its hardness . It was often used in the making of Chinese weapons . The metal alloy was an important article of income in medieval Yuan China as technological advances from the preceding Song dynasty improved Yuan smelting technology . Bintie was referred as `` fine steel '' , due to its high carbon content . Biological pest control : The first report of the use of an insect species to control an insect pest comes from `` Nan Fang Cao Mu Zhuang '' ( 南方草木狀 Plants of the Southern Regions ) ( ca . 304 AD ) , attributed to Western Jin dynasty botanist Ji Han ( 嵇含 , 263 -- 307 ) , in which it is mentioned that `` Jiaozhi people sell ants and their nests attached to twigs looking like thin cotton envelopes , the reddish - yellow ant being larger than normal . Without such ants , southern citrus fruits will be severely insect - damaged '' . The ants used are known as huang gan ( huang = yellow , gan = citrus ) ants ( Oecophylla smaragdina ) . The practice was later reported by Ling Biao Lu Yi ( late Tang Dynasty or Early Five Dynasties ) , in Ji Le Pian by Zhuang Jisu ( Southern Song Dynasty ) , in the Book of Tree Planting by Yu Zhen Mu ( Ming Dynasty ) , in the book Guangdong Xing Yu ( 17th century ) , Lingnan by Wu Zhen Fang ( Qing Dynasty ) , in Nanyue Miscellanies by Li Diao Yuan , and others . Blast furnace : Although cast iron tools and weapons have been found in China dating to the 5th century BC , the earliest discovered Chinese blast furnaces , which produced pig iron that could be remelted and refined as cast iron in the cupola furnace , date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC , while the vast majority of early blast furnace sites discovered date to the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) period immediately following 117 BC with the establishment of state monopolies over the salt and iron industries during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) ; most ironwork sites discovered dating before 117 BC acted merely as foundries which made castings for iron that had been smelted in blast furnaces elsewhere in remote areas far from population centres . Bombard weaponry : The oldest representation of a bombard can be found in the Chinese town of Ta - tsu . In 1985 , the Canadian historian Robin Yates visited the Buddhist cave temples when he saw a sculpture on the wall depicting a demon holding a hand - held bombard . The muzzle seems to have a blast and flames coming from it which some believe is proof of some type of super gun . Yates examined the cave and believed the drawings dated back to the late 12th century . Bomb , cast iron : The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder -- as opposed to earlier types of casings -- were written in the 13th century in China . The term was coined for this bomb ( i.e. `` thunder - crash bomb '' ) during a Jin Dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) naval battle of 1231 against the Mongols . The History of Jin ( compiled by 1345 ) states that in 1232 , as the Mongol general Subutai ( 1176 -- 1248 ) descended on the Jin stronghold of Kaifeng , the defenders had a `` thunder - crash bomb '' which `` consisted of gunpowder put into an iron container ... then when the fuse was lit ( and the projectile shot off ) there was a great explosion the noise whereof was like thunder , audible for more than a hundred li , and the vegetation was scorched and blasted by the heat over an area of more than half a mou . When hit , even iron armour was quite pierced through . '' The Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) official Li Zengbo wrote in 1257 that arsenals should have several hundred thousand iron bomb shells available and that when he was in Jingzhou , about one to two thousand were produced each month for dispatch of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou . The significance of this , as British sinologist , scientist , and historian Joseph Needham states , is that a `` high - nitrate gunpowder mixture had been reached at last , since nothing less would have burst the iron casing . '' Borehole drilling : By at least the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese used deep borehole drilling for mining and other projects ; The British sinologist and historian Michael Loewe states that borehole sites could reach as deep as 600 m ( 2000 ft ) . K.S. Tom describes the drilling process : `` The Chinese method of deep drilling was accomplished by a team of men jumping on and off a beam to impact the drilling bit while the boring tool was rotated by buffalo and oxen . '' This was the same method used for extracting petroleum in California during the 1860s ( i.e. `` Kicking Her Down '' ) . A Western Han Dynasty bronze foundry discovered in Xinglong , Hebei had nearby mining shafts which reached depths of 100 m ( 328 ft ) with spacious mining areas ; the shafts and rooms were complete with a timber frame , ladders and iron tools . By the first century BC , Chinese craftsmen cast iron drill bits and drillers were able to drill boreholes up to 4800 feet ( 1500 m ) deep . By the eleventh century AD , the Chinese were able to drill boreholes up to 3000 feet in depth . Drilling for boreholes was time consuming and long . As the depth of the holes varied , the drilling of a single well could up to nearly one full decade . It was n't up until the 19th century that Europe and the West would catch up and rival ancient Chinese borehole drilling technology . Brandy : The traditional making of brandy has its roots in medieval China during the Tang dynasty . The Chinese started to distill brandy by heating wine in the 6th century AD . As the alcohol component of the wine had the lowest boiling point , it was able to be evaporated by heating and condensed by cooling . Thus , the Chinese called their brandy `` burnt wine '' or shāojiǔ ( 烧酒 ) . By the 7th century AD , distilled wine was known and widespread through China . The production of frozen brandy was widespread among Central Asian tribes in the frigid climate in the third century AD . It was often noticed that wine and other fermented beverages ( such as fermented mare 's milk ) would have small amounts of unfrozen liquid in the middle , leaving pure alcohol behind . This process was recorded in the Chinese compendium Records of the Investigations of Things by Zhang Hua of the Jin dynasty in 290 AD . Breeching strap : The breeching strap traces its roots back to the Chinese invented breast - strap or `` breastcollar '' harness developed during the Warring States ( 481 -- 221 BC ) era . The Chinese breast harness became known throughout Central Asia by the 7th century , introduced to Europe by the 8th century . The breeching strap would allow the horse to hold or brake the load as horse harnesses were previously attached to vehicles by straps around their necks as previously designed harnesses would constrict the horses neck preventing the horse from pulling heavier loads . The breeching strap acted as a brake when a cart tries to run forward when moving downwards on a slope and also make it possible to maneuver the cart in the reverse direction . Brine mining : Around 500 BCE , the ancient Chinese dug hundreds of brine wells , some of which were over 100 meters ( 330 feet ) in depth . Large brine deposits under the earth 's surface were drilled by drilling boreholes . Bamboo towers were erected , similar in style to modern - day oil derricks . Bamboo was used for ropes , casing , and derricks since it was salt resistant . Iron wedges were hung from a bamboo cable tool attached to a lever on a platform constructed atop the tower . The derricks required two to three men jumping on and off the lever that moved the iron wedge pounded into the ground to dig a hole deep enough into the ground to hit the brine . Bristle toothbrush : According to the United States Library of Congress website , the Chinese have used the bristle toothbrush since 1498 , during the reign of the Hongzhi Emperor ( r . 1487 -- 1505 ) of the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ; it also adds that the toothbrush was not mass - produced until 1780 , when they were sold by a William Addis of Clerkenwell , London , England . In accordance with the Library of Congress website , scholar John Bowman also writes that the bristle toothbrush using pig bristles was invented in China during the 1490s . While Bonnie L. Kendall agrees with this , she noted that a predecessor existed in ancient Egypt in the form of a twig that was frayed at the end . Chinese river ships from Along the River During Qingming Festival , by Zhang Zeduan ( 1085 -- 1145 ) , Song Dynasty Bulkhead partition : The 5th century book Garden of Strange Things by Liu Jingshu mentioned that a ship could allow water to enter the bottom without sinking , while the Song Dynasty author Zhu Yu ( fl . 12th century ) wrote in his book of 1119 that the hulls of Chinese ships had a bulkhead build ; these pieces of literary evidence for bulkhead partitions are confirmed by archaeological evidence of a 24 m ( 78 ft ) long Song Dynasty ship dredged from the waters off the southern coast of China in 1973 , the hull of the ship divided into twelve walled compartmental sections built watertight , dated to about 1277 . Western writers from Marco Polo ( 1254 -- 1324 ) , to Niccolò Da Conti ( 1395 -- 1469 ) , to Benjamin Franklin ( 1706 -- 1790 ) commented on bulkhead partitions , which they viewed as an original aspect of Chinese shipbuilding , as Western shipbuilding did not incorporate this hull arrangement until the early 19th century . A hand cannon figure from the Dazu Rock Carvings . The figure carres a hand cannon with its flames and ball issuing forth . Cast - iron artifact dated from 5th century BC found in Jiangsu , China A late 10th century grey sandstone and celadon - glazed pitcher from the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) ; the spout is in the form of a fenghuang head . The endless power - transmitting chain drive from Su Song 's book of 1094 describing his clock tower Wooden and plastic chopsticks The Xuande Emperor ( r . 1425 -- 1435 ) playing chuiwan with his eunuchs A hand - held , trigger - operated crossbow from the 2nd century BC , Han Dynasty A 15th - century Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) woodblock print of the Water Margin novel showing a game of cuju football being played Candidates gathering around the wall where the civil service examination results are posted . This announcement was known as `` releasing the roll '' ( 放榜 ) . ( c. 1540 , by Ming Dynasty painter Qiu Ying ) An earthenware model of a stove furnace from the Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) ; the Chinese have been using the cupola furnace since antiquity . Candle clock : Candle clocks have been used in China since at least the 6th century AD . The earliest reference of a candle clock is in a poem by You Jiangu around 520 AD . Cannon : The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan dated to 1128 , however the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century . The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the Wuwei Bronze Cannon dated to 1227 , the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288 , and the Xanadu Gun dated to 1298 . However , only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production , so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon . The Xanadu Gun is 34.7 cm in length and weighs 6.2 kg . The other cannon are dated using contextual evidence . Cast coinage : The Chinese recognized the need for money as a convenient form of economic transaction as early as 10,000 BC . The Chinese efficiently mass - produced small copper alloy tools and utensils . Early financial implements such as knives and spades were used as a medium form of exchange by merchants to simply inter-regional dealings . Both the spade and knife coins were cast out of bronze with inscriptions with round or square holes for stringing , identifying the cities and states that issued them . The coins were produced and classified in various denominations , sizes , and weights during the Zhou dynasty began to reflect the early beginning of a market economy . Spade and knives eventually fell out of favour towards round square - holed coins after 220 BC as the coins were awkwardly shaped and too heavy to carry . Cast iron : Confirmed by archaeological evidence , cast iron , made from melting pig iron , was developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty ( 1122 -- 256 BC ) , the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province ; despite this , most of the early blast furnaces and cupola furnaces discovered in China date after the state iron monopoly under Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) was established in 117 BC , during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) ; Donald Wagner states that a possible reason why no ancient Chinese bloomery process has been discovered thus far is because the iron monopoly , which lasted until the 1st century AD when it was abolished for private entrepreneurship and local administrative use , wiped out any need for continuing the less - efficient bloomery process that continued in use in other parts of the world . Wagner states that most iron tools in ancient China were made of cast iron in consideration of the low economic burden of producing cast iron , whereas most iron military weapons were made of more costly wrought iron and steel , signifying that `` high performance was essential '' and preferred for the latter . As cast iron is comparatively brittle , it is not suitable for purposes where a sharp edge or flexibility is required . It is strong under compression , but not under tension . Cast iron found many uses in ancient Chinese society as it was poured into moulds to make ploughshares , cooking utensils as well as weapons and pagodas . Cast iron would not become available in Europe until the 15th century , where Henry VIII initiated the casting of cannons and cannonballs in England . Celadon : Named after a pale - tinted spring green colour , Chinese archaeologist Wang Zhongshu ( 1982 ) asserts that shards having this type of ceramic glaze have been recovered from Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb excavations in Zhejiang ; he also asserts that this type of ceramic became well known during the Three Kingdoms ( 220 -- 265 ) . Richard Dewar ( 2002 ) disagrees with Wang 's classification , stating that true celadon -- which requires a minimum 1260 ° C ( 2300 ° F ) furnace temperature , a preferred range of 1285 ° to 1305 ° C ( 2345 ° to 2381 ° F ) , and reduced firing -- was not created until the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1127 ) . The unique grey or green celadon glaze is a result of iron oxide 's transformation from ferric to ferrous iron ( Fe O → FeO ) during the firing process . Longquan celadon wares , which the archeologist Nigel Wood at the University of Oxford writes were first made during the Northern Song , had bluish , blue - green , and olive green glazes and high silica and alkali contents which resembled later porcelain wares made at Jingdezhen and Dehua rather than stonewares . Chain drive , endless power - transmitting : The Greek Philon of Byzantium ( 3rd or 2nd century BC ) described a chain drive and windlass used in the operation of a polybolos ( a repeating ballista ) , `` but the chain drive did not continuously transmit power from shaft to shaft and hence they were not in the direct line of ancestry of the chain - drive proper '' . A continuously driven chain drive first appeared in 11th century China . Perhaps inspired by chain pumps which had been known in China since at least the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) when they were mentioned by the Han dynasty philosopher Wang Chong ( 27 -- c. 100 AD ) , the endless power - transmitting chain drive was first used in the gearing of the clock tower built at Kaifeng in 1090 by the Song Chinese politician , mathematician and astronomer Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) . Chain stitch : The earliest archaeological evidence of chain stitch embroidery dates from 1100 BC in China . Excavated from royal tombs , the embroidery was made using threads of silk . Chain stitch embroidery has also been found dating to the Warring States period . Chain stitch designs spread to Iran through the Silk Road . Chopsticks : The Han dynasty historian and writer Sima Qian ( 145 -- 86 BC ) wrote in the Records of the Grand Historian that King Zhou of Shang was the first to make chopsticks out of ivory in the 11th century BC ; the most ancient archaeological find of a pair of chopsticks , made of bronze , comes from Shang Tomb 1005 at Houjiazhuang , Anyang , dated roughly 1200 BC . By 600 BC , the use of chopsticks had spread to Yunnan ( Dapona in Dali ) , and Töv Province by the 1st century . The earliest known textual reference to the use of chopsticks comes from the Han Feizi , a philosophical text written by writer and philosopher Han Fei ( c. 280 -- 233 BC ) in the 3rd century BC . Chromium , use of : The use of chromium was invented in China no later than 210 BC when the Terracotta Army was interred at a site not far from modern Xi'an ; modern archaeologists discovered that bronze - tipped crossbow bolts at the site showed no sign of corrosion after more than 2,000 years , because they had been coated in chromium . Chromium was not used anywhere else until the experiments of French pharmacist and chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin ( 1763 -- 1829 ) in the late 1790s . Chuiwan : Chuiwan , a game similar to the Scottish - derived sport of golf , was first mentioned in China by Song dynasty writer Wei Tai ( fl. 1050 -- 1100 ) in his Dongxuan Records ( 東軒錄 ) ; it was popular amongst men and women in the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) and Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) , while it was popular among urban men in the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) in much the same way that tennis was for early urban Europeans during the Renaissance ( according to Andrew Leibs ) . In 1282 , the writer Ning Zhi published the Book of Chuiwan , which described the rules , equipment , and playing field of chuiwan , as well as included commentary of those who mastered its tactics . The game was played on flat and sloping grassland terrain and -- much like the tee of modern golf -- had a `` base '' area where the first of three strokes were played . Churn drill : Churn drills date back to as early as Qin Dynasty China , 221 BC , capable of reaching a depth of 1500 m . Churn drills in ancient China were built of wood and labour - intensive , but were able to go through solid rock . The churn drill appears in Europe during the 12th century . A modern churn drill using steam power , based on `` the ancient Chinese method of lifting and dropping a rod tipped with a bit , '' was first built in 1835 by the American inventor and businessman Isaac Merritt Singer . Civil service examinations : During the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the xiaolian system of recruiting government officials through formal recommendations was the chief method of filling bureaucratic posts , although there was an Imperial Academy to train potential candidates for office and some offices required its candidates to pass formal written tests before appointment . However , it was not until the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) that civil service examinations became open to all adult males not belonging to the merchant class ( although civil service examinations was a path to social advancement in Imperial Chinese society to candidates regardless of wealth , social status , or family background ) and were used as a universal prerequisite for appointments to office , at least in theory . The civil service system was implemented on a much larger scale during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , when an elite core of dynastic - founding and professional families lost their majority in government to a broad strata of lesser gentry families from throughout the country . The civil examination system was later adopted by China 's other East Asian neighbors Japan and Korea . The imperial examination system attracted much attention and greatly inspired political theorists in the Western World , and as a Chinese institution was one of the earliest to receive such foreign attention . The Chinese examination system was introduced to the Western world in reports by European missionaries and diplomats , and encouraged the British East India Company to use a similar method to select prospective employees . Following the initial success in that company , the British government adopted a similar testing system for screening civil servants in 1855 . Other European nations , such as France and Germany , followed suit . Modeled after these previous adaptations , the United States established its own testing program for certain government jobs after 1883 . Co-fusion steel process : Although British scientist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham speculates that it could have existed beforehand , the first clear written evidence of the fusion of wrought iron and cast iron to make steel comes from the 6th century AD in regards to the Daoist swordsmith Qiwu Huaiwen , who was put in charge of the arsenal of Northern Wei general Gao Huan from 543 to 550 AD . The Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) Newly Reorganized Pharmacopoeia of 659 also described this process of mixing and heating wrought iron and cast iron together , stating that the steel product was used to make sickles and Chinese sabers . In regards to the latter text , Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) made a similar description and noted the steel 's use for making swords . Coke as fuel : By the 11th century , during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the demands for charcoal used in the blast and cupola furnaces of the iron industry led to large amounts of deforestation of prime timberland ; to avoid excessive deforestation , the Song Dynasty Chinese began using coke made from bituminous coal as fuel for their metallurgic furnaces instead of charcoal derived from wood . Color printing : By at least the Yuan Dynasty , China had invented color printing for paper . British art historian Michael Sullivan writes that `` the earliest color printing known in China , and indeed in the whole world , is a two - color frontispiece to a Buddhist sutra scroll , dated 1346 '' . Contour canal : After numerous conquests and consolidation of his empire , China 's first emperor Qin Shi Huang ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) commissioned the engineer Shi Lu to build a new waterway canal which would pass through a mountain range and connect the Xiang and Lijiang rivers . The result of this project was the Lingqu Canal , complete with thirty - six lock gates , and since it closely follows a contour line ( i.e. following the contours of the natural saddle in the hills ) , it is the oldest known contour canal in the world . Counting rods : Counting rods were used by ancient Chinese for more than two thousand years . In 1954 , forty - odd counting rods of the Warring States period were found in Zuǒjiāgōngshān ( 左家公山 ) Chu Grave No. 15 in Changsha , Hunan . In 1973 , archeologists unearthed a number of wood scripts from a Han dynasty tomb in Hubei . On one of the wooden scripts was written : `` 当利二月定算 '' . This is one of the earliest examples of using counting rod numerals in writing . In 1976 , a bundle of Western Han counting rods made of bones was unearthed from Qianyang County in Shaanxi . The use of counting rods must predate it ; Laozi ( 6th or 5th century BCE ) said `` a good calculator does n't use counting rods '' . The Book of Han recorded : `` they calculate with bamboo , diameter one fen , length six cun , arranged into a hexagonal bundle of two hundred seventy one pieces '' . At first calculating rods were round in cross section , but by the time of the Sui dynasty triangular rods were used to represent positive numbers and rectangular rods were used for negative numbers . Crank and crankshaft : The earliest hand - operated cranks appeared in China during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - 220 AD ) , as Han era glazed - earthenware tomb models portray , and was used thereafter in China for silk - reeling and hemp - spinning , for the agricultural winnowing fan , in the water - powered flour - sifter , for hydraulic - powered metallurgic bellows , and in the well windlass . In order to create a handle by means of a wheel to easily rotate their grain winnowers , the Chinese invented the crank handle and applied the centrifugal fan principle in the 2nd century BC . The crank handle was used in well - windlasses , querns , mills , and many silk making machines . The rotary winnowing fan greatly increased the efficiency of separating grain from husks and stalks . Harvesting grain by the use of rotary winnowing fan would not reach the Western World until the eighteenth century , where harvested grain was initially thrown up in the air by shovels or winnowing baskets . However , the potential of the crank of converting circular motion into a reciprocal one never seems to have been fully realized in China , and the crank was typically absent from such machines until the turn of the 20th century . Crossbow and repeating crossbow : According to British art historian Matthew Landruss and Gerald Hurley , Chinese crossbows may have been invented as far back as 2000 BC , while the American historian Anne McCants at the Massachusetts institute of Technology speculates that they existed around 1200 BC . In China bronze crossbow bolts dating as early as the mid 5th century BC were found at a State of Chu burial site in Yutaishan , Hubei . The earliest handheld crossbow stocks with bronze trigger , dating from the 6th century BC , comes from Tomb 3 and 12 found at Qufu , Shandong , capital of the State of Lu . Other early finds of crossbows were discovered in Tomb 138 at Saobatang , Hunan dated to the mid 4th century BC . Repeating crossbows , first mentioned in the Records of the Three Kingdoms , were discovered in 1986 in Tomb 47 at Qinjiazui , Hubei dated to around the 4th century BC . The earliest textual evidence of the handheld crossbow used in battle dates to the 4th century BC . Handheld crossbows with complex bronze trigger mechanisms have also been found with the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shihuang ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) that are similar to specimens from the subsequent Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , while crossbowmen described in the Han Dynasty learned drill formations , some were even mounted as cavalry units , and Han dynasty writers attributed the success of numerous battles against the Xiongnu to massed crossbow fire . In comparison , the ancient Greeks also had a crossbow known as the gastraphetes ( `` belly - bow '' , so named because the shooter had to draw the bow by pressing his stomach against the concave rear ) also invented in the 5th century BC ; other versions were the more portable Cheirobalista ( hand balista ) , arcubalista and manubalista , this last Roman version was almost all metal composed ( the spring mechanism and the skeins ) . There was also the katapeltikon ( 399 BC ) , a siege weapon using similar mechanisms . Unlike the Chinese crossbow , the heavy weight and bulk of these weapons necessitated a prop to keep them standing . Cuju ( football ) : The game of football known as cuju was first mentioned in China by two historical texts ; the Zhan Guo Ce ( compiled from the 3rd to 1st centuries BC ) and the Records of the Grand Historian ( published in 91 BC ) by Sima Qian ( 145 -- 86 BC ) . Both texts recorded that during the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) the people of Linzi city , capital of the State of Qi , enjoyed playing cuju along with partaking in many other pastimes such as cockfighting . Besides being a recreational sport , playing cuju was also considered a military training exercise and means for soldiers to keep fit . Cupola furnace : American anthropologist Vincent C. Pigott of the University of Pennsylvania states that the cupola furnace existed in China at least by the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , while Donald B. Wagner writes that some iron ore melted in the blast furnace may have been cast directly into molds , but most , if not all , iron smelted in the blast furnace during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) was remelted in a cupola furnace ; it was designed so that a cold blast injected at the bottom traveled through tuyere pipes across the top where the charge ( i.e. of charcoal and scrap or pig iron ) was dumped , the air becoming a hot blast before reaching the bottom of the furnace where the iron was melted and then drained into appropriate molds for casting . Two Sui dynasty zhibeidao with ring - shaped pommels . Ceramic models of watchtowers from the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) showing use of dougong brackets A giant drawloom for figure weaving , from the Chinese Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia published by Ming dynasty encyclopedist and scientist Song Yingxing in 1637 Excavated floor of a dragon kiln , 40 metres long , of the Southern Song official kiln at Jiaotanxia in Hangzhou Antique drilling rigs in Zigong , China Dao : Daos are single - edged Chinese swords , primarily used for slashing and chopping . The most common form is also known as the Chinese sabre , although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as Chinese broadswords . In China , the dao is considered one of the four traditional weapons , along with the gun ( stick or staff ) , qiang ( spear ) , and the jian ( sword ) . The earliest dao date from the Shang Dynasty in China 's Bronze Age , and are known as zhibeidao ( 直背刀 ) -- straight backed knives . As the name implies , these were straight - bladed or slightly curved weapons with a single edge . Originally bronze , these weapons were made of iron or steel by the time of the late Warring States period as metallurgical knowledge became sufficiently advanced to control the carbon content . Originally less common as a military weapon than the jian -- the straight , double - edged blade of China -- the dao became popular with cavalry during the Han dynasty due to its sturdiness , superiority as a chopping weapon , and relative ease of use -- it was generally said that it takes a week to attain competence with a dao / saber , a month to attain competence with a qiang / spear , and a year to attain competence with a jian / straight sword . Soon after dao began to be issued to infantry , beginning the replacement of the jian as a standard - issue weapon . Late Han dynasty dao had round grips and ring - shaped pommels , and ranged between 85 and 114 centimeters in length . These weapons were used alongside rectangular shields . Dental amalgam : Dental amalgam were used in the first part of the Tang Dynasty in China ( 618 - 907 A.D. ) , and in Germany by Dr. Strockerus in about 1528 . Evidence of a dental amalgam first appears in the Tang Dynasty medical text Hsin Hsiu Pen Tsao written by Su Kung in 659 , manufactured from tin and silver . Historical records hint that the use of amalgams may date even earlier in the Tang Dynasty . It was during the Ming Dynasty that the composition of an early dental amalgam was first published , and a text written by Liu Wen Taiin 1505 states that it consists of `` 100 shares of mercury , 45 shares of silver and 900 shares of tin . '' Diabolo : Chinese archaeologists theorize that Chinese Diabolos ( or Chinese yo - yo ) originated from Chinese spinning top . In Hemudu Excavation , wooden tops were excavated . In order to extend the spinning time of the tops , whip were used to spin the top . This released a sound and gradually evolved into the term `` Kongzhu '' ( Chinese : 空竹 ; pinyin : Kōng zhú ; literally : `` Air Bamboo '' ) . It was speculated that the Chinese poet Cao Zhi in the Three Kingdoms period had composed the poem `` Rhapsody of Diabolos 《空竹赋》 '' , making it the first record of Diabolo in Chinese history . The authenticity of the poem `` Rhapsody of Diabolos 《空竹赋》 '' however required further research and evidence of proof . By the medieval Tang dynasty , Chinese Diabolo became widespread as a form of toy . The Taiwanese scholar Wu Shengda 吳盛達 however argued that records of Chinese Diabolo only appeared during late Ming dynasty Wanli period , with its details well recorded in the book Dijing Jingwulue , referring to Diabolos as `` Kong Zhong '' ( simplified Chinese : 空钟 ; traditional Chinese : 空鐘 ; pinyin : Kōng zhong ; literally : `` Air Bell '' ) . Diabolos evolved from the Chinese yo - yo , which was originally standardized in the 12th century . The first mention of a diabolo in the Western World was made by a missionary , Father Amiot , in Beijing in 1792 during Lord Macartney 's ambassadorship , after which examples were brought to Europe , as was the sheng ( eventually adapted to the harmonica and accordion ) . Dominoes : The Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) writer Xie Zhaozhe ( 1567 -- 1624 ) initiated the legend that dominoes were first presented to the imperial court in 1112 . However , the oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin ( i.e. the capital Hangzhou ) written by the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) author Zhou Mi ( 1232 -- 1298 ) , who listed `` pupai '' ( gambling plaques or dominoes ) as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song ( r . 1162 -- 1189 ) . Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai , since the Ming author Lu Rong ( 1436 -- 1494 ) explicitly defined pupai as dominoes ( in regards to a story of a suitor who won a maiden 's hand by drawing out four winning pupai from a set ) . The earliest known manual written about dominoes is the Manual of the Xuanhe Period ( 1119 -- 1125 ) written by Qu You ( 1347 -- 1433 ) . In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures , Zhang Pu ( 1602 -- 1641 ) described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai , although the character for pu had changed ( yet retained the same pronunciation ) . Traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow , Pai Gow , Che Deng , and others . The thirty - two - piece Chinese domino set ( made to represent each possible face of two thrown dice and thus have no blank faces ) differs from the twenty - eight - piece domino set found in the Western World during the mid 18th century ( in France and Italy ) . Dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century , and although it is unknown how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game , it is speculated that Italian missionaries in China may have brought and introduced the game to Europe . Dougong : A dougong is a building bracket which is unique to Chinese architecture . Since at least the Western Zhou Dynasty ( c. 1050 -- 771 BC ) , they were placed between the top of a column and a crossbeam to support the concave roofs of beam - in - tier buildings which were archetypal of Chinese architecture . Each dougong is formed by double bow - shaped arms ( 拱 , gong ) supported by a wooden block ( 斗 , dou ) on each side . Dougong were also used for decorative and ceremonial rather than entirely pragmatic purposes of support , such as on solid brick pagodas like the Iron Pagoda built in 1049 . The Yingzao Fashi building manual published in 1103 by the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) official Li Jie featured illustrations and descriptions of dougong . Dragon boats : The use of dragon boats for racing and dragons are believed by modern scholars , sinologists , and anthropologists to have originated in southern central China more than 2500 years ago , in Dongting Lake and along the banks of the Chang Jiang ( now called the Yangtze ) during the same era when the Olympic games of ancient Greece were being established at Olympia ) . Dragon kiln : Dragon kilns were traditional Chinese kilns used for Chinese ceramics . According to recent excavations in Shangyu District in the northeast of Zhejiang province and elsewhere , the origins of the dragon kiln may go back as far as the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 to 1046 BCE ) , and is linked to the introduction of stoneware , fired at 1200 ° C or more . These kilns were much smaller than later examples , at some 5 -- 12 metres long , and also sloped far less . The type had certainly developed by the Warring States period , and by the Eastern Wu kingdom ( 220 -- 280 CE ) , there were over 60 kilns at Shangyu . Thereafter it remained the main design used in southern China until the Ming dynasty . The pottery areas of south China are mostly hilly , whereas those on the plains of north China typically lack suitable slopes ; here the mantou kiln type predominated . The Nanfeng Kiln in Guangdong province is several centuries old and still functioning . It was a producer of Shiwan ware as well as architectural ceramics , and today also functions as a tourist attraction . Drawloom : The earliest confirmed drawloom fabrics come from the State of Chu and date c. 400 BC . Most scholars attribute the invention of the drawloom to the ancient Chinese , although some speculate an independent invention from ancient Syria since drawloom fabrics found in Dura - Europas are thought to date before 256 AD . Dieter Kuhn states that an analysis of texts and textiles from the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) proves that the figured fabrics of that era were also crafted with the use of a drawloom . The drawloom was certainly known in Persia by the 6th century AD . Eric Broudy asserts there is virtually no evidence of its use in Europe until the 17th century , while the button drawloom was allegedly invented by Jean le Calabrais in the 15th century . Mary Carolyn Beaudry disagrees , stating that it was used in the medieval Italian silk industry . Drilling rig : The technique of oil drilling through percussion or rotary drilling has its origins dating back to the ancient Chinese Han Dynasty in 500 BC , where percussion drilling was used to extract natural gas in the Sichuan province . Early oil and gas drilling methods were seemingly primitive as it required several technical skills . The skills involved the availability of heavy iron bits and long bamboo poles , the manufacturing of long and sturdy cables woven from bamboo fiber , and levers . Heavy iron bits were attached to long bamboo cables suspended from bamboo derricks and then were repeatedly raised and dropped into a manually dug hole by having two to six men jumping on a lever . Han dynasty oil wells made by percussion drilling was effective but only reached 10 meters deep and 100 meters by the 10th century . By the 16th century , the Chinese were exploring and drilling oil wells more than 2000 feet deep . A modernized variant of the ancient Chinese drilling technique was used by American businessman Edwin Drake to drill Pennsylvania 's first oil well in 1859 using small steam engines to power the drilling process rather than by human muscle . Dry docks : The use of dry docks in China goes at least as far back the 10th century A.D. In his book Dream Pool Essays , the Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo wrote of dry docks for repairing ships . Ephedrine : Ephedrine , known as ma huang in traditional Chinese medicine , originally as an extract of the herb Ephedra sinica , has been documented in China since the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) as an antiasthmatic and stimulant . The industrial manufacture of ephedrine in China began in the 1920s , when the American pharmaceutical company Merck began marketing and selling the drug as ephetonin . Ephedrine exports between China and the West grew from 4 tonnes to 216 tonnes between 1926 and 1928 . Escapement , hydraulic - powered ( use in clockworks ) : Although the escapement mechanism was first invented by the Greek Philon of Byzantium for a mechanical washstand , an escapement mechanism for clockworks was first developed by the Buddhist monk , court astronomer , mathematician and engineer Yi Xing ( 683 -- 727 ) of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) for his water - powered celestial globe in the tradition of the Han dynasty polymath and inventor Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 ) , and could be found in later Chinese clockworks such as the clock towers developed by the military engineer Zhang Sixun ( fl . late 10th century ) and polymath inventor Su Song ( 1020 -- 1101 ) . Yi Xing 's escapement allowed for a bell to be rung automatically every hour , and a drum beaten automatically every quarter - hour , essentially a striking clock . Unlike the modern escapement which employs a suspended oscillating pendulum resting and releasing its hooks on a small rotating gear wheel , the early Chinese escapement employed the use of gravity and hydraulics . In Su Song 's clock tower , scoop containers fixed to the spokes of a vertical waterwheel ( which acted like a gear wheel ) would be filled one by one with siphoned water from a clepsydra tank . When the weight of the water in the scoop filled to an excess , it overcame a counterweight that in turn tripped a lever allowing the scoop to rotate on a pivot and drain its water . However , as the scoop fell , it tripped a coupling tongue that temporarily pulled down on a long vertical chain , the latter yanking down on a balancing lever which would pull upward on a small chain connected to a locking arm , the latter lifting momentarily to release the top arrested spoke before coming back down to repeat the entire process over again . It should be pointed out that the Chinese intermittently working liquid - driven escapement had `` only the name in common '' with the true mechanical escapement of medieval European mechanical clocks of the 14th century onwards , which worked instead with weights , producing continuous but discrete beats and that derived from the Greek and Roman verge mechanism ( alarum ) device of earlier mechanisms . Exploding cannonballs : The Huolongjing military manual compiled by the Ming dynasty military official Jiao Yu ( fl . 14th to early 15th century ) and the Ming dynasty military strategist and philosopher Liu Bowen ( 1311 -- 1375 ) in the mid 14th century described the earliest known exploding cannonballs , which were made of cast iron with a hollow core packed with gunpowder . Jiao and Liu wrote that when fired , they could set enemy camps ablaze . The earliest evidence for exploding cannonballs in Europe date to the 16th century . The Huolongjing also specified the use of poison and blinding gunpowder filled into exploding shells ; the effects of this chemical warfare was described as such : `` Enemy soldiers will get their faces and eyes burnt , and the smoke will attack their noses , mouths , and eyes . '' Explosives : At its root , the history of chemical explosives lies in the history of gunpowder . During the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century , Taoist Chinese alchemists were eagerly trying to find the elixir of immortality . In the process , they stumbled upon the explosive invention of gunpowder made from coal , saltpeter , and sulfur in 1044 . Gunpowder was the first form of chemical explosives and by 1161 , the Chinese were using explosives for the first time in warfare . The Chinese would incorporate explosives fired from bamboo or bronze tubes known as bamboo fire crackers . The Chinese also used inserted rats from inside the bamboo fire crackers to fire toward the enemy , creating great psychological ramifications - scaring enemy soldiers away and causing cavalry units to go wild . An illustration of a bronze `` thousand ball thunder cannon '' from the 14th - century Ming Dynasty book Huolongjing . The cannon is an early example of medieval mobile battlefield artillery . The field mill in the Chinese book Yuanxi Qiqi Tushuk Luzui ( Collected Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West ) , by German Jesuit Johann Schreck and Wang Zheng , 1627 The ' divine fire arrow screen ' from the Huolongjing . A stationary arrow launcher that carries one hundred fire arrows . It is activated by a trap - like mechanism , possibly of wheellock design . Two different types of fire lances . The fire lance was an anti-personnel gunpowder weapon with a relatively short range . Considered by many to be the first proto - gun . Local man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai `` Angler on a Wintry Lake '' , painted in 1195 by Song dynasty painter Ma Yuan , featuring the oldest known depiction of a fishing reel Chinese flamethrower from the Wujing Zongyao manuscript of 1044 , Song Dynasty Sheng player Guo Yi beside the River Thames , London , England An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the 14th century Ming Dynasty text Huolongjing . The black dots represent iron pellets . Tiger tally of Western Han period Fermented bean curd : According to the 1596 Compendium of Materia Medica written by the Chinese polymath Li Shizhen during the Ming dynasty , the creation of soybean curd is attributed to the Han Dynasty Prince Liu An ( 179 -- 122 BC ) , king of Huainan . Manufacturing of the bean curd began during the Han Dynasty in China after it was created . Field artillery : The medieval Ming dynasty Chinese invented mobile battlefield artillery during the early part of the fourteenth century at the time when gunpowder and the primordial cannon were first being adopted in Europe . One of the earliest documented uses of field artillery is found in the 14th - century Ming Dynasty treatise Huolongjing . The text describes a Chinese cannon called a `` thousand ball thunder cannon '' , manufactured of bronze and fastened with wheels . The book also describes another mobile form of artillery called a `` barbarian attacking cannon '' consisting of a cannon attached to a two - wheel carriage . Field mill : In the Yezhongji ( ' Record of Affairs at the Capital Ye of the Later Zhao Dynasty ' ) written by Lu Hui ( fl. 350 AD ) , various mechanical devices are described which were invented by two Later Zhao ( 319 -- 351 ) engineers known as Xie Fei , a Palace Officer , and Wei Mengbian , the Director of the Imperial Workshops . One of these is the field mill , which was essentially a cart with millstones placed onto the frame ; these were mechanically rotated by the movement of the cart 's terrain wheels in order to grind wheat and other cereal crops . A similar vehicle these two invented was the `` pounding cart '' , which had wooden statues mounted on the top which were actually mechanical figures who operated real tilt hammers in order to hull rice ; again , the device only functioned when the cart was moved forward and the wheels turned . The field mill lost its use in China sometime after the Later Zhao , but it was invented separately in Europe in 1580 by the Italian military engineer Pompeo Targone . It was featured in a treatise by the Italian engineer and writer Vittorio Zonca in 1607 , and then in a Chinese book of 1627 ( concerning European technology ) that was compiled and translated by the German Jesuit polymath Johann Schreck ( 1576 -- 1630 ) and the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) Chinese author Wang Zheng ( 王徵 1571 -- 1644 ) , although by then it was considered by the Chinese to be an original Western contraption . Finery forge : In addition to accidental lumps of low - carbon wrought iron produced by excessive injected air in Chinese cupola furnaces , the ancient Chinese also created wrought iron by using the finery forge at least by the 2nd century BC , the earliest specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) site at Tieshengguo . Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in the previous Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , due to the fact that there are wrought iron items from China dating to that period and there is no documented evidence of the bloomery ever being used in China . The fining process involved liquifying cast iron in a fining hearth and removing carbon from the molten cast iron through oxidation . Wagner writes that in addition to the Han Dynasty hearths believed to be fining hearths , there is also pictoral evidence of the fining hearth from a Shandong tomb mural dated 1st to 2nd century AD , as well as a hint of written evidence in the 4th century AD Daoist text Taiping Jing . Fire arrow : One of the earliest weaponized forms of gunpowder was the fire arrow which received its name from the translated Chinese term huǒjiàn ( 火箭 ) , which literally means fire arrow . In China a ' fire arrow ' referred to a gunpowder projectile consisting of a bag of incendiary gunpowder attached to the shaft of an arrow from the 9th century onward . Later on solid fuel rockets utilizing gunpowder were used to provide arrows with propulsive force and the term fire arrow became synonymous with rockets in the Chinese language . In other languages such as Sanskrit ' fire arrow ' ( agni astra ) underwent a different semantic shift and became synonymous with ' cannon . ' Fire arrows are the predecessors of fire lances , the first firearm . Firecracker : The predecessor of the firecracker was a type of heated bamboo , used as early as 200 BC , that exploded when heated continuously . The Chinese name for firecrackers , baozhu , literally means `` exploding bamboo . '' After the invention of gunpowder , gunpowder firecrackers had a shape that resembled bamboo and produced a similar sound , so the name `` exploding bamboo '' was retained . In traditional Chinese culture , firecrackers were used to scare off evil spirits . Fire lance : The fire lance was a proto - gun developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel ; its earliest representation comes from a painting found at Dunhuang . The earliest confirmed employment of the fire lance in warfare was by Song dynasty forces against the Jin in 1132 during the siege of De'an ( modern Anlu , Hubei Province ) , where they were used to great effect against wooden siege towers called `` sky bridges '' : `` As the sky bridges became stuck fast , more than ten feet from the walls and unable to get any closer , ( the defenders ) were ready . From below and above the defensive structures they emerged and attacked with fire lances , striking lances , and hooked sickles , each in turn . The people ( i.e. , the porters ) at the base of the sky bridges were repulsed . Pulling their bamboo ropes , they ( the porters ) ended up drawing the sky bridge back in an anxious and urgent rush , going about fifty paces before stopping . '' The surviving porters then tried once again to wheel the sky bridges into place but Song soldiers emerged from the walls in force and made a direct attack on the sky bridge soldiers while defenders on the walls threw bricks and shot arrows in conjunction with trebuchets hurling bombs and rocks . The sky bridges were also set fire to with incendiary bundles of grass and firewood . Li Heng , the Jin commander , decided to lift the siege and Jin forces were driven back with severe casualties . Fireworks : Fireworks first appeared in China during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , in the early age of gunpowder . The common people in the Song era could purchase simple fireworks from market vendors ; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder , although grander displays were known to be held . Rocket propulsion was soon applied to warfare , and by the time of the mid 14th century there were many types of rocket launchers available . Fishing reel : In literary records , the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th - century AD work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals . The earliest known depiction of a fishing reel comes from a Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) painting done in 1195 by Song dynasty painter Ma Yuan ( c. 1160 -- 1225 ) called `` Angler on a Wintry Lake , '' showing a man sitting on a small sampan boat while casting out his fishing line . Another fishing reel was featured in a painting by the Yuan dynasty painter Wu Zhen ( 1280 -- 1354 ) . The book Tianzhu lingqian ( Holy Lections from Indian Sources ) , printed between 1208 and 1224 , features two different woodblock print illustrations of fishing reels being used . An Armenian parchment Gospel of the 13th century shows a reel ( though not as clearly depicted as the Chinese ones ) . The Sancai Tuhui , a Chinese encyclopedia published in 1609 , features the next known picture of a fishing reel and vividly shows the windlass pulley of the device . These five pictures mentioned are the only ones which feature fishing reels before the year 1651 ( when the first English illustration was made ) ; after that year they became commonly depicted in world art . Flamethrower , double piston and gunpowder - activated : Although the single piston flamethrower was first developed in the Byzantine Empire during the 7th century , the 10th - century Chinese flamethrower , or Pen Huo Qi , boasted a continuous stream of flame by employing double piston syringes ( which had been known since the Han Dynasty ) spouting Greek fire which had been imported from China 's maritime trade contacts in the Middle East . It was first used in battle 932 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ( 907 -- 960 ) , and the earliest illustration is found in the early Song Dynasty military manuscript Wujing Zongyao of 1044 , which also described the device in full . Unlike the Greek model which employed a furnace , the Pen Huo Qi was ignited by an incendiary gunpowder fuse . Flare : The earliest recorded use of gunpowder for signalling purposes was the ' signal bomb ' used by the Song Dynasty Chinese as the Mongol - led Yuan Dynasty besieged Yangzhou in 1276 . These soft - shelled bombs , timed to explode in mid-air , were used to send messages to a detachment of troops far in the distance . Another mention of the signal bomb appears in a text dating from 1293 requesting their collection from those still stored in Zhejiang . A signal gun appears in Korea by 1600 . The Wu I Thu Phu Thung Chih or Illustrated Military Encyclopedia written in 1791 depicts a signal gun in an illustration . Folding screen : The folding screen is a type of furniture consisting of several frames or panels . Screens date back to China during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty period ( 771 -- 256 BC ) . These were initially one - panel screens in contrast to folding screens . Folding screens were invented during the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC - AD 220 ) . Depictions of those folding screens have been found in Han Dynasty era tombs , such as one in Zhucheng , Shandong Province . During the Tang Dynasty , folding screens were considered ideal ornaments for many painters to display their paintings and calligraphy on . Many artists painted on paper or silk and applied it onto the folding screen . The landscape paintings on folding screens reached its height during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Forensic entomology : The Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) forensic science book Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified published by the Song Dynasty court judge , physician , medical scientist and writer Song Ci in 1247 contains the oldest known case of forensic entomology . In a murder case of 1235 , a villager was stabbed to death and authorities determined that his wounds were inflicted by a sickle ; this was a tool used for cutting rice at harvest time , a fact which led them to suspect a fellow peasant worker was involved . The local magistrate had the villagers assemble in the town square where they would temporarily relinquish their sickles . Within minutes , a mass of blow flies gathered around one sickle and none other , attracted to the scent of traces of blood unseen by the naked eye . It became apparent to all that the owner of that sickle was the culprit , the latter pleading for mercy as he was detained by authorities . Fragmentation bomb : The use of fragmentation in bombs dates to the 14th century , and first appears in the Ming Dynasty text Huolongjing . The fragmentation bombs were filled with iron pellets and pieces of broken porcelain . A heated mixture of salammoniac , tung oil , chin chih , scallion juice , and yin hsiu is poured into the bomb , coating the pellets . Once the bomb explodes , the resulting shrapnel is capable of piercing the skin and blinding enemy soldiers . Free reed aerophone : The musical pipe organ employing metal piston bellows had a long history in the Western world , dating back to the Hellenistic period . However , the Western pipe organ did not make use of the reed , which the ancient Chinese mouth organ employed . The latter instrument , called a sheng and made traditionally of bamboo pipes , was first mentioned in the Shi Jing of the Zhou Dynasty ( c. 1050 -- 256 BC ) . The Chinese sheng is considered the ancestor of the harmonica , harmonium , concertina , accordion , and all other reed organ instruments . A free reed organ was invented in the Arab world in the 13th century , while the German organ builder Heinrich Traxdorf ( fl . 15th century ) of Nuremberg built one around 1460 AD . It is thought that the classical Chinese sheng travelled west through Russia during the 19th century , as it was described then in Saint Petersburg . Fu : Fu were Chinese tally sticks made of bamboo , wood , metal ( gold , silver , bronze ) or jade and used as a proof of authorization . Most commonly , fu were made of wood or bamboo in sizes of wooden slips or bamboo chopsticks . Although fu have been made in various shapes ( such as tiger , dragon , turtle , snake , fish or human ) , most of them come in the shape of a tiger . Classical description of tallies is found in the Chinese classic Rites of Zhou , which refers to the tallies of jade and horn , and mentions the shapes of tiger , human , dragon , seal , and banner . Fuses : Documented evidence suggests that the earliest fuses were first used by the Chinese between the 10th and 12th centuries . After the Chinese had invented gunpowder , they began adapting its explosive properties for use in military technology . By 1044 they were using gunpowder in simple grenades , bombs , and flamethrowers , all of which required a fuse to be lit before being thrown at the enemy . The go board game Rock carving of a bodhisattva playing a guqin , Northern Wei Dynasty ( 386 -- 534 AD ) Gas cylinder : The world 's first natural gas cylinders were invented in China during the medieval Tang dynasty where the Chinese drilled deep boreholes to retrieve natural gas and used airtight jointed bamboo pipes to collect and transport it for many miles to towns and villages . Gas lighting : The ancient Chinese during the Spring and Autumn period made the first practical use of natural gas for lighting purposes around 500 B.C. where they used bamboo pipelines to transport and carry both brine and natural gas for many miles to towns and villages . Gimbal : The gimbal is known as the ' Cardan ' suspension after Italian polymath Gerolamo Cardano ( 1501 -- 1576 ) , yet it was known long before him . The British scientist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham writes that the earliest confirmed use of gimbals in Europe is the 9th century recipe book Little Key of Painting and English antiquary and book collector Thomas Phillipps 's Mappae clavicula , which mentioned a vase surrounded by rings which allowed it to be undisturbed when in a rolling motion . Needham and Belgian - born American chemist and historian of science George Sarton both write that an Arabic translation -- dated to roughly the era of Al - Ma'mun ( r . 813 -- 833 ) -- of an ancient Greek work now lost ( i.e. Pneumatica ) by 3rd - century BC Greek engineer , physicist , and writer Philo of Byzantium ( c. 280 -- c. 220 BC ) contains a description of gimbals used to support an inkpot that could wet a pen on any of its sides , yet Needham suspects Arabic interpolation and doubts total authenticity , while Belgian - born American chemist and historian of science George Sarton asserts that for the most part the Arabic translation is faithful to Philo 's lost original , hence Philo should be credited with the invention of the gimbal . Around 180 AD , the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) inventor , craftsman and mechanical engineer Ding Huan ( 丁緩 ) -- who also created a rotary fan and zoetrope lamp -- invented a ' Perfume Burner for use among Cushions ' , or ' Bedclothes Censer ' . This incense burner had a series of metal rings which could be moved in any direction while the burner in the middle remained constantly level . This is the first clear reference in China of the gimbal , although there is a hint in the writing of the Western Han Dynasty Chinese poet , writer , and musician Sima Xiangru ( 179 -- 117 BC ) that this device existed in the 2nd century BC ( i.e. , ' the metal rings burning perfume ' ) . The gimbal incense burner is mentioned in subsequent dynasties , while silverwork specimens of gimbal incense burners from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) still exist . In the Liang Dynasty ( 502 -- 557 ) there is mention of gimbals used in hinges for doors and windows , while an unnamed artisan presented a warming stove to Empress Wu Zetian ( r . 690 -- 705 ) in 692 which employed gimbals to keep it constantly balanced . Go ( board game ) ( 圍棋 pinyin : wéiqí in Chinese ) : Although ancient Chinese legend ( perhaps contrived during the Han Dynasty ) has it that the mythological ruler Yao came down to earth from the Heavens around 2200 BC carrying with him a go board and stone player 's pieces , it is known from existing literature that the go board game existed since at least the 10th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty ( c. 1050 -- 256 BC ) and was even mentioned in writing by ancient Chinese philosophers Confucius ( 551 -- 479 BC ) and Mencius ( 371 -- 289 BC ) , although the latter two had a slightly negative opinion of it . Goldfish domestication : In ancient China , various species of carp ( collectively known as Asian carps ) were domesticated and have been reared as food fish for thousands of years . Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red , orange or yellow color mutations ; this was first recorded in the Jin Dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) . During the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and watergardens . A natural genetic mutation produced gold ( actually yellowish orange ) rather than silver coloration . People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety , keeping them in ponds or other bodies of water . Goldfish were introduced into Europe during the 17th century , and into North America in the 19th century . Guqin ( 古琴 pinyin : gǔqín in Chinese ) : The guqin is one of the oldest stringed zither instruments from China and has existed since at least the Shang Dynasty ( c. 1600 -- c. 1050 BC ) , as a Shang oracle bone contains the oldest known inscription of the Chinese character for qin ( 琴 ) . The oldest example of a guqin comes from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng ( 433 BC ) ; Bo Lawergren argues they may have developed from Middle Eastern harps like konghou , which was also found in Qiemo , Xinjiang dating to 400 -- 200 BC . It was said to be popular in the Zhou Dynasty ( c. 1050 -- 256 BC ) , while the oldest known written tablature for the guqin dates to the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . The guqin became a musical instrument highly associated with China 's gentry class when it was exalted as one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar as well as one of the gentry 's `` nine guests '' described by Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) ; it was even featured in painted artwork , such as in a 12th - century piece by Emperor Huizong himself . A bronze hand cannon from the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , one of the oldest in the world ; the oldest specimen dates to about 1288 , when the first textual reference to the hand cannon appears in Chinese literature . A Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 AD ) plough figurine pulled by a bull Hand cannon : The bronze Yuan Dynasty gun from Heilongjiang which dates to about 1288 is a little over 0.3 m ( 1 ft ) in length and weighs 3.6 kg ( 8 lbs ) . It has a small touch hole for ignition and an even bore except for the bulbous enlargement around the explosion chamber . It was excavated with a bronze pan , mirror and vase . Hand fan : The oldest existing Chinese fans are a pair of woven bamboo side - mounted fans from the 2nd century BCE . The Chinese character for `` fan '' ( 扇 ) is etymologically derived from a picture of feathers under a roof . The Chinese fixed fan , pien - mien , means ' to agitate the air ' . A particular status and gender would be associated with a specific type of fan . During the Song Dynasty , famous artists were often commissioned to paint fans . The Chinese dancing fan was developed in the 7th century . The Chinese form of the hand fan was a row of feathers mounted in the end of a handle . In the later centuries , Chinese poems and four - word idioms were used to decorate the fans by using Chinese calligraphy pens . In ancient China , fans came in various shapes and forms ( such as in a leaf , oval or a half - moon shape ) , and were made in different materials such as silk , bamboo , feathers , etc . Hand grenade , explosive : Before explosive grenades , incendiary grenades were used by the Eastern Roman Empire , incorporating Greek fire . Early prototypes to the modern explosive grenade , according to British scientist and sinologist Joseph Needham , appear in the military book , Wujing Zongyao ( `` Compilation of Military Classics '' ) , by 1044 . During the Song Dynasty , weapons known as Zhen Tian Lei were created when Chinese soldiers packed gunpowder into ceramic or metal containers and thrown at the enemy . Further descriptions and illustrations of early Chinese hand grenades are provided in the Huolongjing . Hand gun : An early known depiction of a hand gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan , dating to 1128 , that portrays a figure carrying a vase - shaped bombard , firing flames and a cannonball . However , the oldest existent archaeological discovery of a metal barrel handgun is the Heilongjiang hand cannon from the Chinese Heilongjiang excavation , dated to 1288 . Handheld firearms first appeared in China where gunpowder was first developed . They were hand cannons ( although they were not necessarily fired from the hand , but rather at the end of a handle ) . By the 14th century , they existed in Europe as well . The first handheld firearms that might better be called `` pistols '' were made as early as the 15th century , but their creator is unknown . Handscroll : The handscroll originated from ancient Chinese text documents . From the Spring and Autumn period ( 770 - 481 BCE ) through the Han dynasty ( 206 BCE - 220 CE ) , bamboo or wooden slips were bound and used to write texts on . During the Eastern Han period ( 25 - 220 ) , the use of paper and silk as handscrolls became more common . The handscroll was the one of the main formats for texts up until the Tang dynasty ( 618 - 907 ) . Since the Three Kingdoms ( 220 -- 280 ) , the handscroll became a standard form for mounting artwork . New styles were developed over time . Hanging scroll : Hanging scrolls originated in their earliest form from literature and other texts written on bamboo strips and silk banners in ancient China . The earliest hanging scrolls are related to and developed from silk banners in early Chinese history . These banners were long and hung vertically on walls . Such silk banners and hanging scroll paintings were found at Mawangdui dating back to the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) . By the time of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , the aesthetic and structural objectives for hanging scrolls were summarized , which are still followed to this day . During the early Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the scrolls became well suited to the art styles of the artists , consequently hanging scrolls were made in many different sizes and proportions . Harrow : The invention of the harrow was first written in the Chinese agricultural text Qimin Yaoshu written by the Northern Wei Dynasty official Jia Sixie . The harrow was used as a farm implement for breaking up soil chunks as well as eradicating weeds , suppressing pests , and diseases . Heavy moldboard iron plow : Although use of the simple wooden ard in China must have preceded it , the earliest discovered Chinese iron plows date to roughly 500 BC , during the Zhou Dynasty ( 1122 -- 256 BC ) and were flat , V - shaped , and mounted on wooden poles and handles . By the 3rd century BC , improved iron casting techniques led to the development of the heavy moldboard plow , seen in Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) artwork such as tomb carved bricks . The moldboard allowed the Chinese to turn farm soil without clogging the plowshare with dirt , which was flung off the wheelbarrow via slanted wings on both sides . While the frame of excavated plowshares dating to the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) were made mostly of perishable wood except for the iron blade , the frame of excavated plowshares dating to the Han Dynasty were made entirely of solid iron with the moldboard attached to the top to turn the soil . Helicopter rotor and bamboo - copter : The use of a helicopter rotor for vertical flight has existed since 400 BC in the form of the bamboo - copter , an ancient Chinese toy . The bamboo - copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor . The spinning creates lift , and the toy flies when released . The Jin dynasty philosopher and politician Ge Hong 's book the Baopuzi ( Master Who Embraces Simplicity ) , written around 317 , describes the apocryphal use of a possible rotor in aircraft : `` Some have made flying cars ( feiche ) with wood from the inner part of the jujube tree , using ox - leather ( straps ) fastened to returning blades so as to set the machine in motion . '' British scientist and sinologist Joseph Needham concludes that this is a description of a helicopter top , because `` ' returning ( or revolving ) blades ' can hardly mean anything else , especially in close association with a belt or strap . '' The Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci designed a machine known as an `` aerial screw '' with a rotor based on a water screw . The Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov developed a rotor based on the Chinese toy . The French naturalist Christian de Launoy constructed his rotor out of turkey feathers . The English aerospace engineer and inventor Sir George Cayley , inspired by the Chinese top in his childhood , created multiple vertical flight machines with rotors made of tin sheets . French engineer and inventor Alphonse Pénaud would later develop coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870 , powered by rubber bands . One of these toys , given as a gift by their father , would inspire the American inventors the Wright brothers to pursue the dream of modern flight . Hell money : Hell money is a form of joss paper printed to resemble fake legal tender bank notes . The notes are not an official form of recognized currency or legal tender since their sole intended purpose is to be offered as burnt offerings to the deceased as a superstitious solution to resolve their ancestors financial problems . This custom has been practiced by the modern Chinese and across East Asia since the late 19th century . Hill censer : The hill censer , a vessel used for burning incense , dates to the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) . The censers are shaped like mountains and were used for religious rituals . The shape of the hill censer acts as a visual aid for envisioning the sacred mountains that were said to have been inhabited by Taoist immortals . Hill censers were originally designed for Taoist rituals , but were later used by Chinese Buddhists . Hill censers often include carvings of wilds animals and birds . Some censers depict waves at the foundation of the vessel , said to be the waves of the East China Sea . A hole at the top of the censer releases the smoke of the incense . Horse collar : A significant improvement of the ancient breast harness was the horse collar . The horse collar was depicted in a Northern Wei ( 386 -- 534 ) mural at Dunhuang , China , dated 477 -- 499 ; the latter artwork does not feature the essential collar cushion behind the cross bar , though , while a later Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) mural of about 851 accurately displays the cushioned collar behind the cross bar . An earlier painting of the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) accurately depicted the horse collar as it is seen today , yet the illustration shows its use on a camel instead of a horse . Horse harness , ( `` trace '' or `` breast '' ) : Throughout the ancient world , the ' throat - and - girth ' harness was used for harnessing horses that pulled carts ; this greatly limited a horse 's ability to exert itself as it was constantly choked at the neck . A painting on a lacquerware box from the State of Chu , dated to the 4th century BC , shows the first known use of a yoke placed across a horses 's chest , with traces connecting to the chariot shaft . The hard yoke across the horse 's chest was gradually replaced by a breast strap , which was often depicted in carved reliefs and stamped bricks of tombs from the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . Eventually , the horse collar was invented in China , at least by the 5th century . Hot pot : The Chinese hot pot has a history of more than 1,000 years . Hot pot originated during the Chinese Jin Dynasty where the main ingredient was meat , usually beef , mutton or horse . It then spread to Southern China during the medieval Song Dynasty and was further established during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty . Hukou system : The Hukou system is a governmental household and family registration system that has its origins in ancient China . Roots of the system date back as early as the pre-dynastic era to the 21st century BC . The modern Chinese Hukou system grew out of ancient Chinese family registries that was used to impose conscription , social control and taxation . The modern Chinese Hukou system operates as a domestic passport , population regulation system , and rural - to - urban migration . Chinese citizens living an urban hukou permits them to enjoy privileged access to public sector services such as education , food rations , health care , security , welfare , and pensions . In contrast , Chinese citizens living in a rural hukou are deprived of such public services and unable to move freely across the more affluent urban areas . The ancient Hukou system also influenced neighboring East Asian countries such as those which adopted a similar household registration system that exists within the public administration structures of Japan ( koseki ) and Korea ( hoju ) as well as Vietnam ( hộ khẩu ) . Hygrometer : Prototype hygrometers were devised and developed in the hills during the Western Han dynasty in Ancient China to elucidate mechanisms of long - range meteorological fluctuations . The Chinese used a bar of charcoal and a lump of earth : its dry weight was taken and then compared with its damp weight after being exposed in the air . The differences in weight was used to tally the humidity level . Other techniques were applied using mass to measure humidity such as when the air was dry , the bar of charcoal would be light while the air was humid , the bar of charcoal would be heavy . By hanging a lump of earth and a bar of charcoal on the two ends of a staff separately and adding a fixated lifting string on the middle point to make the staff horizontal in dry air , an ancient hygrometer was made . A replica of an ancient Chinese stick incense clock A Song painting by Ma Lin , dated 1246 , using India ink on silk Incense : According to biological anthropologist and ecologist David Michael Stoddart of the University of Tasmania , `` the earliest recorded use of incense comes from the Chinese who burned various herbs and plant products . '' Sandalwood , casia , styrax , and cinnamon were used by the Chinese . Incense clocks : Incense clocks were Chinese timekeeping devices that appeared during the Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) and spread to neighboring East Asian countries such as Japan and Korea . In addition to water , mechanical , and candle clocks , incense clocks were used in Asia , and were fashioned in several different forms . Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century spread to Japan as one survives in the Shōsōin . Although popularly associated with China the incense clock is believed by some to have originated in India , at least in its fundamental form , if not function . India ink : Although named after carbonaceous pigment materials originating from India , Indian ink first appeared in China ; some scholars say it was made as far back as the 3rd millennium BC , while others state it was perhaps not invented until the Wei Dynasty ( 220 -- 265 AD ) . Inkstone : The inkstone is a stone mortar used in Chinese calligraphy for grinding and mixing ink . Other than stone , inkstones are also manufactured from clay , bronze , iron , and porcelain . The device evolved from a rubbing tool used for rubbing dyes dating around 6000 to 7000 years ago . The earliest excavated inkstone is dated from the 3rd century BC , and was discovered in a tomb located in modern Yunmeng , Hubei . Usage of the inkstone was popularized during the Han Dynasty . Inoculation , treatment of smallpox : As Europeans would not begin to develop vaccinations for smallpox until 1796 , historical Chinese records show that Chinese physicians have been inoculating against the same disease hundreds of years earlier . The British scientist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham states that a case of inoculation for smallpox may have existed in the late 10th century during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , yet they rely on a book Zhongdou xinfa ( 種痘心法 ) written in 1808 by Zhu Yiliang for this evidence . Wan Quan ( 1499 -- 1582 ) wrote the first clear reference to smallpox inoculation in his Douzhen xinfa ( 痘疹心法 ) of 1549 . The process of inoculation was also vividly described by Yu Chang in his Yuyi cao ( 寓意草 ) , or Notes on My Judgment published in 1643 , and Zhang Yan in his Zhongdou xinshu ( 種痘新書 ) , or New book on smallpox inoculation in 1741 . As written by Yu Tianchi in his Shadou jijie ( 痧痘集解 ) of 1727 , which was based on Wang Zhangren 's Douzhen jinjing lu ( 痘疹金鏡錄 ) of 1579 , the technique of inoculation to avoid smallpox was not widespread in China until the reign of the Longqing Emperor ( r . 1567 -- 1572 ) during the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Irrigation systems : In the modern Sichuan region belonging to the State of Qin of ancient China , the Dujiangyan Irrigation System devised by the Qin Chinese hydrologist and irrigation engineer Li Bing was built in 256 BCE to irrigate a vast area of farmland that today still supplies water . By the 2nd century AD , during the Han Dynasty , the Chinese also used chain pumps that lifted water from a lower elevation to higher one . These were powered by manual foot pedal , hydraulic waterwheels , or rotating mechanical wheels pulled by oxen . The water was used for public works of providing water for urban residential quarters and palace gardens , but mostly for irrigation of farmland canals and channels in the fields . J. ( edit ) Jacob 's staff : The Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) , an antiquarian who pursued studies of archaeological finds , unearthed an ancient crossbow - like mechanism from a garden in Jiangsu which had on its stock a graduated sighting scale in minute measurements . He wrote that while viewing the whole of a mountain , the distance on the instrument was long , but while viewing a small part of the mountainside the distance was short due to the device 's cross piece that had to be pushed further away from the observer 's eye , with the graduation starting on the further end . He wrote that if one placed an arrow on the device and looked past its end , the degree of the mountain could be measured and thus its height could be calculated . Shen wrote that this was similar to mathematicians who used right - angled triangles to measure height . British scientist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham writes that what Shen had discovered was Jacob 's staff , a surveying tool which was not known in Europe until the medieval French Jewish mathematician Levi ben Gerson ( 1288 -- 1344 ) described it in 1321 . A jade burial suit from the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , at the Museum of Chinese History , Beijing Two - masted Chinese junk from the Tiangong Kaiwu published by Song Yingxing , 1637 Jade burial suit : Burial suits made of jade existed in China during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . Confirming ancient records about Han royalty and nobility buried in jade burial suits , archaeologists discovered in June 1968 the tombs and jade burial suits of Prince Liu Sheng ( d . 113 BC ) and his wife Dou Wan in Hebei province . Liu 's suit , in twelve flexible sections , comprised 2,690 square pieces of green jade with holes punctured in the four corners of each piece so that they could be sewn together with gold thread . The total weight of the gold thread used in his suit was 1,110 g ( 39 oz ) . Princess Dou Wan 's suit had 2,156 pieces of jade stitched together with 703 g ( 24.7 oz ) of gold thread . Although jade burial outer wears and head masks appear in tombs of the early Han Dynasty , burial suits did not appear until the reign of Emperor Wen of Han ( r . 180 -- 157 BC ) , with the earliest being found in the Shizishan site . A total of 22 Western Han ( 202 BC -- 9 AD ) and 27 Eastern Han ( 25 -- 220 AD ) complete and partial jade burial suits were uncovered between 1954 and 1996 . They are found mainly in Hebei , Shandong , Jiangsu and Henan , as well as at Yangjiawan , Dongyuan , Guangzhou , Mawangdui , Mianyang and Shizhaishan . The jade burial suit gradually disappeared when it was forbidden in 222 by Emperor Wen of Wei . Junk ( ship ) : The Chinese junk , derived from the Portuguese term junco ( which in turn was adapted from the Javanese djong meaning `` ship '' ) , was a ship design unique to China , although many other ship types in China ( such as the towered lou chuan ) preceded it . Its origins could be seen in the latter half of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , when ship designs began to have square - ended bows and sterns with flat bottom hulls . Unlike the earliest shipbuilding traditions of the Europe and South Asia , the junk had a ( flat or slightly rounded ) carvel - shaped hull which lacked a keel and sternpost ( necessitating block and tackle or socket - and - jaw attachment of the Chinese rudder ) . Since there is no keel in the design , solid transverse bulkheads take the place of structural ribs . There are many theories about the evolution of the junk . One suggests that it developed from the double canoe , another claims that the bamboo raft used by Taiwanese aboriginals was the source of the junk . Records by Western travelers in China during the Song Dynasty mention that junks could support 130 sailors . The size of junks grew during the Ming Dynasty . By the 14th century , junks could carry 2,000 tons . Archaeological evidence of the large size of the junk has been proven by a sunken junk discovered in 1973 near the coast of Southeastern China . Kang bed - stove : Kang bed stoves were traditional long ( 2 metres or more ) heated bed floors for general living , working , entertaining and sleeping used in northern part of China , where there is cold climate in winter . It is made of bricks or other forms of fired clay and more recently of concrete in some locations . The kang is said to be derived from the concept of a heated bed floor called a huoqiang found in China in the Neolithic period , according to analysis of archeological excavations of building remains in Banpo Xi'an . However , archeological sites in Shenyang , Liaoning , show humans using the heated bed floor as early as 7,200 years ago . Literary evidence from the Shui Jing Zhu also gives evidence of heated floors by the Northern Wei Dynasty , though it was not explicitly named a dikang : Keel : The adjustable centerboard keel traces its roots to the medieval Chinese Song dynasty . Many Song Chinese junk ships had a ballasted and bilge keel that consisted of wooden beams bound together with iron hoops . Maritime technology and the technological know - how allowed Song dynasty ships to be used in naval warfare between the Southern Song Dynasty , the Jin Dynasty , and the Mongols . Kite : As written in the Mozi , the Zhou Dynasty philosopher , carpenter , and structural engineer Lu Ban ( fl . 5th century BC ) from the State of Lu created a wooden bird that remained flying in the air for three days , essentially a kite ; there is written evidence that kites were used as rescue signals when the city of Nanjing was besieged by Hou Jing ( died 552 ) during the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang ( r . 502 -- 549 ) , while similar accounts of kites used for military signalling are found in the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) and Jin ( 1115 -- 1234 ) dynasties ; kite flying as a pastime can be seen in painted murals of Dunhuang dating to the Northern Wei ( 386 -- 534 ) period , while descriptions of flying kites as a pastime have been found in Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) and Ming ( 1368 -- 1644 ) texts . Lamian being stretched in a Lanzhou - style restaurant in Dongchong , Guangdong The ' self - tripped trespass land mine ' , from the Huolongjing , 14th century A pair of Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb statuettes playing the game liubo The Chinese game of majiang ( 麻將 ) , commonly referred to as mahjong in English , has been played since at least the 19th century and has its roots in earlier Chinese card games Example of a Chinese printed map in a gazetteer , showing Fengshan County of Taiwan Prefecture , published in 1696 ; the first known printed map from China comes from a Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) encyclopedia of the 12th century Wooden statues of tomb guardians from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ; mechanical - driven wooden statues served as cup - bearers , wine - pourers , and others in this age A cross section of a Chinese hall , from the Yingzao Fashi architectural treatise published by Li Jie in 1103 , during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) ; this book explicitly laid out an eight - graded modular system of architecture for timber halls and pavilions of different sizes A multistage rocket from the 14th - century military manuscript Huolongjing , Ming Dynasty An illustration of a handheld portable multiple rocket launcher as depicted in the 11th century book Wujing Zongyao of the Song Dynasty . The launcher is constructed using basketry . A ' fire dragon rising out of the water ' ( huo long chu shui ) multistage rocket from the Huolongjing , it may be regarded as an ancestor to the modern exocet . A naval mine from the Huolongjing , mid-14th century Chinese playing card dated c. 1400 AD , Ming Dynasty A sancai porcelain dish from the Tang Dynasty , 8th century A plan and side view of a canal pound lock , essentially a double-gate canal lock used to regulate water levels in segmented canal chambers for the safe passage of ships , first invented by the 10th century engineer Qiao Weiyo for a section of China 's Grand Canal The puddling process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from pig iron , the right half of the illustration ( not shown ) displays men working a blast furnace , Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia published in 1637 , written by Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) . The British scientist , historian , and sinologist Joseph Needham writes that the development of the raised - relief map in China may have been influenced by Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) incense burners and jars such as this , showing artificial mountains as a lid decoration ; these were often used to depict the mythical Penglai Island . A 12th - century illustration of a revolving bookcase for Buddhist scriptures as depicted in Li Jie 's architectural treatise the Yingzao Fashi . A restaurant menu from Hong Kong ; the first menus appeared in China during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Casting bronze ding - tripods , from the Chinese Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of Song Yingxing , published in 1637 . The ' flying crow with magic fire ' winged rocket bomb from the Huolongjing , mid 14th century , compiled by Liu Bowen and Jiao Yu The oldest known depiction of rocket arrows , from the Huolongjing . The right arrow reads ' fire arrow ' ( huo jian ) , the middle is an ' dragon shaped arrow frame ' ( long xing jian jia ) , and the left is a ' complete fire arrow ' ( huo jian quan shi ) . A depiction of the 13th Century `` long serpent '' rocket launcher . The holes in the frame are designed to keep the rockets separate , from the 1510 edition of Wujing Zongyao . A Song Dynasty painting on silk of two Chinese cargo ships accompanied by a smaller boat ; notice the large stern - mounted rudder on the ship shown in the foreground Lamian : The unique method of making lamian noodles originated in China . The Songshi Yangsheng Bu ( simplified Chinese : 宋氏养生部 ; traditional Chinese : 宋氏養生部 ) , which was written by Song Xu and dates back to 1504 , has the earliest description of the method to make lamian . Land mine : Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history was by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia , who used an ' enormous bomb ' ( huo pao ) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277 . However , the first detailed description of the land mine was given in the Huolongjing text written by Ming Dynasty writer , military strategist and philosopher Jiao Yu ( fl . 14th to early 15th century ) and Liu Bowen ( 1311 -- 1375 ) during the late Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) and early Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . Jiao and Liu wrote that land mines were spherical , made of cast iron , and their fuses ignited by a mechanism tripped by enemy movement ; although Jiao and Liu did not describe this trip mechanism in full detail , a later text of 1606 revealed that enemy movement released a pin that allowed hidden underground weights to fall and spin a chord around an axle that rotated a spinning wheel acting as a flint to spark a train of fuses . Land sailing : The usage of the land sail in China dates back to at least the Northern and Southern dynasties period . The earliest text describing the Chinese use of mounting masts and sails on large vehicles is the Book of the Golden Hall Master written by the Daoist scholar and crown prince Xiao Yi , who later became Emperor Yuan of Liang ( r . 552 -- 554 AD ) . Leeboard : To avoid leeward drift caused by the force of wind while sailing , the leeboard was invented ; it was a board lowered onto the side of the ship opposite to the direction of the wind , helping the ship to stay upright and afloat even if the hull was breached . British writers Paul Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that an odd - looking second paddle on a bronze drum of the Dong Son culture ( centered in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam ) may depict a leeboard in use as early as 300 BC . Leeboards may have been invented in China as early as the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty and are featured shortly after in 9th century engraved artwork found at the Borobudur monument built during the Sailendra dynasty of Central Java ( Indonesia ) . Leeboards were first used in the West by the Dutch , during the 15th to 16th centuries ( possibly used on early Dutch cogs , or perhaps influenced by a Chinese origin ) . Liubo : The now defunct board game liubo for the most part remains an enigma for modern scholars still deciphering exactly how it was played ; its association with both gambling and divination make it a unique game . The earliest two liubo game boards are found in the Zhongshan Tomb 3 at Shijiazhuang , Hebei . Similar finds , dating from the mid 4th century BC , are also found in the Chu Tomb 197 and 314 at Jiangling , Hubei . Liubo game boards have been found in several Western Han ( 202 BC -- 9 AD ) tombs ; 1 wooden board at Jiangdu in Jiangsu ; 1 wooden board in Tomb 8 at Fenghuangshan in Hubei ; 1 lacquered set of liubo in Tomb 3 at Mawangdui Han tombs site in Hunan ; 1 lacquered board in Tomb 1 at Dafentou in Yunnan ; 1 bronze board at Xilin in Guangxi . During the Han Dynasty , an argument over the divination portents of the game as a result of a playing session led to a fight between a Western Han crown prince and Liu Xian ( 劉賢 ) , where the latter was killed in the scuffle which ( in part ) prompted his father Liu Pi ( 劉濞 ) , the King of Wu , to rebel against central Han authority in the Rebellion of the Seven States ( 154 BC ) . The British sinologist and historian Michael Loewe asserts that the set pieces of liubo were symbolic of the forces of the Chinese Five Elements , wu xing . Louche : The louche ( 耬車 ) was a mobile animal - drawn agricultural seed drill invented by the Chinese agronomist Zhao Guo , a Han official in charge of agricultural production during the reign of Han Wudi in the Han dynasty . According to the records of Political Commentator by the Eastern Han dynasty writer Cui Shi , the Louche consisted of three feet and thus was called three - legged Lou . The three legs had three ditch diggers under it used for sowing . The Louche was animal powered and was pulled by an ox and the leg of the Louche directly dug a ditch in the flattened soil , sowed the seeds , covered the seeds , and pressed the land flat at the same time . The machine was known for its utility and efficiency for serving several agricultural uses at the same time , while saving time and effort . Magic mirrors : In about 800 AD , during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , a book entitled Record of Ancient Mirrors described the method of crafting solid bronze mirrors with decorations , written characters , or patterns on the reverse side that could cast these in a reflection on a nearby surface as light struck the front , polished side of the mirror ; due to this seemingly transparent effect , they were called ' light - penetration mirrors ' by the Chinese . Unfortunately , this Tang era book was lost over the centuries , but magic mirrors were described in the Dream Pool Essays by the Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) , who owned three of them as a family heirloom . Perplexed as to how solid metal could be transparent , Shen guessed that some sort of quenching technique was used to produce tiny wrinkles on the face of the mirror too small to be observed by the eye . Although his explanation of different cooling rates was incorrect , he was right to suggest the surface contained minute variations which the naked eye could not detect ; these mirrors also had no transparent quality at all , as discovered by British scientist and mathematician William Bragg in 1932 . Mahjong : The Dutch journalist and writer Jelte Rep writes that the gambling game of mahjong ( Traditional Chinese : 麻將 ; Pinyin : májiàng ) , which employs a set of over a hundred tiles , was first invented in 1846 by Zhen Yumen , a Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) diplomatic official from Ningbo . However , Rep traces the origins of the game to a card game of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) which used thirty - two wood or ivory pieces in the shape of cards . This evolved into the forty - card game of madiao ( 馬吊 ) during the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , which had four suits of cards instead of the three found in modern mahjong . Mandarin square : Mandarin squares were large embroidered badges sewn onto the surcoat of an officials in Imperial China , Korea and Vietnam . It was embroidered with detailed , colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it . Mandarin squares were first authorized for wear in 1391 by the Ming Dynasty . The use of squares depicting birds for civil officials and animals for military officials was an outgrowth of the use of similar squares , apparently for decorative use , in the Yuan Dynasty . The original court dress regulations of the Ming Dynasty were published in 1368 , but did not refer to badges as rank insignia . Mantou kiln : The mantou kiln was the most common type of pottery kiln in north China , in historical periods when the dragon kiln dominated south China ; both seem to have emerged in the Warring States period of approximately 475 to 221 BC . It is named ( in both English and Chinese ) after the Chinese mantou bun or roll , whose shape it ( very approximately ) resembles ; the ground plan resembles a horseshoe . The kilns are roughly round , with a low dome covering the central firing area , and are generally only 2 to 3 metres across inside . However it is capable of reaching very high temperatures , up to about 1370 ° C. There is a door or bricked - up opening at the front for loading and unloading , and one or two short chimneys at the rear . Match , non-friction : The earliest type of match for lighting fire was made in China by 577 AD , invented by Northern Qi ( 550 -- 577 ) court ladies as they desperately looked for materials to light fires for cooking and heating as enemy troops of Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 581 ) and the Chen Dynasty ( 557 -- 589 ) besieged their city from outside . Early matches in China were designed to be lit by an existing flame and carried to light another fire . They were pinewood sticks impregnated with sulfur and needed only a slight touch from a flame to light . This was written in the Records of the Unworldly and Strange by Tao Gu in 950 ( Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ) . Meat analogue : The use of tofu as a meat analogue is recorded in a document written by Tao Gu ( 903 -- 970 ) . Tao describes how tofu was popularly known as `` small mutton '' ( xiao zaiyang ) , which shows that the Chinese valued tofu as an imitation meat . Tofu was widely consumed during the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , and likely spread to Japan during the later Tang or early Song dynasty . Prior to the arrival of Buddhism , China was predominantly a meat consuming culture . The vegetarian dietary laws of Buddhism led to development of meat analogues as a replacement for the meat - based dishes that the Chinese were no longer able to consume as Buddhists . Meat analogues such as tofu and wheat gluten are still associated with Buddhist cuisine in China and other parts of East Asia . Mechanical theater ( driven by carriage wheels ) : The inventors of the field mill mentioned above , Xie Fei and Wei Mengbian of the Later Zhao ( 319 -- 351 AD ) , also invented an intricate mechanical theater mounted on a carriage , its figures operated by motive power ( i.e. simply advancing the carriage forward ) . From 335 to 345 AD , they worked at the court of the ethnic - Jie emperor Shi Hu ( 334 -- 349 ) . The vehicle they crafted was a four - wheeled and 6 m ( 20 ft ) long carriage that was about 3 m ( 10 ft ) wide . On it rested a large golden Buddha statue with a Daoist statue continually rubbing his front with his mechanical hand . The Buddha was also surrounded by ten wooden Daoists who rotated around him in a circuit , periodically bowing to him , saluting him , and throwing incense into a censer . Above the Buddha were nine dragon - headed faucets which spouted water . Like the field mill and the pounding cart of these two inventors , when the carriage halted , so did all of its moving components of mechanical statues and spouting faucets . Mechanical cup - bearers and wine - pourers on automatic - traveling boats : The mechanical engineer Huang Gun served the court of Emperor Yang Di ( r . 604 -- 617 ) and wrote the book Shuishi Tujing on his inventions , which his colleague Du Bao enlarged and commented on . He constructed seven small boats , called ' wine boats ' , that were as large as 3 m ( 10 ft ) long and 1.8 m ( 6 ft ) wide which supported a number of mechanical figures of wooden statues called ' hydraulic elegances ' , each about 0.6 m ( 2 ft ) tall , some of them animals but most in human form consisting of singing girls , musicians playing actual instruments , dancers and tumblers , oarsmen busy rowing , cup - bearers , and wine - pourers all moving simultaneously as if alive . These boats were set to travel at timed intervals along circuits made of winding stone channels and canals in palace courtyards and gardens ( designed by Tang Haogui ) , where guests would gather for special occasions . The cup - bearer stood at the bow of each ship and beside him the wine - pourer ; when the ship made automatically timed periodic stops where guests were seated , the cup - bearer automatically stretched out his arm with a full cup of wine . When the guest was done emptying his cup , he placed the cup back into the figure 's hands ; the latter then waited as the wine - pourer filled a second cup to be emptied . When this guest had been served , the wine boat automatically moved onwards to the next stop . The British sinologist , scientist , and historian Joseph Needham speculates that the ' wine boats ' may have been paddle - wheel - driven . Another paddle wheel ship was commanded by Wang Zhen'e and described in his biographies dated from the Liu Song Dynasty ( 420 -- 479 ) . side from the partial remains of the Shuishi Tujing , an account of these ' wine boats ' was also preserved by Huang Gun 's contemporary Yan Shigu ( 581 -- 645 ) . Merit system : The earliest example of a merit system dates back to the Qin and Han dynasties . In order to maintain power over a large , sprawling empire , it became necessary for the government to maintain a complex network of officials . Prospective officials could come from a rural background and government positions were not restricted to the nobility . Rank was determined by merit , through the civil service examinations , and education became the key for social mobility . After the fall of the Han Dynasty , the nine - rank system was established during the Three Kingdoms period . The concept of a merit system spread from China to British India during the 17th century , and then into continental Europe and the United States . Modular system of architecture , eight standard grades : Although other texts preceded it , such as the ' National Building Law ' of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) which was partially preserved in other texts , the Yingzao Fashi published in 1103 by the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) scholar - official Li Jie ( 1065 -- 1110 ) is the oldest known Chinese architectural treatise that has survived fully intact . It contains descriptions and illustrations detailing the cai fen system ( 材份制 ) of eight standard dimensions for module components of timber architecture and structural carpentry . The eight standard grades of module timber components in the Yingzao Fashi , with grade I being the largest and grade VIII the smallest , were used to determine the ultimate proportions and scale of a building as a whole , as all timber hall types -- palaces , mansions , ordinary houses , and pavilions -- were hierarchically categorized along the lines of which cai fen grade was employed . For example , palace type buildings used only grades I through V , while mansion type buildings never used components larger than grade III and no less than grade VI . In this system of structural carpentry , the smallest grade of VIII is represented by one cai ; one cai is equal to the modern equivalent of 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) , while one cai is also divided into fifteen fen ( hence the title of this modular system ) . Moveable sails : By the time of the Zhou Dynasty ship technologies such as stern mounted rudders were developed , and by the Han Dynasty , a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military . The Chinese used the complex moving technology behind the kite allowed then to develop the worlds first moving sails ( in comparison with the mounted sails used in the West ) around 200 AD . These moving sails allowed ships to sail into the wind for the first time in human history . Civilizations around the world soon emulated the Chinese technology and eventually moving sails became the standard on ships . Multiple rocket launcher : The first multiple rocket launchers were made during the medieval Chinese Song dynasty . It was designed to launch multiple rocket arrows from a gunpowder box . These also appeared later , in an expanded version , in the Joseon Dynasty of Korea , where they were used with great effectiveness against the Japanese invasions of 1592 -- 98 , most notably the Battle of Haengju . Multiple rocket launchers evolved from Chinese fire lances when the Song military favored multiple rocket launchers that fired simultaneously up to 100 small fire - arrow rockets after the Mongol siege of Kaifeng . The typical powder section of such an arrow - rocket was 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 ft ( 10 to 15 cm ) long . Bamboo arrow shafts varied from 1.5 ft ( 45 cm ) to 2.5 ft ( 75 cm ) long and the striking distance reached 300 to 400 paces . The Chinese also enhanced rocket tips with poison and made sure that the launchers were also mobile . Song Chinese rocket designers designed multiple rocket launchers that could be carried and operated by a single soldier . Multistage rocket : Although there is still some ambiguity as to whether the earliest rockets of the 13th century were first developed in Europe ( i.e. ' ignis volantis in aere ' in the work of Marcus Graecus around 1232 , although Needham and Davis assert it was most likely a fire lance ) , the Middle East ( i.e. ' sahm al - Khitāi ' or ' arrows of China ' as referred to by Hasan al - Rhammāh in 1280 ) or China ( i.e. ' di lao shu ' or ' ground rat ' mentioned in 1264 or the ' chong ' mortar used by the armies of the Song Dynasty and invading Mongols during the 1270s ) , during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) the term ' fire arrow ' once implied to mean incendiary arrows during the Tang Dynasty was then used to describe the true rocket , producing a headache , as Needham says , for historians ; the Huolongjing written by military officer Jiao Yu ( fl . 14th to early 15th century ) and the Song dynasty Chinese philosopher and politician Liu Bowen ( 1311 -- 1375 ) during the early Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) described several types of rockets , one of them being a multistage rocket known as the ' huo long chu shui ' or ' fire dragon issuing from the water ' which , despite its name , was not launched from beneath the water from a primitive submarine but rather at near water - level maintaining a flat trajectory ; defined as a two - stage rocket , it employed booster rockets that , when about to burn out of use , ignited a swarm of smaller rocket arrows fired from the front end of the missile shaped as a dragon 's mouth . Multiple - tube seed drill : The wooden seed drill existed in China by the 3rd century BC , while the multiple - tube iron seed drill was first invented in China by the 2nd century BC , during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . The seed drill allowed for greater speed and regulation of distributing seeds in lined rows of crops instead of casting them out onto the farm field . Nail polish : According to the book Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products , nail polish dates from 3000 BC and originates from China . Nail polish used during the Ming Dynasty was made from a mixture of egg whites , beeswax , dyes , gum arabic , and gelatin . Natural gas as a fuel : On tomb brick reliefs of Sichuan province dating to the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC - 220 AD ) , scenes of borehole drilling for mining projects are shown . They show towering derricks lifting liquid brine through bamboo pipes to the surface so that the brine could be distilled in evaporation pans over the heat of furnaces and produce salt . The furnaces were heated by natural gas brought by airtight jointed bamboo pipes for miles to towns and villages , yet gas brought up from 610 m ( 2,000 ft ) below the surface could cause an explosion if it was not properly mixed with oxygen first , so the Han dynasty Chinese built underground carburetor chambers and siphoned some of the gas off with exhaust pipes . Naval mine : The Huolongjing military manuscript written by Ming dynasty military writer , strategist , and philosopher Jiao Yu ( fl . 14th to early 15th century ) and Chinese military strategist , philosopher , statesman and poet Liu Bowen ( 1311 -- 1375 ) also describes naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes ; made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder , it was a timed device in that a burning joss sticks floating above the mine determined when the fuse was to be ignited ; the text explicitly mentions that without air and doused in water the fuse would not burn , so the fuse was protected by a long waterproof tube made out of goat 's intestine ; a later model shown in Ming Chinese scientist and encyclopedist Song Yingxing 's ( 1587 -- 1666 ) encyclopedia of 1637 shows the ox bladder replaced with a lacquered leather bag while the mine is ignited by a rip cord pulled from the shore to rotate a flint - and - steel firing mechanism . Nickel silver : Nickel silver was first known and used in China during the modern Manchu - led Qing dynasty . During the Qing Dynasty , it was `` smuggled into various parts of the East Indies '' , despite a government ban on the export of nickel silver . Night market : The concept of the night market traces its roots back to the medieval Chinese Tang dynasty . The Tang government put strict sanctions on night markets and their operations in A.D. 836 . Towards the end of the Tang Dynasty , economic expansion led to less state regulation and restrictions being lifted on night markets . During the Song Dynasty ( 960 - 1279 ) , Night markets played a central role in medieval Chinese nightlife . These markets were found in corners of large cities . Some stayed open for twenty - four hours . Song period night markets are also known to have included restaurants and brothels due to being frequently located near business and red light districts . O. ( edit ) Open - spandrel segmental arch bridge : The earliest known fully stone open - spandrel segmental arch bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge in southern Hebei province , China , completed in 605 by the Sui Dynasty ( 581 -- 618 ) engineer Li Chun . The bridge span is 37.5 m ( 123 ft ) and the structure relatively light in weight due to the four semi-circular arch spandrels which allow for additional flood waters to pass through . Other Chinese bridges would be influenced by this design , such as the open - spandrel Yongtong Bridge of Zhaoxian , Hebei built in 1130 , and the simple segmental arch Lugou Bridge built in 1698 ( originally in 1189 ) . The latter , located just west of Beijing and features eleven segmental arches . Oil refining : The Chinese were among the first civilizations to refine oil . During 512 A.D. and 518 A.D. , in the late Northern Wei Dynasty , the Chinese geographer , politician , and writer Li Daoyuan introduced the process of refining oil intro various lubricants in his famous work Commentary on the Water Classic . During the first century AD , the Chinese were among the first peoples to refine oil for use as an energy source . During the Northern Song Dynasty , a workshop called the `` Fierce Oil Workshop '' , was established in the city of Kaifeng to produce refined oil for the Song military as a weapon . The troops would then fill the iron cans with refined oil and threw them toward the enemy troops , causing a fire - effectively the world 's first `` fire bomb '' The workshop was one of the world 's earliest oil refining factories where thousands of people worked to produce Chinese oil powered weaponry . Oil well : The earliest record of an oil well dates from 347 AD in China . Petroleum was used in ancient China for `` lighting , as a lubricant for cart axles and the bearings of water - powered drop hammers , as a source of carbon for inksticks , and as a medical remedy for sores on humans and mange in animals . '' The earliest illustrated depiction of an oil well dates to 1762 AD . Paper cup and paper napkin : Paper cups have been documented in imperial China , alongside paper napkins . Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea . They were constructed in different sizes and colors , and were adorned with decorative designs . Paper napkins , or chih pha , accompanied tea cups and were folded into squares . Textual evidence of paper cups and napkins appears in a description of the possessions of the Yu family , from the city of Hangzhou . Paper lantern : The paper lantern is a lighting device made of paper . Early lanterns in China were constructed with silk , paper , or animal skin with frames made of bamboo or wood . One of the earliest descriptions of paper lanterns is found in records from Khotan , which describe a `` mounting lantern '' made of white paper . Parachute : The earliest primitive form of the parachute was made some 4,000 years ago when the Chinese noticed that air resistance would slow a person 's fall from a height . The Western Han Dynasty writer Sima Qian in his book Historical Records records the story of Shun , a legendary Chinese emperor who ran away from his murderous father by climbing onto the top of a high granary . As there was nowhere to go , Shun grabbed two bamboo hats and leapt off the granary and glided downward to safety . Percussion drilling : Ancient China 's principal drilling technique , percussive drilling , was invented during the Han dynasty . The process involved two to six men jumping on a level at rhythmic intervals to raise a heavy iron bit attached to long bamboo cables from a bamboo derrick . Utilizing cast iron bits and tools constructed of bamboo , the early Chinese were able to percussion drilling to drill holes to a depth of 3000 ft . The construction of percussion drilling machines took more than two to three generations of workers . The cable tool drilling machines developed by the early Chinese involved raising and dropping a heavy string of drilling tools to crush through rocks into diminutive fragments . In addition , the Chinese also used a cutting head secured to bamboo rods to drill to depths of 915 m . The raising and dropping of the bamboo drill strings allowed the drilling machine penetrate less denser and unconsolidated rock formations . Petroleum as fuel : The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago . In I Ching , one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered , extracted , and used in China in the first century BCE . In addition , the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE . Pig iron : The earliest pig iron dates to the Zhou Dynasty . By the 5th century , archaeological evidence indicates that pig iron was melted to produce cast iron . In Europe , the process was not invented until the late medieval ages . Pinhole camera : The Greek philosopher Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) observed that the spaces between the leaves of trees acted as tiny pinholes which cast the image of a partial solar eclipse onto the ground . He also used a metal plate with a small pinhole to project an image of a solar eclipse onto the ground . The ancient Chinese philosopher Mozi ( c. 470 BC -- c. 391 BC ) -- founder of Mohism during the establishment of the Hundred Schools of Thought -- lived just before the time of Aristotle and it was in his Mojing ( perhaps compiled by his disciples ) that a pinhole camera was described . The Mojing stated that the `` collecting place '' ( pinhole ) was an empty hole `` like the sun and moon depicted on the imperial flags , '' where an image could be inverted at an intersecting point which `` affects the size of the image . '' The Mojing seems to be in line with the Epicurean theory of light traveling into the eye ( and not vice versa like in Pythagoreanism ) , since the Mojing states that the reflected light shining forth from an `` illuminated person '' becomes inverted when passing through the pinhole , i.e. `` The bottom part of the man becomes the top part ( of the image ) and the top part of the man becomes the bottom part ( of the image ) . '' In his Book of Optics ( 1021 ) , Ibn al - Haytham ( 965 -- 1039 ) wrote of his experimentation with camera obscura , which was followed by Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) , the latter who alluded that the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) writer Duan Chengshi ( died 863 ) -- in his Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang -- described inverted images of Chinese pagodas . Pipeline transport : The ancient Chinese made use of channels and pipe systems for public works . The Han Dynasty court eunuch Zhang Rang ( d . 189 AD ) ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square - pallet chain pumps outside the capital city of Luoyang . These chain pumps serviced the imperial palaces and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps was brought in by a stoneware pipe system . Playing cards : The first reference to the card game in world history dates no later than the 9th century , when the Collection of Miscellanea at Duyang , written by Su E ( fl. 880 ) , described the Wei clan ( family of Princess Tongchang 's husband ) of the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) enjoying the `` leaf game '' in 868 . The Yezi Gexi was a book on the card came which was allegedly written by a Tang woman and commented on by Chinese scholars in subsequent dynasties . In his Notes After Retirement , the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) scholar Ouyang Xiu ( 1007 -- 1072 ) asserted that playing card games existed since the mid Tang Dynasty and associated this invention with the simultaneous evolution of the common Chinese writing medium from paper rolls to sheets of paper that could be printed . During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , characters from popular novels such as the Water Margin were widely featured on the faces of playing cards . By the 11th century playing cards could be found throughout the Asian continent . Playing cards were some of the first printed materials in Europe , appearing by the 14th century ( i.e. in Spain and Germany in 1377 , in Italy and Belgium in 1379 , and in France in 1381 ) and produced by European woodblock printing before the innovation of the early modern printing press by German inventor , printer , publisher and blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg ( c. 1400 -- 1468 ) . Pontoon bridge : The Zhou Dynasty Chinese text of the Shi Jing ( Book of Odes ) records that King Wen of Zhou was the first to create a pontoon bridge in the 11th century BC . However , the British scientist , sinologist and historian Joseph Needham has pointed out that in all likely scenarios , the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China , as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book ( considering how the book had been edited up until the Han Dynasty , 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . Although earlier temporary pontoon bridges had been made in China , the first secure and permanent ones ( and linked with iron chains ) in China came first during the Qin Dynasty ( 221 BC -- 207 BC ) . The later Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 AD ) Chinese statesman Cao Cheng once wrote a description of the early pontoon bridges in China . During the Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese created a very large pontoon bridge that spanned across the width of the Yellow River . There was also the rebellion of Gongsun Shu in 33 AD , where a large pontoon bridge with fortified posts was constructed across the Yangtze River , eventually broken through with ramming ships by official Han troops under Commander Cen Peng . During the late Eastern Han into the Three Kingdoms period , during the Battle of Chibi in 208 AD , the Prime Minister Cao Cao once linked the majority of his fleet together with iron chains , which proved to be a fatal mistake once he was thwarted with a fire attack by Sun Quan 's fleet . The armies of Emperor Taizu of Song had a large pontoon bridge built across the Yangtze River in 974 in order to secure supply lines during the Song Dynasty 's conquest of the Southern Tang . Porcelain : Although glazed ceramics existed beforehand , the author and historian Samuel Adrian M Adshead writes that the earliest type of vitrified , translucent ceramics that could be classified as true porcelain was not made until the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . The archaeologist Nigel Wood of the University of Oxford states that true porcelain was manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century , while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later , during the early 10th century . Pot stickers : Pot stickers are Chinese dumplings that are pan-fried on the bottom and steamed on top . Legend has it that they were invented by an imperial Chinese court chef who panicked after realizing he 'd accidentally burnt a batch of dumplings . With no time to make any more , he eventually served them to the Emperor . Pound lock : Indirect evidence suggests that pound locks may have been used in antiquity by the Ptolemaic Greeks and the Romans . In China , although the one gate canal flash lock existed beforehand , the two-gate pound lock was invented in 984 by an official of Huainan and engineer named Qiao Weiyo , during the early Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , so that ships could safely travel along canal waterways having gated and segmented chambers where water levels could be regulated . The economic and transport benefits of this innovation were described by the polymath official and inventor Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) in his Dream Pool Essays . Puddling process : The puddling process was known the ancient Chinese during the Han Dynasty by the 1st century AD . The improvement of steelmaking processes improved the overall quality of steel by repeated forging , folding , and stacking of wrought iron from pig iron to make swords . Puppet theater , waterwheel - powered : The mechanical toys of Roman Egypt , especially the weight - driven puppet theater of Heron of Alexandria ( c. 10 -- 70 AD ) , are well known and discussed by historians such as Beck , Prou , and de Rochas d'Aiglun . In China , Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 ) wrote of plays with artificial fish and dragons , while a 6th - century text Xijing Zaji states that when Liu Bang ( reigned as Emperor Gaozu of Han from 202 -- 195 BC ) came upon the treasury of the deceased Qin Shihuang ( r . 221 -- 210 ) in 206 BC , he found an entire mechanical orchestra of 1 m ( 3 ft ) tall puppets dressed in silk and playing mouth organs , all powered by pulling ropes and blowing into tubes . As written in the Records of the Three Kingdoms , the engineer Ma Jun ( fl. 220 -- 265 ) -- already associated with the differential gear system of the south - pointing chariot -- invented a mechanical theater powered by a rotating wooden waterwheel for the entertainment of Emperor Ming 's ( r . 226 -- 239 AD ) court . With the waterwheel in motion , a number of mechanical puppets performed tricks , such as singing girls who played music and danced , other puppets who would beat drums and sound flutes when one puppet entered the scene , puppets dancing on balls , throwing swords , hanging upside down on rope ladders , etc . Other mechanical puppets dressed as government officials did tasks in their offices , puppets dressed as laborers did jobs of pounding and grinding ( trip hammer and millstone ) , while others watched cockfighting , all moving simultaneously . Water - powered puppet theaters in the tradition of Ma Jun were created in later dynasties as well . Raincoat : Raincoats go back into antiquity in ancient China . The earliest forms of Chinese constraints were made of straw and bamboo . In Mandarin Chinese , the characters for `` Suo - yi '' ( 簑衣 ) mean `` straw raincoat '' . The coat was worn by farmers , fishermen and manual laborers as a protection from the sunlight , mud and rain while toiling in the dirt . Straw rain capes were described in numerous poems and articles across various Chinese dynasties . By the medieval Tang and Song Dynasties , the Chinese used sedge for making rain capes as it was chosen for it 's smooth surface and hollow structure to repel water . As earlier forms of Chinese raincoats were stiff and heavy , the Chinese eventually devised new approaches to design raincoats as time went on . One method the Chinese was to rub vegetable with silk as silk was lightweight and vegetable oil was prime material for waterproofing . In addition , the Chinese incorporated newer types of grasses and tree leaves into their designs to create a coat that was more water resistant while concurrently being more lightweight than their earlier straw rain cape designs . Raised - relief map : The raised - relief map may have existed in China since the 3rd century BC , if the accounts in the Records of the Grand Historian ( by Sima Qian , 91 BC ) about Qin Shi Huang 's ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) tomb prove correct ( if it is excavated ) . It is known that Ma Yuan ( 14 BC -- 49 AD ) created a raised - relief map in 32 AD made out of rice , a type of map described in detail during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) by Jiang Fang in his Essay on the Art of Constructing Mountains with Rice ( c. 845 ) . Xie Zhuang ( 421 -- 466 ) of the Liu Song Dynasty ( 420 -- 479 ) created a 0.93 m ( 10 ft ) wooden raised - relief map of the empire ( showing mountains and rivers ) which could be taken apart and pieced together like a giant jigsaw puzzle . The Song dynasty polymath Shen Kuo also created his own raised - relief map using sawdust , wood , beeswax , and wheat paste . Restaurant menu : During the early Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , expanding trade and commerce brought money and people to the Song Chinese capital . The world 's first restaurants sprang up and food like dumplings and noodles became available to the masses for a small price . Urban shopkeepers of the merchant middle class often had little time to eat at home , so they ventured out to eat at a variety of establishments such as temples , taverns , tea houses , food stalls , and restaurants which provided business for nearby brothels , singing - girl houses , and drama theaters ; this along with traveling foreigners and Chinese who migrated to urban centers from regions with different cooking styles encouraged a demand for a variety of flavors served at urban restaurants , giving rise to the menu . Revolving bookcase : Revolving bookcases , known as zhuanluntang , have been documented in ancient China , and its invention is credited to Fu Xi in 544 . Descriptions of revolving bookcases have been found in 8th - and 9th - century Chinese texts . Revolving bookcases were popularized in Buddhist monasteries during the Song Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Taizu , who ordered the mass printing of the Buddhist Tripiṭaka scriptures . An illustration of a revolving bookcase is depicted in Li Jie 's architectural treatise the Yingzao Fashi . Ritual bronzemaking : During the Shang dynasty , China became one of the most skilled bronze - working civilizations in the ancient world , as people heated , melted , and cast metal to making cooking utensils , tools , weapons , and other household items . Modern archaeologists see such preservation of how the ancient Chinese lived by interpreting from lacquer paintings on wood which helped preserve ancient Chinese bronze artifacts . Rockets : The first gunpowder - powered rockets were developed during the Song dynasty and by the 13th century . The Chinese rocket technology was adopted by the Mongols and the invention was spread via the Mongol invasions to the Middle East and Europe in the mid-13th century . Rockets are recorded to have been used by the Song navy in a military exercise dated to 1245 . Internal - combustion rocket propulsion is mentioned in a reference to 1264 , recording that the ' ground - rat , ' a type of firework , had frightened the Empress - Mother Gongsheng at a feast held in her honor by her son the Emperor Lizong . Subsequently , rockets are included in the military treatise Huolongjing , also known as the Fire Drake Manual , written by the Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu in the mid-14th century . This text mentions the first known multistage rocket , the ' fire - dragon issuing from the water ' ( huo long chu shui ) , thought to have been used by the Chinese navy . Rocket bombs , aerodynamic wings and explosive payloads : The first known rockets fitted with aerodynamic wings are described as the ' flying crows with magic fire ' in the oldest strata of the Huolongjing ( early - to - mid 14th century ) , compiled by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen during the early Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) . The body of the rocket was shaped like a bird ( specifically a crow ) , packed with gunpowder , and made of bamboo laths forming a long basketwork frame that was reinforced with glued paper . A decorative head and tail were attached to the front and back ends , while the wings were nailed to the sides . Under each wing were two slanting rockets to propel the weapon ; a main fuse was lit that ignited a fourfold fuse connected to each rocket and running through a drilled hole in the back of the bird . The book then claims that the rocket , after being launched high into the air and aimed at encampments or enemy boats , automatically produced an explosion upon impact that could be seen from considerably long distances . Rocket boosters : An illustration and description in the 14th century Chinese military treatise Huolongjing by the Ming dynasty military writer and philosopher Jiao Yu shows the oldest known multistage rocket with rocket boosters . The Huolongjing describes and illustrates the oldest known multistage rocket . It was a two - stage rocket that had carrier or booster rockets that would automatically ignite a number of smaller rocket arrows that were shot out of the front end of the missile , which was shaped like a dragon 's head with an open mouth , before eventually burning out . This multi-stage rocket may be considered the ancestor to the modern YingJi - 62 ASCM . The British scientist , sinologist , and historian Joseph Needham points out that the written material and depicted illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing , which can be dated roughly from 1300 -- 1350 AD . Solid rocket boosters finds its roots in the Chinese invented fire arrows invented during the medieval Song dynasty more than 1000 years ago , using gunpowder as solid rocket propellants . Gunpowder was packed into a bamboo case cylinder and an opening was created on the cylinders other end . As the gunpowder was ignited , it began to burn rapidly and created large amounts of gas that would rush out to create thrust . Rocket launcher : The earliest rocket launchers documented in imperial China launched fire arrows with launchers constructed of wood , basketry , and bamboo tubes . The rocket launchers divided the fire arrows with frames meant to keep the arrows separated , and were capable of firing multiple arrow rockets at once . Textual evidence and illustrations of various early rocket launchers are found in the 11th - century Northern Song Dynasty text Wujing Zongyao . The Wujing Zongyao describes the `` long serpent '' rocket launcher , a rocket launcher constructed of wood and carried with a wheelbarrow , and the `` hundred tiger '' rocket launcher , a rocket launcher made of wood and capable of firing 320 rocket arrows . The text also describes a portable rocket arrow carrier consisting of a sling and a bamboo tube . Rocket propellant : Solid fuel rocket propellant began during the 1200s during the medieval Chinese Song dynasty at a time when bows , arrows , and catapult - based projectile launchers were state of the art military technology in medieval Europe . The Song Chinese invented solid propellant rockets in 1232 during the military siege of Kaifeng . The rocket propellants were powered by solid gunpowder fuel . Rope dart : The rope dart is a weapon used in Chinese martial arts . It consists of a long rope with a metal dart attached at the end . The dart can be thrown as a long range weapon while the rope is used to pull the dart backwards . The first written description of the rope dart is dated from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) . Rotary fan , manual and water - powered : For purposes of air conditioning , the Han Dynasty craftsman and mechanical engineer Ding Huan ( fl. 180 AD ) invented a manually operated rotary fan with seven wheels that measured 3 m ( 10 ft ) in diameter ; in the 8th century , during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Chinese applied hydraulic power to rotate the fan wheels for air conditioning , while the rotary fan became even more common during the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . The first rotary fan used in Europe was for mine ventilation during the 16th century , as illustrated by German mineralogist and metallurgist Georg Agricola ( 1494 -- 1555 ) . Row planting : The Chinese began planting crops in rows in the 6th century BC , a technique that allows crops to grow at a faster rate and with greater strength while allowing for more efficient farming . While in other parts of the world , farmers would scatter seeds onto the fields randomly , the Chinese would plant individual seeds in rows to reduce seed loss . In comparison , it would take another 2200 years for Europe and the Western World to adopt these practices in the 18th century sparking the modern European agricultural revolution in Great Britain . In the ancient Chinese chronicle Spring and Autumn Annals compiled in 241 BC , crops were grown in rows so they would mature more rapidly as they would not interfere with each other 's growth . Rudder , stern - mounted and vertical axial : Lawrence V. Mott , who defines a steering oar as a rudder , states the ancient Egyptian use of stern - mounted rudders can be traced back to the 6th dynasty ( 2350 -- 2200 BC ) . Mott states that the method of attachment for rudders in the Arab , Chinese , and European worlds differed from each other , leading him to doubt the spread of the Chinese system of attachment by socket - and - jaws or block and tackle ( versus European pintle - and - gudgeon invented by c. 1180 AD ) . In regards to Mott 's definition of a steering oar as a rudder , Joseph Needham , Richard Lefebvre des Noëttes , K.S. Tom , Chung Chee Kit , S.A.M. Adshead , Paul Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that a steering oar is not a rudder ; the steering oar has the capacity to interfere with handling of the sails ( limiting any potential for long ocean - going voyages ) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow , rapid - water transport ; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails , took less energy to operate by its helmsman , was better fit for larger vessels on ocean - going travel , and first appeared in China . Leo Block writes of the use of the steering oar in the ancient Mediterranean world ( specifically in regards to the Phoenicians , 1550 -- 300 BC ) : `` A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction , and rudder action is required to steer a straight course . A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented . With a single sail , a frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a straight course ; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar ( or rudder ) course correction acts like a break . '' The oldest depicted rudders at the back of a ship , without the use of oars or a steering oar , comes from several ceramic models of Chinese ships made during both the Western and Eastern eras of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) . According to the scholars Zhang Zunyan and Vassilios Christides , there is literary evidence to suggest that the axial stern rudder existed in China since the 1st century BC , while Gang Deng asserts the first reference was made in the Huainanzi of the 2nd century BC , and K.S. Tom says the first clear reference dates to the 5th century AD . However , K.S. Tom points to the fact that all Chinese pottery models of ships before this Guangzhou tomb model show steering oars instead of a rudder , which he states is strong evidence for the rudder 's invention only by the 1st century AD . Jacques Gernet states that while the Chinese had invented the rudder in the 1st century AD , it was not completely fixed to the sternpost of Chinese ships until the end of the 4th century . The bulkhead ship design of the junk , which appeared roughly the same time as the rudder , provided the essential vertical components for the hinged axial rudder . Deng points out that an Eastern Han ( 25 -- 220 ) model distinctly shows a rudder located in its own separate cabin , suggesting that helmsmanship had already become an established profession . Following the invention of the balanced rudder pivoted on an axis , Tom and Deng state that the Chinese then innovated the fenestrated rudder by the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , with deliberate puncturing and boring out of holes in shapes such as diamonds , which , according to Tom , made the rudder `` easier to steer , reduced turbulence drag , did not affect efficiency and was hydrodynamically sound . '' Chinese seal and red seal paste Scheme of Chinese seal , seal paste , and technique to use them A replica of Zhang Heng 's ( 78 -- 139 AD ) seismometer that employed a pendulum sensitive to inertia of ground tremors ; while placed in Luoyang in 133 , it detected an earthquake 400 to 500 km ( 250 to 310 mi ) away in Gansu Hu dun pao as a trebuchet , from Wujing Zongyao ( 1044 ) A `` squatting - tiger fire trebuchet '' located at the Wolongtai Great Wall section , Xinyang , Henan , China . A depiction demonstrating the use of the Chinese stinkpot shown in the Traité sur les feux d'artifice pour le spectacle et pour la guerre by French pyrotechnician Jean - Charles Perrinet d'Orval , 1745 A sancai - glazed horse statue from the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) showing a rider 's stirrup connected to the saddle The Luding Bridge in Sichuan , an iron - chain suspension bridge A page of The Classic of Tea by the Tang connoisseur of tea , Lu Yu ( 733 -- 804 ) Tofu in miso soup ; the Chinese invented tofu as early as the 2nd century BC during the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) if the traditional accounts about Liu An are correct . A wall mural of Li Xian 's tomb at Qianling Mausoleum ( dated 706 AD ) , where the tomb murals and structural designs corresponded with the appearances and layouts , respectively , of actual residences where the tomb occupants had once lived during the Tang Dynasty A Chinese Song Dynasty naval tower ship with a Xuanfeng traction trebuchet catapult , taken from the Wujing Zongyao , 1044 AD Hydraulic - powered trip hammers , from a Ming Dynasty encyclopedia published in 1637 by Song Yingxing ( 1587 -- 1666 ) An ornate bronze bell belonging to Duke Mu of Qin ( d . 621 BC ) from the Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 481 BC ) Salt mining : Ancient China was among the earliest civilizations in the world with cultivation and trade of salt mining . They first discovered natural gas when they excavated rock salt as the Chinese writer , poet , and politician Zhang Hua of the Jin Dynasty wrote in his book Bowuzhi how people in Zigong , Sichuan excavated natural gas and used it to boil a rock salt solution . The ancient Chinese gradually mastered and advanced the techniques of producing salt . Salt mining was an arduous task for the ancient Chinese , where they faced geographical and technological constraints . Salt was mainly extracted from the sea and salt works in the coastal areas in late imperial China equated to more than 80 percent of national production . In conjunction to this , the Chinese made use of natural crystallization of salt lakes and constructed some artificial evaporation basins close to the shores . In 1041 , during the medieval Song dynasty , the Chinese drilled a well with a diameter about the size of a bowl and several dozen feet deep was drilled for salt production . In Southwestern China , natural salt deposits were mined with bores that could reach to a depth of more than 1000 meters but the yields of ground and salt were relatively low . As salt was a necessity of life for human civilization , salt mining played a pivotal role as one of the most important sources of Imperial Chinese government revenue and state development . Salt well : The Chinese have been using brine wells and a form of salt solution mining as part of their civilization for more than 2000 years . The first recorded salt well in China was dug in the Sichuan province around 2,250 years ago . This was the first time that ancient water well technology was applied successfully for the exploitation of salt , and marked the beginning of Sichuan 's salt drilling industry . Shaft wells were sunk as early as 220 BC in the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces . By 1035 AD , Chinese in the Sichuan area were using percussion drilling to recover deep brines , a technique that would not be introduced to Europe and the Western World for another 600 to 800 years . Medieval and modern European travelers to China between 1400 and 1700 AD reported salt and natural gas production from dense networks of brine wells . Archaeological evidence of Song dynasty salt drilling tools used are kept and displayed in the Zigong Salt Industry Museum . Many of the wells were sunk deeper than 450 m and at least one well was more than 1000 meters deep . The medieval Venetian traveler to China Marco Polo reported an annual production in a single province of more than 30,000 tonnes of brine during his time there . According to Salt : A World History , a Qing Dynasty well , also located in Zigong , `` continued down to 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) making it at the time the deepest drilled well in the world . '' Seal : The Chinese have been using fingerprints as a means for identification , authentication , and verification dating back before the 3rd century BC . This has been recorded since the 3rd century BCE in China -- continuing for at least a millennium , and by the 8th century AD the practice had spread to Japan . Chinese dynastic history would utilize ancient fingerprint authentication technology long before European historical fingerprint records . Chinese documents bore a clay seal marked by the fingerprint of the originator . The clay seal would provide evidence tracing the fingerprint back the originator and the uniqueness of the signature would be used for means of authentication . Signatures were utilized by the Chinese to consider the impression of a fingerprint on a document to be a unique signature . The seal would also contain a left thumbprint embedded on one side and a Chinese script on the other for authentication . Fingerprints were used as identifying marks in ancient China during the Qin and Han dynasties as early as 246 BCE . Chinese seals were used by individuals as signatures for many kinds of official documents , such as army rosters , engagements and divorces , deeds for lands and homes , legal papers and financial transactions . In addition to clay seals , the Chinese also used bamboo and wooden slips to record fingerprints were used in burglary crime scene investigations . With the invention of paper by the Han dynasty and Six Dynasties period , the availability of paper and silk would replace bamboo as a medium for recording fingerprints . Fingerprints were also used as evidence in criminal and civil disputes as well as recording confessions . Kia Kung - Yen , a Chinese historian of the Tang dynasty mentions the use of Chinese documents dating from the Tang dynasty , which allude to fingerprints used to seal contracts and legal documents . Yung - Hwui , a Chinese law book , specified that in order for a husband to divorce must present a document giving the reasons for the action , all letters must be in his handwriting and if unable to write , he must sign with his fingerprints . In his Jami al - Tawarikh ( Universal History ) , the Persian physician Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( also known as `` Rashideddin '' , 1247 -- 1318 ) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints , commenting : `` Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike . '' Seismometer : The Chinese polymath and inventor Zhang Heng ( 78 -- 139 ) of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) invented the first seismometer in 132 , a large metal urn - shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia ( i.e. ground tremors from earthquakes ) to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device ; this ball would fall out of dragon - shaped metal mouth into the corresponding metal toad mouth indicating the exact cardinal direction of where a distant earthquake had occurred in order for the state to send swift aid and relief to the affected regions ; several subsequent recreations of his device were employed by Chinese states up until the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , when use of the device fell into obscurity , a fact noted even by the writer Zhou Mi around 1290 , during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . Snap fastener : Some of the oldest snap fasteners and snap - together connectors were made of metal and developed for the Chinese Terracotta army dating back to 210 BC . The horse halters , comprised a gold and silver tube were linked with metal snap fasteners and made using advanced fastener - making technologies during the Qin dynasty . Inside the halters laid a pin that was able to be pulled out allowing the snap to unfasten so the halters were able to be removed . Snow gauge : The first use of snow gauges were precipitation gauges that was widely used in 1247 during the Southern Song dynasty to gather meteorological data . The Song Chinese mathematician and inventor Qin Jiushao records the use of gathering rain and snowfall measurements in the Song mathematical treatise Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections . The book discusses the use of large conical or barrel - shaped snow gauges made from bamboo situated in mountain passes and uplands which are speculated to be first referenced to snow measurement . Solid - propellant rocket : The medieval Song dynasty Chinese invented the solid - propellant rocket at a time when bows , arrows , and catapult - based projectile launchers were state of the art military technology in medieval Europe . Illustrations and descriptions in the 14th century Chinese military treatise Huolongjing by the Ming dynasty military writer and philosopher Jiao Yu confirm that the Chinese in 1232 used proto - solid propellant rockets then known as `` fire arrows '' to drive back the Mongols during the Siege of Kaifeng . Each arrow took a primitive form of a simple , solid - propellant rocket tube that was filled gunpowder . One open end allowed the gas to escape and was attached to a long stick that acted as a guidance system for flight direction control . South - pointing chariot : Although the claim of Wei Dynasty mechanical engineer and statesman Ma Jun ( fl. 220 -- 265 ) that the south - pointing chariot was first invented by the mythological Yellow Emperor are dubious , his south - pointing chariot was successfully designed and tested in 255 AD with many later models recreated in subsequent dynasties ; this device was a wheeled vehicle with differential gears that ensured a mounted wooden figurine would always point in the southern direction no matter how the vehicle turned , in essence a non-magnetic compass . The Book of Song written in the 6th century states that the device was successfully reinvented by the mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi ( 429 -- 500 ) during the Liu Song Dynasty ( 420 -- 479 ) . The Japanese historical text Nihon Shoki , compiled by 720 , states that the device was crafted and presented as a gift to Emperor Tenji ( 661 -- 672 ) on two different occasions ( 658 and 666 ) by the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi You . The wheeled vehicle device was described in intricate detail in the historical text covering the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , i.e. the Song Shi ( compiled 1345 ) ; for example , it revealed the number of gear teeth on each mechanical gear wheel , the diameter of each gear wheel , and how these gear wheels were properly positioned . Soybean oil : Chinese records dating prior to 2000 BC mention the use of cultivated soybeans to produce edible soy oil . Ancient Chinese literature reveals that soybeans were extensively cultivated and highly valued as a use for the soybean oil production process before written records were kept . Soy sauce : Soy sauce in its current form was created about 2,200 years ago during the Western Han dynasty and was soon spread throughout East and Southeast Asia where it is used in cooking and as a condiment . The condiment considered almost as old as soy paste -- a type of fermented paste ( Jiang , 酱 ) obtained from soybeans -- which had appeared during the Western Han dynasty and was listed in the bamboo slips found in the archaeological site Mawangdui . Squatting - tiger fire trebuchet : According to the Song dynasty military compendium Wujing Zongyao ( published 1044 ) , the hu dun pao or squatting - tiger trebuchet is depicted as a traction trebuchet with a triangular frame . It is operated by a dedicated corps of 70 haulers , who took turns pulling the ropes attached to the trebutchet arm to send the projectile , a 16 - pound ( 7.3 kg ) stone or bomb , into flight . It has a range of 85 yards ( 78 m ) . The Annales ianuenses , an official history of Genoa , carries drawings of trabuchium , a counterweighted trebuchet with triangular supporting trusses , that British historian , scientist , and sinologist Joseph Needham considers to be derived from or related to the Chinese `` Crouching Tiger Trebuchet '' . Similar triangular - framed trebutchets are found in Byzantine sources as labdarea ( lambda - shaped machines ) and as `` Turkish trebuchets '' ( manjanīq turkī ) by Mardi ibn Ali al - Tarsusi and the Templar of Tyre . Mao Yuanyi ( 茅元儀 ; 1594 -- 1640 ) , the compiler of the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi , considered the `` Crouching Tiger Trebuchet '' as an ancestor to the cannon along with other bomb - throwing trebuchets . Steel made from cast iron through oxygenation : The earliest known production of steel is a piece of ironware excavated from an archaeological site in Anatolia ( Kaman - Kalehoyuk ) and is about 4,000 years old . Other ancient steel comes from East Africa , dating back to 1400 BC . In the 4th century BC steel weapons like the Falcata were produced in the Iberian Peninsula , while Noric steel was used by the Roman military . The Chinese , who had been producing cast iron from the late Spring and Autumn period ( 722 -- 481 BC ) , produced steel by the 2nd century BC through a process of decarburization , i.e. using bellows to pump large amounts of oxygen on to molten cast iron . This was first described in the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) book Huainanzi , compiled by scholars under Prince Liu An ( 179 -- 122 BC ) . For steel , they used both quenching ( i.e. rapid cooling ) and tempering ( i.e. slow cooling ) methods of heat treatment . Much later , the American inventor William Kelly ( 1811 -- 1888 ) brought four Chinese metallurgists to Eddyville , Kentucky in 1845 , whose expertise in steelmaking influenced his ideas about air injection to reduce carbon content of iron ; his invention anticipated the Bessemer process of English inventor Henry Bessemer ( 1813 -- 1898 ) . Sticky rice mortar : Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China , possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash . Around 500 CE , sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic − organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar . Sticky rice played a major role in maintaining the durability of the Great Wall as well as tombs , pagodas , and city walls . Sticky rice mortar had high adhesive strength , sturdiness , waterproof , and prevented weeds from growing as crude mortar made of sticky rice and burnt lime created a seal between bricks that would rival modern cement in strength . During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 AD ) , brick - making techniques in terms of quantity and quality of production improved significantly . Since then , Great Wall sections were widely built with bricks , with lime mortar and sticky rice used to reinforce the bricks strong enough to resist earthquakes and modern bulldozers while keeping the building intact . Modern chemists through their research identified amylopectin , a type of polysaccharide , or complex carbohydrate , found in rice and other starchy foods is the secret that appears to be responsible for the sticky rice mortar 's strength and durability . Stinkpot : The stinkpot was an earthenware incendiary weapon part filled with sulphur , gunpowder , nails , and shot , while the other part was filled with noxious materials designed to emanate a highly unpleasant and suffocating smell to its enemies when ignited . The weapon was used in the 19th century during the Qing Dynasty , where the British Admiral Sir William Robert Kennedy recorded the use of the stinkpot in 1856 during the Second Opium War in his book Hurrah for the Life of a Sailor - Fifty Years in the Royal Navy . These incendiary weapons were wrapped in calico bags and were then hoisted in a basket to the truck of the mast . When an enemy ship was alongside , one of the crew members would climb up the mast and primed the stinkpots with lighted joss sticks . The stinkpots were then launched onto the enemy deck by cutting the rope by which the basket had been hoisted . The ensuing noise , flying debris , and pungent smell would create , would cause the enemy crew sufficient confusion and blow them into disarray . Stir frying : Stir frying is a Chinese cooking technique used for preparing food in a wok . It originates from the Han Dynasty , but did not fully develop until the Song Dynasty . Although there are no surviving records of Han Dynasty stir frying , archaeological evidence of woks and the tendency to slice food thinly indicate that the technique was likely used for cooking . It was not until the Ming Dynasty that stir frying was popularized as primary cooking method of Chinese cuisine . Stir frying was brought to America by early Chinese immigrants , and has been used for non-Asian cuisines . Stirrup : There are authors who point out that it is unclear whether the stirrup was invented by northern nomads or the sedentary Chinese . Liu Han ( 1961 ) credited the invention of the stirrup to nomadic invaders of northern China . Archaeologial evidence shows that horse riders in India had a small loop for a single toe to be inserted by roughly the 1st century AD . However , the first true depiction of the stirrup is featured on a Jin Dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) Chinese tomb figurine dated 302 AD , yet this was a single stirrup and was perhaps used only for initially mounting the horse . The first validated depiction of a rider with a pair of saddle stirrups for both feet comes from a Jin Chinese tomb figurine dated 322 . The first actual specimens of stirrups comes from a Chinese tomb in southern Manchuria that is dated 415 . The stirrup was not widely used by Chinese cavalry until the 5th century . By the 6th century , the use of the stirrup had spread as far west as the Byzantine Empire , where both the stirrup and Celtic horseshoe were adopted . Sunglasses : The first sunglasses were invented in 12th century China when medieval Chinese magistrates wore smoke - colored lenses to conceal their eyes and feelings during trials while questioning the witnesses and accused . They were a crude slab of smoked quartz that was made to block out the light from the sun . Suspension bridge using iron chains : Although there is evidence that many early cultures employed the use of suspension bridges with cabled ropes , the first written evidence of iron chain suspension bridges comes from a local history and topography of Yunnan written in the 15th century , which describes the repair of an iron chain bridge during the reign of the Yongle Emperor ( r . 1402 -- 1424 ) ; although it is questionable if Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) Chinese claims that iron chain suspension bridges existed since the Han Dynasty , their existence in the 15th century predates that of anywhere else . K.S. Tom mentions this same repaired Ming suspension bridge described by Needham , but adds that recent research has revealed a document which lists the names of those who allegedly built an iron chain suspension bridge in Yunnan around the year 600 AD . Tangram : The tangram is a dissection puzzle consisting of seven flat shapes , which are put together to form shapes . The objective of the puzzle is to form a specific shape using all seven pieces , which may not overlap . The game is reputed to have been invented in China during the Song Dynasty , and was popularized in Europe and United States during the 19th century . The word tangram is likely derived from two words , the Chinese word tang , referring to the medieval Chinese Tang Dynasty , and the Greek word gramma , a synonym of `` graph '' . Tea : The tea plant is indigenous to western Yunnan ; by the mid 2nd millennium BC , tea was being consumed in Yunnan for medicinal purposes . Tea drinking was already an established custom in the daily life in this area as shown by the Contract with a Slave , written by Wang Bao in 59 BC . This written record also reveals that tea was processed and used as a drink instead of a medicinal herb , emerged no later than the 1st century BC . Early Chinese tea culture began from the time of Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) to the Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) when tea was widely used by Chinese gentry , but only took its initial shape during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) . Teabag : Packing tea in paper goes back to medieval 8th century China , during the Tang Dynasty when paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve tea flavoring and aromas . Then the paper tea bags were stitched from all sides to create protective casings for the tea leaves . Modern tea bags in the Western World would not be patented until 1903 . Teapot : The teapot was invented during the Yuan Dynasty , tea preparation in previous dynasties did not utilize a teapot . In the Tang Dynasty , a cauldron was used to boil grounded tea , which was served in bowls . Song Dynasty tea was made by pouring water boiled using a kettle into a bowl with finely ground tea leaves . A brush was then used to stir the tea . The innovation of the teapot , a vessel that steeps tea leaves in boiling water , occurs during the late Yuan dynasty . Written evidence of a teapot appears in the Yuan Dynasty text , Jiyuan Conghua , which describes a teapot that the author , Cai Shizhan , bought from the scholar Sun Daoming . By the Ming Dynasty , teapots were widespread in China . Thyroid hormones to treat goiters : In 239 BC , Master Lu 's Spring and Autumn Annals stated that where water is too light , people suffer widespread baldness and goiter . It was not until the 1860 that French physician Gaspard Adolphe Chatin ( 1813 -- 1901 ) linked goiter with the lack of iodine in soil and water ; iodine was discovered in the thyroid gland in 1896 by German chemist Eugen Baumann , while thyroid extract was used to treat patients in 1890 . The Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) physician Zhen Quan ( d . 643 AD ) , in his Old and New Tried and Tested Prescriptions , stated that the thyroid glands taken from gelded rams were used to treat patients with goiter ; the thyroid hormones could be swallowed in pill form ( the body of the pill made from crushed jujube pulp ) or as a solid thyroid gland with the fat taken off . The Pharmacopoeia of the Heavenly Husbandman asserted that iodine - rich sargassum was used to treat goiter by the 1st century BC ( Ge Hong , 284 -- 364 , also suggested using a tincture derived from sargassum seaweed in about 340 AD ) , a treatment later recorded in the Western World by Italian practrica Roger of Palermo in his Practica Chirurgiae of 1180 AD . Tianchi Basins : As precipitation was for important agriculture and food production , the Song Chinese mathematician and inventor Qin Jiushao developed a precipitation gauge that was widely used in 1247 during the Southern Song dynasty to gather meteorological data . Qin Jiushao later records application of rainfall measurements in the mathematical treatise Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections . The book also discusses problems using large snow gauges made from bamboo situated in mountain passes and uplands which are speculated to be first referenced to snow measurement . Tianchi Basins were installed at provincial and district capitals and bamboo snow gauges were situated in mountain passes . The rain gauges were conical or barrel - shaped with one being installed at each provincial and district capital in China . In the treatise , Qin Jiushao also discusses how point measurements were converted to real averages . These averages were important as they postulated indicators of natural disasters such as flooding , since river flooding has always been a problem in China . Tofu : Although both popular tradition and Song Dynasty philosophers like Zhu Xi ( 1130 -- 1200 AD ) credit the invention of tofu -- along with soymilk -- to Liu An ( 179 -- 122 BC ) , a Han - Dynasty King of Huainan , no mention of tofu is found in the extant Huainanzi ( compiled under Liu An ) . The earliest known mention of tofu was made in Records of the Extraordinary ( Qingyi lu 清異錄 ) , which reported that tofu was sold at Qingyang ( Anhui ) . The earliest explanation of how to make tofu is found in the Bencao Gangmu , written by the Ming dynasty polymath Li Shizhen ( 1518 -- 1593 ) . According to Liu Keshun ( 1999 ) , Liu An 's process for making tofu was essentially the same as today . Toilet paper : Toilet paper was first mentioned by the Sui Chinese politician and artist Yan Zhitui ( 531 -- 591 ) in the year 589 during the Sui Dynasty , with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties . By the mid 14th century during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , it was written that ten million packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets of toilet paper were manufactured annually in Zhejiang province alone . Tower ships : Historical records relating to invention of Chinese tower ships are found in sources such as the Wujing Zongyao , written during the Song Dynasty , and the Taibai Yinjing from the Tang Dynasty . Chinese tower ships were naval warships meant to be a central vessel in the fleet , the louchuan was equipped for boarding and attacking enemy vessels , as well as with siege weapons including traction trebuchets for ranged combat against enemy ships . Traction trebuchet : The earliest type of trebuchet catapult was the traction trebuchet , developed first in China by the 5th or 4th century BC , the beginning of the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) ; to operate the trebuchet , a team of men pulled on ropes attached to the butt of the shorter segment of a long wooden beam separated by a rotating axle fixed to a base framework , allowing the longer segment of the beam to lunge forward and use its sling to hurl a missile ; by the 9th century a hybrid of the traction and counterweight trebuchet , employing manpower and a pivoting weight , was used in the Middle East , Mediterranean Basin , and Northern Europe ; by the 12th century , the full - fledged counterweight trebuchet was developed under the Ayyubid dynasty of Islamic Syria and Egypt ( described by Mardi bin Ali al - Tarsusi ) and used in the Third Crusade ; by the 13th century , the counterweight trebuchet found its way into Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) China via the Mongol invaders under Kublai Khan ( r . 1260 -- 1294 ) who used it in the Siege of Xiangyang ( 1267 -- 1273 ) . Tributary systems : The Imperial Chinese tributary system served as the bedrock of network of trade and foreign relations between China and its East Asian tributaries , which helped to shape much of East Asian affairs during the ancient and medieval eras . Through the tributary system , the various dynasties of Imperial China facilitated frequent economic and cultural exchange that influenced the cultures of Japan and Korea and drew them into a Chinese international order . The Imperial Chinese tributary system shaped much of East Asia 's foreign policy and trade for over 2000 years due to Imperial China 's economic and cultural dominance over the region , and thus played a huge role in the history of East Asia in particular . Trip hammer : The ancient Chinese used pestle and mortar to pound and decorticate grain , which was superseded by the treadle - operated tilt hammer ( employing a simple lever and fulcrum ) perhaps during the Zhou Dynasty ( 1122 -- 256 BC ) but first described in a Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) dictionary of 40 BC and soon after by the Han dynasty philosopher and writer Yang Xiong ( 53 BC -- 18 AD ) in his Fangyan dictionary written in 15 BC ; the next stage in this evolution of grain - pounding devices was to apply hydraulic power , which the Han dynasty philosopher and writer Huan Tan ( 43 BC -- 28 AD ) mentioned in his Xinlun of 20 AD , although he also described trip hammers powered by the labor of horses , oxen , donkeys , and mules . After Huan Tan 's book was written , numerous references to trip hammers powered by waterwheels were made in subsequent Chinese dynasties and in Medieval Europe by the 12th century . However , trip hammers were also attested by both literary ( Pliny , Natural History 18.97 ) and archaeological evidence in fairly widespread use in the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD . Tuned bells : The earliest complete set of tuned bells , sixteen in all , were found in Tomb 8 of Marquis Su of Jin at Qucun , southern Shanxi . The tomb has been dated by AMS radiocarbon techniques to 815 -- 786 BC , during the period of the Zhou Dynasty . Of the sixty - four bronze bells found in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng interred by 433 BC , forty - seven of them produce two notes with minor third intervals while sixteen produce two notes with major third intervals . Tung oil : The tung oil tree originates in southern China and was cultivated there for tung oil , but the date of cultivation remains unknown . During the Song Dynasty , tung oil was used for waterproofing on ships . Tung oil is etymologically derived from the Chinese tongyou . The earliest references for Chinese use of tung oil is in the writings of Confucius around 500 to 400 BC The Chinese have used tung oil , also known as China wood oil , for at least 2500 years for building waterproof boats and paper parasols , wood finishing , wood waterproofing , caulking , inks and paints . Two - stage rocket : The 14th - century Chinese military treatise compiled and edited by Chinese military strategists and philosophers Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen of the early Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1683 ) Huolongjing describes and illustrates the oldest known two - stage rocket invented in the 13th century ; this was the `` fire - dragon issuing from the water '' ( huo long chu shui ) , which was known to be used by the Song and Ming Chinese navies . The two - stage rocket had a carrier and booster rocket that would automatically ignite a number of smaller rocket arrows that were shot out of the front end of the missile shaped like a dragon 's head with an open mouth that exploded on impact , before eventually burning out . The British scientist , historian , and sinologist Joseph Needham says that the written material and illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing . U ( edit ) Umbrella : In all written records , the oldest reference to a collapsible umbrella dates to the year 21 AD , when Wang Mang ( r . 9 -- 23 ) had one designed for a ceremonial four - wheeled carriage . The 2nd - century commentator Fu Qian added that this collapsible umbrella of Wang Mang 's carriage had bendable joints which enabled them to be extended or retracted . A 1st century collapsible umbrella has since been recovered from the tomb of Wang Guang at Lelang Commandery in the Korean Peninsula , illustrated in a work by Harada and Komai . However , the Chinese collapsible umbrella is perhaps a concept that is yet centuries older than Wang 's tomb . Zhou Dynasty bronze castings of complex bronze socketed hinges with locking slides and bolts -- which could have been used for parasols and umbrellas -- were found in an archeological site of Luoyang , dated to the 6th century BC . Underwater salvage operation : In 219 BC , Emperor Qin Shihuang ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) assembled an expedition consisting of a thousand people for the salvage of the Nine Tripod Cauldrons . The tripods were considered important artifacts , Chinese legends credit a Xia dynasty emperor with their construction . The tripods were lost in Sishui River in present - day Anhui Province . The salvage attempt was ultimately unsuccessful . Carvings in Han Dynasty tombs depict the salvage attempt . In the 11th century AD , a successful underwater salvage operation in the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) which would employ the use of buoyancy . The Chinese understood the concept of buoyancy by at least the 3rd century AD ; the short - lived child prodigy Cao Chong ( 196 -- 208 ) weighed a large elephant by placing it on a boat in a pond and measuring the rise of the water level , then matching this weight with a boat loaded with numerous heavy objects which could be measured separately . Between 1064 and 1067 , the Puchin Bridge near Puchow , a floating bridge built some 350 years earlier across the Yellow River , was destroyed in a flood . This bridge was made of boats secured by iron chains which were attached to eight different cast iron statues located on each river bank , cast in the shape of recumbent oxen . The flood pulled the oxen from the sandy banks into the river , where they sunk to the bottom ; after this loss , the local officials issued a proclamation for submission of ideas on how to recover the statues . The plan of the Buddhist monk Huaibing was accepted , which is described in the text Liang Chi Man Chih of 1192 , `` he used two huge boats filled with earth , cables from them being made fast to the oxen in the river bed ( by the drivers ) . Hooks and a huge counterweight lever were also used . Then the earth in the boats was gradually taken away so that the boats floated much higher and the oxen were lifted off the river bottom . '' Unmanned hot air balloons : The sky lantern is an early unmanned hot air balloon . The Chinese military strategist , politician , writer , and inventor Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms era is credited with its invention , and reportedly used it during military campaigns . According to the British scientist , historian , and sinologist Joseph Needham , hot air balloons have been used in China since the 3rd century BC . In 1783 , the French entrepreneurs and inventors Joseph - Michel and Jacques - Etienne Montgolfier took part in the first modern manned hot air balloon flight . Chinese rotary fan winnowing machine , from an encyclopedia published in 1637 by Song Yingxing The one - wheeled Chinese wheelbarrow , from the Song dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan 's ( 1085 -- 1145 ) painting Along the River During Qingming Festival , Song Dynasty . Depiction of Chinese philosopher Confucius in a wheelchair , dating to ca . 1680 . The artist may have been thinking of methods of transport common in his own day . War wagon : The ancient Chinese invented a mobile - like armored cart used in from the 5th century BC called the Dongwu Che ( Chinese : 洞屋车 ) . It was used for the purpose of protecting warriors on the battlefield . The Chinese war wagon was designed as a kind of mobile protective cart with a shed - like roof . It would serve to be rolled up to city fortifications to provide protection for sappers digging underneath to weaken a walls foundation . The early Chinese war wagon would become the basis of technologies for the making of ancient Chinese south - pointing chariots . Watertight compartments : The Song Dynasty Chinese author Zhu Yu wrote of Song Chinese invented watertight compartments in his book , Pingzhou Table Talks , written from AD 1111 to 1117 and published in 1119 . Chinese shipbuilders made sailboats with bulkheads and watertight compartments as early as the second century AD . Bulkhead watertight compartments improved buoyancy and protected cargo . The Song dynasty Chinese ran wit the idea of junks featured watertight compartments . The watertight compartments were there to ensure that if one part of the ship was leaking , the ship itself would not sink . Song Chinese naval engineers came up with this idea by cutting up bamboo plants . In a bamboo plant , the stem is split into sections and at the end of a section there is a plug - like device that lets in water , but does not let it out . By using this as a model , they were able to make a large scale version that would protect the ship . In addition , the compartments were used as storage tanks in which fresh drinking water could be stored for sailors on board . Compartments were also used to help control the masts and sails so they could all be used at once . The wide application of Chinese watertight compartments soon spread across East Asia and later to the Europeans through contacts with Indian and Arab merchants . Weeding rakes : As weeding was a constant issue in the ancient and medieval Chinese agricultural process , it led to the invention of the weeding rake . The invention of the Chinese weed rake is derived from the invention of the Chinese harrow . In the Chinese agricultural text Qimin Yaoshu written by the Northern Wei Dynasty official Jia Sixie . Harrows were originally called iron - teeth rakes due to its shaping . According to its shape , the Chinese harrow was divided into three sub-classifications : Strip rake , Y - shaped rake , and square rake . The harrows seen in the murals of the Wei and Jin Dynasties are strip rakes . Well drilling : The earliest record of well drilling dates from 347 AD in China . Petroleum was used in ancient China for `` lighting , as a lubricant for cart axles and the bearings of water - powered drop hammers , as a source of carbon for inksticks , and as a medical remedy for sores on humans and mange in animals . '' In ancient China , deep well drilling machines were in the forefront of brine well production by the 1st century BC . The ancient Chinese developed advanced sinking wells and were the first civilization to use a well - drilling machine and to use bamboo well casings to keep the holes open . Well - field system : The well - field system was a Chinese land distribution method existing between the ninth century BC ( late Western Zhou dynasty ) to around the end of the Warring States period . Its name comes from Chinese character 井 ( jǐng ) , which means ' well ' and looks like the # symbol ; this character represents the theoretical appearance of land division : a square area of land was divided into nine identically - sized sections ; the eight outer sections ( 私田 ; sītián ) were privately cultivated by serfs and the center section ( 公田 ; gōngtián ) was communally cultivated on behalf of the landowning aristocrat . Wheat gluten : The earliest description of wheat gluten comes from 6th century China . It was widely consumed by the Chinese as a substitute for meat , especially among adherents of Buddhism . The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the Qimin Yaoshu , a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535 . The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bo duo . Wheat gluten was known as mian jin by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) . Wheelbarrow : The earliest wheelbarrows with archaeological evidence in the form of a one - wheel cart come from 2nd century Han Dynasty Emperor Hui 's tomb murals and brick tomb reliefs . The painted tomb mural of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in a tomb at Chengdu , Sichuan province , dated precisely to 118 CE . The stone carved relief of a man pushing a wheelbarrow was found in the tomb of Shen Fujun in Sichuan province , dated circa 150 CE . And then there is the story of the pious Dong Yuan pushing his father around in a single - wheel lu che barrow , depicted in a mural of the Wu Liang tomb - shrine of Shandong ( dated to 147 CE ) . However , there are even earlier accounts than this that date back to the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE . The 5th century Book of Later Han stated that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan helped him push a lu che back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony , around 30 BCE . Later , during the Red Eyebrows Rebellion ( c. 20 CE ) against Xin dynasty 's Wang Mang ( 45 BCE -- 23 CE ) , the official Zhao Xi saved his wife from danger by disguising himself and pushing her along in his lu che barrow , past a group of brigand rebels who questioned him , and allowed him to pass after he convinced them that his wife was terribly ill . The first recorded description of a wheelbarrow appears in Liu Xiang 's work Lives of Famous Immortals . Liu describes the invention of the wheelbarrow by the legendary Chinese mythological figure Ko Yu , who builds a `` Wooden ox '' . Wheelchair : The earliest records of wheeled furniture are an inscription found on a stone slate in China and a child 's bed depicted in a frieze on a Greek vase , both dating between the 6th and 5th century BCE . The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting disabled people date to three centuries later in China ; the Chinese used early wheelbarrows to move people as well as heavy objects . A distinction between the two functions was not made until around 525 CE , when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people begin to occur in Chinese art . Winnowing fan : Contemporary to the rotary air conditioning fan invented by Han dynasty mechanical engineer Ding Huan ( fl. 180 AD ) is a pottery tomb model of a crank - operated rotary winnowing fan from the Han Dynasty , used for separating chaff from grain . The winnowing fan was first described by the Tang Dynasty writer and linguist Yan Shigu ( 581 -- 645 ) , in his commentary on the Jijiupian dictionary written earlier in 40 BC by Shi Yu ; it was also mentioned in a poem by the Song Dynasty artist Mei Yaochen in about 1060 . The earliest known drawn illustration of the winnowing fan comes from the Book of Agriculture published in 1313 by Yuan dynasty inventor and politician Wang Zhen ( fl. 1290 -- 1333 ) . Wok : The cast - iron Wok was invented in China during the Han dynasty . The round - bottomed cooking vessel is central to Chinese cooking and soon spread to other Asian culinary spheres due to its unique concave shape and ability to sear food at a fast pace . Wrapping paper and paper envelope : The use of wrapping paper is first documented in ancient China , where paper was invented in the 2nd century BC . In the Southern Song dynasty , monetary gifts were wrapped with paper , forming an envelope known as a chih pao . The wrapped gifts were distributed by the Chinese court to government officials . In the Chinese text Thien Kung Khai Wu , Sung Ying - Hsing states that the coarsest wrapping paper is manufactured with rice straws and bamboo fiber . Although the Hall brothers Rollie and Joyce Hall , founders of Hallmark Cards , did not invent gift wrapping , their innovations led to the development of modern gift wrapping . They helped to popularize the idea of decorative gift wrapping in the 20th century , and according to Joyce Hall , `` the decorative gift - wrapping business was born the day Rollie placed those French envelope linings on top of that showcase . '' Wrought iron : During the Han dynasty , new iron smelting processes led to the manufacture of new wrought iron implements for use in agriculture , such as the multi-tube seed drill and iron plough . In addition to accidental lumps of low - carbon wrought iron produced by excessive injected air in ancient Chinese cupola furnaces . The ancient Chinese created wrought iron by using the finery forge at least by the 2nd century BC , the earliest specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) site at Tieshengguo . Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in the previous Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) , due to the fact that there are wrought iron items from China dating to that period and there is no documented evidence of the bloomery ever being used in China . The fining process involved liquifying cast iron in a fining hearth and removing carbon from the molten cast iron through oxidation . Wagner writes that in addition to the Han Dynasty hearths believed to be fining hearths , there is also pictoral evidence of the fining hearth from a Shandong tomb mural dated 1st to 2nd century AD , as well as a hint of written evidence in the 4th century AD Daoist text Taiping Jing . X ( edit ) Xiangqi board game Xiangqi ( See also : List of Chinese inventions # L -- Liubo ) : The exact origins of the Chinese chess board game known as xiangqi are ambiguous . Historian David H. Li asserts that it was first invented by Han Xin ( d . 196 BC ) , a renowned military general of the early Han Dynasty who fell victim to a purge instigated by Empress Lü Zhi ( d . 180 BC ) . Li states that it was revived under a different , camouflaged name of xiangxi by Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou ( r . 561 -- 578 ) , which to this day has made the two terms synonymous and interchangeable for the same game . Xiaochi : Xiaochi ( Chinese : 小吃 ; pinyin : xiǎochī ; literally : `` small eats '' ) are forms of Chinese street food and serve as substantial snacks , which could be eaten together or with more substantial dishes like the Spanish tapas or Middle Eastern Levantine meze , or alone as a light meal or snack like the French goûter . Typically , they are most commonly served by outlets ranging from market stalls to teahouses and restaurants in areas of heavy pedestrian traffic : for example near temples and markets in the commercial centres of Chinese towns and cities . The so - called `` four great xiaochi clusters '' of mainland China are all based around temples : Taiwanese food critic Shu Kuo - chih describes xiaochi as `` food from a street stall , shop or even a restaurant that comes in small portions and could never be considered a ' square meal ' on its own . In New York , he says , ' hot dogs or nachos could be xiaochi . ' Dim sum ? Definitely . '' Z. ( edit ) Zoetrope : British sinologist , scientist , and historian Joseph Needham described several ancient Chinese devices which he classified as `` a variety of zoetrope '' , but his use of that term appears to have been very broad and unconventional . There is some evidence that a device capable of displaying moving images existed amongst the items of the treasury of the deceased Qin Shi Huang ( r . 221 -- 210 BC ) of the Qin Dynasty . A magician named Shao Ong who staged a seance for Emperor Wu of Han ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) may have used such a device in his performance of 121 BC . Another device that Needham included in the same category comes , according to his dating , from the late Han Dynasty , when the engineer and artisan Ding Huan ( 丁緩 ) made a ' nine - storied hill - censer ' around 180 AD . This featured figures of birds and other animals which moved when the lamp was lit ; the convection of rising hot air currents caused the vanes at the top canopy of the lamp to spin , while the painted figures on paper attached to the side of the cylinder gave the impression that they were in movement . Modern ( 1912 - present ) ( edit ) Artemisinin , Tu Youyou , Project 523 , Dihydroartemisinin . Car fueled by charcoal : In 1931 , Tang Zhongming created an internal combustion engine powered by charcoal and mounted it in an automobile . Carbon aerogel : In 2013 , scientists at Zhejiang University broke the world record for the world 's lightest substance , a carbon aerogel weighing in at 0.16 mg / cc . Cure of a solid cancer : In 1956 , Min Chiu Li , who was educated and worked in the USA after leaving China because of the communist takeover , and Roy Hertz , demonstrated that systemic chemotherapy could result in the cure of a widely metastatic malignant disease by his use of methotrexate to cure women of choriocarcinoma . Electronic cigarette : Hon Lik , a Chinese pharmacist , is credited with the invention of the modern electronic cigarette . In 2003 , he came up with the idea of using a piezoelectric ultrasound - emitting element to vaporise a pressurized jet of liquid containing nicotine diluted in a propylene glycol solution . This design produces a smoke - like vapour that can be inhaled and provides a vehicle for nicotine delivery into the bloodstream via the lungs . He also proposed using propylene glycol to dilute nicotine and placing it in a disposable plastic cartridge which serves as a liquid reservoir and mouthpiece . Facekini : The facekini mask is a mask designed for swimmers and beachgoers which covers the head and reveals only the eyes , nose , and mouth . It was invented by Zhang Shifan , a former accountant from the coastal Chinese city of Qingdao . Hydrogen bicycle : In 2007 , Pearl ( SPHPST.Co ) , unveiled at the 9th China International Exhibition on Gas Technology the first hydrogen powered bicycle , PHB . It uses a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to generate power . Non-invasive prenatal diagnostic testing for Down 's Syndrome : Previously , women underwent invasive testing such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling ( CVS ) . This new maternal blood test has the potential to reduce the number of women referred for invasive testing for Down 's syndrome by 98 percent . Developed by Chinese researchers in Hong Kong in 2008 , this is hailed as a breakthrough . Passenger drone : The world 's first passenger drone , a drone capable of carrying human cargo , Ehang 184 was unveiled at the Computer Electronics Show ( CES ) 2016 by Chinese entrepreneurs . Radar - absorbing active stealth material : A material called an `` active frequency selecting surface '' ( AFSS ) - a thin layer of material covered with a substance used in printed circuit boards that can be `` tuned '' to absorb microwaves at a range of frequencies . The material could be used to reduce the radar cross-section of whatever it covers , including stealth aircraft , making it possible to reactively change the absorption of radar signals of different types . Synthetic bovine insulin : In 1965 , Chinese scientists synthesized bovine insulin , with the `` same crystalline form and biological activities as natural insulin . '' The project began in 1958 , and is considered one of the `` first proteins ever synthesized in vitro . '' Single - mode optical fiber : Professor Huang Hongjia of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , developed coupling wave theory in the field of microwave theory . He led a research team that successfully developed Single - mode optical fiber in 1980 . Stem cell educator therapy : Chinese and US researchers have produced remarkable results for this new treatment of obtaining stem cells from human cord blood to `` re-educate '' misbehaving immune cells . This result was published in the open - access journal BMC Medicine in January 2012 , and offers hope for Type 1 diabetics and potentially may also be used to treat other auto - immune diseases if the approach lives up to early promise . Turning Urine Samples into Brain Cells : This new technique of reprogramming ordinary cells present in urine into immature brain cells that can form multiple types of functioning neurons and glial cells was developed by Chinese researchers in China , and was published in the scientific journal Nature Methods in December 2012 . Instead of using retrovirus , they used vectors which the researchers say is a breakthrough This does not involve embryonic stem cells which come with serious drawbacks when transplanted , such as the risk of developing tumours . This technique makes the procedure of generating Induced pluripotent stem cells far easier and non-invasive , as the cells can be obtained from a urine sample instead of a blood sample or biopsy . This research proves human excreta could be a powerful source of cells to study disease , bypassing some of the problems of using stem cells , and could be useful for research studying the cellular mechanisms of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's and for testing the effects of new drugs that are being developed to treat them . See also ( edit ) Chinese exploration History of Chinese archaeology History of science in Classical Antiquity History of science and technology in China History of typography in East Asia List of China - related topics List of Chinese discoveries List of Japanese inventions List of Korean inventions List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries Science and technology of the Han Dynasty Technology of the Song Dynasty References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph Needham , Science and Civilisation in China , 1954 -- 2008 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Bowman ( 2000 ) , 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Levathes ( 1994 ) , 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Hsu ( 1988 ) , 96 . Jump up ^ Bellwood ( 2006 ) , 106 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 2004 ) p201 . Jump up ^ Bray ( 1978 ) , 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Bray ( 1978 ) , 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 1 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Buisseret ( 1998 ) , 12 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1985 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 1 -- 2 , 40 -- 41 , 122 -- 123 , 228 . Jump up ^ Bowman ( 2000 ) , 594 . ^ Jump up to : Tom ( 1989 ) , 99 . ^ Jump up to : Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 122 . Jump up ^ Cotterell ( 2004 ) , 11 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Cotterell ( 2004 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ Pan ( 1997 ) , 979 -- 980 . Jump up ^ Needham and Tsien ( 1985 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 149 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 151 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 201 -- 202 . ^ Jump up to : Gernet ( 1996 ) , 335 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman ( 2000 ) , 599 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 70 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 205 -- 207 . 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Jump up ^ Fong , Wen , ed. ( 1980 ) . Great Bronze Age of China . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , Inc. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87099 - 226 - 1 . Jump up ^ Metheny , Karen Bescherer ; Beaudry , Mary C. ( 2015 ) . Archaeology of Food : An Encyclopedia . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( published August 7 , 2015 ) . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0759123649 . Jump up ^ Origins and evolution of the Western diet : health implications for the 21st century . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . Retrieved on 2008 - 7 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rowan Flad et al. ( 2005 ) , 12618 -- 12622 . Jump up ^ A seasoned ancient state : Chinese site adds salt to civilization 's rise . Sciencenews.org . Retrieved on 2008 - 7 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schoeser ( 2007 ) , 17 . Jump up ^ Simmons ( 1950 ) , 87 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , 121 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2001 ) , 389 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , 122 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , 135 . Jump up ^ Cao , Zhihong ; Fu , Jianrong ; Zou , Ping ; Huang , Jing Fa ; Lu , Hong ; Weng , Jieping ; Ding , Jinlong ( August 2010 ) . `` Origin and chronosequence of paddy soils in China '' . Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science : 39 -- 42 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Fujiwara , H. ( ed . ) . Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation : The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China . Miyazaki : Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property , 1996 . ( In Japanese and Chinese ) Jump up ^ Omura ( 2003 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Omura ( 2003 ) , 19 & 22 . Jump up ^ Zhao ( 2000 ) , 6 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Loewe ( 1999 ) , 847 . Jump up ^ Sterckx ( 2002 ) , 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Williams ( 1904 ) , 131 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 30 & 479 footnote e . Jump up ^ Crespigny ( 2007 ) , 1050 . Jump up ^ Morton & Lewis ( 2005 ) , 70 . Jump up ^ Loewe ( 1968 ) , 107 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman ( 2000 ) , 595 . 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ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09632 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sen , Tansen ( 2017 ) . India , China , and the World : A Connected History . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers ( published September 20 , 2017 ) . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1442220911 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Cho - yun ; Cheng , Joseph Y.S. ; Baker Jr. , Timothy ( 2012 ) . China : A New Cultural History . Columbia University Press ( published June 12 , 2012 ) . p. 313 . ^ Jump up to : Peng , Shijiang ( 1983 ) . `` Biological Control -- One Of The Fine Traditions Of Ancient Chinese Agricultural Techniques '' . Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 1 : 92 -- 98 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner ( 2001 ) , 7 , 36 -- 37 , 64 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Pigott ( 1999 ) , 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Lu Gwei - Djen , Joseph Needham and Phan Chi - Hsing . Technology and Culture , Vol. 29 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1988 ) , pp. 594 - 605 Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 170 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 171 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 170 . Jump up ^ Loewe ( 1968 ) , 194 . ^ Jump up to : Tom ( 1989 ) , 103 . ^ Jump up to : Hobson , John M. ( 2004 ) . The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation . Cambridge University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0521547246 . Jump up ^ Loewe ( 1968 ) , 191 . Jump up ^ Wang ( 1982 ) , 105 . Jump up ^ Hossain , M.E. ; Abdullah Al - Majed , Abdulaziz ( 2015 ) . Fundamentals of Sustainable Drilling Engineering . Wiley - Scrivener ( published March 2 , 2015 ) . ISBN 978 - 0470878170 . ^ Jump up to : Rezende , Lisa ( 2007 ) . Chronology of Science . Checkmark Books ( published April 1 , 2007 ) . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0816071197 . ^ Jump up to : Conner , Clifford D. ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of Science : Miners , Midwives , and Low Mechanicks . Nation Books . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1560257486 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Inventions '' . Asia Society . Jump up ^ J. James , Peter ; Thorpe , Nick ( 1995 ) . Ancient Inventions . Ballantine Books ( published October 31 , 1995 ) . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0345401021 . Jump up ^ Temple , R. ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3,000 Years of Science , Discovery , and Invention . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 101 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Eijkhoff , Pieter ( 2000 ) . Wine in China : It 's History and Contemporary Developments ( PDF ) . The Netherlands . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Eijkhoff , Pieter ( 2000 ) . Wine in China : It 's History and Contemporary Developments ( PDF ) . The Netherlands . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 28 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 311 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Sturgis , R.C. ( 2015 ) . The Mammals That Moved Mankind : A History of Beasts of Burden . Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1504939447 . Jump up ^ Micuta , Waclaw . `` The Chinese collar '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ^ Jump up to : Krebs , Robert E. ; Krebs , Carolyn A. ( 2003 ) . Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments , Inventions , and Discoveries of the Ancient World . Greenwood ( published December 30 , 2003 ) . pp. 255 -- 256 . ISBN 978 - 0313313424 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , John K. ( 2016 ) . Evaporites : A Geological Compendium . Springer ( published May 18 , 2016 ) . p. 1034 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented ? '' . The Library of Congress . 2007 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kendall ( 2006 ) , 2 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 391 , 422 , 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall , and Palais ( 2006 ) , 159 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 420 -- 422 . Jump up ^ Gernet ( 1996 ) , 327 . Jump up ^ Temple ( 1986 ) , 72 . ^ Jump up to : You ( 1994 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Leo . `` A Brief History of Time Measurement '' . NRICH . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Lu 1988 . Jump up ^ Andrade 2016 , p. 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ Bandela , Prasanna Rao ( 2003 ) . Coin Splendour : A Journey Into the Past . Abhinav Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 8170174271 . Jump up ^ Akin , Marjorie H. ; Bard , James C. ; Akin , Kevin ( 2016 ) . Numismatic Archaeology of North America : A Field Guide . Routledge ( published May 4 , 2016 ) . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1611329193 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2007 ) . Coins and Currency : An Historical Encyclopedia . McFarland Publishing ( published June 30 , 2007 ) . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0786431175 . Jump up ^ Hucker , Charles ( 1975 ) . China 's Imperial Past : An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture . Stanford University Press ( published June 1 , 1975 ) . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0804708876 . Jump up ^ Hucker , Charles ( 1975 ) . China 's Imperial Past : An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture . Stanford University Press ( published June 1 , 1975 ) . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0804708876 . Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Mary Ellen ( 2007 ) . Coins and Currency : An Historical Encyclopedia . 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Jump up ^ Leibs ( 2004 ) , 31 . Jump up ^ Geng Ruilun ( 1 October 1997 ) . Guo Huadong , ed . New Technology for Geosciences : Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress . VSP . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6764 - 265 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Jacques W. Delleur ( 12 December 2010 ) . The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering , Second Edition . Taylor & Francis . p. 7 in chapter 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4316 - 2 . Jump up ^ James E. Landmeyer ( 15 September 2011 ) . Introduction to Phytoremediation of Contaminated Groundwater : Historical Foundation , Hydrologic Control , and Contaminant Remediation . Springer . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 1956 - 9 . Jump up ^ Alban J. Lynch ; Chester A. Rowland ( 2005 ) . The History of Grinding . SME . p. 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 238 - 3 . Jump up ^ Crespigny ( 2007 ) , 1222 & 1232 . Jump up ^ Bielenstein ( 1980 ) , 9 & 19 . Jump up ^ Wang ( 1949 ) , 152 . Jump up ^ Loewe ( 1968 ) , 45 . Jump up ^ Ebrey ( 2006 ) , 97 . 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Jump up ^ 中国独特的计算工具 , archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 21 , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 Jump up ^ Wu Wenjun ed , Grand Series of History of Chinese Mathematics , vol 1 , p371 Jump up ^ 老子 : 善數者不用籌策 . Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph . ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Part 2 , Mechanical Engineering . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd . Pages 118 -- 119 . ^ Jump up to : Quick , Graeme R. ( 2008 ) . Remarkable Australian Farm Machines : Ingenuity on the Land . Grantham House Publishing . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1869341053 . ^ Jump up to : Dorsey , Gray L. ( 1993 ) . Jurisculture . Transaction Publishers . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1560000907 . Jump up ^ Bautista Paz , Emilio ; Ceccarelli , Marco ; Otero , Javier Echávarri ; Sanz , José Luis Muñoz ( 2010 ) . A Brief Illustrated History of Machines and Mechanisms . Springer ( published May 12 , 2010 ) . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 9048125111 . Jump up ^ Du Bois , George ( 2014 ) . Understanding China : Dangerous Resentments . 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Jump up ^ Landrus , Matthew ( Matt ) ( 2010 ) , Leonardo da Vinci 's Giant Crossbow , Springer Science & Business Media , p. 45 , ISBN 3540689184 Jump up ^ Hurley , Gerald V. ( Vic ) ( 2011 ) , Arrows Against Steel : The History of the Bow and how it Forever Changed Warfare , Cerberus Books , p. 217 , ISBN 098347561X Jump up ^ McCants , Anne , Engineering the Medieval Achievement -- A Collection of Information on Engineering During the Middle Ages -- The Crossbow , MIT Retrieved on 04 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner ( 1993 ) , 153 , 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong , China Archived 2008 - 05 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... Asian Traditional Archery Research Network . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mao ( 1998 ) , 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Wright ( 2001 ) , 159 . Jump up ^ Lin ( 1993 ) , 36 . Jump up ^ Wright ( 2001 ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 6 , 124 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2000a ) , 45 . 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International Journal of Anthropology. 5 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 332 . Jump up ^ `` Information about Chinese yo - yo '' . www.hcs.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Toys : The Chinese Kouen - gen '' ( 1893 ) , Nature . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` History '' , DiabolArt.Free.Fr. ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` The Accordion '' , CrossSound.com . Accessed : November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Missin , Pat . `` Western Free Reed Instruments '' ^ Jump up to : Lo ( 2000 ) , 401 . Jump up ^ Pickover ( 2002 ) , 141 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2 April 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Play . SAGE . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6670 - 2 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher ( 1996 ) , 693 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 100 . Jump up ^ Worcester , George . The Junks and Sampans of the Yangtze River , 1971 . Jump up ^ Kerr , 348 -- 350 Jump up ^ Wood Jump up ^ Vainker , 50 -- 51 ; Rawson , 364 -- 365 Jump up ^ `` Ancient Nanfeng Kiln '' , China Tour Advisors ^ Jump up to : Broudy ( 1979 ) , 124 . Jump up ^ Forbes ( 1987 ) , 218 & 220 . ^ Jump up to : Beaudry ( 2006 ) , 146 . Jump up ^ Broudy ( 1979 ) , 130 -- 133 . ^ Jump up to : Smil , Vaclav ( 2017 ) . Oil -- A Beginner 's Guide . Oneworld Publications . ISBN 978 - 1786072863 . ^ Jump up to : Heshelow , Kathy ( 2010 ) . Investing in Oil and Gas : The ABC 's of DPPs . Iuniverse . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1450261715 . Jump up ^ Levathes , Louise ( 1994 ) . When China Ruled the Seas . Oxford University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511207 - 8 . Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 Part 3 . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd . Page 660 Jump up ^ Bouée , Charles - Edouard ( 2010 ) . China 's Management Revolution : Spirit , Land , Energy . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0230285453 . Jump up ^ Woodburne O. Levy ; Kavita Kalidas ( 26 February 2010 ) . Norman S. Miller , ed . Principles of Addictions and the Law : Applications in Forensic , Mental Health , and Medical Practice . Academic Press . pp. 307 -- 308 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 496736 - 6 . Jump up ^ Frank Dikotter ; Lars Peter Laamann ( 16 April 2004 ) . Narcotic Culture : A History of Drugs in China . University of Chicago Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 14905 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2000b ) , 343 -- 369 ( 356f . ) Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 89 , 445 -- 456 , 473 -- 475 . Jump up ^ Fry ( 2001 ) , 10 . Jump up ^ Bodde ( 1991 ) , 140 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 781 , 786 -- 787 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 473 -- 474 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 460 -- 462 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 460 . Jump up ^ David Landes : `` Revolution in Time : Clocks and the Making of the Modern World '' , rev. and enlarged edition , Harvard University Press , Cambridge 2000 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00282 - 2 , p. 18f . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 264 . Jump up ^ Cowley ( 1996 ) , 49 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 267 . Jump up ^ Sastri , M.N. ( 2004 ) . Weapons of Mass Destruction . APH Publishing Corporation . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 8176487429 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kirpal ( 2010 ) . Chemistry in Daily Life . Prentice - Hall . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 8120346178 . Jump up ^ Sigurðsson , Albert ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` China 's explosive history of gunpowder and fireworks '' . GB Times . Jump up ^ Pomeranz , Ken ; Wong , Bin . `` China and Europe , 1500 -- 2000 and Beyond : What is Modern ? '' ( PDF ) . 2004 : Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Kerr , Gordon ( 2013 ) . A Short History of China . No Exit Press . ISBN 978 - 1842439685 . Jump up ^ Takacs , Sarolta Anna ; Cline , Eric H. ( 2008 ) . The Ancient World . Routledge . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Back , Fiona ( 2011 ) . The Ancient World . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1863978262 . ^ Jump up to : Stamp , Jimmy ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` The History of Rocket Science '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ Steinkraus , Keith H. ( 2008 ) . Handbook of indigenous fermented foods . CRC Press . pp. 633 -- 641 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 9352 - 8 . ISBN 9780824793524 . Jump up ^ James , Peter J. ; Thorpe , Nick ; Thorpe , I.J. ( 1995 ) . Ancient Inventions . Ballantine Books . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0345401021 . Jump up ^ Needham 1987 , p. 321 Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 159 -- 160 , 256 -- 257 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 256 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 255 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 255 -- 256 . ^ Jump up to : Pigott ( 1999 ) , 186 . ^ Jump up to : Pigott ( 1999 ) , 186 -- 187 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner ( 2001 ) , 80 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Needham 1986 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Andrade 2016 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ David Curtis Wright ( 29 September 2005 ) . Thomas F. Glick ; Steven J. Livesey ; Faith Wallis , eds . Medieval Science , Technology , and Medicine : An Encyclopedia2 . Psychology Press . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96930 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Baker ( 1 June 2011 ) . Ancestral Images : A Hong Kong Collection . Hong Kong University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 988 - 8083 - 09 - 1 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 224 -- 225 , 232 -- 233 , 241 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Embree ( 1997 ) , 185 . Jump up ^ Cowley ( 1996 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Needham 1986 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Chase 2003 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 33 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Andrade 2016 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Gernet ( 1962 ) , 186 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2004 ) , 2 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 485 -- 489 . Jump up ^ Birrell ( 1993 ) , 185 . Jump up ^ Hucker ( 1975 ) , 206 . Jump up ^ Ronan ( 1994 ) , 41 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 100 & PLATE CXLVII . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 77 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 81 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Gernet ( 1996 ) , 310 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 169 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 331 . ^ Jump up to : Handler , Sarah ( 2007 ) . Austere luminosity of Chinese classical furniture . University of California Press . pp. 268 -- 271 , 275 , 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21484 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mazurkewich , Karen ; Ong , A. Chester ( 2006 ) . Chinese Furniture : A Guide to Collecting Antiques . Tuttle Publishing . pp. 144 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8048 - 3573 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ; Tsien , Tsuen - hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and printing , Volume 5 . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08690 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , O - Young ; Yi , Ŏ - ryŏng ; Holstein , John ( 1999 ) . Things Korean . Tuttle Publishing . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8048 - 2129 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Haskell ( 2006 ) , 432 . Jump up ^ Joseph Needham ( 1986 ) . Military Technology : The Gunpowder Epic . Cambridge University Press . pp. 180 -- 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30358 - 3 . Then fill in ( with a gunpowder core ) to a case of cast iron making a fragmentation bomb . When it bursts it breaks into pieces which wound the skin and break the bones ( of enemy soldiers ) and blinds their eyes Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 1 , 211 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tally ( 符 Fu ) '' . China Info Online . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 28 Sep 2011 . Jump up ^ Lothar von Falkenhausen , `` The E Jun Qi Metal Tallies '' in Text and Ritual in Early China , 2005 : 83 Jump up ^ Crocker 2002 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Quick , P.S. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . All About : Mighty Middle Chinese Dynasties . AUK Academic . Jump up ^ Yigitcanlar , Tan ( 2016 ) . Technology and the City : Systems , Applications and Implications . Routledge ( published May 10 , 2016 ) . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1138826700 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Q.S. ( 2012 ) . How to Prosper the Islamic Way . p. 117 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Environment and Society '' . Sage Publications . p. 1216 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Kimberly ( 2005 ) . Powering Our Future : An Energy Sourcebook for Sustainable Living . Iuniverse Inc. ( published May 31 , 2005 ) . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Rapier , Robert ( March 30 , 2012 ) . Power Plays : Energy Options in the Age of Peak Oil . Apress ( published March 27 , 2012 ) . ISBN 978 - 1430240860 . Jump up ^ Heshelow , Kathy ( 2008 ) . Investing in Oil and Gas : The ABC 's of DPPs ( Direct Participation Program ) . Iuniverse Inc ( published September 2 , 2008 ) . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0595531929 . Jump up ^ Conner , Clifford ( 2005 ) . A People 's History of Science : Miners , Midwives , and Low Mechanicks . Nation Books ( published November 8 , 2005 ) . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1560257486 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 228 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 229 & 231 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 236 . Jump up ^ Sarton ( 1959 ) , 349 -- 350 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 233 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 233 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 234 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 234 . Jump up ^ Lasker ( 1960 ) , xiii . Jump up ^ Shotwell , Yang , and Chatterjee ( 2003 ) , 133 . Jump up ^ `` Goldfish '' . Ocean Park . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Background information about goldfish '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nutrafin Aquatic News , Issue # 4 , 2004 , Rolf C. Hagen , Inc . ( USA ) and Rolf C. Hagen Corp . ( Montreal , Canada ) Jump up ^ Brunner , Bernd ( 2003 ) . The Ocean at Home . New York : Princeton Architectural Press . ISBN 1 - 56898 - 502 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mulertt , Hugo ( 1883 ) . The Goldfish And Its Systematic Culture With A View To Profit . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : San Diego Chinese Historical Museum . ( May -- August 2001 ) . Gu Qin : Traditional Chinese Zithers Archived 2005 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Sdchm.org . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Origins of the Qin . silkqin.com Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lian ( 2001 ) , 20 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 293 . Jump up ^ `` articles -- brief history of fans '' . aboutdecorativestyle.com . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Hand Fans '' . hand-fan.org . Jump up ^ Robert James Forbes : `` Studies in Ancient Technology , '' Leiden 1993 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 00621 - 8 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Gwei - Djen , Lu ; Joseph Needham ; Phan Chi - Hsing ( July 1988 ) . `` The Oldest Representation of a Bombard '' . Technology and Culture . Johns Hopkins University Press . 29 ( 3 ) : 594 -- 605 . doi : 10.2307 / 3105275 . JSTOR 3105275 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 293 . Jump up ^ `` Pistol , Britannica.com '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous Handscroll Paintings and Calligraphic Works '' ( in English ) or `` 手卷名品展 '' ( in Chinese ) . Taipei : National Palace Museum . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sze , Mai - Mai ( 1957 ) . The Tao of painting . Taylor & Francis . pp. 62 -- 65 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Aspects of Painting '' . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dillon , Michael ( 1998 ) . China : A historical and cultural dictionary . Richmond : Curzon . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0439 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Michael ( 1984 ) . The arts of China ( 3rd ed . ) . London : University of California Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04918 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lu , Yongxing . A History of Chinese Science and Technology . 2 . Springer . p. 366 . ISBN 978 - 3662513897 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger ( 2006 ) , 11 . Jump up ^ Bray ( 1978 ) , 9 & 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Greenberger ( 2006 ) , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Wang ( 1982 ) , 53 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Leishman , J. Gordon . Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics . Cambridge aerospace series , 18 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85860 - 1 . pp. 7 -- 9 . Web extract Archived 2014 - 07 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joseph Needham ( 1965 ) , Science and civilisation in China : Physics and physical technology , mechanical engineering Volume 4 , Part 2 , page 583 - 587 . Jump up ^ John D. Anderson ( 2004 ) . Inventing Flight : The Wright Brothers & Their Predecessors . JHU Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6875 - 7 . Jump up ^ Yogerst , Joseph R. ( 2005 ) . Singapore : State of the Art . R Ian Lioyd Productions Ltd. p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 9810465896 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ward & Matravers , Brian ( 1970 ) . Chinese Banknotes , p. 144 . Shirjieh Publishers , Menlo Park , California Jump up ^ Kristofer Schipper ( 2000 ) . Stephen Little ; Shawn Eichman , eds . Taoism and the Arts of China . University of California Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Colin A. Ronan ( 20 June 1985 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China . Cambridge University Press . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 31536 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Sullivan . The Arts of China . University of California Press . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04918 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 319 -- 323 . Jump up ^ Schur ( 1998 ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 326 & Plate CCXXI . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 305 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 310 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 308 -- 312 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 22 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Beijing service highlight Jump up ^ Zimmerman , James M. ( 2010 ) . China Law Deskbook : A Legal Guide for Foreign - invested Enterprises . American Bar Association . p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 1604429589 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Charles ; Choyleva , Diana ( 2011 ) . The American Phoenix : And Why China and Europe Will Struggle After the Coming Slump . Profile Books ( published October 25 , 2011 ) . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 1846685644 . Jump up ^ Juneja , Priyanka ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` China 's Hukou System '' . The Diplomat . Jump up ^ Zhou , Ping ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` China 's Hukou System '' . Thoughtco . CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Liu , Laura Blythe ( 2016 ) . Teacher Educator International Professional Development as Ren . Springer . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 3662516485 . Jump up ^ Miller , Tom ( 2012 ) . China 's Urban Billion : The Story behind the Biggest Migration in Human History . ISBN 978 - 1780321417 . Jump up ^ Kroeber , Arthur R. ( 2016 ) . China 's Economy : What Everyone Needs to Know ? . Oxford University Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 978 - 0190239039 . Jump up ^ Liu , Li ; Kuang , Lei ( 2012 ) . Denson , Tom , ed . `` Discrimination against Rural - to - Urban Migrants : The Role of the Hukou System in China '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . PLOS ( published November 5 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Guo , Zhonghua ; Guo , Sujian ( 2015 ) . Theorizing Chinese Citizenship . Lexington Books ( published October 15 , 2015 ) . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1498516693 . ^ Jump up to : Hamblyn , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Invention of Clouds : How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies . Pan Macmillan ( published June 4 , 2010 ) . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0330391955 . ^ Jump up to : Selin , Helaine ( 2008 ) . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science , Technology , and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer ( published April 16 , 2008 ) . p. 736 . ISBN 978 - 1402045592 . ^ Jump up to : David Michael Stoddart ( 29 November 1990 ) . The Scented Ape : The Biology and Culture of Human Odour . Cambridge University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39561 - 8 . Jump up ^ Richards , p. 52 Jump up ^ Pagani , Catherine ( 2001 ) . Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity : Clocks of Late Imperial China . University of Michigan Press . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11208 - 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 1963 ) , pages 160 - 161 Jump up ^ Bedini ( 1994 ) , pages 69 - 80 Jump up ^ Gottsegen ( 2006 ) , 30 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1992 ) , 23 . Jump up ^ Sun & Sun ( 1997 ) , 288 . Jump up ^ Woods & Woods ( 2000 ) , 51 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Tingyou Chen ( 3 March 2011 ) . Chinese Calligraphy . Cambridge University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 18645 - 2 . Jump up ^ China : Dawn of a Golden Age , 200 -- 750 AD . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2004 . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58839 - 126 - 1 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Marcie Flinchum ( 2015 ) . Ancient China . Essential Library . p. 95 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 6 , Part 6 , 154 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 6 , Part 6 , 134 . Jump up ^ China -- history . Encyclopædia Britannica , 1994 edition . Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 2 , Mechanical Engineering . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd . Pages 344 - 346 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 340 - 343 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 33 , 110 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 3 , 574 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 3 , 573 . Jump up ^ Tom ( 1989 ) , 112 . Jump up ^ Tom ( 1989 ) , 112 -- 113 . ^ Jump up to : Tom ( 1989 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Shi ( 2003 ) , 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Block ( 2003 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ Turnbull ( 2002 ) , 4 , 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 678 . Jump up ^ Turnbull ( 2002 ) , 14 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 390 -- 391 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 391 . Jump up ^ Ronan ( 1994 ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Mark Denny ( 1 November 2009 ) . Float Your Boat ! : The Evolution and Science of Sailing . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9568 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.healthyheating.com/History_of_Radiant_Heating_and_Cooling/History_of_Radiant_Heating_and_Cooling_Part_1.pdf Jump up ^ Zhuang , Zhi ; Li , Yuguo ; Chen , Bin ; Jiye ; Guo ( 2009 ) , `` Chinese kang as a domestic heating system in rural northern China -- A review '' , Energy and Buildings , 41 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 119 , doi : 10.1016 / j. enbuild. 2008.07. 013 Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Guo was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Teng , Jimmy ( 2014 ) . Musket , Map and Money : : How Military Technology Shaped Geopolitics and Economics . Walter de Gruyter . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 8376560588 . Jump up ^ Clancey , Gregory K. ; Loy , Hui - chieh ( 2002 ) . Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science , Technology and Medicine . World Scientific Publishing ( published July 24 , 2002 ) . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 9971692599 . Jump up ^ Deng , Gang ( 1999 ) . Maritime Sector , Institutions , and Sea Power of Premodern China . Praeger . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0313307126 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 295 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , 577 -- 578 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 3 , 580 -- 581 . ^ Jump up to : Serventi , Silvano ; Sabban , Francoise ( 2000 ) . Pasta : The story of a universal food . Translated by Shugaar , Antony . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 337 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12442 - 3 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 175 -- 176 , 192 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 24 -- 25 , 176 , 192 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 193 & 199 . ^ Jump up to : Temple , 195 . ^ Jump up to : Johnstone & McGrail ( 2001 ) , 218 . Jump up ^ Block ( 2003 ) , 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ McGrail ( 2004 ) , 237 . ^ Jump up to : Loewe ( 1986 ) , 141 . ^ Jump up to : Loewe ( 1968 ) , 144 -- 145 . ^ Jump up to : Li ( 2004 ) , 8 -- 9 & 13 . Jump up ^ Handler ( 2001 ) , 181 . Jump up ^ Loewe ( 1999 ) , 839 . Jump up ^ Li ( 2005 ) , 66 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Mirrors '' ( PDF ) . The Courier . Unesco : 16 -- 17 . October 1988 . ISSN 0041 - 5278 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rep ( 2007 ) , 52 . ^ Jump up to : Rep ( 2007 ) , 51 . Jump up ^ Cammann , Schuyler : Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch'ing Badges of Rank `` , Arts of Asia ( May to June 1991 ) , page 89 . Jump up ^ Cammann , Schuyler : `` Development of the Mandarin Square '' , Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Vol VIII , no 2 ( 1944 ) , pages 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wood ^ Jump up to : Rawson , 365 , diagram , 370 ; Wood Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Vol 4 , Part 1 , pp 70 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference soy was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , E.N. ( 2014 ) . `` China '' . Food in Time and Place . University of California Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 95934 - 7 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ftp '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 159 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 160 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 160 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 161 & 417 . Jump up ^ Ronan ( 1994 ) , 308 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 160 ( footnote c and d ) ^ Jump up to : Burbank and Cooper ( 2010 ) , 51 . Jump up ^ Kazin , Edwards , and Rothman ( 2010 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 1998 ) , 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 1998 ) , 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 1998 ) , 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 1998 ) , 7 . Jump up ^ Guo ( 1999 ) , 97 . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Kaitlin ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Monumental Chinese Inventions '' . Brainscape . ^ Jump up to : Branscombe , Allison ( November 21 , 2014 ) . All About China : Stories , Songs , Crafts and More for Kids . ISBN 978 - 0804841214 . Jump up ^ Moran , Elizabeth ( March 1 , 2005 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Feng Shui , 3rd Edition . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1592573448 . Jump up ^ Title : What Life was Like in the Land of the Dragon Publisher : Time - Life ; First Edition ( October 1998 ) ISBN 978 - 0783554587 Jump up ^ Gruntman , Mike ( 2005 ) . Blazing the Trail : The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry . American Institute of Aeronautics . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1563477058 . Jump up ^ Crosby ( 2002 ) , 100 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 472 -- 474 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 473 -- 505 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 505 -- 510 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberger ( 2006 ) , 12 . Jump up ^ Cotterell ( 2004 ) , 46 . Jump up ^ John Toedt ; Darrell Koza ; Kathleen Van Cleef - Toedt ( 2005 ) . Chemical Composition Of Everyday Products . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32579 - 3 . Nail polish can be historically traced back approximately 5000 years to at least 3000 BC , where it originated in China ^ Jump up to : Loewe ( 1968 ) , 191 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 203 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Oberg , Erik ; Jones , Franklin Day ( 1917 ) . Machinery 's Encyclopedia . p. 412 . The alloy came originally from China , where its composition is said to have been known Jump up ^ Dwight Dana , James ( 1869 ) . Manual of Mineralogy . p. 265 . smuggled into various parts of the East Indies ... and is not allowed to be carried out of the empire Jump up ^ Yu ( 2004 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 434 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , Plate CCCL ^ Jump up to : Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Feng , Lianyong ; Hu , Yan ; Hall , Charles A. S ; Wang , Jianliang ( 2013 ) . The Chinese Oil Industry : History and Future . Springer ( published November 28 , 2012 ) . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1441994097 . ^ Jump up to : Spataru , Catalina ( 2017 ) . Whole Energy System Dynamics : Theory , Modelling and Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1138799905 . ^ Jump up to : Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . `` Ancient Chinese Inventions '' . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kristiina A. Vogt ( 25 June 2012 ) . Sustainability Unpacked : Food , Energy and Water for Resilient Environments and Societies . Routledge . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 53060 - 9 . The first record of drilling for oil occurred in China in 347 CE ^ Jump up to : Peter J. Golas ( 25 February 1999 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 13 , Mining . Cambridge University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 58000 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Paper and Printing . Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08690 - 5 . At this time tea was served from baskets made of rushes which held ... a set of several tens of paper cups ( chih pei ) in different sizes and colors with delicate designs ^ Jump up to : Joseph Needham ( 1985 ) . Science and Civilisation in China : Paper and Printing . Cambridge University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08690 - 5 . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Deng , Yinke ( 2011 ) . Ancient Chinese Inventions . Cambridge University Press ( published March 3 , 2011 ) . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 978 - 0521186926 . Jump up ^ Beck , Charlotte ; Fagan , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology . Oxford University Press ( published April 30 , 1999 ) . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0195076189 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Twentieth Century : Technical Innovations and Their Consequences . Oxford University Press ( published April 4 , 2006 ) . ISBN 978 - 0195168754 . Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2010 ) . Why America Is Not a New Rome . The MIT Press . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0262195935 . Jump up ^ Weissenbacher , Manfred ( 2009 ) . Sources of Power : How Energy Forges Human History by Manfred Weissenbacher . Praeger . p. 362 . Jump up ^ Han , Gang ; Dusseault , Maurice B. ; Detournay , Emmanuel ; Thomson , Bradley J. ; Zacny , Kris ( 2009 ) . `` 2 '' . Principles of Drilling and Excavation ( PDF ) . Wiley ( published August 31 , 2009 ) . p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable Tool Drilling '' . Seismic Water Finder . Jump up ^ Manning , John C. ( 1996 ) . Applied Principles of Hydrology . Prentice Hall . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0135655320 . Jump up ^ Gao , Zhiguo . `` Environmental Regulation of Oil and Gas '' . Kluwer Law International . p. 8 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rapp , George ( 1985 ) . `` Archaeomineralogy '' . Springer . p. 237 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Burke , Michael ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Nanotechnology : The Business '' ( published 2008 ) . p. 3 . ISBN 9781420053999 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Several papers in The importance of ironmaking : technical innovation and social change : papers presented at the Norberg Conference , May 1995 ed . Gert Magnusson ( Jernkontorets Berghistoriska Utskott H58 , 1995 ) , 143 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Clee ( 2005 ) , 6 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 1 , 82 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 1 , 85 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 1 , 97 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Part 2 . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd. p. 33 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 345 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 131 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Zhou ( 1997 ) , 34 . Jump up ^ Lo ( 2000 ) , 390 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 132 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 1 , 309 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 160 . Jump up ^ Graff , 87 . Jump up ^ Adshead ( 2004 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Wood ( 1999 ) , 49 . Jump up ^ Fong , Nathan ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Potstickers : A tasty traditional dish for Lunar New Year '' . The Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Rhonda Lauret ( 2003 ) . The Everything Chinese Cookbook : From Wonton Soup to Sweet and Sour Chicken . Simon & Schuster Canada , Inc . Jump up ^ Moore , Frank Gardner : `` Three Canal Projects , Roman and Byzantine '' , American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 54 , No. 2 ( 1950 ) , pp. 97 -- 111 ( 99 ) ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 350 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 582 . Jump up ^ Chen , Cheng - Yih ( 1987 ) . Science and Technology in Chinese Civilization . World Scientific Pub Co Inc. ( published May 1987 ) . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 9971501921 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 156 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 158 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 164 . Jump up ^ Challen , Paul ( 2004 ) . Life in Ancient China . Crabtree Publishing . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0778720676 . Jump up ^ Burns , Hilary . `` From Barestems Exhibition '' . Basketry & Beyond . Jump up ^ 北京旅游网 ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The History of Raincoats in Ancient China '' . Beijing Municipal Commission of Tourism Development . Jump up ^ Zhu , Ruixi ; Zhang , Bangwei ; Cai , Chongbang ; Wang , Zengyu ( 2016 ) . A Social History of Middle - Period China : The Song , Liao , Western Xia and Jin Dynasties . Cambridge University Press ( published December 22 , 2016 ) . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1107167865 . Jump up ^ Sheth , Jagdish ( 2017 ) . Genes , Climate , and Consumption Culture : Connecting the Dots . Emerald Group . ISBN 978 - 1787434127 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Raincoats '' . Going In Style . September 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siler , Wes ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The History of Rain Jacket Tech , From Intestines To Gore - Tex '' . Gizmodo . Jump up ^ Siler , Wes ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The History of Rain Jacket Tech , From Intestines To Gore - Tex '' . Gizmodo . Jump up ^ Crespigny ( 2007 ) , p 659 . Jump up ^ Sivin ( 1995 ) , III , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 3 , pp 579 -- 580 . Jump up ^ West ( 1997 ) , 70 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Gernet ( 1962 ) , 133 -- 134 , 137 . ^ Jump up to : Austere Luminosity of Chinese Classical Furniture . University of California Press . 2001 . pp. 246 -- 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21484 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D. , describing Mongol invaders ' use of them on February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad . '' `` A brief history of rocketry '' . NASA Spacelink . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W. ( 2002 ) . Throwing Fire : Projectile Technology Through History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 100 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 79158 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 510 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 498 -- 501 . ^ Jump up to : Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 500 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 5 , Part 2 , 502 . Jump up ^ `` 火龙出水 ( 明 ) 简介 '' . 星辰在线. 2003 - 12 - 26 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 中国 YJ - 62 新型远程反舰导弹 '' . 大旗网. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Das , SK ( 2010 ) . All About Rockets . Random House India . ISBN 0143331639 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jean ; Kinney , Karin ( 1994 ) . Inventions . Time - Life Books . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Liu , Cixin ( 2016 ) . Death 's End ( Remembrance of Earth 's Past ) . Tor Books . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1974 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 488 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1974 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 493 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1974 ) , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 495 . ^ Jump up to : Hu , Wen - Rui ( 1997 ) . Space Science in China ( published August 20 , 1997 ) . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 9056990237 . Jump up ^ McGowen , Tom ( 2008 ) . Space Race : The Mission , the Men , the Moon . Enslow Pub Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0766029101 . Jump up ^ Games , Alex ( 2007 ) . Balderdash & Piffle . BBC Books . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0563493365 . Jump up ^ Gref , Lynn G. ( 2010 ) . The Rise and Fall of American Technology . Algora . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0875867533 . ^ Jump up to : Greatrix , David R. ( 2012 ) . Powered Flight : The Engineering of Aerospace Propulsion . Springer . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1447124849 . Jump up ^ Mahaffey , James ( 2017 ) . Atomic Adventures : Secret Islands , Forgotten N - Rays , and Isotopic Murder -- A Journey Through The Wild World of Nuclear Science . Pegasus Books . ISBN 978 - 1681774213 . Jump up ^ Jwing - Ming Yang ( 1999 ) . Ancient Chinese Weapons : A Martial Artist 's Guide . YMAA Publication Center Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886969 - 67 - 4 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 99 , 134 , 151 , 233 . Jump up ^ Day & McNeil ( 1996 ) , 210 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 154 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ancient Chinese Inventions '' ( PDF ) . USC US - China Institute . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Janick , Jules . `` History of Agricultural and Horticultural Technology in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Purdue University Press . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Back , Fiona ( 2011 ) . The Ancient World . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1863978262 . Jump up ^ Dubois , Matthew ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Stuff You Did n't Know Came from China : Update '' . The World of Chinese . ^ Jump up to : Mott ( 1991 ) , 2 -- 3 , 92 , 84 , 95f . ^ Jump up to : Adshead ( 2000 ) , 156 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 627 -- 628 . Jump up ^ Chung ( 2005 ) , 152 . Jump up ^ Johnstone & McGrail ( 1988 ) , 191 . Jump up ^ Block ( 2003 ) , 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 649 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Fairbank ( 2006 ) , 192 . ^ Jump up to : Deng ( 1997 ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Christides ( 1996 ) , 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Tom ( 1989 ) , 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Gernet ( 1996 ) , 378 . ^ Jump up to : Tom ( 1989 ) , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Peter ( 2017 ) . Studies in the History of Tax Law . 8 . Hart Publications ( published August 10 , 2017 ) . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 1509908370 . ^ Jump up to : Höllmann , Thomas O. ( 2013 ) . The Land of the Five Flavors : A Cultural History of Chinese Cuisine . Columbia University Press ( published November 26 , 2013 ) . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0231161862 . ^ Jump up to : Xianyao Li ; Zhewen Luo ( 3 March 2011 ) . China 's Museums . Cambridge University Press . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 18690 - 2 . By the time of the Song Dynasty , Chinese craftsmen had invented special tools for digging small - mouth - diameter wells Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Li '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Mark Kurlansky ( 18 March 2011 ) . Salt : A World History . Random House . p. 364 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 36979 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lee , Henry C. ; Ramotowski , Robert ; Gaensslen , R.E. ( 2001 ) . Advances in Fingerprint Technology ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0849309236 . ^ Jump up to : Ratha , Nalini ; Bolle , Ruud ( 2011 ) . Automatic Fingerprint Recognition Systems . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1441930699 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , James ( 2017 ) . The Scientific Sherlock Holmes : Cracking the Case with Science and Forensics . Oxford University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0190670917 . ^ Jump up to : Daluz , Hillary Moses ( 2014 ) . Fundamentals of Fingerprint Analysis . CRC Press ( published December 1 , 2014 ) . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1466597976 . ^ Jump up to : Ashbaugh , David R. ( 1999 ) . Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology . CRC Press . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0849370076 . ^ Jump up to : Walton , R.H. ( 2006 ) . Cold Case Homicides : Practical Investigative Techniques . CRC Press . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0849322099 . Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Mark ( 2008 ) . Fingerprints : Analysis and Understanding . CRC Press ( published November 20 , 2008 ) . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ See : Ashbaugh ( 1999 ) , page 17 . Laufer ( 1912 ) , pp. 642 - 643 . E. Chavannes ( 1905 ) `` Les livres chinois avant l'invention du papier '' ( Chinese books before the invention of paper ) , Journal asiatique , 10th series , 5 : 5 - 75 ; see especially p. 56 . From p. 56 : `` Kia Kong - yen ... ( vers 650 ) ajoute ici la glose : `` Les entailles faites sur le côté des ces fiches , c'est comme aujourd'hui les emprientes du doigt '' ... `` ( Kia Kong - yen ... ( about 650 ) adds here the gloss : `` The notches made on the sides of these sheets are like fingerprints today '' ... ) Jump up ^ Cole , Simon ( 2001 ) . Suspect Identities : A history of fingerprinting and criminal identification . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00455 - 8 . Jump up ^ Minford & Lau ( 2002 ) , 307 . Jump up ^ Balchin ( 2003 ) , 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 3 , 627 -- 635 . Jump up ^ Krebs ( 2003 ) , 31 . Jump up ^ Wright ( 2001 ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Huang ( 1997 ) , 64 . Jump up ^ Yan ( 2007 ) , 131 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terra - cotta Warriors and Horses Museum '' . China Travel US . Jump up ^ Ajesh , Pillai ; Bhadalkar , Ameya ; Warghane , Rahul ; Deokar , Swapnil ( 2017 ) . `` Design and Analysis of Snap Fit Joint with Design Calculator '' ( PDF ) . International Conference on Ideas , Impact and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering . International Conference on Ideas , Impact and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering ( published June 1 , 2017 ) . 5 ( 6 ) : 644 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snap '' . Sewcratic . Jump up ^ Ajesh , Pillai ; Bhadalkar , Ameya ; Warghane , Rahul ; Deokar , Swapnil ( 2017 ) . `` Design and Analysis of Snap Fit Joint with Design Calculator '' ( PDF ) . International Conference on Ideas , Impact and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering . International Conference on Ideas , Impact and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering ( published June 1 , 2017 ) . 5 ( 6 ) : 644 . ^ Jump up to : Strangeways , Ian ( 2011 ) . Precipitation : Theory , Measurement and Distribution . Cambridge University Press ( published April 14 , 2011 ) . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0521172929 . ^ Jump up to : Nielsen , Leona ( 1997 ) . Blast Off ! : Rocketry for Elementary and Middle School Students P. Libraries Unlimited . pp. 2 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 1563084386 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 40 , 286 -- 298 . 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Jump up ^ Tanaka , Norio . `` Shōyu : The Flavor of Japan , '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . The Japan Foundation Newsletter Vol . XXVII , No. 2 ( January 2000 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Needham & Yates 1994 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Needham & Yates 1994 , p. 217 ; Needham 1987 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Needham & Yates 1994 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Chevedden 2004 , p. 255 note 58 . Jump up ^ Needham 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ironware piece unearthed from Turkey found to be oldest steel '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Civilizations in Africa : The Iron Age South of the Sahara '' . Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Noricus ensis , '' Horace , Odes , i . 16.9 Jump up ^ Wang ( 1982 ) , 125 . Jump up ^ Wagner ( 2008 ) , pp 363 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Revealing the Ancient Chinese Secret of Sticky Rice Mortar '' . Science Daily . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Yang Fuwei , Zhang Bingjian , Ma Qinglin ( 2010 ) . `` Study of Sticky Rice − Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 43 : 936 -- 944 . doi : 10.1021 / ar9001944 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Watts - Plumpkin , Emma ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sticky rice porridge and the Great Wall of China '' . World Archaeology . Jump up ^ Zhang , Yu - Jie ; Luo , Yan - Bing ( 2013 ) . `` Investigation of sticky - rice lime mortar of the Horse Stopped Wall in Jiange '' . Heritage Science Journal . Springer ( published August 15 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Zhang , Bingjian ( May 30 , 2010 ) . `` Revealing the ancient Chinese secret of sticky rice mortar '' . Phys . Jump up ^ Yang , FuWei ; Zhang , BingJian ; Pan , ChangChu ; Zeng , YuYao ( 2009 ) . `` Traditional mortar represented by sticky rice lime mortar -- One of the great inventions in ancient China '' . Science in China . Springer ( published June 1 , 2009 ) . 52 ( 6 ) : 1641 -- 1647 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Joseph ( 1986 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 5 , Chemistry and Chemical Technology , Part 7 , Military Technology : the gunpowder epic . Taipei : Caves Books Ltd . Pages 189 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Vice-Admiral Sir William . `` Chapter 5 : War With China '' . Hurrah for the Life of a Sailor -- Fifty Years in the Royal Navy . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4368 - 7869 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Vice-Admiral Sir William . `` Chapter 7 : Evacuation of Canton '' . Hurrah for the Life of a Sailor -- Fifty Years in the Royal Navy . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4368 - 7869 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline M. Newman ( 1 January 2004 ) . Food Culture in China . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 90 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32581 - 6 . Jump up ^ E.N. Anderson ( 1988 ) . The Food of China . Yale University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 04739 - 4 . Jump up ^ Newman 1945 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Merril D. Smith ( 9 January 2013 ) . History of American Cooking . ABC - CLIO . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38712 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dien ( 1986 ) , 33 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Dien ( 1981 ) , 5 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Addington ( 1990 ) , 45 . ^ Jump up to : Graff ( 2002 ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Hobson ( 2004 ) , 103 . Jump up ^ Rubino , Anthony ( 2010 ) . Why Did n't I Think of That ? : 101 Inventions that Changed the World by Hardly Trying . Simon and Schuster ( published April 18 , 2010 ) . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1440500107 . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented Sunglasses ? '' . Glasses History . 2017 . Jump up ^ Ament , Phil ( 2006 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Sunglasses History -- The Invention of Sunglasses '' . The Great Idea Finder . Vaunt Design Group . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Needham ( 1986 ) , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 196 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Tom ( 1989 ) , 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Jiannong Shi ( 2 February 2004 ) . Robert J. Sternberg , ed . International Handbook of Intelligence . 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What on Earth Happened ? ... in Brief : The Planet , Life and People from the Big Bang to the Present Day . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1408802168 . Jump up ^ `` Tea - leaf holder '' . USPTO . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . US patent 723287 was issued on MAR. 24 , 1903 to R.G. LAWSON & M. McLAREN for a ' novel tea - holding pocket constructed of open - mesh woven fabric , inexpensively made of cotton thread ' . ^ Jump up to : Kuei - Hsiang Lo ( 1986 ) . The Stonewares of Yixing : From the Ming Period to the Present Day . Hong Kong University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 112 - 2 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Slater , Stefan . `` The Discovery of Thyroid Replacement Therapy . Part 1 : In the Beginning . '' Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 104.1 ( 2011 ) : 15 -- 18 . PMC . Web . 24 Aug. 2016 . Jump up ^ Medvei ( 1993 ) , 48 . Jump up ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi ( 2001 ) , 92 . Jump up ^ Liu ( 1999 ) , 166 . ^ Jump up to : Yang ( 2004 ) , 217 -- 218 . 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About Wikipedia	who takes credit for the invention of paper in china	[ "Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (50 AD – AD 121) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Tianshui;[10] by the 3rd century, paper as a writing medium was in widespread use, replacing traditional but more expensive writing mediums such as strips of bamboo rolled into threaded scrolls, strips of silk, wet clay tablets hardened later in a furnace, and wooden tablets.[11][12][13][14][15] The earliest known piece of paper with writing on it was discovered in the ruins of a Chinese watchtower at Tsakhortei, Alxa League, where Han Dynasty troops had deserted their position in AD 110 following a Xiongnu attack.[16] In the paper making process established by Cai in 105, a boiled mixture of mulberry tree bark, hemp, old linens and fish nets created a pulp that was pounded into paste and stirred with water; a wooden frame sieve with a mat of sewn reeds was then dunked into the mixture, which was then shaken and then dried into sheets of paper that were bleached under the exposure of sunlight; K.S. Tom says this process was gradually improved through leaching, polishing and glazing to produce a smooth, strong paper. Paper is used a lot.[13][14]" ]	[ "court eunuch Cai Lun" ]
-8951343227430428230	Belmont Report	Belmont Report - wikipedia Belmont Report Jump to : navigation , search The Belmont Report is a report created by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . Its full title is the Belmont Report : Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research , Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . The report was issued on 30 September 1978 and published in the Federal Register on 18 April 1979 . The report took its name from the Belmont Conference Center where the document was drafted in part . The Belmont Conference Center , once a part of the Smithsonian Institution , is in Elkridge , Maryland , 10 miles south of Baltimore , and until the end of 2010 was operated by Howard Community College . The Belmont Report summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human subjects . Three core principles are identified : respect for persons , beneficence , and justice . Three primary areas of application are also stated . They are informed consent , assessment of risks and benefits , and selection of subjects . According to Vollmer and Howard , the Belmont Report allows for a positive solution , which at times may be difficult to find , to future subjects who are not capable to make independent decisions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Summary 3 Today 4 Critique 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Belmont Report was first written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Services of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . Prompted in part by problems arising from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study ( 1932 -- 1972 ) and based on the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research ( 1974 -- 1978 ) , the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( HEW ) revised and expanded its regulations for the protection of human subjects 45 CFR part 46 in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In 1978 , the Commission 's report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was released , and it was published in 1979 in the Federal Register . It was named the Belmont Report , for the Belmont Conference Center , where the National Commission met when first drafting the report . The Belmont Report is one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research . It allows for the protection of participants in clinical trials and research studies . The Belmont Report explains the unifying ethical principles that form the basis for the National Commission 's topic - specific reports and the regulations that incorporate its recommendations . The three fundamental ethical principles for using any human subjects for research are : Respect for persons : protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent . Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception ; Beneficence : The philosophy of `` Do no harm '' while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects ; and Justice : ensuring reasonable , non-exploitative , and well - considered procedures are administered fairly -- the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants -- and equally . These principles remain the basis for the United States Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) human subject protection regulations . Today , the Belmont Report continues as an essential reference for institutional review boards ( IRBs ) that review HHS - conducted or - supported human subjects research proposals involving human subjects , in order to ensure that the research meets the ethical foundations of the regulations . Applications of these principles to conduct research requires careful consideration of i ) informed consent , ii ) risks benefit assessment , and iii ) selection of subjects of research . Outlined by Jennifer Sims in her article `` A brief review of the Belmont Report '' , she states 7 things nurses , as primary caregivers for individuals participating in a study , must do to ensure the rights of the participant is met . Ensure the study is approved by an IRB Get informed consent from the patient Ensure that the patient understands the full extent of the experiment , and if not , will contact the study coordinator Ensure the patient was n't coerced into doing the experiment by means of threatening or bullying Be careful of other effects of the clinical trial that were not mentioned , and report it to the proper study coordinator Support the privacy of the patient 's identity , their motivation to join or refuse the experiment . Ensure that all patients at least get the minimal care needed for their condition Researchers must share the findings of their procedures regardless of them being good or bad results . Also in the case someone did not want to participate in research but would like treatment they can not be turned away and must be treated with the same standard care . Summary ( edit ) The summary , from the top of the Report : On July 12 , 1974 , the National Research Act ( Pub . L. 93 - 348 ) was signed into law , there - by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research . One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles . In carrying out the above , the Commission was directed to consider : ( i ) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the accepted and routine practice of medicine , ( ii ) the role of assessment of risk - benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects , ( iii ) appropriate guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and ( iv ) the nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings . The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the Commission in the course of its deliberations . It is the outgrowth of an intensive four - day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution 's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years . It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects . By publishing the Report in the Federal Register , and providing reprints upon request , the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists , members of Institutional Review Boards , and Federal employees . The two - volume Appendix , containing the lengthy reports of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge , is available as DHEW Publication No . ( OS ) 78 - 0013 and No . ( OS ) 78 - 0014 , for sale by the Superintendent of Documents , U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. 20402 . Unlike most other reports of the Commission , the Belmont Report does not make specific recommendations for administrative action by the Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . Rather , the Commission recommended that the Belmont Report be adopted in its entirety , as a statement of the Department 's policy . The Department requests public comment on this recommendation . Today ( edit ) In 1991 , 14 other Federal departments and agencies joined HHS in adopting a uniform set of rules for the protection of human subjects , identical to subpart A of 45 CFR part 46 of the HHS regulations . This uniform set of regulations is the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects , informally known as the `` Common Rule '' . The Office for Human Research Protections ( OHRP ) was also established within HHS . Today , the Belmont Report serves as a historical document and provides the moral framework for understanding regulations in the United States on the use of humans in experimental research . Critique ( edit ) In a study by Nancy Shore , community - based participatory researchers were interviewed for their interpretation and critique of the Belmont Report . Interviewees expressed concerns regarding the Belmont Report 's ethical principles and interpretations as being one size fits all and advocated researchers to resist the tendency to rely on those principles systematically . It argues that the ethical analysis should be extended to take into account more appropriate factors , such as cultural , gender , ethnic and geographical considerations . Debate continues over the ethics and regulations of research involving human subjects because of discrepancies over the meaning and priority of the Belmont Report 's basic ethical principles : respect for persons , beneficence , and justice . Notably , the Belmont Report does not specify how its three ethical principles should be weighted or prioritized . According to Albert R. Jonsen , a member of the National Commission that composed the report , the Institutional Review Board is charged with weighing these principles and deciding how they should be applied . Matters become controversial when deciding if the principles should be interpreted as more or less weighty depending upon the particular circumstances of the research in question , if the principles should be viewed as an obligation that society must undertake on behalf of its members , or if it should be viewed as giving absolute priority to respect for persons ' autonomy over the general good of society . See also ( edit ) Human experimentation in the United States Clinical trial Informed consent Tuskegee Syphilis Study Menlo Report References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research , Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( DHEW ) ( 30 September 1978 ) . The Belmont Report ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : United States Government Printing Office . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Office of the Secretary , United States Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( 18 April 1979 ) . `` Protection of Human Subjects ; Notice of Report for Public Comment '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 44 ( 76 ) : 23191 -- 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 17 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Carson , Larry ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` HCC to close Belmont Conference Center '' . The Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to : Vollmer , Sara H. ; Howard , George ( December 2010 ) . `` Statistical power , the Belmont Report , and the ethics of clinical trials '' . Science and Engineering Ethics. 16 : 675 -- 91 . doi : 10.1007 / s11948 - 010 - 9244 - 0 . PMID 21063801 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Jennifer ( July -- August 2010 ) . `` A brief review of the Belmont Report '' . Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing. 29 ( 4 ) : 173 -- 4 . doi : 10.1097 / dcc. 0b013e3181de9ec5 . Jump up ^ HEW was split into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services in 1980 . See https://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html Jump up ^ Office of Human Subjects Research , National Institutes of Health , United States Department of Health and Human Services . `` Regulations and Ethical Guidelines : The Belmont Report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 05 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OHRP Home '' . Office for Human Research Protections ( OHRP ) , United States Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , Nancy ( 2006 ) . `` Re-conceptualizing the Belmont Report : A community - based participatory research perspective '' . Journal of Community Practice. 14 ( 4 ) : 5 -- 26 . doi : 10.1300 / J125v14n04_02 . Jump up ^ Vanderpool , Harold Y. ( 1996 ) . The Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects : Facing the 21st Century . Frederick , MD : University Pub . Group . ISBN 9781555720360 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Belmont Report The Belmont Report - U.S. Health & Human Services website Belmont Report , original version , 30 September 1978 Belmont Report , Federal Register , 18 April 1979 Revisiting the Belmont Report , Mar . - Apr. , 2001 ( hide ) Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont_Report&oldid=812781401 '' Categories : Medical ethics Human subject research in the United States Ethics literature American medical research Clinical research ethics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 20 : 48 . About Wikipedia	the belmont report and the ethical principles it established were a response to	[ "The Belmont Report was first written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Services of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.[5] Prompted in part by problems arising from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972) and based on the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1974–1978), the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)[6] revised and expanded its regulations for the protection of human subjects 45 CFR part 46 in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1978, the Commission’s report Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was released, and it was published in 1979 in the Federal Register. It was named the Belmont Report, for the Belmont Conference Center, where the National Commission met when first drafting the report.[7] The Belmont Report is one of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research. It allows for the protection of participants in clinical trials and research studies.[5]" ]	[ "the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972)" ]

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